3. (R.C.Ch.) (part 3)

Defn: Shaped like a rocker; curved; as, a rockered keel.

ROCKERY
Rock"er*y, n. (Gardening)

Defn: A mound formed of fragments of rock, earth, etc., and set with plants.

ROCKET Rock"et, n. Etym: [F. roquette (cf. Sp. ruqueta, It ruchetta), fr. L. eruca.] (Bot.) (a) A cruciferous plant (Eruca sativa) sometimes eaten in Europe as a salad. (b) Damewort. (c) Rocket larkspur. See below. Dyer's Rocket. (Bot.) See Dyer's broom, under Broom. — Rocket larkspur (Bot.), an annual plant with showy flowers in long racemes (Delphinium Ajacis). — Sea rocket (Bot.), either of two fleshy cruciferous plants (Cakile maritima and C. Americana) found on the seashore of Europe and America. — Yellow rocket (Bot.), a common cruciferous weed with yellow flowers (Barbarea vulgaris).

ROCKET Rock"et, n. Etym: [It. rocchetta, fr. rocca a distaff, of German origin. Named from the resemblance in shape to a distaff. See Rock a distaff.]

1. An artificial firework consisting of a cylindrical case of paper or metal filled with a composition of combustible ingredients, as niter, charcoal, and sulphur, and fastened to a guiding stick. The rocket is projected through the air by the force arising from the expansion of the gases liberated by combustion of the composition. Rockets are used as projectiles for various purposes, for signals, and also for pyrotechnic display.

2. A blunt lance head used in the joust. Congreve rocket, a powerful form of rocket for use in war, invented by Sir William Congreve. It may be used either in the field or for bombardment; in the former case, it is armed with shells or case shot; in the latter, with a combustible material inclosed in a metallic case, which is inextinguishable when kindled, and scatters its fire on every side.

ROCKET
Rock"et, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rocketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Rocketing.]
(Sporting)

Defn: To rise straight up; said of birds; usually in the present participle or as an adjective. [Eng.] An old cock pheasant came rocketing over me. H. R. Haggard.

ROCKETER
Rock"et*er, n. (Sporting)

Defn: A bird, especially a pheasant, which, being flushed, rises straight in the air like a rocket. [Eng.]

ROCKFISH Rock"fish`, n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several California scorpænoid food fishes of the genus Sebastichthys, as the red rockfish (S. ruber). They are among the most important of California market fishes. Called also rock cod, and garrupa. (b) The striped bass. See Bass. (c) Any one of several species of Florida and Bermuda groupers of the genus Epinephelus. (d) An American fresh-water darter; the log perch.

Note: The term is locally applied to various other fishes.

ROCKINESS
Rock"i*ness, n. Etym: [From Rocky.]

Defn: The state or quality of being rocky.

ROCKING
Rock"ing, a.

Defn: Having a swaying, rolling, or back-and-forth movement; used for rocking. Rocking shaft. (Mach.) See Rock shaft.

ROCKING-CHAIR
Rock"ing-chair`, n.

Defn: A chair mounted on rockers, in which one may rock.

ROCKING-HORSE
Rock"ing-horse`, n.

Defn: The figure of a horse, mounted upon rockers, for children to ride.

ROCKING-STONE
Rock"ing-stone`, n.

Defn: A stone, often of great size and weight, resting upon another stone, and so exactly poised that it can be rocked, or slightly moved, with but little force.

ROCKLESS
Rock"less, a.

Defn: Being without rocks. Dryden.

ROCKLING
Rock"ling, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any species of small marine fishes of the genera Onos and Rhinonemus (formerly Motella), allied to the cod. They have three or four barbels.

ROCKROSE
Rock"rose`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A name given to any species of the genus Helianthemum, low shrubs or herbs with yellow flowers, especially the European H. vulgare and the American frostweed, H. Canadense. Cretan rockrose, a related shrub (Cistus Creticus), one of the plants yielding the fragrant gum called ladanum.

ROCK SHAFT
Rock" shaft`. Etym: [Cf. Rock, v. i.] (Mach.)

Defn: A shaft that oscillates on its journals, instead of revolving, — usually carrying levers by means of which it receives and communicates reciprocating motion, as in the valve gear of some steam engines; — called also rocker, rocking shaft, and way shaft.

ROCK STAFF
Rock" staff`. Etym: [Cf. Rock, v. i.]

Defn: An oscillating bar in a machine, as the lever of the bellows of a forge.

ROCKSUCKER
Rock"suck`er, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A lamprey.

ROCKWEED
Rock"weed`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: Any coarse seaweed growing on sea-washed rocks, especially
Fucus.

ROCKWOOD
Rock"wood`, n. (Min.)

Defn: Ligniform asbestus; also, fossil wood.

ROCKWORK
Rock"work`, n.

1. (Arch.)

Defn: Stonework in which the surface is left broken and rough.

2. (Gardening)

Defn: A rockery.

ROCKY
Rock"y, a.

1. Full of, or abounding in, rocks; consisting of rocks; as, a rocky mountain; a rocky shore.

2. Like a rock; as, the rocky orb of a shield. Milton.

3. Fig.: Not easily impressed or affected; hard; unfeeling; obdurate; as, a rocky bosom. Shak. Rocky Mountain locust (Zoöl.), the Western locust, or grasshopper. See Grasshopper. — Rocky Mountain sheep. (Zoöl.) See Bighorn.

ROCOA
Ro"coa, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rocou, roicou, Pg. & Braz, urucú.]

Defn: The orange-colored pulp covering the seeds of the tropical plant Bixa Orellana, from which annotto is prepared. See Annoto.

ROCOCO
Ro*co"co, n. Etym: [F.; of uncertain etymology.]

Defn: A florid style of ornamentation which prevailed in Europe in the latter part of the eighteenth century.

ROCOCO
Ro*co"co, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the style called rococo; like rococo; florid; fantastic.

ROD
Rod, n. Etym: [The same word as rood. See Rood.]

1. A straight and slender stick; a wand; hence, any slender bar, as of wood or metal (applied to various purposes). Specifically: (a) An instrument of punishment or correction; figuratively, chastisement. He that spareth his rod hateth his son. Prov. xiii. 24.

(b) A kind of sceptor, or badge of office; hence, figuratively, power; authority; tyranny; oppression. "The rod, and bird of peace." Shak. (c) A support for a fishing line; a fish pole. Gay. (d) (Mach. & Structure) A member used in tension, as for sustaining a suspended weight, or in tension and compression, as for transmitting reciprocating motion, etc.; a connecting bar. (e) An instrument for measuring.

2. A measure of length containing sixteen and a half feet; — called also perch, and pole. Black rod. See in the Vocabulary. — Rods and cones (Anat.), the elongated cells or elements of the sensory layer of the retina, some of which are cylindrical, others somewhat conical.

RODDY
Rod"dy, a.

Defn: Full of rods or twigs.

RODDY
Rod"dy, a.

Defn: Ruddy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

RODE
Rode, n. Etym: [See Rud.]

Defn: Redness; complexion. [Obs.] "His rode was red." Chaucer.

RODE
Rode,

Defn: imp. of Ride.

RODE
Rode, n.

Defn: See Rood, the cross. [Obs.] Chaucer.

RODENT
Ro"dent, a. Etym: [L. rodens, -entis, p. pr. of rodere to gnaw. See
Rase, v. t., and cf. Rostrum.]

1. Gnawing; biting; corroding; (Med.) applied to a destructive variety of cancer or ulcer.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) Gnawing. (b) Of or pertaining to the Rodentia.

RODENT
Ro"dent, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Rodentia.

RODENTIA
Ro*den"ti*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Rodent, a.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of mammals having two (rarely four) large incisor teeth in each jaw, distant from the molar teeth. The rats, squirrels, rabbits, marmots, and beavers belong to this order.

Note: The incisor teeth are long, curved, and strongly enameled on the outside, so as to keep a cutting edge. They have a persistent pulp and grow continuously.

RODEO
Ro*de"o, n. Etym: [SP., a going round.]

Defn: A round-up. See Round-up. [Western U.S.]

RODGE
Rodge, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The gadwall. [Prov.Eng.]

RODOMEL
Rod"o*mel, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Juice of roses mixed with honey. Simmonds.

RODOMONT Rod"o*mont, n. Etym: [F. rodomont, It. rodomonte, fr. Rodomonte, Rodamonte, a boasting hero in the "Orlando Furioso" of Ariosto, and the "Orlando Innamorato" of Bojardo; properly, one who rolls away mountains; Prov. It. rodare to roll away (fr. L. rota a wheel) + It. monte a mountain, L. mons. See Rotary, Mount, n.]

Defn: A vain or blustering boaster; a braggart; a braggadocio. Sir T.
Herbert.

RODOMONT
Rod"o*mont, a.

Defn: Bragging; vainly boasting.

RODOMONTADE
Rod`o*mon*tade", n. Etym: [F., fr. It. rodomontana. See Rodomont, n.]

Defn: Vain boasting; empty bluster or vaunting; rant. I could show that the rodomontades of Almanzor are neither so irrational nor impossible. Dryden.

RODOMONTADE
Rod`o*mon*tade", v. i.

Defn: To boast; to brag; to bluster; to rant.

RODOMONTADIST
Rod`o*mon*tad"ist, n.

Defn: One who boasts.

RODOMONTADO
Rod`o*mon*ta"do, n.

Defn: Rodomontade.

RODOMONTADOR
Rod`o*mon*ta"dor, n.

Defn: A rodomontadist.

RODSMAN
Rods"man, n.; pl. Rodsmen (.

Defn: One who carries and holds a leveling staff, or rod, in a surveying party. G. W. Cable.

RODY
Ro"dy, a.

Defn: Ruddy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

ROE Roe, n. Etym: [OE. ro, AS. rah; akin to D. ree, G. reh, Icel. ra, SW. rå.] (Zoöl.) (a) A roebuck. See Roebuck. (b) The female of any species of deer.

ROE
Roe, n. Etym: [For roan, OE. rowne, akin to G. rogen, OHG. rogan,
Icel. hrogn, Dan. rogn, ravn, Sw. rom; of uncertain origin; cf. Gr.
gravel.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The ova or spawn of fishes and amphibians, especially when still inclosed in the ovarian membranes. Sometimes applied, loosely, to the sperm and the testes of the male.

2. A mottled appearance of light and shade in wood, especially in mahogany.

ROEBUCK
Roe"buck`, n. Etym: [1st roe + buck.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small European and Asiatic deer (Capreolus capræa) having erect, cylindrical, branched antlers, forked at the summit. This, the smallest European deer, is very nimble and graceful. It always prefers a mountainous country, or high grounds.

ROED
Roed, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Filled with roe.

ROEDEER
Roe"deer`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The roebuck.

ROE, RICHARD
Roe, Richard. (Law)

Defn: A fictious name for a party, real or fictious, to an act or proceeding. Other names were formerly similarly used, as John-a- Nokes, John o', or of the, Nokes, or Noakes, John-a-Stiles, etc.

ROESTONE
Roe"stone`, n. (Min.)

Defn: Same as Oölite.

ROGATION Ro*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. rogatio, fr. rogare, rogatum, to ask, beg, supplicate: cf. F. rogation. Cf. Abrogate, Arrogant, Probogue.]

1. (Rom. Antiq.)

Defn: The demand, by the consuls or tribunes, of a law to be passed by the people; a proposed law or decree.

2. (Eccl.)

Defn: Litany; supplication.
He perfecteth the rogations or litanies before in use. Hooker.
Rogation days (Eccl.), the three days which immediately precede
Ascension Day; — so called as being days on which the people,
walking in procession, sang litanies of special supplication.
— Rogation flower (Bot.), a European species of milkwort (Polygala
vulgaris); — so called from its former use for garlands in Rogation
week. Dr. Prior.
— Rogation week, the second week before Whitsunday, in which the
Rogation days occur.

ROGATORY
Rog"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [See Rogation.]

Defn: Seeking information; authorized to examine witnesses or ascertain facts; as, a rogatory commission. Woolsey.

ROGER
Rog"er, n. [From a proper name Roger.]

Defn: A black flag with white skull and crossbones, formerly used by pirates; — called also Jolly Roger.

ROGUE Rogue, n. Etym: [F. rogue proud, haughty, supercilious; cf. Icel. hr a rook, croaker (cf. Rook a bird), or Armor. rok, rog, proud, arogant.]

1. (Eng.Law)

Defn: A vagrant; an idle, sturdy beggar; a vagabond; a tramp.

Note: The phrase rogues and vagabonds is applied to a large class of wandering, disorderly, or dissolute persons. They were formerly punished by being whipped and having the gristle of the right ear bored with a hot iron.

2. A deliberately dishonest person; a knave; a cheat. The rogue and fool by fits is fair and wise. Pope.

3. One who is pleasantly mischievous or frolicsome; hence, often used as a term of endearment. Ah, you sweet little rogue, you! Shak.

4. An elephant that has separated from a herd and roams about alone, in which state it is very savage.

5. (Hort.)

Defn: A worthless plant occuring among seedlings of some choice variety. Rogues' gallery, a collection of portraits of rogues or criminals, for the use of the police authorities. — Rogue's march, derisive music performed in driving away a person under popular indignation or official sentence, as when a soldier is drummed out of a regiment. — Rogue's yarn, yarn of a different twist and color from the rest, inserted into the cordage of the British navy, to identify it if stolen, or for the purpose of tracing the maker in case of defect. Different makers are required to use yarns of different colors.

ROGUE
Rogue, v. i.

Defn: To wander; to play the vagabond; to play knavish tricks. [Obs.]
Spenser.

ROGUE
Rogue, v. t.

1. To give the name or designation of rogue to; to decry. [Obs.] Cudworth.

2. (Hort.)

Defn: To destroy (plants that do not come up to a required standard).

ROGUERY
Rogu"er*y, n.

1. The life of a vargant. [Obs.]

2. The practices of a rogue; knavish tricks; cheating; fraud; dishonest practices. 'Tis no scandal grown, For debt and roguery to quit the town. Dryden.

3. Arch tricks; mischievousness.

ROGUESHIP
Rogue"ship, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being a rogue. [Jocose] "Your rogueship." Dryden.

ROGUISH
Rogu"ish, a.

1. Vagrant. [Obs.] Spenser. His roguish madness Allows itself to anything. Shak.

2. Resembling, or characteristic of, a rogue; knavish.

3. Pleasantly mischievous; waggish; arch.
The most bewitching leer with her eyes, the most roguish cast.
Dryden.
— Rogu"ish*ly, adv.
— Rogu"ish*ness, n.

ROGUY
Rogu"y, a.

Defn: Roguish. [Obs.] L'Estrange.

ROHOB
Ro"hob, n.

Defn: An inspissated juice. See Rob.

ROIAL
Roi"al, a.

Defn: Royal. [Obs.] Chaucer.

ROIL
Roil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roiled; p. pr. & vb. n. Roiling.] Etym:
[Cf. OE. roilen to wander; possibly fr. OF. roeler to roll, equiv. to
F. rouler. See Roll, v., and cf. Rile.]

1. To render turbid by stirring up the dregs or sediment of; as, to roil wine, cider, etc. , in casks or bottles; to roil a spring.

2. To disturb, as the temper; to ruffle the temper of; to rouse the passion of resentment in; to perplex. That his friends should believe it, was what roiled him [Judge Jeffreys] exceedingly. R. North.

Note: Provincial in England and colloquial in the United States. A commoner, but less approved, form is rile.

ROIL
Roil, v. i.

1. To wander; to roam. [Obs.]

2. To romp. [Prov.Eng.] Halliwell.

ROILY
Roil"y, a.

Defn: Turbid; as, roily water.

ROIN
Roin, v. t.

Defn: See Royne. [Obs.]

ROIN
Roin, n. Etym: [F. rogne. See Roynish.]

Defn: A scab; a scurf, or scurfy spot. [Obs.]

ROINISH
Roin"ish, a.

Defn: See Roynish. [Obs.]

ROINT
Roint, interj.

Defn: See Aroint.

ROIST
Roist, v. i.

Defn: See Roister.

ROISTER Roist"er, v. i. Etym: [Probably fr. F. rustre boor, a clown, clownish, fr. L. rustucus rustic. See Rustic.]

Defn: To bluster; to swagger; to bully; to be bold, noisy, vaunting,
or turbulent.
I have a roisting challenge sent amongst The dull and factious nobles
of the Greeks. Shak.

ROISTER
Roist"er, n.

Defn: See Roisterer.

ROISTERER
Roist"er*er, n.

Defn: A blustering, turbulent fellow.
If two roisterers met, they cocked their hats in each other faces.
Macaulay.

ROISTERLY
Roist"er*ly, a.

Defn: Blustering; violent. [R.]

ROISTERLY
Roist"er*ly, adv.

Defn: In a roistering manner. [R.]

ROKAMBOLE
Rok"am*bole, n.

Defn: See Rocambole.

ROKE
Roke, n. Etym: [See Reek.]

1. Mist; smoke; damp [Prov.Eng.] [Written also roak, rook, and rouk.]

2. A vein of ore. [Pov.Eng.] Halliwell.

ROKEAGE; ROKEE
Roke"age, Rok"ee, n. Etym: [Cf. Nocake.]

Defn: Parched Indian corn, pounded up and mixed with sugar; — called also yokeage. [Local, U.S.]

ROKELAY
Rok"e*lay, n. Etym: [Cf. Roquelaure.]

Defn: A short cloak. [Written also rockelay, rocklay, etc.] [Scot.]

ROKY
Rok"y, a. Etym: [See Roke.]

Defn: Misty; foggy; cloudy. [Prov. Eng.] Ray.

ROLE
Rôle, n. Etym: [F. See Roll.]

Defn: A part, or character, performed by an actor in a drama; hence, a part of function taken or assumed by any one; as, he has now taken the rôle of philanthropist. Title rôle, the part, or character, which gives the title to a play, as the part of Hamlet in the play of that name.

ROLL Roll, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rolled; p. pr. & vb. n. Rolling.] Etym: [OF. roeler, roler, F. rouler, LL. rotulare, fr. L. royulus, rotula, a little wheel, dim. of rota wheel; akin to G. rad, and to Skr. ratha car, chariot. Cf. Control, Roll, n., Rotary.]

1. To cause to revolve by turning over and over; to move by turning on an axis; to impel forward by causing to turn over and over on a supporting surface; as, to roll a wheel, a ball, or a barrel.

2. To wrap round on itself; to form into a spherical or cylindrical body by causing to turn over and over; as, to roll a sheet of paper; to roll parchment; to roll clay or putty into a ball.

3. To bind or involve by winding, as in a bandage; to inwrap; — often with up; as, to roll up a parcel.

4. To drive or impel forward with an easy motion, as of rolling; as, a river rolls its waters to the ocean. The flood of Catholic reaction was rolled over Europe. J. A. Symonds.

5. To utter copiously, esp. with sounding words; to utter with a deep sound; — often with forth, or out; as, to roll forth some one's praises; to roll out sentences. Who roll'd the psalm to wintry skies. Tennyson.

6. To press or level with a roller; to spread or form with a roll, roller, or rollers; as, to roll a field; to roll paste; to roll steel rails, etc.

7. To move, or cause to be moved, upon, or by means of, rollers or small wheels.

8. To beat with rapid, continuous strokes, as a drum; to sound a roll upon.

9. (Geom.)

Defn: To apply (one line or surface) to another without slipping; to bring all the parts of (one line or surface) into successive contact with another, in suck manner that at every instant the parts that have been in contact are equal.

10. To turn over in one's mind; to revolve. Full oft in heart he rolleth up and down The beauty of these florins new and bright. Chaucer. To roll one's self, to wallow. — To roll the eye, to direct its axis hither and thither in quick succession. — To roll one's r's, to utter the letter r with a trill. [Colloq.]

ROLL
Roll, v. i.

1. To move, as a curved object may, along a surface by rotation without sliding; to revolve upon an axis; to turn over and over; as, a ball or wheel rolls on the earth; a body rolls on an inclined plane. And her foot, look you, is fixed upon a spherical stone, which rolls, and rolls, and rolls. Shak.

2. To move on wheels; as, the carriage rolls along the street. "The rolling chair." Dryden.

3. To be wound or formed into a cylinder or ball; as, the cloth rolls unevenly; the snow rolls well.

4. To fall or tumble; — with over; as, a stream rolls over a precipice.

5. To perform a periodical revolution; to move onward as with a revolution; as, the rolling year; ages roll away.

6. To turn; to move circularly. And his red eyeballs roll with living fire. Dryden.

7. To move, as waves or billows, with alternate swell and depression. What different sorrows did within thee roll. Prior.

8. To incline first to one side, then to the other; to rock; as, there is a great difference in ships about rolling; in a general semse, to be tossed about. Twice ten tempestuous nights I rolled. Pope.

9. To turn over, or from side to side, while lying down; to wallow; as, a horse rolls.

10. To spread under a roller or rolling-pin; as, the paste rolls well.

11. To beat a drum with strokes so rapid that they can scarcely be distinguished by the ear.

12. To make a loud or heavy rumbling noise; as, the thunder rolls. To roll about, to gad abroad. [Obs.] Man shall not suffer his wife go roll about. Chaucer.

ROLL
Roll, n. Etym: [F. rôle a roll (in sense 3), fr. L. rotulus little
wheel, LL., a roll, dim. of L. rota a wheel. See Roll, v., and cf.
Rôle, Rouleau, Roulette.]

1. The act of rolling, or state of being rolled; as, the roll of a ball; the roll of waves.

2. That which rolls; a roller. Specifically: (a) A heavy cylinder used to break clods. Mortimer. (b) One of a set of revolving cylinders, or rollers, between which metal is pressed, formed, or smoothed, as in a rolling mill; as, to pass rails through the rolls.

3. That which is rolled up; as, a roll of fat, of wool, paper, cloth, etc. Specifically: (a) A document written on a piece of parchment, paper, or other materials which may be rolled up; a scroll. Busy angels spread The lasting roll, recording what we say. Prior.

(b) Hence, an official or public document; a register; a record; also, a catalogue; a list. The rolls of Parliament, the entry of the petitions, answers, and transactions in Parliament, are extant. Sir M. Hale. The roll and list of that army doth remain. Sir J. Davies.

(c) A quantity of cloth wound into a cylindrical form; as, a roll of carpeting; a roll of ribbon. (d) A cylindrical twist of tobacco.

4. A kind of shortened raised biscuit or bread, often rolled or doubled upon itself.

5. (Naut.)

Defn: The oscillating movement of a vessel from side to side, in sea way, as distinguished from the alternate rise and fall of bow and stern called pitching.

6. A heavy, reverberatory sound; as, the roll of cannon, or of thunder.

7. The uniform beating of a drum with strokes so rapid as scarcely to be distinguished by the ear.

8. Part; office; duty; rôle. [Obs.] L'Estrange. Long roll (Mil.), a prolonged roll of the drums, as the signal of an attack by the enemy, and for the troops to arrange themselves in line. — Master of the rolls. See under Master. — Roll call, the act, or the time, of calling over a list names, as among soldiers. — Rolls of court, of parliament (or of any public body), the parchments or rolls on which the acts and proceedings of that body are engrossed by the proper officer, and which constitute the records of such public body. — To call the roll, to call off or recite a list or roll of names of persons belonging to an organization, in order to ascertain who are present or to obtain responses from those present.

Syn.
— List; schedule; catalogue; register; inventory. See List.

ROLLABLE
Roll"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being rolled.

ROLLER
Roll"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, rolls; especially, a cylinder, sometimes grooved, of wood, stone, metal, etc., used in husbandry and the arts.

2. A bandage; a fillet; properly, a long and broad bandage used in surgery.

3. (Naut.)

Defn: One of series of long, heavy waves which roll in upon a coast, sometimes in calm weather.

4. A long, belt-formed towel, to be suspended on a rolling cylinder; — called also roller towel.

5. (Print.)

Defn: A cylinder coated with a composition made principally of glue and molassess, with which forms of type are inked previously to taking an impression from them. W. Savage.

6. A long cylinder on which something is rolled up; as, the roller of a man.

7. A small wheel, as of a caster, a roller skate, etc.

8. (Zoöl.)

Defn: ANy insect whose larva rolls up leaves; a leaf roller. see
Tortrix.

9. Etym: [CF. F. rollier.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of numerous species of Old World picarian birds of the family Coraciadæ. The name alludes to their habit of suddenly turning over or "tumbling" in flight.

Note: Many of the species are brilliantly colored. The common European species (Coracias garrula) has the head, neck, and under parts light blue varied with green, the scapulars chestnut brown, and the tail blue, green, and black. The broad-billed rollers of India and Africa belong to the genus Eurystomus, as the oriental roller (E. orientalis), and the Australian roller, or dollar bird (E. Pacificus). The latter is dark brown on the head and neck, sea green on the back, and bright blue on the throat, base of the tail, and parts of the wings. It has a silvery-white spot on the middle of each wing.

10. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any species of small ground snakes of the family Tortricidæ. Ground roller (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Madagascar rollers belonging to Atelornis and allied genera. They are nocturnal birds, and feed on the ground. — Roller bolt, the bar in a carriage to which the traces are attached; a whiffletree. [Eng.] — Roller gin, a cotton gin inn which rolls are used for separating the seeds from the fiber. — Roller mill. See under Mill. — Roller skate, a skate which has small wheels in the place of the metallic runner; — designed for use in skating upon a smooth, hard surface, other than ice.

ROLLER BEARING
Roll"er bear"ing. (Mach.)

Defn: A bearing containing friction rollers.

ROLLER COASTER
Roller coaster.

Defn: An amusement railroad in which cars coast by gravity over a long winding track, with steep pitches and ascents.

ROLLEY
Rol"ley, n. Etym: [Probably fr. roll.]

Defn: A small wagon used for the underground work of a mine.
Tomlison.

ROLLIC
Rol"lic, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rollicked ; p. pr. & vb. n. Rollicking.]
Etym: [Corrupt. fr. frolic, under the influence of roll.]

Defn: To move or play in a careless, swaggering manner, with a
frolicsome air; to frolic; to sport; commonly in the form rollicking.
[Colloq.]
He described his friends as rollicking blades. T. Hook.

ROLLICHE; ROLLEJEE; ROLLICHIE Rol"li*che, n. [Also Rol"le*jee, Rol"li*chie.] [D. rolletje a little roll.]

Defn: A kind of sausage, made in a bag of tripe, sliced and fried, famous among the Dutch of New Amsterdam and still known, esp. in New Jersey.

ROLLING
Roll"ing, a.

1. Rotating on an axis, or moving along a surface by rotation; turning over and over as if on an axis or a pivot; as, a rolling wheel or ball.

2. Moving on wheels or rollers, or as if on wheels or rollers; as, a rolling chair.

3. Having gradual, rounded undulations of surface; as, a rolling country; rolling land. [U.S.] Rolling bridge. See the Note under Drawbridge. — Rolling circle of a paddle wheel, the circle described by the point whose velocity equals the velocity of the ship. J. Bourne. — Rolling fire (Mil.), a discharge of firearms by soldiers in line, in quick succession, and in the order in which they stand. — Rolling friction, that resistance to motion experienced by one body rolling upon another which arises from the roughness or other quality of the surfaces in contact. — Rolling mill, a mill furnished with heavy rolls, between which heated metal is passed, to form it into sheets, rails, etc. — Rolling press. (a) A machine for calendering cloth by pressure between revolving rollers. (b) A printing press with a roller, used in copperplate printing. — Rolling stock, or Rolling plant, the locomotives and vehicles of a railway. — Rolling tackle (Naut.), tackle used to steady the yards when the ship rolls heavily. R. H. Dana, Jr.

ROLLING-PIN
Roll"ing-pin`, n.

Defn: A cylindrical piece of wood or other material, with which paste or dough may be rolled out and reduced to a proper thickness.

ROLLWAY
Roll"way`, n.

Defn: A place prepared for rolling logs into a stream.

ROLLY-POLY
Roll"y-po`ly, n.

Defn: A kind of pudding made of paste spread with fruit, rolled into a cylindrical form, and boiled or steamed. — a.

Defn: Shaped like a rolly-poly; short and stout. [Written also roly- poly.]

ROLLY-POOLY
Roll"y-pool`y, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.]

Defn: A game in which a ball, rolling into a certain place, wins.
[Written also rouly-pouly.]

ROLY-POLY
Ro"ly-po`ly, n. & a.

Defn: Rolly-poly.

ROMAGE
Rom"age, n. & v.

Defn: See Rummage. [Obs.] Shak.

ROMAIC
Ro*ma"ic, a. Etym: [NGr. romaïque. See Roman.]

Defn: Of or relating to modern Greece, and especially to its language. — n.

Defn: The modern Greek language, now usually called by the Greeks
Hellenic or Neo-Hellenic.

Note: The Greeks at the time of the capture of Constantinople were proud of being "Romai^oi, or Romans . . . Hence the term Romaic was the name given to the popular language. . . . The Greek language is now spoken of as the Hellenic language. Encyc. Brit.

ROMAJIKAI
Ro"ma*ji*ka`i, n. [Jap. romajikai.]

Defn: An association, including both Japanese and Europeans, having for its object the changing of the Japanese method of writing by substituting Roman letters for Japanese characters.

ROMAN
Ro"man, a. Etym: [L. Romanus, fr. Roma Rome: cf. F. romain. Cf.
Romaic, Romance, Romantic.]

1. Of or pertaining to Rome, or the Roman people; like or characteristic of Rome, the Roman people, or things done by Romans; as, Roman fortitude; a Roman aqueduct; Roman art.

2. Of or pertaining to the Roman Catholic religion; professing that religion.

3. (Print.) (a) Upright; erect; — said of the letters or kind of type ordinarily used, as distinguished from Italic characters. (b) Expressed in letters, not in figures, as I., IV., i., iv., etc.; — said of numerals, as distinguished from the Arabic numerals, 1, 4, etc. Roman alum (Chem.), a cubical potassium alum formerly obtained in large quantities from Italian alunite, and highly valued by dyers on account of its freedom from iron. — Roman balance, a form of balance nearly resembling the modern steelyard. See the Note under Balance, n., 1. — Roman candle, a kind of firework (generally held in the hand), characterized by the continued emission of shower of sparks, and the ejection, at intervals, of brilliant balls or stars of fire which are thrown upward as they become ignited. — Roman Catholic, of, pertaining to, or the religion of that church of which the pope is the spiritual head; as, a Roman Catholic priest; the Roman Catholic Church. — Roman cement, a cement having the property of hardening under water; a species of hydraulic cement. — Roman law. See under Law. — Roman nose, a nose somewhat aquiline. — Roman ocher, a deep, rich orange color, transparent and durable, used by artists. Ure. — Roman order (Arch.), the composite order. See Composite, a., 2.

ROMAN
Ro"man, n.

1. A native, or permanent resident, of Rome; a citizen of Rome, or one upon whom certain rights and privileges of a Roman citizen were conferred.

2. Roman type, letters, or print, collectively; — in distinction from Italics.

ROMAN CALENDAR
Roman calendar.

Defn: The calendar of the ancient Romans, from which our modern calendars are derived. It is said to have consisted originally of ten months, Martius, Aprilis, Maius, Junius, Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November, and December, having a total of 304 days. Numa added two months, Januarius at the beginning of the year, and Februarius at the end, making in all 355 days. He also ordered an intercalary month, Mercedinus, to be inserted every second year. Later the order of the months was changed so that January should come before February. Through abuse of power by the pontiffs to whose care it was committed, this calendar fell into confusion. It was replaced by the Julian calendar. In designating the days of the month, the Romans reckoned backward from three fixed points, the calends, the nones, and the ides. The calends were always the first day of the month. The ides fell on the 15th in March, May, July (Quintilis), and October, and on the 13th in other months. The nones came on the eighth day (the ninth, counting the ides) before the ides. Thus, Jan. 13 was called the ides of January, Jan. 12, the day before the ides, and Jan. 11, the third day before the ides (since the ides count as one), while Jan. 14 was the 19th day before the calends of February.

ROMANCE Ro*mance", n. Etym: [OE. romance, romant, romaunt, OF. romanz, romans, romant, roman, F. roman, romance, fr. LL. Romanice in the Roman language, in the vulgar tongue, i. e., in the vulgar language which sprang from Latin, the language of the Romans, and hence applied to fictitious compositions written in this vulgar tongue; fr. L. Romanicus Roman, fr. Romanus. See Roman, and cf. Romanic, Romaunt, Romansch, Romanza.]

1. A species of fictitious writing, originally composed in meter in the Romance dialects, and afterward in prose, such as the tales of the court of Arthur, and of Amadis of Gaul; hence, any fictitious and wonderful tale; a sort of novel, especially one which treats of surprising adventures usually befalling a hero or a heroine; a tale of extravagant adventures, of love, and the like. "Romances that been royal." Chaucer. Upon these three columns — chivalry, gallantry, and religion — repose the fictions of the Middle Ages, especially those known as romances. These, such as we now know them, and such as display the characteristics above mentioned, were originally metrical, and chiefly written by nations of the north of France. Hallam.

2. An adventure, or series of extraordinary events, resembling those narrated in romances; as, his courtship, or his life, was a romance.

3. A dreamy, imaginative habit of mind; a disposition to ignore what is real; as, a girl full of romance.

4. The languages, or rather the several dialects, which were originally forms of popular or vulgar Latin, and have now developed into Italian. Spanish, French, etc. (called the Romanic languages).

5. (Mus.)

Defn: A short lyric tale set to music; a song or short instrumental piece in ballad style; a romanza.

Syn.
— Fable; novel; fiction; tale.

ROMANCE
Ro*mance", a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the language or dialects known as Romance.

ROMANCE
Ro*mance", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Romanced; p. pr. & vb. n. Romancing.]

Defn: To write or tell romances; to indulge in extravagant stories.
A very brave officer, but apt to romance. Walpole.

ROMANCER
Ro*man"cer, n.

Defn: One who romances.

ROMANCIST
Ro*man"cist, n.

Defn: A romancer. [R.]

ROMANCY
Ro*man"cy, a.

Defn: Romantic. [R.]

ROMANESQUE
Ro`man*esque", a. Etym: [F. romanesque; cf. It. romanesco.]

1. (Arch.)

Defn: Somewhat resembling the Roman; — applied sometimes to the debased style of the later Roman empire, but esp. to the more developed architecture prevailing from the 8th century to the 12th.

2. Of or pertaining to romance or fable; fanciful. Romanesque style (Arch.), that which grew up from the attempts of barbarous people to copy Roman architecture and apply it to their own purposes. This term is loosely applied to all the styles of Western Europe, from the fall of the Western Roman Empire to the appearance of Gothic architecture.

ROMANESQUE
Ro`man*esque", n.

Defn: Romanesque style.

ROMANIC
Ro*man"ic, a. Etym: [L. Romanicus. See Romance, n.]

1. Of or pertaining to Rome or its people.

2. Of or pertaining to any or all of the various languages which, during the Middle Ages, sprung out of the old Roman, or popular form of Latin, as the Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Provencal, etc.

3. Related to the Roman people by descent; — said especially of races and nations speaking any of the Romanic tongues. Romanic spelling, spelling by means of the letters of the Roman alphabet, as in English; — contrasted with phonetic spelling.

ROMANISH
Ro"man*ish, a.

Defn: Pertaining to Romanism.

ROMANISM
Ro"man*ism, n.

Defn: The tenets of the Church of Rome; the Roman Catholic religion.

ROMANIST
Ro"man*ist, n.

Defn: One who adheres to Romanism.

ROMANIZE
Ro"man*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Romanized; p. pr. & vb. n.
Romanizing.]

1. To Latinize; to fill with Latin words or idioms. [R.] Dryden.

2. To convert to the Roman Catholic religion.

ROMANIZE
Ro"man*ize, v. i.

1. To use Latin words and idioms. "Apishly Romanizing." Milton.

2. To conform to Roman Catholic opinions, customs, or modes of speech.

ROMANIZER
Ro"man*i`zer, n.

Defn: One who Romanizes.

ROMANSCH
Ro*mansch", n. Etym: [Grisons rumansch, rumonsch, romonsch. See
Romance.]

Defn: The language of the Grisons in Switzerland, a corruption of the
Latin. [Written also Romansch, and Rumonsch.]

ROMANT
Ro*mant", n.

Defn: A romaunt. [Obs.]

ROMANTIC
Ro*man"tic, a. Etym: [F. romantique, fr. OF. romant. See Romance.]

1. Of or pertaining to romance; involving or resembling romance; hence, fanciful; marvelous; extravagant; unreal; as, a romantic tale; a romantic notion; a romantic undertaking. Can anything in nature be imagined more profane and impious, more absurd, and undeed romantic, than such a persuasion South. Zeal for the good of one's country a party of men have represented as chimerical and romantic. Addison.

2. Entertaining ideas and expectations suited to a romance; as, a romantic person; a romantic mind.

3. Of or pertaining to the style of the Christian and popular literature of the Middle Ages, as opposed to the classical antique; of the nature of, or appropriate to, that style; as, the romantic school of poets.

4. Characterized by strangeness or variety; suggestive of adventure; suited to romance; wild; picturesque; — applied to scenery; as, a romantic landscape.

Syn. — Sentimental; fanciful; fantastic; fictitious; extravagant; wild; chimerical. See Sentimental. The romantic drama. See under Drama.

ROMANTICAL
Ro*man"tic*al, a.

Defn: Romantic.

ROMANTICALY
Ro*man"tic*al*y, adv.

Defn: In a romantic manner.

ROMANTICISM Ro*man"ti*cism, n. Etym: [CF. It. romanticismo, F. romantisme, romanticisme.]

Defn: A fondness for romantic characteristics or peculiarities; specifically, in modern literature, an aiming at romantic effects; — applied to the productions of a school of writers who sought to revive certain medi He [Lessing] may be said to have begun the revolt from pseudo- classicism in poetry, and to have been thus unconsciously the founder of romanticism. Lowell.

ROMANTICIST
Ro*man"ti*cist, n.

Defn: One who advocates romanticism in modern literature. J. R.
Seeley.

ROMANTICLY
Ro*man"tic*ly, adv.

Defn: Romantically. [R.] Strype.

ROMANTICNESS
Ro*man"tic*ness, n.

Defn: The state or quality of being romantic; widness; fancifulness.
Richardson.

ROMANY Rom"a*ny, n. Etym: [Gypsy romano, romani, adj., gypsy; cf. rom husband.]

1. A gypsy.

2. The language spoken among themselves by the gypsies. [Written also Rommany.]

ROMANZA
Ro*man"za, n. Etym: [It.]

Defn: See Romance,5.

ROMAUNT
Ro*maunt", n. Etym: [See Romance.]

Defn: A romantic story in verse; as, the "Romaunt of the Rose."
O, hearken, loving hearts and bold, Unto my wild romaunt. Mrs.
Browning.

ROMBLE
Rom"ble, v.& n.

Defn: Rumble. [Obs.] Chaucer.

ROMBOWLINE
Rom*bow"line, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.)

Defn: Old, condemned canvas, rope, etc., unfit for use except in chafing gear. [Written also rumbowline.]

ROMEINE; ROMEITE Ro"me*ine, Ro"me*ite, n. Etym: [F. roméine. So calledafter the French mineralogist Romé L'Isle.] (Min.)

Defn: A mineral of a hyacinth or honey-yellow color, occuring in square octahedrons. It is an antimonate of calcium.

ROMEKIN
Rome"kin, n. Etym: [CF. Rummer.]

Defn: A drinking cup. [Written also romkin.] [Obs.] Halliwell.

ROME PENNY; ROME SCOT
Rome" pen`ny, or; Rome" scot`.

Defn: See Peter pence, under Peter.

ROMEWARD
Rome"ward, adv.

Defn: Toward Rome, or toward the Roman Catholic Church.

ROMEWARD
Rome"ward, a.

Defn: Tending or directed toward Rome, or toward the Roman Catholic
Church.
To analyze the crisis in its Anglican rather than in its Romeward
aspect. Gladstone.

ROMIC
Rom"ic, n.

Defn: A method of notation for all spoken sounds, proposed by Mr. Sweet; — so called because it is based on the common Roman-letter alphabet. It is like the palæotype of Mr. Ellis in the general plan, but simpler.

ROMISH
Rom"ish, a.

Defn: Belonging or relating to Rome, or to the Roman Catholic Church; — frequently used in a disparaging sense; as, the Romish church; the Romish religion, ritual, or ceremonies.

ROMIST
Rom"ist, n.

Defn: A Roman Catholic. [R.] South.

ROMP Romp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Romped; p. pr. & vb. n. Romping.] Etym: [A variant of ramp. See Ramp to leap, Rampallian.]

Defn: To play rudely and boisterously; to leap and frisk about in play.

ROMP
Romp, n.

1. A girl who indulges in boisterous play.

2. Rude, boisterous play or frolic; rough sport. While romp-loving miss Is hauled about in gallantry robust. Thomson.

ROMPING
Romp"ing, a.

Defn: Inclined to romp; indulging in romps.
A little romping girl from boarding school. W. Irving.

ROMPINGLY
Romp"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a romping manner.

ROMPISH
Romp"ish, a.

Defn: Given to rude play; inclined to romp. —- Romp"ish, adv.
— Romp"ish*ness, n.

ROMPU
Rom"pu, a. Etym: [F. rompu, p. p. of rompre to breeak, L. rumpere.
See Rupture.] (Her.)

Defn: Broken, as an ordinary; cut off, or broken at the top, as a chevron, a bend, or the like.

RONCADOR Ron`ca*dor", n. Etym: [Sp., a snorer, fr. roncar to snore. So called in allusion to the grunting noise made by them on being taken from the water. ] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of several species of California sciænoid food fishes, especially Roncador Stearnsi, which is an excellent market fish, and the red roncador (Corvina, or Johnius, saturna).

RONCHIL
Ron"chil, n. Etym: [Cf. Sp. ronquillo slightly hoarse.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An American marine food fish (Bathymaster signatus) of the
North Pacific coast, allied to the tilefish. [Written also ronquil.]

RONCO
Ron"co, n. Etym: [Sp. ronco hoarse.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Croaker, n., 2. (a). [Texas]

RONDACHE
Ron`dache", n. Etym: [F.] (Anc. Armor.)

Defn: A circular shield carried by foot soldiers.

RONDE
Ronde, n. Etym: [F.] (Print.)

Defn: A kind of script in which the heavy strokes are nearly upright, giving the characters when taken together a round look.

RONDEAU
Ron*deau", n. Etym: [F. See Roundel.] [Written also rondo.]

1. A species of lyric poetry so composed as to contain a refrain or repetition which recurs according to a fixed law, and a limited number of rhymes recurring also by rule.

Note: When the rondeau was called the rondel it was mostly written in fourteen octosyllabic lines of two rhymes, as in the rondels of Charles d'Orleans. . . . In the 17th century the approved form of the rondeau was a structure of thirteen verses with a refrain. Encyc. Brit.

2. (Mus.)

Defn: See Rondo,1.

RONDEL
Ron"del, n. Etym: [Cf. Rondeau, Roundel.]

1. (Fort.)

Defn: A small round tower erected at the foot of a bastion. [Obs.]

2. Etym: [F.] (a) Same as Rondeau. (b) Specifically, a particular form of rondeau containing fourteen lines in two rhymes, the refrain being a repetition of the first and second lines as the seventh and eighth, and again as the thirteenth and fourteenth. E. W. Gosse.

RONDELETIA
Ron`de*le"ti*a, n. Etym: [NL. So named after William Rondelet, a
French naturalist.] (Bot.)

Defn: A tropical genus of rubiaceous shrubs which often have brilliant flowers.

RONDLE
Ron"dle, n. Etym: [Cf. Rondel.]

1. A rondeau. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. A round mass, plate, or disk; especially (Metal.), the crust or scale which forms upon the surface of molten metal in the crucible.

RONDO
Ron"do, n. Etym: [It. rondò, fr. F. rondeau. See Rondeau.]

1. (Mus.)

Defn: A composition, vocal or instrumental, commonly of a lively, cheerful character, in which the first strain recurs after each of the other strains. "The Rondo-form was the earliest and most frequent definite mold for musical construction." Grove.

2. (Poetry)

Defn: See Rondeau, 1.

RONDURE
Ron"dure, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rondeur roundness.]

1. A round; a circle. [Obs.] Shak.

2. Roundness; plumpness. [R.] High-kirtled for the chase, and what was shown Of maiden rondure, like the rose half-blown. Lowell.

RONG
Rong, obs.

Defn: imp. & p. p. of Ring. Chaucer.

RONG
Rong, n.

Defn: Rung (of a ladder). [Obs.] Chaucer.

RONGEUR
Ron`geur", n. Etym: [F., fr. ronger to gnaw.] (Surg.)

Defn: An instrument for removing small rough portions of bone.

RONIN Ro"nin", n. [Jap. ro-nin, fr. Chin. lang profligate, lawless + jên (old sound nin) man.]

Defn: In Japan, under the feudal system, a samurai who had renounced his clan or who had been discharged or ostracized and had become a wanderer without a lord; an outcast; an outlaw.

RONION; RONYON
Ron"ion, Ron"yon, n. Etym: [F. rogne scab, mange.]

Defn: A mangy or scabby creature.
"Aroint thee, with!" the rump-fed ronyon cries. Shak.

RONNE; RONNEN
Ron"ne,

Defn: obs. imp. pl., and Ron"nen (,

Defn: obs. p. p. of Renne, to run. Chaucer.

RONT
Ront, n. Etym: [See Runt.]

Defn: A runt. [Obs.] Spenser.

RONTGEN
Rönt"gen, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the German physicist Wilhelm Konrad
Röntgen, or the rays discovered by him; as, Röntgen apparatus.

RONTGENIZE
Rönt"gen*ize, v. t. (Physics)

Defn: To render (air or other gas) conducting by the passage of
Röntgen rays.

RONTGEN RAY
Röntgen ray. (Physics)

Defn: Any of the rays produced when cathode rays strike upon surface of a solid (as the wall of the vacuum tube). Röntgen rays are noted for their penetration of many opaque substances, as wood and flesh, their action on photographic plates, and their fluorescent effects. They were called X rays by their discoverer, W. K. Röntgen. They also ionize gases, but cannot be reflected, or polarized, or deflected by a magnetic field. They are regarded as nonperiodic, transverse pulses in the ether. They are used in examining opaque objects, as for locating fractures or bullets in the human body.

ROOD
Rood, n. Etym: [AS. rr, D. roede rod, G. ruthe, rute, OHG. ruota. CF.
Rod a measure.]

1. A representation in sculpture or in painting of the cross with Christ hanging on it.

Note: Generally, the Trinity is represented, the Father as an elderly man fully clothed, with a nimbus around his head, and holding the cross on which the Son is represented as crucified, the Holy Spirit descending in the form of a dove near the Son's head. Figures of the Virgin Mary and of St. John are often placed near the principal figures. Savior, in thine image seen Bleeding on that precious rood. Wordsworth.

2. A measure of five and a half yards in length; a red; a perch; a pole. [Prov.Eng.]

3. The fourth part of an acre, or forty square rods. By the rood, by the cross; — a phrase formerly used in swearing. "No, by the road, not so." Shak. — Rood beam (Arch.), a beam across the chancel of a church, supporting the road. — Rood loft (Arch.), a loft or gallery, in a church, on which the rood and its appendagess were set up to view. Gwilt. — Rood screen (Arch.), a screen, between the choir and the body of the church, over which the rood was placed. Fairholt. — Rood tower (Arch.), a tower at the intersection of the nave and transept of a church; — when crowned with a spire it was called also rood steeple. Weale. — Rood tree, the cross. [Obs.] "Died upon the rood tree." Gower.

ROODEBOK
Roo"de*bok, n. Etym: [D. rood red + bok buck.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The pallah.

ROODY
Rood"y, a.

Defn: Rank in growth. [Prov.Eng.]

ROOF
Roof, n. Etym: [OE. rof, AS. hr top, roof; akin to D. roef cabin,
Icel. hr a shed under which ships are built or kept; cf. OS. hr roof,
Goth. hr. Cf. Roost.]

1. (Arch.)

Defn: The cover of any building, including the roofing (see Roofing) and all the materials and construction necessary to carry and maintain the same upon the walls or other uprights. In the case of a building with vaulted ceilings protected by an outer roof, some writers call the vault the roof, and the outer protection the roof mask. It is better, however, to consider the vault as the ceiling only, in cases where it has farther covering.

2. That which resembles, or corresponds to, the covering or the ceiling of a house; as, the roof of a cavern; the roof of the mouth. The flowery roof Showered roses, which the morn repaired. Milton.

3. (Mining.)

Defn: The surface or bed of rock immediately overlying a bed of coal or a flat vein. Bell roof, French roof, etc. (Arch.) See under Bell, French, etc. — Flat roof. (Arch.) (a) A roof actually horizontal and level, as in some Oriental buildings. (b) A roof nearly horizontal, constructed of such material as allows the water to run off freely from a very slight inclination. — Roof plate. (Arch.) See Plate, n., 10.

ROOF
Roof, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roofed; p. pr. & vb. n. Roofing.]

1. To cover with a roof. I have not seen the remains of any Roman buildings that have not been roofed with vaults or arches. Addison.

2. To inclose in a house; figuratively, to shelter. Here had we now our country's honor roofed. Shak.

ROOFER
Roof"er, n.

Defn: One who puts on roofs.

ROOFING
Roof"ing, n.

1. The act of covering with a roof.

2. The materials of which a roof is composed; materials for a roof. Gwilt.

3. Hence, the roof itself; figuratively, shelter. "Fit roofing gave." Southey.

4. (Mining)

Defn: The wedging, as of a horse or car, against the top of an underground passage. Raymond.

ROOFLESS
Roof"less, a.

1. Having no roof; as, a roofless house.

2. Having no house or home; shelterless; homeless.

ROOFLET
Roof"let, n.

Defn: A small roof, covering, or shelter.

ROOFTREE
Roof"tree`, n.

Defn: The beam in the angle of a roof; hence, the roof itself.
Now for me the woods may wither, now for me the rooftree fall.
Tennyson.

ROOFY
Roof`y, a.

Defn: Having roofs. [R.] Dryden.

ROOK
Rook, n.

Defn: Mist; fog. See Roke. [Obs.]

ROOK
Rook, v. i.

Defn: To squat; to ruck. [Obs.] Shak.

ROOK Rook, n. Etym: [F. roc (cf. Sp. roque), fr. Per. & Ar. rokh, or rukh, the rook or castle at chess, also the bird roc (in this sense pehaps a different word); cf. Hind. rath a war chariot, the castle at chess, Skr. ratha a car, a war car. Cf. Roll.] (Chess)

Defn: One of the four pieces placed on the corner squares of the board; a castle.

ROOK
Rook, n. Etym: [AS. hr; akin to OHG. hruoh, ruoh, ruoho, Icel. hr,
Sw. roka, Dan. raage; cf. Goth. hrukjan to crow.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A European bird (Corvus frugilegus) resembling the crow, but smaller. It is black, with purple and violet reflections. The base of the beak and the region around it are covered with a rough, scabrous skin, which in old birds is whitish. It is gregarious in its habits. The name is also applied to related Asiatic species. The rook . . . should be treated as the farmer's friend. Pennant.

2. A trickish, rapacious fellow; a cheat; a sharper. Wycherley.

ROOK
Rook, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Rooked; p. pr. & vb. n. Rooking.]

Defn: To cheat; to defraud by cheating. "A band of rooking officials." Milton.

ROOKERY
Rook"er*y, n.; pl. Rookeries (.

1. The breeding place of a colony of rooks; also, the birds themselves. Tennyson.

2. A breeding place of other gregarious birds, as of herons, penguins, etc.

3. The breeding ground of seals, esp. of the fur seals.

4. A dilapidated building with many rooms and occupants; a cluster of dilapidated or mean buildings.

5. A brothel. [Low]

ROOKY
Rook"y, a. Etym: [See Roky.]

Defn: Misty; gloomy. [Obs.]
Light thickens, and the crow Makes wing to the rooky wood. Shak.

Note: Some make this Shakespearean word mean "abounding in rooks."

ROOM Room, n. Etym: [OE. roum, rum, space, AS. rum; akin to OS., OFries. & Icel. rum, D. ruim, G. raum, OHG. rum, Sw. & Dan. rum, Goth. rums, and to AS. rum, adj., spacious, D. ruim, Icel. rumr, Goth. rums; and prob. to L. rus country (cf. Rural), Zend ravanh wide, free, open, ravan a plain.]

1. Unobstructed spase; space which may be occupied by or devoted to any object; compass; extent of place, great or small; as, there is not room for a house; the table takes up too much room. Lord, it is done as thou hast commanded, and yet there is room. Luke xiv. 22. There was no room for them in the inn. Luke ii. 7.

2. A particular portion of space appropriated for occupancy; a place to sit, stand, or lie; a seat. If he have but twelve pence in his purse, he will give it for the best room in a playhouse. Overbury. When thou art bidden of any man to a wedding, sit not down in the highest room. Luke xiv. 8.

3. Especially, space in a building or ship inclosed or set apart by a partition; an apartment or chamber. I found the prince in the next room. Shak.

4. Place or position in society; office; rank; post; station; also, a place or station once belonging to, or occupied by, another, and vacated. [Obs.] When he heard that Archelaus did reign in Judea in the room of his father Herod. Matt. ii. 22. Neither that I look for a higher room in heaven. Tyndale. Let Bianca take her sister's room. Shak.

5. Possibility of admission; ability to admit; opportunity to act; fit occasion; as, to leave room for hope. There was no prince in the empire who had room for such an alliance. Addison. Room and space (Shipbuilding), the distance from one side of a rib to the corresponding side of the next rib; space being the distance between two ribs, in the clear, and room the width of a rib. — To give room, to withdraw; to leave or provide space unoccupied for others to pass or to be seated. — To make room, to open a space, way, or passage; to remove obstructions; to give room. Make room, and let him stand before our face. Shak.

Syn.
— Space; compass; scope; latitude.

ROOM
Room, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roomed; p. pr. & vb. n. Rooming.]

Defn: To occupy a room or rooms; to lodge; as, they arranged to room together.

ROOM
Room, a. Etym: [AS. rum.]

Defn: Spacious; roomy. [Obs.]
No roomer harbour in the place. Chaucer.

ROOMAGE
Room"age, n. Etym: [From Room. CF. Rummage.]

Defn: Space; place; room. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

ROOMER
Room"er, n.

Defn: A lodger. [Colloq.]

ROOMER
Room"er, adv. Etym: [See Room, a.]

Defn: At a greater distance; farther off. [Obs.] Sir J. Harrington.

ROOMFUL
Room"ful, a.

Defn: Abounding with room or rooms; roomy. "A roomful house." [R.]
Donne.

ROOMFUL
Room"ful, n.; pl. Roomfuls (.

Defn: As much or many as a room will hold; as, a roomful of men.
Swift.

ROOMILY
Room"i*ly, adv.

Defn: Spaciously.

ROOMINESS
Room"i*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being roomy; spaciousness; as, the roominess of a hall.

ROOMLESS
Room"less, a.

Defn: Being without room or rooms. Udall.

ROOMMATE
Room"mate`, n.

Defn: One of twe or more occupying the same room or rooms; one who shares the occupancy of a room or rooms; a chum.

ROOMSOME
Room"some, a.

Defn: Roomy. [Obs.] Evelyn.

ROOMTH
Roomth, n.

Defn: Room; space. [Obs.] Drayton.

ROOMTHY
Roomth"y, a.

Defn: Roomy; spacious. [Obs.] Fuller.

ROOMY
Room"y, a.

Defn: Having ample room; spacious; large; as, a roomy mansion; a roomy deck. Dryden.

ROON
Roon, a. & n.

Defn: Vermilion red; red. [R.]
Her face was like the lily roon. J. R. Drake.

ROOP
Roop, n.

Defn: See Roup. [Prov. Eng.]

ROORBACK; ROORBACH
Roor"back, Roor"bach, n.

Defn: A defamatory forgery or falsehood published for purposes of political intrigue. [U.S.]

Note: The word originated in the election canvass of 1844, when such a forgery was published, to the detriment of James K. Polk, a candidate for President, purporting to be an extract from the "Travels of Baron Roorbach."

ROOSA OIL
Roo"sa oil`.

Defn: The East Indian name for grass oil. See under Grass.

ROOST
Roost, n.

Defn: Roast. [Obs.] Chaucer.

ROOST
Roost, v. t.

Defn: See Roust, v. t.

ROOST Roost, n. Etym: [AS. hrost; akin to OD. roest roost, roesten to roost, and probably to E. roof. Cf. Roof.]

1. The pole or other support on which fowls rest at night; a perch. He clapped his wings upon his roost. Dryden.

2. A collection of fowls roosting together. At roost, on a perch or roost; hence, retired to rest.

ROOST
Roost, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roosted; p. pr. & vb. n. Roosting.]

1. To sit, rest, or sleep, as fowls on a pole, limb of a tree, etc.; to perch. Wordsworth.

2. Fig.; To lodge; to rest; to sleep. O, let me where thy roof my soul hath hid, O, let me roost and nestle there. Herbert.

ROOSTCOCK
Roost"cock`, n.

Defn: The male of the domestic fowl; a cock. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

ROOSTER
Roost"er, n.

Defn: The male of the domestic fowl; a cock. [U.S.] Nor, when they [the Skinners and Cow Boys] wrung the neck of a rooster, did they trouble their heads whether he crowed for Congress or King George. W. Irving.

ROOT Root, v. i. Etym: [AS. wrotan; akin to wrot a snout, trunk, D. wroeten to root, G. rüssel snout, trunk, proboscis, Icel. rota to root, and perhaps to L. rodere to gnaw (E. rodent) or to E. root, n.]

1. To turn up the earth with the snout, as swine.

2. Hence, to seek for favor or advancement by low arts or groveling servility; to fawn servilely.

ROOT
Root, v. t.

Defn: To turn up or to dig out with the snout; as, the swine roots the earth.

ROOT Root, n. Etym: [Icel. rot (for vrot); akin to E. wort, and perhaps to root to turn up the earth. See Wort.]

1. (Bot.) (a) The underground portion of a plant, whether a true root or a tuber, a bulb or rootstock, as in the potato, the onion, or the sweet flag. (b) The descending, and commonly branching, axis of a plant, increasing in length by growth at its extremity only, not divided into joints, leafless and without buds, and having for its offices to fix the plant in the earth, to supply it with moisture and soluble matters, and sometimes to serve as a reservoir of nutriment for future growth. A true root, however, may never reach the ground, but may be attached to a wall, etc., as in the ivy, or may hang loosely in the air, as in some epiphytic orchids.

2. An edible or esculent root, especially of such plants as produce a single root, as the beet, carrot, etc.; as, the root crop.

3. That which resembles a root in position or function, esp. as a source of nourishment or support; that from which anything proceeds as if by growth or development; as, the root of a tooth, a nail, a cancer, and the like. Specifically: (a) An ancestor or progenitor; and hence, an early race; a stem. They were the roots out of which sprang two distinct people. Locke.

(b) A primitive form of speech; one of the earliest terms employed in language; a word from which other words are formed; a radix, or radical. (c) The cause or occasion by which anything is brought about; the source. "She herself . . . is root of bounty." Chaucer. The love of money is a root of all kinds of evil. 1 Tim. vi. 10 (rev. Ver. ) (d) (Math.)

Defn: That factor of a quantity which when multiplied into itself will produce that quantity; thus, 3 is a root of 9, because 3 multiplied into itself produces 9; 3 is the cube root of 27. (e) (Mus.) The fundamental tone of any chord; the tone from whose harmonics, or overtones, a chord is composed. Busby. (f) The lowest place, position, or part. "Deep to the roots of hell." Milton. "The roots of the mountains." Southey.

4. (Astrol.)

Defn: The time which to reckon in making calculations. When a root is of a birth yknowe [known]. Chaucer. Aërial roots. (Bot.) (a) Small roots emitted from the stem of a plant in the open air, which, attaching themselves to the bark of trees, etc., serve to support the plant. (b) Large roots growing from the stem, etc., which descend and establish themselves in the soil. See Illust. of Mangrove. — Multiple primary root (Bot.), a name given to the numerous roots emitted from the radicle in many plants, as the squash. — Primary root (Bot.), the central, first-formed, main root, from which the rootlets are given off. — Root and branch, every part; wholly; completely; as, to destroy an error root and branch. — Root-and-branch men, radical reformers; — a designation applied to the English Independents (1641). See Citation under Radical, n., 2. — Root barnacle (Zoöl.), one of the Rhizocephala. — Root hair (Bot.), one of the slender, hairlike fibers found on the surface of fresh roots. They are prolongations of the superficial cells of the root into minute tubes. Gray. — Root leaf (Bot.), a radical leaf. See Radical, a., 3 (b). — Root louse (Zoöl.), any plant louse, or aphid, which lives on the roots of plants, as the Phylloxera of the grapevine. See Phylloxera. — Root of an equation (Alg.), that value which, substituted for the unknown quantity in an equation, satisfies the equation. — Root of a nail (Anat.), the part of a nail which is covered by the skin. — Root of a tooth (Anat.), the part of a tooth contained in the socket and consisting of one or more fangs. — Secondary roots (Bot.), roots emitted from any part of the plant above the radicle. — To strike root, To take root, to send forth roots; to become fixed in the earth, etc., by a root; hence, in general, to become planted, fixed, or established; to increase and spread; as, an opinion takes root. "The bended twigs take root." Milton.

ROOT
Root, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rooted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rooting.]

1. To fix the root; to enter the earth, as roots; to take root and begin to grow. In deep grounds the weeds root deeper. Mortimer.

2. To be firmly fixed; to be established. If any irregularity chanced to intervene and to cause misappehensions, he gave them not leave to root and fasten by concealment. Bp. Fell.

ROOT
Root, v. t.

1. To plant and fix deeply in the earth, or as in the earth; to implant firmly; hence, to make deep or radical; to establish; — used chiefly in the participle; as, rooted trees or forests; rooted dislike.

2. To tear up by the root; to eradicate; to extirpate; — with up, out, or away. "I will go root away the noisome weeds." Shak. The Lord rooted them out of their land . . . and cast them into another land. Deut. xxix. 28.

ROOTCAP
Root"cap`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A mass of parenchym

ROOTED
Root"ed, a.

Defn: Having taken root; firmly implanted; fixed in the heart. "A
rooted sorrow." Shak.
— Root"*ed*ly, adv.
— Root"ed*ness, n.

ROOTER
Rooter, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, roots; one that tears up by the roots.

ROOTERY
Root"er*y, n.

Defn: A pile of roots, set with plants, mosses, etc., and used as an ornamental object in gardening.

ROOTLESS
Root"less, a.

Defn: Destitute of roots.

ROOTLET
Root"let, n.

Defn: A radicle; a little root.

ROOTSTOCK
Root"stock`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A perennial underground stem, producing leafly s

ROOTY
Root"y, a.

Defn: Full of roots; as, rooty ground.

ROPALIC
Ro*pal"ic, a.

Defn: See Rhopalic.

ROPE Rope, n. Etym: [AS. rap; akin to D. reep, G. reif ring hoop, Icel. reip rope, Sw. rep, Dan. reb, reeb Goth. skaudaraip latchet.]

1. A large, stout cord, usually one not less than an inch in circumference, made of strands twisted or braided together. It differs from cord, line, and string, only in its size. See Cordage.

2. A row or string consisting of a number of things united, as by braiding, twining, etc.; as, a rope of onions.

3. pl.

Defn: The small intestines; as, the ropes of birds. Rope ladder, a ladder made of ropes. — Rope mat., a mat made of cordage, or strands of old rope. — Rope of sand, something of no cohession or fiber; a feeble union or tie; something not to be relied upon. — Rope pump, a pump in which a rapidly running endless rope raises water by the momentum communicated to the water by its adhesion to the rope. — Rope transmission (Mach.), a method of transmitting power, as between distant places, by means of endless ropes running over grooved pulleys. — Rope's end, a piece of rope; especially, one used as a lash in inflicting punishment. — To give one rope, to give one liberty or license; to let one go at will uncheked.

ROPE
Rope, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roped; p. pr. & vb. n. Roping.]

Defn: To be formed into rope; to draw out or extend into a filament or thread, as by means of any glutinous or adhesive quality. Let us not hang like ropingicicles Upon our houses' thatch. Shak.

ROPE
Rope, v. t.

1. To bind, fasten, or tie with a rope or cord; as, to rope a bale of goods. Hence: —

2. To connect or fasten together, as a party of mountain climbers, with a rope.

3. To partition, separate, or divide off, by means of a rope, so as to include or exclude something; as, to rope in, or rope off, a plot of ground; to rope out a crowd.

4. To lasso (a steer, horse). [Colloq. U.S.]

5. To draw, as with a rope; to entice; to inveigle; to decoy; as, to rope in customers or voters. [Slang, U.S.]

6. To prevent from winning (as a horse), by pulling or curbing. [Racing Slang, Eng.]

ROPEBAND
Rope"band`, n. (Naut.)

Defn: A small piece of spun yarn or marline, used to fasten the head of the sail to the spar. [Written also roband, and robbin.]

ROPEDANCER
Rope"dan`cer, n.

Defn: One who dances, walks, or performs acrobatic feats, on a rope extended through the air at some height. — Rope"dan`cing, n.

ROPER
Rop"er, n.

1. A maker of ropes. P. Plowman.

2. One who ropes goods; a packer.

3. One fit to be hanged. [Old Slang] Douce.

ROPERY
Rop"er*y, n.

1. A place where ropes are made.

2. Tricks deserving the halter; roguery. [Obs.] "Saucy merchant . . . so full of his ropery." Shak.

ROPE'S-END
Rope's"-end`, v. t.

Defn: To punish with a rope's end.

ROPEWALK
Rope"walk`, a.

Defn: A long, covered walk, or a low, level building, where ropes are manufactured.

ROPEWALKER
Rope"walk`er, n.

Defn: A ropedancer.

ROPE-YARN
Rope"-yarn`, n.

Defn: the yarn or thread of any stuff of which the strands of a rope are made.

ROPILY
Rop"i*ly, adv.

Defn: In a ropy manner; in a viscous or glutinous manner.

ROPINESS
Rop"i*ness, n.

Defn: Quality of being ropy; viscosity.

ROPISH
Rop"ish, a.

Defn: Somewhat ropy.

ROPY
Rop"y, a.

Defn: capable of being drawn into a thread, as a glutinous substance; stringy; viscous; tenacious; glutinous; as ropy sirup; ropy lees.

ROQUE
Roque (rok), n. [Abbr. fr. Croquet.]

Defn: A form of croquet modified for greater accuracy of play. The court has a wood border often faced with rubber, used as a cushion in bank shots. The balls are 3¼ in. in diameter, the cage (center arches or wickets) 3 3/8 in. wide, the other arches 3½ in. wide.

ROQUEFORT CHEESE; ROQUEFORT
Roque`fort" cheese, or Roque`fort", n.

Defn: A highly flavored blue-molded cheese, made at Roquefort, department of Aveyron, France. It is made from milk of ewes, sometimes with cow's milk added, and is cured in caves. Improperly, a cheese made in imitation of it.

ROQUELAURE Roq"ue*laure, n. Etym: [F.; so called after Duc de Roquelaure, in the reign of Louis XIV.]

Defn: A cloak reaching about to, or just below, the knees, worn in the 18th century. [Written also roquelo.]

ROQUET
Ro*quet", v. t. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain] (Croquet)

Defn: To hit, as another's ball, with one's own ball.

ROQUET
Ro*quet", v. i.

Defn: To hit another's ball with one's own.

RORAL
Ro"ral, a. Etym: [L. ros, roris, dew.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to dew; consisting of dew; dewy. [R.] M.
Green.

RORATION Ro*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. roratio, fr. rorare to drop dew, fr. ros dew.]

Defn: A falling of dew. [R.]

RORIC
Ro"ric, a. Etym: [L. ros, roris, dew.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to dew; resembling dew; dewy. Roric figures (Physics), figures which appear upon a polished surface, as glass, when objects which have been near to, or in contact with, the surface are removed and the surface breathed upon; — called also Moser's images.

RORID
Ro"rid, a. Etym: [L. roridus, fr. ros, roris, dew.]

Defn: Dewy; bedewed. [R.] T. Granger.

RORIFEROUS Ro*rif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. rorifer; ros, roris, dew + ferre to bear: cf. F. rorifère.]

Defn: generating or producing dew. [R.]

RORIFLUENT Ro*rif"lu*ent, a. Etym: [L. ros, roris, dew + fluens, p.pr. of fluere to flow.]

Defn: Flowing with dew. [R.]

RORQUAL
Ror"qual, n. Etym: [Norw. rorqualus a whale with folds.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A very large North Atlantic whalebone whale (Physalus antiquorum, or Balænoptera physalus). It has a dorsal fin, and strong longitudinal folds on the throat and belly. Called also razorback.

Note: It is one of the largest of the whales, somethimes becoming nearly one hundred feet long, but it is more slender than the right whales, and is noted for its swiftness. The name is sometimes applied to other related species of finback whales.

RORULENT
Ro"ru*lent, a. Etym: [L. rorulentus, from ros, roris, dew.]

1. Full of, or abounding in, dew. [R.]

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having the surface appearing as if dusty, or covered with fine dew.

RORY
Ro"ry, a. Etym: [L. ros, roris, dew.]

Defn: Dewy. [R.]
And shook his wings with rory May-dew wet. Fairfax.

ROSACEOUS
Ro*sa"ceous, a. Etym: [L. rosaceus, fr. rosa rose.]

1. (Bot.) (a) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Rosaceæ) of which the rose is the type. It includes also the plums and cherries, meadowsweet, brambles, the strawberry, the hawthorn, applies, pears, service tress, and quinces. (b) Like a rose in shape or appearance; as, a rosaceous corolla.

2. Of a pure purpish pink color.

ROSACIC
Ro*sac"ic, a. Etym: [See Rosaceous.] (Old med. Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid (called also lithic acid) found in certain red precipitates of urine. See Uric. [Obs.]

ROSALGAR
Ro*sal"gar, n.

Defn: realgar. [Obs.] chaucer.

ROSALIA
Ro*sa"li*a, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rosalie.] (Mus.)

Defn: A form of melody in which a phrase or passage is successively repeated, each time a step or half step higher; a melodic sequence.

ROSANILINE
Ros*an"i*line ( or ), n. Etym: [Rose + aniline.] (Chem.)

Defn: A complex nitrogenous base, C20H21N3O, obtained by oxidizing a mixture of aniline and toluidine, as a colorless crystalline substance which forms red salts. These salts are essential components of many of the socalled aniline dyes, as fuchsine, aniline red, etc. By extension, any one of the series of substances derived from, or related to, rosaniline proper.

ROSARIAN
Ro*sa"ri*an, n.

Defn: A cultivator of roses.

ROSARY
Ro"sa*ry, n.; pl. Rosaries. Etym: [LL. rosarium a string of beads, L.
rosarium a place planted with roses, rosa a rose: cf. F. rosaire. See
Rose.]

1. A bed of roses, or place where roses grow. "Thick rosaries of scented thorn." Tennyson.

2. (R.C.Ch.)

Defn: A series of prayers (see Note below) arranged to be recited in
order, on beads; also, a string of beads by which the prayers are
counted.
His idolized book, and the whole rosary of his prayers. Milton.

Note: A rosary consists of fifteen decades. Each decade contains ten Ave Marias marked by small beads, preceded by a Paternoster, marked by a larger bead, and concluded by a Gloria Patri. Five decades make a chaplet, a third part of the rosary. Bp. Fitzpatrick.

3. A chapelet; a garland; a series or collection, as of beautiful thoughts or of literary selections. Every day propound to yourself a rosary or chaplet of good works to present to God at night. Jer. Taylor.

4. A coin bearing the figure of a rose, fraudulently circulated in Ireland in the 13th century for a penny. Rosary shell (Zoöl.), any marine gastropod shell of the genus Monodonta. They are top-shaped, bright-colored and pearly.

ROSCID
Ros"cid, a. Etym: [L. roscidus, fr. ros, roris, dew.]

Defn: Containing, or consisting of, dew; dewy. [R.] Bacon.

ROSCOELITE Ros"coe*lite, n. Etym: [From an English chemist, H.E. Roscoe + - lite.] (Min.)

Defn: A green micaceous mineral occurring in minute scales. It is essentially a silicate of aluminia and potash containing vanadium.

ROSE
Rose,

Defn: imp. of Rise.

ROSE
Rose, n. Etym: [AS. rose, L. rosa, probably akin to Gr. vard, OPer.
vareda; and perhaps to E. wort: cf. F. rose, from the Latin. Cf.
Copperas, Rhododendron.]

1. A flower and shrub of any species of the genus Rosa, of which there are many species, mostly found in the morthern hemispere

Note: Roses are shrubs with pinnate leaves and usually prickly stems. The flowers are large, and in the wild state have five petals of a color varying from deep pink to white, or sometimes yellow. By cultivation and hybridizing the number of petals is greatly increased and the natural perfume enhanced. In this way many distinct classes of roses have been formed, as the Banksia, Baurbon, Boursalt, China, Noisette, hybrid perpetual, etc., with multitudes of varieties in nearly every class.

2. A knot of ribbon formed like a rose; a rose knot; a rosette, esp. one worn on a shoe. Sha.

3. (Arch.)

Defn: A rose window. See Rose window, below.

4. A perforated nozzle, as of a pipe, spout, etc., for delivering water in fine jets; a rosehead; also, a strainer at the foot of a pump.

5. (Med.)

Defn: The erysipelas. Dunglison.

6. The card of the mariner's compass; also, a circular card with radiating lines, used in other instruments.

7. The color of a rose; rose-red; pink.

8. A diamond. See Rose diamond, below. Cabbage rose, China rose, etc.
See under Cabbage, China, etc.
— Corn rose (Bot.) See Corn poppy, under Corn.
— Infantile rose (Med.), a variety of roseola.
— Jamaica rose. (Bot.) See under Jamaica.
— Rose acacia (Bot.), a low American leguminous shrub (Robinia
hispida) with handsome clusters of rose-colored blossoms.
— Rose aniline. (Chem.) Same as Rosaniline.
— Rose apple (Bot.), the fruit of the tropical myrtaceous tree
Eugenia Jambos. It is an edible berry an inch or more in diameter,
and is said to have a very strong roselike perfume.
— Rose beetle. (Zoöl.) (a) A small yellowish or buff longlegged
beetle (Macrodactylus subspinosus), which eats the leaves of various
plants, and is often very injurious to rosebushes, apple trees,
grapevines, etc. Called also rose bug, and rose chafer. (b) The
European chafer.
— Rose bug. (Zoöl.) same as Rose beetle, Rose chafer.
— Rose burner, a kind of gas-burner producing a rose-shaped flame.
— Rose camphor (Chem.), a solid odorless substance which separates
from rose oil.
— Rose campion. (Bot.) See under Campion.
— Rose catarrh (Med.), rose cold.
— Rose chafer. (Zoöl.) (a) A common European beetle (Cetonia
aurata) which is often very injurious to rosebushes; — called also
rose beetle, and rose fly. (b) The rose beetle (a).
— Rose cold (Med.), a variety of hay fever, sometimes attributed to
the inhalation of the effluvia of roses. See Hay fever, under Hay.
— Rose color, the color of a rose; pink; hence, a beautiful hue or
appearance; fancied beauty, attractiveness, or promise.

— Rose de Pompadour, Rose du Barry, names succesively given to a delicate rose color used on Sèvres porcelain. — Rose diamond, a diamond, one side of which is flat, and the other cut into twenty-four triangular facets in two ranges which form a convex face pointed at the top. Cf. Brilliant, n. — Rose ear. See under Ear. — Rose elder (Bot.), the Guelder-rose. — Rose engine, a machine, or an appendage to a turning lathe, by which a surface or wood, metal, etc., is engraved with a variety of curved lines. Craig. — Rose family (Bot.) the Roseceæ. See Rosaceous. — Rose fever (Med.), rose cold. — Rose fly (Zoöl.), a rose betle, or rose chafer. — Rose gall (Zoöl.), any gall found on rosebushes. See Bedeguar. — Rose knot, a ribbon, or other pliade band plaited so as to resemble a rose; a rosette. — Rose lake, Rose madder, a rich tint prepared from lac and madder precipitated on an earthy basis. Fairholt. — Rose mallow. (Bot.) (a) A name of several malvaceous plants of the genus Hibiscus, with large rose-colored flowers. (b) the hollyhock. — Rose nail, a nail with a convex, faceted head. — Rose noble, an ancient English gold coin, stamped with the figure of a rose, first struck in the reign of Edward III., and current at 6s. 8d. Sir W. Scott. — Rose of China. (Bot.) See China rose (b), under China. — Rose of Jericho (Bot.), a Syrian cruciferous plant (Anastatica Hierochuntica) which rolls up when dry, and expands again when moistened; — called also resurrection plant. — Rose of Sharon (Bot.), an ornamental malvaceous shrub (Hibiscus Syriacus). In the Bible the name is used for some flower not yet identified, perhaps a Narcissus, or possibly the great lotus flower. — Rose oil (Chem.), the yellow essential oil extracted from various species of rose blossoms, and forming the chief part of attar of roses. — Rose pink, a pigment of a rose color, made by dyeing chalk or whiting with a decoction of Brazil wood and alum; also, the color of the pigment. — Rose quartz (Min.), a variety of quartz which is rose-red. — Rose rash. (Med.) Same as Roseola. — Rose slug (Zoöl.), the small green larva of a black sawfly (Selandria rosæ). These larvæ feed in groups on the parenchyma of the leaves of rosebushes, and are often abundant and very destructive. — Rose window (Arch.), a circular window filled with ornamental tracery. Called also Catherine wheel, and marigold window. Cf. wheel window, under Wheel. — Summer rose (Med.), a variety of roseola. See Roseola. — Under the rose Etym: [a translation of L. sub rosa], in secret; privately; in a manner that forbids disclosure; — the rose being among the ancients the symbol of secrecy, and hung up at entertainments as a token that nothing there said was to be divulged. — Wars of the Roses (Eng. Hist.), feuds between the Houses of York and Lancaster, the white rose being the badge of the House of York, and the red rose of the House of Lancaster.

ROSE
Rose, v. t.

1. To render rose-colored; to redden; to flush. [Poetic] "A maid yet rosed over with the virgin crimson of modesty." Shak.

2. To perfume, as with roses. [Poetic] Tennyson.

ROSEAL
Ro"se*al, a. Etym: [L. roseus, fr. rosa a rose.]

Defn: resembling a rose in smell or color. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

ROSEATE
Ro"se*ate, a. Etym: [Cf. L. roseus, rosatus, prepared from roses. See
Roseal, Rose.]

1. Full of roses; rosy; as, roseate bowers.

2. resembling a rose in color or fragrance; esp., tinged with rose color; blooming; as, roseate beauty; her roseate lips. Roseate tern (Zoöl.), an American and European tern (Sterna Dougalli) whose breast is roseate in the breeding season.

ROSEBAY Rose"bay`, n. (Bot.) (a) the oleander. [Obs.] (b) Any shrub of the genus Rhododendron. [U.S.] (c) An herb (Epilobium spicatum) with showy purple flowers, common in Europe and North America; — called also great willow herb.

ROSEBUD
Rose"bud`, n.

Defn: The flower of a rose before it opens, or when but partially open.

ROSEBUSH
Rose"bush`, n.

Defn: The bush or shrub which bears roses.

ROSE-COLORED
Rose"-col`ored, a.

1. Having the color of a pink rose; rose-pink; of a delicate pink color.

2. Uncommonly beautiful; hence, extravagantly fine or pleasing; alluring; as, rose-colored anticipations.

ROSE-CUT
Rose"-cut`, a.

Defn: Cut flat on the reverse, and with a convex face formed of triangular facets in rows; — said of diamonds and other precious stones. See Rose diamond, under Rose. Cf. Brilliant, n.

ROSEDROP
Rose"drop`, n.

1. A lozenge having a rose flavor.

2. A kind of earring. Simmonds.

3. (Med.)

Defn: A ruddy eruption upon the nose caused by drinking ardent spirits; a grog blossom.

ROSEFINCH
Rose"finch, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of numerous species of Asiatic finches of the genera Carpodacus, and Propasser, and allied genera, in which the male is more or less colored with rose red.

ROSEFISH
Rose"fish`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large marine scorpænoid food fish (Sebastes marinus) found on the northern coasts of Europe and America. called also red perch, hemdurgan, Norway haddok, and also, erroneously, snapper, bream, and bergylt.

Note: When full grown it is usually bright rose-red or orange-red; the young are usually mottled with red and ducky brown.

ROSEHEAD
Rose"head`, n.

1. See Rose, n., 4.

2. A many-sided pyramidal head upon a nail; also a nail with such a head.

ROSEINE
Ro"se*ine ( or ), n.

Defn: See Magenta.

ROSELITE
Ro"se*lite, n. Etym: [From the German mineralogist G. Rose + -lite.]
(Min.)

Defn: A hydrous arsenite of cobalt, occuring in small red crystals, allied to erythrite.

ROSELLA
Ro"sel"la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. rosa rose.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A beautiful Australian parrakeet (Platycercus eximius) often kept as a cage bird. The head and back of the neck are scarlet, the throat is white, the back dark green varied with lighter green, and the breast yellow.

ROSELLE
Ro*selle", n. (Bot.)

Defn: a malvaceous plant (Hibiscus Sabdariffa) cultivated in the east and West Indies for its fleshy calyxes, which are used for making tarts and jelly and an acid drink.

ROSEMALOES Rose`mal"oes, n. Etym: [From the native name; cf. Malay rasamala the name of the tree.]

Defn: The liquid storax of the East Indian Liquidambar orientalis.

ROSEMARY Rose"ma*ry, n. Etym: [OE. rosmarine, L. rosmarinus; ros dew (cf. Russ. rosa, Lith. rasa, Skr. rasa juice) + marinus marine: cf. F. romarin. In English the word has been changed as if it meant the rose of Mary. See Marine.]

Defn: A labiate shrub (Rosmarinus officinalis) with narrow grayish leaves, growing native in the southern part of France, Spain, and Italy, also in Asia Minor and in China. It has a fragrant smell, and a warm, pungent, bitterish taste. It is used in cookery, perfumery, etc., and is an emblem of fidelity or constancy. There's rosemary, that's for remembrance. Shak. Marsh rosemary. (a) A little shrub (Andromeda polifolia) growing in cold swamps and having leaves like those of the rosemary. (b) See under Marsh. — Rosemary pine, the loblolly pine. See under Loblolly.

ROSEN
Ros"en, a.

Defn: Consisting of roses; rosy. [Obs.]

ROSENMULLER'S ORGAN; ROSENMUELLER'S ORGAN
Ro"sen*mül`ler's or"gan.

Defn: [So named from its first describer, J. C. Rosenmüller, a German anatomist.] (Anat.) The parovarium.

ROSEO-
Ro"se*o-. (Chem.)

Defn: A prefix (also used adjectively) signifying rose-red; specifically used to designate certain rose-red compounds (called roseo-cobaltic compounds) of cobalt with ammonia. Cf. Luteo-.

ROSEOLA
Ro*se"o*la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. rosa a rose.] (med.)

Defn: A rose-colored efflorescence upon the skin, occurring in circumscribed patches of little or no elevation and often alternately fading and reviving; also, an acute specific disease which is characterized by an eruption of this character; — called also rose rash. — Ro*se"o*lous, a.

ROSE-PINK
Rose"-pink`, a.

1. Having a pink color like that of the rose, or like the pigment called rose pink. See Rose pink, under Rose.

2. Disposed to clothe everything with roseate hues; hence, sentimental. "Rose-pink piety." C. Kingsley.

ROSER
Ros"er, n.

Defn: A rosier; a rosebush. [Obs.]

ROSE-RED
Rose"-red`, a.

Defn: Red as a rose; specifically (Zoöl.), of a pure purplish red color. Chaucer.

ROSE-RIAL
Rose"-ri`al, n. Etym: [See Rose, and Royal.]

Defn: A name of several English gold coins struck in different reigns and having having different values; a rose noble.

ROSEROOT
Rose"root`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A fleshy-leaved herb (Rhodiola rosea); rosewort; — so called because the roots have the odor of roses.

ROSERY
Ros"er*y, n.

Defn: A place where roses are cultivated; a nursery of roses. See
Rosary, 1.

ROSET
Ro"set, n. Etym: [F. rosette. See Rosette.]

Defn: A red color used by painters. Peacham.

ROSETTA STONE
Ro*set"ta stone`.

Defn: A stone found at Rosetta, in Egypt, bearing a trilingual inscription, by aid of which, with other inscriptions, a key was obtained to the hieroglyphics of ancient Egypt. Brande & C.

ROSETTA WOOD
Ro*set"ta wood`.

Defn: An east Indian wood of a reddish orange color, handsomely veined with darker marks. It is occasionally used for cabinetwork. Ure.

ROSETTE
Ro*sette, n. Etym: [F., dim. of rose a rose. Cf. Roset.]

1. An imitation of a rose by means of ribbon or other material, — used as an ornament or a badge.

2. (Arch.)

Defn: An ornament in the form of a rose or roundel, -much used in decoration.

3. A red color. See Roset.

4. A rose burner. See under Rose.

5. (Zoöl.) (a) Any structure having a flowerlike form; especially, the group of five broad ambulacra on the upper side of the spatangoid and clypeastroid sea urchins. See Illust. of Spicule, and Sand dollar, under Sand. (b) A flowerlike color marking; as, the rosettes on the leopard.

ROSE WATER
Rose" wa`ter.

Defn: Water tinctured with roses by distillation.

ROSE-WATER
Rose"-wa`ter, a.

Defn: Having the odor of rose water; hence, affectedly nice or delicate; sentimental. "Rose-water philantropy." Carlyle.

ROSEWOOD
Rose"wood, n.

Defn: A valuable cabinet wood of a dark red color, streaked and variegated with black, obtained from several tropical leguminous trees of the genera Dalbergia and Machærium. The finest kind is from Brazil, and is said to be from the Dalbergia nigra. African rosewood, the wood of the leguminous tree Pterocarpus erinaceus. — Jamaica rosewood, the wood of two West Indian trees (Amyris balsamifera, and Linocieria ligustrina). — New South Wales rosewood, the wood of Trichilia glandulosa, a tree related to the margosa.

ROSEWORM
Rose"worm`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The larva of any one of several species of lepidopterous insects which feed upon the leaves, buds, or blossoms of the rose, especially Cacæcia rosaceana, which rolls up the leaves for a nest, and devours both the leaves and buds.

ROSEWORT Rose"wort`, n. (Bot.) (a) Roseroot. (b) Any plant nearly related to the rose. Lindley.

ROSICRUCIAN Ros`i*cru"cian, n. Etym: [The name is probably due to a German theologian, Johann Valentin Andreä, who in anonymous pamphlets called himself a knight of the Rose Cross (G. Rosenkreuz), using a seal with a St. Andrew's cross and four roses.)]

Defn: One who, in the 17th century and the early part of the 18th, claimed to belong to a secret society of philosophers deeply versed in the secrets of nature, — the alleged society having existed, it was stated, several hundred years.

Note: The Rosicrucians also called brothers of the Rosy Cross, Rosy- cross Knights, Rosy-cross philosophers, etc. Among other pretensions, they claimed to be able to transmute metals, to prolong life, to know what is passing in distant places, and to discover the most hidden things by the application of the Cabala and science of numbers.

ROSICRUCIAN
Ros`i*cru"cian, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Rosicrucians, or their arts.

ROSIED
Ros"ied, a.

Defn: Decorated with roses, or with the color of roses.

ROSIER
Ro"sier, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. rosarius of roses. Cf. Rosary.]

Defn: A rosebush; roses, collectively. [Obs.]
Crowned with a garland of sweet rosier. Spenser.

ROSILY
Ros"i*ly, adv.

Defn: In a rosy manner. M. Arnold.

ROSIN
Ros"in, n. Etym: [A variant of resin.]

Defn: The hard, amber-colored resin left after distilling off the volatile oil of turpentine; colophony. Rosin oil, an oil obtained from the resin of the pine tree, — used by painters and for lubricating machinery, etc.

ROSIN
Ros"in, v. t.

Defn: To rub with rosin, as musicians rub the bow of a violin.
Or with the rosined bow torment the string. Gay.

ROSINESS
Ros"i*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being rosy.

ROSINWEED Ros"in*weed`, n. (Bot.) (a) The compass plant. See under Compass. (b) A name given in California to various composite plants which secrete resins or have a resinous smell.

ROSINY
Ros"in*y, a.

Defn: like rosin, or having its qualities.

ROSLAND
Ros"land, n. Etym: [W. rhos a meadow, a moor + E. land.]

Defn: heathy land; land full of heather; moorish or watery land. [prov. Eng.]

ROSMARINE
Ros"ma*rine`, n. Etym: [OE. See Rosemary.]

1. Dew from the sea; sea dew. [Obs.] That purer brine And wholesome dew called rosmarine. B. Jonson.

2. Rosemary. [Obs.] Spenser. "Biting on anise seed and rosmarine." Bp. Hall.

ROSMARINE Ros"ma*rine, n. Etym: [Norw. rosmar a walrus; ros a horse (akin to E. horse) + (probably) mar the sea.]

Defn: A fabulous sea animal which was reported to climb by means of its teeth to the tops of rocks to feed upon the dew. And greedly rosmarines with visages deforme. Spenser.

ROSOLIC
Ro*sol"ic, a. Etym: [Rose + carbolic.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a complex red dyestuff (called rosolic acid) which is analogous to rosaniline and aurin. It is produced by oxidizing a mixture of phenol and cresol, as a dark red amorphous mass, C20H16O3, which forms weak salts with bases, and stable ones with acids. Called also methyl aurin, and, formerly, corallin.

ROSS
Ross; 115), n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.]

Defn: The rough, scaly matter on the surface of the bark of trees.
[Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.]

ROSS
Ross, v. t.

Defn: To divest of the ross, or rough, scaly surface; as, to ross bark. [Local, U.S.]

ROSSEL
Ros"sel, n.

Defn: Light land; rosland. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Mortimer.

ROSSEL CURRENT
Ros"sel cur`rent. [From Rossel Island, in the Louisiade Archipelago.]
(Oceanography)

Defn: A portion of the southern equatorial current flowing westward from the Fiji Islands to New Guinea.

ROSSEL CURRENT
Ros"sel cur`rent. [From Rossel Island, in the Louisiade Archipelago.]
(Oceanography)

Defn: A portion of the southern equatorial current flowing westward from the Fiji Islands to New Guinea. [Webster 1913 Suppl.]

ROSSELLY
Ros"sel*ly, a.

Defn: Loose; light. [Obs.] Mortimer.

ROST
Rost, n.

Defn: See Roust. [Scot.] Jemieson.

ROSTEL Ros"tel, n. Etym: [L. rostellum, dim. of rostrum a beak: cf. F. rostelle.]

Defn: same as Rostellum.

ROSTELLAR
Ros*tel"lar, a.

Defn: Pertaining to a rostellum.

ROSTELLATE
Ros"tel*late, a. Etym: [NL. rostellatus.]

Defn: Having a rostellum, or small beak; terminating in a beak.

ROSTELLIFORM
Ros*tel"li*form, a.

Defn: Having the form of a rostellum, or small beak.

ROSTELLUM
Ros*tel"lum, n.; pl. Rostella. Etym: [L. See Rostel.]

Defn: A small beaklike process or extension of some part; a small rostrum; as, the rostellum of the stigma of violets, or of the operculum of many mosses; the rostellum on the head of a tapeworm.

ROSTER
Ros"ter, n. Etym: [Perhaps a corruption of register; or cf. roll.]
(Mil.)

Defn: A register or roll showing the order in which officers, enlisted men, companies, or regiments are called on to serve.

ROSTRA
Ros"tra, n. pl.

Defn: See Rostrum, 2.

ROSTRAL Ros"tral, a. Etym: [L. rostralis, fr. rostrum a beak; cf. F. rostral.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the beak or snout of an animal, or the beak
of a ship; resembling a rostrum, esp., the rostra at Rome, or their
decorations.
[Monuments] adorned with rostral crowns and naval ornaments. Addison.

ROSTRATE; ROSTRATED
Ros"trate, Ros"tra*ted, a. Etym: [L. rostratus, fr. rostrum a beak.
See Rostrum.]

1. Having a process resembling the beak of a bird; beaked; rostellate.

2. Furnished or adorned with beaks; as, rostrated galleys.

ROSTRIFERA Ros*trif"e*ra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. rostrum beak + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A division of pectinibranchiate gastropods, having the head prolonged into a snout which is not retractile.

ROSTRIFORM Ros"tri*form, a. Etym: [L. rostrum a beak + -form: cf. F. rostrifarme.]

Defn: Having the form of a beak.

ROSTRULUM Ros"tru*lum, n.; pl. Rostrula. Etym: [NL., dim. of L. rostrum a beak.]

Defn: A little rostrum, or beak, as of an insect.

ROSTRUM Ros"trum, n.; pl. L. Rostra, E. Rostrums. Etym: [L., beak, ship's beak, fr. rodere, rosum, to gnaw. See Rodent.]

1. The beak or head of a ship.

2. pl. (Rostra) (Rom. Antiq.)

Defn: The Beaks; the stage or platform in the forum where orations, pleadings, funeral harangues, etc., were delivered; — so called because after the Latin war, it was adorned with the beaks of captured vessels; later, applied also to other platforms erected in Rome for the use of public orators.

3. Hence, a stage for public speaking; the pulpit or platform occupied by an orator or public speaker. Myself will mount the rostrum in his favor. Addison.

4. (Zoöl.) (a) Any beaklike prolongation, esp. of the head of an animal, as the beak of birds. (b) The beak, or sucking mouth parts, of Hemiptera. (c) The snout of a gastropod mollusk. See Illust. of Littorina. (d) The anterior, often spinelike, prolongation of the carapace of a crustacean, as in the lobster and the prawn.

5. (Bot.)

Defn: Same as Rostellum.

6. (Old Chem.)

Defn: The pipe to convey the distilling liquor into its receiver in the common alembic. Quincy.

7. (Surg.)

Defn: A pair of forceps of various kinds, having a beaklike form.
[Obs.] Coxe.

ROSULATE
Ro"su*late, a. Etym: [NL. rosulatus, fr. L. rosa a rose.] (Bot.)

Defn: Arranged in little roselike clusters; — said of leaves and bracts.

ROSY
Ros"y, a. [Compar. Rosier; superl. Rosiest.]

Defn: Resembling a rose in color, form, or qualities; blooming; red;
blushing; also, adorned with roses.
A smile that glowed Celestial rosy-red, love's proper hue. Milton.
While blooming youth and gay delight Sit thy rosy cheeks confessed.
Prior.

Note: Rosy is sometimes used in the formation of selfrosy-bosomed, rosy-colored, rosy-crowned, rosy-fingered, rosy-tinted. Rosy cross. See the Note under Rosicrucian, n.

ROT Rot, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rotting.] Etym: [OE. rotien, AS. rotian; akin to D. rotten, Prov. G. rotten, OHG. rozz, G. rösten to steep flax, Icel. rotna to rot, Sw. ruttna, Dan. raadne, Icel. rottin rotten. sq. root117. Cf. Ret, Rotten.]

1. To undergo a process common to organic substances by which they lose the cohesion of their parts and pass through certain chemical changes, giving off usually in some stages of the process more or less offensive odors; to become decomposed by a natural process; to putrefy; to decay. Fixed like a plant on his peculiar spot, To draw nutrition, propagate, and rot. Pope.

2. Figuratively: To perish slowly; to decay; to die; to become
corrupt.
Four of the sufferers were left to rot in irons. Macaulay.
Rot, poor bachelor, in your club. Thackeray.

Syn.
— To putrefy; corrupt; decay; spoil.

ROT
Rot, v. t.

1. To make putrid; to cause to be wholly or partially decomposed by natural processes; as, to rot vegetable fiber.

2. To expose, as flax, to a process of maceration, etc., for the purpose of separating the fiber; to ret.

ROT
Rot, n.

1. Process of rotting; decay; putrefaction.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: A disease or decay in fruits, leaves, or wood, supposed to be caused by minute fungi. See Bitter rot, Black rot, etc., below.

3. Etym: [Cf. G. rotz glanders.]

Defn: A fatal distemper which attacks sheep and sometimes other animals. It is due to the presence of a parasitic worm in the liver or gall bladder. See 1st Fluke, 2. His cattle must of rot and murrain die. Milton. Bitter rot (Bot.), a disease of apples, caused by the fungus Glæosporium fructigenum. F. L. Scribner. — Black rot (Bot.), a disease of grapevines, attacking the leaves and fruit, caused by the fungus Læstadia Bidwellii. F. L. Scribner. — Dry rot (Bot.) See under Dry. — Grinder's rot (Med.) See under Grinder. — Potato rot. (Bot.) See under Potato. — White rot (Bot.), a disease of grapes, first appearing in whitish pustules on the fruit, caused by the fungus Coniothyrium diplodiella. F. L. Scribner.

ROTA Ro"ta, n. Etym: [L. rota wheel. The name is said to allude to the design of the floor of the room in which the court used to sit, which was that of a wheel. See Rotary.]

1. An ecclesiastical court of Rome, called also Rota Romana, that takes cognizance of suits by appeal. It consists of twelve members.

2. (Eng. Hist.)

Defn: A short-lived political club established in 1659 by J.Harrington to inculcate the democratic doctrine of election of the principal officers of the state by ballot, and the annual retirement of a portion of Parliament.

ROTA
Ro"ta, n. (Mus.)

Defn: A species of zither, played like a guitar, used in the Middle
Ages in church music; — written also rotta.

ROTACISM
Ro"ta*cism, n.

Defn: See Rhotacism.

ROTAL
Ro"tal, a.

Defn: Relating to wheels or to rotary motion; rotary. [R.]

ROTALITE
Ro"ta*lite, n. Etym: [L. rota wheel + -lite.] (Paleon.)

Defn: Any fossil foraminifer of the genus Rotalia, abundant in the chalk formation. See Illust. under Rhizopod.

ROTARY
Ro"ta*ry, a. Etym: [L. rota a wheel. See Roll, v., and cf. barouche,
Rodomontade, Roué, Round, a., Rowel.]

Defn: Turning, as a wheel on its axis; pertaining to, or resembling, the motion of a wheel on its axis; rotatory; as, rotary motion. Rotary engine, steam engine in which the continuous rotation of the shaft is produced by the direct action of the steam upon rotating devices which serve as pistons, instead of being derived from a reciprocating motion, as in the ordinary engine; a steam turbine; — called also rotatory engine. — Rotary pump, a pump in which the fluid is impelled by rotating devices which take the place of reciprocating buckets or pistons. — Rotary shears, shears, as for cloth, metal, etc., in which revolving sharp-edged or sharp-cornered wheels do the cutting. — Rotary valve, a valve acting by continuous or partial rotation, as in the four-way cock.

ROTASCOPE
Ro"ta*scope, n. Etym: [L. rota a wheel + -scope.]

Defn: Same as Gyroscope, 1.

ROTATE Ro"tate, a. Etym: [L. rotatus, p.p. of rotare to turn round like a wheel, fr. rota wheel. See Rotary, and cf. Roue.]

Defn: Having the parts spreading out like a wheel; wheel-shaped; as, a rotate spicule or scale; a rotate corolla, i.e., a monopetalous corolla with a flattish border, and no tube or a very short one.

ROTATE
Ro"tate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rotated; p. pr. & vb. n. Rotating.]

1. To turn, as a wheel, round an axis; to revolve.

2. To perform any act, function, or operation in turn, to hold office in turn; as, to rotate in office.

ROTATE
Ro"tate, v. i.

1. To cause to turn round or revolve, as a wheel around an axle.

2. To cause to succeed in turn; esp., to cause to succeed some one, or to be succeeded by some one, in office. [Colloq.] "Both, after a brief service, were rotated out of office." Harper's Mag.

ROTATED
Ro"ta*ted, a.

Defn: Turned round, as a wheel; also, wheel-shaped; rotate.

ROTATION
Ro*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. rotatio: cf. F. rotation.]

1. The act of turning, as a wheel or a solid body on its axis, as distinguished from the progressive motion of a revolving round another body or a distant point; thus, the daily turning of the earth on its axis is a rotation; its annual motion round the sun is a revolution.

2. Any return or succesion in a series. Moment of rotation. See Moment of inertia, under Moment. — Rotation in office, the practice of changing public officers at frequent intervals by discharges and substitutions. — Rotation of crops, the practices of cultivating an orderly succession of different crops on the same land.

ROTATION
Ro*ta"tion, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or resulting from, rotation; of the nature of, or characterized by, rotation; as, rotational velocity.

ROTATIVE
Ro"ta*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. F. rotatif.]

Defn: turning, as a wheel; rotary; rotational. This high rotative velocity of the sun must cause an equatorial rise of the solar atmosphere. Siemens. Rotative engine, a steam engine in which the reciprocating motion of the piston is transformed into a continuous rotary motion, as by means of a connecting rod, a working beam and crank, or an oscillating cylinder.

ROTATOR
Ro*ta"tor, n. Etym: [L.]

1. (Anat.)

Defn: that which gives a rotary or rolling motion, as a muscle which partially rotates or turns some part on its axis.

2. (Metal.)

Defn: A revolving reverberatory furnace.

ROTATORIA
Ro`ta*to"ri*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Rotifera.

ROTATORY
Ro"ta*to*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. rotatoire. See Rotate, Rotary.]

1. Turning as on an axis; rotary.

2. Going in a circle; following in rotation or succession; as, rotatory assembles. Burke.

3. (Opt.)

Defn: Producing rotation of the plane of polarization; as, the rotatory power of bodies on light. See the Note under polarization. Nichol.

ROTATORY
Ro"ta*to*ry, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A rotifer. [R.] Kirby.

ROTCHE
Rotche, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A very small arctic sea bird (Mergulus alle, or Alle alle) common on both coasts of the Atlantic in winter; — called also little auk, dovekie, rotch, rotchie, and sea dove.

ROTCHET
Rotch"et, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The European red gurnard (Trigla pini).

ROTE
Rote, n.

Defn: A root. [Obs.] Chaucer.

ROTE
Rote, n. Etym: [OE. rote, probably of German origin; cf. MHG. rotte,
OHG. rota, hrota, LL. chrotta. Cf. Crowd a kind of violin.] (Mus.)

Defn: A kind of guitar, the notes of which were produced by a small wheel or wheel-like arrangement; an instrument similar to the hurdy- gurdy. Well could he sing and play on a rote. Chaucer. extracting mistuned dirges from their harps, crowds, and rotes. Sir W. Scott.

ROTE
Rote, n. Etym: [Cf. Rut roaring.]

Defn: The noise produced by the surf of the sea dashing upon the shore. See Rut.

ROTE
Rote, n. Etym: [OF. rote, F. route, road, path. See Route, and cf.
Rut a furrow, Routine.]

Defn: A frequent repetition of forms of speech without attention to the meaning; mere repetition; as, to learn rules by rote. Swift. till he the first verse could [i. e., knew] all by rote. Chaucer. Thy love did read by rote, and could not spell. Shak.

ROTE
Rote, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roted; p. pr. & vb. n. Roting.]

Defn: To learn or repeat by rote. [Obs.] Shak.

ROTE
Rote, v. i.

Defn: To go out by rotation or succession; to rotate. [Obs.] Z. Grey.

ROTELLA Ro*tel"la, n. Etym: [NL., dim. of rota wheel; cf. LL. rotella a little whell.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of numerous species of small, polished, brightcolored gastropods of the genus Rotella, native of tropical seas.

ROTGUT
Rot"gut, n.

1. Bad small beer. [Slang]

2. Any bad spirituous liquor, especially when adulterated so as to be very deleterious. [Slang]

ROTHER
Roth"er, a. Etym: [AS. hryedher; cf. D. rund.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Bovine.
— n.

Defn: A bovine beast. [Obs.] Shak. Rother beasts, cattle of the bovine genus; black cattle. [Obs.] Golding. — Rother soil, the dung of rother beasts.

ROTHER
Roth"er, n. Etym: [OE. See Rudder.]

Defn: A rudder. Rother nail, a nail with a very full head, used for fastening the rudder irons of ships; — so called by shipwrights.

ROTIFER
Ro"ti*fer, n. Etym: [NL. see Rotifera.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Rotifera. See Illust. in Appendix.

ROTIFERA
Ro*tif"e*ra, n.; pl. Etym: [NL., from L. rota ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An order of minute worms which usually have one or two groups of vibrating cilia on the head, which, when in motion, often give an appearance of rapidly revolving wheels. The species are very numerous in fresh waters, and are very diversified in form and habits.

ROTIFORM
Ro"ti*form, a. Etym: [L. rota wheel + -form.]

1. Wheel-shaped; as, rotiform appendages.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: Same as Rotate.

ROTOGRAPH
Ro"to*graph, n. (Photography)

Defn: A photograph printed by a process in which a strip or roll of sensitized paper is automatically fed over the negative so that a series of prints are made, and are then developed, fixed, cut apart, and washed at a very rapid rate.

ROTOR
Ro"tor, n. (Elec.)

Defn: The rotating part of a generator or motor.

ROTTA
Rot"ta, n. (Mus.)

Defn: See Rota.

ROTTEN
Rot"ten, a. Etym: [Icel. rotinn; akin to Sw. rutten, Dan. radden. See
Rot.]

Defn: Having rotted; putrid; decayed; as, a rotten apple; rotten meat. Hence: (a) Offensive to the smell; fetid; disgusting. You common cry or curs! whose breath I hate As reek of the rotten fens. Shak.

(b) Not firm or trusty; unsound; defective; treacherous; unsafe; as, a rotten plank, bone, stone. "The deepness of the rotten way." Knolles. Rotten borough. See under Borough. — Rotten stone (Min.), a soft stone, called also Tripoli (from the country from which it was formerly brought), used in all sorts of finer grinding and polishing in the arts, and for cleaning metallic substances. The name is also given to other friable siliceous stones applied to like uses.

Syn.
— Putrefied; decayed; carious; defective; unsound; corrupt;
deceitful; treacherous.
— Rot"ten*ly, adv.
— Rot"ten*ness, n.

ROTULA
Rot"u*la, n. Etym: [L., a little wheel; cf. It. rotula.] (Anat.)

Defn: The patella, or kneepan.

ROTULAR
Rot"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. rotula, dim. of rota wheel.] (Anat.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the rotula, or kneepan.

ROTUND
Ro*tund", a. Etym: [L. rotundus. See Round, and cf. Rotunda.]

1. Round; circular; spherical.

2. Hence; complete; entire.

3. (Bot.)

Defn: orbicular, or nearly so. Gray.

ROTUND
Ro*tund", n.

Defn: A rotunds. [Obs.] Burke.

ROTUNDA Ro*tun"da, n. Etym: [Cf. It. rotonda, F. rotonde; both fr. L. rotundus round. See Rotund, a.] (Arch.)

Defn: A round building; especially, one that is round both on the outside and inside, like the Pantheon at Rome. Less properly, but very commonly, used for a large round room; as, the rotunda of the Capitol at Washington.

ROTUNDATE
Ro*tund"ate, a.

Defn: Rounded; especially, rounded at the end or ends, or at the corners.

ROTUNDIFOLIOUS
Ro*tund`i*fo"li*ous, a. Etym: [L. rotundus round + folium a leaf.]
(Bot.)

Defn: Having round leaves.

ROTUNDITY
Ro*tund"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. rotunditas: cf. F. rotondité.]

1. The state or quality of being rotu Smite flat the thick rotundity o'the world! Shak.

2. Hence, completeness; entirety; roundness. For the more rotundity of the number and grace of the matter, it passeth for a full thousand. Fuller. A boldness and rotundity of speech. Hawthorne.

ROTUNDNESS
Ro*tund"ness, n.

Defn: Roundness; rotundity.

ROTUNDO
Ro*tun"do, n.

Defn: See Rotunda.

ROTURE
Ro`ture, n. [F.]

1. The condition of being a roturier.

2. (Fr. & Canadian Law) A feudal tenure of lands by one who has no privileges of nobility, but is permitted to discharge all his obligations to his feudal lord or superior by a payment of rent in money or kind and without rendering any personal services.

ROTURER
Ro*tur"er, n.

Defn: A roturier. [Obs.] Howell.

ROTURIER
Ro`tu`rier", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A person who is not of noble birth; specif., a freeman who during the prevalence of feudalism held allodial land.

ROTY
Rot"y, v. t. Etym: [See Rot.]

Defn: To make rotten. [Obs.] Well bet is rotten apple out of hoard, Than that it roty all the remenant. Chaucer.

ROUBLE
Rou"ble, n.

Defn: A coin. See Ruble.

ROUCHE
Rouche, n.

Defn: See Ruche.

ROUE Rou`é", n. Etym: [F., properly p.p. of rouer to break upon the wheel, fr. roue a wheel, L. rota. See Rotate, Rotary.]

Defn: One devoted to a life of sensual pleasure; a debauchee; a rake.

ROUET
Rou`et", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: A small wheel formerly fixed to the pan of firelocks for discharging them. Crabb.

ROUGE Rouge, a. Etym: [F., fr. L. rubeus red, akin to rubere to be red, ruber red. See Red.]

Defn: red. [R.] Rouge et noir ( Etym: [F., red and black], a game at cards in which persons play against the owner of the bank; — so called because the table around which the players sit has certain compartments colored red and black, upon which the stakes are deposited. Hoyle.

ROUGE
Rouge, n. Etym: [F.]

1. (Chem.)

Defn: A red amorphous powder consisting of ferric oxide. It is used in polishing glass, metal, or gems, and as a cosmetic, etc. Called also crocus, jeweler's rouge, etc.

2. A cosmetic used for giving a red color to the cheeks or lips. The best is prepared from the dried flowers of the safflower, but it is often made from carmine. Ure.

ROUGE
Rouge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rouged; p. pr. & vb. n. Rouging .]

Defn: To paint the face or cheeks with rouge.

ROUGE
Rouge, v. t.

Defn: To tint with rouge; as, to rouge the face or the cheeks.

ROUGECROIX
Rouge`croix" ( or ), n. Etym: [F., literally, red cross.] (Her.)

Defn: One of the four pursuivants of the English college of arms.

ROUGE DRAGON
Rouge" drag`on, n. Etym: [F., literally, red dragon.] (Her.)

Defn: One of the four pursuivants of the English college of arms.

ROUGH Rough, a. [Compar. Rougher; superl. Roughest.] Etym: [OE. rou, rou, row, rugh, ruh, AS. r; akin to LG. rug, D. rug, D. ruig, ruw, OHG. r, G. rauh, rauch; cf. Lith. raukas wrinkle, rukti to wrinkle. sq. root 18. Cf. Rug, n.]

1. Having inequalities, small ridges, or points, on the surface; not smooth or plain; as, a rough board; a rough stone; rough cloth. Specifically: (a) Not level; having a broken surface; uneven; — said of a piece of land, or of a road. "Rough, uneven ways." Shak. (b) Not polished; uncut; — said of a gem; as, a rough diamond. (c) Tossed in waves; boisterous; high; — said of a sea or other piece of water. More unequal than the roughest sea. T. Burnet.

(d) Marked by coarseness; shaggy; ragged; disordered; — said of dress, appearance, or the like; as, a rough coat. "A visage rough." Dryden. "Roughsatyrs." Milton.

2. Hence, figuratively, lacking refinement, gentleness, or polish. Specifically: (a) Not courteous or kind; harsh; rude; uncivil; as, a rough temper. A fiend, a fury, pitiless and rough. Shak. A surly boatman, rough as wayes or winds. Prior.

(b) Marked by severity or violence; harsh; hard; as, rough measures or actions. On the rough edge of battle. Milton. A quicker and rougher remedy. Clarendon. Kind words prevent a good deal of that perverseness which rough and imperious usage often produces. Locke.

(c) Loud and hoarse; offensive to the ear; harsh; grating; — said of sound, voice, and the like; as, a rough tone; rough numbers. Pope. (d) Austere; harsh to the taste; as, rough wine. (e) Tempestuous; boisterous; stormy; as, rough weather; a rough day. He stayeth his rough wind. Isa. xxvii. 8. Time and the hour runs through the roughest day. Shak.

(f) Hastily or carelessly done; wanting finish; incomplete; as, a rough estimate; a rough draught. Rough diamond, an uncut diamond; hence, colloquially, a person of intrinsic worth under a rude exterior. — Rough and ready. (a) Acting with offhand promptness and efficiency. "The rough and ready understanding." Lowell. (b) Produced offhand. "Some rough and ready theory." Tylor.

ROUGH
Rough, n.

1. Boisterous weather. [Obs.] Fletcher.

2. A rude fellow; a coarse bully; a rowdy. In the rough, in an unwrought or rude condition; unpolished; as, a diamond or a sketch in the rough. Contemplating the people in the rough. Mrs. Browning.

ROUGH
Rough, adv.

Defn: In a rough manner; rudely; roughly.
Sleeping rough on the trenches, and dying stubbornly in their boats.
Sir W. Scott.

ROUGH
Rough, v. t.

1. To render rough; to roughen.

2. To break in, as a horse, especially for military purposes. Crabb.

3. To cut or make in a hasty, rough manner; — with out; as, to rough out a carving, a sketch. Roughing rolls, rolls for reducing, in a rough manner, a bloom of iron to bars. — To rough it, to endure hard conditions of living; to live without ordinary comforts.

ROUGHCAST
Rough`cast", v. t.

1. To form in its first rudiments, without revision, correction, or polish. Dryden.

2. To mold without nicety or elegance; to form with asperities and inequalities.

3. To plaster with a mixture of lime and shells or pebbles; as, to roughcast a building.

ROUGHCAST
Rough"cast`, n.

1. A rude model; the rudimentary, unfinished form of a thing.

2. A kind of plastering made of lime, with a mixture of shells or pebbles, used for covering buildings. Shak.

ROUGHCASTER
Rough"cast`er, n.

Defn: One who roughcasts.

ROUGHDRAW
Rough"draw`, v. t.

Defn: To draw or delineate rapidly and by way of a first sketch.

ROUGHDRY
Rough"dry`, v. t.

Defn: in laundry work, to dry without smoothing or ironing.

ROUGHEN
Rough"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roughened; p. pr. & vb. n. Roughening.]
Etym: [From Rough.]

Defn: To make rough.

ROUGHEN
Rough"en, v. i.

Defn: To grow or become rough.

ROUGH-FOOTED
Rough"-foot`ed, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Feather-footed; as, a rough-footed dove. [R.] Sherwood.

ROUGH-GRAINED
Rough"-grained, a.

Defn: Having a rough grain or fiber; hence, figuratively, having coarse traits of character; not polished; brisque.

ROUGHHEAD
Rough"head`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The redfin.

ROUGHHEW
Rough"hew`, v. t.

1. To hew coarsely, without smoothing; as, to roughhew timber.

2. To give the first form or shape to; to form rudely; to shape appromaxitely and rudely; to roughcast. There's a divinity that shapes our ends, Roughhew them how we will. Shak.

ROUGHHEWER
Rough"hew`er, n.

Defn: One who roughhews.

ROUGHHEWN
Rough"hewn`, a.

1. Hewn coarsely without smoothing; unfinished; not polished.

2. Of coarse manners; rude; uncultivated; rough-grained. "A roughhewn seaman." Bacon.

ROUGHING-IN
Rough"ing-in`, n.

Defn: The first coat of plaster laid on brick; also, the process of applying it.

ROUGHINGS
Rough"ings, n. pl.

Defn: Rowen. [Prov. Eng.]

ROUGHISH
Rough"ish, a.

Defn: Somewhat rough.

ROUGHLEG
Rough"leg`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of several species of large hawks of the genus Archibuteo, having the legs feathered to the toes. Called also rough- legged hawk, and rough-legged buzzard.

Note: The best known species is Archibuteo lagopus of Northern
Europe, with its darker American variety (Sancti-johannis). The
latter is often nearly or quite black. The ferruginous roughleg
(Archibuteo ferrugineus) inhabits Western North America.

ROUGH-LEGGED
Rough"-legged`, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having the legs covered with feathers; — said of a bird. rough-legged hawk. (Zoöl.) See Roughleg.

ROUGHLY
Rough"ly, adv.

Defn: In a rough manner; unevenly; harshly; rudely; severely; austerely.

ROUGHNESS
Rough"ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being rough.

ROUGHRIDER
Rough"rid`er, n.

Defn: One who breaks horses; especially (Mil.), a noncommissioned officer in the British cavalry, whose duty is to assist the riding master.

ROUGHSCUFF
Rough"scuff, n. Etym: [Rough + scuff.]

Defn: A rough, coarse fellow; collectively, the lowest class of the people; the rabble; the riffraff. [Colloq. U.S.]

ROUGHSETTER
Rough"set`ter, n.

Defn: A mason who builds rough stonework.

ROUGHSHOD
Rough"shod, a.

Defn: Shod with shoes armed with points or calks; as, a roughshod horse. To ride roughshod, to pursue a course regardless of the pain or distress it may cause others.

ROUGHSTRINGS
Rough"strings`, n. pl. (Capr.)

Defn: Pieces of undressed timber put under the steps of a wooden stair for their support.

ROUGHT
Rought, obs.

Defn: imp. of Reach.

ROUGHT
Rought, obs.

Defn: imp. of Reck, to care. Chaucer.

ROUGHTAIL
Rough"tail`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any species of small ground snakes of the family Uropeltidæ; — so called from their rough tails.

ROUGHWORK
Rough"work`, v. t.

Defn: To work over coarsely, without regard to nicety, smoothness, or finish. Moxon.

ROUGHWROUGHT
Rough"wrought`, a.

Defn: Wrought in a rough, unfinished way; worked over coarsely.

ROUK
Rouk, v. i.

Defn: See 5th Ruck, and Roke. [Obs.]

ROULADE
Rou`lade", n. Etym: [F.] (Mus.)

Defn: A smoothly running passage of short notes (as semiquavers, or sixteenths) uniformly grouped, sung upon one long syllable, as in Handel's oratorios.

ROULEAU Rou`leau", n.; pl. F. Rouleaux (F. , E. Rouleaus. Etym: [F., a roll, dim. fr. fr. rôle, formerly also spelt roulle. See Roll.]

Defn: A little roll; a roll of coins put up in paper, or something resembling such a roll.

ROULETTE
Rou*lette", n. Etym: [F., properly, a little wheel or ball. See
Rouleau, Roll.]

1. A game of chance, in which a small ball is made to move round rapidly on a circle divided off into numbered red and black spaces, the one on which it stops indicating the result of a variety of wagers permitted by the game.

2. (Fine Arts) (a) A small toothed wheel used by engravers to roll over a plate in order to order to produce rows of dots. (b) A similar wheel used to roughen the surface of a plate, as in making alterations in a mezzotint.

3. (Geom.)

Defn: the curve traced by any point in the plane of a given curve when the latter rolls, without sliding, over another fixed curve. See Cycloid, and Epycycloid.

ROULY-POULY
Rou"ly-pou`ly, n.

Defn: See Rolly-pooly.

ROUMANIAN
Rou*ma"ni*an, a. [Written also Rumanian.] [From Roumania, the name of
the country, Roumanian România, fr. Român Roumanian, L. Romanus
Roman.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to Roumania.

ROUMANIAN
Rou*ma"ni*an, n.

Defn: An inhabitant of Roumania; also, the language of Roumania, one of the Romance or Romanic languages descended from Latin, but containing many words from other languages, as Slavic, Turkish, and Greek.

ROUN; ROWN Roun, Rown, v. i. & t. Etym: [AS. r, fr. r a rune, secret, mystery; akin to G. raunen to whisper. See Rune.]

Defn: To whisper. [obs.] Gower.
Another rouned to his fellow low. Chaucer.

ROUNCE Rounce, n. Etym: [Cf. F. ronce bramble, brier, thorn, ranche a round, step, rack, or E. round.] (Print.)

Defn: The handle by which the bed of a hand press, holding the form of type, etc., is run in under the platen and out again; — sometimes applied to the whole apparatus by which the form is moved under the platen.

ROUNCEVAL Roun"ce*val, a. Etym: [F. Ronceval, Roncevaux, a town at the foot of the foot of the Pyrenees, Sp. Roncesvalles.]

Defn: Large; strong; — from the gigantic bones shown at
Roncesvalles, and alleged to be those of old heroes. [Obs.]

ROUNCEVAL
Roun"ce*val, n.

Defn: A giant; anything large; a kind of pea called also marrowfat.
[Obs.]

ROUNCY
Roun"cy, n.

Defn: A common hackney horse; a nag. [Obs.] he rode upon a rouncy as he could. Chaucer.

ROUND
Round, v. i. & t. Etym: [From Roun.]

Defn: To whisper. [obs.] Shak. Holland. The Bishop of Glasgow rounding in his ear, "Ye are not a wise man," . . . he rounded likewise to the bishop, and said, "Wherefore brought ye me here" Calderwood.

ROUND Round, a. Etym: [OF. roond, roont, reond, F. rond, fr. L. rotundus, fr. rota wheel. See Rotary, and cf. Rotund, roundel, Rundlet.]

1. Having every portion of the surface or of the circumference equally distant from the center; spherical; circular; having a form approaching a spherical or a circular shape; orbicular; globular; as, a round ball. "The big, round tears." Shak. Upon the firm opacous globe Of this round world. Milton.

2. Having the form of a cylinder; cylindrical; as, the barrel of a musket is round.

3. Having a curved outline or form; especially, one like the arc of a circle or an ellipse, or a portion of the surface of a sphere; rotund; bulging; protuberant; not angular or pointed; as, a round arch; round hills. "Their round haunches gored." Shak.

4. Full; complete; not broken; not fractional; approximately in even units, tens, hundreds, thousands, etc.; — said of numbers. Pliny put a round number near the truth, rather than the fraction. Arbuthnot.

5. Not inconsiderable; large; hence, generous; free; as, a round
price.
Three thousand ducats; 'tis a good round sum. Shak.
Round was their pace at first, but slackened soon. Tennyson.

6. Uttered or emitted with a full tone; as, a round voice; a round note.

7. (Phonetics)

Defn: Modified, as a vowel, by contraction of the lip opening, making the opening more or less round in shape; rounded; labialized; labial. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 11.

8. Outspoken; plain and direct; unreserved; unqualified; not mincing; as, a round answer; a round oath. "The round assertion." M. Arnold. Sir Toby, I must be round with you. Shak.

9. Full and smoothly expanded; not defective or abrupt; finished; polished; — said of style, or of authors with reference to their style. [Obs.] In his satires Horace is quick, round, and pleasant. Peacham.

10. Complete and consistent; fair; just; — applied to conduct. Round dealing is the honor of man's nature. Bacon. At a round rate, rapidly. Dryden. — In round numbers, approximately in even units, tens, hundreds, etc.; as, a bin holding 99 or 101 bushels may be said to hold in round numbers 100 bushels. — Round bodies (Geom.), the sphere right cone, and right cylinder. — Round clam (Zoöl.), the quahog. — Round dance one which is danced by couples with a whirling or revolving motion, as the waltz, polka, etc. — Round game, a game, as of cards, in which each plays on his own account. — Round hand, a style of penmanship in which the letters are formed in nearly an upright position, and each separately distinct; — distinguished from running hand. — Round robin. Etym: [Perhaps F. round round + ruban ribbon.] (a) A written petition, memorial, remonstrance, protest, etc., the signatures to which are made in a circle so as not to indicate who signed first. "No round robins signed by the whole main deck of the Academy or the Porch." De Quincey. (b) (Zoöl.) The cigar fish. — Round shot, a solid spherical projectile for ordnance. — Round Table, the table about which sat King Arthur and his knights. See Knights of the Round Table, under Knight. — Round tower, one of certain lofty circular stone towers, tapering from the base upward, and usually having a conical cap or roof, which crowns the summit, — found chiefly in Ireland. They are of great antiquity, and vary in heigh from thirty-five to one hundred and thiry feet. — Round trot, one in which the horse throws out his feet roundly; a full, brisk, quick trot. Addison. — Round turn (Naut.), one turn of a rope round a timber, a belaying pin, etc. — To bring up with a round turn, to stop abruptly. [Colloq.]

Syn. — Circular; spherical; globular; globase; orbicular; orbed; cylindrical; full; plump; rotund.

ROUND
Round, n.

1. Anything round, as a circle, round" [the crown]. Shak. In labyrinth of many a round self-rolled. Milton.

2. A series of changes or events ending where it began; a series of like events recurring in continuance; a cycle; a periodical revolution; as, the round of the seasons; a round of pleasures.

3. A course of action or conduct performed by a number of persons in turn, or one after another, as if seated in a circle. Women to cards may be compared: we play A round or two; which used, we throw away. Granville. The feast was served; the bowl was crowned; To the king's pleasure went the mirthful round. Prior.

4. A series of duties or tasks which must be performed in turn, and then repeated. the trivial round, the common task. Keble.

5. A circular dance.
Come, knit hands, and beat the ground, In a light fantastic round.
Milton.

6. That which goes round a whole circle or company; as, a round of applause.

7. Rotation, as in office; succession. Holyday.

8. The step of a ladder; a rundle or rung; also, a crosspiece which joins and braces the legs of a chair. All the rounds like Jacob's ladder rise. Dryden.

9. A course ending where it began; a circuit; a beat; especially, one freguently or regulary traversed; also, the act of traversing a circuit; as, a watchman's round; the rounds of the postman.

10. (Mil.) (a) A walk performed by a guard or an officer round the rampart of a garrison, or among sentinels, to see that the sentinels are faithful and all things safe; also, the guard or officer, with his attendants, who performs this duty; — usually in the plural. (b) A general discharge of firearms by a body of troops in which each soldier fires once. (c) Ammunition for discharging a piece or pieces once; as, twenty rounds of ammunition were given out.

11. (Mus.)

Defn: A short vocal piece, resembling a catch in which three or four voices follow each other round in a species of canon in the unison.

12. The time during which prize fighters or boxers are in actual contest without an intermission, as prescribed by their rules; a bout.

13. A brewer's vessel in which the fermentation is concluded, the yeast escaping through the bunghole.

14. A vessel filled, as for drinking. [R.]

15. An assembly; a group; a circle; as, a round of politicians. Addison.

16. (Naut.)

Defn: See Roundtop.

17. Same as Round of beef, below. Gentlemen of the round. (a) Gentlemen soldiers of low rank who made the rounds. See 10 (a), above. (b) Disbanded soldiers who lived by begging. [Obs.] Worm-eaten gentlemen of the round, such as have vowed to sit on the skirts of the city, let your provost and his half dozen of halberdiers do what they can. B. Jonson. — Round of beef, the part of the thigh below the aitchbone, or between the rump and the leg. See Illust. of beef. — Round steak, a beefsteak cut from the round. — Sculpture in the round, sculpture giving the full form, as of man; statuary, distinguished from relief.

ROUND
Round, adv.

1. On all sides; around. Round he throws his baleful eyes. Milton.

2. Circularly; in a circular form or manner; by revolving or reversing one's position; as, to turn one's head round; a wheel turns round.

3. In circumference; as, a ball is ten inches round.

4. From one side or party to another; as to come or turn round, — that is, to change sides or opinions.

5. By or in a circuit; by a course longer than the direct course; back to the starting point.

6. Through a circle, as of friends or houses. The invitations were sent round accordingly. Sir W. Scott.

7. Roundly; fully; vigorously. [Obs.] Chaucer. All round, over the whole place; in every direction. — All-round, of general capacity; as, an all-round man. [Colloq.] - - To bring one round. (a) To cause one to change his opinions or line of conduct. (b) To restore one to health. [Colloq.]

ROUND
Round, prep.

Defn: On every side of, so as to encompass or encircle; around; about; as, the people atood round him; to go round the city; to wind a cable round a windlass. The serpent Error twines round human hearts. Cowper. Round about, an emphatic form for round or about. "Moses . . . set them [The elders] round about the tabernacle." Num. xi. 24. — To come round, to gain the consent of, or circumvent, (a person) by flattery or deception. [Colloq.]

ROUND
Round, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Rounding.]

1. To make circular, spherical, or cylindrical; to give a round or convex figure to; as, to round a silver coin; to round the edges of anything. Worms with many feet, which round themselves into balls, are bred chiefly under logs of timber. Bacon. The figures on our modern medals are raised and rounded to a very great perfection. Addison.

2. To surround; to encircle; to encompass. The inclusive verge Of golden metal that must round my brow. Shak.

3. To bring to fullness or completeness; to complete; hence, to bring to a fit conclusion. We are such stuff As dreams are made on, and our little life Is rounded with a sleep. Shak.

4. To go round wholly or in part; to go about (a corner or point); as, to round a corner; to round Cape Horn.

5. To make full, smooth, and flowing; as, to round periods in writing. Swift. To round in (Naut.) To haul up; usually, to haul the slack of (a rope) through its leading block, or to haul up (a tackle which hangs loose) by its fall. Totten. (b) To collect together (cattle) by riding around them, as on cattle ranches. [Western U.S.]

ROUND
Round, v. i.

1. To grow round or full; hence, to attain to fullness, completeness,
or perfection.
The queen your mother rounds apace. Shak.
So rounds he to a separate mind, From whence clear memory may begin.
Tennyson.

2. To go round, as a guard. [Poetic] They . . . nightly rounding walk. Milton.

3. To go or turn round; to wheel about. Tennyson. To round to (Naut.), to turn the head of a ship toward the wind.

ROUNDABOUT
Round"a*bout`, a.

1. Circuitous; going round; indirect; as, roundabout speech. We have taken a terrible roundabout road. Burke.

2. Encircling; enveloping; comprehensive. "Large, sound, roundabout sense." Locke.

ROUNDABOUT
Round"a*bout`, n.

1. A horizontal wheel or frame, commonly with wooden horses, etc., on which children ride; a merry-go-round. Smart.

2. A dance performed in a circle. Goldsmith.

3. A short, close jacket worn by boys, sailors, etc.

4. A state or scene of constant change, or of recurring labor and vicissitude. Cowper.

ROUNDABOUTNESS
Round"a*bout`ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being roundabout; circuitousness.

ROUND-ARM
Round"-arm`, a. (Cricket)

Defn: Applied to the method delivering the ball in bowling, by swinging the arm horizontally. R. A. Proctor.

ROUND-BACKED
Round"-backed`, a.

Defn: Having a round back or shoulders; round-shouldered.

ROUNDED
Round"ed, a. (Phonetics)

Defn: Modified by contraction of the lip opening; labialized; labial.
See Guide to Pronunciation, § 11.

ROUNDEL
Roun"del, n. Etym: [OF. rondel a roundelay, F. rondel, rondeau, a
dim. fr. rond; for sense 2, cf. F. rondelle a round, a round shield.
See Round, a., and cf. Rondel, Rondelay.]

1. (Mus.)

Defn: A rondelay. "Sung all the roundel lustily." Chaucer.
Come, now a roundel and a fairy song. Shak.

2. Anything having a round form; a round figure; a circle. The Spaniards, casting themselves into roundels, . . . made a flying march to Calais. Bacon. Specifically: (a) A small circular shield, sometimes not more than a foot in diameter, used by soldiers in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. (b) (Her.) A circular spot; a sharge in the form of a small circle. (c) (Fort.) A bastion of a circular form.

ROUNDELAY
Round"e*lay, n. Etym: [OF. rondelet, dim. of rondel. See Roundel,
Roundeau, and cf. Roundlet, Rundlet.]

1. (Poetry)

Defn: See Rondeau, and Rondel.

2. (Mus.) (a) A tune in which a simple strain is often repeated; a simple rural strain which is short and lively. Spenser. Tennyson. (b) A dance in a circle.

3. Anything having a round form; a roundel.

ROUNDER
Round"er, n.

1. One who rounds; one who comes about frequently or regularly.

2. A tool for making an edge or surface round.

3. pl.

Defn: An English game somewhat resembling baseball; also, another
English game resembling the game of fives, but played with a
football.
Now we play rounders, and then we played prisoner's base. Bagehot.

ROUNDFISH Round"fish, n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any ordinary market fish, exclusive of flounders, sole, halibut, and other flatfishes. (b) A lake whitefish (Coregonus quadrilateralis), less compressed than the common species. It is very abundant in British America and Alaska.

ROUNDHEAD
Round"head`, n. (Eng. Hist.)

Defn: A nickname for a Puritan. See Roundheads, the, in the
Dictionary of Noted Names in Fiction. Toone.

ROUNDHEADED
Round"head`ed, a.

Defn: Having a round head or top.

ROUNDHOUSE
Round"house`, n.

1. A constable's prison; a lockup, watch-house, or station house. [Obs.]

2. (Naut.) (a) A cabin or apartament on the after part of the quarter-deck, having the poop for its roof; — sometimes called the coach. (b) A privy near the bow of the vessel.

3. A house for locomotive engines, built circularly around a turntable.

ROUNDING
Round"ing, a.

Defn: Round or nearly round; becoming round; roundish.

ROUNDING
Round"ing, n.

1. (Naut.)

Defn: Small rope, or strands of rope, or spun yarn, wound round a rope to keep it from chafing; — called also service.

2. (Phonetics)

Defn: Modifying a speech sound by contraction of the lip opening; labializing; labialization. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 11.

ROUNDISH
Round"ish, a.

Defn: Somewhat round; as, a roundish seed; a roundish figure.
— Round"ish*ness, n.

ROUNDLET
Round"let, n.

Defn: A little circle. J. Gregory.

ROUNDLY
Round"ly, adv.

1. In a round form or manner.

2. Openly; boldly; peremptorily; plumply. He affirms everything roundly. Addison.

3. Briskly; with speed. locke. Two of the outlaws walked roundly forward. Sir W. Scott.

4. Completely; vigorously; in earnest. Shak.

5. Without regard to detail; in gross; comprehensively; generally; as, to give numbers roundly. In speaking roundly of this period. H. Morley.

ROUNDNESS
Round"ness, n.

1. The quality or state of being round in shape; as, the roundness of the globe, of the orb of the sun, of a ball, of a bowl, a column, etc.

2. Fullness; smoothness of flow; as, the roundness of a period; the roundness of a note; roundness of tone.

3. Openess; plainess; boldness; positiveness; as, the roundness of an assertion.

Syn. — Circularity; sphericity; globosity; globularity; globularness; orbicularness; cylindricity; fullness; plumpness; rotundity.

ROUNDRIDGE
Round"ridge`, v. t. (Agric.)

Defn: To form into round ridges by plowing. B. Edwards.

ROUND-SHOULDERED
Round"-shoul`dered, a.

Defn: Having the shoulders stooping or projecting; round-backed.

ROUNDSMAN
Rounds"man, n.; pl. Roundsmen (.

Defn: A patrolman; also, a policeman who acts as an inspector over the rounds of the patrolmen.

ROUNDTOP
Round"top`, n. (Naut.)

Defn: A top; a platform at a masthead; — so called because formerly round in shape.

ROUND-UP
Round"-up`, n.

Defn: The act of collecting or gathering together scattered cattle by riding around them and driving them in. [Western U.S.]

ROUNDURE
Roun"dure, n. Etym: [Cf. Rondure.]

Defn: Roundness; a round or circle. [Obs.] Shak.

ROUNDWORM
Round"worm`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A nematoid worm.

ROUNDY
Round"y, a.

Defn: Round. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

ROUP
Roup, v. i. & t. Etym: [Cf. AS. hrrufen, Goth. hr. Cf. Roop.]

Defn: To cry or shout; hence, to sell by auction. [Scot.] Jamieson.

ROUP
Roup, n.

1. An outcry; hence, a sale of gods by auction. [Scot.] Jamieson. To roup, that is, the sale of his crops, was over. J. C. Shairp.

2. A disease in poultry. See Pip.

ROUSANT
Rous"ant, a. (her.)

Defn: Rising; — applied to a bird in the attitude of rising; also, sometmes, to a bird in profile with wings addorsed.

ROUSE Rouse (rouz or rous), v. i. & t. Etym: [Perhaps the same word as rouse to start up, "buckle to."] (Naut.)

Defn: To pull or haul strongly and all together, as upon a rope, without the assistance of mechanical appliances.

ROUSE Rouse (rouz), n. Etym: [Cf. D. roes drunkeness, icel. r, Sw. rus, G. rauchen, and also E. rouse, v.t., rush, v.i. Cf. Row a disturbance.]

1. A bumper in honor of a toast or health. [Obs.] Shak.

2. A carousal; a festival; a drinking frolic. Fill the cup, and fill the can, Have a rouse before the morn. Tennyson.

ROUSE
Rouse, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roused (rouzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Rousing.]
Etym: [Probably of Scan. origin; cf. Sw. rusa to rush, Dan. ruse, AS.
hreósan to fall, rush. Cf. Rush, v.]

1. To cause to start from a covert or lurking place; as, to rouse a deer or other animal of the chase. Like wild boars late roused out of the brakes. Spenser. Rouse the fleet hart, and cheer the opening hound. Pope.

2. To wake from sleep or repose; as, to rouse one early or suddenly.

3. To excite to lively thought or action from a state of idleness, languor, stupidity, or indifference; as, to rouse the faculties, passions, or emotions. To rouse up a people, the most phlegmatic of any in Christendom. Atterbury.

4. To put in motion; to stir up; to agitate. Blustering winds, which all night long Had roused the sea. Milton.

5. To raise; to make erect. [Obs.] Spenser. Shak.

ROUSE
Rouse, v. i.

1. To get or start up; to rise. [Obs.] Night's black agents to their preys do rouse. Shak.

2. To awake from sleep or repose. Morpheus rouses from his bed. Pope.

3. To be exited to thought or action from a state of indolence or inattention.

ROUSER
Rous"er, n.

1. One who, or that which, rouses.

2. Something very exciting or great. [Colloq.]

3. (Brewing)

Defn: A stirrer in a copper for boiling wort.

ROUSING
Rous"ing, a.

1. Having power to awaken or excite; exciting. I begin to feel Some rousing motions in me. Milton.

2. Very great; violent; astounding; as, a rousing fire; a rousing lie. [Colloq.]

ROUSINGLY
Rous"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a rousing manner.

ROUSSETTE
Rous*sette", n. Etym: [F.; — so called in allusion to the color. See
Russet.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fruit bat, especially the large species (Pieropus vulgaris) inhabiting the islands of the Indian ocean. It measures about a yard across the expanded wings.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any small shark of the genus Scyllium; — called also dogfish.
See Dogfish.

ROUST
Roust (roust), v. t.

Defn: To rouse; to disturb; as, to roust one out. [Prov. Eng. &
Local, U.S.]

ROUST
Roust, n. Etym: [Cf. Icel. röst an estuary.]

Defn: A strong tide or current, especially in a narrow channel.
[Written also rost, and roost.] Jamieson.

ROUSTABOUT
Roust"a*bout`, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.]

Defn: A laborer, especially a deck hand, on a river steamboat, who moves the cargo, loads and unloads wood, and the like; in an opprobrious sense, a shiftless vagrant who lives by chance jobs. [Western U.S.]

ROUT
Rout (rout), v. i. Etym: [AS. hrutan.]

Defn: To roar; to bellow; to snort; to snore loudly. [Obs. or Scot.]
Chaucer.

ROUT
Rout, n.

Defn: A bellowing; a shouting; noise; clamor; uproar; disturbance;
tumult. Shak.
This new book the whole world makes such a rout about. Sterne.
"My child, it is not well," I said, "Among the graves to shout; To
laugh and play among the dead, And make this noisy rout." Trench.

ROUT
Rout, v. t. Etym: [A variant of root.]

Defn: To scoop out with a gouge or other tool; to furrow. To rout out
(a) To turn up to view, as if by rooting; to discover; to find. (b)
To turn out by force or compulsion; as, to rout people out of bed.
[Colloq.]

ROUT
Rout, v. i.

Defn: To search or root in the ground, as a swine. Edwards.

ROUT Rout, n. Etym: [OF. route, LL. rupta, properly, a breaking, fr. L. ruptus, p.p. of rumpere to break. See Rupture, reave, and cf. Rote repetition of forms, Route. In some senses this word has been confused with rout a bellowing, an uproar.] [Formerly spelled also route.]

1. A troop; a throng; a company; an assembly; especially, a traveling company or throng. [Obs.] "A route of ratones [rats]." Piers Plowman. "A great solemn route." Chaucer. And ever he rode the hinderest of the route. Chaucer. A rout of people there assembled were. Spenser.

2. A disorderly and tumultuous crowd; a mob; hence, the rabble; the herd of common people. the endless routs of wretched thralls. Spenser. The ringleader and head of all this rout. Shak. Nor do I name of men the common rout. Milton.

3. The state of being disorganized and thrown into confusion; — said especially of an army defeated, broken in pieces, and put to flight in disorder or panic; also, the act of defeating and breaking up an army; as, the rout of the enemy was complete. thy army . . . Dispersed in rout, betook them all to fly. Daniel. To these giad conquest, murderous rout to those. pope.

4. (Law)

Defn: A disturbance of the peace by persons assembled together with intent to do a thing which, if executed, would make them rioters, and actually making a motion toward the executing thereof. Wharton.

5. A fashionable assembly, or large evening party. "At routs and dances." Landor. To put to rout, to defeat and throw into confusion; to overthrow and put to flight.

ROUT
Rout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Routed; p. pr. & vb. n. Routing.]

Defn: To break the ranks of, as troops, and put them to flight in
disorder; to put to rout.
That party . . . that charged the Scots, so totally routed and
defeated their whole army, that they fied. Clarendon.

Syn.
— To defeat; discomfit; overpower; overthrow.

ROUT
Rout, v. i.

Defn: To assemble in a crowd, whether orderly or disorderly; to collect in company. [obs.] Bacon. In all that land no Christian[s] durste route. Chaucer.

ROUT CAKE
Rout" cake`.

Defn: A kind of rich sweet cake made for routs, or evening parties.

Twenty-four little rout cakes that were lying neglected in a plate.
Thackeray.

ROUTE Route (root or rout; 277), n. Etym: [OE. & F. route, OF. rote, fr. L. rupta (sc. via), fr. ruptus, p.p. of rumpere to break; hence, literally, a broken or beaten way or path. See Rout, and cf. Rut a track.]

Defn: The course or way which is traveled or passed, or is to be passed; a passing; a course; a road or path; a march. Wide through the furzy field their route they take. Gay.

ROUTER Rout"er, n. (Carp.) (a) A plane made like a spokeshave, for working the inside edges of circular sashes. (b) A plane with a hooked tool protruding far below the sole, for smoothing the bottom of a cavity.

ROUTHE
Routhe, n.

Defn: Ruth; sorrow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

ROUTINARY
Rou"ti*na*ry, a.

Defn: Involving, or pertaining to, routine; ordinary; customary. [R.]
Emerson.

ROUTINE
Rou*tine", n. Etym: [F., fr. route a path, way, road. See Route,
Roterepetition.]

1. A round of business, amusement, or pleasure, daily or frequently pursued; especially, a course of business or offical duties regularly or frequently returning.

2. Any regular course of action or procedure rigidly adhered to by the mere force of habit.

ROUTINISM
Rou*tin""ism, n.

Defn: the practice of doing things with undiscriminating, mechanical regularity.

ROUTINIST
Rou*tin"ist, n.

Defn: One who habituated to a routine.

ROUTISH
Rout"ish, a.

Defn: Uproarious; riotous. [Obs.]

ROUTOUSLY
Rout"ous*ly, adv. (Law)

Defn: With that violation of law called a rout. See 5th Rout, 4.

ROUX
Roux, n. Etym: [F. beurre roux brown butter.] (Cookery)

Defn: A thickening, made of flour, for soups and gravies.

ROVE
Rove, v. t. Etym: [perhaps fr. or akin to reeve.]

1. To draw through an eye or aperture.

2. To draw out into falkes; to card, as wool. Jamieson.

3. To twist slightly; to bring together, as slivers of wool or cotton, and twist slightly before spinning.

ROVE
Rove, n.

1. A copper washer upon which the end of a nail is clinched in boat building.

2. A roll or sliver of wool or cotton drawn out and

ROVE
Rove, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Roved; p. pr. & vb. n. Roving.] Etym: [Cf.
D. rooven to rob; akin to E. reave. See Reave Rob.]

1. To practice robbery on the seas;to wander about on the seas in piracy. [Obs.] Hakluyt.

2. Hence, to wander; to ramble; to rauge; to go, move, or pass without certain direction in any manner, by sailing, walking, riding, flying, or otherwise. For who has power to walk has power to rove. Arbuthnot.

3. (Archery)

Defn: To shoot at rovers; hence, to shoot at an angle of elevation, not at point-blank (rovers usually being beyond the point-blank range). Fair Venusson that with thy cruel dart At that good knoght cunningly didst rove. Spenser.

Syn.
— To wander; roam; range; ramble stroll.

ROVE
Rove, v. t.

1. To wander over or through. Roving the field, i chanced A goodly tree far distant to behold. milton.

2. To plow into ridges by turning the earth of two furrows together.

ROVE
Rove, n.

Defn: The act of wandering; a ramble. In thy nocturnal rove one moment halt. Young. Rove beetle (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of beetles of the family Staphylinidæ, having short elytra beneath which the wings are folded transversely. They are rapid runners, and seldom fly.

ROVER
Rov"er, n. Etym: [D. roover a robber. See Rove, v. i.]

1. One who practices robbery on the seas; a pirate. Yet Pompey the Great deserveth honor more justly for scouring the seas, and taking from the rovers 846 sail of ships. Holland.

2. One who wanders about by sea or land; a wanderer; a rambler.

3. Hence, a fickle, inconstant person.

4. (Croquet)

Defn: A ball which has passed through all the hoops and would go out if it hit the stake but is continued in play; also, the player of such a ball.

5. (Archery) (a) Casual marks at uncertain distances. Encyc. Brit. (b) A sort of arrow. [Obs.] All sorts, flights, rovers, and butt shafts. B. Jonson. At rovers, at casual marks; hence, at random; as, shooting at rovers. See def. 5 (a) above. Addison. Bound down on every side with many bands because it shall not run at rovers. Robynson (More's Utopia).

ROVING
Rov"ing, n.

1. The operatin of forming the rove, or slightly twisted sliver or roll of wool or cotton, by means of a machine for the purpose, called a roving frame, or roving machine.

2. A roll or sliver of wool or cotton drawn out and slightly twisted; a rove. See 2d Rove, 2. Roving frame, Roving machine, a machine for drawing and twisting roves and twisting roves and winding them on bobbin for the spinning machine.

ROVING
Rov"ing, n.

Defn: The act of one who roves or wanders.

ROVINGLY
Rov"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a wandering manner.

ROVINGNESS
Rov"ing*ness, n.

Defn: The state of roving.

ROW
Row, a. & adv. Etym: [See Rough.]

Defn: Rough; stern; angry. [Obs.] "Lock he never so row." Chaucer.

ROW
Row, n. Etym: [Abbrev. fr. rouse, n.]

Defn: A noisy, turbulent quarrel or disturbance; a brawl. [Colloq.]
Byron.

ROW Row, n. Etym: [OE. rowe, rawe, rewe, AS. raw, r; probably akin to D. rij, G. reihe; cf. Skr. r a line, stroke.]

Defn: A series of persons or things arranged in a continued line; a line; a rank; a file; as, a row of trees; a row of houses or columns. And there were windows in three rows. 1 Kings vii. 4. The bright seraphim in burning row. Milton. Row culture (Agric.), the practice of cultivating crops in drills. — Row of points (Geom.), the points on a line, infinite in number, as the points in which a pencil of rays is intersected by a line.

ROW Row, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rowed; p. pr. & vb. n. Rowing.] Etym: [AS. r; akin to D. roeijen, MHG. rüejen, Dan. roe, Sw. ro, Icel. r, L. remus oar, Gr. aritra. sq. root8. Cf. Rudder.]

1. To propel with oars, as a boat or vessel, along the surface of water; as, to row a boat.

2. To transport in a boat propelled with oars; as, to row the captain ashore in his barge.

ROW
Row, v. i.

1. To use the oar; as, to row well.

2. To be moved by oars; as, the boat rows easily.

ROW
Row, n.

Defn: The act of rowing; excursion in a rowboat.

ROWABLE
Row"a*ble, a.

Defn: That may be rowed, or rowed upon. "That long barren fen, once rowable." B. Jonson.

ROWAN
Row"an, n.

Defn: Rowan tree. Rowan barry, a barry of the rowan tree.

ROWAN TREE Row"an tree`. Etym: [Cf. Sw. rönn, Dan. rönne, Icel. reynir, and L. ornus.] (Bot.)

Defn: A european tree (Pyrus aucuparia) related to the apple, but with pinnate leaves and flat corymbs of small white flowers followed by little bright red berries. Called also roan tree, and mountain ash. The name is also applied to two American trees of similar habit (Pyrus Americana, and P. sambucifolia).

ROWBOAT
Row"boat`, n.

Defn: A boat designed to be propelled by oars instead of sails.

ROWDY
Row"dy, n.; pl. Rowdies. Etym: [From Rout, or Row a brawl.]

Defn: One who engages in rows, or noisy quarrels; a ruffianly fellow.
M. Arnold.

ROWDYDOW
Row"dy*dow, n.

Defn: Hubbub; uproar. [Vulgar]

ROWDYDOWDY
Row"dy*dow`dy, a.

Defn: Uproarious. [Vulgar]

ROWDYISH
Row"dy*ish, a.

Defn: Resembling a rowdy in temper or conduct; characteristic of a rowdy.

ROWDYISM
Row"dy*ism, n.

Defn: the conduct of a rowdy.

ROWED
Rowed, a.

Defn: Formed into a row, or rows; having a row, or rows; as, a twelve-rowed ear of corn.

ROWEL Row"el, n. Etym: [OF. roele, rouele, properly, a little wheel, F. rouelle collop, slice, LL. rotella a little wheel, dim. of L. rota a wheel. See Roll, and cf. Rota.]

1. The little wheel of a spur, with sharp points. With sounding whip, and rowels dyed in blood. Cowper.

2. A little flat ring or wheel on horses' bits. The iron rowels into frothy foam he bit. Spenser.

3. (Far.)

Defn: A roll of hair, silk, etc., passed through the flesh of horses, answering to a seton in human surgery.

ROWEL
Row"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Roweled or Rowelled; p. pr. & vb. n.
Roweling or Rowelling.] (Far.)

Defn: To insert a rowel, or roll of hair or silk, into (as the flesh of a horse). Mortimer.

ROWEL BONE
Row"el bone`.

Defn: See rewel bone. [Obs.]

ROWEN Row"en, n. Etym: [Cf. E. rough, OE. row, rowe.] [Called also rowet, rowett, rowings, roughings.]

1. A stubble field left unplowed till late in the autumn, that it may
be cropped by cattle.
Turn your cows, that give milk, into your rowens till snow comes.
Mortimer.

2. The second growth of grass in a season; aftermath. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.]

ROWER
Row"er, n.

Defn: One who rows with an oar.

ROWETT
Row"ett, n.

Defn: See Rowen.

ROWLOCK Row"lock ( colloq. , n. Etym: [For oarlock; AS. *rloc, where the second part is skin to G. loch a hole, E. lock a fastening. See Oar, and Lock.] (Naut.)

Defn: A contrivance or arrangement serving as a fulcrum for an oar in rowing. It consists sometimes of a notch in the gunwale of a boat, sometimes of a pair of pins between which the oar rests on the edge of the gunwale, sometimes of a single pin passing through the oar, or of a metal fork or stirrup pivoted in the gunwale and suporting the oar.

ROWN
Rown, v. i. & t.

Defn: see Roun. [Obs.] Chaucer.

ROWPORT
Row"port, n. (Naut.)

Defn: An opening in the side of small vessels of war, near the surface of the water, to facilitate rowing in calm weather.

ROXBURGH
Rox"burgh (; Scot. , n. Etym: [From the third duke of Roxburgh
(Scotland), a noted book collector who had his books so bound.]

Defn: A style of bookbinding in which the back is plain leather, the sides paper or cloth, the top gilt-edged, but the front and bottom left uncut.

ROY
Roy (roi), n. Etym: [F. roi.]

Defn: A king. [obs.]

ROY
Roy, a.

Defn: Royal. [Obs.] Chapman.

ROYAL Roy"al, a. Etym: [OE. roial, riall, real, OF. roial. reial, F. royal, fr. L. regalis, fr. rex, regis, king. See Rich, and cf. regal, real a coin, Rial.]

1. Kingly; pertaining to the crown or the sovereign; suitable for a king or queen; regal; as, royal power or prerogative; royal domains; the royal family; royal state.

2. Noble; generous; magnificent; princely. How doth that royal merchant, good Antonio Shak.

3. Under the patronage of royality; holding a charter granted by the
sovereign; as, the Royal Academy of Arts; the Royal Society. Battle
royal. See under Battle.
— Royal bay (Bot.), the classic laurel (Laurus nobilis.) — Royal
eagle. (Zoöl.) See Golden eagle, under Golden.
— Royal fern (Bot.), the handsome fern Osmunda regalis. See Osmund.
— Royal mast (Naut.), the mast next above the topgallant mast and
usually the highest on a square-rigged vessel. The royal yard and
royal sail are attached to the royal mast.
— Royal metal, an old name for gold.
— Royal palm (Bot.), a magnificent West Indian palm tree (Oreodoxa
regia), lately discovered also in Florida.
— Royal pheasant. See Curassow.
— Royal purple, an intense violet color, verging toward blue.
— Royal tern (Zoöl.), a large, crested American tern (Sterna
maxima).
— Royal tiger. (Zoöl.) See Tiger.
— Royal touch, the touching of a diseased person by the hand of a
king, with the view of restoring to health; — formerly extensively
practiced, particularly for the scrofula, or king's evil.

Syn. — Kingly; regal; monarchical; imperial; kinglike; princely; august; majestic; superb; splendid; illustrious; noble; magnanimous.

ROYAL
Roy"al, n.

1. Printing and writing papers of particular sizes. See under paper, n.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: A small sail immediately above the topgallant sail. Totten.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the upper or distal branches of an antler, as the third and fourth tynes of the antlers of a stag.

4. (Gun.)

Defn: A small mortar.

5. (Mil.)

Defn: One of the soldiers of the first regiment of foot of the British army, formerly called the Royals, and supposed to be the oldest regular corps in Europe; — now called the Royal Scots.

6. An old English coin. See Rial.

ROYALET
Roy"al*et, n.

Defn: A petty or powerless king. [R.] there were at this time two other royalets, as only kings by his leave. Fuller.

ROYALISM
Roy"al*ism, n. Etym: [Cf. F. royalisme.]

Defn: the principles or conduct of royalists.

ROYALIST
Roy"al*ist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. royaliste.]

Defn: An adherent of a king (as of Charles I. in England, or of the
Bourbons in france); one attached to monarchical government.
Where Ca'ndish fought, the Royalists prevailed. Waller.

ROYALIZATION
Roy`al*i*za"tion, n.

Defn: The act of making loyal to a king. [R.] Saintsbury.

ROYALIZE
Roy"al*ize, v. t.

Defn: to make royal. Shak.

ROYALLY
Roy"al*ly, adv.

Defn: In a royal or kingly manner; like a king; as becomes a king.
His body shall be royally interred. Dryden.

ROYAL SPADE
Royal spade. (Auction Bridge)

Defn: A spade when spades are trumps under the condition that every trick over six taken by the successful bidder has a score value of 9; — usually in pl.

ROYALTY Roy"al*ty, n.; pl. Royalties. Etym: [OF. roialté, royaulté, F. royauté. See Royal, and cf. Regality.]

1. The state of being royal; the condition or quality of a royal person; kingship; kingly office; sovereignty. Royalty by birth was the sweetest way of majesty. Holyday.

2. The person of a king or sovereign; majesty; as, in the presence of royalty. For thus his royalty doth speak. Shak.

3. An emblem of royalty; — usually in the plural, meaning regalia.
[Obs.]
Wherefore do I assume These royalties, and not refuse to reign
Milton.

4. Kingliness; spirit of regal authority. In his royalty of nature Reigns that which would be fear'd. Shak.

5. Domain; province; sphere. Sir W. Scott.

6. That which is due to a sovereign, as a seigniorage on gold and silver coined at the mint, metals taken from mines, etc.; the tax exacted in lieu of such share; imperiality.

7. A share of the product or profit (as of a mine, forest, etc.), reserved by the owner for permitting another to use the property.

8. Hence (Com.), a duty paid by a manufacturer to the owner of a patent or a copyright at a certain rate for each article manufactured; or, a percentage paid to the owner of an article by one who hires the use of it.

ROYNE Royne (roin), v. t. Etym: [F. rogner, OF. rooignier, to clip, pare, scare, fr. L. rotundus round See Rotund.]

Defn: To bite; to gnaw. [Written also roin.] [Obs.] Spenser.

ROYNISH
Royn"ish, a. Etym: [F. rogneux, from rogne scab, mange, itch.]

Defn: Mangy; scabby; hence, mean; paltry; troublesome. [Written also roinish.] [Obs.] "The roynish clown." Shak.

ROYSTER; ROYSTERER
Roys"ter, Roys"ter*er, n.

Defn: same as Roister, Roisterer.

ROYSTON CROW
Roys"ton crow`. Etym: [So called from Royston, a town in England.]
(Zoöl.)

Defn: See Hooded crow, under Hooded.

ROYTELET
Roy"te*let, n. Etym: [F. roitelet, dim. of roi king.]

Defn: A little king. [Archaic] Heylin. Bancroft.

ROYTISH Roy"tish, a. Etym: [Prob. for riotish, from riot, like Scot. roytous for riotous.]

Defn: Wild; irregular. [Obs.]

RUB
Rub, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rubbed; p. pr. & vb. n. Rubbing.] Etym:
[Probably of Celtic origin; cf. W. rhwbiaw, gael. rub.]

1. To subject (a body) to the action of something moving over its surface with pressure and friction, especially to the action of something moving back and forth; as, to rub the flesh with the hand; to rub wood with sandpaper. It shall be expedient, after that body is cleaned, to rub the body with a coarse linen cloth. Sir T. Elyot.

2. To move over the surface of (a body) with pressure and friction; to graze; to chafe; as, the boat rubs the ground.

3. To cause (a body) to move with pressure and friction along a surface; as, to rub the hand over the body. Two bones rubbed hard against one another. Arbuthnot.

4. To spread a substance thinly over; to smear. The smoothed plank, . . . New rubbed with balm. Milton.

5. To scour; to burnish; to polish; to brighten; to cleanse; — often with up or over; as, to rub up silver. The whole business of our redemption is to rub over the defaced copy of the creation. South.

6. To hinder; to cross; to thwart. [R.] 'T is the duke's pleasure, Whose disposition, all the world well knows, Will not be rubbed nor stopped. Shak. To rub down. (a) To clean by rubbing; to comb or curry; as, to down a horse. (b) To reduce or remove by rubbing; as, to rub down the rough points. — To rub off, to clean anything by rubbing; to separate by friction; as, to rub off rust. — To rub out, to remove or separate by friction; to erase; to obliterate; as, to rub out a mark or letter; to rub out a stain. — To rub up. (a) To burnish; to polish; to clean. (b) To excite; to awaken; to rouse to action; as, to rub up the memory.

RUB
Rub, v. i.

1. To move along the surface of a body with pressure; to grate; as, a wheel rubs against the gatepost.

2. To fret; to chafe; as, to rub upon a sore.

3. To move or pass with difficulty; as, to rub through woods, as huntsmen; to rub through the world. To rub along or on, to go on with difficulty; as, they manage, with strict economy, to rub along. [Colloq.]

RUB
Rub, n. Etym: [Cf. W. rhwb. See Rub, v,t,]

1. The act of rubbing; friction.

2. That which rubs; that which tends to hinder or obstruct motion or progress; hindrance; obstruction, an impediment; especially, a difficulty or obstruction hard to overcome; a pinch. Every rub is smoothed on our way. Shak. To sleep, perchance to dream; ay, there's the rub. Shak. Upon this rub, the English ambassadors thought fit to demur. Hayward. One knows not, certainly, what other rubs might have been ordained for us by a wise Providence. W. Besant.

3. Inequality of surface, as of the ground in the game of bowls; unevenness. Shak.

4. Something grating to the feelings; sarcasm; joke; as, a hard rub.

5. Imperfection; failing; fault. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

6. A chance. [Obs.] Flight shall leave no Greek a rub. Chapman.

7. A stone, commonly flat, used to sharpen cutting tools; a whetstone; — called also rubstone. Rub iron, an iron guard on a wagon body, against which a wheel rubs when cramped too much.

RUBA-DUB
Rub"a-dub, n.

Defn: The sound of a drum when continuously beaten; hence, a clamorous, repeated sound; a clatter. The rubadub of the abolition presses. D. Webster.

RUBAIYAT Ru*bai*yat", n. pl.; sing. Rubai. [Ar. ruba'iyah quatrian, pl. of ruba'iy having four radicals, fr. ruba' four.]

Defn: Quatrians; as, the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. Sometimes in pl. construed as sing., a poem in such stanzas.

RUBATO
Ru*ba"to, a. Etym: [It.]

Defn: Robbed; borrowed. Temple rubato. Etym: [It.] (Mus.) Borrowed time; — a term applied to a style of performance in which some tones are held longer than their legitimate time, while others are proportionally curtailed.

RUBBAGE
Rub"bage (; 48), n.

Defn: Rubbish. [Obs.]

RUBBER
Rub"ber, n.

1. One who, or that which, rubs. Specifically: (a) An instrument or thing used in rubbing, polishing, or cleaning. (b) A coarse file, or the rough part of a file. (c) A whetstone; a rubstone. (d) An eraser, usually made of caoutchouc. (e) The cushion of an electrical machine. (f) One who performs massage, especially in a Turkish bath. (g) Something that chafes or annoys; hence, something that grates on the feelings; a sarcasm; a rub. Thackeray.

2. In some games, as whist, the odd game, as the third or the fifth, when there is a tie between the players; as, to play the rubber; also, a contest determined by the winning of two out of three games; as, to play a rubber of whist. Beaconsfield. "A rubber of cribbage." Dickens.

3. India rubber; caoutchouc.

4. An overshoe made of India rubber. [Colloq.] Antimony rubber, an elastic durable variety of vulcanized caoutchouc of a red color. It contains antimony sulphide as an important constituent. — Hard rubber, a kind of vulcanized caoutchouc which nearly resembles horn in texture, rigidity, etc. — India rubber, caoutchouc. See Caoutchouc. — Rubber cloth, cloth covered with caoutchouc for excluding water or moisture. — Rubber dam (Dentistry), a shield of thin sheet rubber clasped around a tooth to exclude saliva from the tooth.

RUBBERIZE
Rub"ber*ize, v. t.

Defn: To coat or impregnate with rubber or a rubber solution or preparation, as silk.

RUBBIDGE
Rub"bidge, n.

Defn: Rubbish. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

RUBBING
Rub"bing,

Defn: a. & n. from Rub, v.

RUBBISH Rub"bish, n. Etym: [OE. robows, robeux, rubble, originally an Old French plural from an assumed dim. of robe, probably in the sense of trash; cf. It. robaccia trash, roba stuff, goods, wares, robe. Thus, etymologically rubbish is the pl. of rubble. See Robe, and cf. Rubble.]

Defn: Waste or rejected matter; anything worthless; valueless stuff; trash; especially, fragments of building materials or fallen buildings; ruins; débris. What rubbish and what offal! Shak. he saw the town's one half in rubbish lie. Dryden. Rubbish pulley. See Gin block, under Gin.

RUBBISH
Rub"bish, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to rubbish; of the quality of rubbish; trashy.
De Quincey.

RUBBLE
Rub"ble, n. Etym: [From an assumed Old French dim. of robe See
Rubbish.]

1. Water-worn or rough broken stones; broken bricks, etc., used in coarse masonry, or to fill up between the facing courses of walls. Inside [the wall] there was rubble or mortar. Jowett (Thucyd. ).

2. Rough stone as it comes from the quarry; also, a quarryman's term for the upper fragmentary and decomposed portion of a mass of stone; brash. Brande & C.

3. (Geol.)

Defn: A mass or stratum of fragments or rock lying under the alluvium, and derived from the neighboring rock. Lyell.

4. pl.

Defn: The whole of the bran of wheat before it is sorted into pollard, bran, etc. [Prov.Eng.] Simmonds. Coursed rubble, rubble masonry in which courses are formed by leveling off the work at certain heights.

RUBBLESTONE
Rub"ble*stone`, n.

Defn: See Rubble, 1 and 2.

RUBBLEWORK
Rub"ble*work`, n.

Defn: Masonry constructed of unsquared stones that are irregular in size and shape.

RUBBLY
Rub"bly, a.

Defn: Relating to, or containing, rubble.

RUBEDINOUS
Ru*bed"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. rubedo redness, fr. rubere to be red.]

Defn: Reddish. [R.] M. Stuart.

RUBEFACIENT Ru`be*fa"cient, a. Etym: [L. rubefaciens, p.pr. of rubefacere to make red; rubere to be red + facere to make.]

Defn: Making red. — n. (Med.)

Defn: An external application which produces redness of the skin.

RUBEFACTION
Ru`be*fac"tion, n.

Defn: The act or process of making red.

RUBELET
Ru"be*let (ru"be*lêt), n.

Defn: A little ruby. Herrick.

RUBELL; RUBELLE
Ru*bell", Ru*belle", n. Etym: [L. rubellus reddish.]

Defn: A red color used in enameling. Weale.

RUBELLA
Ru*bel"la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. rubellus reddish.] (Med.)

Defn: An acute specific disease with a dusky red cutaneous eruption resembling that of measles, but unattended by catarrhal symptoms; — called also German measles.

RUBELLITE
Ru"bel*lite, n. Etym: [L. rubellus reddish, dim. of ruber red.]
(Min.)

Defn: A variety of tourmaline varying in color from a pale rose to a deep ruby, and containing lithium.

RUBEOLA Ru*be"o*la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. ruber red.] (Med.) (a) the measles. (b) Rubella.

RUBERYTHRINIC
Ru`ber*y*thrin"ic, a. Etym: [L. ruber red + erythrin.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid extracted from madder root. It is a yellow crystalline substance from which alizarin is obtained.

RUBESCENCE
Ru*bes"cence, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being rubescent; a reddening; a flush.

RUBESCENT
Ru*bes"cent, a. Etym: [L. rubescens, -entis, p.pr. of rubescere to
grow red, v. incho from rubere to be red: cf. F. rubescent. See
Ruby.]

Defn: Growing or becoming red; tending to redness.

RUBIACEOUS
Ru`bi*a"ceous, a. Etym: [L. rubia madder, fr. rubeus red.] (Bot.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to a very large natural order of plants (Rubiaceæ) named after the madder (Rubia tinctoria), and including about three hundred and seventy genera and over four thousand species. Among them are the coffee tree, the trees yielding peruvian bark and quinine, the madder, the quaker ladies, and the trees bearing the edible fruits called genipap and Sierre Leone peach, besides many plants noted for the beauty or the fragrance of their blossoms.

RUBIACIN
Ru"bi*a*cin, n. Etym: [L. rubia madder, fr. rubeus red.] (Chem)

Defn: A substance found in madder root, and probably identical with ruberythrinic acid.

RUBIAN
Ru"bi*an, n. Etym: [L. rubia madder, fr. rubeus red.] (Chem.)

Defn: One of several color-producing glycosides found in madder root.

RUBIANIC
Ru`bi*an"ic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: pertaining to, or derived from, rubian; specifically, designating an acid called also ruberythrinic acid. [Obs.]

RU BIBLE
Ru" bi*ble, n.

Defn: A ribble. [Obs.] Chaucer.

RUBICAN
Ru"bi*can, a. Etym: [F.]

Defn: Colored a prevailing red, bay, or black, with flecks of white or gray especially on the flanks; — said of horses. Smart.

RUBICELLE Ru"bi*celle, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rubacelle, rubicelle, fr. L. rubeus red, reddish.] (Min.)

Defn: A variety of ruby of a yellowish red color, from Brazil.

RUBICON
Ru"bi*con, n. (Anc. geog.)

Defn: A small river which separated Italy from Cisalpine Gaul, the province alloted to Julius Cæsar.

Note: By leading an army across this river, contrary to the prohibition of the civil government at Rome, Cæsar precipitated the civil war which resulted in the death of Pompey and the overthrow of the senate; hence, the phrase to pass or cross the Rubicon signifies to take the decisive step by which one is committed to a hazardous enterprise from which there is no retreat.

RUBICUND Ru"bi*cund, a. Etym: [L. rubicundus, fr. rubere to be red, akin to ruber red. See Red.]

Defn: Inclining to redness; ruddy; red. "His rubicund face."
Longfellow.

RUBICUNDITY
Ru`bi*cun"di*ty, n. Etym: [LL. rubicunditas.]

Defn: The quality or state of being rubicund; ruddiness.
To parade your rubicundity and gray hairs. Walpole.

RUBIDIC
Ru*bid"ic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to rubidium; containing rubidium.

RUBIDINE
Ru"bi*dine ( or ), n. (Chem.)

Defn: A nitrogenous base homologous with pyridine, obtained from coal tar as an oily liquid, C11H17N; also, any one of the group od metameric compounds of which rubidine is the type.

RUBIDIUM
Ru*bid"i*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. rubidus red, fr. rubere to be red.
So called from two dark red spectroscopic lines by means of which it
was discovered in the lepidolite from Rozena, Moravia. See Rubicund.]
(Chem.)

Defn: A rare metallic element. It occurs quite widely, but in small quantities, and always combined. It is isolated as a soft yellowish white metal, analogous to potassium in most of its properties. Symbol Rb. Atomic weight, 85.2.

RUBIFIC
Ru*bif"ic, a. Etym: [L. ruber red + facere to make.]

Defn: Making red; as, rubific rays. Grew.

RUBIFICATION
Ru`bi*fic*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. rubification.]

Defn: The act of making red. Howell.

RUBIFORM
Ru"bi*form, a. Etym: [L. ruber red + -form.]

Defn: Having the nature or quality of red; as, the rubiform rays of the sun. [R.] Sir I. newton.

RUBIFY
Ru"bi*fy, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. rubéfier. See Rubific.]

Defn: To redden. [R.] "Waters rubifying." Chaucer.

RUBIGINOSE; RUBIGINOUS Ru*big"i*nose`, Ru*big"i*nous, a. Etym: [L. rubiginosus, fr. rubigo, robigo, rust: cf. F. rubigineux.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having the appearance or color of iron rust; rusty-looking.

RUBIGO Ru*bi"go, n. Etym: [L. rubigo, robigo, rust of metals, rust, blight.] (bot.)

Defn: same as Rust, n., 2.

RUBIN
Ru"bin, n. Etym: [Cf. LL. rubinus, It. rubino. See Ruby.]

Defn: A ruby. [Obs.] Spenser.

RUBIOUS
Ru"bi*ous, a. Etym: [L. rubeus, fr. rubere to be red. See Rouge.]

Defn: Red; ruddy. [Obs.] Shak.

RUBIRETIN
Ru`bi*re"tin, n. Etym: [Rubian + Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: One of the red dye products extracted from madder root, and probably identical with ruberythrinic acid.

RUBLE
Ru"ble, n. Etym: [Russ. ruble.]

Defn: The unit of monetary value in Russia. It is divided into 100 copecks, and in the gold coin of the realm (as in the five and ten ruble pieces) is worth about 77 cents. The silver ruble is a coin worth about 60 cents. [Written also rouble.]

RUBRIC Ru"bric, n. Etym: [OE. rubriche, OF. rubriche, F. rubrique ( cf. it. rubrica), fr. L. rubrica red earth for coloring, red chalk, the title of a law (because written in red), fr. ruber red. See red.]

Defn: That part of any work in the early manuscripts and typography which was colored red, to distinguish it from other portions. Hence, specifically: (a) A titlepage, or part of it, especially that giving the date and place of printing; also, the initial letters, etc., when printed in red. (b) (Law books) The title of a statute; — so called as being anciently written in red letters. Bell. (c) (Liturgies) The directions and rules for the conduct of service, formerly written or printed in red; hence, also, an ecclesiastical or episcopal injunction; — usually in the plural. All the clergy in England solemnly pledge themselves to observe the rubrics. Hook.

(d) Hence, that which is established or settled, as by authority; a thing definitely settled or fixed. Cowper. Nay, as a duty, it had no place or rubric in human conceptions before Christianity. De Quincey.

RUBRIC
Ru"bric, v. t.

Defn: To adorn ith red; to redden; to rubricate. [R.] Johnson.

RUBRIC; RUBRICAL
Ru"bric, Ru"bric*al, a.

1. Colored in, or marked with, red; placed in rubrics. What though my name stood rubric on the walls Or plaistered posts, with claps, in capitals Pope.

2. Of or pertaining to the rubric or rubrics. "Rubrical eccentricities." C. Kingsley.

RUBRICATE
Ru"bri*cate, a. Etym: [L. rubricatus p.p. of rubricare to color red.
See Rubric, n.]

Defn: Marked with red. Sp

RUBRICATE
Ru"bri*cate, v. t.

Defn: To mark or distinguished with red; to arrange as in a rubric; to establish in a settled and unchangeable form. Foxe. A system . . . according to which the thoughts of men were to be classed and rubricated forever after. Hare.

RUBRICIAN; RUBRICIST
Ru*bri"cian, Ru"bri*cist, n.

Defn: One skilled in, or tenaciously adhering to, the rubric or rubrics.

RUBRICITY
Ru*bric"i*ty, n.

Defn: Redness. [R.]

RUBSTONE
Rub"stone`, n.

Defn: A stone for scouring or rubbing; a whetstone; a rub.

RUBUS
Ru"bus, n. Etym: [L.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of rosaceous plants, including the raspberry and blackberry.

RUBY Ru"by, n.; pl. Rubies. Etym: [F. rubis (cf. Pr. robi), LL. rubinus, robinus, fr. L. rubeus red, reddish, akin to ruber. See Rouge, red.]

1. (Min.)

Defn: A precious stone of a carmine red color, sometimes verging to violet, or intermediate between carmine and hyacinth red. It is a red crystallized variety of corundum.

Note: Besides the true or Oriental ruby above defined, there are the balas ruby, or ruby spinel, a red variety of spinel, and the rock ruby, a red variety of garnet. Of rubies, sapphires, and pearles white. Chaucer.

2. The color of a ruby; carmine red; a red tint. The natural ruby of your cheeks. Shak.

3. That which has the color of the ruby, as red wine. Hence, a red blain or carbuncle.

4. (Print.)

Defn: See Agate, n., 2. [Eng.]

5. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any species of South American humming birds of the genus Clytolæma. The males have a ruby-colored throat or breast. Ruby of arsenic, Ruby of sulphur (Chem.), a glassy substance of a red color and a variable composition, but always consisting chiefly of the disulphide of arsenic; — called also ruby sulphur. — Ruby of zinc (Min.), zinc sulphide; the mineral zinc blende or sphalerite. — Ruby silver (Min.), red silver. See under Red.

RUBY
Ru"by, a.

Defn: Ruby-colored; red; as, ruby lips.

RUBY
Ru"by, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rubied; p. pr. & vb. n. Rubying.]

Defn: To make red; to redden. [R.] Pope.

RUBYTAIL
Ru"by*tail`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A European gold wasp (Chrysis ignita) which has the under side of the abdomen bright red, and the other parts deep bluish green with a metallic luster. The larva is parasitic in the nests of other wasps and of bees.

RUBY-TAILED
Ru"by-tailed`, a.

Defn: Having the tail, or lower part of the body, bright red.

RUBYTHROAT
Ru"by*throat`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any one of numerous species of humming birds belonging to Trochilus, Calypte, Stellula, and allies, in which the male has on the throat a brilliant patch of red feathers having metallic reflections; esp., the common humming bird of the Eastern United States (Trochilus colubris).

RUBYWOOD
Ru"by*wood`, n.

Defn: red sandalwood. See under Sandalwood.

RUCERVINE Ru*cer"vine, a. Etym: [NL. Rucervus, the genus, fr. NL. Rusa a certain genus of deer (Malay r deer) + Cervus.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of, like, or pertaining to, a deer of the genus Rucervus, which includes the swamp deer of India.

RUCHE Ruche, n. Etym: [F. ruche ruche, beehive, OF. rusche a beehive, which was formerly made of the bark of trees; cf. W. rhisg, rhisgl, bark, gael. rusg bark, rind.]

1. A plaited, quilled, or goffered strip of lace, net, ribbon, or other material, — used in place of collars or cuffs, and as a trimming for women's dresses and bonnets. [Written also rouche.]

2. A pile of arched tiles, used to catch and retain oyster spawn.

RUCHING
Ruch"ing, n.

Defn: A ruche, or ruches collectively.

RUCK
Ruck, n.

Defn: A roc. [Obs. or prov. Eng.] Drayton.

RUCK
Ruck, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Rucked; p. pr. & vb. n. Rucking.]
Etym: [Icel hrukkast to wrinkle, hrukka wrinkle, fold.]

Defn: To draw into wrinkles or unsightly folds; to crease; as, to ruck up a carpet. Smart.

RUCK
Ruck, n. Etym: [Icel. hrukka. Cf. Ruck, v. t.]

Defn: A wrinkle or crease in a piece of cloth, or in needlework.

RUCK
Ruck, v. i. Etym: [Cf. Dan. ruge to brood, to hatch.]

Defn: To cower; to huddle together; to squat; to sit, as a hen on eggs. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Gower. South. The sheep that rouketh in the fold. Chaucer.

RUCK
Ruck, n. Etym: [Cf. Ruck.]

1. A heap; a rick. [Prov Eng. & Scot.]

2. The common sort, whether persons or things; as, the ruck in a horse race. [Colloq.] The ruck in society as a whole. Lond. Sat. Rev.

RUCTATION Ruc*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. ructatio, fr. ructare to belch: cf. F. ructation.]

Defn: The act of belching wind.

RUCTION
Ruc"tion, n.

Defn: An uproar; a quarrel; a noisy outbreak. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

RUD Rud, n. Etym: [AS. rudu, akin to reád red. sq. root113. See Red, and cf. Ruddy.]

1. Redness; blush. [Obs.]

2. Ruddle; red ocher.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The rudd.

RUD
Rud, v. t.

Defn: To make red. [Obs.] Spenser.

RUDBECKIA Rud*beck"i*a, n. [NL. So named after Olaf Rudebeck, a Swedish botanist.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of composite plants, the coneflowers, consisting of perennial herbs with showy pedunculate heads, having a hemispherical involucre, sterile ray flowers, and a conical chaffy receptacle. There are about thirty species, exclusively North American. Rudbeckia hirta, the black-eyed Susan, is a common weed in meadows.

RUDD
Rudd, n. Etym: [See Rud, n.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fresh-water European fish of the Carp family (Leuciscus erythrophthalmus). It is about the size and shape of the roach, but it has the dorsal fin farther back, a stouter body, and red irises. Called also redeye, roud, finscale, and shallow. A blue variety is called azurine, or blue roach.

RUDDER
Rud"der, n.

Defn: A riddle or sieve. [Prov. Eng.]

RUDDER Rud"der, n. Etym: [OE. rother, AS. roedher a paddle; akin to D. roer rudder, oar, G. ruder, OHG. roadar, Sw. roder, ror, Dan. roer, ror. sq. root 8. See Row to propel with an oar, and cf. Rother. ]

1. (Naut.)

Defn: The mechanical appliance by means of which a vessel is guided or steered when in motion. It is a broad and flat blade made of wood or iron, with a long shank, and is fastened in an upright position, usually by one edge, to the sternpost of the vessel in such a way that it can be turned from side to side in the water by means of a tiller, wheel, or other attachment.

2. Fig.: That which resembles a rudder as a guide or governor; that which guides or governs the course. For rhyme the rudder is of verses. Hudibras. Balance rudder (Naut.), a rudder pivoted near the middle instead of at the edge, — common on sharpies. — Drop rudder (Naut.), a rudder extending below the keel so as to be more effective in steering. — Rudder chain (Naut.), one of the loose chains or ropes which fasten the rudder to the quarters to prevent its loss in case it gets unshipped, and for operating it in case the tiller or the wheel is broken. — Rudder coat (Naut.), a covering of tarred canvas used to prevent water from entering the rudderhole. — Rudder fish. (Zoöl.) (a) The pilot fish. (b) The amber fish (Seriola zonata), which is bluish having six broad black bands. (c) A plain greenish black American fish (Leirus perciformis); — called also black rudder fish, logfish, and barrel fish. The name is also applied to other fishes which follow vessels. — Rudder pendants (Naut.), ropes connected with the rudder chains.

RUDDERHEAD
Rud"der*head`, n. (Naut.)

Defn: The upper end of the rudderpost, to which the tiller is attashed.

RUDDERHOLE
Rud"der*hole, n. (Naut.)

Defn: The hole in the deck through which the rudderpost passes.

RUDDERLESS
Rud"der*less, a.

Defn: Without a rudder.

RUDDERPOST
Rud"der*post, n. (Naut.)

Defn: The shank of a rudder, having the blade at one end and the attachments for operating it at the other.

RUDDERSTOCK
Rud"der*stock`, n. (Naut.)

Defn: The main part or blade of the rudder, which is connected by hinges, or the like, with the sternpost of a vessel.

RUDDIED
Rud"died, a.

Defn: Made ruddy or red.

RUDDILY
Rud"di*ly, adv.

Defn: In a ruddy manner. Byron.

RUDDINESS
Rud"di*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being ruddy; as, the ruddiness of the cheeks or the sky.

RUDDLE
Rud"dle, v. t.

Defn: To raddle or twist. [Obs.]

RUDDLE
Rud"dle, n.

Defn: A riddle or sieve. [Obs.] Holland.

RUDDLE
Rud"dle, n. Etym: [See Rud; cf. Reddle.] (Min.)

Defn: A species of red earth colored by iron sesquioxide; red ocher.

RUDDLE
Rud"dle, v. t.

Defn: To mark with ruddle; to raddle; to rouge. "Their ruddled
cheeks." Thackeray.
A fair sheep newly ruddled. Lady M. W. Montagu.

RUDDOCK Rud"dock, n. Etym: [AS. ruddic; cf. W. rhuddog the redbreast. sq. root113. See Rud, n.] [Written also raddock.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The European robin. "The tame ruddock and the coward kite."
Chaucer.

2. A piece of gold money; — probably because the gold of coins was often reddened by copper alloy. Called also red ruddock, and golden ruddock. [Obs.] Great pieces of gold . . . red ruddocks. Florio.

RUDDY
Rud"dy, a. [Compar. Ruddier; superl. Ruddiest.] Etym: [AS. rudig. See
Rud, n.]

1. Of a red color; red, or reddish; as, a ruddy sky; a ruddy flame. Milton. They were more ruddy in body than rubies. Lam. iv. 7.

2. Of a lively flesh color, or the color of the human skin in high health; as, ruddy cheeks or lips. Dryden. Ruddy duck (Zoöl.), an American duck (Erismatura rubida) having a broad bill and a wedge- shaped tail composed of stiff, sharp feathers. The adult male is rich brownish red on the back, sides, and neck, black on the top of the head, nape, wings, and tail, and white on the cheeks. The female and young male are dull brown mixed with blackish on the back; grayish below. Called also dunbird, dundiver, ruddy diver, stifftail, spinetail, hardhead, sleepy duck, fool duck, spoonbill, etc. — Ruddy plover (Zoöl.) the sanderling.

RUDDY
Rud"dy, v. t.

Defn: To make ruddy. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

RUDE
Rude, a. [Compar. Ruder; superl. Rudest.] Etym: [F., fr. L. rudis.]

1. Characterized by roughness; umpolished; raw; lacking delicacy or refinement; coarse. Such gardening tools as art, yet rude, . . . had formed. Milton.

2. Hence, specifically: (a) Unformed by taste or skill; not nicely finished; not smoothed or polished; — said especially of material things; as, rude workmanship. "Rude was the cloth." Chaucer. Rude and unpolished stones. Bp. Stillingfleet. The heaven-born child All meanly wrapt in the rude manger lies. Milton.

(b) Of untaught manners; unpolished; of low rank; uncivil; clownish; ignorant; raw; unskillful; — said of persons, or of conduct, skill, and the like. "Mine ancestors were rude." Chaucer. He was but rude in the profession of arms. Sir H. Wotton. the rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep. Gray.

(c) Violent; tumultuous; boisterous; inclement; harsh; severe; — said of the weather, of storms, and the like; as, the rude winter. [Clouds] pushed with winds, rude in their shock. Milton. The rude agitation [of water] breaks it into foam. Boyle.

(d) Barbarous; fierce; bloody; impetuous; — said of war, conflict, and the like; as, the rude shock of armies. (e) Not finished or complete; inelegant; lacking chasteness or elegance; not in good taste; unsatisfactory in mode of treatment; — said of literature, language, style, and the like. "The rude Irish books." Spenser. Rude am I in my speech. Shak. Unblemished by my rude translation. Dryden.

Syn. — Impertinent; rough; uneven; shapeless; unfashioned; rugged; artless; unpolished; uncouth; inelegant; rustic; coarse; vulgar; clownish; raw; unskillful; untaught; illiterate; ignorant; uncivil; impolite; saucy; impudent; insolent; surly; currish; churlish; brutal; uncivilized; barbarous; savage; violent; fierce; tumultuous; turbulent; impetuous; boisterous; harsh; inclement; severe. See Impertiment. — Rude"ly, adv. — Rude"ness, n.

RUDENTURE
Ru"den*ture, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. rudens a rope.] (Arch.)

Defn: Cabling. See Cabling. gwilt.

RUDERARY Ru"de*ra*ry, a. Etym: [L. ruderarius, fr. rudus, ruderis, stones crushed and mixed with lime, old rubbish.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to rubbish.. [Obs.] Bailey.

RUDESBY
Rudes"by, n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.]

Defn: An uncivil, turbulent fellow. [Obs.] Shak.

RUDESHEIMER; RUEDESHEIMER
Rü"des*heim`er, n.

Defn: A German wine made near Rüdesheim, on the Rhine.

RUDIMENT Ru"di*ment, n. Etym: [L. rudimentum, fr. rudis unwrought, ignorant, rude: cf. F. rudiment. See Rude.]

1. That which is unformed or undeveloped; the principle which lies at the bottom of any development; an unfinished beginning. but I will bring thee where thou soon shalt quit Those rudiments, and see before thine eyes The monarchies of the earth. Milton. the single leaf is the rudiment of beauty in landscape. I. Taylor.

2. Hence, an element or first principle of any art or science; a beginning of any knowledge; a first step. This boy is forest-born, And hath been tutored in the rudiments of many desperate studies. Shak. There he shall first lay down the rudiments Of his great warfare. Milton.

3. (Biol.)

Defn: An imperfect organ or part, or one which is never developed.

RUDIMENT
Ru"di*ment, v. t.

Defn: To furnish with first principles or rules; to insrtuct in the rudiments. Gayton.

RUDIMENTAL
Ru`di*men"tal, a.

Defn: Rudimentary. Addison.

RUDIMENTARY
Ru`di*men"ta*ry, a. Etym: [Cf. F. rudimentaire.]

1. Of or pertaining to rudiments; consisting in first principles; elementary; initial; as, rudimental essays.

2. (Biol.)

Defn: Very imperfectly developed; in an early stage of development; embryonic.

RUDISH
Rud"ish, a.

Defn: Somewhat rude. Foote.

RUDISTES
Ru*dis"tes, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. rudis rough.] (Paleon.)

Defn: An extinct order or suborder of bivalve mollusks characteristic of the Cretaceous period; — called also Rudista. See Illust. under Hippurite.

RUDITY Ru"di*ty, n. Etym: [L. ruditas ignorance, fr. rudis rude, illiterate.]

Defn: Rudeness; ignorance. [R.]

RUDMASDAY
Rud"mas*day, n. Etym: [See Rood, Mass, Day.] (R.C.Ch.)

Defn: Either of the feasts of the Holy Cross, occuring on May 3 and
September 14, annually.

RUDOLPHINE
Ru*dolph"ine, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, a set of astronomical tables computed by Kepler, and founded on the observations of Tycho Brahe; - - so named from Rudolph II., emperor of Germany.

RUE
Rue, n. Etym: [F. rue, L. ruta, akin to Gr. r.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A perennial suffrutescent plant (Ruta graveolens), having a strong, heavy odor and a bitter taste; herb of grace. It is used in medicine. Then purged with euphrasy and rue The visual nerve, for he had much to see. Milton. They [the exorcists] are to try the devil by holy water, incense, sulphur, rue, which from thence, as we suppose, came to be called herb of grace. Jer. Taylor.

2. Fig.: Bitterness; disappointment; grief; regret. Goat's rue. See under Goat. — Rue anemone, a pretty springtime flower (Thalictrum anemonides) common in the United States. — Wall rue, a little fern (Asplenium Ruta-muraria) common on walls in Europe.

RUE Rue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rued; p. pr. & vb. n. Ruing.] Etym: [OE. rewen, reouwen, to grive, make sorry, AS. hreówan; akin to OS. hrewan, D. rouwen, OHG. hriuwan, G. reun, Icel. hruggr grieved, hrugedh sorrow. sq. root 18. Cf. Ruth.]

1. To lament; to regret extremely; to grieve for or over. Chaucer. I wept to see, and rued it from my heart. Chapmen. Thy will Chose freely what it now so justly rues. Milton.

2. To cause to grieve; to afflict. [Obs.] "God wot, it rueth me." Chaucer.

3. To repent of, and withdraw from, as a bargain; to get released from. [Prov. Eng.]

RUE
Rue, v. i.

1. To have compassion. [Obs.] God so wisly [i. e., truly] on my soul rue. Chaucer. Which stirred men's hearts to rue upon them. Ridley.

2. To feel sorrow and regret; to repent. Work by counsel and thou shalt not rue. Chaucer. Old year, we'll dearly rue for you. Tennyson.

RUE
Rue, n. Etym: [AS. hreów. See Rue, v. t.]

Defn: Sorrow; repetance. [Obs.] Shak.

RUEFUL
Rue"ful, a.

1. Causing one to rue or lament; woeful; mournful; sorrowful.

2. Expressing sorrow. "Rueful faces." Dryden.
Two rueful figures, with long black cloaks. Sir W. Scott.
— Rue"ful*ly, adv.
— Rue"ful*ness, n.

RUELL BONE
Ru"ell bone`.

Defn: See rewel bone. [Obs.]

RUELLE
Ru*elle" (, n. Etym: [F. ruelle a narrow street, a lanrue a street.]

Defn: A private circle or assembly at a private house; a circle.
[Obs.] Dryden.

RUFESCENT Ru*fes"cent, a. Etym: [L. rufescens, p.pr. of rufescere to become reddish, fr. rufus red: cf. F. rufescent.]

Defn: Reddish; tinged with red.

RUFF Ruff, n. Etym: [F. ronfle; cf. It. ronfa, Pg. rufa, rifa.] (Card Playing) (a) A game similar to whist, and the predecessor of it. Nares. (b) The act of trumping, especially when one has no card of the suit led.

RUFF
Ruff, v. i. & t. (Card Playing)

Defn: To trump.

RUFF Ruff, n. Etym: [Of uncertain origin: cf. Icel. r rough, uncombed, Pr. ruf rude, rough, Sp. rufo frizzed, crisp, curled, G. raufen to pluck, fight, rupfen to pluck, pull, E. rough. sq. root18. Cf. Ruffle to wrinkle.]

1. A muslin or linen collar plaited, crimped, or fluted, worn formerly by both sexes, now only by women and children. Here to-morrow with his best ruff on. Shak. His gravity is much lessened since the late proclamation came out against ruffs; . . . they were come to that height of excess herein, that twenty shillings were used to be paid for starching of a ruff. Howell.

2. Something formed with plaits or flutings, like the collar of this name. I reared this flower; . . . Soft on the paper ruff its leaves I spread. Pope.

3. An exhibition of pride or haughtiness. How many princes . . . in the ruff of all their glory, have been taken down from the head of a conquering army to the wheel of the victor's chariot! L'Estrange.

4. Wanton or tumultuous procedure or conduct. [Obs.] To ruffle it out in a riotous ruff. Latimer.

5. (Mil.)

Defn: A low, vibrating beat of a drum, not so loud as a roll; a ruffle.

6. (Mach.)

Defn: A collar on a shaft ot other piece to prevent endwise motion.
See Illust. of Collar.

7. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A set of lengthened or otherwise modified feathers round, or on, the neck of a bird.

8. (Zoöl.) (a) A limicoline bird of Europe and Asia (Pavoncella, or Philommachus, pugnax) allied to the sandpipers. The males during the breeding season have a large ruff of erectile feathers, variable in their colors, on the neck, and yellowish naked tubercles on the face. They are polygamous, and are noted for their pugnacity in the breeding season. The female is called reeve, or rheeve. (b) A variety of the domestic pigeon, having a ruff of its neck.

RUFF
Ruff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruffed; p. pr. & vb. n. Ruffing.]

1. To ruffle; to disorder. Spenser.

2. (Mil.)

Defn: To beat with the ruff or ruffle, as a drum.

3. (Hawking)

Defn: To hit, as the prey, without fixing it.

RUFF; RUFFE
Ruff, Ruffe, n. Etym: [OE. ruffe.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small freshwater European perch (Acerina vulgaris); — called also pope, blacktail, and stone, or striped, perch.

RUFFED
Ruffed, a.

Defn: Furnished with a ruff. Ruffed grouse (Zoöl.), a North American grouse (Bonasa umbellus) common in the wooded districts of the Northern United States. The male has a ruff of brown or black feathers on each side of the neck, and is noted for the loud drumming sound he makes during the breeding season. Called also tippet grouse, partridge, birch partridge, pheasant, drummer, and white-flesher. — ruffed lemur (Zoöl.), a species of lemur (lemur varius) having a conspicuous ruff on the sides of the head. Its color is varied with black and white. Called also ruffed maucaco.

RUFFIAN Ruf"fian ( or ; 277), n. Etym: [F. rufien, OF. ruffen, ruffian, pimp. libertine, ake; cf. pr. & Sp. rufian, It. ruffiano; all perhaps of German or Dutch origin; cf. G. raufen to pluck, scuffle, fight, OD. roffen to pander. Cf. Ruffle to grow urbulent.]

1. A pimp; a pander; also, a paramour. [Obs.] he [her husband] is no sooner abroad than she is instantly at home, reveling with her ruffians. Bp. Reynolds.

2. A boisterous, cruel, brutal fellow; a desperate fellow ready for murderous or cruel deeds; a cutthroat. Wilt thou on thy deathbed play the ruffian Shak.

RUFFIAN
Ruf"fian, a.

Defn: brutal; cruel; savagely boisterous; murderous; as, ruffian rage.

RUFFIAN
Ruf"fian, v. i.

Defn: To play the ruffian; to rage; to raise tumult. [R.] Shak.

RUFFIANAGE
Ruf"fian*age, n.

Defn: Ruffians, collectively; a body of ruffians. "The vilest ruffianage." Sir F. Palgrave.

RUFFIANISH
Ruf"fian*ish, a.

Defn: Having the qualities or manners of a ruffian; ruffianly.

RUFFIANLIKE
Ruf"fian*like`, a.

Defn: Ruffianly. Fulke.

RUFFIANLY
Ruf"fian*ly, a.

Defn: Like a ruffian; bold in crimes; characteristic of a ruffian; violent; brutal.

RUFFIANOUS
Ruf"fian*ous, a.

Defn: Ruffianly. [Obs.] Chapman.

RUFFIN
Ruf"fin, a. Etym: [See Ruffian.]

Defn: Disordered. [Obs.]
His ruffin rainment all was stained with blood. Spenser.

RUFFLE
Ruf"fle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruffled; p. pr. & vb. n. Ruffling.]
Etym: [From Ruff a plaited collar, a drum beat, a tumult: cf. OD.
ruyffelen to wrinkle.]

1. To make into a ruff; to draw or contract into puckers, plaits, or folds; to wrinkle.

2. To furnish with ruffles; as, to ruffle a shirt.

3. To oughen or disturb the surface of; to make uneven by agitation or commotion. The fantastic revelries . . . that so often ruffled the placid bosom of the Nile. I. Taylor. She smoothed the ruffled seas. Dryden.

4. To erect in a ruff, as feathers. [the swan] ruffles her pure cold plume. Tennyson.

5. (Mil.)

Defn: To beat with the ruff or ruffle, as a drum.

6. To discompose; to agitate; to disturb. These ruffle the tranquillity of the mind. Sir W. Hamilton. But, ever after, the small violence done Rankled in him and ruffled all his heart. Tennyson.

7. To throw into disorder or confusion. Where best He might the ruffled foe infest. Hudibras.

8. To throw together in a disorderly manner. [R.] I ruffled up falen leaves in heap. Chapman To ruffle the feathers of, to exite the resentment of; to irritate.

RUFFLE Ruf"fle, v. i. Etym: [Perhaps of different origin from ruffle to wrinkle; cf. OD. roffeln, roffen, to pander, LG. raffein, Dan. ruffer a pimp. Cf. Rufflan.]

1. To grow rough, boisterous, or turbulent. [R.] The night comes on, and the bleak winds Do sorely ruffle. Shak.

2. To become disordered; to play loosely; to flutter. On his right shoulder his thick mane reclined, Ruffles at speed, and dances in the wind. Dryden.

3. To be rough; to jar; to be in contention; hence, to put on airs;
to swagger.
They would ruffle with jurors. Bacon.
Gallants who ruffled in silk and embroidery. Sir W. Scott.

RUFFLE
Ruf"fle, n. Etym: [See Ruffle, v. t. & i.]

1. That which is ruffled; specifically, a strip of lace, cambric, or other fine cloth, plaited or gathered on one edge or in the middle, and used as a trimming; a frill.

2. A state of being ruffled or disturbed; disturbance; agitation; commotion; as, to put the mind in a ruffle.

3. (Mil.)

Defn: A low, vibrating beat of a drum, not so loud as a roll; — called also ruff. H. L. Scott.

4. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The connected series of large egg capsules, or oöthecæ, of any one of several species of American marine gastropods of the genus Fulgur. See Oötheca. Ruffle of a boot, the top turned down, and scalloped or plaited. Halliwell.

RUFFLELESS
Ruf"fle*less, a.

Defn: Having no ruffle.

RUFFLEMENT
Ruf"fle*ment, n.

Defn: The act of ruffling. [R.]

RUFFLER
Ruf"fler, n.

1. One who ruffles; a swaggerer; a bully; a ruffian. Assaults, if not murders, done at his own doors by that crew of rufflers. Milton.

2. That which ruffles; specifically, a sewing machine attachment for making ruffles.

RUFIGALLIC
Ru`fi*gal"lic, a. Etym: [Rufiopin + gallic.] (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or designating, an acid which is obtained from gallic acid as a brown or red crystalline substance, and is related to rufiopin and anthracene.

RUFIOPIN
Ru`fi*o"pin, n. Etym: [L. rufus reddish + opianic.] (Chem.)

Defn: A yellowish red crystalline substance related to anthracene, and obtained from opianic acid.

RUFOL
Ru"fol, n. Etym: [L. rufus reddish + -ol.] (Chem.)

Defn: A phenol derivative of anthracene obtained as a white crystalline substance, which on oxidation produces a red dyestuff related to anthraquinone.

RUFOUS
Ru"fous, a. Etym: [L. rufus.]

Defn: Reddish; of a yellowish red or brownish red color; tawny.

RUFT
Ruft, n. (Med.)

Defn: Eructation; belching. [Obs.]

RUFTERHOOD
Ruf"ter*hood, n. Etym: [Cf. Ruff a plaited collar.] (Falconry)

Defn: A kind of hood for a hawk.

RUG Rug, n. Etym: [Cf. Sw. rugg entanglend hair, ruggig rugged, shaggy, probably akin to E. rough. See Rough, a.]

1. A kind of coarse, heavy frieze, formerly used for garments. They spin the choicest rug in Ireland. A friend of mine . . . repaired to Paris Garden clad in one of these Waterford rugs. The mastiffs, . . . deeming he had been a bear, would fain have baited him. Holinshed.

2. A piece of thick, nappy fabric, commonly made of wool, — used for various purposes, as for covering and ornamenting part of a bare floor, for hanging in a doorway as a potière, for protecting a portion of carpet, for a wrap to protect the legs from cold, etc.

3. A rough, woolly, or shaggy dog. Rug gown, a gown made of rug, of or coarse, shaggy cloth. B. Johnson.

RUG
Rug, v. t.

Defn: To pull roughly or hastily; to plunder; to spoil; to tear.
[Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

RUGA
Ru"ga, n.; pl. Rugæ. Etym: [L.] (Nat. Hist.)

Defn: A wrinkle; a fold; as, the rugæ of the stomach.

RUGATE Ru"gate, a. Etym: [L. rugatus, p.p. of rugare to wrinkle, fr. ruga a wrinkle.]

Defn: Having alternate ridges and depressions; wrinkled. Dana.

RUGGED
Rug"ged, a. Etym: [See Rug, n.]

1. Full of asperities on the surface; broken into sharp or irregular points, or otherwise uneven; not smooth; rough; as, a rugged mountain; a rugged road. The rugged bark of some broad elm. Milton.

2. Not neat or regular; uneven. His well-proportioned beard made rough and rugged. Shak.

3. Rough with bristles or hair; shaggy. "The rugged Russian bear." Shak.

4. Harsh; hard; crabbed; austere; — said of temper, character, and the like, or of persons. Neither melt nor endear him, but leave him as hard, rugged, and unconcerned as ever. South.

5. Stormy; turbulent; tempestuous; rude. Milton.

6. Rough to the ear; harsh; grating; — said of sound, style, and the like. Through the harsh cadence of a rugged line. Dryden.

7. Sour; surly; frowning; wrinkled; — said of looks, etc. "Sleek o'er your rugged looks." Shak.

8. Violent; rude; boisterrous; — said of conduct, manners, etc.

9. Vigorous; robust; hardy; — said of health, physique, etc. [Colloq. U.S.]

Syn.
— Rough; uneven; wrinkled; cragged; coarse; rude; harsh; hard;
crabbed; severe; austere; surly; sour; frowning; violent; boisterous;
tumultuous; turbulent; stormy; tempestuous; inclement.
— Rug"ged*ly, adv.
— Rug"ged*ness, n.

RUGGING
Rug"ging, n.

Defn: A coarse kind of woolen cloth, used for wrapping, blanketing, etc.

RUG-GOWNED
Rug"-gowned, a.

Defn: Wearing a coarse gown or shaggy garment made of rug. Beau. &
Fl.

RUGGY
Rug"gy, a.

Defn: Rugged; rough. [Obs.] "With ruggy, ashy hairs." Chaucer.

RUG-HEADED
Rug"-head`ed, a.

Defn: Having shaggy hair; shock-headed. [Obs.]
Those rough rug-headed kerns. Shak.

RUGIN
Rug"in, n.

Defn: A nappy cloth. [Obs.] Wiseman.

RUGINE
Ru"gine, n. Etym: [F.] (Surg.)

Defn: An instrument for scraping the periosteum from bones; a raspatory.

RUGINE
Ru"gine, v. t. Etym: [F. ruginer to scrape.]

Defn: To scrape or rasp, as a bone; to scale. [R.] Wiseman.

RUGOSA
Ru*go"sa, n. pl. Etym: [NL. See Rugose.] (Paleon.)

Defn: An extinct tribe of fossil corals, including numerous species, many of them of large size. They are characteristic of the Paleozoic formations. The radiating septs, when present, are usually in multiples of four. See Cyathophylloid.

RUGOSE
Ru*gose", a. Etym: [L. rugosus, r. ruga a wrinkle.]

Defn: Wrinkled; full of wrinkles; specifically (Bot.), having the veinlets sunken and the spaces between them elevated, as the leaves of the sage and horehound.

RUGOSITY
Ru*gos"i*ty, n. Etym: [l. rugositas: cf. F. rugosité.]

Defn: The quality or state of being rugose.

RUGOUS
Ru"gous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. rugueux.]

Defn: Wrinkled; rugose.

RUGULOSE
Ru`gu*lose", a.

Defn: Somewhat rugose.

RUHMKORFF'S COIL Ruhm"korff's coil`. Etym: [So called from its inventor, Ruhmkorff, a german physicist.] (Elec.)

Defn: See Induction coil, under Induction.

RUIN Ru"in, n. Etym: [OE. ruine, F. ruine, fr. L. ruina, fr. ruere, rutum, to fall with violence, to rush or tumble down.]

1. The act of falling or tumbling down; fall. [Obs.] "His ruin startled the other steeds." Chapman.

2. Such a change of anything as destroys it, or entirely defeats its object, or unfits it for use; destruction; overthrow; as, the ruin of a ship or an army; the ruin of a constitution or a government; the ruin of health or hopes. "Ruin seize thee, ruthless king!" Gray.

3. That which is fallen down and become worthless from injury or decay; as, his mind is a ruin; especially, in the plural, the remains of a destroyed, dilapidated, or desolate house, fortress, city, or the like. The Veian and the Gabian towers shall fall, And one promiscuous ruin cover all; Nor, after length of years, a stone betray The place where once the very ruins lay. Addison. The labor of a day will not build up a virtuous habit on the ruins of an old and vicious character. Buckminster.

4. The state of being dcayed, or of having become ruined or worthless; as, to be in ruins; to go to ruin.

5. That which promotes injury, decay, or destruction. The errors of young men are the ruin of business. Bacon.

Syn. — Destruction; downfall; perdition; fall; overthrow; subversion; defeat; bane; pest; mischief.

RUIN
Ru"in, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruined;p. pr. & vb. n. Ruining.] Etym:
[Cf. F. ruiner, LL. ruinare. See Ruin, n.]

Defn: To bring to ruin; to cause to fall to pieces and decay; to make to perish; to bring to destruction; to bring to poverty or bankruptcy; to impair seriously; to damage essentially; to overthrow. this mortal house I'll ruin. Shak. By thee raised, I ruin all my foes. Milton. The eyes of other people are the eyes that ruin us. Franklin. By the fireside there are old men seated, Seeling ruined cities in the ashes. Longfellow.

RUIN
Ru"in, v. i.

Defn: To fall to ruins; to go to ruin; to become decayed or dilapidated; to perish. [R.] Though he his house of polished marble build, Yet shall it ruin like the moth's frail cell. Sandys. If we are idle, and disturb the industrious in their business, we shall ruin the faster. Locke.

RUINABLE
Ru"in*a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being ruined.

RUINATE
Ru"in*ate, v. t. Etym: [LL. ruinatus, p.p. of ruinare to ruin. See
Ruin.]

1. To demolish; to subvert; to destroy; to reduce to poverty; to
ruin.
I will not ruinate my fShak.
Ruinating thereby the health of their bodies. Burton.

2. To cause to fall; to cast down. On the other side they saw that perilous rock Threatening itself on them to ruinate. Spenser.

RUINATE
Ru"in*ate, v. i.

Defn: To fall; to tumble. [Obs.]

RUINATE
Ru"in*ate, a. Etym: [L. ruinatus, p.p.]

Defn: Involved in ruin; ruined. My brother Edward lives in pomp and state, I in a mansion here all ruinate. J. Webster.

RUINATION
Ru`in*a"tion, n. Etym: [LL. ruinatio.]

Defn: The act of ruining, or the state of being ruined.

RUINER
Ru"in*er, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, ruins.

RUINIFORM
Ru"in*i*form, a. Etym: [Ruin + -form: cf. F. ruiniforme.]

Defn: Having the appearance of ruins, or of the ruins of houses; — said of certain minerals.

RUINOUS
Ru"in*ous, a. Etym: [L. ruinosus: cf. F. ruineux. See Ruin.]

1. Causing, or tending to cause, ruin; destructive; baneful; pernicious; as, a ruinous project. After a night of storm so ruinous. Milton.

2. Characterized by ruin; ruined; dilapidated; as, an edifice, bridge, or wall in a ruinous state.

3. Composed of, or consisting in, ruins. Behold, Damascus . . . shall be a ruinous heap. Isa. xvii. 1.

Syn.
— Dilapidated; decayed; demolished; pernicious; destructive;
baneful; wasteful; mischievous.
— Ru"in*ous*ly, adv.
— Ru"in*ous*ness, n.

RUKH
Rukh, n. Etym: [Srr Roc.]

1. The roc.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large bird, supposed by some to be the same as the extinct
Epiornis of Madagascar. [Obs.]

RULABLE
Rul"a*ble, a.

Defn: That may be ruled; subject to rule; accordant or conformable to rule. Bacon.

RULE Rule, n. Etym: [OE. reule, riule, OF. riule, reule, F. régle, fr. L. regula a ruler, rule, model, fr. regere, rectum, to lead straight, to direct. See Right, a., and cf. Regular.]

1. That which is prescribed or laid down as a guide for conduct or action; a governing direction for a specific purpose; an authoritative enactment; a regulation; a prescription; a precept; as, the rules of various societies; the rules governing a school; a rule of etiquette or propriety; the rules of cricket. We profess to have embraced a religion which contains the most exact rules for the government of our lives. Tillotson.

2. Hence: (a) Uniform or established course of things. 'T is against the rule of nature. Shak.

(b) Systematic method or practice; as, my ule is to rise at six o'clock. (c) Ordibary course of procedure; usual way; comon state or condition of things; as, it is a rule to which there are many exeptions. (d) Conduct in general; behavior. [Obs.] This uncivil rule; she shall know of it. Shak.

3. The act of ruling; administration of law; government; empire;
authority; control.
Obey them that have the rule over you. Heb. xiii. 17.
His stern rule the groaning land obeyed. Pope.

4. (Law)

Defn: An order regulating the practice of the courts, or an order made between parties to an action or a suit. Wharton.

5. (Math.)

Defn: A determinate method prescribed for performing any operation and producing a certain result; as, a rule for extracting the cube root.

6. (Gram.)

Defn: A general principle concerning the formation or use of words, or a concise statement thereof; thus, it is a rule in England, that s or es , added to a noun in the singular number, forms the plural of that noun; but "man" forms its plural "men", and is an exception to the rule.

7. (a) A straight strip of wood, metal, or the like, which serves as a guide in drawing a straight line; a ruler. (b) A measuring instrument consisting of a graduated bar of wood, ivory, metal, or the like, which is usually marked so as to show inches and fractions of an inch, and jointed so that it may be folded compactly. A judicious artist will use his eye, but he will trust only to his rule. South.

8. (Print.) (a) A thin plate of metal (usually brass) of the same height as the type, and used for printing lines, as between columns on the same page, or in tabular work. (b) A composing rule. See under Conposing. As a rule, as a general thing; in the main; usually; as, he behaves well, as a rule. — Board rule, Caliber rule,etc. See under Board, Caliber, etc. — Rule joint, a knuckle joint having shoulders that abut when the connected pieces come in line with each other, and thus permit folding in one direction only. — Rule of three (Arith.), that rule which directs, when three terms are given, how to find a fourth, which shall have the same ratio to the third term as the second has to the first; proportion. See Proportion, 5 (b). — Rule of thumb, any rude process or operation, like that of using the thumb as a rule in measuring; hence, judgment and practical experience as distinguished from scientific knowledge.

Syn. — regulation; law; precept; maxim; guide; canon; order; method; direction; control; government; sway; empire.

RULE
Rule, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruled; p. pr. & vb. n. Ruling.] Etym: [Cf.
OF. riuler, ruiler, L. regulare. See Rule, n., and cf. Regulate.]

1. To control the will and actions of; to exercise authority or dominion over; to govern; to manage. Chaucer. A bishop then must be blameless; . . . one that ruleth well his own house, having his children in subjection. 1 Tim. iii. 2, 4.

2. To control or direct by influence, counsel, or persuasion; to guide; — used chiefly in the passive. I think she will be ruled In all respects by me. Shak.

3. To establish or settle by, or as by, a rule; to fix by universal or general consent, or by common practice. That's are ruled case with the schoolmen. Atterbury.

4. (Law)

Defn: To require or command by rule; to give as a direction or order of court.

5. To mark with lines made with a pen, pencil, etc., guided by a rule or ruler; to print or mark with lines by means of a rule or other contrivance effecting a similar result; as, to rule a sheet of paper of a blank book. Ruled surface (Geom.), any surface that may be described by a straight line moving according to a given law; — called also a scroll.

RULE
Rule, v. i.

1. To have power or command; to exercise supreme authority; — often
followed by over.
By me princes rule, and nobles. Prov. viii. 16.
We subdue and rule over all other creatures. Ray.

2. (Law)

Defn: To lay down and settle a rule or order of court; to decide an incidental point; to enter a rule. Burril. Bouvier.

3. (Com.)

Defn: To keep within a (certain) range for a time; to be in general, or as a rule; as, prices ruled lower yesterday than the day before.

RULELESS
Rule"less, a.

Defn: Destitute of rule; lawless. Spenser.

RULE-MONGER
Rule"-mon`ger, n.

Defn: A stickler for rules; a slave of rules [R.] Hare.

RULER
Rul"er, n.

1. One who rules; one who exercises sway or authority; a governor. And he made him ruler over all the land. Gen. xii. 43. A prince and ruler of the land. Shak.

2. A straight or curved strip of wood, metal, etc., with a smooth edge, used for guiding a pen or pencil in drawing lines. Cf. Rule, n., 7 (a). Parallel ruler. See under Parallel.

RULING
Rul"ing, a.

1. Predominant; chief; reigning; controlling; as, a ruling passion; a ruling sovereign.

2. Used in marking or engraving lines; as, a ruling machine or pen.

Syn. — Predominant; chief; controlling; directing; guilding; governing; prevailing; prevalent.

RULING
Rul"ing, n.

1. The act of one who rules; ruled lines.

2. (Law)

Defn: A decision or rule of a judge or a court, especially an oral decision, as in excluding evidence.

RULINGLY
Rul"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a ruling manner; so as to rule.

RULLICHIES
Rul"li*chies, n. pl. Etym: [Cf. D. rolletje alittle roll.]

Defn: Chopped meat stuffed into small bags of tripe. They are cut in slices and fried. [Local, New York]

RULY
Rul"y, a. Etym: [From Rule.]

Defn: orderly; easily restrained; — opposed to Ant: unruly. [Obs.]
Gascoigne.

RUM Rum, n. Etym: [probably shortened from prov. E. rumbullion a great tumult, formerly applied in the island of Barbadoes to an intoxicating liquor.]

Defn: A kind of intoxicating liquor distilled from cane juice, or from the scumming of the boiled juice, or from treacle or molasses, or from the lees of former distillations. Also, sometimes used colloquially as a generic or a collective name for intoxicating liquor. Rum bud, a grog blossom. [Colloq.] — Rum shrub, a drink composed of rum, water, sugar, and lime juice or lemon juice, with some flavoring extract.

RUM
Rum, a. Etym: [Formerly rome, a slang word for good; possibly of
Gypsy origin; cf. Gypsy rom a husband, a gypsy.]

Defn: Old-fashioned; queer; odd; as, a rum idea; a rum fellow.
[Slang] Dickens.

RUM
Rum, n.

Defn: A queer or odd person or thing; a country parson. [Slang, Obs.]
Swift.

RUMBLE
Rum"ble, v. i. Etym: [OE. romblen, akin to D. rommeln, G. rumpeln,
Dan. rumle; cf. Icel. rumja to roar.]

1. To make a low, heavy, continued sound; as, the thunder rumbles at
a distance.
In the mean while the skies 'gan rumble sore. Surrey.
The people cried and rombled up and down. Chaucer.

2. To murmur; to ripple. To rumble gently down with murmur soft. Spenser.

RUMBLE
Rum"ble, n.

1. A noisy report; rumor. [Obs.] Delighting ever in rumble that is new. Chaucer.

2. A low, heavy, continuous sound like that made by heavy wagons or the reverberation of thunder; a confused noise; as, the rumble of a railboard train. Clamor and rumble, and ringing and clatter. tennyson. Merged in the rumble of awakening day. H. James.

3. A seat for servants, behind the body of a carriage. Kit, well wrapped, . . . was in the rumble behind. Dickens.

4. A rotating cask or box in which small articles are smoothed or poliched by friction against each other. rumble seat, a seat in the rear of an automobile, outside the passenger cabin, which folds out from the body

RUMBLE
Rum"ble, v. t.

Defn: To cause to pass through a rumble, or shaking machine. See
Rumble, n., 4.

RUMBLER
Rum"bler, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, rumbles.

RUMBLING
Rum"bling,

Defn: a. & n. from Rumble, v. i.

RUMBLINGLY
Rum"bling*ly, adv.

Defn: In a rumbling manner.

RUMBO
Rum"bo, n.

Defn: grog. [Obs.] Sir W. Scott.

RUMBOWLINE
Rum*bow"line, n. (Naut.)

Defn: Same as Rombowline.

RUMEN
Ru"men, n. Etym: [L. rumen, -inis, the throat.]

1. (Anat.)

Defn: The first stomach of ruminants; the paunch; the fardingbag. See
Illust. below.

2. The cud of a ruminant.

RUMICIN
Ru"mi*cin, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A yellow crystalline substance found in the root of yellow dock
(Rumex crispus) and identical with chrysophanic acid.

RUMINAL
Rumi*nal, a. Etym: [L. ruminalis.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Ruminant; ruminating. [R.]

RUMINANT
Ru"mi*nant, a. Etym: [L. ruminans, -antis, p.pr.: cf. F. ruminant.
See Ruminate.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Chewing the cud; characterized by chewing again what has been swallowed; of or pertaining to the Ruminantia.

RUMINANT
Ru"mi*nant, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A ruminant animal; one of the Ruminantia.

RUMINANTIA
Ru`mi*nan"ti*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A division of Artiodactyla having four stomachs. This division includes the camels, deer, antelopes, goats, sheep, neat cattle, and allies.

Note: The vegetable food, after the first mastication, enters the first stomach (r). It afterwards passes into the second (n), where it is moistened, and formed into pellets which the animal has the power of bringing back to the mouth to be chewed again, after which it is swallowed into the third stomach (m), whence it passes to the fourth (s), where it is finally digested.

RUMINANTLY
Ru"mi*nant*ly, adv.

Defn: In a ruminant manner; by ruminating, or chewing the cud.

RUMINATE
Ru"mi*nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ruminated; p. pr. & vb. n.
Ruminating.] Etym: [L. ruminatus, p.p. of ruminari, ruminare, fr.
rumen, -inis, throat, akin to ructare to belch, erugere to belch out,
Gr. roccettan.]

1. To chew the cud; to chew again what has been slightly chewed and swallowed. "Cattle free to ruminate." Wordsworth.

2. Fig.: To think again and again; to muse; to meditate; to ponder; to reflect. Cowper. Apart from the hope of the gospel, who is there that ruminates on the felicity of heaven I. Taylor.

RUMINATE
Ru"mi*nate, v. t.

1. To chew over again.

2. Fig.: To meditate or ponder over; to muse on. Mad with desire, she ruminates her sin. Dryden. What I know Is ruminated, plotted, and set down. Shak.

RUMINATE; RUMINATED
Ru"mi*nate, Ru"mi*na`ted, a. (Bot.)

Defn: Having a hard albumen penetrated by irregular channels filled with softer matter, as the nutmeg and the seeds of the North American papaw.

RUMINATION
Ru`mi*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. ruminatio: cf. F. rumination.]

1. The act or process of ruminating, or chewing the cud; the habit of chewing the cud. Rumination is given to animals to enable them at once to lay up a great store of food, and afterward to chew it. Arbuthnot.

2. The state of being disposed to ruminate or ponder; deliberate meditation or reflection. Retiring full of rumination sad. Thomson.

3. (Physiol.)

Defn: The regurgitation of food from the stomach after it has been swallowed, — occasionally oberved as a morbid phenomenon in man.

RUMINATIVE
Ru"mi*na*tive, a.

Defn: Inclined to, or engaged in, rumination or meditation.

RUMINATOR
Ru"mi*na`tor, n. Etym: [L.]

Defn: One who ruminates or muses; a meditator.

RUMKIN
Rum"kin, n. Etym: [Cf. Rummer, and see -kin.]

Defn: A popular or jocular name for a drinking vessel. [Obs.]

RUMMAGE Rum"mage (; 48), n. Etym: [For roomage, fr. room; hence originally, a making room, a packing away closely. See Room.]

1. (Naut.)

Defn: A place or room for the stowage of cargo in a ship; also, the act of stowing cargo; the pulling and moving about of packages incident to close stowage; — formerly written romage. [Obs.]

2. A searching carefully by looking into every corner, and by turning things over. He has such a general rummage and reform in the office of matrimony. Walpole. Rummage sale, a clearance sale of unclaimed goods in a public store, or of odds and ends which have accumulated in a shop. Simmonds.

RUMMAGE
Rum"mage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rummaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Rummaging.]

1. (Naut.)

Defn: To make room in, as a ship, for the cargo; to move about, as packages, ballast, so as to permit close stowage; to stow closely; to pack; — formerly written roomage, and romage. [Obs.] They night bring away a great deal more than they do, if they would take pain in the romaging. Hakluyt.

2. To search or examine thoroughly by looking into every corner, and turning over or removing goods or other things; to examine, as a book, carefully, turning over leaf after leaf. He . . . searcheth his pockets, and taketh his keys, and so rummageth all his closets and trunks. Howell. What schoolboy of us has not rummaged his Greek dictionary in vain for a satisfactory account! M. Arnold.

RUMMAGE
Rum"mage, v. i.

Defn: To search a place narrowly.
I have often rummaged for old books in Little Britain and Duck Lane.
Swift.
[His house] was haunted with a jolly ghost, that . . . . . . rummaged
like a rat. Tennyson.

RUMMAGER
Rum"ma*ger, n.

1. One who rummages.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: A person on shipboard whose business was to take charge of stowing the cargo; — formerly written roomager, and romager. [Obs.] The master must provide a perfect mariner, called a romager, to range and bestow all merchandise. Hakluyt .

RUMMER Rum"mer (, n. Etym: [D. roemer, romer, akin to G. römer, Sw. remmare; perhaps properly, Roman.]

Defn: A large and tall glass, or drinking cup. [Obs.] J. Philips.

RUMMY
Rum"my, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to rum; characteristic of rum; as a rummy flavor.

RUMMY
Rum"my, n.; pl. Rummies (.

Defn: One who drinks rum; an habitually intemperate person. [Low]

RUMMY
Rum"my, a. Etym: [See Rum, a.]

Defn: Strange; odd. [Slang]

RUMNEY
Rum"ney, n.

Defn: A sort of Spanish wine. [Obs.]

RUMOR Ru"mor, n. Etym: [F. rumeur, L. rumor; cf. rumificare, rumitare to rumor, Skr. ru to cry.] [Written also rumour.]

1. A flying or popular report; the common talk; hence, public fame; notoriety. This rumor of him went forth throughout all Judea, and throughout all the region round about. Luke vii. 17. Great is the rumor of this dreadful knight. Shak.

2. A current story passing from one person to another, without any known authority for its truth; — in this sense often personified. Rumor next, and Chance, And Tumult, and Confusion, all embroiled. Milton.

3. A prolonged; indistinct noise. [Obs.] Shak.

RUMOR
Ru"mor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Rumored; p. pr. & vb. n. Rumoring.]

Defn: To report by rumor; to tell.
'T was rumored My father 'scaped from out the citadel. Dryden.

RUMORER
Ru"mor*er, n.

Defn: A teller of news; especially, one who spreads false reports.
Shak.

RUMOROUS
Ru"mor*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. OF. rumoreux, It. rumoroso, romoroso.]

1. Of or pertaining to a rumor; of the nature of rumors. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

2. Famous; notorious. [Obs.] Bale.

3. Murmuring. [Obs. or Poetic] Drayton.

RUMP Rump, n. Etym: [OE. rumpe; akin to D. romp trunk, body, LG. rump, G. rumpf, Dan. rumpe rump, Icel. rumpr, Sw. rumpa rump, tail.]

1. The end of the backbone of an animal, with the parts adjacent; the buttock or buttoks.

2. Among butchers, the piece of beef betwen the sirloin and the aitchbone piece. See Illust. of Beef.

3. Fig.: The hind or tail end; a fag-end; a remnant. Rump Parliament, or The Rump (Eng. Hist.), the remnant of the Long Parliament after the expulsion by Cromwell in 1648 of those who opposed his purposes. It was dissolved by Cromwell in 1653, but twice revived for brief sessions, ending finally in 1659. The rump abolished the House of Lords, the army abolished the Rump, and by this army of saints Cromwell governed. Swift. — Rump steak, a beefsteak from the rump. Goldsmith.

RUMPER
Rump"er, n.

Defn: A member or a supporter of the Rump Parliament. I. Disraeli.

RUMP-FED
Rump"-fed, a.

Defn: A Shakespearean word of uncertain meaning. Perhaps "fattened in the rump, pampered." "The rump-fed ronyon."

RUMPLE Rum"ple, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Rumpled p. pr. & vb. n. Rumpling (.] Etym: [Cf. rimple, and D. rimpelen to wrinkle, rompelig rough, uneven, G. rümpgen to wrinkle, MHG. rümphen, OHG. rimpfan, Gr. "ra`mfos the crooked beak of birds of prey,

Defn: To make uneven; to form into irregular inequalities; to
wrinkle; to crumple; as, to rumple an apron or a cravat.
They would not give a dog's ear of their most rumpled and ragged
Scoth paper for twenty of your fairest assignats. Burke.

RUMPLE
Rum"ple, n.

Defn: A fold or plait; a wrinkle. Dryden.

RUMPLED
Rum"pled, a.

Defn: Wrinkled; crumpled. Pope.

RUMPLESS
Rump"less, a.

Defn: Destitute of a rump.

RUMPLY
Rum"ply, a.

Defn: Rumpled. Carlyle.

RUMPUS
Rum"pus, n.

Defn: A disturbance; noise and confusion; a quarrel. [Colloq.]

RUMSELLER
Rum"sell`er, n.

Defn: One who sells rum; one who deals in intoxicating liquors; especially, one who sells spirituous beverages at retail.

RUN Run, v. i. [imp. Ran or Run; p. p. Run; p. pr. & vb. n. Running.] Etym: [OE. rinnen, rennen (imp. ran, p.p. runnen, ronnen). AS. rinnan to flow (imp. ran, p.p. gerunnen), and iernan, irnan, to run (imp. orn, arn, earn, p.p. urnen); akin to D. runnen, renne, OS. & OHG. rinnan, G. rinnen, rennen, Icel. renna, rinna, Sw. rinna, ränna, Dan. rinde, rende, Goth. rinnan, and perh. to L. oriri to rise, Gr. Origin), or perh. to L. rivus brook (cf. Rival). *11. Cf. Ember, a., Rennet.]

1. To move, proceed, advance, pass, go, come, etc., swiftly, smoothly, or with quick action; — said of things animate or inanimate. Hence, to flow, glide, or roll onward, as a stream, a snake, a wagon, etc.; to move by quicker action than in walking, as a person, a horse, a dog. Specifically: —

2. Of voluntary or personal action: (a) To go swiftly; to pass at a swift pace; to hasten. "Ha, ha, the fox!" and after him they ran. Chaucer.

(b) To flee, as from fear or danger. As from a bear a man would run for life. Shak.

(c) To steal off; to depart secretly. My conscience will serve me to run from this jew. Shak.

(d) To contend in a race; hence, to enter into a contest; to become a candidate; as, to run for Congress. Know ye not that they which run in a race run all, but one receiveth the prize So run, that ye may obtain. 1 Cor. ix. 24.

(e) To pass from one state or condition to another; to come into a certain condition; — often with in or into; as, to run into evil practices; to run in debt. Have I not cause to rave and beat my breast, to rend my heart with grief and run distracted Addison.

(f) To exert continuous activity; to proceed; as, to run through life; to run in a circle. (g) To pass or go quickly in thought or conversation; as, to run from one subject to another. Virgil, in his first Georgic, has run into a set of precepts foreign to his subject. Addison.

(h) To discuss; to continue to think or speak about something; — with on. (i) To make numerous drafts or demands for payment, as upon a bank; - - with on. (j) To creep, as serpents.

3. Of involuntary motion: (a) To flow, as a liquid; to ascend or descend; to course; as, rivers run to the sea; sap runs up in the spring; her blood ran cold. (b) To proceed along a surface; to extend; to spread. The fire ran along upon the ground. Ex. ix. 23.

(c) To become fluid; to melt; to fuse. As wax dissolves, as ice begins to run. Addison. Sussex iron ores run freely in the fire. Woodward.

(d) To turn, as a wheel; to revolve on an axis or pivot; as, a wheel runs swiftly round. (e) To travel; to make progress; to be moved by mechanical means; to go; as, the steamboat runs regularly to Albany; the train runs to Chicago. (f) To extend; to reach; as, the road runs from Philadelphia to New York; the memory of man runneth not the contrary. She saw with joy the line immortal run, Each sire impressed, and glaring in his son. Pope.

(g) To go back and forth from place to place; to ply; as, the stage runs between the hotel and the station. (h) To make progress; to proceed; to pass. As fast as our time runs, we should be very glad in most part of our lives that it ran much faster. Addison.

(i) To continue in operation; to be kept in action or motion; as, this engine runs night and day; the mill runs six days in the week. When we desire anything, our minds run wholly on the good circumstances of it; when it is obtained, our minds run wholly on the bad ones. Swift.

(j) To have a course or direction; as, a line runs east and west.
Where the generally allowed practice runs counter to it. Locke.
Little is the wisdom, where the flight So runs against all reason.
Shak.

(k) To be in form thus, as a combination of words. The king's ordinary style runneth, "Our sovereign lord the king." Bp. Sanderson.

(l) To be popularly known; to be generally received.
Men gave them their own names, by which they run a great while in
Rome. Sir W. Temple.
Neither was he ignorant what report ran of himself. Knolle

(m) To have growth or development; as, boys and girls run up rapidly. if the richness of the ground cause turnips to run to leaves. Mortimer.

(n) To tend, as to an effect or consequence; to incline. A man's nature runs either to herbs or weeds. Bacon. Temperate climates run into moderate governments. Swift.

(o) To spread and blend together; to unite; as, colors run in washing. In the middle of a rainbow the colors are . . . distinguished, but near the borders they run into one another. I. Watts.

(p) To have a legal course; to be attached; to continue in force, effect, or operation; to follow; to go in company; as, certain covenants run with the land. Customs run only upon our goods imported or exported, and that but once for all; whereas interest runs as well upon our ships as goods, and must be yearly paid. Sir J. Child.

(q) To continue without falling due; to hold good; as, a note has thirty days to run. (r) To discharge pus or other matter; as, an ulcer runs. (s) To be played on the stage a number of successive days or nights; as, the piece ran for six months. (t) (Naut.) To sail before the wind, in distinction from reaching or sailing closehauled; — said of vessels.

4. Specifically, of horse: To move rapidly in a gait in which each leg acts in turn as a propeller and a supporter, and in which for an instant all the limbs are gathered in the air under the body. Stillman (The Horse in Motion).

5. (Athletics)

Defn: To move rapidly by springing steps so that there is an instant in each step when neither foot touches the ground; — so distinguished from walking in athletic competition. As thing run, according to the usual order, conditions, quality, etc.; on the average; without selection or specification. — To let run (Naut.), to allow to pass or move freely; to slacken or loosen. — To run after, to pursue or follow; to search for; to endeavor to find or obtain; as to run after similies. Locke. — To run away, to flee; to escape; to elope; to run without control or guidance. — To run away with. (a) To convey away hurriedly; to accompany in escape or elopement. (b) To drag rapidly and with violence; as, a horse runs away with a carriage. — To run down. (a) To cease to work or operate on account of the exhaustion of the motive power; — said of clocks, watches, etc. (b) To decline in condition; as, to run down in health. — To run down a coast, to sail along it. — To run for an office, to stand as a candidate for an office. — To run in or into. (a) To enter; to step in. (b) To come in collision with. — To run in trust, to run in debt; to get credit. [Obs.] — To run in with. (a) To close; to comply; to agree with. [R.] T. Baker. (b) (Naut.) To make toward; to near; to sail close to; as, to run in with the land. — To run mad, To run mad after or on. See under Mad. — To run on. (a) To be continued; as, their accounts had run on for a year or two without a settlement. (b) To talk incessantly. (c) To continue a course. (d) To press with jokes or ridicule; to abuse with sarcasm; to bear hard on. (e) (Print.) To be continued in the same lines, without making a break or beginning a new paragraph. — To run out. (a) To come to an end; to expire; as, the lease runs out Michaelmas. (b) To extend; to spread. "Insectile animals . . . run all out into legs." Hammond. (c) To expatiate; as, to run out into beautiful digressions. (d) To be wasted or exhausted; to become poor; to become extinct; as, an estate managed without economy will soon run out. And had her stock been less, no doubt She must have long ago run out. Dryden. — To run over. (a) To overflow; as, a cup runs over, or the liquor runs over. (b) To go over, examine, or rehearse cursorily. (c) To ride or drive over; as, to run over a child. — To run riot, to go to excess. — To run through. (a) To go through hastily; as to run through a book. (b) To spend wastefully; as, to run through an estate. — To run to seed, to expend or exhaust vitality in producing seed, as a plant; figuratively and colloquially, to cease growing; to lose vital force, as the body or mind. — To run up, to rise; to swell; to grow; to increase; as, accounts of goods credited run up very fast. But these, having been untrimmed for many years, had run up into great bushes, or rather dwarf trees. Sir W. Scott. — To run with. (a) To be drenched with, so that streams flow; as, the streets ran with blood. (b) To flow while charged with some foreign substance. "Its rivers ran with gold." J. H. Newman.

RUN
Run (, v. t.

1. To cause to run (in the various senses of Run, v. i.); as, to run a horse; to run a stage; to run a machine; to run a rope through a block.

2. To pursue in thought; to carry in contemplation. To run the world back to its first original. South. I would gladly understand the formation of a soul, and run it up to its "punctum saliens." Collier.

3. To cause to enter; to thrust; as, to run a sword into or through the body; to run a nail into the foot. You run your head into the lion's mouth. Sir W. Scott. Having run his fingers through his hair. Dickens.

4. To drive or force; to cause, or permit, to be driven. They ran the ship aground. Acts xxvii. 41. A talkative person runs himself upon great inconveniences by blabbing out his own or other's secrets. Ray. Others, accustomed to retired speculations, run natural philosophy into metaphysical notions. Locke.

5. To fuse; to shape; to mold; to cast; as, to run bullets, and the like. The purest gold must be run and washed. Felton.

6. To cause to be draw; to mark out; to indicate; to determine; as, to run a line.

7. To cause to pass, to evade, offical restrictions; to smuggle; — said of contraband or dutiable goods. heavy impositions . . . are a strong temptation of running goods. Swift.

8. To go through or accomplish by running; as, to run a race; to run a certain career.

9. To cause to stand as a candidate for office; to support for office; as, to run some one for Congress. [Colloq. U.S.]

10. To encounter or incur, as a danger or risk; as, to run the risk of losing one's life. See To run the chance, below. "He runneth two dangers." Bacon.

11. To put at hazard; to venture; to risk. He would himself be in the Highlands to receive them, and run his fortune with them. Clarendon.

12. To discharge; to emit; to give forth copiously; to be bathed with; as, the pipe or faucet runs hot water. At the base of Pompey's statua, Which all the while ran blood, great Cæsar fell. Shak.

13. To be charged with, or to contain much of, while flowing; as, the rivers ran blood.

14. To conduct; to manage; to carry on; as, to run a factory or a hotel. [Colloq. U.S.]

15. To tease with sarcasms and ridicule. [Colloq.]

16. To sew, as a seam, by passing the needle through material in a continuous line, generally taking a series of stitches on the needle at the same time.

17. To migrate or move in schools; — said of fish; esp., to ascend a river in order to spawn. To run a blockade, to get to, or away from, a blockaded port in safety. — To run down. (a) (Hunting) To chase till the object pursued is captured or exhausted; as, to run down, a stag. (b) (Naut.) To run against and sink, as a vessel. (c) To crush; to overthrow; to overbear. "religion is run down by the license of these times." Berkeley. (d) To disparage; to traduce. F. W. Newman. — To run hard. (a) To press in competition; as, to run one hard in a race. (b) To urge or press importunately. (c) To banter severely. — To run into the ground, to carry to an absurd extreme; to overdo. [Slang, U.S.] — To run off, to cause to flow away, as a charge of molten metal from a furnace. — To run on (Print.), to carry on or continue, as the type for a new sentence, without making a break or commencing a new paragraph. — To run out. (a) To thrust or push out; to extend. (b) To waste; to exhaust; as, to run out an estate. (c) (Baseball) To put out while running between two bases. — To run the chances, or one's chances, to encounter all the risks of a certain course. — To run through, to transfix; to pierce, as with a sword. "[He] was run through the body by the man who had asked his advice." Addison. — To run up. (a) To thrust up, as anything long and slender. (b) To increase; to enlarge by additions, as an account.run up a bill (c) To erect hastily, as a building.

RUN
Run, n.

1. The act of running; as, a long run; a good run; a quick run; to go on the run.

2. A small stream; a brook; a creek.

3. That which runs or flows in the course of a certain operation, or during a certain time; as, a run of must in wine making; the first run of sap in a maple orchard.

4. A course; a series; that which continues in a certain course or series; as, a run of good or bad luck. They who made their arrangements in the first run of misadventure . . . put a seal on their calamities. Burke.

5. State of being current; currency; popularity. it is impossible for detached papers to have a general run, or long continuance, if not diversified with humor. Addison.

6. Continued repetition on the stage; — said of a play; as, to have a run of a hundred successive nights. A canting, mawkish play . . . had an immense run. Macaulay.

7. A continuing urgent demand; especially, a pressure on a bank or treasury for payment of its notes.

8. A range or extent of ground for feeding stock; as, a sheep run. Howitt.

9. (Naut.) (a) The aftermost part of a vessel's hull where it narrows toward the stern, under the quarter (b) The distance sailed by a ship; as, a good run; a run of fifty miles. (c) A voyage; as, run to China.

10. A pleasure excursion; a trip. [Colloq.] A think of giving her a run in London. Dickens.

11. (Mining)

Defn: The horizontal distance to which a drift may be carried, either by license of the proprietor of a mine or by the nature of the formation; also, the direction which a vein of ore or other substance takes.

12. (Mus.)

Defn: A roulade, or series of running tones.

13. (Mil.)

Defn: The greatest degree of swiftness in marching. It is executed upon the same principles as the double-quick, but with greater speed.

14. The act of migrating, or ascending a river to spawn; — said of fish; also, an assemblage or school of fishes which migrate, or ascend a river for the purpose of spawning.

15. In baseball, a complete circuit of the bases made by a player, which enables him to score one; in cricket, a passing from one wicket to the other, by which one point is scored; as, a player made three runs; the side went out with two hundred runs. The "runs" are made from wicket to wicket, the batsmen interchanging ends at each run. R. A. Proctor.

16. A pair or set of millstones. At the long run, now, commonly, In the long run, in or during the whole process or course of things taken together; in the final result; in the end; finally. [Man] starts the inferior of the brute animals, but he surpasses them in the long run. J. H. Newman. — Home run. (a) A running or returning toward home, or to the point from which the start was made. Cf. Home stretch. (b) (Baseball) See under Home. — The run, or The common run, etc., ordinary persons; the generality or average of people or things; also, that which ordinarily occurs; ordinary current, course, or kind. I saw nothing else that is superior to the common run of parks. Walpole. Burns never dreamed of looking down on others as beneath him, merely because he was conscious of his own vast superiority to the common run of men. Prof. Wilson. His whole appearance was something out of the common run. W. Irving. — To let go by the run (Naut.), to loosen and let run freely, as lines; to let fall without restraint, as a sail.

RUN
Run, a.

1. Melted, or made from molten material; cast in a mold; as, run butter; run iron or lead.

2. Smuggled; as, run goods. [Colloq.] Miss Edgeworth. Run steel, malleable iron castings. See under Malleable. Raymond.

RUNAGATE Run"a*gate, n. Etym: [F. renégat, Prov. renegat. LL. renegatus; confused with E. run and gate a way. See Renegate.]

Defn: A fugitive; a vagabond; an apostate; a renegade. See Renegade.
Bunyan.
Wretched runagates from the jail. De Quincey.
Who has not been a runagate from duty Hare.

RUN-AROUND
Run"-a*round`, n. (Med.)

Defn: A whitlow running around the finger nail, but not affecting the bone. [Colloq.]

RUNAWAY
Run"a*way`, n.

1. One who, or that which, flees from danger, duty, restraint, etc.; a fugitive. Thou runaway, thou coward, art thou fled Shak.

2. The act of running away, esp. of a horse or teams; as, there was a runaway yesterday.

RUNAWAY
Run"a*way`, a.

1. Running away; fleeing from danger, duty, restraint, etc.; as, runaway soldiers; a runaway horse.

2. Accomplished by running away or elopment, or during flight; as, a runaway marriage. 3. (a) Won by a long lead; as, a runaway victory. (b) Very successful; accomplishing success quickly; as, a runaway bestseller.

RUNCATION
Run*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. runcatio, fr. runcareto weed out.]

Defn: A weedling. [Obs.] Evelyn.

RUNCH
Runch, n. (Bot.)

Defn: The wild radish. Dr. Prior.

RUNCINATE Run"ci*nate, a. Etym: [L. runcinatus, p.p. of runcinareto plane off, fr. runcina a plane.] (Bot.)

Defn: Pinnately cut with the lobes pointing downwards, as the leaf of the dandelion.

RUNDEL
Run"del, n. Etym: [Cf. Rindle.]

Defn: A moat with water in it; also, a small stream; a runlet. [Prov.
Eng.] Halliwell.

RUNDEL
Run"del, n. Etym: [Cf. Rundle.]

Defn: A circle. [Prov. Eng.]

RUNDLE
Run"dle, n. Etym: [E. round. Cf. Rondle.]

1. A round; a step of a ladder; a rung. Duppa.

2. A ball. [Obs.] Holland.

3. Something which rotates about an axis, as a wheel, or the drum of a capstan. "An axis or cylinder having a rundle about it." Bp. Wilkins.

4. (Mach.)

Defn: One of the pins or trundles of a lantern wheel.

RUNDLET
Rund"let, n. Etym: [Dim. of OF. rondele a little tun, fr. rond round.
See Round, and cf. Roundlet, Runlet.]

Defn: A small barrel of no certain dimensions. It may contain from 3 to 20 gallons, but it usually holds about 14 [Written also runlet.]

RUNE Rune (run), n. Etym: [AS. run a rune, a secret, a mystery; akin to Icel. run, OHG. & Goth. runa a secret, secret colloquy, G. & Dan. rune rune, and probably to Gr. 'ereyna^n to search for. Cf. Roun to whisper.]

1. A letter, or character, belonging to the written language of the ancient Norsemen, or Scandinavians; in a wider sense, applied to the letters of the ancient nations of Northern Europe in general.

Note: The Norsemen had a peculiar alphabet, consisting of sixteen letters, or characters, called runes, the origin of which is lost in the remotest antiquity. The signification of the word rune (mystery) seems to allude to the fact that originally only a few were acquainted with the use of these marks, and that they were mostly applied to secret tricks, witchcrafts and enchantments. But the runes were also used in communication by writing.

2. pl.

Defn: Old Norse poetry expressed in runes.
Runes were upon his tongue, As on the warrior's sword. Longfellow.
Rune stone, a stone bearing a runic inscription.

RUNER
Ru"ner, n.

Defn: A bard, or learned man, among the ancient Goths. Sir W. Temple.

RUNG
Rung,

Defn: imp. & p. p. of Ring.

RUNG Rung, n. Etym: [OE. ronge, AS. hrung, a staff, rod, pole; akin to G. runge a short, thick piece of iron or wood, OD. ronghe a prop, support, Icel. röng a rib in a ship, Goth. Hrugga a staff.]

1. (Shipbuilding)

Defn: A floor timber in a ship.

2. One of the rounds of a ladder.

3. One of the stakes of a cart; a spar; a heavy staff.

4. (Mach.)

Defn: One of the radial handles projecting from the rim of a steering wheel; also, one of the pins or trundles of a lantern wheel.

RUNGHEAD
Rung"head`, n. (Shipbuilding)

Defn: The upper end of a floor timber in a ship.

RUNIC
Ru"nic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a rune, to runes, or to the Norsemen; as, runic verses; runic letters; runic names; runic rhyme. Runic staff. See Clog almanac, under Clog. — Runic wand, a willow wand bearing runes, formerly thought to have been used by the heathen tribes of Northern Europe in magical ceremonies.

RUNLET
Run"let, n. Etym: [Run + -let.]

Defn: A little run or stream; a streamlet; a brook. To trace out to its marshy source every runlet that has cast in its tiny pitcherful with the rest. Lowell.

RUNLET
Run"let, n.

Defn: Same as Rundlet. "A stoup of sack, or a runlet of canary." Sir
W. Scott.

RUNNEL
Run"nel, n. Etym: [From Run. Cf. Rundle.]

Defn: A rivulet or small brook.
Buddling rundels joined the sound. Collins.
By the very sides of the way . . . there are slow runnels, in which
one can see the minnows swimming. Masson.

RUNNER
Run"ner, n. Etym: [From Run.]

1. One who, or that which, runs; a racer.

2. A detective. [Slang, Eng.] Dickens.

3. A messenger. Swift.

4. A smuggler. [Colloq.] R. North.

5. One employed to solicit patronage, as for a steamboat, hotel, shop, etc. [Cant, U.S.]

6. (Bot.)

Defn: A slender trailing branch which takes root at the joints or end and there forms new plants, as in the strawberry and the common cinquefoil.

7. The rotating stone of a set of millstones.

8. (Naut.)

Defn: A rope through a block and used to increase the mechanical power of a tackle. Totten.

9. One of the pieces on which a sled or sleigh slides; also the part or blade of a skate which slides on the ice.

10. (Founding) (a) A horizontal channel in a mold, through which the metal flows to the cavity formed by the pattern; also, the waste metal left in such a channel. (b) A trough or channel for leading molten metal from a furnace to a ladle, mold, or pig bed.

11. The movable piece to which the ribs of an umbrella are attached.

12. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A food fish (Elagatis pinnulatis) of Florida and the West Indies; — called also skipjack, shoemaker, and yellowtail. The name alludes to its rapid successive leaps from the water.

13. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any cursorial bird.

14. (Mech.) (a) A movable slab or rubber used in grinding or polishing a surface of stone. (b) A tool on which lenses are fastened in a group, for polishing or grinding.

RUNNET
Run"net, n.

Defn: See Rennet.

RUNNING
Run"ning, a.

1. Moving or advancing by running. Specifically, of a horse; (a) Having a running gait; not a trotter or pacer. (b) trained and kept for running races; as, a running horse. Law.

2. Successive; one following the other without break or intervention; — said of periods of time; as, to be away two days running; to sow land two years running.

3. Flowing; easy; cursive; as, a running hand.

4. Continuous; keeping along step by step; as, he stated the facts with a running explanation. "A running conquest." Milton. What are art and science if not a running commentary on Nature Hare.

5. (Bot.)

Defn: Extending by a slender climbing or trailing stem; as, a running vine.

6. (med.)

Defn: Discharging pus; as, a running sore. Running block (Mech.), a block in an arrangement of pulleys which rises or sinks with the weight which is raised or lowered. — Running board, a narrow platform extending along the side of a locomotive. — Running bowsprit (Naut.) Same as Reefing bowsprit. — Running days (Com.), the consecutive days occupied on a voyage under working days. Simmonds. — Running fire, a constant fire of musketry or cannon. — Running gear, the wheels and axles of a vehicle, and their attachments, in distinction from the body; all the working parts of a locomotive or other machine, in distinction from the framework. — Running hand, a style of rapid writing in which the letters are usually slanted and the words formed without lifting the pen; — distinguished from round hand. — Running part (Naut.), that part of a rope that is hauled upon, — in distinction from the standing part. — Running rigging (Naut.), that part of a ship's rigging or ropes which passes through blocks, etc.; — is distinction from standing rigging. — Running title (Print.), the title of a book or chapter continued from page to page on the upper margin.

RUNNING
Run"ning, n.

Defn: The act of one who, or of that which runs; as, the running was slow.

2. That which runs or flows; the quantity of a liquid which flows in a certain time or during a certain operation; as, the first running of a still.

3. The discharge from an ulcer or other sore. At long running, in the long run. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

RUNNING LOAD Run"ning load. (Aëronautics) (a) The air pressure supported by each longitudinal foot segment of a wing. (b) Commonly, the whole weight of aëroplane and load divided by the span, or length from tip to tip.

RUNNINGLY
Run"ning*ly, adv.

Defn: In a running manner.

RUNNION
Run"nion n.

Defn: See Ronion.

RUNOLOGY
Ru*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Rune + -logy.]

Defn: The science of runes.
— Ru*nol"o*gist, n.

RUNROUND
Run"round`, n.

Defn: A felon or whitlow. [Colloq. U.S.]

RUNT Runt n. [Written also rant.] Etym: [Scot. runt an old cow. rund a bullock, an ox or Rother, a.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any animal which is unusually small, as compared with others of its kind; — applied particulary to domestic animals.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A variety of domestic pigeon, related to the barb and carrier.

3. A dwarf; also, a mean, despicable, boorish person; — used opprobriously. Before I buy a bargain of such runts, I'll buy a college for bears, and live among 'em. Beau. & Fl.

4. The dead stump of a tree; also, the stem of a plant. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. Neither young poles nor old runts are durable. Holland.

RUNTY
Runt"y, a.

Defn: Like a runt; diminutive; mean.

RUNWAY
Run"way`, n.

1. The channel of a stream.

2. The beaten path made, by deer or other animals in passing to and from their feeding grounds.

RUPEE Ru*pee", n. Etym: [Hind.r, fr. Skr. r silver, coined silver or gold, handsome.]

Defn: A silver coin, and money of account, in the East Indies.

Note: The valuation of the rupee of sixteen annas, the standard coin of India, by the United States Treasury departament, varies from time to time with the price silver. In 1889 it was rated at about thirty- two cents.

RUPELLARY
Ru"pel*la*ry, n. Etym: [From L. rupes a rock.]

Defn: Rocky. [Obs.] "This rupellary nidary." Evelyn.

RUPERT'S DROP
Ru"pert's drop`.

Defn: A kind of glass drop with a long tail, made by dropping melted glass into water. It is remarkable for bursting into fragments when the surface is scratched or the tail broken; — so called from Prince Rupert, nephew of Charles I., by whom they were first brought to England. Called also Rupert's ball, and glass tear.

RUPIA
Ru"pi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. G. (Med.)

Defn: An eruption upon the skin, consisting of vesicles with inflamed base and filled with serous, purulent, or bloody fluid, which dries up, forming a blackish crust.

RUPIAL
Ru"pi*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to rupia.

RUPICOLA Ru*pic"o*la, n. Etym: [NL., fr. L. rupes, gen. rupis, a rock + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of beautiful South American passerine birds, including the cock of the rock.

Note: The species are remarkable for having an elevated fan-shaped crest of feathers on the head, and for the beautiful color of their plumage, which is mostly some delicate shade of yellow or orange.

RUPICOLINE
Ru*pic"o*line, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Rock-inhabiting.

RUPTION
Rup"tion, n. Etym: [L. ruptio, fr. rumpere, ruptum to break.]

Defn: A breaking or bursting open; breach; rupture. "By ruption or apertion." Wiseman.

RUPTUARY
Rup"tu*a*ry, n. Etym: [Cf. Roturier.]

Defn: One not of noble blood; a plebeian; a roturier. [R.] The exclusion of the French ruptuaries ("roturiers," for history must find a word for this class when it speaks of other nations) from the order of nobility. Chenevix.

RUPTURE Rup"ture, n. Etym: [L. ruptura, fr. rumpere, ruptum to break: cf. F. rupture. See Reave, and cf. Rout a defeat.]

1. The act of breaking apart, or separating; the state of being asunder; as, the rupture of the skin; the rupture of a vessel or fiber; the rupture of a lutestring. Arbuthnot. Hatch from the egg, that soon, Bursting with kindly rupture, forth disclosed Their callow young. Milton.

2. Breach of peace or concord between individuals; open hostility or war between nations; interruption of friendly relations; as, the parties came to a rupture. He knew that policy would desincline Napoleon from a rupture with his family. E. Everett.

3. (Med.)

Defn: Hernia. See Hernia.

4. A bursting open, as of a steam boiler, in a less sudden manner than by explosion. See Explosion. Modulus of rupture. (Engin.) See under Modulus.

Syn.
— Fracture; breach; break; burst; disruption; dissolution. See
Fracture.

RUPTURE
Rup"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruptured; p. pr. & vb. n. Rupturing.]

1. To part by violence; to break; to burst; as, to rupture a blood vessel.

2. To produce a hernia in.

RUPTURE
Rup"ture, v. i.

Defn: To suffer a breach or disruption.

RUPTURED
Rup"tured, a. (Med.)

Defn: Having a rupture, or hernia.

RUPTUREWORT Rup"ture*wort", n. (Bot.) (a) Same as Burstwort. (b) A West Indian plant (Alternanthera polygonoides) somewhat resembling burstwort.

RURAL
Ru"ral, a. Etym: [F., fr. L.ruralis, fr. rus, ruris, the country. Cf.
Room space, Rustic.]

1. Of or pertaining to the country, as distinguished from a city or town; living in the country; suitable for, or resembling, the country; rustic; as, rural scenes; a rural prospect. Here is a rural fellow; . . . He brings you figs. Shak.

2. Of or pertaining to agriculture; as, rural economy. Rural dean. (Eccl.) See under Dean. — Rural deanery (Eccl.), the state, office, or residence, of a rural dean.

Syn. — Rustic. — Rural, Rustic. Rural refers to the country itself; as, rural scenes, prospects, delights, etc. Rustic refers to the character, condition, taste, etc., of the original inhabitans of the country, who were generally uncultivated and rude; as, rustic manners; a rustic dress; a rustic bridge; rustic architecture, etc. We turn To where the silver Thames first rural grows. Thomson. Lay bashfulness, that rustic virtue, by; To manly confidence thy throughts apply. Dryden.

RURALES
Ru"ra"les, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The gossamer-winged butterflies; a family of small butterflies, including the hairstreaks, violets, and theclas.

RURALISM
Ru"ral*ism, n.

1. The quality or state of being rural; ruralness.

2. A rural idiom or expression.

RURALIST
Ru"ral*ist, n.

Defn: One who leads a rural life. Coventry.

RURALITY
Ru*ral"i*ty, n.; pl. -ties. Etym: [Cf. LL. ruralitas.]

1. The quality or state of being rural.

2. A rural place. "Leafy ruralities." Carlyle.

RURALIZE
Ru"ral*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ruralized; p. pr. & vb. n.
Ruralizing.]

Defn: To render rural; to give a rural appearance to.

RURALIZE
Ru"ral*ize, v. i.

Defn: To become rural; to go into the country; to rusticate.

RURALLY
Ru"ral*ly, adv.

Defn: In a rural manner; as in the country.

RURALNESS
Ru"ral*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being rural.

RURICOLIST Ru*ric"o*list, n. Etym: [L. ruricola; rus, ruris, the country + colere to inhabit.]

Defn: An inhabitant of the country. [R.] Bailey.

RURIDECANAL Ru`ri*dec"a*nal, a. Etym: [L. rus, ruris the country + decanus the chief of ten. See Dean.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to a rural dean; as, a ruridecanal district; the ruridecanal intellect. [R.]

RURIGENOUS Ru*rig"e*nous, a. Etym: [L. rurigena; rus, ruris, the country + genere, gignere, to bring forth, pass., to be born.]

Defn: Born in the country. [Obs.]

RUSE Ruse, n. Etym: [F., fr. OF. reüser, rehuser, to turn aside, to shuffle, retreat, fr. L. recusare to refuse; pref. re- again + causa cause. See Cause, and cf. Recusant.]

Defn: An artifice; trick; stratagem; wile; fraund; deceit. Ruse de guerre ( Etym: [F.], a stratagem of war.

RUSH Rush, n. Etym: [OE. rusche, rische, resche, AS. risce, akin to LG. rusk, risch, D. & G. rusch; all probably fr. L. ruscum butcher's broom; akin to Goth. raus reed, G. rohr.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A name given to many aquatic or marsh-growing endogenous plants with soft, slender stems, as the species of Juncus and Scirpus.

Note: Some species are used in bottoming chairs and plaiting mats, and the pith is used in some places for wicks to lamps and rushlights.

2. The merest trifle; a straw. John Bull's friendship is not worth a rush. Arbuthnot. Bog rush. See under Bog. — Club rush, any rush of the genus Scirpus. — Flowering rush. See under Flowering. — Nut rush (a) Any plant of the genus Scleria, rushlike plants with hard nutlike fruits. (b) A name for several species of Cyperus having tuberous roots. — Rush broom, an Australian leguminous plant (Viminaria denudata), having long, slender branches. Also, the Spanish broom. See under Candle. — Rush grass, any grass of the genus Vilfa, grasses with wiry stems and one-flowered spikelets. — Rush toad (Zoöl.), the natterjack. — Scouring rush (Bot.) Same as Dutch rush, under Dutch. — Spike rush, any rushlike plant of the genus Eleocharis, in which the flowers grow in dense spikes. — Sweet rush, a sweet-scented grass of Arabia, etc. (Andropogon schoenanthus), used in Oriental medical practice. — Wood rush, any plant of the genus Luzula, which differs in some technical characters from Juncus.

RUSH
Rush, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rushed (; p. pr. & vb. n. Rushing.] Etym:
[OE. ruschen; cf. AS. hryscan to make a noise, D. ruischen to rustle,
G. rauschen, MHG. r ro rush, to rustle, LG. rusken, OSw. ruska, Icel.
& Sw. ruska to shake, Dan. ruske to shake, and E. rouse.]

1. To move forward with impetuosity, violence, and tumultuous rapidity or haste; as, armies rush to battle; waters rush down a precipice. Like to an entered tide, they all rush by. Shak.

2. To enter into something with undue haste and eagerness, or without due deliberation and preparation; as, to rush business or speculation. They . . . never think it to be a part of religion to rush into the office of princes and ministers. Sprat.

RUSH
Rush, v. t.

1. To push or urge forward with impetuosity or violence; to hurry forward.

2. To recite (a lesson) or pass (an examination) without an error. [College Cant, U.S.]

RUSH
Rush, n.

1. A moving forward with rapidity and force or eagerness; a violent motion or course; as, a rush of troops; a rush of winds; a rush of water. A gentleman of his train spurred up his horse, and, with a violent rush, severed him from the duke. Sir H. Wotton.

2. Great activity with pressure; as, a rush of business. [Colloq.]

3. A perfect recitation. [College Cant, U.S.]

4. (Football) (a) A rusher; as, the center rush, whose place is in the center of the rush line; the end rush. (b) The act of running with the ball. Bunt rush (Football), a combined rush by main strength. — Rush line (Football), the line composed of rushers.

RUSH-BEARING
Rush"-bear`ing, n.

Defn: A kind of rural festival at the dedication of a church, when the parishioners brought rushes to strew the church. [Eng.] Nares.

RUSHBUCKLER
Rush"buc`kler, n.

Defn: A bullying and violent person; a braggart; a swashbuckler.
[Obs.]
That flock of stout, bragging rushbucklers. Robynson (More's Utopia).

RUSHED
Rushed, a.

Defn: Abounding or covered with rushes.

RUSHER
Rush"er, n.

Defn: One who rushes. Whitlock.

RUSHER
Rush"er, n.

Defn: One who strewed rushes on the floor at dances. [Obs.] B.
Jonson.

RUSHINESS
Rush"i*ness, n. Etym: [From Rushy.]

Defn: The quality or state of abounding with rushes.

RUSHINGLY
Rush"ing*ly, adv.

Defn: In a rushing manner.

RUSHLIGHT
Rush"light`, n.

Defn: A rush candle, or its light; hence, a small, feeble light.

RUSHLIKE
Rush"like`, a.

Defn: Resembling a rush; weak.

RUSHY
Rush"y, a.

1. Abounding with rushes.

2. Made of rushes. Me rushy couch and frugal fare. Goldsmith.

RUSINE
Ru"sine, a. Etym: [NL. rusa, the name of the genus, Malay rusa deer.]
(Zoöl.)

Defn: Of, like, or pertaining to, a deer of the genus Rusa, which includes the sambur deer (Rusa Aristotelis) of India. Rusine antler (Zoöl.), an antler with the brow tyne simple, and the beam forked at the tip.

RUSK Rusk, n. Etym: [Sp. rosca de mar sea rusks, a kind of biscuit, rosca properly meaning, a screw, spiral.]

1. A kind of light, soft bread made with yeast and eggs, often toasted or crisped in an oven; or a kind of sweetened biscuit.

2. A kind of light, hard cake or bread, as for stores Smart.

3. Bread or cake which has been made brown and crisp, and afterwards grated, or pulverized in a mortar.

RUSMA Rus"ma, n. Etym: [Corrupt. from Turk. khyryzma a paste used as a depilatory, fr. Gr. rusma.]

Defn: A depilatory made of orpiment and quicklime, and used by the
Turks. See Rhusma.

RUSS
Russ, n. sing. & pl.

1. A Russian, or the Russians. [Rare, except in poetry.]

2. The language of the Russians.

RUSS
Russ, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Russians.

RUSSET Rus"set, a. Etym: [F. rousset, dim. of roux red, L. russus (for rudtus, rudhtus), akin to E. red. See Red, and cf. Roussette.]

1. Of a reddish brown color, or (by some called) a red gray; of the color composed of blue, red, and yellow in equal strength, but unequal proportions, namely, two parts of red to one each of blue and yellow; also, of a yellowish brown color. The morn, in russet mantle clad. Shak. Our summer such a russet livery wears. Dryden.

2. Coarse; homespun; rustic. [R.] Shak.

RUSSET
Rus"set, n.

1. A russet color; a pigment of a russet color.

2. Cloth or clothing of a russet color.

3. A country dress; — so called because often of a russet color. Dryden.

4. An apple, or a pear, of a russet color; as, the English russet, and the Roxbury russet.

RUSSETING
Rus"set*ing, n.

Defn: See Russet, n., 2 and 4.

RUSSETY
Rus"set*y, a.

Defn: Of a russet color; russet.

RUSSIA
Rus"sia, n.

Defn: A country of Europe and Asia. Russia iron, a kind of sheet iron made in Russia, having a lustrous blue-black surface. — Russia leather, a soft kind of leather, made originally in Russia but now elsewhere, having a peculiar odor from being impregnated with an oil obtained from birch bark. It is much used in bookbinding, on account of its not being subject to mold, and being proof against insects. — Russia matting, matting manufactured in Russia from the inner bark of the linden (Tilia Europæa).

RUSSIAN
Rus"sian ( or ; 277), a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Russia, its inhabitants, or language.
— n.

Defn: A native or inhabitant of Russia; the language of Russia.
Russian bath. See under Bath.

RUSSIAN CHURCH
Rus"sian Church.

Defn: The established church of the Russian empire. It forms a portion, by far the largest, of the Eastern Church and is governed by the Holy Synod. The czar is the head of the church, but he has never claimed the right of deciding questions of theology and dogma.

RUSSIANIZE
Rus"sian*ize, v. t.

Defn: To make Russian, or more or less like the Russians; as, to
Russianize the Poles.

RUSSIFICATION
Rus"si*fi*ca"tion, n. Etym: [Russia + L. -ficare (im comp.) to make.
See -fy.]

Defn: The act or process of being Russified.

RUSSIFY
Rus"si*fy, v. t. Etym: [Cf. F. russifier. See -fy.]

Defn: To Russianize; as, to Russify conquered tribes.

RUSSOPHILE; RUSSOPHILIST Rus"so*phile, Rus"soph"i*list, n. Etym: [Russia + Gr. to love: cf. F. russophile.]

Defn: One who, not being a Russian, favors Russian policy and
aggrandizement.
— Rus*soph"ilism, n. [Chiefly newspaper words.]

RUSSOPHOBE; RUSSOPHOBIST
Rus"so*phobe, Rus*soph"o*bist, Etym: [Russia + Gr.

Defn: One who dreads Russia or Russian influence. [Words sometimes found in the newspapers.]

RUSSOPHOBIA
Rus`so*pho"bi*a, n.

Defn: Morbid dread of Russia or of Russian influence.

RUST Rust, n. Etym: [AS. rust; akin to D. roest, G. & Sw. rost, Icel. ryth; — named from its color, and akin to E. red. *113. See Red.]

1. (Chem.)

Defn: The reddish yellow coating formed on iron when exposed to moist air, consisting of ferric oxide or hydroxide; hence, by extension, any metallic film of corrosion.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: A minute mold or fungus forming reddish or rusty spots on the leaves and stems of cereal and other grasses (Trichobasis Rubigo- vera), now usually believed to be a form or condition of the corn mildew (Puccinia graminis). As rust, it has solitary reddish spores; as corn mildew, the spores are double and blackish.

Note: Rust is also applied to many other minute fungi which infest vegetation, such as the species of Ustilago, Uredo, and Lecythea.

3. That which resembles rust in appearance or effects. Specifically: (a) A composition used in making a rust joint. See Rust joint, below. (b) Foul matter arising from degeneration; as, rust on salted meat. (c) Corrosive or injurious accretion or influence. Sacred truths cleared from all rust and dross of human mixtures. Eikon Basilike.

Note: Rust is used in the formation of compounds of obvious meaning; as, rust-colored, rust-consumed, rust-eaten, and the like. Rust joint, a joint made between surfaces of iron by filling the space between them with a wet mixture of cast-iron borings, sal ammoniac, and sulphur, which by oxidation becomes hard, and impervious to steam, water, etc. — Rust mite (Zoöl.), a minute mite (Phytopius oleivorus) which, by puncturing the rind, causes the rust-colored patches on oranges.

RUST
Rust, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rusting.] Etym:
[AS. rustian.]

1. To contract rust; to be become oxidized. If gold ruste, what shall iron do Chaucer. Our armors now may rust. Dryden.

2. To be affected with the parasitic fungus called rust; also, to acquire a rusty appearance. as plants.

3. Fig.: To degenerate in idleness; to become dull or impaired by
inaction.
Must I rust in Egypt never more Appear in arms, and be the chief of
Greece Dryden.

RUST
Rust, v. t.

1. To cause to contract rust; to corrode with rust; to affect with rust of any kind. Keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them. Shak.

2. Fig.: To impair by time and inactivity. Johmson.

RUSTFUL
Rust"ful, a.

Defn: Full of rust; resembling rust; causing rust; rusty. "Rustful sloth." Quarles.

RUSTIC Rus"tic, a. Etym: [L. rusticus, fr. rus, ruris, the country: cf. F. rustique. See Rural.]

1. Of or pertaining to the country; rural; as, the rustic gods of antiquity. Milton. And many a holy text around she strews, That teach the rustic moralist to die. Gray. She had a rustic, woodland air. Wordsworth.

2. Rude; awkward; rough; unpolished; as, rustic manners. "A rustic muse." Spenser.

3. Coarse; plain; simple; as, a rustic entertainment; rustic dress.

4. Simple; artless; unadorned; unaffected. Pope. Rustic moth (Zoöl.), any moth belonging to Agrotis and allied genera. Their larvæ are called cutworms. See Cutworm. — Rustic work. (a) (Arch.) Cut stone facing which has the joints worked with grooves or channels, the face of each block projecting beyond the joint, so that the joints are very conspicuous. (b) (Arch. & Woodwork) Summer houses, or furniture for summer houses, etc., made of rough limbs of trees fancifully arranged.

Syn.
— Rural; rude; unpolished; inelegant; untaught; artless; honest.
See Rural.

RUSTIC
Rus"tic, n.

1. An inhabitant of the country, especially one who is rude, coarse, or dull; a clown. Hence to your fields, you rustics! hence, away. Pope.

2. A rural person having a natural simplicity of character or manners; an artless, unaffected person. [Poetic]

RUSTICAL
Rus`tic*al, a.

Defn: Rustic. "Rustical society." Thackeray.
— Rus"tic*al*ly, adv.
— Rus"tic*al*ness, n.

RUSTICATE
Rus"ti*cate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rusticated; p. pr. & vb. n.
Rusticating.] Etym: [L. rusticaticus, p. p. of rusticari to
rusticate. See Rustic.]

Defn: To go into or reside in the country; to ruralize. Pope.

RUSTICATE
Rus"ti*cate, v. t.

Defn: To require or compel to reside in the country; to banish or send away temporarily; to impose rustication on. The town is again beginning to be full, and the rusticated beauty sees an end of her banishment. Idler.

RUSTICATED
Rus"ti*ca`ted, a. (Arch.)

Defn: resembling rustic work. See Rustic work (a), under Rustic.

RUSTICATION
Rus`ti*ca"tion, n. Etym: [L. rusticatio.]

1. The act of rusticating, or the state of being rusticated; specifically, the punishment of a student for some offence, by compelling him to leave the institution for a time.

2. (Arch.)

Defn: Rustic work.

RUSTICITY
Rus*tic"i*ty, n. Etym: [L. rusticatus: cf. F. rusticité.]

Defn: The quality or state of being rustic; rustic manners; rudeness; simplicity; artlessness. The sweetness and rusticity of a pastoral can not be so well expressed in any other tongue as in the Greek, when rightly mixed and qualified with the Doric dialect. Addison. The Saxons were refined from their rusticity. Sir W. Scott.

RUSTICLY
Rus"tic*ly, adv.

Defn: In a rustic manner; rustically. Chapman.

RUSTILY
Rust"i*ly, adv.

Defn: In a rusty state.

RUSTINESS
Rust"i*ness, n.

Defn: The quality or state of being rusty.

RUSTLE
Rus"tle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rustled; p. pr. & vb. n. Rustling.]
Etym: [AS. hristlan to rustle; or cf. Sw. rusta to stir, make a riot,
or E. rush, v.]

1. To make a quick succession of small sounds, like the rubbing or moving of silk cloth or dry leaves. He is coming; I hear his straw rustle. Shak. Prouder than rustling in unpaid-for silk. Shak.

2. To stir about energetically; to strive to succeed; to bustle about. [Slang, Western U.S.]

RUSTLE
Rus"tle, v. t.

Defn: To cause to rustle; as, the wind rustles the leaves.

RUSTLE
Rus"tle, n.

Defn: A quick succession or confusion of small sounds, like those made by shaking leaves or straw, by rubbing silk, or the like; a rustling. When the noise of a torrent, the rustle of a wood, the song of birds, or the play of lambs, had power to fill the attention, and suspend all perception of the course of time. Idler.

RUSTLER
Rus"tler, n.

1. One who, or that which, rustles.

2. A bovine animal that can care for itself in any circumstances; also, an alert, energetic, driving person. [Slang, Western U.S.]

RUSTLESS
Rust"less, a.

Defn: Free from rust.

RUSTY
Rust"y, a. Etym: [AS. rustig.] [Compar. Rustier (; superl. Rustiest.]

1. Covered or affected with rust; as, a rusty knife or sword; rusty wheat.

2. Impaired by inaction, disuse, or neglect. [Hector,] in this dull and long-continued truce, Is rusty grown. Shak.

3. Discolored and rancid; reasty; as, rusty bacon.

4. Surly; morose; crusty; sullen. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] "Rusty words." Piers Plowman.

5. Rust-colored; dark. "Rusty blood." Spenser.

6. Discolored; stained; not cleanly kept; filthy. The rustly little schooners that bring fire wood from the Brititsh provinces. Hawthorne.

7. (Bot.)

Defn: Resembling, or covered with a substance resembling, rust; affected with rust; rubiginous.

RUT Rut, n. Etym: [F. rut, OF. ruit, L. ruditus a roaring, fr. rugire to roar; -sp called from the noise made by deer in rutting time.]

1. (Physiol.)

Defn: Sexual desire or oestrus of deer, cattle, and various other mammals; heat; also, the period during which the oestrus exists.

2. Roaring, as of waves breaking upon the shore; rote. See Rote.

RUT
Rut, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Rutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Rutting.]

Defn: To have a strong sexual impulse at the reproductive period; — said of deer, cattle, etc.

RUT
Rut, v. t.

Defn: To cover in copulation. Dryden.

RUT
Rut, n. Etym: [variant of route.]

Defn: A track worn by a wheel or by habitual passage of anything; a groove in which anything runs. Also used figuratively. in a rut.

RUT
Rut, v. t.

Defn: To make a rut or ruts in; — chiefly used as a past participle or a participial adj; as, a rutted road.

RUTA-BAGA
Ru`ta-ba"ga, n. (Bot.)

Defn: A kind of turnip commonly with a large and long or ovoid yellowish root; a Swedish turnip. See Turnip.

RUTACEOUS Ru*ta"ceous, a. Etym: [L. rutaceous, from ruta rue. See Rue the plant.] (Bot.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to plants of a natural order (Rutacæ) of which the rue is the type, and which includes also the orange, lemon, dittany, and buchu.

RUTATE
Ru"tate, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of rutic acid.

RUTH
Ruth, n. Etym: [From Rue, v.: cf. Icel. hryggedh, hrygedh.]

1. Sorrow for the misery of another; pity; tenderness. [Poetic] "They weep for ruth." Chaucer. "Have ruth of the poor." Piers Plowman. To stir up gentle ruth, Both for her noble blood, and for her tender youth. Spenser.

2. That which causes pity or compassion; misery; distress; a pitiful.
[Obs.]
It had been hard this ruth for to see. Chaucer.
With wretched miseries and woeful ruth. Spenser.

RUTHENIC
Ru*then"ic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, ruthenium; specifically, designating those compounds in which it has a higher valence as contrasted with ruthenious compounds.

RUTHENIOUS
Ru*the"ni*ous, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, ruthenium; designating those compounds in which it has a lower valence as contrasted with ruthenic compounds.

RUTHENIUM
Ru*the"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL. So named from the Ruthenians, a Little
Russian people, as coming from Russia, the metal having been found in
the Ural mountains.] (Chem.)

Defn: A rare element of the light platinum group, found associated with platinum ores, and isolated as a hard, brittle steel-gray metal which is very infusible. Symbol Ru. Atomic weight 103.5. Specific gravity 12.26. See Platinum metals, under Platinum.

RUTHFUL
Ruth"ful, a.

Defn: Full of ruth; as: (a) Pitiful; tender. (b) Full of sorrow; woeful. (c) Causing sorrow. Shak. — Ruth"ful*ly, adv.

RUTHLESS
Ruth"less, a.

Defn: Having no ruth; cruel; pitiless.
Their rage the hostile bands restrain, All but the ruthless monarch
of the main. Pope.
— Ruth"less*ly, adv.
— Ruth"less*ness, n.

RUTIC
Ru"tic, a. Etym: [Cf. Rutaceous.] (Chem.)

Defn: pertaining to, or obtained from, rue (Ruta); as, rutic acid, now commonly called capric acid.

RUTILANT Ru"ti*lant (, a. Etym: [L. rutilans, p. pr. of rutilare to have a reddish glow, fr. rutilus red: cf. F. rutilant.]

Defn: Having a reddish glow; shining.
Parchments . . . colored with this rutilant mixture. Evelin.

RUTILATE
Ru"ti*late, v. i. Etym: [L. rutilare, rutilatum.]

Defn: To shine; to emit rays of light. [Obs.] Ure.

RUTILE
Ru"tile, n. Etym: [L. rutilus red, inclining to golden yellow.]
(Min.)

Defn: A mineral usually of a reddish brown color, and brilliant metallic adamantine luster, occurring in tetragonal crystals. In composition it is titanium dioxide, like octahedrite and brooklite.

RUTILIAN
Ru*til"i*an, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Any species of lamellicorn beetles belonging to Rurila and allied genera, as the spotted grapevine beetle (Pelidnota punctata).

RUTIN
Ru"tin, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A glucoside resembling, but distinct from, quercitrin. Rutin is found in the leaves of the rue (Ruta graveolens) and other plants, and obtained as a bitter yellow crystalline substance which yields quercitin on decomposition.

RUTINOSE
Rutinose

Defn: A disaccharide present in glycosides. Prepared from rutin by hydrolysis with rhamnodiastase. 6-O-a-L-rhamnosyl-D-glucose; C12H22O10.

RUTTER
Rut"ter, n. Etym: [D. ruiter a rider. Cf. Ruttier.]

Defn: A horseman or trooper. [Obs.]
Such a regiment of rutters Never defied men braver. Beau. & Fl.

RUTTER
Rut"ter, n. Etym: [From Rut.]

Defn: That which ruts.

RUTTERKIN
Rut"ter*kin, n.

Defn: An old crafty fox or beguiler — a word of contempt. [Obs.]
Cotgrave.

RUTTIER
Rut"ti*er, n. Etym: [F. routier, fr. route a road. See Route.]

Defn: A chart of a course, esp. at sea. [Obs.]

RUTTISH
Rut"tish, a.

Defn: Inclined to rut; lustful; libidinous; salacious. Shak.
— Rut"tish*ness, n.

RUTTLE
Rut"tle, n.

Defn: A rattling sound in the throat arising from difficulty of breathing; a rattle. [Obs.]

RUTTY
Rut"ty, a.

Defn: Ruttish; lustful.

RUTTY
Rut"ty, a.

Defn: Full of ruts; as a rutty road.

RUTTY
Rut"ty, a. Etym: [See Root.]

Defn: Rooty. [Obs.] Spenser.

RUTYLENE
Ru"ty*lene, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A liquid hydrocarbon, C10H18, of the acetylene series. It is produced artificially.

RYAL
Ry"al ( or ), a.

Defn: Royal. [Obs.] Chaucer.

RYAL
Ry"al, n.

Defn: See Rial, and old English coin.

RYDER
Ry"der, n.

1. A clause added to a document; a rider. See Rider. [Obs.]

2. Etym: [D. rijder, properly, a rider.]

Defn: A gold coin of Zealand [Netherlands] equal to 14 florins, about $ 5.60.

RYE
Rye, n. Etym: [OE. rie, reie, AS. ryge; akin to Icel. rugr, Sw. råg,
Dan. rug, D. rogge, OHG. rocco, roggo, G. rocken, roggen, Lith.
rugei, Russ. roje, and perh. To Gr. 'o`ryza rice. Cf. Rice.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A grain yielded by a hardy cereal grass (Secale cereale), closely allied to wheat; also, the plant itself. Rye constitutes a large portion of the breadstuff used by man.

2. A disease in a hawk. Ainsworth. Rye grass, Italian rye grass, (Bot.) See under Grass. See also Ray grass, and Darnel. — Wild rye (Bot.), any plant of the genus Elymus, tall grasses with much the appearance of rye.

RYND
Rynd ( or ), n. Etym: [Etymol. uncertain.]

Defn: A piece of iron crossing the hole in the upper millstone by which the stone is supported on the spindle.

RYOT Ry"ot, n. Etym: [Ar. & Hind. ra'iyat, the same word as ra'iyah, a subject, tenant, peasant. See Rayah.]

Defn: A peasant or cultivator of the soil. [India] The Indian ryot and the Egyptian fellah work for less pay than any other laborers in the world. The Nation.

RYPOPHAGOUS
Ry*poph"a*gous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Eating, or subsisting on, filth.

RYS
Rys ( or ), n.

Defn: A branch. [Obs.] Chaucer.

RYSH
Rysh, n.

Defn: Rush, a plant. [Obs.] Chaucer.

RYSIMETER
Ry*sim"e*ter, n.

Defn: See Rhysimeter.

RYTH
Ryth, n. Etym: [Cf. AS. ri brook.]

Defn: A ford. [Obs.]

RYTINA
Ryt"i*na, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of large edentulous sirenians, allied to the dugong and manatee, including but one species (R. Stelleri); — called also Steller's sea cow. [Written also Rhytina.]

Note: * It is now extinct, but was formerly abundant at Behring's Island, near Behring's Straits. It was twenty-five feet or more in length, with a thick, blackish, naked skin. The last were killed in 1768 for their oil and flesh.