Index and Dictionary (part 5)

Parkman, Francis (1823-1893). Born in Boston. Educated at Harvard, where he graduated, 1844. While still at college decided to write the history of the struggle between France and Britain for the dominion of the New World, and the remainder of his life was devoted to carrying out this great plan. Lived among the western tribes for months at a time, and on several occasions visited Canada and Europe for material for his work. Index: F On the Jesuit Relations, 30; on the beginnings of education and its founders, 31-32; on the encouragement of marriage, 57-58; reference to his account of the defence of fort at Verchères, 319-320. L On the friction of Laval with the governor-general and others, 34. WM On French colonization, 19. Bib.: Works: Pioneers of France in the New World; Count Frontenac; The Jesuits in North America; La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West; The Old Régime in Canada; A Half Century of Conflict; Montcalm and Wolfe; The Conspiracy of Pontiac; The Oregon Trail. For biog., see Farnham, Life of Francis Parkman.

Parliamentary Government. E Canadian and American systems compared, 239-267. P Not at first welcomed by French-Canadians, 19, 20; their change of view, 22; Lower Canadian Assembly petitions the king to be allowed to provide for expenses of administration, 30; partial control of budget granted in 1818, 30. H Granted to Canada and the Maritime Provinces, 14; its limitations, 14-17. Bib.: Bourinot, Parliamentary Procedure and Government; Todd, Parliamentary Government in the British Colonies.

Parliaments in France. F Subjection of, to royal power, 152.

Parr, John. Served in the army for some years; appointed governor of Nova Scotia, 1782; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1786-1791. The last governor of the province previous to the separation of New Brunswick from the old province of Nova Scotia, and instrumental in bringing about the change. Created widespread dissatisfaction by bad management of the affairs of the Loyalists in Nova Scotia. Parrtown, afterwards St. John, was named after him. Index: Dr Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 206, 235; arranges for receiving Loyalists, 214. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Partelow, John R. W Opposed to responsible government, 65; his views on initiation of money grants, referred to in Wilmot's speech, 104, 108; enters government as provincial secretary, 116. T Defeated for St. John County, 11; Speaker of House of Assembly, 11; mayor of St. John, 11; elected for Victoria, 14; his character, 14-15; elected for St. John County, 30; defeated, 32. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Parti Catholique. C An extreme faction of Quebec Conservatives, 82; its policy, 82; attacks Cartier, 82-83.

Parti Rouge. B Origin of, 78-79; alliance with, of George Brown and Upper Canadian Reformers, 78, 80; led by A. A. Dorion, 80; significance of movement, 235. E Its history and members, 108; help to defeat Hincks-Morin government, 127; Papineau becomes leader of, 134. BL Origin of, 335, 351. Md Formed to fight against domination of priesthood, 45, 46; members of, in Legislature in 1854, 51; defeated in 1857, 84; George Brown's rupture with, 102. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years; Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party.

Party Government. B Origin of the double ministries, 81. Sy Absence of necessary conditions for, 185, 186, 303; Robert Baldwin's premature demand for, 187, 294; party names in Canada without significance, 303. See also Representative government; Responsible government.

Paterson, General. Hd His report on state of affairs at Boston, 95.

Patriot. Newspaper published at Toronto. Index: Mc Publishes proceedings of House, 174. BL Attacks Bagot, 142, 153; on the election law, 145-146; its abuse of Bagot, 153; on Rebellion Losses Bill, 319.

Patriotes. P Name assumed by popular party in Lower Canada—particularly the followers of Papineau, 40, 68; Neilson checks the more violent among them, 46; vacillation of Quebec wing of party, 68; their press publish violent articles, 86; prepare Ninety-Two Resolutions, 85-97; Gugy belittles their cause, 103; influenced by American Revolution, 121; advocate smuggling, 122; boycott English goods, 122; the St. Charles meeting, 125; under Nelson and Brown at St. Denis and St. Charles, 128; they kill Lieutenant Weir, 134; crushed at St. Eustache, 137; in the Montreal election, 1834, 144. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Patriotic Fund. Bk Raised in Canada during war with Napoleon, 46.

Patterson, James Colebrooke (1839- ). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada, 1857; entered civil service at Ottawa; studied law and called to the Ontario bar, 1876. Represented North Essex in the Ontario Assembly, 1874-1878; and the county of Essex in the House of Commons, 1882-1891. Defeated at the general election of 1891, but elected for West Huron, 1892. Secretory of State, 1892; minister of militia, 1892-1895; lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1895-1900. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Patterson, Walter. Born in Ireland. Entered the army; came to Prince Edward Island in 1770 as first governor of the colony. It was then known as the Island of St. John. Patterson, who was one the largest landed proprietors in the Island, had an Act passed by the Assembly in 1780 changing the name to New Ireland, but the Act was disallowed by the Imperial government. The present name was given in 1798, in honor of the Duke of Kent. Patterson was recalled in 1787. Index: Dr Governor of Prince Edward Island, objects to make way for his successor, Fanning, 235. Bib.: Davin, The Irishman in Canada.

Paul I (1754-1801). Czar of Russia, son of Peter III and Catherine II. Ascended the throne, 1796. Index: Bk Withdraws from British alliance, 23; murder of, 30.

Paul V, Pope (1552-1621). Camillo Borghese: elected pope, 1605. Index: Ch Grants brief to Récollets for their mission in Canada, 84.

Payne, Captain. Dr His connection with the Walker case, 19.

Peace River. A tributary of the Mackenzie; rises in Thutage Lake, in northern British Columbia, its total length being 1065 miles. It is first mentioned in the Voyages of Alexander Mackenzie. Mackenzie ascended the river, in 1792, on his way to the Pacific. He says that it took its name from a place on its banks known as Peace Point, where the Crees and Beaver Indians settled their disputes. Alexander Henry learned of the river, under the same name, in 1776, from a party of Chipewyans whom he met at Île à la Crosse Lake. Index: MS Post built on, by Boyer, 1788, 19, 61; its outlet, 33, 34; described, 34; Mackenzie on, 34, 62; sends party to build post on, 61; Boyer's post known as "Old Establishment," 61; fertility of the region, 61; the falls, 62; Mackenzie winters there, 64-66; beautiful scenery, 69; Mackenzie's description of, 69, 71. D Mackenzie ascends, 54; visited by Thompson, 58; ascended by Simon Fraser, 59. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.

Peace River Pass. The gorge cut by the Peace River through the Rocky Mountains. The summit of the pass is 2000 feet above the sea. First traversed and described by Alexander Mackenzie, 1793. Simon Fraser followed in 1805, to build several trading-posts in New Caledonia, and explore the river that bears his name.

Péan, Mdme. Hugues, née Davennes des Meloises. WM Casemate made for, 87.

Pearson, Lieutenant-Colonel. Bk Captured at sea by United States privateer, 224.

Peel, Sir Robert (1788-1850). Born in Lancaster, England. Educated at Harrow, and Christ Church, Oxford. Entered Parliament, 1809; under-secretary for war and the colonies, 1811-1812; chief secretary for Ireland, 1812-1818; and home secretary, 1822; premier in 1834, but resigned the following year; again premier, 1841-1846. Index: E Supports Rebellion Losses Bill, 78. B His government misunderstands situation in Canada, 14, 15; his distrust of French-Canadians, 16; disapproves of Bagot's policy, 16-17; reasons for selection of Metcalfe, 18; justifies Metcalfe's action in withholding responsible government, 23. Sy Resigns from Cabinet, 16; returns to office as home secretary, 16; assists Duke of Wellington to form a government, 46; brief tenure of office, 56; anxious for due representation of commercial interest in Canada, 285; desires to give representation to Chambers of Commerce, 286; his moderation as leader of the opposition, 350. Mc His attitude towards great political movements, 16; condemns Head for inducing rebellion, 355. W Fails to form administration, 37. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Pellegrin. WM Pilot of Montcalm's squadron, 81.

Pelletier, Captain. WM Takes soundings in the Traverse, 82.

Pelletier, Sir Charles Alphonse Pantaléon (1837- ). Born at Rivière Ouelle, Quebec. Educated at Laval University; studied law, and called to the bar, of Lower Canada, 1860. Represented Kamouraska in House of Commons, 1869-1877. Appointed minister of agriculture in Mackenzie ministry, 1877. President of the Canadian Commission at the Paris exhibition, 1878. Called to the Senate, 1877; Speaker, 1896-1901. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1908. Index: C One of the founders of Le Parti National and its organ Le National, 30. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Pelly River. Rises in the Pelly Mountains about lat. 62°, and flows into the Yukon after a course of 330 miles. Discovered and explored by Robert Campbell between the years 1840-1848. Campbell reached the upper waters of the Pelly, by way of the Liard, in 1840; built Fort Pelly Banks, 1842; and descended the river to the junction of the Pelly and Lewes in 1843. He built Fort Selkirk at the forks in 1848. The river was named after Sir H. Pelly, the governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. Index: D Explored by Robert Campbell, 124. Bib.: Campbell, Discovery and Exploration of the Youcon; Dawson, Report on the Yukon (Geol. Survey, 1887-1888); Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.

Pennahouel. WM Ancient Indian warrior, 38, 41, 42.

Pennsylvania. Hd Independent temper of the colony, 11.

Pennsylvania Loyalists. Dr Commanded by Allen, 202.

Penny, Edward Goff (1820-1881). Born in England. In 1844 came to Canada, studied law, and in 1850 called to the bar of Lower Canada. Became editor-in-chief of the Montreal Herald and afterwards one of the proprietors. In 1869 published a pamphlet giving his views in opposition to Confederation. In 1874 appointed to the Senate. Index: E Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81.

Pensacola. Hd Bouquet at, 58, 63; Haldimand's headquarters in Florida, 63, 65, 70; his labours to improve, 67, 68; watch kept on Spaniards from, 77; troops transferred from, to St. Augustine, 78; Haldimand again in charge at, 79, 80; barracks built at, 81, 90; Haldimand's house at, 104, 316.

Pentagouet. F Fortress on western boundary of Acadia, captured by freebooters, 269; captured by New Englanders, 275.

Perceval, Spencer (1762-1812). Bk British prime minister, assassinated, 192. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Perche (France). L Many colonists natives of, 116.

Perez, Juan. Voyage of, in 1774, 13, 14.

Péricard, Michelle de. L Mother of Laval, 17; death of, 26.

Péricard, Mgr. de, Bishop of Evreux. L Cousin of Bishop Laval, 21.

Perley, Moses Henry (1804-1863). Born in Maugerville, New Brunswick. Educated at St. John. In 1828 became an attorney; called to the bar of New Brunswick, 1830, but soon forsook his profession. For some years engaged in milling and lumbering, and, having mixed much with the Micmac and Melicete Indians, appointed commissioner of Indian affairs and immigration officer. In 1841 and succeeding years spent much time visiting the Indian tribes and investigating their grievances. Also active in advertising the resources of the province, and in 1846 asked to report on the capabilities of the country. A line of railway being projected, sent to England in 1847 to report on the matter. Returning to New Brunswick, pursued his investigations into the fisheries of the province. In 1849 commissioned to report on the fisheries of the Gulf of St. Lawrence; in 1850 those of the sea and rivers of New Brunswick; and in 1851 those of the Bay of Fundy. In 1852-1853 compiled the trade statistics which were used in the negotiations for the Reciprocity Treaty between Canada and the United States. In 1854 the treaty was signed, and he was appointed a commissioner to carry out the terms arranged. Index: H Fishery commissioner on behalf of Great Britain, 170; his death in Newfoundland, 1863, 170. Bib.: Sea and River Fisheries of New Brunswick. For biog., see Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Perrault, Joseph François (1753-1844). Born in Quebec, the son of a rich merchant trading with New England and the West Indies. Given the appointment of prothonotary in Quebec, and held it throughout his life. Took a deep interest in educational matters; founded a number of schools on the Lancaster system; and is regarded in Quebec as the father of the provincial school system. Also did much, both by his writings and by furthering the establishment of model farms, to place agriculture upon a better and more scientific basis. Bib.: Biographie de Joseph François Perrault écrite par Lui-Même, à l'Age de Quatre-Vingt Ans, sans Lunettes; Casgrain, Vie de Joseph François Perrault; Bender, Old and New Canada. For list of his writings, see Casgrain's work mentioned above.

Perrault, Father Julien. Ch Jesuit, carries on mission at Cape Breton, 236, 237.

Perrot. F Curé of Montreal, disapproves of Abbé Fénelon's sermon, 95.

Perrot, François-Marie. Sent to Canada as governor of Montreal, 1670. Obtained a grant of Isle Perrot in 1672. Used his office to further his own interests; quarrelled violently with Frontenac, who had him arrested and sent to France. Imprisoned for a short time in the Bastile, released, and restored to his governorship, which he held until 1684. Governor of Acadia, 1684-1687. Index: F Succeeds Maisonneuve as governor of Montreal, 54; engages in illicit trading and shields coureurs de bois, 90; arrests Bizard, an officer of Frontenac's, 91; summoned before Sovereign Council, 92; arrested at Quebec, 93; character and conduct of, 96-97; protests competency of Sovereign Council to try him, 99; specially commended to Frontenac in a despatch from minister, 101; sent to France, 102; allowed to return to Canada, after brief imprisonment, 103; removed to government of Acadia, 270; continues to trade, 271; dismissal, and death, 272. L Governor of Montreal, lays foundation stone of church, 89; comes into contact with Frontenac, 160; punished by the king, 164. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac.

Perrot, Nicolas (1620-1697). Born in France. Came to Canada, and entered the service of the government at Quebec. Went on several exploring expeditions, living among the Indian tribes, and mastering the Algonquian language. In 1665 returned to Quebec; and accompanied as interpreter Daumont de St. Lusson to the Falls of St. Mary. In 1684 induced a number of the western tribes to join Lefèbvre de la Barre in his campaign against the Iroquois. In 1687 his influence with the Indians proved of great service to the Marquis de Denonville, and later to Vaudreuil. Among his other notable achievements was the discovery of the lead mines on the Des Moines River, Iowa. Left manuscripts describing his sojourn among the different Indian tribes, and their manners and customs. Index: F Ordered to rendezvous at Niagara with Indians, 181, 186, 187; arrives with contingent, 210; accompanies Louvigny to Michilimackinac, 242; exhibits Iroquois scalps, 243. L Sent by Talon to visit northern and western tribes, 82. Bib.: Mémoire sur les Mœurs, Coustumes et Religion des Sauvages de l'Amerique Septentrionale. For biog., see Stickney, Nicolas Perrot; Parkman, Frontenac.

Perry, Peter. Born at Ernestown, Upper Canada. Followed his father's occupation as farmer; entered public life, 1824, as member for Lennox and Addington in the Upper Canada Assembly, and became a leader of the Reform party; defeated, 1836; again elected in 1849, for the east riding of York, succeeding William Hume Blake. Index: R Leading member of Upper Canada Assembly, on popular side, 66. B Leader of the Clear Grits, 39. E One of the leaders of Clear Grits, 110; founder of Liberal party in Upper Canada before the Union, 110. BL Fights for reform, 13; Baldwin's letter to, 39-40. Mc Expenditure of £50,000 road money, 303; defeated for the House, 308. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years.

Peters. W Attorney-general, New Brunswick, 50.

Peters, Harry. W Retires from New Brunswick Council, 69. T Speaker of House of Assembly, 6.

Peters, Samuel Leonard. T Uncle of Sir Leonard Tilley, 5.

Peters, Susan Ann. T Mother of Sir Leonard Tilley, 5.

Peters, T. H. W Appointed to New Brunswick Council, 69.

Peters, William. W Grandfather of Sir L. Tilley, 3. T Member of Assembly, 4.

Petit, Father. L Companion of Father Marquette, 62.

Petitot, Émile Fortuné Stanislas Joseph. Roman Catholic missionary in the North-West, particularly in the Mackenzie River district. Author of several works on the languages, manners, and customs of the native tribes. Bib.: Traditions Indiennes du Canada Nord-Ouest; On the Athabaska District of the Canadian North-West in Canadian Record of Science, 1884; Essai sur une Légende Américaine (Société Philologique, Actes, Alençon, 1883).

Peto. T His proposal to build railways in New Brunswick, 25, 27.

Peuvret, de Mesnu. L Clerk of Sovereign Council, 158, 167. F Clerk of the Council, imprisoned by Frontenac, 135.

Peyras, Jean Baptiste. F Member of Sovereign Council, 106; visits Acadia, 271. L Appointed to Sovereign Council, 166.

Philadelphia. S British army evacuates, 25. Hd Spirit of rebellion strong in, 104.

Philipps, Richard (1661-1751). Early entered the army. Served at the battle of the Boyne; lieutenant-colonel, 1712; governor of Nova Scotia, 1717. Arrived in Nova Scotia, 1720, and remained until 1722. Again visited Nova Scotia for a short time, returning to England, 1731. Arranged for a lieutenant-governor to act during his absence. Did not return to Nova Scotia, but continued to draw full pay as governor until 1849. Bib.: Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.

Phillips, Mary. Dr Sister-in-law of Colonel Beverley Robinson, becomes wife of Colonel Morris, 202.

Phillips, William (1731-1781). Born in England. Entered the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich as a cadet, 1746; promoted captain, 1756; commanded three companies of British artillery attached to the Duke of Brunswick's army, at Minden, 1759; served also at Warberg, 1760. In 1772 became colonel and in 1776 sent to Canada on the staff of General Burgoyne; in command of the artillery at the battles of Skenesborough, near Ticonderoga, and Mount Independence, at both of which distinguished himself; afterwards promoted major-general; in 1777 took a leading part in the two battles which led to the capitulation at Saratoga. Index: Dr Comes out with Burgoyne, 152; disappointed that Crown Point not occupied, 159. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Phipps, Sir William (1651-1695). Born in Maine. In 1669, employed as a ship carpenter, and later became captain of a merchantman sailing from Boston. In 1687 succeeded in raising a Spanish treasure-ship which had been sunk near the Bahamas, recovering £300,000, of which his share was £16,000. Knighted the same year, and given the office of provost-marshal of New England. In 1690 commanded an expedition against Acadia, and captured Port Royal. His expedition the same year against Quebec met with failure. In 1692 appointed governor of Massachusetts, with a special commission to take aggressive measures against the French in Canada, but accomplished little. Summoned to England in 1694 to account for his administration, but died before the inquiry was held. Index: F Birth and early life, 272; conducts expedition against Acadia, 273; captures Port Royal, but violates terms of surrender, 274; ravages committed by his men, 274; captures other Acadian posts, and establishes government, 275; returns to Boston with prisoners and booty, 176; sails from Nantasket, 279; arrives at Quebec, 282; demands surrender, 285-287; his attack repulsed, 295; decides on retreat, 299; his estimate of his losses, 302; disastrous return voyage, 303; goes to England, 315; returns as governor of Massachusetts, 328; recall and death of, 331. L Commands expedition against Quebec, 11, 229-231; is forced to retreat, 231. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Cyc. Am. Biog.; Parkman, Frontenac.

Piat, Father. Ch Récollet, sails for France, 141; goes on mission to Montagnais, 149; complains of negligence of trading company, 150; recommends seminary for young Indians, 150.

Pichon, Thomas. A native of France; in early life a medical student. Secretary to the governor of Louisbourg, 1751-1753. Sent to Fort Beauséjour as commissary of stores. Furnished information to the British, which was of great assistance in the capture of the place. Acted as a spy for the British while confined with the French prisoners held at Halifax. Went to London, 1758; resided there until his death, 1781. Bib.: Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.

Pickard, John. T Candidate in York, New Brunswick, 95; defeated, 96, 108.

Pickering, Timothy (1745-1829). Joined the revolutionary army; appointed adjutant-general, 1776, and took part in the battles of Brandywine and Germantown. In 1790 sent on a commission to the Seneca Indians, and arranged a treaty. In 1795 secretary of war, an office which also included Indian affairs; later secretary of state in the administration of John Adams; dismissed in 1800, and returned to Massachusetts, where he was appointed chief-justice of the Court of Common Pleas, 1802. Index: S American commissioner to treat with Indians, 123; entertained at Navy Hall by Simcoe, 184, 229. Bk Massachusetts Senator, his toast to Great Britain, 172. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Picquet. L Proposed appointment of, as bishop in Asia, 23.

Pierre, Captain. See Chauvin, Pierre de.

Pijard, Father. L Establishes first brotherhood of the Holy Family, 86.

Pillet. Ch Frenchman, murdered by Montagnais Indians, 161.

Pillon. Hd Surgeon, arrested for treason, 278, 279, 280.

Pilot. Newspaper published at Montreal. Index: BL Established, March 5, 1844, by Hincks, and edited by him, 217-218; on Elgin, 275-276; offices wrecked by mob, 323.

Pilots, Canadian. WM Deceived by the hoisting of French flag on British men-of-war, 78; forced to steer English ships, 90. See also Quebec, Siege of, 1759.

Piraube, Martial. Ch Godfather to young Hurons, 233.

Pitt, William (1759-1806). Son of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham; born at Hayes, England. Educated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge. Entered Parliament, 1781, becoming prime minister in 1783. In consequence of French aggressions, formed in 1793 a great coalition with Russia, Sardinia, Spain, Prussia, and Austria. In 1798 formed a second coalition against France, including Russia, Austria, and other countries. Resigned office, 1801. Again premier in 1804; and in 1805 formed a third coalition with Russia, Austria, and Sweden. The union of Ireland with Great Britain was effected by his influence and under his administration. Index: S Constitutional Act introduced by, 1, 7. Dr Introduces Constitutional Act in House of Commons, 263. Sy His expectations regarding Lower Canada, 68. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Pivert, Nicolas. Ch Early settler, 145.

Plague. L Breaks out on the St. André, 31.

Plains of Abraham. Above city of Quebec. Named after Abraham Martin, a Quebec pilot, who owned a portion of these lands in the early days of the colony. The Plains have now been set apart by the Dominion government as a national park. Index: WM Origin of name, situation and extent of, 186; battle of, the arrangement of British troops, 188; of French troops, 192, 195; engagement begins at ten o'clock in the morning, 197; defeat of French, 200, 201; losses, 205; French army seized by panic, 206. Ch Origin of name, 146-147; famous conflict fought on, Sept. 13, 1759. See also Martin, Abraham. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Woods, The Fight for Canada; Bradley, The Fight with France.

Plamondon, Marc Aurèle. Born in Quebec, 1823. Educated at the Quebec Seminary. In 1846 called to the bar, and practised for many years in Quebec, achieving success in the criminal courts. In his early years closely connected with newspapers published in the Liberal interests, among others the Artisan; also established Le Menestre and the Courrier Commercial. In 1855 founded Le National, for several years one of the leading organs of the Reform party in Lower Canada. In 1874 appointed a puisne judge of the Supreme Court of Quebec. In 1896 the members of the profession in Quebec celebrated the 50th anniversary of his call to the bar. Retired from the bench, November, 1897. Index: C One of the leaders of the Quebec Liberals, 24. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Plessis, Joseph Octave. Bishop of Quebec, 1806 to 1825. Named archbishop of Quebec in 1819, but never assumed the title. Index: Bk His staunch support of British rule, 87. P Accepts leadership of Papineau, 34, 45.

Plet. F Cousin of La Salle, comes from France in connection with financial matters, 177.

Pointe au Fer. Dr British troops concentrated at, 153.

Pointe-aux-Trembles. On north shore of St. Lawrence, Portneuf County. Index: WM Carleton lands at, and makes prisoners, 125; retreating army halts at, 218; Lévis's army lands at, 246.

Pointe Lévis. On south shore of St. Lawrence, opposite Quebec. Index: WM Abortive attempt to capture British batteries at, 133-135; Quebec bombarded from, 115, 116; sailors landed at daily, for military exercises, 120; Wolfe assembles three army corps at, 159.

Pollock, Duncan. MS Sent to Red River district by X Y Company, 14.

Pommier, Hugues. L Director of Seminary, 55.

Pomone. WM French frigate, loads stores at Sorel, 243.

Pompadour, Jean Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de (1721-1764). WM Assisted in Bougainville's promotion, 177.

Pond, Peter. MS Associated with Pangman and others in opposition to McTavish, 10, 11; returns to North West Company, 15; his character, 15, 17; causes death of Wadin, 15; relations with Ross, 15; death of Ross, 16; leads way to Athabaska, 21; builds post on Elk (Athabaska) River, 1778, 21; his map, 55; his error as to distance from Lake Athabaska to Pacific, 57; sells his share in North West Company to McGillivray, 58. Bib.: Burpee, Search for the Western Sea; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

Pontbriand, Henri-Marie Dubreuil de (1709-1760). Born in Vannes, France. In 1741 consecrated bishop of Quebec, and left Paris for Canada. Soon after his arrival in Quebec engaged in a lawsuit with the nuns of the general hospital as to the ownership of the episcopal palace, which they claimed Bishop Saint-Vallier had bequeathed to them. The king, however, confirmed him in its possession. Another royal decree prohibited religious congregations from holding lands in mortmain, but the bishop refused to enforce it. In 1760, after the fall of Quebec, he appointed a vicar-general, admonished the clergy to observe strictly the terms of capitulation, and went to Montreal, where he died after a short illness. Index: WM Bishop of Quebec, urges inhabitants to take to arms, 63; his palace converted into redoubt, 86; visits hospital in spite of fatal illness, 153; administers last sacrament to Montcalm, 220; issues mandemant in support of Lévis' attack on Quebec, 245. L Bishop of Quebec, 12. Bib.: Têtu, Evêques de Quebec.

Pontchartrain, Louis Phélypeaux, Comte de (1643-1727). Chancellor of France. Index: F Minister of marine, 72.

Pont-Gravé, François Gravé, Sieur du Pont. A merchant of St. Malo; sailed for Tadoussac with Chauvin, 1600. Had already made several voyages to the St. Lawrence; accompanied Champlain in the voyage of 1603, and again in 1613. Index: Ch Joins expedition to Acadia, 19; arrives at Island of Ste. Croix, 26; in temporary charge of colony, 32; sails for Quebec, 40; his vessel disarmed by a Basque captain, 40; member of court to try Duval for conspiracy, 43; sails for France, 45; returns to Canada, 47; in command of the colony during Champlain's absence, 48; returns to France with Champlain, 54; sent out in charge of second expedition to Quebec, 56; sails for France, 64; returns to Quebec, 106; trades at Three Rivers, 121; rivalry with Champlain, 125; comes to Canada as representative of De Monts' (Rouen) Company, 133; proceeds to Three Rivers to trade, 135; returns to France, 136; comes to Canada with De Caën, 138; placed in charge at Quebec, 138; sails for France, 141; very ill at Quebec, 156; his commission read publicly at Quebec, 181; with Champlain signs articles of capitulation of Quebec, 191; too sick to leave Quebec, 196. F Voyages of, to St. Lawrence, 3, 8. See also Champlain. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France; Biggar, Early Trading Companies of New France; Douglas, Old France in the New World.

Pontiac (1720-1769). Born on the Ottawa River. An ally of the French during their struggles against the British colonists. In 1746 he and his Indians assisted the French at Detroit in an attack by northern tribes, and in 1755 he led the Ottawas when General Braddock was defeated. In 1763 began a campaign against the British; destroyed several forts from Lake Michigan to Niagara, and massacred their garrisons. Detroit then attacked and besieged for nearly a year, until relieved by Colonel Bradstreet; Pittsburg saved only by the timely arrival of Colonel Bouquet. Eight out of twelve fortified forts destroyed by Pontiac and his Indians. They were finally subdued by Sir William Johnson, who in 1766 concluded a treaty of peace. In 1769 assassinated by a Kaskaskia Indian. Index: Hd Rouses western tribes against British, 55; his rising quelled, 57; after effects of, 259. Bib.: Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac.

Pontiac's War. Dr History of, 4; fomented by French traders, 5; conduct of the colonies in connection with, 5, 6. See also Pontiac. Bib.: Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac; Smith, Historical Account of Bouquet's Expedition.

Pontleroy. WM French military engineer, 85, 90.

Pope, James Colledge (1826-1885). Born in Bedeque, Prince Edward Island. Educated at home and in England. Engaged in mercantile pursuits. Sat in the Prince Edward Island Assembly, 1857-1867; premier, 1865-1867. A strong opponent of Confederation and succeeded in preventing the entrance of Prince Edward Island into the Dominion. Defeated, 1868; two years later elected and again became premier. His government defeated, 1872, but returned to power, 1873. Carried through resolutions under which Prince Edward Island became a province of Canada. Elected to the House of Commons for Prince County, 1873; did not offer for re-election. Again elected to the House of Commons, 1878; entered the government of Sir John A. Macdonald as minister of marine and fisheries. Held office until his retirement from public life, 1882. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Rose, Cyc. Am. Biog.

Pope, John Henry (1824-1889). Born in the Eastern Townships, Quebec. Elected for Compton to the Canada Assembly, 1857; and in 1867 to the Dominion Parliament. Called to the Cabinet, 1871, as minister of agriculture, and again in 1878 on the return of the Conservatives to power; in 1880 accompanied Sir John Macdonald and Sir Charles Tupper to England in connection with the negotiations as to the Canadian Pacific Railway contract; minister of railways and canals, 1885. Index: B Conference with George Brown on Confederation, 152, 154. Bib.: Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por.

Pope, Joseph (1854- ). Eldest son of William Henry Pope (q.v.). Private secretary to Sir John A. Macdonald, 1882-1891; under-secretary of state, 1896-1908; under-secretary for external affairs, 1908. Index: B On the "double shuffle," 107-108. Md On Macdonald's early life, prints Campbell's letter, 31; his pen picture of Macdonald, 73; on the double majority, 78; Macdonald's notes on Quebec Conference, 106; Macdonald's negotiations with Howe, 145; does not publish documents on last stages of Macdonald's life, 272. Bib.: Memoir of Sir John A. Macdonald.

Pope, William Henry (1825-1879). Born in Prince Edward Island. Elected to the Legislature and became provincial secretary in the Gray ministry, 1863; represented Prince Edward Island at the Charlottetown Conference, 1864, and the Quebec Conference, 1864; judge of the County Court of Prince County, Prince Edward Island, 1873-1879. T Represents Prince Edward Island at Quebec Conference, 77. Bib.: Campbell, History of Prince Edward Island.

Population. B Of Upper Canada, doubled between 1842 and 1851, exceeds that of Lower Canada in 1852, 62, 75; in 1841, 82; in 1852, 134. Dr Of Canada in 1763, 9. See also Census.

Porcupine. WM Sloop of war, commanded by Captain Jervis, 176.

Porcupine River. Discovered by John Bell, of the Hudson's Bay Company, in 1842, and explored to its junction with the Yukon, by Bell, in 1844. In 1847 Alexander Hunter Murray, of the same company, descended the Porcupine to its mouth, and built Fort Yukon, about three miles above the mouth of the Porcupine, on the east bank of the Yukon. In 1869, on the abandonment of Fort Yukon, the Hudson's Bay Company built Rampart House, on the Porcupine River, close to the international boundary. As subsequent surveys proved it to be on American territory, the fort was moved some miles to the east. Index: D Ascended by Robert Campbell in 1850, 125. Bib.: Murray, Journal of the Yukon (Canadian Archives, 1910); McConnell, Report on the Yukon and Mackenzie Basins (Geol. Survey, 1889).

Port au Mouton (Acadia). Ch De Monts stops at, 19.

Port aux Anglais. Ch Louisbourg commonly known as, 236. See also Louisbourg.

Port Hayes. On Hudson Bay, captured by Troyes, 206.

Port Nelson. Fort built by the Hudson's Bay Company, at mouth of Hayes River, west coast of Hudson Bay, 1669. Afterwards known as York Factory (q.v.). It was captured by the French under Iberville in 1694, and again in 1697. Index: F Captured by Iberville, 345; retaken by English, 347; again taken by Iberville. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Laut, Pathfinders of the West and Conquest of the Great North-West. See also Iberville.

Port Royal. Founded by De Monts in 1605. The basin had been discovered the previous year, and the land granted to Poutrincourt, who named it Port Royal. The early settlement is described in Lescarbot's History of New France. Captured by Sedgwick, under the orders of Cromwell, in 1654; restored in 1668. Again captured by Phipps, 1690, and once more restored to France by the treaty of Ryswick, 1697. Nicholson finally captured the place in 1710, and re-named it Annapolis Royal (q.v.). Index: F Capital of Acadia, 270; captured by Phipps, 274. Ch Settlement made at, 32; new settlers arrive under Poutrincourt, 36. L Captured by English, 229. Bib.: Champlain, Voyages; Lescarbot, History of New France; Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Portages. See Frog Portage; Giscome Portage; Grand Portage; Methye Portage; Rocky Mountain Portage.

Porter, G. R. Sy Statistician of Board of Trade, 54.

Portland Railway Convention. W Its object to secure a shorter route to Europe, 119-120.

Portland, William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, third Duke of (1738-1809). Educated at Eton and Oxford; entered Parliament, 1760; prime minister in 1783; and again in 1807. Index: Dr Thanks Dorchester for surrendering his fees, 292. S Secretary of state, Simcoe's despatch to, explaining his advance in American territory, 143-154; does not approve of the creation of lieutenants for the Upper Canada counties, 197; writes to Simcoe in very commendatory terms, 216. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Portlock. D With Dixon, sails from England, 1785, 22; discovers that Queen Charlotte Islands are not part of mainland, 22.

Portneuf, De. F Commands war party from Quebec, 236; captures Fort Loyal, 252; removed for peculation, 330.

Porto Bello. Ch Champlain's description of, 4.

Porto Rico Island. Ch Taken and abandoned, by English in 1598, 3.

Portuguese. Ch Island of Cape Breton once occupied by, 236.

Post Office. Mc Report on, 153; Mackenzie offered control of department, 225; Lord Goderich requests Mackenzie's opinion on, 235; Mackenzie's scheme for reform of, 236; control of the revenue from, 236. Bk Service in Upper Canada, 155. Md Savings banks introduced in 1867, 151; rates reduced and unified at same time, 151. E Reforms brought about by La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 85-86. BL Transferred from Imperial to Canadian government, and reorganized, 338. Dr Condition of service in 1788, 243; Dorchester's improvement of, 243. Hd Difficulties of, 129, 131; improved by Haldimand, 131; inefficiency of, in 1782, 193.

Potash. S Decline in production of, 107.

Potenger, Maria. Bk Niece of Sir Isaac Brock, 133.

Potenger, Zelia. Bk Niece of Sir Isaac Brock, 133.

Pottawotomi Indians. An Algonquian tribe, allied to the Chippewas. They ranged over portions of what is now the state of Michigan, and in 1760, when Detroit fell into the hands of the British, occupied a village below the fort. One hundred and fifty of the tribe fought under Pontiac in 1763. In the War of 1812, they took the British side. Index: Hd Sioux offer to attack, 148; described as fickle, credulous, and timid, 148. Bib.: Pilling, Bibliography of Algonquian Languages; Charlevoix, History of New France; Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac.

Pouchot (1712-1769). Born at Grenoble, France. Entered the Engineers' corps of the French army in 1733, and served in Flanders, Corsica, and Germany. Accompanied Montcalm to Canada and took part in the defence of Fort Niagara and Fort de Lévis. Served in the campaigns against the British and Indians, until the fall of Quebec in 1759. Index: WM Quoted with reference to battle of Carillon, 58; in command at Niagara, divides his force, 122; forced to capitulate, 146. Hd In command of French fort at Niagara, 25; surrenders, 26; surrenders Fort de Lévis, 36. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley, Fight with France.

Poulariez. WM Placed in command of French left (Beauport to Montmorency), 158, 174, 175; protests against idea of capitulation, 209; in battle of Ste. Foy, 262.

Poulett. Sy Maiden name of Sydenham's mother, 4.

Poullain, Father Guillaume. Ch Récollet missionary, 87; goes to Nipissing mission, 149.

Pouthier, Toussaint. Bk Agent of the Hudson's Bay Company, assists in capture of Michilimackinac, 210.

Poutrincourt. See Biencourt de Poutrincourt.

Powell, Henry Watson (1733-1814). Born in England. Entered the army; in 1756 became captain; and in 1759 served in the West Indies; in 1768 and subsequent years stationed in different parts of North America, and in 1771 promoted lieutenant-colonel. Took part in General Burgoyne's expedition in 1777, with the rank of brigadier-general; in July, 1777, in command of Fort Ticonderoga, and held it successfully against the besieging forces of New Hampshire and Connecticut. Returned to England at the end of the American Revolution, and in 1801 promoted general. Index: Dr In command at Ticonderoga, discouraging messages from, 179, 180; on surrender of Burgoyne retreats to St. Johns, 180. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Powell, John. Mc Shoots at Mackenzie, 364; his treachery, 365.

Powell, Colonel Walker (1828- ). Born in Waterford, Ontario. Educated at the county Grammar School, and at Victoria College, Cobourg. Engaged for some years in mercantile pursuits. Appointed warden of Norfolk County, 1856. Member of the Legislative Assembly for Norfolk County, 1857-1861. Appointed deputy adjutant-general for the Dominion of Canada, 1862. Served during the Fenian Raid, 1866, and in the Rebellions of 1869-1870 and 1885. Adjutant-general of the Dominion, 1875-1896. Largely responsible for the present militia system of Canada, and aided in the establishment of the Royal Military College at Kingston. Index: R Adjutant-general, graduate of Victoria College, 144. Bib.: Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Morgan, Can. Men.

Powell, William Dummer (1755-1834). Born in Boston. Called to the bar, 1779. Came to Montreal, and made judge of the district of Hesse with headquarters at Detroit, 1789. Promoted to chief-justiceship, 1815. Retired from the bench, 1825. Index: S Judge of Common Pleas in Upper Canada, 178. Bk On Brock's victory at Detroit, 262. Mc Tries and banishes Robert Gourlay, 92. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges.

Power, Michael (1804-1848). Born in Waterford, Ireland. Emigrated to Canada. Ordained a priest, and became curé of La Prairie, which position he held until 1841, when he went to Europe with Bishop Bourget. On his return to Canada appointed bishop of the western part of Kingston, when that diocese was divided. Consecrated, May 8, 1842, and adopted the title of bishop of Toronto, from the city in which he resided. During his administration the missions which the Jesuits had formerly held in Upper Canada were restored, and others established by his aid. Index: R Chairman of the Council of Public Instruction in Ontario—favourable to public schools, 219.

Prairie de la Madeleine. L Settlement of Christian Indians at, 74.

Precedence. L Questions of, 163.

Preferential Trade. B Ended by repeal of corn laws, 31; protests from Canada, 31; Globe defends free trade and urges Canada to help herself, 31-32; Elgin against Canadian dependence on Imperial tariff legislation, 32. E Elgin on, 58-59; debates on, in Canadian Parliament, 59.

Presbyterian Church in Canada. Had its beginnings early in the eighteenth century in Nova Scotia. In 1776 the Presbytery of Truro, Nova Scotia, was organized; that of Montreal in 1793; and in 1818 the Presbytery of the Canadas was formed in Montreal. In 1831 the united Presbytery became the Synod of Upper Canada; and in 1840 joined the Church of Scotland Synod. In 1844, on the disruption of the Church of Scotland, the (Free) Presbyterian Synod of Canada was organized. Training colleges were established at Toronto, Halifax, Montreal, and other centres. In 1861 the Free and United Presbyterian synods united as the Synod of Canada Presbyterian Church; and in 1875 all Presbyterian bodies became one in the Presbyterian Church in Canada. Index: E Secures a share of Clergy Reserves, 153. B George Brown's attitude to, 2; the British Chronicle and "disruption," 4; the Banner largely devoted to the interests of, 5, 6. R Claims equality with Anglicans, 39; statistics in Upper Canada, 51. W Represented by one in New Brunswick Assembly, 69. Bib.: Torrance, Origin of the Canadian Presbyterian Church in Canada: An Ency., vol. 4; Gregg, History of the Presbyterian Church in Canada.

Prescott, Richard (1725-1788). Born in England. Entered the army, and promoted major, 1756; lieutenant-colonel, 1762, and served in Europe during the Seven Years' War. In 1773 sent as colonel of the 7th Foot to Canada, and during the next two years rendered good service. In 1775, during the investment of Montreal by the Americans, surrounded while on the way to Quebec with troops and stores, and captured. In September, 1776, exchanged; and in December, third in command of the British army, until again made prisoner, July 10, 1777. Released, and the same year became major-general, and in 1782 lieutenant-general. Index: Dr Placed in charge of Montreal, 89; leaves Montreal with Carleton, 112; captured by Americans, 113. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Prescott, Sir Robert (1725-1816). Born in Lancashire, England. Educated for the army. Promoted captain of the 15th Foot, 1755; served in the expeditions against Rochefort, 1757, and Louisbourg, 1758. Aide-de-camp to Amherst, 1759; afterwards served under Wolfe in Canada. Promoted major, 1761; lieutenant-colonel, 1762. During the American Revolution, 1775, took part in the battle of Long Island, and at the attack on Fort Washington; engaged in the expedition against Philadelphia, 1777; promoted brevet-colonel, and took part in the battle of Brandywine; promoted colonel, 1780; major-general, 1781; lieutenant-general, 1793. Sent in 1794 to Martinique, which he reduced. On April 10, 1796, appointed governor of Canada in succession to Lord Dorchester, who was recalled. In that year the fortifications at Quebec were greatly strengthened under his direction. In 1797 also appointed governor of Nova Scotia and of New Brunswick. Held all three positions until his recall to England, 1799. Index: Bk Succeeds Dorchester as governor of Canada, 38. Dr Succeeds Dorchester as governor, 303. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Bradley, The Making of Canada; Lucas, History of Canada.

President and Little Belt. Bk Affair of, 173.

Preston, Major. Dr Sent to occupy fort at St. Johns, 84; surrenders to Montgomery, 102.

Prévert. Ch Explorer, gives information to Champlain respecting a copper mine, 13.

Prévost, Augustin (1725?-1786). Father of Sir George Prévost. Entered the army; served under Wolfe at Quebec, 1759; became lieutenant-colonel, 1761, colonel, 1777; major-general, 1779; defeated General Ashe at Brier Creek, 1779, and defended Savannah against the Americans the same year. Index: Hd Haldimand's correspondence with, 294, 338; proposed appointment of, 330. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Prévost, Major Augustin. Son of preceding. Index: Hd Interested in settlement of Haldimand's lands in Pennsylvania, 315; his father, General Prévost, also a friend of Haldimand's, 316.

Prévost, Sir George (1767-1816). Born in New York. Entered the army; took part in the battles of St. Vincent, Dominica, and St. Lucia. In 1803 created a baronet and promoted major-general. In 1803 appointed governor of Nova Scotia, and in 1812, governor of Canada and commander of the forces in British North America. In 1812-1813 rendered important service in the defence of Canada against the Americans, but was unsuccessful in his operations in the invasion of New York state, being severely defeated, Sept. 11, 1814. Index: Bk Governor of Nova Scotia, and second in military command in British North America, 101; arrives in Canada as governor-general and commander of forces, 157; previous career, 157, 158; his appointment satisfactory to French-Canadians, 158; appoints Bédard to judgeship, 158; hampered by his instructions from England, 184; his despatch with reference to the John Henry letters, 188; his cautious instructions to Brock, 190, 194, 204, 216; receives news of declaration of war, 203; officially informed of it, 207; his instructions to Captain Roberts at St. Joseph, 210; praises Roberts for his prompt action, 227; his despatch to Lord Bathurst, 227; sends money and stores to Upper Canada, 229; sends proposal for armistice to General Dearborn, 233; letter of congratulation to Brock, 268, 269; notifies Brock of termination of armistice, 269; disapproves of Brock's proposal to attack Sackett's Harbour, 271; his pacific policy approved by British government, 271; speaks of "infatuation" of British ministers regarding American affairs, 277; letter to Brock recommending attitude of defence, 288; his despatch on victory at Detroit, 295. P Arrives as governor, 1811, 32; political quiet restored for a time, 32, 39. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812. See also War of 1812.

Prevost. F Town-major of Quebec, 257; strengthens defences, 284.

Prévôte (Provost's court). F Abolished, 1674, reëstablished, 1677, 107.

Price. Dr A disaffected Montrealer, 122, 123.

Price, David Edward (1826-1833). Born in Quebec. Interested in lumbering. Sat in the Assembly for Chicoutimi and Saguenay, 1855-1864. Although English-speaking and a Protestant, returned to the Legislative Council for a purely French-Canadian district, 1864. Appointed to the Senate, 1867.

Price, James Hervey (1797-1882). Born in England. Came to Canada and settled at Toronto, 1828. Studied law and called to the bar, 1833. Took a leading part in the agitation preceding the Rebellion of 1837, but not concerned in the Rebellion itself. Elected to the Canadian Assembly as member for the 1st Riding of York, 1841; during the succeeding years one of the most influential members of the Assembly; held office as commissioner of crown lands in the La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 1848-1851; defeated at the election of 1851 and retired from public life. Returned to England and settled at Shirley, near Southampton. Died in Shirley. Index: E Returned to Parliament, 1848, 50; commissioner of crown lands, in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; his views on Clergy Reserves, 160, 161, 162. BL Commissioner of crown lands—supports Baldwin, 214; his resolution, 215, 216; elected for York, 279; commissioner of crown lands, 284; resolution on Clergy Reserves, 346, 348. Mc At Doel's brewery, 330; rebels meet at his house, 362. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion and Last Forty Years.

Prices of Commodities. S In Upper Canada, 114.

Prideaux, John (1718-1759). Born in Devonshire, England. Entered the army in 1739 as an ensign. In 1743 took part in the battle of Dettingen; in 1745 promoted captain; in 1748 became lieutenant-colonel; in 1758 colonel; and in 1759 brigadier-general. In 1759 appointed by Pitt, commander of a division of the army in Canada, under the supreme command of General Amherst. Ordered by Amherst to attack Fort Niagara, then one of the strongest of the French forts. On July 7, 1759, made the first assault on the fort, and on July 11 repulsed an attack by the French. On the same day, while directing the artillery fire, killed by the bursting of one of his own guns. Succeeded by Sir William Johnson, who carried out his plan of operations, the fort capitulating on July 24, 1759. Index: Hd Marches against Fort Niagara, 25; death of, 26. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Bradley, The Fight with France; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe.

Priests. Dr Introduction of, from France, prohibited, 257.

Primogeniture. E Abolished in Upper Canada with respect to real estate, 87.

Prince, Colonel. Mc Defends Windsor, 447; shoots prisoners, 447; condemnation for, 448.

Prince Edward Island. Under the name of Isle St. John, it appears in Champlain's narrative and on his map. The name is found on earlier maps, and both the discovery and naming of the island have been attributed to Cabot, and again to Cartier, but without sufficient proof. It bore that name until the year 1798, when the present form was adopted, in honour of the Duke of Kent, father of Queen Victoria. During the French régime, it was largely settled by Acadian families, but these were expelled after the island came under British rule. In 1769 the island was granted to a number of proprietors, and settlement was very slow. It formed part of Nova Scotia until 1769, when it was made a separate province. Responsible government was granted in 1851; and in 1873 the province entered Confederation. Index: E Land question in, 143-144; 174-175. B Withdraws from Confederation scheme, 185-186. Md Electors reject proposals of Quebec Conference in 1865, 147; again reject Confederation terms in 1866, 147; Macdonald's interest in acquisition of, 148; financial difficulties lead to union in 1873, 148-149; railway debt of, assumed by Canada, 149. Dr Carleton arranges to visit, 235; difficulty in transfer of governorship from Patterson to Fanning, 235. See also Charlottetown. Bib.: Campbell, History of Prince Edward Island.

Prince of Wales College. Located at Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. Founded, 1860, and amalgamated with the provincial Normal School, 1879.

Prince of Wales Fort. At the mouth of the Churchill River, Hudson Bay. Built by the Hudson's Bay Company, between the years 1733 and 1771. It was of massive masonry, 37 to 42 feet thick; 310 feet long on the north and south sides, and 317 on the east and west; and is said to have been designed by English military engineers. The walls are still standing, though parts have fallen in. The parapet mounted forty guns, which are still on the walls. See Tyrrell's Introduction to Hearne's Journey (Champlain Society ed., 1910). Hearne was governor of the fort in 1782, when it was captured by the French under Admiral La Perouse. The fort was built on Eskimo Point, just west of the mouth of the river. The present Hudson's Bay Company post stands on the site of a much earlier fort, built by the Company in 1688. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West.

Prince of Wales Island. On the north-west coast of North America. Index: D Recognized as Russian territory by Convention of 1825, 118.

Pringle, Captain. Dr Commands flotilla on Lake Champlain, 154.

Prison Reform. B Need of, in Upper Canada, shown by George Brown, 90; his strong interest in, 91-92.

Prisoners. Dr British, in America, 201; exchange of, after Revolutionary War, 207, 208; hardships suffered by Germans captured by Burgoyne, 208, 209; refuse service either as farm labourers or in American army, 210, 211; liberation and embarkation of, 214.

Proclamation, Royal. Dr Following treaty of Paris, 7; its provisions, 7, 8.

Proclamation of 1764. P Attorney-general Yorke's opinion of, 11-13; Solicitor-general Wedderburne's views on, 14.

Procter, Henry A. (1787-1859). Born in Wales. Served in the army, and became colonel of his regiment. In 1812, being stationed in Canada, ordered by General Brock to prevent the landing of the American troops under General Hull at Amherstburg. This he successfully accomplished, and later defeated the enemy at Brownstown. In 1813 inflicted a severe defeat on the Americans, under General James Winchester, at Frenchtown on the river Raisin. For these services promoted brigadier-general. In August, 1813, forced to retire from Fort Stephenson by Major Croghan. On Oct. 5, defeated by General W.H. Harrison at the battle of the Thames. For this disaster tried by court-martial and sentenced to be suspended for six months from rank and pay. Afterwards reinstated; served during the later stages of the war, and promoted lieutenant-general. Index: Bk In command of Niagara frontier, 205; sent to Amherstburg, 215, 235; second in command to Brock, 247; opposed to the attempt on Detroit, 267. Bib.: Lucas, Canadian War of 1812. See also War of 1812.

Programme Catholique. C Issued by Le Parti Catholique, 82; its terms, 82; disapproved of by Archbishop Taschereau, 82-83.

Prohibition. T Bill introduced by Tilley in New Brunswick, 34; difficulty with its enforcement, 35-39; causes defeat of government, 41; Act repealed, 41. See also Liquor question; Brandy question.

Protection. B Beginnings of agitation for, in Canada, 231; opposed by George Brown, 232-233; at the bottom of objections to proposed Reciprocity Treaty of 1864, 232, 233; secret of its success in 1878, 241. C Cartier's views on, 115-116. See also National policy.

Protestant Protective Association. Md Carries on an anti-Roman Catholic campaign, 289.

Protestants. Dr Feeling aroused among, in connection with Quebec Act, 69. Ch Fanaticism of Huguenot agents, 86; had large share of trade, 110; proposed to exclude, 110. L Protestantism proscribed in Canada under the French régime, 12.

Provençal. Ch Uncle of Champlain, officer in Spanish naval service, 2.

Provincial Secretaries. Sy Duties assigned to, 331.

Prud'homme. WM Commands Montreal militia, 105.

Prussia. Hd Becomes a first-class power, 6.

Public Works. Sy Expenditure on, in Lower and Upper Canada, respectively, 317, 318; home government advances money for completion of, 320.

Puget Sound Agricultural Company. D Organized, 129; agricultural interests of Hudson's Bay Company handed over to, 129; its farms, 129-130; checkered career, 130; McLoughlin first manager, 130; disputes with United States, 130-131; claims settled by commission, 131; Douglas succeeds McLoughlin as manager, 132; epidemic of fever and ague follows first turning of soil about Fort Vancouver, 132; land claims on Vancouver Island, 198; dispute with Langford, 199. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast.

Punshon, William Morley (1824-1881). Born in England. Engaged for a time in the timber business with his father; joined the Methodists, 1838, and ordained a Wesleyan minister, 1845. Worked in London, 1858-1868, and in Canada, 1868-1873, when he returned to England. Index: R Ryerson's friendship for, 285; comes to Canada, 285-286; Ryerson's letter to, 288-289. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Dict. Nat. Biog.

Purchas, Samuel (1575?-1626). A graduate of St. John's College, Cambridge. Rector of St. Martin's, Ludgate, London, 1614-1626. Fell heir to a number of unpublished narratives left by Hakluyt, and edited them with many others, in his collections of voyages and travels. Index: Ch Gives in his Pilgrims English version of Champlain's first narrative, 15. Bib.: Purchas his Pilgrimage, 1613; Purchas his Pilgrim, 1619; Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas his Pilgrimes, 1625.

Purchase of Commissions. Dr In Loyalist corps, 217.

Putnam, Charles S. W A leading barrister of Fredericton, 11.

Quadra, Juan Francisco de la Bodega y (1744?-1794). Knight of the Order of Santiago. Made voyages of exploration to the North-West Coast in 1775 and 1779. Governor of Nootka, and met Vancouver there in 1792 for the purpose of arranging the restoration of Nootka to the British crown. Index: D Voyage to North-West Coast, 7, 14; at Bay of Islands, 15; takes possession for Spain, 15; searches for Strait of Anian, 15; fails to discover mouth of Columbia, 15; sights Mount St. Elias and enters Prince William's Sound, 15; meets Vancouver at Nootka, 33. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast.

Quakers. S Try to bring about peace with Indians, 122. Hd Of Pennsylvania, their opposition to the government, 11, 12. Bk Emigration of, from Pennsylvania to Upper Canada, 49.

Quebec Act, 1774. Provided that the boundaries of the province of Quebec in the west should extend from Lake Erie to the Ohio, along the Ohio to the Mississippi, and north to the territories of the Hudson's Bay Company; guaranteed the French-Canadians in the free exercise of their religion; provided for the continuance of the criminal law of England, and for the appointment of a Legislative Council, with limited powers. Index: E Guarantees institutions of French Canada, 24. Dr Introduced in House of Lords, 63; its delimitation of Canada gives offence to older colonies, 63; concedes full religious liberty to Roman Catholics and establishes French civil law, 64; opposition to, 65; passed, 65; corporation of London petitions king to withhold assent, 69; saves Canada to British crown, 78; agitation against, 79-81; goes into force, 81, 89. L Beneficial operation of, 13. Sy Its effect in creating cleavage between French and English in Canada, 62; precipitated by American Revolution, 65; not carried out in its integrity, 66, 67; a mistake as preventing the unification of Canada, 91. BL Its provisions, 2-3; opposition to, 4; its results, 4. P Gives French-Canadians long-deferred justice, 7; establishes French civil law, 9; the magna charta of French-Canadians, 9, 16; its genesis and history, 11. Mc Commentary on, 47; cause of its repeal, 47. Hd Extends Quebec to Mississippi, 93; obnoxious to New Englanders, 101; not satisfactory to English inhabitants, 173, 175; in Haldimand's opinion, saved the country from going over to the enemy, 174; and estates of Ursuline nuns, 179; opposition to, 180; repeal wanted, 188, 264; Haldimand's opinion of, 195; his use of, 273. Bib.: Houston, Constitutional Documents of Canada; Bourinot, Constitutional History of Canada; Egerton and Grant, Canadian Constitutional Documents; Bradley, The Making of Canada; Lucas, History of Canada. See also Dorchester.

Quebec City. Founded by Champlain (q.v.), in 1608. Seventy-three years earlier, Jacques Cartier had sailed up the great river, and landed near the same spot, wintering in a creek not far from the native town of Stadaconé. Champlain, in 1608, built a rude fort, the Abitation de Québec, and a warehouse. There he and his men spent the winter, but before succour arrived in the spring, most Of them died of scurvy. Had a man of less courage and resourcefulness been in Command, the infant settlement of Quebec might have died a natural death. Champlain kept it alive, and, though harassed by enemies, and neglected by the motherland, the town grew steadily from the year of its birth. Quebec has passed through five sieges, that of Kirke in 1629, that of Phipps, 1690, the great siege of 1759, Lévis's siege of 1760, and that of Montgomery and Arnold, 1775-1776. Index: Bk The centre of society in Canada, 46; defective state of fortifications, 75; defences of in early years of nineteenth century, 89, 90, 94. Sy Charter of, reëstablished, 255; change in electoral limits of, 285; two members assigned to, 285. L Church erected at, 84; placed under patronage of Immaculate Conception and St. Louis, 85; not less pious as a community than Montreal, 92; conflagration at, 186; siege of, by expedition under Phipps, 229-231. B Brown's objection to, as seat of government, 70; gross election frauds in 1857, 99; fortifications of, to be completed by England, 186. Dr Carleton's report on fortifications of, 44; fortifications of, improved by Cramahé, 117; attack by Montgomery and Arnold on, repulsed, 125-131; garrison of, greatly encouraged, 133; gayety in, during winter of 1776-1777, 162; unreasonable demands of British inhabitants of, 252, 253. F Foundations of, 7; capture of, by Kirke, 20; restored to France, 23; population of city in 1666, 56; first ball given at, 59; sea expedition planned against, by New Englanders, 268-277; defences strengthened, 284; attack by squadron under Phipps, 285-300; defences further strengthened, 326. E Seat of government at, 78; Lord Elgin's references to, in his farewell address, 205-206. WM In 1756, description of, 15; Wolfe's plan for attacking, 76; fortifications afforded no protection, 79; batteries at, 95; batteries of, have no effect against enemy's works at Pointe Lévis, 113; discouragement of inhabitants, 113; general exodus from, 115; bombardment of, 115; thieves pillage the houses, 122; pitiable condition of, 160; abandoned by the enemy, the citizens call for capitulation, 224; garrison of, disorganized, 230; capitulation of, 230-235; rejoicing in England over fall of, 238; Vaudreuil maintains spies in, 243; sickness in British garrison of, 243. Ch Fortifications of, 157; slow progress of settlement at, 167; terms of capitulation of, 190-192; keys of, handed to Lewis Kirke, 195; English flag hoisted over, 196; names of families remaining at, after surrender, 196; passes again under French rule, 224; population in 1629, 208; destructive fire at, 1640, 241. BL Boundaries of, for political purposes changed by Sydenham, restored in 1842, 146; aspires to honour of capital, 181; seat of government, 338. Md Shares with Toronto the honour of seat of government, for sixteen years, 39; dispute over capital, 77; dissatisfaction of, over selection of Ottawa as capital, 85; conference on Confederation meets at, in 1864, 104-105. Hd Besieged by Wolfe, 25; news arrives of surrender of, 29; defended by Murray, 34; Murray lieutenant-governor of, 41; roads to, 45, 46; uses St. Maurice forges, 47; government of, 49; enlistment of French-Canadians in, 55-56; Haldimand arrives at, 117; Indians brought to, 152; fortifications of, strengthened, 183; prisons in, 187; threatened by French fleet, 188; census of, taken, 190; old customs of, 192, 221-224; Riedesels at, 220, 300-304; education in, 233-235; food supply of, 239; Nelson at, 244; rebel sympathizers in, 279; Du Calvet in, 286, 287; Haldimand's life in, 298; Haldimand sails from, 310; Haldimand Hill in, named after him, 346. Bib.: Doughty, Cradle of New France; Le Moine, Historical Notes on Quebec; MacPherson, Reminiscences of Old Quebec; Hawkins, Picture of Quebec; Douglas, Old France in the New World; Le Moine, Quebec Past and Present; Parker, Old Quebec.

Quebec Committee. Sy Its address to the electors in opposition to the union, 288.

Quebec Conference, 1864. To discuss terms of Confederation. Index: C Cauchon's commentaries on the resolutions, 24. B Division of authority between federal and provincial Legislatures, 163; residuary powers, 163-164; constitution of the Senate, 164-165; financial question, 165; resolutions adopted, 165; George Brown on, 165-166; delegates tour Canada, 166; its character defined, 205. H Frames scheme of Confederation, 178-179; Howe opposes the scheme, 185-191. Md Meets at Quebec, Oct. 10, 1864, to discuss union of provinces, 104; Taché selected as chairman, 104; deliberations behind closed doors, 105; passes seventy-two resolutions along main lines upon which Confederation was finally accomplished, 106; Macdonald's notes on, 106; legislative vs. federal union, 107-109, 245-247; financial relations of provinces and Dominion, 110; constitution of Senate, 110-112; question of representation, 112-113. T Deals with Intercolonial Railway question, 54; history of, 76-80. Bib.: Pope, Confederation Documents; Cauchon, Union of the Provinces; Whelan, Union of the British Provinces; Rawlings, Confederation of the British North American Provinces; Confederation Debates.

Quebec General Hospital. WM Care taken of wounded British in, 153; British guard placed on, 223; Lévis takes possession of, 265; painful scenes at, described, 265, 266. Bib.: Doughty, Cradle of New France.

Quebec, Hôtel Dieu. F Origin of, 28. L Laval lodges at, for a time, 33; nuns of, take charge of the general hospital, 236. Bib.: Doughty, Cradle of New France.

Quebec Library. Founded at Quebec in 1779. The first public library in what is now Canada. On Jan. 7 of that year, the following advertisement appeared in the Quebec Gazette: "A subscription has been commenced for establishing a publick library for the city and district of Quebec. It has met with the approbation of His Excellency the Governor and of the Bishop, and it is hoped that the institution, so particularly useful in this country, will be generally encouraged." The idea of the library originated with Governor Haldimand, and the first lot of books was purchased in England, under his instructions, by Richard Cumberland, the dramatist. An Act of incorporation obtained in 1840. Five years later, the library was absorbed by the Quebec Library Association, founded 1843; and in 1866 the Association dissolved and sold its books to the Quebec Literary and Historical Society (q.v.). Bib.: A detailed account of the Quebec Library, and the Quebec Library Association, will be found in Würtele's paper, in Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. Trans., 1887-1889.

Quebec Literary and Historical Society. Founded at Quebec in 1824, largely through the influence and liberality of the Earl of Dalhousie, then governor-general. Its purposes were "to discover and rescue from the unsparing hand of time the records which yet remain of the earliest history of Canada. To preserve while in our power, such documents as may be found amid the dust of yet unexplored depositories, and which may prove important to general history and to the particular history of this province." In 1829, another similar organization was absorbed; and in 1831 the society was incorporated by Act of Parliament. The library had been started the previous year, as well as the museum. Both have grown steadily, despite serious losses from fires. Bib.: The publications consist of Transactions and Historical Documents. The first volume of the former appeared in 1829, and the first part of the latter in 1838. The Trans., for 1887-1889 contain an account of the Society, its publications and its library, by F. C. Würtele, who also published in 1891 an Index to the series of publications.

Quebec, Province of. Area 351,873 square miles. Formed the principal part of Canada, as ceded to Britain in 1763. Under the Quebec Act, 1774, its boundaries extended west to the Ohio and Mississippi. In 1791, the province was divided into Upper and Lower Canada, with the Ottawa River as the boundary; in 1841 the two provinces were again united; and in 1867, Quebec became a province of the Dominion. The period of military rule extended from the conquest to 1764, when civil government was established. In 1775 the first Legislative Council met at Quebec. Constitutional government was established in 1791; and responsible government in 1841. Index: Dr Government of, embraced Canada, 7. S Divided, 1. Md Seigniorial Tenure in, 14; difficulties of Confederation in, 101; supports Confederation, 115; "doubtful and expectant" on entry into Dominion, 129; representation in Cabinet, 133; result of election of 1867 in, 141; excitement in, over Riel question, 242-244; Cartier's influence in, 266. See also Quebec Act; Constitutional Act; Seigniorial Tenure; Ninety-Two Resolutions; Responsible government; Rebellion of 1837; Lower Canada.

Quebec Revenue Act. Sy Provided fund for carrying on colonial government, 83. Bib.: Houston, Constitutional Documents of Canada.

Quebec Seminary. Opened 1668, in a house belonging to the widow of Guillaume Couillard, at the entrance to the governor's garden. Corner-stone of the first separate building laid in 1678; enlarged, 1701; restored and enlarged after the fire of 1866. Index: F Establishment of, 48. L Founded by Laval, 10, 47-50; empowered to collect tithes, 50; Laval transfers his personal income to, 56; affiliated with Foreign Missions of Paris, 57, 140; buildings erected for, 58; total destruction of, by fire, 58, 240; Saint-Vallier's high opinion of, 203; sends missionaries to Louisiana, 208; Saint-Vallier makes important changes in, 236; destroyed a second time by fire, 241. See also Laval University. Bib.: Doughty, Cradle of New France.

Quebec, Siege of, 1629. The previous year, David Kirke had sailed up the river, and sent a demand for the surrender of the fort, which Champlain peremptorily refused. Kirke thereupon returned to the gulf to meet the French fleet under De Roquemont, which he captured after a battle which lasted fifteen hours, and carried his prizes and prisoners back to England. The following year he returned, with a fleet of three sails, and Champlain surrendered the fort, the more readily as the little garrison was at the point of starvation. Index: See Quebec City; Kirke. Bib.: Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada; Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Quebec, Siege of, 1690. Sir William Phipps, having captured Port Royal in May of this year, appeared before Quebec in October, with thirty-two ships and a force of over two thousand men. He immediately summoned Frontenac to surrender, and got a contemptuous refusal. Quebec was well defended both in men and guns, and after a fruitless attack on the town from the Beauport flats, and a subsequent bombardment in which he did much less damage to the town than his ships suffered from Frontenac's batteries, Phipps abandoned the siege. A little church then building in the Lower Town was named Notre Dame de la Victoire, to commemorate the victory. Index: See Quebec city; Phipps. Bib.: Myrand, Sir William Phipps devant Québec; Parkman, Frontenac.

Quebec, Siege of, 1759. Following the capture of Louisbourg, Duquesne, and Fort Frontenac, in the campaign of 1758, two expeditions were sent the following year against Quebec, one by land under Amherst, the second by water under Wolfe and Saunders. The French forces were commanded by Montcalm, whose plans were hampered at every stage by the interference of the governor, Vaudreuil. Wolfe commanded the attacking army, and Saunders the fleet. The former had as brigadiers Townshend, Monckton, and Murray. Montcalm had a force of over fourteen thousand men, partly regulars and partly militia. Wolfe's army numbered less than nine thousand men, but all were regulars. After bombarding the city from the Lévis shore, Wolfe, on July 31, made an unsuccessful attack at Montmorency. Several ineffective efforts followed, and it was not until early in September that Wolfe matured the plans which led to ultimate success. Landing his men at a cove two miles above the city, on the night of the twelfth, he had three thousand men upon the heights of Abraham before daybreak. Montcalm hastily assembled his troops and led them to the attack, but was completely defeated. During the battle, both Wolfe and Montcalm were mortally wounded, and five of the French brigadiers fell upon the field. The French were pursued to the gates of the city, and Townshend, who had succeeded to the command, had difficulty in re-forming his troops to repel an attack from the rear by Bougainville. The latter, however, after a brief engagement, was forced to retire; and the British remained masters of the field. Five days later, the city capitulated to Saunders and Townshend. Index: See Quebec City; Wolfe; Montcalm. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Woods, Logs of the Conquest of Canada and Fight for Canada; Bradley, The Fight with France; Knox, Historical Journal; Waddington, La Guerre de Sept Ans.

Quebec, Siege of, 1760. After the battle of Ste. Foy, April 20, 1760, Murray retreated within the walls of Quebec, and Lévis laid siege to the town. The defences were in a feeble state, but Murray strengthened them by forming a wall of ice. In May a British fleet appeared, and Lévis, seeing that the cause was lost, hastily raised the siege. Bib.: Bradley, The Fight with France; Doughty, Siege of Quebec and Cradle of New France; Waddington, La Guerre de Sept Ans.

Quebec, Siege of, 1775-1776. See American invasion; Montgomery; Arnold; Dorchester. Bib.: Anderson, Siege and Blockade of Quebec (Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. Trans., 1872); Strange, Historical Notes on the Defence of Quebec (Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. Trans., 1875).

Queen Charlotte Islands. A group in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of British Columbia. Discovered by Captain Cook in 1778. Captain George Dixon examined both the eastern and western shores of the islands in 1787, and named them after his ship, the Queen Charlotte. The natives are known as Haidas. Index: D Portlock and Dixon discover that group is not part of mainland, 22; discovery confirmed by Duncan in 1788, 22; Douglas at, 29; coal discovered, 191; discovery of gold, 219. Bib.: Poole, Queen Charlotte Islands; Chittenden, Report of Exploration of Queen Charlotte Islands; Dawson, Report on the Queen Charlotte Islands (Geol. Survey, 1878-1879).

Queen's Brigade (French). WM In battle of Ste. Foy, 262.

Queen's Rangers. Dr Commanded by Colonel Simcoe, 202. S Raising of, 22; Simcoe obtains command of, 22; disperse large body of rebel militia, 26-29; ordered to Virginia, 33; capture large quantity of enemy's stores, 34; defeat superior force at Spencer's Ordinary, 36; surrender with army of Cornwallis, 37; placed on roster of British army, 39; disbanded, 39; first division of, arrives in Canada, 49; transferred from Niagara to Toronto, 203; employed to make Yonge Street road, 208, 216. Bk Stationed at Newark (Niagara), 57. Bib.: Simcoe, Journal of the Operations of the Queen's Rangers.

Queen's University. Established at Kingston, Ontario. Founded in 1839, and incorporated by royal charter in 1841. The first principal was Rev. Thomas Liddell; succeeded by Dr. John Machar, Dr. John Cook, Dr. Leitch, Dr. Snodgrass. In 1877 Dr. George Monro Grant became principal, and it was due mainly to his enthusiasm and splendid organizing ability that the university reached its present high state of efficiency. On the death of Dr. Grant, in 1902, he was succeeded by Dr. D.M. Gordon. Index: R Opened March, 1842, a Presbyterian institution, 135, 147; Act of incorporation, 1840, 146; royal charter, 1841, 147; legislative grant, 148; Dr. Liddell principal, 150; advocates university scheme, 150. E Proposal to make it part of a provincial university, 94. BL Established by Presbyterians at Kingston, 194; refuses to come into provincial university under terms of Baldwin's Bill, 295. Bib.: Machar, Sketch of Queen's University in Canada: An Ency., vol. 4.

Queenston. Village on Canadian side of Niagara River. Index: Bk In 1803 an important village, 58. Bib.: Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.

Queenston Heights, Battle of. In War of 1812. Brock commanded the British forces, consisting of regulars and militia, between 1500 and 2000 men, scattered along the Niagara River from Fort Erie to Fort George. The opposing American forces numbered about 6000 men, similarly distributed on the south bank of the river, under Stephen Van Rensselaer. In the first skirmish, a few hundred men only were engaged on either side, and the Americans finally gained the heights, brought up reinforcements, and remained in possession for several hours. The British losses included Brock and Macdonell. Sheaffe, on whom the command had devolved, gathered together the scattered detachments of British troops, 1000 strong, and marching them through the woods, attacked the Americans from the inland side, and completely defeated them. Many were driven over the banks into the river, and between 900 and 1000 surrendered, including Major-General Wadsworth and Lieutenant-Colonel Winfield Scott. Index: Bk Account of battle, 300-312. Bib.: Lucas, Canadian War of 1812; Currie, Battle of Queenston Heights. See also War of 1812.

Quen, Jean de (1603-1659). Born at Amiens. Came to Canada, 1635. Laboured for many years among the Montagnais. In 1647, explored the upper Saguenay and Lake St. John. Five years later returned, and established a permanent mission on the shores of the lake. Superior of the Canadian missions, 1655-1656. Index: Ch Parish priest of Notre-Dame de la Recouvrance, 238. Bib.: Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites; Charlevoix, History of New France.

Quentin, Barthelemy. Ch Director of Company of New France, 170.

Quentin, Bonaventure, Sieur de Richebourg. Ch Director of Company of New France, 170.

Quentin, Father Claude. Ch Jesuit, visits Miscou, 234.

Quesnel, Frederick A. Sy Member of Special Council of Lower Canada, opposes union, 193. P Withdraws his support of Papineau, 86; loses his seat in Assembly, 102.

Quesnel, Jules Maurice. D Accompanies Simon Fraser on voyage down the Fraser, 60. MS With Simon Fraser in New Caledonia, 108-109; river named after, 109. Bib.: Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest.

Queylus, Abbé de. F Sulpician, appointed vicar-general for Canada, 42; sent back to France by Bishop Laval, 43. L His difficulties with Laval, 7; Sulpicians desire his appointment as bishop, 25; recognizes authority of Laval, 27; receives appointment as grand vicar to archbishop of Rouen, 27; returns to France, 27; again in Canada, and assumes charge of parish of Montreal, 28; suspended by Laval, returns to France, 28; later returns to Canada and is made grand vicar at Montreal, 29; causes chapel to Ste. Anne to be erected at Beaupré, 101; arrival of, 1668, 105; makes donation to hospital at Quebec, 107; Talon's recommendation of, 107, 134; departure of, for France, 134; his great liberality, 135. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime.

Quimper, Manuel. Accompanied Eliza on his voyage to the North-West Coast in 1790, and under his orders explored the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and named various points on both sides of the strait. Returned to Monterey, Mexico, in September, 1790. Index: D Examines both shores of Juan de Fuca Strait, 1790, 26. Bib.: Walkran, British Columbia Coast-Names.

Quinte, Bay of. An inlet of Lake Ontario, on the north shore. The name is of Iroquois origin. A number of Cayugas settled here about the middle of the seventeenth century; and in 1668 two Sulpicians, Trouvé and Fénelon, were sent from Montreal to open a mission among these "Iroquois of the North." About 1783, permanent settlements on the shores of the bay were made by United Empire Loyalists and disbanded officers and men of regiments serving in Canada. About the same time a number of Mohawks settled in the township of Tyendenaga—named after Joseph Brant. Index: Hd Iroquois settlement on, 265. Bib.: Conant, Life in Canada and Upper Canada Sketches.

Quintin's Bridge. S Skirmish at, 24.

Quinton, James. T Candidate in St. John County, New Brunswick. 85, 109.

Radisson, Pierre Esprit (1620?-1710?). Born in Paris. Came to Canada in 1651, and settled at Three Rivers. In 1652 captured by the Iroquois and carried off to their country, where by great good fortune he escaped the following year. In 1657 had the hardihood to make a voluntary visit to the Onondagas; in 1658 explored the country south-west of Lake Superior, discovered the Mississippi, and possibly went beyond. In 1661 made another journey to the west, accompanied as on the previous journey by his brother-in-law, Medard Chouart; wintered among the Sioux, and the following year explored the country north of Lake Superior, and apparently penetrated to James Bay. In 1665 went to England and offered his services to lead a trading expedition to Hudson Bay. The result of this trading venture was the establishment of the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1674, returned to the service of France, led an expedition to Hudson Bay in 1682, and captured an English ship. In 1684 once more changed his allegiance, and from that year to the time of his death remained in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company. Index: F Proceedings of, in Hudson Bay, 204-205. Bib.: Voyages of Peter Esprit Radisson (Prince Society, Boston, 1885); Relation du Voiage du Sieur Pierre Esprit Radisson (Canadian Archives Report, 1895); Sulte, Radisson in the North-West (R. S. C., 1904); Découverte du Mississippi (R. S. C., 1903); Prud'homme, Notes Historiques sur la Vie de Radisson; Dionne, Chouart et Radisson (R. S. C., 1893, 1894); Bryce, Further History of Pierre Esprit Radisson (R. S. C., 1898) and Hudson's Bay Company; Laut, Pathfinders of the West and The Conquest of the Great North-West.

Rae, John (1813-1893). Served as a surgeon in the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1846-1847 made two exploring expeditions. Accompanied Richardson in his expedition in search of Sir John Franklin, 1848; and in 1851 commanded another expedition which examined Wollaston Land. During an expedition in 1853-1854, he obtained positive intelligence of Franklin's death from the Eskimo on the west coast of Boothia. Index: MS Journey in search of Franklin, 51; his method of provisioning his party, 51; chief factor, 1850, 227; Franklin expedition, 228. Bib.: Expedition to the Shores of the Arctic Sea.

Rae, W. G. D Expedition on behalf of Hudson's Bay Company, 51; in charge of Fort Stikine, 122; appointed to post on Yerba Buena Cove, San Francisco Bay, 127; commits suicide, 1845, 127.

Rafeix, Father. L Jesuit, comes to Canada, 41.

Rageot, Gilles. F Clerk to attorney-general, 106.

Ragueneau, Paul (1605-1680). Born in Paris, France. Joined the Society of Jesus, and in 1636 came to Canada as a missionary to the Indians. For a few years worked among the Hurons, and in 1640 sent on a mission to the Iroquois. In 1650 appointed superior of the missions. In 1657 went on a mission to the Onondagas, and after finding that they had murdered several Hurons, barely escaped with his life. Spent the next nine years in labouring among the Hurons and other tribes, and in 1666 returned to France, where he acted as agent for the Canadian missions until his death. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France; Parkman, Jesuits in North America.

Raikes, Thomas. Sy His description of Poulett Thomson, 43.

Railways. E History of, in Canada, 99; vigorous policy of La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 99-101; and Hincks-Morin ministry, 114-117. C Cartier favours building of, 45. BL Early charters for, in Canada, 301. B One from Quebec to Windsor and Sarnia advocated by George Brown, 61; arrangements for building of Grand Trunk made by Hincks, 64; Intercolonial negotiations fall through, 64. H Line from Halifax to Windsor advocated by Joseph Howe in 1835, 117, 120; survey completed in 1849, 118; European and North American Railway projected, 121-125; transcontinental railway foretold by Howe, 135; Nova Scotia Railway Bills passed, 141, 143; government railways in Nova Scotia, 143-147; railway riots in Nova Scotia, 157-158. T In New Brunswick, subsidies to, 19-20. See also Canadian Pacific Railway; Grand Trunk Railway; Grand Trunk Pacific Railway; Intercolonial Railway; Canadian Northern Railway; Northern Railway.

Rainsford, John. F Rescues comrades cast away on Anticosti, 304.

Raisin, Sister Marie. L Member of Congregation de Notre Dame, 91.

Ralleau. Ch Secretary of De Monts, 33.

Ramesay, De. F Commands militia in attack on Iroquois, 351.

Ramezay, Claude de. WM Commandant of garrison of Quebec, 214, 219; describes despondency in city, 224; calls council which declares for capitulation, 225; seeks pretext for capitulation, 230; capitulates, 231, 232. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, The Fight for Canada.

Rand, Theodore Harding (1835-1900). Born at Cornwallis, Nova Scotia. Educated at Horton Academy and at Acadia College. Taught for a time in the provincial Normal School, Truro. Subsequently superintendent of education in both Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Occupied various professorships in educational institutions; chancellor of McMaster University, Toronto, 1892-1895. Bib.: Works: At Minas Basin, and other Poems; Song Waves and other Poems; Treasury of Canadian Verse. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; MacMurchy, Canadian Literature.

Randal, Robert. Mc Virginian, settled at Chippewa, 138; Mackenzie defends, 138; goes to England about Alien Act, 139; success of his mission, 142, 143.

Randolph, Beverley (1755-1797). Governor of Virginia. Born in Henrico County, Virginia, and educated at William and Mary College. In 1784 was appointed a visitor of the college. A member of the Virginia Assembly during the American Revolution. In 1787 appointed president of the Executive Council; and in 1788 governor of Virginia. Index: S American commissioner to treat with Indians, 123; entertained by Simcoe at Navy Hall, 184, 229. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Rangers (British). Hd Established near Cataraqui, 265. WM Reëmbark after fall of Quebec, 236. See also Queen's Rangers.

Rankin, Colonel. Md Challenges Macdonald, but makes frank apology, and meeting is averted, 81-82.

Rankine, Alexander. T Deserts Liberals in New Brunswick, 18.

Rattray, William Jordan (1835-1883). Born in London, England. Emigrated to Canada, 1848. In 1858 graduated from Toronto University, and later entered the journalistic profession. Published a number of books on religious and general subjects; for several years on the editorial staff of the Toronto Mail. Contributed to Canadian and American periodicals. Index: Mc His opinion of Mackenzie, 5, 6, 12, 26; views on the Rebellion, 26; on destruction of the Advocate, 115; opinion of Head, 307. Bib.: The Scot in British North America. For biog., see Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.

Raudot, Antoine-Denis (1679-1737). Son of Jacques Raudot. Filled the office of inspector-general of the navy at Dunkirk, before coming to Canada with his father in 1705. Acted as assistant to the intendant; recalled to France in 1710, and appointed intendant-general of seamen; also made a director of the Company of the Indies. Succeeded his father as councillor of marine. Bib.: Roy, Intendants de la Nouvelle-France (R. S. C., 1903).

Raudot, Jacques (1647-1728). Councillor to the Parliament of Metz in 1674; and to the Cour des Aides at Paris, 1678. Came to Canada as intendant, 1705, and devoted himself with rare disinterestedness to the welfare of the colony. Returned to France in 1711. Bib.: Roy, Intendants de la Nouvelle-France (R. S. C., 1903).

Razilly, Chevalier de. Ch One of the Hundred Associates, 170; ordered to assist Quebec, 200; instructions cancelled, 201; sent with expedition to take possession of Quebec, 213.

Ré, François, Sieur de Gand. Ch One of the Hundred Associates, 171.

Read, David Breakenridge (1823- ). Born in Augusta, Ontario. Educated at Upper Canada College; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1845; practised his profession in Toronto; appointed Q.C., 1858; mayor of Toronto, 1858. Index: Mc On Mackenzie, 1; Mackenzie as a reformer, 5; on responsible government, 12. Bib.: Works: The Lives of the Judges of Upper Canada; The Life and Times of General John Graves Simcoe; The Life and Times of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock; The Rebellion of 1837; The Lives of the Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada and Ontario. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men.

Reade, Alfred. W Appointed by Governor Colebrooke as provincial secretary of New Brunswick, 76; causes resignation of ministers, 76-78; discussed in House, 79-80; appointment cancelled, 80.

Rebellion Losses Bill. Mc Furious debate on, between MacNab and Blake, 489. BL Passed in 1847, 292; La Fontaine responsible for, 303; its history, 305-334, 335, 336. E History of, 63-84; commission appointed by Draper-Viger government, 64; report of commissioners, 65; La Fontaine's resolutions, 67-68; new commission appointed, 68; bitter opposition of Tories, 68-69; the debate, 69-70; public meetings held in opposition to bill, 70; bill passed by both houses by large majorities, 70; Elgin gives royal assent, 71; his reasons for doing so, 72-73; the Montreal riots, 73-77, 161, 203. B History of, 34-38. C John A. Macdonald characterizes it as a reward for treason, 32. Md Circumstances leading up to introduction of bill, 33-35; presented to Legislature, 35; passes the Assembly, 36; consented to by Elgin, 36-38; cause of unseemly riots, 38; causes division of opinion in British Parliament, 41. See also Rebellion of 1837 (Lower Canada). Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Rebellion of 1837 in Lower Canada. The culmination of a long agitation, on the part of the French-Canadians, for a larger measure of popular government. The older and more experienced of their leaders refused to overstep the bounds of constitutional agitation; but Papineau, Wolfred Nelson, and a few more hot-headed enthusiasts determined to resort to armed rebellion. A series of violent speeches and demonstrations, in the summer and autumn of 1837, in which Papineau was the central figure, led to incipient riots in Montreal and elsewhere, and the decision of the authorities to arrest Papineau blew the smouldering embers into a fierce blaze. Nelson and Brown gathered their followers together at St. Denis and St. Charles on the Richelieu, and Colonel Gore and Colonel Wetherall were sent to disperse them. Shortly after, Amury Girod raised the flag of revolt at St. Eustache, and Sir John Colborne led a force against him. In every case the rebels were dispersed. Papineau, Nelson, Brown, and the other leaders fled. Papineau and Brown escaped over the border. The others were captured and exiled to Bermuda. The next year Robert Nelson and Dr. Côte made a final attempt at Napierville. Nelson managed to escape, but his misguided followers were captured, twelve executed, and eighty-seven transported to Australia. Index: C Responsibility of the government for, 2; Cartier's part in, 7; defence of, 9-10; the aftermath, 11; suspension of the constitution of 1791, 11; origin of, 121-122. Sy In Lower Canada, 57. B Attributed by Durham to racial animosity, 11; his remedy, 12. P Responsibility of the bureaucrats for, 24-25; street fights in Montreal, 127; Demaray and Davignon arrested, and rescued by Bonaventure Viger and party of Patriotes, 128; rebels gather at St. Denis and St. Charles, 128; Colonel Gore's expedition up the Richelieu, and Colonel Wetherall's against St. Charles, 128-132; the fight at St. Denis, 130-132; at St. Charles, 133; death of Lieutenant Weir, 134; the fight at St. Eustache, 135-137; leaders sent into exile, 138-139; outbreak of 1838 crushed, 139-141; causes of the Rebellion, 143-161; O'Callaghan's version, 146-149; Bouchette's views, 149-153. BL Papineau's connection with, 45-46; history of, 45-49; its lessons, 51; general pardon, 287-288. MS Governor Simpson and Hudson's Bay Company influence strongly against Papineau, 243. H Its effect on popular party in Nova Scotia, 49. E Its causes, 17-21; Durham on, 18, 25-26; aftermath of the Rebellion, 62-63; contrasted with the disturbances of 1849, 75-76; spirit of its leaders, 91-92. Md Cartier involved in, 7; takes advantage of amnesty, 7; passions kindled by, 13; and responsible government, 23. See also Ninety-Two Resolutions; Papineau; Nelson; Rebellion Losses Bill. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada; Kingsford, History of Canada; Carrier, Les Evénéments de 1837-1838; David, Les Patriotes de 1837; Globensky, La Rebellion de 1837; Theller, Canada in 1837-38.

Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada. Almost the exact counterpart of the revolt in the lower province. The leaders here were William Lyon Mackenzie, Samuel Lount, Van Egmond, and Rolph. The plan was to march upon Toronto, seize the city, and proclaim a republic. This was early in December. On the night of the 5th, the insurgents marched on the city, were met on the outskirts by a small body of Loyalists, and ignominiously fled. The following day, having gained reinforcements, they made a stand at Montgomery's tavern, and were completely routed by the militia under MacNab. Mackenzie, Lount, and Rolph made their escape. Lount was afterwards captured, tried, and hanged. Spasmodic efforts were made in this and the following years, with the aid of American sympathizers, to keep the Rebellion alive, but the movement had no serious support in Canada, and in every case ended in disaster to the rebels. Index: Mc Excuses for, 12; history of, 12-13; Globe justifies, 13; J. S. Willison's view, 14; Lord Durham on the power of rebellion, 14, 15; Lord Dalling and Bulwer on, 15, 16; Goldwin Smith's view, 18, 27; how far justified, 23, 24; Edward Blake on, 26-27; Chamberlain's view of, 28-30; Laurier's view of, 30, 31; "first low murmur of insurrection," 300. B Attributed by Durham to ascendancy of Family Compact, 11. MS Responsibility of Family Compact, 242; Hudson's Bay Company influence supports government, 242. BL Mackenzie's and Rolph's connection with, 43-45; Van Egmond leads rebel forces, 43; attack planned at Toronto, 43; rebels gather at Montgomery's tavern, 43; and are dispersed by loyal troops under MacNab, 44; Baldwin's and Lount's connection with, 44-45; general pardon, 287-288. E Its causes, 17, 18-21; the Sherwoods and Sir Allan MacNab take a conspicuous part in suppressing, 31; aftermath of, 62-63; contrasted with disturbances of 1849, 75-76; spirit of its leaders, 91-92. R Mentioned, 113, 143. Md Militia and volunteers called out, 7; John A. Macdonald serves at Toronto, 7; trial of Von Schoultz, 8-9; passions kindled by, 13; and responsible government, 23. See also W. L. Mackenzie; Rolph; Lount; Grievances. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion; Head, Narrative; King, Other Side of the Story; Ryerson, Affairs of the Canadas; Glenelg, Despatches to Sir F. B. Head; Read, Rebellion of 1837; Lizars, Humours of '37.

Reciprocity. Efforts were made from time to time by Canada, between the years 1847 and 1854, to secure the free admission of goods between Canada and the United States, but without success until the latter year, when Lord Elgin negotiated a treaty. It came into force in 1855, and was abrogated in 1866, at the instance of the United States. The renewal of the treaty was urged by Canada in 1866, 1869, 1871, 1874, 1879, 1887, 1892, and 1896, but in every instance the American authorities failed to respond. Index: B Advocated by Elgin, 37; the treaty and its abrogation, 148; George Brown's interest in, 192; Lincoln believed to be favourable to, 192; Brown urges action, but nothing done, 192-193; confederate council on, authorized, 192; Galt and Howland at Washington, 193; reciprocal legislation suggested by Seward, 193; Galt outlines scheme, 193; Brown objects to terms and plan of reciprocal legislation as against interests of Canada, 194; Brown's resentment at being set aside in the formation of the confederate council, and his objection to reciprocal legislation, lead to his resignation, 195; his attitude towards proposed renewal of treaty of 1854, 223-224; failure of negotiations of 1866, 224; changing attitude in Canada on subject, 224-225; Canadian offers of 1869 and 1871 rejected, 225; the Brown treaty of 1874—history of the negotiations, 225-233; a treaty suggested by Mr. Rothery as compensation for fisheries, 226; Brown sent on mission to Washington, 226; joint plenipotentiary with Sir Edward Thornton for negotiation of treaty, 226; terms of the proposed treaty, 227-228; Brown corrects American ignorance as to balance of trade under old treaty, 228-230; and carries on active propaganda in American newspapers, 230; treaty rejected by the United States Senate, 231; objections urged against treaty in Canada, 231-232. BL Advocated by Hincks, 1849, 302; movement for, with United States and Maritime Provinces, 338. H Halifax Convention, 1849, affirms principle of reciprocity with United States, 115-116. E Treaty urged by Elgin, 82; supported by La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 101; Elgin negotiates treaty, 124; ratified by MacNab-Morin government, 142; history of the treaty, 196-202. Md Treaty negotiated by Elgin in 1854, 45, 98; speech by Howe in 1865, favouring renewal of, 99; ended in 1866, 166, 215-216. T Discussed in New Brunswick Assembly, 28; treaty arranged, 29; ratified in New Brunswick, 30; bill passed, 33. See also Elgin; Unrestricted Reciprocity; Commercial Union; Zollverein. Bib.: Derby, Report upon the Treaty of Reciprocity; Griffin, The Provinces and the States; Howe, The Reciprocity Treaty; Haliburton, American Protection and Canadian Reciprocity.

Récollets. A branch of the Franciscan order. First came to Canada in 1615, at the request of Champlain, and under the authority of Pope Paul V. The same year they built a convent at Quebec. Of the four members of the order who came out in 1615, Le Caron was assigned to the Huron mission; Dolbeau to the Montagnais; and Jamay and Du Plessis remained at Quebec. Among later members of the order, Sagard and Le Clerc became famous as the historians of their missions in New France. Index: F Brought out by Champlain, 13; difficulties encountered by, 16; not allowed to return to Canada after restoration to France, 25; permitted to return, 1668, 72; favoured by Frontenac and La Salle, 162; offer to serve the parishes without any fixed provision for their support, 165; not greatly esteemed by the bishop, 165; missions, 166. Dr Their churches at Montreal and Quebec used by Anglicans, 241, 242. L Recommend adoption of St. Joseph as patron saint of Canada, 87; desire ecclesiastical independence of Louisiana, 208; through Talon's influence, return to Canada, 109; the pope's letter to Laval in regard to, 110; four missions assigned to them, 111; surprised at their kind treatment by Laval, 111; welcomed by the people, 111, 112; build a monastery in the Upper Town of Quebec, 112; take sides with Frontenac against Intendant Duchesneau, 112; their convent of Notre Dame des Anges reopened, 236. Ch Consent to come to Canada, as missionaries, 83; papal brief defining their powers, 84; their activity, 94; their mission a failure, 113; authorized to build a convent, 116; disagree with Huguenots, 150; lodge Jesuits on their arrival at Quebec, 153; abandon Huron mission, 167; had chapel at Cap Tourmente, 171; refuse assistance in general distress, 180; the Kirkes promise protection to, 190; hide the ornaments of their church, 196; embark for France, 206; do not return to Canada after restoration of the colony to France, 225. Hd Recommended by Gage, 48; their house pronounced unsatisfactory as a prison, 187; steeple of chapel destroyed by storm, 222; Du Calvet imprisoned in house of, 286, 289. Bib.: Le Clerc, First Establishment of the Faith in New France, trans. by Shea; Sagard, Histoire du Canada; Parkman, Pioneers of France, Old Régime, and Frontenac.

Red River. Sometimes called Red River of the North, to distinguish it from the Red River of Texas. The name is supposed to have been derived from the colour of its waters, heavily impregnated with clay. It was discovered by La Vérendrye in 1733, and explored as far as the mouth of the Assiniboine in that year. The river rises in North Dakota, and enters Lake Winnipeg after a course of 545 miles. Bib.: Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada; Hind, Canadian Red River and Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Expeditions.

Red River Colony. Also known as the Red River Settlement; Selkirk Colony; Assiniboia, etc. Founded by the Earl of Selkirk (q.v.), in 1811. The first party of colonists from Scotland reached York Factory that year, under the leadership of Miles Macdonell, and arrived at the Red River in 1812. A second party was sent out in 1812, reaching Red River in 1813. In that same year a third party sailed from the Orkneys, reaching their destination in 1814; and in 1815 a still larger party, in charge of Robert Semple, sailed for Hudson Bay and reached Red River the same year. The colonists suffered great privations for the first few years, and were constantly harassed by the fur traders of the North West Company. This petty warfare culminated in the Seven Oaks affair, in which Governor Semple lost his life. After the union of the two fur Companies, in 1821, the colony entered upon a period of comparative peace and prosperity; and eventually became, in 1870, part of the province of Manitoba. Index: MS The settlers sail from Stornoway, in the Hebrides, 151; the voyage to Hudson Bay, 152; settlers land at York Factory, 153; and winter there, 154; set out for Red River, June 1, 1812, 155; the first winter on the Red River, 157; the encampment at Pembina, 158; return to the Forks, 158; buildings erected a mile north of Fort Gibraltar, 159; second party of colonists sail from Stornoway, 159; ship-fever breaks out, 159; reach Red River, 1813, 159; first attempts at agriculture, 160; opposition of North West Company, 161-164; winter again at Pembina, 161-162; third party of settlers arrive, 1814, 163; a number of colonists abandon the Red River and settle in Upper Canada, 163; the remainder are driven north by the half-breeds and settle at Jack River, 163; brought back by Colin Robertson, 165; Robert Semple brings out party of Highlanders, 164; beginnings of education and religion, 165-166; Miles Macdonell's proclamation, 169; retaliatory measures of North West Company, 172-176; again winter at Fort Daer (Pembina), 178; Fort Gibraltar captured and dismantled, 178-179; Seven Oaks affair, 180-181; surrender of Fort Douglas, 182; Selkirk comes to the rescue, 191; brings back the settlers, 191; surveys ordered, roads and bridges built, 192; Commissioner Coltman sent to Red River, 195; his investigation, 196; Coltman returns to Quebec, 196; his report, 196; trial of Charles Rimhart, 197; Hudson's Bay Company relieves Selkirk's heirs of the responsibility of maintaining the colony, 222; agricultural experiments, 222; Adam Thorn appointed recorder, 245; stirs up trouble, 246-247; local governor appointed, 247; arrival of Bishop Anderson, 1849, 270; Simpson's evidence on conditions in the colony, 273-278; population, 1870, 286. B Isbister's work on behalf of, 212; deputation from, in England, 212; George Brown's interest in, 212-213. Md Plague of grasshoppers in, in 1868, 155; had population of about ten thousand persons at Confederation, 157. See also Selkirk; Assiniboia. Bib.: Bryce, Romantic History of Lord Selkirk's Colonists; Begg, Creation of Manitoba; Hargrave, Red River; Ross, Red River Settlement; Bell, The Selkirk Settlement; MacBeth, The Selkirk Settlers in Real Life; Selkirk, Statement Respecting the Settlement upon the Red River; Narrative of Occurrences in the Indian Countries.

Red River Rebellion. See Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870.

Redistribution Bill. Md Bill brought in by Macdonald in 1882, to adjust representation in House, 273; Blake on, 274; description of, 274; Globe on, 275; unfairness of, 275-276; effect of, on election, 276.

Redpath, Peter (1821-1894). Born in Montreal. Educated at St. Paul's School there; engaged in business in his native town. Took a deep interest in the improvement of Montreal and of its public institutions, and particularly McGill University, of whose governing board he was a member from 1864 to his death. Besides many minor donations to the University, gave $20,000 in 1871 to found a chair of mathematics, $140,000 for a museum in 1881, and $135,000 for a library building, besides an endowment of $100,000 for the library fund, and $30,000 for the museum fund. Removed to England in 1880, where he made his home in the old manor house of Chislehurst. Mrs. Redpath made further donations of $85,000 to the library. Index: E Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81. Bib.: Dawson, Peter Redpath, Governor and Benefactor of McGill University.

Reed, Joseph. T Deserts his party in New Brunswick, 18.

Reform Alliance. Mc Objects of, 495; Mackenzie attacks, 496; death of, 497.

Reform Association. BL Founded in Toronto, with branches throughout Canada, in 1844, 221; organizes series of public meetings to oppose Metcalfe, 221; meeting at Toronto, 238; series of "tracts for the people," 238.

Reform, Parliamentary. Sy Question of, in Britain, 25, 28, 32.

Reform Party. B Fight for responsible government, against Metcalfe, 21; under wise leadership of Baldwin and La Fontaine, 24; Convention of 1857 recommends representation by population, free trade, uniform legislation for two provinces, and annexation of North-West Territories, 131, 217; Convention of 1859 considers relations of Upper and Lower Canada, 133-134; arguments for and against Confederation, 135-138; leaders of, consulted by George Brown as to Confederation, and the coalition Cabinet, 156-157; inadequately represented in government, 159; Convention of 1867, 208; against continuance of coalition ministry, 208-209; disintegration of, hastened by retirement of Baldwin and La Fontaine, 262. Sy Its support of the policy of union of the provinces acknowledged by Sydenham, 213. See also Liberal Party.

Regale. L Dispute respecting, between Louis XIV and Pope Clement, 184, 201.

Regina. Capital of the province of Saskatchewan, and formerly of the North-West Territories. Founded in 1882, and named by the Marquis of Lorne (now Duke of Argyll), after Queen Victoria. It is the headquarters of the Royal North-West Mounted Police. Bib.: Powers, History of Regina: its Foundation and Growth.

Regiopolis College. Established at Kingston. Index: BL Established by Roman Catholics, 194. R Incorporated March 4, 1837, 147.

Registration. S Of deeds in Upper Canada, system introduced, 94, 102. Sy Of titles in Lower Canada, ordinance providing for, passed by Special Council, 278, 279.

Reid, Stuart J. Mc On colonial government, 2; on Lord Durham, 7; on the Duke of Wellington, 17; on authorship of Durham's Report, 82, 83. Bib.: Life and Letters of Durham; Lord John Russell.

Renaud. C Demands disallowance of New Brunswick Act abolishing separate schools, 73.

Repentigny. On the St. Lawrence, north bank. F Band of Iroquois surprised and destroyed at, 308.

Repentigny, Captain de. WM With Canadians, guards fords of Montmorency, 112; drives British force back to their camp, 129; ordered with his reserve, with Indians, to the city, 161; commands Canadian sharpshooters, in battle of Ste. Foy, 259.

Representation Bill, 1853. E Sir John Macdonald's view on, 132-133.

Representation by Population. B Advocated by George Brown, 71, 75, 82, 142; principle defined, 82-83; movement for, 83-84; demanded by Upper Canada Reformers, 125; conceded at Confederation to Ontario, 127; growth in sentiment for, 142. Md Not an issue in 1844, 14; difficulty caused by working out of Act of Union, 70; Lord Durham on, 71; George Brown's solution of difficulty, 71-72; Macdonald becomes less opposed to, 89; solution of problem, 112-113; settled by British North America Act, 141. T Movement for, in Upper Canada, 67-68.

Representative Government. Dr Little interest felt in, by French-Canadians, 61; mentioned in their petition to the king, 61. See also Responsible government.

Representative Institutions. F Complete absence of, in New France, 131-132.

Responsible Government. The period of responsible government in Canada dates from the union of 1841; in Nova Scotia, from 1848; in New Brunswick, the same year; in Prince Edward Island, 1851. The agitation for responsible government, from its very nature, cannot be limited to an exact period. It was a gradual growth, whose roots ran back almost to the beginning of the period of British rule in Canada. The Quebec Act of 1774, the Constitutional Act of 1791, the Ninety-Two Resolutions of 1834, the Rebellion of 1837, and Durham's Report, were mile-stones on the road to responsible government. Index: Mc Rattray on, 5, 6; Lord John Russell on, 19, 20; resolution refusing, passed by Imperial House, 20; Lord Glenelg opposes, 21; Erskine May's review, 21; Bond Head on, 22; Lord Durham justified in demanding, 61, 67-69; the "true remedy," 61, 63; Durham's Report favours, 81; Mackenzie urges, 81; Mackenzie advocates, 148, 166, 177, 244, 279; Seventh Report on Grievances, 273; Lord Glenelg on, 279-286; Lord Russell opposes, 325; comes at last, 409; May on value of, 490. Md Its principles accepted in Act of Union in 1840, 17, 22; established under Elgin, 32-33; principles of, outlined by Lord Grey in despatch to Sir John Harvey, 47-50. W History of movement for, in New Brunswick, 99-130. Sy Effects of its introduction foreseen, 81; not fully understood, 82, 107; idea opposed in reports of committees of both Houses of Upper Canada Legislature, 100-103; Sydenham's great tact in dealing with question of, 104; limited views of its more ardent advocates, 105, 230; open to theoretical objections, 105-107; advocated by Hincks and Howe, 107; problem not theoretically solved, 108; responsible government favoured by French-Canadians, 117; opposed by English element in Lower Canada, 117; favoured by Reform party in Upper Canada, 117; agitation on subject of, 124; Sir George Arthur opposes, 125; inhabitants of Gore district pass resolutions in favour of, 125; Lord John Russell's despatch on the subject, 169-172; misunderstood by Conservatives and Reformers alike, 172, 173, 219, 230; absence of, in Canada, 175, 176; Russell's despatch on tenure of office brings it nearer, 184; the sole issue on which Reformers were united, 185; could be introduced only gradually, 189; not clearly defined in Durham's Report, 223; Sydenham's view of, 224; excitement on the subject diminishing, 225; unity in the Cabinet a necessary condition of, 227-229; question of, in Nova Scotia, 257-264; French-Canadians indifferent to, 305; appreciation of, in Upper Canada, 305; resolutions on, adopted by Legislative Assembly, 310, 311. B Explained in the Banner, 9; Durham's remedy for political unrest, 12; withheld by Metcalfe, 20-25; introduced by Elgin, 33, 35; Hincks's and Morin's services in cause of, 67; George Brown's views on, 67. C La Fontaine's fight for, 97; Lord Elgin's good work for, 98. H Fight for, in Nova Scotia, 18-19, 30-31; only partially conceded by Union Act of 1841, 53; triumph of, in Nova Scotia, 111; in Canada, 111; Sir John Harvey on, 112-113; Joseph Howe's fight for. See Howe. BL Baldwin's "one idea," ix; the corner-stone of the British Imperial system, ix; evolution of, in Canada, ix; impossible in early days of British rule, 1-2; Head calls it the "smooth-faced insidious doctrine," 38; the desire for, at the root of both constitutional and armed movements in Canada, 52; recommended by Durham, 56-58; advocated by Hincks in the Examiner, 58; Union Bill identified with, by Reformers of Upper Canada, 61; Sydenham's views on, 64-67; favoured by La Fontaine, 70; discussion on, in Legislature of 1841, 90-95; the Baldwin resolutions, 108-110; history of, 137-143. See also Brown, George; Howe, Joseph; Baldwin, Robert; Hincks, Sir Francis; La Fontaine, Sir L. H.; Elgin, Earl of; Head, Sir F. B.; Sydenham; Metcalfe; Bagot; Durham; Stanley; Papineau, L. J.; Cartier, Sir G. E.; Ninety-Two Resolutions; Twelve Resolutions; Representative government; Constitutional Act, 1791; Union Act, 1840; British North America Act, 1867; Mackenzie, W. L.; Union of 1840. Bib.: Bourinot, Constitutional History of Canada; Shortt and Doughty, Constitutional Documents of Canada; Egerton and Grant, Canadian Constitutional Documents; Dent, Last Forty Years; Durham, Report; Kingsford, History of Canada.

Revenue. Mc Casual and territorial, how derived and appropriated, 54-55; subject of contention, 55. Sy Control of, contended for by provincial Assemblies, 84; division of, between Upper and Lower Canada, gives rise to dispute, 93. W Disputes over disposition of, in New Brunswick, 16-30, 35-39, 44-47, 92.

Revue Canadienne. Established in Montreal, in 1865. This important French-Canadian magazine contains an immense amount of valuable material bearing on the history and literature of Quebec. Its contributors have embraced most of the ablest writers of the province during the past half century.

Reye, Pierre. Ch Sides with the Kirkes, 194; his character bad, 204.

Rhéaume, Colonel. WM Killed in battle of Ste. Foy, 264.

Rhodes, Cecil John (1853-1902). Born at Bishop Stortford, England. Educated at Oxford. Went to South Africa, 1871, and made a fortune in the diamond mines. Entered the Assembly of Cape Colony, 1881, and became a member of the Executive Council, 1884, as treasurer-general. Appointed deputy-commissioner of Bechuana Land, 1884. Organized the British South Africa Company, 1889. Premier of Cape Colony, 1890-1896. Left the greater part of his fortune for the establishment of scholarships at Oxford University, open to university students in each of the British colonies, the United States, and Germany. Index: Md Letter from, to Macdonald suggesting Imperial preferential trade, 343; makes same suggestion to Sir Henry Parkes of Australia, 343. Bib.: Hensman, Cecil Rhodes: a Study of a Career; Scholz, Oxford and the Rhodes Scholarships.

Riall, Sir Phineas. Entered the army, 1794; lieutenant-colonel, 1806; saw service in the West Indies. In 1813 attained the rank of major-general and ordered to Canada. Took part in the contest on the Niagara frontier; in command of the British troops at the battle of Chippawa. Appointed governor of Grenada, 1816; lieutenant-general, 1825; knighted, 1833; general, 1841. Died at Paris, 1851. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.

Rice, Spring. See Monteagle, Lord.

Richard, Father. Ch Jesuit, in charge of mission at Miscou and afterwards at Chedabucto, 235, 237.

Richards, Sir William Buell (1815-1889). Born in Brockville, Ontario. Studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1837. Elected a member of the Upper Canada Assembly, 1848; appointed to the Executive Council, 1851; Q.C., 1850; puisne judge of the Court of Common Pleas, 1853; chief-justice of that Court, 1863; chief-justice of Ontario, 1868; arbitrator for Ontario on the commission to delimit the north-western boundary of the province, 1874; chief-justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1875; knighted, 1878; awarded the confederation medal, 1885. Index: E Returned in 1848, 50; attorney-general of Upper Canada, in Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; elevated to the bench, 126; first chief-justice of Supreme Court of Canada, 128. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.

Richardson, James (1791-1875). Entered the provincial marine, 1809, and served through the War of 1812. Entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1824. Became editor of the Christian Guardian, 1832, and secretary of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1837. Consecrated bishop, 1858. Index: B Asked to enter religious controversy in Upper Canada, 68; elected editor of Christian Guardian, 94; in the internal troubles among the Methodists, 105. Bib.: Webster, Life of Rev. James Richardson; Dent, Can. Por.

Richardson, John (1796-1852). Born near Niagara Falls, Ontario. In 1812 served during the war in the Canadian militia; at the battle of the Thames taken prisoner; released; and afterwards entered the British army. Index: BL Cited on Baldwin, 64; quoted on Hincks, 105; on Bagot, 153. Bk His War of 1812 quoted, 236; describes encounter at Maguaga, 238-242; describes attack on Detroit, 252, 254. Bib.: Works: War of 1812, 1842; new ed., edited by Casselman, 1902; Wacousta; Ecarté; The Canadian Brothers. For biog., see Dict. Nat. Biog. See also introduction to War of 1812, ed. by Casselman.

Richardson, Sir John (1787-1865). Born in Dumfries, Scotland. Educated at Edinburgh University. In 1807 entered the navy as assistant surgeon, and took part in the attack on Copenhagen. In 1816 obtained the degree of M.D. from Edinburgh; and in 1819 appointed surgeon and naturalist in Franklin's Arctic expedition, spending the winter of that year in the Saskatchewan district. In 1821 the party reached Fort Providence, and in October, 1822, returned to England. In 1825 accompanied Franklin on his second expedition to the north. In 1838 appointed physician to the Royal Hospital at Haslar; in 1840 inspector of hospitals; and in 1846 knighted. Placed in command of an expedition sent to search for Franklin in 1848, but returned to England without finding any trace of the explorer. Bib.: Works: Arctic Searching Expedition; Fauna Boreali Americana. For biog., see Dict. Nat. Biog.

Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, Duc de (1585-1642). Born in France. In 1607 bishop of Luçon; entered politics, and in 1616 secretary of state for war and foreign affairs. In 1622 created cardinal; in 1624 councillor of state, and from that time till his death practically dictator of France. The founder of the French Academy. Index: E Introduces modified form of feudal system into Canada, 175. L Provides for maintenance of missionaries, 4; strong measures of, to strengthen royal power, 18. F Creates Company of New France, 19. Ch Founder of the Company of New France, 168; heads list of members, 170. Bib.: Correspondence and State Papers, 1853-1877. See lives or political biographies by Hanotaux, Dussieux, Fagniez, Lodge.

Richelieu District. In the Province of Quebec. Index: Dr Parishes in, show marked sympathy with Americans, 89.

Richelieu Islands. Near mouth of Richelieu River. Index: Ch A trading place, 120, 245.

Richelieu River. Rises in Bennington county, Vermont, and flows into the St. Lawrence, after a course of 210 miles. Discovered by Champlain in 1609, who in that year ascended the river to Lake Champlain. It was at first known as the Rivière des Iroquois, and has at different times borne the names of Chambly, St. Louis, and Sorel. Index: F Highway to Iroquois country, 9; fort erected at mouth of, 51. C Scenes of patriarchal life along, 118-121. P In Rebellion of 1837, 128-134. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France; White, Atlas of Canada.

Richer, Jean. Ch Interpreter, 144.

Richibucto. Ch Jesuit mission at, 234.

Richmond, Charles Lennox, third Duke of (1735-1806). Graduated at Leyden, 1753; entered the army, and distinguished himself at Minden, 1759; ambassador at Paris, 1765; secretary of state, 1766-1767; member of Pitt's Cabinet, 1783. Index: Dr Carleton appointed as preceptor to, 30. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Richmond, Charles Lennox, fourth Duke of (1764-1819). Entered Parliament, 1790; privy councillor, 1807; lord lieutenant of Ireland, 1807-1813; governor-general of British North America, 1818-1819. Died near Richmond, Upper Canada. Index: E An unsuccessful governor, 2; his death at Richmond, 2. P Quiet rule of, 39. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Kingsford, History of Canada.

Rickson, Lieutenant-Colonel. WM Wolfe's letter to, 72.

Riddell, Robert. BL Defeats Hincks in Oxford, 1844, 253; Hincks's petition against his election refused, 253.

Rideau Canal. Built in 1826-1832, by Colonel John By, with several companies of Royal Engineers. The first boat went through the canal in May, 1832, from Bytown (Ottawa) to Kingston. The project arose out of the War of 1812, and was mainly a military work, designed to afford a secure route for gunboats and military supplies between Montreal and the Great Lakes. This, with the other canals then built, remained under the control of the Imperial government until 1853. It was then handed over to the government of Upper Canada. In 1867 it came under the control of the Dominion government. Index: E Its origin as a military work, and importance to Upper Canada, 98. BL Its importance from a military point of view, 74. Bib.: Billings, The Rideau Canal (Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa Trans., vol. 2).

Ridout, George. Mc Dismissed by Head, 306.

Ridout, Thomas. A United Empire Loyalist. Came to Canada in 1780; became registrar of York; and subsequently surveyor-general of Upper Canada. Index: R Surveyor-general, and member of Board of Education, 58. Bk On administrative energy of Brock, 168. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Edgar, Ten Years of Upper Canada.

Ridout, Thomas G. (1792-1861). Born near Sorel. Removed with his family to Niagara, and later to York. At the age of nineteen appointed deputy assistant commissary-general. Resigning this office, became cashier of the Bank of Upper Canada, which position he held until his death. Index: Bk Letter from, describing condition of affairs in England in 1811, 167; on the political situation in England in 1812, 192-193. Bib.: Edgar, Ten Years of Upper Canada.

Riedesel, Frederica Charlotte Louisa (1746-1808). Wife of Baron Friedrich Adolph Riedesel; born in Bradenburg, Germany. Educated in Berlin. In 1777 accompanied her husband to Canada and was with him through the Burgoyne campaign, acting as nurse during the war. Index: Dr Her journal, 145, 159. Hd Her Canadian diary, 219-220, 239, 240, 299-304, 345.

Riedesel, Friedrich Adolph, Baron (1738-1800). German officer. Born in Rhine-Hesse. Educated at Marburg. Served on the staff of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick in the Seven Years' War, and took part in the battle of Minden. In 1776 attached to the British forces in North America, and while in Quebec organized his troops to meet colonial methods of fighting. Took part in the capture of Ticonderoga, and in the defeat of the Americans at Hubbardton. In 1777 taken prisoner at Saratoga, and exchanged in 1779. Returned to Germany, 1783, and promoted lieutenant-general, 1787. Commandant of the city of Brunswick, 1794. Index: Dr Commands German troops, 145; joins Burgoyne at St. Johns, 147; his regret at Carleton's being superseded in military command, 174. Hd Commands German troops, 114; his description of Canada and Canadians, 114-116, 239-240; personal friend of Haldimand, 296, 297, 299, 302; on Washington's methods, 298. Bib.: Bradley, The Making of Canada; History of Canada. See also Haldimand.

Riel, Louis (1844-1885). Born in St. Boniface, Manitoba. Educated at the Jesuit College, Montreal. Leader of the Rebellion of 1869-1870; organized a provisional government at Fort Garry, but fled to the United States on the arrival of the punitive force under Wolseley. Returned to Canada in 1884, took command of the rebel forces in Saskatchewan, captured at Batoche, tried, convicted of treason, and hanged. Index: C Leads revolt in North-West, 69; establishes provisional government, 69. Md Sets up provisional government at Fort Garry, 158; puts Thomas Scott to death, 160; his good faith doubted by Macdonald, 160; Cartier's plan of a full amnesty and a new provincial government, 162; decamps on arrival of Wolseley, 162; long the storm centre of Canadian politics, 162; elected to Parliament, 1874, but expelled and outlawed, 162; invited by half-breeds to return to Canada, 241; leads Rebellion of 1885, 242; captured and hanged, 242; excitement in Quebec, 243-244; his execution debated in Parliament, 280. Bib.: The Queen vs. Louis Riel; Louis Riel, Martyr du Nord-Ouest; Begg, History of the North-West; Morice, Dict. See also Riel Rebellion.

Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870. The territorial rights of the Hudson's Bay Company having been transferred to Canada, a surveying party under Colonel Dennis was sent out to Red River in 1869, and the same year William Macdougall was appointed lieutenant-governor of Rupert's Land, and instructed to proceed to Fort Garry and assume control. The French half-breeds, alarmed at these proceedings, which they thought menaced the rights to their lands, turned back the surveying parties, and prevented Macdougall from crossing the boundary. They formed themselves into a provisional government, of which Louis Riel was secretary, and later was elected president. Riel published a "Bill of Rights," and seized Fort Garry. An ill-judged attempt on the part of some of the loyal settlers to compel the release of certain prisoners failed, and the leader, Major Boulton, with Thomas Scott and others, was captured. Boulton was released, but Riel caused Scott to be shot. Intense indignation throughout Canada was aroused by this act, and the government at once organized an expeditionary force, under Colonel Wolseley. The force proceeded by way of the lakes, and the Dawson route from Fort William to Lake Winnipeg. Wolseley reached Fort Garry on Aug. 24, 1870, to find that Riel, with his lieutenants Lepine and O'Donoghue, had fled across the border. Riel was subsequently outlawed. Index: C Its causes, 69. H Joseph Howe's official connection with, 227-228. See also Riel. Bib.: Huyshe, Red River Expedition; Boulton, Reminiscences of the North-West Rebellions; Bryce, Manitoba; McArthur, Causes of the Rising in Red River Settlement (Man. Hist. and Sc. Soc., 1882); Denison, Reminiscences of the Rebellion of 1869 and Soldiering in Canada.

Riel Rebellion, 1885. The land question, which had given rise to the Red River Rebellion of 1869-1870, was also responsible for the Saskatchewan Rebellion of 1885. The government had neglected to issue patents to the half-breeds on the Saskatchewan, and they became convinced that their lands would be taken from them. Riel was sent for, and an agitation worked up, at first along peaceful lines, but rapidly moving towards violence. Riel finally threw discretion to the winds, and deliberately inflamed not only the half-breeds, but also the western tribes. A small detachment of Mounted Police and volunteers was attacked at Duck Lake, and the government at Ottawa, hitherto indifferent, awoke to the seriousness of the situation. A force was organized, and sent west under General Middleton. Middleton divided his force into three columns; one under General Strange, to operate against Big Bear in the neighbourhood of Edmonton; the second under Colonel Otter, to relieve Battleford, which was threatened by Poundmaker; and the third, of which he himself took command, to relieve Prince Albert. Middleton met the rebels at Fish Creek, and experienced a stubborn resistance, but drove them back to Batoche. Here Riel and his men held the troops at bay for three days, but were finally routed and scattered. Meanwhile Otter had encountered Poundmaker at Cut Knife Creek, and after a desperate fight had been forced to retreat. In the far west, Strange had a similar experience with Big Bear, but finally drove him to the north. Big Bear gave himself up; Poundmaker and Riel were captured, and the latter paid the penalty of his crimes on the scaffold. Index: See also Riel. Bib.: Boulton, Reminiscences of the North-West Rebellions; Report upon the Suppression of the Rebellion in the North-West; Denison, Soldiering in Canada.

Ripon, Frederick John Robinson, Earl of (1782-1859). Born in London. Educated at Harrow and Cambridge. In 1806 entered Parliament; in 1809 appointed under-secretary for the colonies; in 1810 lord of the Admiralty; in 1812 a member of the Privy Council; and paymaster-general of the forces, 1813-1817. Appointed chancellor of the exchequer, 1823, and introduced various fiscal reforms. In 1827 created Viscount Goderich; and became leader of the House of Lords and prime minister on the death of Canning. Subsequently filled the portfolios of war, the privy seal, the Board of Trade, and Indian affairs. In 1836 created Earl of Ripon. Index: Mc Colonial secretary, 1832, 221; inquires into Upper Canada Reformers' grievances, 223, 224; offers Mackenzie the post-office department, 225; deprecates civil war, 226; replies to Mackenzie, 227; relieves religious bodies as to taking oath, 227; stops free gifts of public lands, 227; decides that British subjects not to be disqualified from voting, 228; promotes extension of education, 228; orders account of public moneys, 228; suggests retirement of ecclesiastics as legislative councillors, 229; reduces cost of elections, 229; favours independent judiciary, 229; differs from Mackenzie, 230; Family Compact incensed at, 230; dismisses Hagerman and Boulton, 231, 232; resigns, 235; disallows Bank Acts, 237. Sy Resigns, 16. BL His despatch to the colony of Upper Canada, 15; petition and correspondence as to affairs in Upper Canada, 30. P Offers Papineau and his friends control of revenue in exchange for a civil list, 76-79. W Views on crown lands, New Brunswick, 23. Sy Liberal statesman, 15; becomes prime minister as Lord Goderich, 16; resigns, 16. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Ripon, George Frederick Samuel Robinson, first Marquess (1827- ). Succeeded his father as Earl of Ripon, 1859, and his uncle as Earl de Grey the same year. Created marquis, 1871. Has been secretary of state for war, India, the colonies, lord president of the Council, and first lord of the Admiralty. Viceroy of India, 1880-1884. Index: B Explains proposed scheme of defence for Canada, 184; on committee as to Confederation and defence, 186. Bib.: Who's Who.

Ritchie, Sir William Johnstone (1813-1892). Born in Annapolis, Nova Scotia. Educated at Pictou Academy, Nova Scotia. In 1838 called to the bar of New Brunswick; in 1846-1851 member for St. John in the Legislative Assembly, and in 1854-1855 appointed to the Executive Council. In 1855 became puisne judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick; in 1865 chief-justice of New Brunswick; and in 1875 puisne judge of the Supreme Court of Canada. Appointed chief-justice of Canada, 1879; knighted, 1881. Index: T Elected for St. John County, 10, 12-13; afterwards chief-justice of Canada, 13; moves amendment to address, 18; condemns the government, 22; resigns his seat, 24; returned for St. John County, 30; and surveyor-general question, 33; made chief-justice, New Brunswick, 94. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.

Rivière aux Raisins. S Boundary of territory dependent on Detroit during British occupation, 145.

Rivière Ouelle. South shore of St. Lawrence, below Quebec. Index: F Alleged repulse of party of New Englanders at, 291.

Roads. BL Government makes provision for, in 1841, 98-99; winter roads at Quebec, 146-147. See also Yonge Street; Dundas Street; Baldoon Road.

Roberts, Captain. Bk Commands on Island of St. Joseph, 202, 210; instructed by Brock to capture Michilimackinac, 205; contrary order from Prévost, 210; acts on Brock's order and captures fort, 210, 211, 227.

Robertson. T Anti-Confederate candidate in St. John County, 109.

Robertson, Colin. MS Brings Selkirk settlers back to Red River, 165, 177; captures Fort Gibraltar, 178; takes Duncan Cameron to York Factory, 178; tried at Montreal, 198; his character, 220. See also Red River Colony. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West.

Robertson, James (1839-1902). Born in Scotland. Removed to Canada and educated at the University of Toronto, Union Theological Seminary, New York, and Princeton University. Ordained to the ministry of the Presbyterian Church, 1869; settled at Winnipeg as pastor of Knox Church, 1874. Appointed superintendent of western missions of the Presbyterian Church, 1881. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Gordon, Life of James Robertson.

Robertson, Thomas Jaffray. R First principal of Toronto Normal School, 173; his methods and influence, 173-174; inspector of schools, 253.

Robertson, William. S Appointed member of Legislative Council, but did not come to Canada, 79.

Roberval, Jean François de la Roque, Sieur de. A gentleman of Picardy, born about the year 1500. By a commission dated Jan. 15, 1541, Francis I gave him the command of the expedition planned by Jacques Cartier, and made him his viceroy and lieutenant-general in the new lands discovered by Cartier. The commission granted to the latter in 1540 was revoked, and Cartier sailed as Roberval's lieutenant. Cartier left St. Malo in May, 1541, and Roberval did not follow until April, 1542. His ships entered the harbour of St. John's, Newfoundland, June 8, and there he met Cartier on his way home. Sailing on into the gulf, and up the St. Lawrence, he reached Charlesbourg Royal, where Cartier had wintered, and set his men to work erecting forts and other buildings. Here he wintered; explored the river in the spring; and sailed back to France with his colonists in the autumn of 1543. Despite the failure of his colonizing venture, commissioned by the king in 1544 to rebuild the fortifications of Senlis; and in 1548 made controller of all mines in France. Lost sight of about the year 1560. One story has it that he was murdered in the streets of Paris; and another that he died at sea; but both lack confirmation. There is reason to believe that he died in 1560, or early in 1561. Index: Ch Ravages of scurvy in his expedition, 23. Bib.: Hakluyt, Principall Navigations; Harrisse, Notes sur la Nouvelle France; Dawson, The St. Lawrence Basin; Dionne, Jean-François de la Roche, Seigneur de Roberval (R. S. C., 1899).

Robie, Simon Bradstreet. H Member of Executive Council, Nova Scotia, 1838, 56-57.

Robineau de Becancour, Réné. E His seigniory of Portneuf made a barony, 181.

Robineau de Portneuf, Pierre. Son of Réné Robineau, Baron de Becancour, a lieutenant in the regiment of Robineau de Menneval, 1690. Served in Acadia, 1691. Index: Ch Director of Company of New France, 170.

Robinson, Major. T Makes survey for Intercolonial, 53.

Robinson, Colonel Beverley (1723-1792). Born in Thornbury, England. Entered the army; took part as a major, under Wolfe, in the attack on Quebec, 1759. Opposed the measures that led to the separation of the American colonies from the motherland, but joined the Loyalists when independence was declared; raised the Loyal American Regiment, of which he was colonel, and on several occasions conducted matters on behalf of the Loyalists. At the end of the war came to New Brunswick, and was a member of the first Council of that colony. Index: Hd Of Royal Regiment of New York, his negotiations with Ethan Allen of Vermont, 201-203. Dr Commanded Loyal Americans, 202. W Commands Loyal American Regiment, 3. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Robinson, Frederick John. See Ripon.

Robinson, F. P. W Auditor of king's casual revenue, 34; resigns, 72.

Robinson, John. WM His impression of Wolfe's conversation on night before battle, 179.

Robinson, Sir John Beverley (1791-1863). Educated at Dr. Strachan's school, Kingston; studied law and became acting attorney-general in 1812, before he had been called to the bar. Played a distinguished part as a volunteer during the War of 1812. One of the leading members of the so-called Family Compact; represented York in the Assembly, 1821, and for several years thereafter; appointed chief-justice of Upper Canada, 1829, and the following year nominated Speaker of the Executive Council; upon the union of the provinces in 1841, retired from political life, but retained his office as chief-justice; in 1850 created a baronet of the United Kingdom. Index: Sy Opposes union of the provinces, 211; goes to England in hope of defeating measure, 230. BL His character, 12; pupil of Dr. Baldwin, 24; becomes chief-justice, 31; opposes union of the Canadas, 61; his pamphlet, 62. B His part in movement towards Confederation, 129. E Receives baronetcy, 105. R Member of Board of Education, 58; his connection with university scheme, 153. Bk As acting attorney-general gives opinion on Michigan question, 260; letter of, describing battle of Queenston Heights, 298, 299, 302, 305, 306. Mc Prosecutes Gourlay, 92; reports on union of provinces, 105; denies existence of ministry, 274. Bib.: Canada and the Canada Bill. For biog., see Robinson, Life of Sir John Beverley Robinson, Bart.; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por.; Read, Lives of the Judges; Edgar, Ten Years of Upper Canada.

Robinson, John Beverley (1820-1896). Second son of Sir John Beverley Robinson; born in Toronto. Educated at Upper Canada College; appointed aide-de-camp to Sir Francis Bond Head; saw active service during the Rebellion of 1837. Studied law, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1844. Served as alderman in Toronto for six years; elected mayor, 1857. Elected to the Assembly for one of the divisions of Toronto, 1858; president of the Council in the Macdonald-Cartier administration, 1862. Elected to the House of Commons for Algoma, 1872, and for Toronto West, 1878. Lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1880-1887. Bib.: Read, The Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada; Dent, Can. Por.; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.

Robinson, W. B. BL Brother of Sir J. B. Robinson, appointed inspector-general, 1844, 247; elected in elections of 1844, 252.

Roblin, Rodmond Palen (1853- ). Born in Sophiasburg, Ontario. Educated at Albert College, Belleville. Removed to Manitoba and settled at Carman, 1880. Elected to the Manitoba Assembly for Dufferin, 1888; premier, 1900; also holds offices of minister of agriculture and railway commissioner. Bib.: Canadian Who's Who.

Rochemonteix, Camille. A member of the Society of Jesus. Index: F On the Jesuit Relations, 30. Bib.; Les Jésuites et le Nouvelle France au XVIIe Siècle.

Rockingham, Charles Watson-Wentworth, Marquis of (1730-1782). Born in Yorkshire, England. Educated at Westminster School and St. John's College, Cambridge. In 1746 served as a volunteer against the Jacobites. In 1765 premier of a coalition ministry opposed to royal grants and general warrants; from 1768 to 1781 leader of the opposition in the House of Lords, during which time supported the proposals to grant independence to the American colonies. In 1782 again became prime minister. Throughout his political career upheld the contentions of the American colonists, and opposed to royal encroachments. Index: Dr Forms Cabinet, 192. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Rocky Mountain Fur Company. Founded at St. Louis, in 1822, by William H. Ashley. The field of its operations was the Upper Missouri country. After an adventurous career of twelve years, in which Ashley, Andrew Henry, M. G. Sublette, and other well-known western American traders took a leading part, the company was disbanded at the annual rendezvous in Green River Valley, in the summer of 1834. Index: D Made famous by the enterprise of the trader Ashley, 134; re-establishes commercial communication between United States and Oregon, 134. Bib.: Chittenden, History of the American Fur Trade.

Rocky Mountain Portage. Leads across an elbow of the Peace River, in the mountains, about long. 122°, to avoid a series of dangerous rapids. First used by Alexander Mackenzie in 1793, on his expedition to the Pacific. The North West Company had a trading post here for many years; and one was afterwards maintained by the Hudson's Bay Company, but has long since been abandoned. Index: D Simon Fraser's first post built in 1805, 97. Bib.: Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.

Rocky Mountains. Commence in New Mexico, and extend north to the Arctic coast, west of the Mackenzie River. The highest known peaks in the Canadian Rockies are Mount Brown (16,000 feet) and Mount Hooker (15,690 feet). The general altitude of the range varies from 10,000 to 14,000 feet. The following are the principal passes in Canada: Boundary, 6030 feet above the sea; Kootenay, 5960 feet; Crow's Nest, 4845 feet; Kananaski, 5985 feet; Vermillion, 4947 feet; Kicking Horse, 5420 feet; Howse, 6347 feet; Athabaska, 7300 feet; Yellowhead, 3760 feet; Peace, 2000 feet. Index: WM Discovered by La Vérendrye, 19. D Crossed by Mackenzie, 54; by David Thompson, 58; by Simon Fraser, 59; by Lewis and Clarke, 67. Bib.: White, Atlas of Canada; Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.

Rodier, Édouard. C As an orator, 7; influence on Cartier, 7.

Rodney, George Brydges, Baron (1718-1792). Born in Walton-upon-Thames, England. Educated at Harrow School. Entered the navy; promoted lieutenant, 1739, and captain, 1742. In 1748 appointed governor and commander-in-chief of the station of Newfoundland; in 1759 rear-admiral; in 1761 commander-in-chief of Barbados and the Windward Islands, and captured St. Pierre, Grenada, and St. Lucia; vice-admiral, 1762; made a baronet, 1764; master of Greenwich Hospital, 1765; admiral, 1779. On Jan. 16, 1780, won the battle of St. Vincent. Index: Hd His victory over French and Spanish fleets, 189. Dr His great victory in West Indies, 195. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Roebuck, John Arthur (1801-1879). Born in Madras, India. Brought to Canada at an early age, and educated here. Went to England in 1824 to study law, and called to the bar in 1831. In 1832-1837 member of Parliament for the city of Bath, and in 1835 agent in England for the House of Assembly of Lower Canada. Again member for Bath, 1841-1847, and in 1849-1868 member for Sheffield. In 1855 moved in the House of Commons for a committee of inquiry into the conduct of the Crimean War, and on the resignation of Lord Aberdeen's government, elected chairman of the Sebastopol Committee appointed by Palmerston. In 1856 appointed chairman of the Administrative Reform Association. In 1874 re-elected member for Sheffield, which he represented until his death. Index: BL Correspondence with Papineau and Mackenzie, 229; speech on affairs in Canada, 231, 233; defends Rebellion Losses Bill, 325, 327. B Attacks Metcalfe's policy, 23. W On responsible government, 110. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Rogers, Sir F. See Blachford.

Rogers, Robert (1727-1800). Born at Dunbarton, New Hampshire. In the War of 1755-1760 with the French, commanded Rogers's Rangers and distinguished himself in several engagements. Sent by Amherst in 1759 to destroy the Indian village of St. Francis near the St. Lawrence River. In 1760 took possession of Detroit and other western posts ceded by the French after the fall of Quebec. In 1765 George III appointed him governor of Mackinaw, Mich.; subsequently accused of intriguing with the Spaniards and tried by court-martial in Montreal, but released. Became colonel in the British army in North America, and commanded the Queen's Rangers. In 1777 went to England. Proscribed by the provincial Congress of New Hampshire, 1778. Bib.: Works: Concise Account of North America, 1765; Journals during the Late War, 1765. For biog., see Dict. Nat. Biog.

Rohault, de. F Establishes college for boys at Quebec, 28.

Rolette, Lieutenant. Bk Captures schooner Cayahoga with stores and baggage of General Hull, 218, 243; in command of brig Detroit captured by Americans, 292.

Rollet, Marie. Ch Wife of Louis Hébert, 112, 146.

Rolph, John (1792-1870). Born in Thornbury, England. Emigrated to Canada. Practised as a physician in Toronto, and in 1837 took part in the Rebellion. Connected with Mackenzie in the attempt to capture Toronto. After the collapse of the movement fled to the United States, where he practised for some years. Pardoned and returned to Canada, 1843; settled in Toronto. Joined with Lesslie, Perry, and others in forming the Clear Grit party; founded a medical school in Toronto; commissioner of crown lands in the Hincks-Morin ministry, 1851; resigned from the government, 1854, and joined the opposition; retired from public life, 1857. Index: Mc Defends Judge Willis, 133; moves address, 151; brings Gurnett to bar, 152; appointed executive councillor, 294; resigns, 294; prepares answer to Governor Head, 298; exposes opposition to Mackenzie's petition, 311; prevented from speaking in the House, 319; speech ridiculing Governor Head's exculpation by House, 323; pens "Declaration of Independence," 330; does not sign, 331; to be "sole executive" of Rebellion movement, 350; changes day of rising, 361; meets Mackenzie, 362; accompanies flag of truce, 368; advises Lount to advance, 371; second flag of truce, 371; leaves for the United States, 375; on Navy Island, 413; declines treasurership, 416; amnestied, 474. BL Fight for reform, 13; appointed to Executive Council by Head, 38-39; joint organizer of Rebellion of 1837, with Mackenzie, 43; changes date of rising, 43; sent by Head to the rebels, 44; tells Lount to pay no attention to Head's message, 44-45; his exile and return, a leader of the new Radicalism, 340-341. E One of the leaders of the movement that ended in the Rebellion of 1837, 110; a conspicuous member of the Clear Grit party, 110; invited by Hincks to a seat in Cabinet, 1851, 112; becomes commissioner of crown lands, 113; president of Executive Council, 1863, 126; votes against his colleagues, 136. B A leader of the Clear Grits, 39; plays a leading part in movement for reform before the Rebellion, 39. R Member for Middlesex in Upper Canada Assembly, 65-66. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion and Last Forty Years; Dict. Nat. Biog. See also Rebellion of 1837, Upper Canada.

Roman Catholic Church. The first authentic landmark in the history of the Roman Catholic Church in Canada is the arrival of several Jesuit missionaries in Acadia in 1611. The Récollets first came to Quebec in 1615, and the Jesuits in 1625. In 1657 the Sulpicians arrived in Montreal, and the following year Canada was made a Vicariate Apostolic. The Jesuit missionaries explored the most distant parts of the continent, in labouring among the Indians. Laval, the first vicar-apostolic of New France, arrived in Quebec in 1659. In 1674 Quebec was made a diocese, and Laval became the first bishop. After 1818 Canada was divided into the dioceses of Nova Scotia, Upper Canada, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton, and the North-West. In 1841 the chapter of Montreal was established, and in 1874 the diocese of Quebec was subdivided into eight dioceses. The first cardinal of Canada was Archbishop Taschereau. Index: Sy Its members excluded from certain civil privileges, 63. Dr Attitude of British government towards, 21, 57, 58; full privileges conceded to, by Quebec Act, 64. S Free exercise of religion guaranteed by Constitutional Act, 12. WM Important part played by Roman Catholicism in Quebec, 16. Bk Faithful to British rule, 47. B Relations with George Brown, x, 44-46; 48-49, 61, 121-128; position and political sympathies in Upper Canada, 125. Bib.: O'Leary, Roman Catholic Church in Quebec; Harris, Roman Catholic Church in Ontario; Cameron, Catholic Church in Maritime Provinces in Canada: An Ency., vol. 2.

Rooseboom, Johannes. F Of Albany, carries goods to Lake Indians, 201.

Roquemaure. WM Montcalm's early childhood spent at, 3.

Roquemont, Claude de, Sieur de Brison. Ch Assists in forming Company of New France, 168; comes out in command of ships, 172; encounters English vessels under David Kirke in the St. Lawrence, 173; his conduct criticized, 175.

Rose, Sir John (1820-1888). Born in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Educated there. In 1836 emigrated to Canada, and served during the Rebellion of 1837. Studied law; called to the bar, 1842, and practised in Montreal for several years. A member of the Legislative Assembly, 1857-1861; solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 1857-1858; and commissioner of public works, 1859-1861. Appointed a commissioner for the settlement of claims under the Oregon Treaty, 1864. Minister of finance in first Dominion government. In 1870 sent by the British government on a mission to the United States, which led to the treaty of Washington. Made K.C.M.G., 1870; created a baronet, 1872; privy councillor, 1886; G.C.M.G., 1878. Index: C Goes to England with Cartier and Galt, in connection with Confederation, 57; Montreal banquet to, 92. H Sir John Macdonald asks Joseph Howe to discuss financial terms of Nova Scotia with, 215; confers with Howe and A. W. McLellan at Portland, 223. E Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81. Md Succeeds Galt as finance minister, 136; resigns a year later, 136; letter to, from Macdonald, on Riel, 160-161; also on Washington Treaty, 184-185. T Goes to England with Cartier and Galt, 63; succeeds Galt as minister of finance, 130. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years.

Rosebery, Archibald Philip Primrose, Earl of (1847- ). Born in London. Educated at Eton and Oxford. In 1881-1883 under-secretary for the home office; in 1885 lord privy seal; and later chief commissioner of works; secretary for foreign affairs in Gladstone's administration, 1886 and 1892-1894. Became prime minister, 1894, on the retirement of Gladstone. Index: Md Secretary of state for foreign affairs, 332; his speech at unveiling of bust of Macdonald in St. Paul's Cathedral, 332-333. Bib.: Who's Who.

Rosée, Jean. Ch Director of Company of New France, 170; agent of Company of New France, 244.

Ross, Major. Hd Of the 34th Regiment, devastates large section of country, 157; retakes Oswego, 157. S Leads Queen's Rangers in battle of Monmouth, 29.

Ross, Alexander. Joined Astor's Pacific Fur Company in 1810, having probably been previously engaged as a clerk in the service of the North West Company. Sailed in the Tonquin to the mouth of the Columbia, where Astoria was built in 1811. Left Pacific Fur Company and joined North West Company, 1814; stationed at Fort George (Astoria) and Fort Okanagan, 1811-1816; transferred to Kamloops, 1816. Wrote two valuable narratives of the fur trade on the Columbia. Joined Hudson's Bay Company, on the union of the Hudson's Bay and North West Companies in 1821. Returned east, and settled in Red River Colony; sheriff and member of the Council of Assiniboia, 1835. Index: MS On the sequel to Seven Oaks affair, 185. Bib.: Red River Settlement; Adventures on the Columbia; Fur Hunters of the Far West.

Ross, Charles. D In charge of Fort Camosun (Victoria), 1843, 180; his death, 1844, 181.

Ross, Dunbar. E Solicitor-general, last in Hincks-Morin government, 126; holds same office in MacNab-Morin ministry, but without seat in Cabinet, 141.

Ross, James (1811-1886). Born in West River, Nova Scotia. For a time headmaster of Westmoreland Grammar School, New Brunswick. Editor of the Presbyterian Banner, 1842. Principal Dalhousie College, 1863.

Ross, John. MS Sent to Athabaska district by X Y Company, 14; relations with Pond, 15; his death, 16.

Ross, John (1818-1871). Born in county Antrim, Ireland. Emigrated to Canada; educated at the district school, Brockville. In 1839 called to the bar, and built up a successful practice. Appointed to the Legislative Council, 1848; and in 1851 solicitor-general. In 1852, as a director of the Grand Trunk Railway, superintended the completion of the contracts in England, and was president of the Company for ten years. Appointed attorney-general in 1852; Speaker of the Legislative Council, 1854-1856; receiver-general, 1858; and the same year president of the Executive Council in the Cartier administration. Called to the Dominion Senate, 1867; speaker of that body, 1869. Index: E Solicitor-general for Upper Canada in Hincks-Morin government, but without seat in Cabinet, 113; attorney-general for Upper Canada, 1853, 126; becomes president of Legislative Council in MacNab-Morin ministry, 141. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Ross. D Name of Russian settlement at Bodega Bay, 45; purchased from Russians for $30,000 by Sutter in 1841, 45.

Rosslyn, Alexander Wedderburn, Baron Loughborough, first Earl of (1733-1805). Entered Parliament, 1761; solicitor-general, 1771, and supported George III and Lord North in resisting the claims of the American colonies. Index: Dr Solicitor-general, on Canadian claims in matters of law, 62, 66. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Rothery, Henry Cadogan (1817-1888). B Registrar of the High Court of Admiralty in England,—prepares Canadian case in fisheries arbitration, 225-226; suggests Reciprocity Treaty, as compensation for fisheries, 226. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Rottenburg, Baron de. Entered the army, and in 1795 promoted major of Hussars; in 1797 lieutenant-colonel of the 60th Foot; and colonel in 1805. Served during the Rebellion in Ireland in 1798; present at the capture of Surinam in 1799; promoted brigadier-general, 1808; took part in the Walcheren expedition, 1809; in 1810 ordered to Canada, and commanded the garrison at Quebec; promoted major-general. In command of the Montreal district during the War of 1812; and in 1813 commander-in-chief of the forces in Upper Canada. Promoted lieutenant-general in 1819, after his return to England. Died in 1832. Index: Bk Appointed brigadier, 123; arrival of, at Quebec, 134. Bib.: Morgan. Cel. Can.; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.

Rottenburg, Baroness de. Bk Her great charm, 134, 137.

Roubaud, Pierre. Hd Ex-Jesuit, his erratic habits, 48, 49; a friend of Du Calvet, 290.

Rouer de Villeray, Louis (1630?-1685). Born in France. Came to Canada in 1651. Through Laval's influence, appointed to the Sovereign Council in 1663, and retained his position in the reorganization of the Council in 1675. Always a strong supporter of Laval and the Jesuits; and reputed to be the wealthiest man of his day in the colony. Index: F First councillor, 106; Frontenac's opinion of, 110; his right to title of "esquire" challenged by Frontenac, 139; waits on Frontenac, 255, 256. L Describes system of apprenticeship adopted with new settlers, 78; appointed to Sovereign Council, 166; temporarily banished from Quebec, 167. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac and Old Régime.

Rous, John. In command of a Boston privateer, did much damage to French commerce. Made a successful raid on the French posts on the north coast of Newfoundland, 1744. Took part in the capture of Louisbourg, 1745; sent to England with the news; rewarded with rank of captain in the navy. Engaged in coast defence of Nova Scotia, 1749; in command of the squadron sent against Beauséjour, 1755; took part in the expedition against Cape Breton under Lord Loudon, 1756. Commanded the Sutherland at the capture of Louisbourg, 1758, and in 1759 was with Admiral Saunders at the siege of Quebec. Settled at Halifax; a member of the Council of Nova Scotia; died in 1760. Bib.: Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.

Rouvier. Ch Clerk, goes to France, 121; returns with letters, 135.

Rowan, Sir William. Born in Ireland, 1789. Entered the army as ensign, 1783; saw service in various parts of the world, including Spain, France, and North America; secretary to Lord Seaton in Canada, 1832-1839; major-general, 1846; Commander-in-chief of the forces in British North America, 1849-1855; administrator of the government for a short time during the absence of Lord Elgin. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.

Roy, Louis. S First printer in Upper Canada, 172; acts as king's printer, 173; succeeded by G. Tiffany, 173.

Royal, Joseph (1837- ). Born at Repentigny, Quebec. Educated at St. Mary's College, Montreal. Entered into newspaper work; established L'Ordre, Le Nouveau Monde, and assisted in founding La Revue Canadien. Called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1864. Removed to Manitoba, 1870; founded there Le Métis. Elected to the first Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, 1870; held many offices in successive administrations until 1879. Member of the House of Commons, 1879-1888; lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories, 1888-1893. Member of the Royal Society of Canada, 1893; editor of La Minerve, Montreal, 1894. Bib.: Begg, History of the North-West; Morgan, Can. Men.

Royal American Regiment. Hd Afterwards 60th Foot, Haldimand lieutenant-colonel in, 1, 9, 11; recruiting for, 12; Washington suggests change of uniform for, 16; Haldimand exchanges from 2nd to 4th battalion of, 17; at Oswego, 29; at Montreal, 50; Haldimand made colonel-commandant in, 83, 313; discipline in, 94. WM On British left, 189; one battalion of, guards communication with landing-place, 189.

Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. Founded by the Marquis of Lorne (afterwards Duke of Argyll), in 1880, the first exhibition being held in Ottawa the same year. The first president was L. R. O'Brien. In furtherance of its objects the Academy established a national gallery in Ottawa, to which it has contributed a number of paintings, and which has also received some assistance from the Dominion government, though its support is very inadequate. The Academy has held a number of exhibitions in the different Canadian cities; and supports classes for drawing from the living model. Bib.: Johnson, First Things in Canada.

Royal Highland Emigrants. Hd Regiment raised in Canada, 111, 112, 306; disbanded and take up lands, 255, 262, 265. Dr Composition of corps, 93; arrival of detachment of, at Quebec, 112.

Royal Military College, Kingston. Established by Act of Parliament in 1874; opened 1875. Bib.: Mayne, The Royal Military College in Canada: An Ency., vol. 4.

Royal North-West Mounted Police. Organized in 1873 by the Dominion government, for the preservation of law and order in the new settlements west of Lake Superior. The force at first numbered only 190 men, subsequently increased to nearly 1000. The police patrol the frontier, and preserve the peace throughout the whole vast region from the international boundary to the Arctic. They have posts on the shores of Hudson Bay, in the Yukon, and on Herschell Island, off the mouth of the Mackenzie. Bib.: Haydon, The Riders of the Plains.

Royal Regiment of New York. Dr Raised by Sir John Johnson, 151, 173.

Royal Roussillon Regiment. WM One battalion of, sent to Canada, 12; deserters from, give information to Wolfe, 171, 184; in retreat from Jacques Cartier, alone kept in good order, 217; in battle of Ste. Foy, 257; 262. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec.

Royal Society of Canada. Founded by the Marquis of Lorne (afterward Duke of Argyll) in 1881, during his governorship in Canada. The first meeting was held in Ottawa, in May, 1882. The society is divided into four sections: French literature, history, etc.; English literature, history, etc.; mathematical, chemical, and physical sciences; and geological and biological sciences. Each section is limited to twenty members. The original members were nominated by the Marquis of Lorne. Subsequent vacancies filled by election on the nomination of three members. The first president was (Sir) J. W. Dawson, and the vice-president Pierre J. O. Chauveau. The president of section 1 was (Sir) James M. Le Moine; of section 2 (Sir) Daniel Wilson; of section 3 T. Sterry Hunt; and of section 4 A. R. C. Selwyn. (Sir) J. G. Bourinot was the first secretary of the society. An account of its organization, with the list of original members, will be found in the first volume of Transactions, 1882-1883. Bib.: Proceedings and Transactions, 1st series, 1882-1894, 12 vols.; 2nd series, 1895-1906, 12 vols.; 3rd series, 1907, to date.

Royal William. Built at Quebec in the year 1830; launched in the spring of 1831. On Aug. 5, 1833, she sailed from Quebec for London, stopping at Pictou for coal. She arrived at Gravesend in twenty-five days from Pictou—the first vessel to cross the Atlantic wholly under steam. She had been named by Lady Aylmer, wife of the governor-general, after William IV. A few days after her arrival in London, the vessel was chartered as a troop-ship by the Portuguese government. In 1894, on the occasion of the opening of the Colonial Conference at Ottawa, Lord Aberdeen unveiled a tablet in the entrance to the Library of Parliament, bearing this inscription: "In honour of the men by whose enterprise, courage and skill the Royal William, the first vessel to cross the Atlantic by steam power, was wholly constructed in Canada, and navigated to England in 1833. The pioneer of those mighty fleets of ocean steamers by which passengers and merchandise of all nations are now conveyed over every sea throughout the world." Bib.: Fleming, Notes on Ocean Steam Navigation (Can. Inst. Trans., 1891-1892); Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Royal William, H. M. S. WM Conveys Wolfe's remains to England, 238.

Ruette d'Auteuil, Denis-Joseph. L Crown prosecutor, 167; temporarily banished from Quebec, 168. F Attorney-general, 106; death of, 138.

Ruette d'Auteuil, François-Madeleine-Fortuné. F Son of Denis, succeeds him, 138; makes trouble for Intendant Meulles, 174; waits on Frontenac, 255.

Rumigny. WM At Sillery, directs artillery fire on enemy on opposite shore, 161.

Rupert's Land. The name applied to the territories of the Hudson's Bay Company, particularly to that portion lying west of Hudson Bay and east of the Rocky Mountains. The Company held these lands under royal charter granted by Charles II in 1670. The first governor of the Company was Prince Rupert, after whom the territories were named. The Company's title was repeatedly challenged, but its validity was always upheld by the law officers of the crown. In 1869 the territories were transferred to Canada, for the sum of £300,000, the company retaining certain blocks of land around their trading-posts and one-twentieth of the arable land of the country. See also Hudson's Bay Company; North-West Territories.

Rupert, Prince (1619-1683). Third son of the elector palatine, Frederick V, and Elizabeth, daughter of James I of England. Served in the army during the Thirty Years' War; commanded the royal cavalry in the Civil War in England. Returned to England at the Restoration. The first governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Erskine, A Royal Cavalier: the Romance of Rupert, Prince Palatine.

Russell, Alexander J. Ch His papers on Champlain's astrolabe, 76.

Russell, John, first Earl (1792-1878). Born in London. Entered Parliament, 1813; home secretary, 1835, in Melbourne's ministry; in 1839 colonial secretary; and in 1846 premier. In 1852 foreign secretary in Aberdeen's ministry; in 1854 president of the Council, and in 1855 secretary for the colonies. Prime minister, 1865, with Gladstone as leader of the Commons. Index: Sy The leading member of the Melbourne government, 55; Sydney Smith on, 55; becomes colonial secretary, 59; his speech in House of Commons on reunion of Upper and Lower Canada, 117-122; asks for civil list, 120; not prepared to grant responsible government in the full sense, 121; his resolutions, 122; withdraws resolutions and submits bill, 123; his reply to Sir George Arthur on the subject of responsible government, 127; his letter accompanying Sydenham's instructions, 141-144; his despatch on responsible government, 163-169; his despatch on tenure of executive office, 180-182; his views on emigration, 322; Sydenham's high testimony to, 343; as leader of opposition, defends Sir Charles Bagot, 351. B Justifies Metcalfe's policy, 23; his reply to Cardinal Wiseman's pastoral, 45-46, 121; and the Clergy Reserves, 58-59. P Secures authority for governor to expend moneys without authorization of Lower Canada Assembly, 117-118; defends the measure, 118; condemned by Bouchette, 151. E His colonial policy, 26, 227-228; supports Metcalfe, 37; wise choice of Elgin as governor, 40; supports Rebellion Losses Bill, 78; his ministry forced to resign, 165; on the severance of the colonies, 229, 231. BL Denies representative government to Lower Canada, 46; Sydenham's letter to, 60; his despatch to Sydenham, 65, 137; on constitutional government, 231, 234; comes into power, 267; attitude towards colonies, 269; not unreservedly favourable to colonial self-government, 273; defends right of Canadians to legislate as they please, 325. C Effect of his resolutions, 2. Mc Opposes elective Legislative Council, 19; opposes Cabinet government, 19; instructions to Sydenham, 20; seizes Lower Canada funds, 324; opposes responsible government, 325; on Union Act, 405. W Suggests new charter for King's College, Fredericton, 53, 54; on tenure of public offices, 57, 60, 61; Roebuck's interview with, 110; Sydenham's despatch to, 114. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Russell, Peter (1755-1825). Born in England. In 1791 accompanied Simcoe to Canada, and appointed inspector-general; later becoming a member of the Assembly and of the Executive Council. Administered the government of Upper Canada, 1796-1799. Index: S Recommended by Simcoe as collector of customs, 46, 178; arrives in Canada, 49; member of Legislative Council, 79; executive councillor, 79; sworn in as administrator, 217. Bib.: Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada.

Russian-American Fur Company. Chartered in 1799, with a monopoly of the fur trade of Russian America. It absorbed the various smaller independent companies, and for a time was a powerful rival of the Hudson's Bay Company. Its operations were directed by Baranof, as governor of Russian America, and the headquarters of the company were established at New Archangel (modern Sitka), in 1800. Index: D Claim north-west coast of America, 45; dissolved, 1861, 45. Bib.: Dall, Alaska; Bancroft, History of Alaska; Laut, Vikings of the Pacific.

Russian Convention, 1825. D Its provisions, 118-119.

Russian Explorations. D Stimulated by fur trade, 38; America reached by way of Siberia, 38; Vitus Bering's expeditions, 39-40; explorations between 1764 and 1769, 42; discoveries and colonies along the coast, 44-45; Baranof, Wrangell and Etoline, 44-46; explorations of Krusenstern, Lisiansky, and others, 1787-1822, 46. Bib.: Muller, Voyages from Asia to America; Coxe, Discoveries of the Russians between Asia and America; Lauridsen, Vitus Bering, trans. by Olson; Kotzebue, Voyages, trans. by Lloyd; Krusenstern, Voyage; Lutke, Voyage; Bancroft, History of Alaska; Laut, Vikings of the Pacific.

Russian Fur Trade. D In Alaska, 4, 12, 17; grew out of Bering's voyages, 41; character of the traders, 41; expansion of the trade, 42; companies formed, 42-43; Russian-American Company, 43-44. Bib.: See Russian Explorations.

Ryerson, Egerton (1803-1882). R Born March 24, 1803, near village of Vittoria, Upper Canada, 1; parentage, 1; his father a United Empire Loyalist, 1; his mother's influence, 2; his early life on the farm, 3; school days, 4; hard study brings on brain fever, 5; enters Methodist ministry, 5, 15; moral development, 5-9; environment, 10-11; difficulty with his father over joining Methodists, 12-13; his reading, 12; returns home and reconciled to his father, 13; ministerial life, 16-20; mission to the Indians, 20-25; appointed to Cobourg circuit, 25; controversial writings, 26-27; becomes editor of Christian Guardian, 27; his political principles, 44; seeks equal rights in religion and education, 45-46; controversial conflict with Strachan, 46, 67-72; replies to Strachan's speech of 1828, 76-79; ordained an elder of Methodist Church, 1829, 81; Canadian Methodist Church established, 81-82; becomes editor of Christian Guardian, 82-83; establishment of Methodist College, 84-86; his attitude towards union of Canadian and British Methodists, 94-96; his political views, 97; attacked by W. L. Mackenzie in the Colonial Advocate, 98; schisms among the Methodists, 99-106; in political life, 107-110; his letters to the London Times on "The Affairs of the Canadas," 111; discusses Clergy Reserves and other questions with Lord Glenelg and Mr. Stephen, 111-112; resumes editorship of Guardian, 114; his platform, 115-117; sums up popular demands, 118; his letters to the Marquis of Normanby, 120-121; president of Victoria College, 126; defends Metcalfe, 126, 129-130; denounced by Reformers, 130-131; letters on Clergy Reserves, 132; letter of 1867, 132; writes on education policy, 134-135; on the Upper Canada Academy, 137-143; receives degree of D.D., 143; Dr. Ormiston's tribute to, 144-146; defends university scheme, 150-154; supports Macdonald's University Bill, 157; opposes Baldwin's University Bill of 1849, 159; outlines new scheme, 159; his views on a provincial university, 161-162; appointed superintendent of schools, 164; studies school systems in Europe and United States, 1844-1846, 164; his reports, 167-168; his reforms, 168-170; Common School Act of 1846, 170; his governing principles, 172-173; establishes normal schools for training of teachers, 173; his unerring instinct in choice of men, 173-174; elements of his system of schools, 175-178; his personal influence, 179; meets opposition in carrying out reforms, 180-182; School Act of 1850, 182-183; question of text-books, 183-184; educational depository, 184; museum, 185; school libraries, 185; free schools and compulsory education, 190-191; quality and efficiency, 192-195; municipal relations, 196-199; his personal influence as a factor in developing the school system, 201-203; the School Acts, 203-208; criticisms, 209-211; creation of office of minister of education, 211-213; the separate school question, 215-245; the high school system, 247-268; his concluding years, 269; his writings—Story of My Life, Canadian Methodism, Loyalists of America, 270-279; later church work and closing days, 281-297; his death, Feb. 19, 1882, 296. BL Referred to in Brown's speech, 224; in political controversy, 1844, 238; appointed superintendent of education, 240-241; his defence of Metcalfe, 240; Sullivan's reply, 243-244; his rejoinder, 245-246. E Defends Metcalfe, 36; his services to the cause of popular education, 89-90; opposes Sydenham's measures on Clergy Reserves, 157. B Denounces Baldwin and defends Metcalfe, 22-23; accepts Separate School Bill, 144, 145; his environment, 260. T Member of King's College Commission, 48. Mc His mission to England, 237; introduced to colonial office, 238; quarrels with Mackenzie, 238. Bib.: Works: Report on Popular Education; Affairs of the Canadas; Story of My Life; Canadian Methodism; Loyalists of America. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.

Ryerson, George. R Joins Methodists, and sent as missionary to the Indians, 18; appears before British parliamentary committee, 75, 136. Bk Carries news of victory at Detroit to Talbot Settlement, 259.

Ryerson, John (1800-1878). Born in Norfolk, Ontario. Educated at the public schools. In 1818 became a Wesleyan preacher, and active for many years in the establishment of missionary and other institutions of the Methodist-Episcopal Church. In 1854 sent by the Canadian Conference of that church on a visit to the missions of the London Wesleyan Committee in the North-West Territories. The result of his investigation was the transfer of the missions to Canadian control. Index: R President of Canada Conference Missionary Society, his views on proposed entry of British Methodists into Upper Canada, 89-90; his essays on the Methodists, 273; closely associated with Egerton Ryerson in Methodist Conference, etc., 281. Bib.: Hudson's Bay, or, A Missionary Tour.

Ryerson, Colonel Joseph. R Father of Egerton Ryerson, a United Empire Loyalist, serves as an officer in Prince of Wales Regiment of New Jersey, in American Revolution, native of New Jersey, emigrates to New Brunswick and marries there a Miss Stickney, follows elder brother to Canada, 1; quarrels with his son Egerton, who has joined Methodists, 11-12; reconciliation, 13; dies, 1854, 18; his life, 274-275.

Ryerson, William. R His brother, Egerton, takes his place in the Methodist ministry for a year, 15; describes Egerton's Indian school, 24-25; closely associated with Egerton in Methodist Conference, etc., 281.

Ryland, Herman W. Bk Private secretary to Lieutenant-Governor Milnes, 47; unfriendly to French-Canadians and Roman Catholics, 48, 86; his violent language, 92; his mission to London, 129; his recommendations not adopted, 146; mission a failure, 147; John Henry's letters to, 186. P Sir James Craig's secretary and adviser, poisons his mind against French-Canadians, 28; his character, 41. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Rymal, Jacob. Mc Aids Mackenzie's escape, 390.

Rynd. S Simcoe's account of death of, 34.

Ryswick, Treaty of. Concluded in 1697; brought peace between Great Britain and France. Provided for the mutual restoration of all places taken by either party during the war; the appointment of commissioners to determine their respective rights in Hudson Bay; formally recognized William III as sovereign of Great Britain. Index: F Restores to England her Hudson Bay posts, 349. L Concluded in 1697, 234; terms of, 234. Bib.: Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions; Dict. Eng. Hist.

Sable Island. Off the coast of Nova Scotia. It was known from about the beginning of the sixteenth century as Santa Cruz, and so appears on Reinel's map of 1505, and on the Cabot mappemonde of 1544. First appears under its present name on a map of Joannes Freire, dated 1546. Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed for the island in 1583, and lost one of his ships among its treacherous shoals. He mentions that above thirty years before, the Portuguese had placed neat cattle and swine upon it to breed, and that these had multiplied exceedingly. In 1598 La Roche left fifty convicts upon the island, while he explored the coast, but his little ship was blown out to sea, and he returned to France without them. Five years later a ship was sent out to rescue the survivors, eleven in all. The earliest description of the island is in De Laet's Novus Orbis, 1633. It is at present twenty miles long, by about a mile wide, and is wasting away rapidly. At the end of the eighteenth century, it was forty miles long by two and a half wide; and when white men first visited the island, it must have been of quite a considerable size. Records exist of something over 187 wrecks, and this does not begin to represent the actual tribute in ships to this "Graveyard of the Atlantic." Bib.: Patterson, Sable Island: Its History and Phenomena (R. S. C., 1894); McDonald, Sable Island and Its Attendant Phenomena (N. S. Inst. of Science Trans., vi.); Taché, Les Sablons; Paul de Gazes, Ile de Sable (R. S. C., 1892).

Sackville, George Sackville Germain, first Viscount (1716-1785). Served with distinction at Fontenoy, 1745; major-general, 1755; lieutenant-general of the ordnance, 1757; second in command of St. Malo expedition, 1758; dismissed from the service for gross incompetence at Minden, 1760; secretary of state for colonies, 1775-1782. Index: Dr Succeeds Dartmouth as secretary of state, 148; his character, 149; his hostility to Carleton, 163, 170; criticizes Carleton's action, 164; generally distrusted, 170; his plan of campaign, 171; created peer as Viscount Sackville, 192. Hd Colonial secretary, 107; errors made by, 112; his disapproval of Carleton's methods, 113; ignorant of conditions in Canada, 125; characterized, 132, 165; Haldimand's despatches to, 132-143, 153; Haldimand reproved by, 155-156; letters of Haldimand to, 164-166, 170, 176, 178, 294; Hamilton a correspondent of, 167; his instructions in matter of Vermont, 199, 216; Haldimand's low opinion of people of Vermont, 199-201; Haldimand reports progress of Vermont negotiations to, 206, 208; his letter to Haldimand, 275. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Saco River. F Fort built at falls of, 329.

Sagard-Théodat, Gabriel. F Récollet, on bad examples shown by colonists to Indians, 14. L Missionary labours of, 3. Ch Récollet friar, 139; sails for France, 141; arrives and proceeds to Huron country, 149; recalled to France, 149; his opinion of Guillaume de Caën, 182; his remarks on surrender of Quebec, 193. Bib.: Works: Histoire du Canada; Grand Voyage du Pays des Hurons.

Saguenay River. One of the principal tributaries of the St. Lawrence. Rises at the head waters of the Peribonka in lat. 52° N. and long. 71° 10' W., and joins the St. Lawrence after a course of 405 miles. It was discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1535. Its original Indian name was Chicoutimi, signifying "deep water." Champlain ascended the river to Chicoutimi in 1603; and in 1679 Jolliet ascended the river to the height of land, and descended to Ungava Bay. Index: Ch Explored by Champlain, 12. Bib.: Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.

St. Andre. L Brings out a number of colonists and ecclesiastics, 31.

St. Andrews. Seaport of New Brunswick, and the chief town of Charlotte County. Founded by American Loyalists in 1783, and was for some time only an outbay of St. John, but in 1822 became a separate and free port. Index: W Grammar school at, 85. Bib.: Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.

St. Augustine. WM Retreating army halts at, 218; Lévis hears news of surrender of Quebec at, 234. Hd Haldimand's headquarters for a time, 78-80.

St.-Castin, Jean de l'Abadie, Baron de (1650-1712). Native of Béarn; came to Canada, 1665, with the Carignan-Salières Regiment, as an ensign in the company of Chambly. Took part in the expedition of De Courcelles, and when his regiment was disbanded in 1668, removed to Acadia, established a trading house at Pentegoet (now Castine), and roamed far and wide through the woods with the natives, over whom he gained an extraordinary ascendency. The post at Pentegoet was raided by parties of New Englanders in 1686 and 1687, who stripped the stores of everything portable. In 1696, with a party of Indians, assisted Iberville in the capture of Pemaquid. In 1702 drew up a plan for attacking Boston, which, however, was never acted on. Index: F His life in New France, 329; leads Indians against Fort Pemaquid, 331. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac; Charlevoix, History of New France.

St.-Cirque. WM Killed at Laprairie, 232.

St. Clair, Arthur (1734-1818). Born in Scotland. Entered the army, 1757, and came to America, serving under Amherst at Louisbourg, 1758, and Wolfe at Quebec, 1759. Settled in America, and on the breaking out of the Revolution took the colonial side; given command of a Pennsylvania regiment, and served with Sullivan in Canada. Promoted brigadier-general, 1777. In command at Ticonderoga, 1777, and compelled to retreat by Burgoyne. Court-martialled, but acquitted. Index: Dr Sent as governor to the Indian territory, 233. S Expedition under, crushingly defeated by Indians, 121. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

St. Domingo. Island in the West Indies. Bk Revolution in, 39-41.

St. Étienne. Ch Vessel in which Récollet missionaries came to Canada, 85.

St. Francis Xavier College. Located at Antigonish, Nova Scotia. Diocesan institution, known as Arichat College, opened at Arichat, 1853. Transferred to Antigonish and established as St. Francis Xavier College, 1855. University powers conferred by Act of the Legislature of Nova Scotia, 1866.

St. George, Sir Thomas Bligh (1765-1837). Born in England. Entered the army and rose to the rank of major-general, 1819. Came to Canada, 1809, as inspecting field officer of militia in Upper Canada; commanded at Amherstburg when it was attacked by Hull, 1812; commanded militia at the capture of Detroit; and defeated Winchester at Raisin River, 1813. Knighted, 1835. Index: Bk In command at Amherstburg, 214, 216, 236; reports capture of Cayahoga, 218; in charge of 1st brigade, 247. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.

St. Germain-en-Laye, Treaty of. Signed between France and Great Britain on March 29, 1632. Restored Quebec, Nova Scotia, and the island of Cape Breton to France. Index: Ch Treaty signed, 222. Bib.: Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions.

St. Hubert, Father. Hd Recommended for vacancy in bishopric, 182.

St. Ignace, Mother. WM Describes scene at General Hospital, 223.

St. Ignace. Ch Jesuit mission in Huron country, 92.

St. Jean. Ch One of the vessels of Company of New France, 245.

St. Joachim. L Boarding school for children established at, 100; Laval's gift to school at, 199.

St. John. City and seaport of New Brunswick, situated at the mouth of the St. John River. It was incorporated as the city of St. John in 1785, during the administration of Thomas Carleton, having previously been known as Parrtown, so named after John Parr, governor of Nova Scotia. Champlain was the first white man to stand upon its site, in 1604. Index: W Presents address to Sir Charles Metcalfe, 74-75; grammar schools in, 85. T Young Men's Debating Society, 7; preferred men to measures, 25. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick; Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.

St. John Island. See Prince Edward Island.

St. John's. Capital of Newfoundland. Founded in 1582 by Sir Humphrey Gilbert. It was captured by Iberville in 1696, and again during the Seven Years' War, but finally reverted to Britain, with the rest of the island, in 1763. Index: Hd Taken by the French, 44. F Captured by Iberville, 347. Bib.: Ency. Brit.

St. John's. A city on the Richelieu River, Province of Quebec. It was a military station during the American invasion; captured by Arnold in 1775; and relieved by Preston with troops from Montreal. Later in the same year, the fort was besieged by Montgomery, and the little garrison held out gallantly for twenty-four days, being forced to surrender in the end through the capture of Chambly, which gave Montgomery fresh ammunition and supplies. Index: Dr Fort at, abandoned by Americans, 146; reoccupied by British, 161. Hd Fortifications of, 125, 130, 133; people of, pay schoolmaster, 235. Bib.: Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.

St. John's River. L Récollet mission on, 111.

St. Joseph de Lévis. WM Skirmish at, 102, 103.

St. Julien. Ch Spanish vessel, commanded by Champlain, 3.

St. Laurent. Ch French vessel seized by the English, 222.

St. Laurent. Village on north bank of St. Lawrence. Index: WM Letter of curé of, to British officers, 93.

St. Lawrence Channel. C Cartier favours deepening of, 45.

St. Lawrence Gulf. The first authenticated voyage to the gulf is that of Jacques Cartier, in 1534. In his second voyage, of 1535-1536, Cartier made further discoveries. On Aug. 10, 1535, he sailed into what is now known as Pillage Bay, on the Labrador coast of the gulf. As this was the feast of St. Lawrence, he named the bay Baye Sainct Laurens. Since then the name has gradually spread until it embraces the whole gulf, and the great river that empties its waters there. Bib.: Dawson, The St. Lawrence Basin.

St. Lawrence Island. See Cape Breton.

St. Lawrence Rapids. Hd Amherst loses a large number of men in, 37.

St. Lawrence River. Rises at the source of the St. Louis River, west end of Lake Superior, and falls into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. West of Lake Ontario the river is known by different names, and the St. Lawrence proper issues from that lake. The name was originally given by Jacques Cartier to a bay on the Labrador coast of the gulf. Cartier explored the river in 1535, as far as the island of Montreal. Index: Ch Early visits of fishing vessels to, 59. Bib.: Dawson, The St. Lawrence Basin; Johnson, Picturesque St. Lawrence.

St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railway. E Chartered, 1845, to connect with Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railway, 99; provincial guarantee, 1849, 99. C Built in 1849,—gives Montreal access to the sea through Portland, 45. See also Railways.

St. Leger, Colonel Barry. Hd Ordered to occupy Crown Point, 211; unjust complaints against, by chaplain of regiment, 256; his application on behalf of his son, 295; commandant of Quebec garrison, 309; in chief command in Canada, 314. Dr Fails in attack on Fort Stanwix, 173; brave, but lacking in capacity, 174; sent to Ticonderoga, 179.

St. Malo. Seaport of France. Index: Ch Merchants of, demand freedom of commerce in the St. Lawrence, 123. L Jurisdiction of bishop of, over New France, 6.

St. Martin, Captain. WM Killed in battle of Ste. Foy, 264.

St. Maurice Forges. Were situated on the river St. Maurice, about nine miles above Three Rivers, Quebec. Iron ore was discovered on the banks of the St. Maurice in 1667, but the mines were not systematically worked until 1733, when a company was formed and forges established. Since that date and until 1883, under different ownership, they were in active operation, being the oldest blast-furnace, on the continent of America. Index: Dr Their output of iron manufacture, 60; Americans cast cannon at, 141. Hd Use made of, by Haldimand, 46-48; under direction of Nordberg, 48; Laterrière's report on, 48; Haldimand in charge of, 54; leased by Murray, 62; Laterrière inspector of, 277-278; partners of, 345. L Development of mines by Talon, 82. Bib.: See General Index to Royal Society of Canada Trans.

St. Maurice River. One of the tributaries of the St. Lawrence, rises in the height of land near the head waters of the Nottaway, and falls into the St. Lawrence at Three Rivers, after a course of 325 miles. During the seventeenth century it was much infested by Iroquois; and the French were constantly at war with them in its neighbourhood. It was first seen by Cartier in 1535, and named by him the Rivière du Fouez, or Rivière du Foix. Index: Ch Named De Fouez by Jacques Cartier, and Three Rivers by Champlain, and known to the Indians as the Metaberoutin, 52. Bib.: Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.

St. Maws. S English constituency for which Simcoe sat, 15.

St. Nicholas. WM Troops disembark at, 165; re-embarkation, 172.

St. Ours, Charles Louis Roch de (1753-1834). Entered public life on the establishment of civil government in Canada, and appointed a member of the Legislative Council, where he voiced the views of the French-Canadian majority. Appointed major of militia, 1774, and served with Carleton, 1776, as his aide-de-camp. Travelled in Europe in 1785; and on his return to Canada took an important part in public affairs. Index: P Follows Papineau's leadership, 34; urges him to accept mission to England, to oppose union of Canadas, 45. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

St. Ours, François-Xavier de (1714-1759). Served in the campaigns of 1758 and 1759; severely wounded in the attack on Fort George; commended by Montcalm for conspicuous bravery in the battle of Carillon; and commanded the right wing of the French army on the Plains of Abraham, where he was mortally wounded. Index: WM Commands Quebec and Three Rivers militia, 105; wounded in battle of the Plains, 199. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe.

St. Pater's Port, Guernsey. Bk Home of the Brock family, 3-5.

St. Paul's Bay. On St. Lawrence River. Hd Contagious disease breaks out at, 190.

St. Pierre. Ch One of the vessels of Company of New France, 245.

St. Pierre. An island on the southern coast of Newfoundland, which, with the Miquelon Islands immediately north-west, constitute all that remains of New France still under French government. From 1635 it was alternately under British and French control until 1816, when it was finally ceded to France. Index: Ch French captured by Kirke, landed on, 174.

St. Regis Indians. A band of Roman Catholic Iroquois from Caughnawaga, Quebec, who settled about 1755 in the village of St. Regis, on the south bank of the St. Lawrence, on what afterwards became the boundary line between Canada and the United States. Index: Hd Compensation paid to, for lands required for Loyalists, 258.

St. Rome, Chevalier de. WM Sent in charge of provisions to Quebec, 226; delayed by bad roads, 229.

St. Sacrament Lake. See Lake George.

St. Simon. F His statements regarding Frontenac, 65.

St. Vallier, Jean Baptiste de la Croix Chevrières des (1653-1727). Born at Grenoble. Came to Canada in 1685 as vicar-general under Laval. Succeeded Laval as bishop of Quebec, 1688. Returning from France in 1704, on La Seine, taken prisoner by the English and detained in England until 1709. Returned to France, spent four years there, and finally arrived in Quebec in 1713. Remained in charge of his huge diocese until his death. Index: L Recommended to succeed Laval, 199, 200; accepts position, 200; appointed provisionally grand-vicar, 201; his liberality to Quebec Seminary, 202, 203; sails for Canada, 202; makes visitations, 203; Laval's caution to, 206; disagrees with Laval on certain questions, 208; his eulogy of Laval, 209; sails for France, 209; consecration of, 219; returns to Canada, as bishop, 221; reverses Laval's policy in regard to Seminary, 236; captured at sea by English vessel, 243. F Chosen by Bishop Laval as his successor, 191; comes out to Canada first as vicar-general, 191; his first impression of country and its inhabitants, 192; his revised opinion, 193, 220; pays pastoral visit to Acadia, 1686, 271; issues mandate concerning the theatre, 337; pays Frontenac 1000 francs on condition Tartuffe shall not be produced, 337. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France; St. Valier et l'Hopital General de Quebec; Parkman, Old Régime.

St. Veran, Marquise de. WM Mother of Montcalm, 3; her fortitude, 8; Montcalm's letter to, describing capture of Oswego, 34.

St. Vincent, John Jervis, Earl of (1735-1823). British admiral. Served at Quebec in 1759; defeated Spanish fleet off Cape St. Vincent, 1797; became admiral of the fleet, 1821. Index: Bk Gains victory off Cape St. Vincent, 10. WM Wolfe's conversation with, on eve of battle, 175. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Ste. Anne. Ch French vessel seized by the English, 22.

Ste. Anne, Brotherhood of. L At Quebec, 101.

Ste. Croix Island. Near the entrance to the Bay of Fundy; explored by Champlain and De Monts in 1604, who in that year erected buildings and fortifications on the island. Scurvy breaking out among the French colonists, they soon afterwards removed from the island to Port Royal. The foundations of these buildings were dug up in 1797, settling a boundary dispute between New Brunswick and Maine in favour of the former. Index: Ch Occupied by the De Monts expedition, 21; settlement there a failure, 24. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Ste. Croix River. Also known as Schoodiac and Passamaquoddy. Rises in Grand Lake on the borders between Maine and New Brunswick, and flows into Passamaquoddy Bay. It was discovered by Champlain in 1604. Index: Ch Name changed to St. Charles, 148.

Ste. Foy. Above Quebec. Index: L Settlement of Christian Indians at, 74.

Ste. Foy, Battle of. Took place on April 28, 1760, when Murray, in command of the British troops, made a sortie from the citadel of Quebec upon the besieging French force under Lévis, and was defeated, being driven back into his intrenchments. Index: WM Description of, 264; horrors of battlefield, 265; news of, causes joy in Canadian parishes, 266; victory nullified by arrival of British fleet, 267. See also Quebec, siege of, 1759; Quebec, siege of, 1760; Lévis; Murray. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, The Fight for Canada; Bradley, The Fight with France.

Ste. Suzanne. Ch Name given by Champlain to the Upper Rivière du Loup, 52.

Ste. Thérèse. On the Richelieu River. Index: L Fort erected at, 53.

Salaberry, Charles Michel d'Irumberry de (1778-1829). Born at Beauport, near Quebec. Entered the British army; served for eleven years under General Robert Prescott; and in 1794 took part in the capture of Martinique. In 1809 served in Ireland; and in 1810 took part in the Walcheren expedition. In 1811 major and aide-de-camp to General Rottenburg in Canada. At the outbreak of the American War of 1812, promoted lieutenant-colonel, and rendered good service as commander of the Canadian Voltigeurs. On Oct. 26, 1813, defeated the American forces under General Hampton at Chateauguay, the outcome of this action being to compel the invaders to evacuate Lower Canada. For these services made a C. B. In 1818 elected to the Legislative Assembly. Index: Bk Corps raised and commanded by, 189, 191. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812. See also Chateauquay.

Salaberry, Colonel de. BL Comes to Kingston to solicit office of provincial aide-de-camp, 172; La Fontaine's opposition to appointment, 173.

Salaries, Civil. S In Upper Canada, 177.

Salmon Falls. L Hamlet, destruction of, 229. F Massacre of, 251.

Salmon River. L La Barre's expedition encamps at, 184.

Salt. S Production of, in Upper Canada, 115.

Samos. WM Battery at, captured, 182.

Sandwich. A town in Essex County, Ontario; first settled in 1750 by the soldiers of a disbanded French regiment. It was subsequently named after the town of Sandwich, in Kent, England. Index: Bk Military fort, 59; occupied by United States general, Hull, 209, 213; evacuated by Americans, 248. BL Early municipal government of, 298. Bib.: Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.

Sangster, Charles (1822-1893). Born in Kingston. For some time in public service; engaged in newspaper work at Amherstburg and Kingston; for many years prior to his death employed in the civil service at Ottawa. Bib.: Works: The St. Lawrence and the Saguenay and other Poems; Hesperus and other Poems and Lyrics. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; MacMurchy, Canadian Literature.

Sangster, J. H. R On staff of Ontario Normal School, 174.

San Juan Boundary. Dispute arose between the United States and Great Britain out of a difference of opinion as to the meaning of the phrase "middle of the channel which separates the continent from Vancouver Island" in the treaty of 1846, and by which the rightful possession of San Juan and other islands in the vicinity for years remained unsettled. A compromise was made in 1859, both governments jointly occupying San Juan with troops. Finally, by the Washington Treaty of 1871, the question was referred to the arbitration of the German emperor, who decided in favour of the United States. Index: Md Brought up under Washington Treaty, 166; dispute caused by vague terms of Oregon Treaty, 178-179; submitted to arbitration of German emperor, 179; Macdonald on, 179-180; decision in favour of United States, 180-181. Bib.: Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions.

Sanstein. Ch Clerk, brings news of amalgamation of de Monts and de Caën Companies, 138.

Saskatchewan. Organized as a provisional district in 1882. It then extended from long. 111° 20' W. to the Manitoba boundary and Lake Winnipeg, and from the northern boundary of the district of Assiniboia, to the southern boundary of Athabaska. The province of Saskatchewan, created in 1905, extends from long. 110° on the west to the Manitoba boundary on the east, extended north to lat. 60°, which forms the northern boundary of the new province. The capital of the province is Regina, former capital of the North-West Territories. See also North-West Territories. Bib.: Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.

Saskatchewan Rebellion. See Riel Rebellion, 1885.

Saskatchewan River. Ultimate source is at the head waters of the Bow River, about lat. 51° 40', in the heart of the Rocky Mountains. After a course of 1205 miles, it flows into Lake Winnipeg, finally discharging its waters by the Nelson into Hudson Bay. The length of the South Saskatchewan to its junction with the North Saskatchewan at the Forks is 865 miles; and of the North Saskatchewan, which rises in the watershed range of the Rocky Mountains, near the source of the Athabaska, is 760 miles. La Vérendrye reached the river, then known as the Pasquia, or Poskoyac, in 1748, and built Fort Bourbon on the shores of Cedar Lake. He ascended the river to the Forks, a few miles below which he built Fort Poskoyac. In 1751 a party of French explorers ascended one of the branches to the mountains, where they built Fort La Jonquière. Anthony Hendry reached the Saskatchewan from Hudson Bay in 1754, and descended the river from the upper waters of the Red Deer, to the Pas. Many trading posts were afterwards built at different points on the two branches, both by the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company. Bib.: White, Atlas of Canada; Tyrrell, Report on Northern Alberta (Geol. Survey, 1886); Burpee, Search for the Western Sea; Hind, Canadian Red River and Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Expeditions.

Saskatchewan, University of. Act passed establishing the university, 1907. Board of Governors decided to fix location of university at Saskatoon, 1909.

Sault-au-Matelot. Dr Arnold's attack on barrier repulsed, 129.

Sault St. Louis. Ch Called after young man named Louis drowned there, 69; centre of fur trade for some years, 120. L Converted Iroquois settled at, 9, 74.

Sault Ste. Marie. The county seat of Chippewa County, Michigan, on the St. Mary's River. In 1641 the Jesuit fathers Raymbault and Jogues founded a mission on its site, and in 1662 Marquette established the first permanent settlement there. On the opposite side of the river is its Canadian namesake, a port of entry of the Algoma district, Ontario. Index: L Mission established at, 11.

Saumarez, Sir Thomas. Bk His letter to Brock from Halifax, 223.

Saunders, Sir Charles (1713-1775). Born in Scotland. Entered the navy in 1727, becoming lieutenant in 1734. In 1739-1740 served under Lord Anson. Stationed in home waters in 1745, and on Oct. 14, 1747, took part in Hawke's victory over the French. In 1750 elected member of Parliament for Plymouth. In 1752 commodore and commander-in-chief on the Newfoundland station; in 1755 comptroller of the navy; and in 1756, rear admiral. In 1759 Pitt appointed him commander-in-chief of the fleet which co-operated with Wolfe in the siege of Quebec, with the rank of vice-admiral of the blue, and his operations in the St. Lawrence largely contributed to the success of the British arms. In 1760 commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean; in 1761 created K.B.; in 1765 a lord of the Admiralty; in 1766 first lord; and in 1770 reached the rank of admiral. Index: WM Appointed to naval command of expedition against Quebec, 75; sails for Louisbourg, and puts in at Halifax, 75; his fleet detained at Louisbourg, 78; takes soundings of Traverse Channel, 90; joins in attack on French left at Montmorency, 136; orders burning of two stranded transports, 142; makes feint opposite Beauport, 164, 174; Wolfe's bequest to, 175; advances vessels in front of Lower Town, 231. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, Logs of the Conquest of Canada and The Fight for Canada; Bradley, The Fight with France.

Saunders, John (1754-1834). Born in Virginia. Joined the royal forces and served throughout the War of Independence. Went to England; studied law and called to the bar. In 1790 appointed judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, and a member of the Council; from 1822 to 1834 chief-justice of the province. Index: W Chief justice, 74; dies, 1834, 74. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Saunders, John Simcoe (1795-1878). Born in Fredericton, New Brunswick. Went to England; educated at Oxford University. Called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1819, and to that of Lower Canada, 1820. Surveyor-general of New Brunswick, 1840, and provincial secretary, 1845. Appointed to the Legislative Council, of which he became Speaker, 1866; also senior justice of the Court of Common Pleas. Index: W Advocate-general, New Brunswick, 34; Partelow succeeds as provincial secretary, 116. Bib.: The Law of Pleading and Evidence in Civil Actions. For biog., see Morgan, Annual Register, 1878; Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Sauvage. WM Frigate in which Lévis embarked at Brest, 12.

Savage, Thomas (1608-1682). Went to Massachusetts in 1635 with Sir Harry Vane, and the following year elected a freeman of Boston. In 1638 helped to found the settlement of Rhode Island. Served in the Indian wars, 1675. Index: F Third in command in Phipps's expedition, 281. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Savignon. Ch Name given to young Algonquian taken as hostage for Nicolas Marsolet, 63.

Scalping. WM Forbidden by Wolfe except in case of Indians, or Canadians dressed as Indians, 102; declared by Vaudreuil to be necessary, 102, 108; by Indians on the side of French, 141; by Wolfe's rangers, 150.

Schank, John (1740-1823). Born in Scotland. Entered the navy, 1758. Commanded the Canso in the St. Lawrence, 1766. Placed in charge of the naval establishment at St. John's; succeeded in launching several small war vessels on Lake Champlain. Subsequently had charge of the marine depots at Quebec and at Detroit; and in 1777 employed under Burgoyne in the construction of floating bridges. Index: Hd Superintends building of gunboats, 125; his letter to Carleton, 159; marriage of, 236-237; his evidence in Du Calvet matter, 288, 289; sails for England with Haldimand, 209, 313. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Schenderatchta. Hd Seneca chief, serving under John Butler, 154.

Schenectady. The county seat of Schenectady County, New York. Settled in 1662 by Arendt Van Corlaer on the site of Schonowe, the capital of the Five Nations. It was chartered as a borough in 1765, and as a city in 1798. Index: L Attack on, 229. F Massacre of, 245-248. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime.

Schultz, Sir John Christian (1840-1896). Born in Amherstburg, Ontario. Educated at Oberlin College, Ohio; studied medicine at Queen's and Victoria Universities; licensed to practise, 1860. Removed to Fort Garry, 1860, and began practice of his profession there. Also engaged in the fur trade. Owner and editor of the Nor'Wester, the pioneer newspaper of the Canadian West. Played an important part in the Riel Rebellion of 1869-1870. Imprisoned by the rebels, but made his escape, and, after enduring many hardships, reached Toronto. Elected to the House of Commons at the first election after the formation of the province of Manitoba, and sat almost continuously until 1883, when he was called to the Senate. Lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1888-1895. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Begg, History of the North-West. See also Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870.

Schurz, Carl (1829-1906). Fled from Germany in 1849, after the collapse of the revolutionary movement. Went to the United States, 1852. Minister to Spain, 1860-1861; commanded a division in the war with the South; engaged in journalism in Detroit and St. Louis; elected to the United States Senate, 1869. Appointed secretary of the interior, 1877. Index: B Favourable to proposed Reciprocity Treaty of 1864, 230-231. Bib.: Works: Speeches; Life of Henry Clay; Reminiscences. For biog., see Cyc. Am. Biog.

Schuyler, Major John. L Attack camp at Laprairie, 232. F His raid on Laprairie, 281; comes to Quebec with news of peace, 354.

Schuyler, Peter (1657-1724). Born in Albany. Appointed lieutenant in the militia, 1685, and served in the colonial and Indian wars. In 1709 second in command of the expedition against Montreal. Became president of the Council, 1719; and acted as governor of New York until 1720. Index: F Commands expedition from Albany, 311. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Schuyler, Philip John (1733-1804). Born in Albany. Served in the French and Indian War, 1755, and took part in battle of Lake George. Resigned from the army, 1757, and again served, 1758-1761. On the breaking out of the Revolution, took the colonial side, and in 1775 appointed major-general by Congress. Organized the invasion of Canada in 1775, and was court-martialled for the evacuation of Ticonderoga in 1777, but acquitted. Served in House of Representatives and afterwards in the Senate. Index: Hd Watches movements of the Allens of Vermont, 205, 206; Ethan Allen's letter to, 209; thanks Haldimand for kind treatment of Loyalists, 250; threatens Six Nations, 257; François Cazeau's correspondence with, 279. Dr Commands American force on Lake Champlain, 96. Bib.: Lossing, Life and Times of Philip Schuyler; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Scott. Hd Chaplain to 34th Regiment, forbidden to exercise clerical functions, 256.

Scott, Sir Richard William (1825- ). Born in Prescott, Ontario. Educated privately, and studied law; in 1848 called to the bar and practised with success in Ottawa. Elected mayor of Bytown (now Ottawa) in 1852. Sat in the Legislative Assembly, 1857-1863. A member of the first Legislature of Ontario, 1867-1873; in 1871 elected Speaker; and in 1872 appointed commissioner of crown lands. Called to the Senate in 1874. Secretary of state and registrar-general of Canada in Mackenzie ministry, 1874-1878. In 1878 introduced the Temperance Act, more commonly known as the Scott Act, which constitutes his principal title to a place among Canadian legislators. In 1896 secretary of state in Laurier government, which position he held until 1908; knighted, 1909. Index: R His Separate School Bills, 235-238. B Introduces separate school legislation, 144. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Scott, Thomas (1746-1824). Born in Scotland. Studied for the ministry and became a probationer; employed for a time as private tutor. Studied law and called to the English bar, 1793. While yet a student, in 1788 employed by Dorchester to investigate the estates of the Jesuits in Quebec. Appointed attorney-general of Upper Canada, 1801; chief-justice, 1804. President of the Loyal and Patriotic Society of Upper Canada during the War of 1812; president of a special tribunal created for the trial of cases of treason during the war. Bib.: Dent, Lives of the Judges.

Scott, Thomas. Md Murdered at Fort Garry by Riel's followers, 160, 194, 242. See also Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870.

Scott, Winfield (1786-1866). Entered the United States army, and served in the War of 1812. From 1832 to 1838 engaged in Indian warfare. In 1839 instrumental in allaying the excitement arising out of the dispute as to the boundary between New Brunswick and Maine, and paving the way for its settlement by the Ashburton Treaty. In 1841 commander-in-chief of the United States army. Index: Bk At battle of Queenston Heights, 311. W Sent to Maine to settle Aroostook War, 135. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Scott, Walter (1867- ). Born in Middlesex County, Ontario. Took up the profession of journalism. Removed to the North-West Territories, and, in 1895, became proprietor and editor of the Leader, Regina. Sat in the House of Commons for Assiniboia West, 1900-1905; first premier of Saskatchewan, 1905. Bib.: Canadian Who's Who.

Scott Act. The popular name given to the Temperance Act introduced by (Sir) R. W. Scott and passed by the Dominion government in 1878. Its principal provisions were that on a petition of one-fourth of the electors of a city or county, a vote was to be taken, and if a majority of the votes polled were in favour of the act, it came into force at the close of the then current license year. Index: B A measure for introducing prohibition by local option, 249. Bib.: Johnson, First Things in Canada.

Scovil, W. H. T Confederation candidate in St. John County, New Brunswick, 85.

Scrope, A. Poulett. BL Quoted on Baldwin, 64, 80; on Sydenham, 71. Bib.: Memoir of Life of Sydenham.

Scurvy. Ch Ravages of, among colonists, 22; called by Champlain mal de terre, 24; breaks out at Port Royal, 33; at Quebec, 46; deaths from, 209.

Sea-otter. D Trade, 21, 22; found by Russians, 40.

Seat of Government. Sy Question of, 280-282; Sydenham in favour of Kingston, 281. Md Montreal ceases to be, after riots, 38-39; rivalry of Kingston, Quebec, and Toronto for honour, 39; Quebec and Toronto divide honour for sixteen years, 39; Ottawa finally selected in 1865, 39; dissatisfaction over choice, 85. See also Ottawa; Quebec; Toronto; Montreal.

Seaton, Sir John Colborne, first Baron (1778-1863). Served in Holland, Egypt, and Italy. Commanded a brigade under Wellington, 1810-1814, and led the 52d Light Infantry in their victorious movement at Waterloo. Sent to Upper Canada as lieutenant-governor, 1829; appointed commander-in-chief of the forces, 1835; suppressed the Rebellion in Lower Canada, 1837-1838; acted as administrator, 1838, both before and after Durham; and the same year appointed governor-general. Returned to England, 1839, and created Baron Seaton same year. Promoted to field-marshal, 1860. Index: Mc Governor of Upper Canada, 157; Mackenzie's letters to, 164-167; suggests Mackenzie make reparation, 248; his view of Legislative Council, 268; his view of Executive Council, 279. P Sends Colonel Gore against rebels at St. Denis, 134; marches on St. Eustache, 135-137; succeeds Gosford as governor, 138; crushes outbreak of 1838, 139; his severity, known as the "Old Firebrand," 140-141. Sy A valuable adviser to Sydenham and Bagot, 111; increases number of Special Council of Lower Canada, 192. Conflict with the Assembly, 14-15; recommends Baldwin for seat in Legislative Council, 38; endows forty-four rectories, 42; crushes Rebellion in Lower Canada, 46, 48; succeeded by Sydenham, 59; appoints Special Council, 60. E Endows forty-four rectories in Upper Canada, on eve of his departure for England, 154; opinions for and against his action, 155-156. B Establishes fifty-seven rectories, 53. Md Creates and endows forty-four rectories in Upper Canada, 59. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Secret Societies Bill. BL Prepared and introduced by Baldwin, its history, 185-188; its reservation by Metcalfe leads to resignation of Cabinet, 200, 208, 209, 251. R Reservation of, brings on a crisis in Upper Canada, 126-127.

Sedgewick, Major Robert. F Seizes Acadia by Cromwell's orders, 268.

Seely, Alexander McLaughlan (1812-1882). Born in St. John, New Brunswick. Engaged in lumbering, shipbuilding, and in banking. Appointed a member of the Legislative Council for New Brunswick, 1854, and held his seat until his death.

Seignelay, Marquis de. F Succeeds his father, Colbert, in ministry of marine, 72; marries Mlle. d'Allegre, 111. L Minister of marine and colonies, receives La Salle favourably, 151; postpones Laval's return to Canada, 211.

Seigniorial Tenure. The history of this feudal system of land tenure, transplanted from Old to New France, dates back to the commission of the Sieur de la Roche, 1598, in which he is empowered to make grants in the form of fiefs, seigniories, etc., to persons of merit. Up to 1627, when the Company of New France (or the Company of One Hundred Associates) was chartered, only three seigniories had been granted, two to colonial laymen and the third to the Jesuit Order. Thereafter a large number of seigniorial grants were made—no less than sixty between 1632 and 1663, when the Company surrendered its rights to the crown. Details as to the later history of Seigniorial Tenure in Canada, how it was applied to the land, and why it outlived the same system in Old France, will be found in the works cited below. The system was abolished in Canada in 1854. Index: F In New France, 56. L Beginning of, 119. Dr Described, 11; an obstacle to the transfer of land, 256; notaries favourable to, 257. E Failure of La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry to settle question, 101-102; measure passed by Assembly, but defeated in Legislative Council, 119-120; settlement postponed by Hincks-Morin government in 1853, 126; Cauchon offers amendment to address, expressing regret at failure to settle question, 126-127; MacNab-Morin ministry pledged to settlement, 140; measure passed in 1854, 142; history of question, 171-188; originates in old feudal system, 171-174; introduced into Canada by Richelieu, 175; description of system, 175-184; movement for its abolition, 185-186; judicial investigation by a commission, 186-187; terms of settlement, 187-188. S Not satisfactory to English settlers, 1, 6. BL Commission appointed (1841) to consider question of abolishing it, 99; pressing for settlement, 339; weakens Reform party in Lower Canada, 349; history of, 349-351; court for adjustment of claims, presided over by La Fontaine, 358. C John A. Macdonald votes against settlement of, 32; Cartier works for, 32-115; the system described, 35-37. Md A problem in Quebec, 14; abolition of, demanded in Quebec, 62; dealt with by MacNab-Morin ministry, 63; its abolition effected, 66-68. Bib.: Munro, Seigniorial System in Canada and Documents Relating to Seigniorial Tenure; Munro, Droit de Banalité; Pièces et Documents Relatifs à la Tenure Seigneuriale; Lower Canada Reports; Seigniorial Questions; Dent, Last Forty Years. On the history of individual seigniories, see Lalande, Une Vielle Seignieurie: Boucherville; Mingan Seigniory: Documents in Appeal to Privy Council; Roy, Seigneurie de Lauzon; Sellar, History of Huntingdon; Jodoin et Vincent, Histoire de Longueuil.

Seigniors, Canadian. Bk Remained faithful to British rule, 47. Dr Murray's relations with, 10; comparatively small emigration of, to France, 10; Carleton sends home a list of, 45, 47; pleads cause of, 46, 48; they ask for military service, 49; their satisfaction with the new régime, 162; their objection to sale of land in freehold, 239; their loss of influence, 255. WM Their relation to the censitaires, 23. Bib.: Bradley, The Making of Canada.

Select Committee on Grievances. Mc Seventh report of, 26; Mackenzie obtains committee, 263; matters referred to, 269; committee's report, 270-277; reply of Lord Glenelg, 280; Head's instructions, 280; subjects dealt with, 281-286. BL On political situation in Upper Canada, 11; report of, studied by Sir F.B. Head, 37. See also William Lyon Mackenzie.

Selkirk, Thomas Douglas, Earl of (1771-1820). MS Influenced by Mackenzie's Voyages, 7, 94; gains controlling interest in Hudson's Bay Company, 7; organizes colony, 7, 8, 100; dies, 1820, 8; Canadian places named after, 115; his lineage, 115, 116; birth, June, 1771, 116; educated at University of Edinburgh, 117; influenced by French Revolution, 117-118; becomes Baron Daer and Shortcleugh, 1797, on death of his brother, and Earl of Selkirk, on death of his father, 1799, 118-119; philanthropic interest in the Highlands and emigration policy, 119-120; his scheme for national defence, 120-121; made Fellow of Royal Society, 122; his Sketch of the British Fur Trade in 1806, 122; earlier pamphlets on the North American Indians, attributed to him, 122; his pamphlet on Parliamentary Reform, 123, 124; character sketch, 125; his memorial of 1802, on the proposed colony in Rupert's Land, 127-128; his Prince Edward Island colony, 129-132; visits United States and Canada, 132-133; the Baldoon Settlement in Upper Canada, 133; the Moulton Settlement, 134; visits Montreal, 1803, 137; entertained by the partners of the North West Company, at the Beaver Club, 139-140; takes advantage of his opportunities to obtain knowledge of the fur trade, 140; genesis of the Red River project, 141-142; obtains legal opinion on the Hudson's Bay Company, 143-145; purchases controlling interest in the Hudson's Bay Company, 145-146; buys Red River property from the Company, 146; opposition of Mackenzie, Inglis, and Ellice, 146; area of the tract, 147; plans for the colony, 149; terms of settlement, 149-150; sends for Miles Macdonell and puts him in charge of the colony, 150; sends him out to Hudson Bay with colonists, 151; sends second party of colonists, 159; sends third party of colonists, 1813, 162; sends Robert Semple with a fourth party, 1815, 164; arrives in Montreal from Scotland with his family, 1815, 185; makes representations to Lord Bathurst, and Sir George Drummond, 186; brings the De Meurons, disbanded Swiss soldiers, to Fort William, 189; winters at Point De Meuron, 190; reaches Red River, June, 1817, 191; makes treaty with Indians, 192; returns to Upper Canada, 193; faces trial at Sandwich, 198; and at York, 199; brings charges against North West Company, 199; his letter to Duke of Richmond, 200; returns to England, 201; the Bluebook of 1819, 201; letter of Sir Walter Scott, 202-203; his health breaks down, 202; death, April 8, 1820, at Pau, 204; sketch of his life in Gentleman's Magazine, 204-206; his family, 206; compared with Alexander Mackenzie, 209. See also Red River Colony. Bib.: Works: Sketch of the British Fur Trade in 1806; Observations on a Proposal for the Civilization and Improvement of the North American Indians within the British Boundary; Parliamentary Reform; Civilization of the Indian in North America; On the Necessity of a More Efficient System of National Defence; Observations on the Present State of the Highlands of Scotland, with a View of the Causes and Probable Consequences of Emigration. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Bryce, Manitoba, Hudson's Bay Company, and Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West. See also Red River Colony; Baldoon.

Selkirk Settlement. See Red River Colony.

Selwyn, Alfred Richard Cecil (1824-1902). In 1845 appointed assistant geologist in the Geological Survey of Great Britain; and director of the Geological Survey, Victoria, Australia, 1852-1869. Came to Canada in 1869, and filled the office of director of the Canadian Geological Survey, 1869-1895. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Seminarists. L Aid in defence of Quebec, 12.

Semple, Robert (1766-1816). Born in Boston, Mass. Engaged in mercantile pursuits, and travelled extensively. In 1802 visited Cape Colony, and from 1805 to 1810 travelled through Spain, Portugal, the West Indies, and Brazil. In 1813, while on a journey in the rear of the allied armies from Hamburg to Gottenburg, arrested by Lord Cathcart as an American spy. In 1815 appointed governor of the factories and territories of the Hudson's Bay Company. In the course of his tour of inspection, reached his headquarters at Douglas (now part of Winnipeg), early in 1816. For some time there had been an active feud between the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company, and in an attack at Seven Oaks by a party of "Nor'-Wester's," under Cuthbert Grant, Semple was killed. Index: MS Brings party of Highlanders to Red River, 1815, 164; succeeds Macdonell as governor of Red River settlement, 164. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Bryce, Manitoba. See also Red River Colony; Seven Oaks.

Senate. B Elective versus nominative system discussed at Quebec Conference—latter decided upon, 164; George Brown approves of nominative system, 165; distribution of members of, 173; Dorion objects to nominative system, 175, 177; weakness of the system, 178; its reorganization advocated by Canada First Association, 236.

Seneca Indians. One of the tribes of the Iroquois confederacy. They dwelt chiefly in the region of the Seneca and Canandaigua lakes, and extended westwards to Genesee River. During the American Revolution they espoused the British cause. There are now some hundreds living in Grand River Reservation, Ontario. Index: F Show quarrelsome temper, 143; attack Illinois, 144; enraged by murder of a chieftain on territory of Ottawas, 145; accept terms of peace, 146; attack canoes of French traders, 181; Denonville's expedition against, 207-214. Ch One of the five tribes or nations, 50; murder four delegates sent to Five Nations, 164. See also Iroquois. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France; Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.

Senezergues, De. WM Brigadier, commands battalion of La Sarre Regiment, 12; commands regular troops, 105; mortally wounded, 199; carried on board British vessel, 222.

Separate Schools, Manitoba. C The question used as a test of provincial power, 61-62; rights of Roman Catholics safeguarded, 1871, 71; overthrown by Legislature, 72; judgment of provincial courts reversed by Supreme Court, 72. Bib.: Ewart, Manitoba School Question; Wade, Manitoba School Question; Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party. For further references, see Lit. Am. Hist., pp. 438-439.

Separate Schools, New Brunswick. C Public opinion aroused in Quebec, 73; Costigan and other Roman Catholic members from New Brunswick demand disallowance of bill against, 73-74; Macdonald and Cartier oppose disallowance, 74-76; question becomes an issue in Quebec elections, 76; opinion of law officers in England obtained, 76; opinion adverse to Roman Catholics, 77; Costigan again demands disallowance, 77; compromise effected, 77-78; in Parliament, 131. Md Bill passed in 1871, 194; takes away government support from separate schools, 194; Roman Catholics petition for its disallowance, 194, 285; compromise effected, 194-195.

Separate Schools, North-West Territories. B Provision for, opposed by George Brown—he warns the Senate that effect would be to fasten them on the West forever, 249.

Separate Schools, Nova Scotia. Md Refused to Roman Catholics, 116.

Separate Schools, Upper Canada. B Opposed by George Brown, 121; a compromise arranged, 122-123; bill introduced by R. W. Scott, 144; Ryerson's support of bill, 144; adopted by government and becomes law, 144-145; attacked by Globe, but finally accepted by George Brown, 145. Md Claimed by Roman Catholics and conceded after years of controversy, 82. Bib.: Hodgins, History of Separate Schools in Upper Canada.

Servants. S Scarcity of, in Upper Canada, 182.

Seven Nations. Hd Their fighting force an uncertain quantity, 126.

Seven Oaks. MS Conflict between Hudson's Bay Company men and North West Company men, June 19, 1816, 180; Governor Semple shot, 181; Alexander Ross on, 184; Joseph Tassé on, 184; Sergeant Huerter on, 183; printed evidence, 199. Bib.: Bryce, Manitoba and Romantic History of Lord Selkirk's Colonists; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West.

Sévigné, Marie de Rabutin-Chantel (1627-1696). F Her son-in-law a candidate for governorship of Canada, 65; describes severities exercised on peasants in revolt in France, 150.

Seward, William Henry (1801-1872). Governor of New York, 1838; appointed secretary of state by Lincoln, 1860. Index: N Suggests Canadian agent at Washington to confer on Reciprocity Treaty, 192; tells Galt that treaty could not be renewed, 193. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Sewell, Jonathan (1766-1839). Born at Cambridge, Mass. Educated at Bristol, England. In 1785 studied law in New Brunswick under Ward Chipman; in 1789 called to the bar of Lower Canada and practised in Quebec. Appointed solicitor-general, 1793, and attorney-general, 1795. In 1808 chief-justice of Lower Canada, and held the position until 1838; also president of the Executive Council from 1808 to 1829, and Speaker of the Legislative Council from 1809 to 1838. The dispute as to boundaries, between the Dominion government and the province of Ontario, was afterwards settled on the basis of his decision of 1818. Introduced, in 1809, into the procedure of the courts, certain rules of practice which for some years met with strong opposition. In 1814 went to England to meet the charges made against him in this regard, and his conduct upheld. Received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Harvard. Index: P Papineau describes him as "a vain creature," 55; fills dual positions of president of Executive Council and chief-justice, 59. B Chief-justice, his part in movement for Confederation, 129. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Seymour, Frederick. Succeeded Sir James Douglas as governor of British Columbia, and arrived in the colony, April, 1864. Had previously been governor of British Honduras. On the union of Vancouver Island and British Columbia in 1866 became governor of the united colonies. In the spring of 1869 visited several Indian tribes on the coast; taken ill, and died at Bella Bella, June 10, 1869. Index: Md Governor of British Columbia, death of, 149. Bib.: Begg, History of British Columbia.

Shaw, Major-General Æneas. Bk Stationed on frontier between Kingston and Cornwall, 195. S Member of Legislative Council, 79, 98.

Shaw, Helen. Md Wife of Hugh Macdonald, and mother of Sir John A. Macdonald, 1; her strong character, 2.

Shea, Sir Ambrose (1818-1905). Born at St. John's, Newfoundland. Entered Newfoundland Assembly, 1850; Speaker, 1855-1861; member of government, 1864-1869; governor of the Bahamas, 1887-1895. Index: T Represents Newfoundland at Quebec Conference, 77. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Sheaffe, Sir Roger Hale (1763-1851). Born in Boston, Mass. Entered the army, 1778; served in Ireland and Holland; stationed in Canada, 1802-1811, and 1812-1813. Commanded the British, forces at Queenston Heights after the death of Brock. Administered the government of Upper Canada, 1812-1813. Created a baronet, 1813; raised to the rank of lieutenant-general, 1821; general, 1828. Index: Bk Present at battle of Egmont-op-Zee, 19; his severe discipline causes mutiny, 61-63; profits by experience, 74; appointed to staff, and sent to Upper Canada, 223; commands at battle of Queenston Heights after death of Brock, 309-312; his conduct at taking of York, 312. S Sent to protest against occupation by Americans at Sodus Bay, 137. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.

Shelburne. A town on the south-west coast of the province of Nova Scotia; founded by United Empire Loyalists in 1783; first known as Port Roseway. For a few years after its foundation the town grew at an astonishing pace, and at one time "had a population larger than that of Quebec and Montreal combined," but the locality afforded none of the elements of permanent prosperity, and the bulk of the population drifted to other parts of the province. Index: Hd Town of, founded by Loyalists, 263. Bib.: Haliburton, History of Nova Scotia; Sabine, American Loyalists; Bourinot, Builders of Nova Scotia; Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.

Sheppard, George. B Editorial writer on Colonist, joins staff of Globe, 135; speech against Confederation, 1859, 135-136; Brown's reply, 137.

Sherbrooke. A city in the Eastern Townships, Quebec, on the St. Francis River, named after Sir John Coape Sherbrooke. Founded by David Moe and other pioneers, about the year 1800.

Sherbrooke, Sir John Coape (1760-1830). Born in Nottinghamshire, England. Entered the army; took part in the capture of Seringapatam, 1797; and served under Wellington in the Peninsular War, 1809. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia in 1811; and governor of Canada, 1816-1818. Index: B Quiet rule of, 39. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Sherwood, Henry (1807-1855). Represented Toronto in Legislative Assembly, 1841-1854; member of Executive Council and solicitor-general, 1842 and 1844-1846; attorney-general for Upper Canada, 1847-1848. Index: BL Called to the Cabinet, 118; becomes solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 121; his appointment an obstacle to La Fontaine's acceptance of office, 125; solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 247; elected in 1844, 252; resigns, 266; becomes attorney-general for Upper Canada, 276; elected in 1848, 279. E Becomes head of ministry under Elgin, 43; defeat of his Cabinet, 50; his opposition to Rebellion Losses Bill, 68; proposes division of Clergy Reserves, in 1844, 159. Md Succeeds Draper in leadership of party, 28. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Sherwood, Captain Justus. Hd Commissioner for exchange of prisoners with Vermont, 202; confers with Ira Allen, 204; applies for lands in Eastern Townships, 267.

Sherwood, Levins Peters (1777-1850). Born in St. John's, Lower Canada. Removed to Upper Canada; studied law and called to the bar, 1803. Elected to the Assembly for Leeds, 1821; Speaker of the Assembly, 1822; Speaker of the Legislative Council, 1841. Appointed judge of the Court of King's Bench, 1825. Index: Sy Retires with pension, 252. Mc Quarrels with Judge Willis, 131-133. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges.

Shirley, William (1693-1771). Born in Preston, England. Called to the English bar; removed to Boston, where he practised his profession. Governor of Massachusetts, 1741-1745; planned the successful expedition against Louisbourg. Resided in England, 1745-1753. One of the commissioners at Paris to settle the boundaries of Nova Scotia, 1750. Again appointed governor of Massachusetts, 1753; commander-in-chief of the British forces in North America. Lieutenant-general, 1759; afterwards governor of the Bahama Islands. Returned to Massachusetts, 1770, and resided at Roxbury until his death. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe.

Shore. W Resigns from New Brunswick government, 72, 116.

Short, Judge. E Member of Seigniorial Court, 187.

Short Administration. Md Formed by George Brown, 85; lasted less than forty-eight hours, 85.

Short Hills Affair. Mc Mackenzie's connection with, 440.

Shortt, Adam (1859- ). Born at Kilworth, Ontario. Educated at Queen's University, and at Edinburgh and Glasgow. Appointed assistant professor of philosophy at Queen's University, 1885; lecturer in political science, 1889; professor of political science, 1892. In 1908 became a member of the Historical Manuscript Commission; and civil service commissioner the same year. Index: BL On Baldwin's Municipal Corporation Act, 1849, 296. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Sicotte, Louis Victor (1812-1889). Born in St. Famille, Boucherville, Quebec. Studied law, and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1838. Entered public life, 1852, as member for St. Hyacinthe. Elected Speaker of the Assembly, 1854, and held the office until 1857; appointed to the Executive Council as commissioner of crown lands, 1853; and held the same office, 1857-1858; chief commissioner of public works, 1858; attorney-general, 1862-1863. In the latter year appointed a judge of the Superior Court, retiring 1887. Index: E Declines seat in Hincks-Morin ministry, 126; proposes secularization of Clergy Reserves, 126-127; elected Speaker, 1854, 135-136. C A follower of Cartier, 24; forms Macdonald-Sicotte administration, 24. Md Leader of moderate Reformers, forms ministry with Sandfield Macdonald, 89. Bib.: Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Sifton, Arthur L. (1858- ). Educated at Victoria University; called to the bar, 1883. Removed to the North-West Territories and elected to the Legislature, 1891; held office as treasurer and commissioner of public works; appointed chief-justice of the North-West Territories; chief-justice of Alberta, 1905; premier of Alberta, 1910. Bib.: Canadian Who's Who.

Sifton, Clifford (1861- ). Educated at Victoria University. Removed to Manitoba and called to the bar of that province, 1882. Elected to the Manitoba Assembly, 1888; attorney-general and minister of education, 1891; elected to the House of Commons for Brandon, 1896; minister of the interior in the Laurier administration, 1896; resigned, 1905; agent of British government before Alaska Boundary Commission, 1903; chairman of Dominion Commission on the Conservation of Natural Resources, 1909. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Sillery. Village on the north side of the St. Lawrence, four miles above Quebec. It was originally founded by Noel Brulart de Sillery in 1637 as a settlement for Christian Indians. Index: WM Vaudreuil orders fifty men to be posted at, 162; post at, captured, 183. L Settlement of Christian Indians at, 74. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France; Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.

Simcoe. A lake situated between Lake Ontario and Georgian Bay; named after Governor Simcoe's father. It was discovered by Champlain in 1615, and was within the field of the famous Huron Mission of the Jesuit fathers. La Salle crossed the lake in 1680, on his way west to the Mississippi; and the following year dated one of his letters from the long portage between Toronto and Simcoe. Index: S Formerly Lac aux Claies, 207; present name given by Simcoe, 207.

Simcoe, Frank. S Son of Governor Simcoe, killed in storming of Badajoz, 179, 222.

Simcoe, John (1714-1759). Entered the navy and promoted captain, 1743; served on the court martial of Admiral Byng, 1756-1757. Commanded H. M. S. Pembroke at Quebec, 1759, and killed in action. Index: S Father of John Graves Simcoe, 15; sails with Admiral Saunders for Quebec, 16; his death, 16; story of his previous imprisonment at Quebec not authenticated, 16; his anticipation of the future greatness of Canada, 17; Lake Simcoe named after, 207. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.

Simcoe, John Graves (1752-1806). S Speaks in House of Commons on Constitutional Act, 7, 8; birth and family, 15; death of his father, 16; educated at Eton and Oxford, 17; obtains commission as ensign, 18; ordered to America, 18; obtains command of Queen's Rangers, 19, 22; proposes to enlist Boston Negroes, 19; sails with Howe for Halifax, 20; promoted to captaincy, and sails for New York, 20; wounded in action, 22; major in command of Queen's Rangers, 22; his Military Journal, 23; improves organization of his corps, 24; his intense devotion to British cause, 25; promoted to be lieutenant-colonel in America, 25; with a few men disperses considerable body of rebel militia, 26-29; wounded, 27; goes into winter quarters at Oyster Bay, Long Island, 30; operations with right column of army, 30; taken prisoner, 30; released, 31; makes plan to carry off Washington, 32; attached to expedition to Virginia under Benedict Arnold, 33; captures enemy's stores, 34; defeats superior force of the enemy at Spencer's Ordinary, 35; health impaired, 36; after surrender of Cornwallis, sails for England on parole, 37; promoted to be lieutenant-colonel, 39; recruits his health at home in Devonshire, 40; his marriage, 40; released from parole, 41; poetical gifts, 41-43; elected to Parliament, 44; speech on impeachment of Warren Hastings, 44; appointed to governorship of Upper Canada, 45; correspondence with Grenville and Dundas upon Upper Canada matters, 45, 46; desires appointment of a bishop, 46; sails for Canada in Triton, 47; brings out various commissions, 47; delay in swearing in, 48; sworn in, 49, 79; arrives in Upper Canada and proceeds to Niagara, 50; his eagerness to welcome Loyalist emigrants, 56; favours aristocracy, 69, 70, 197; his proclamation on the subject of persons entitled to special distinction as Loyalists, 71; his estimate of the Indians, 75; issues proclamation announcing county divisions, 80; opens first session of Legislature, 82; his speech from the throne, 83; deals with marriage question in Upper Canada, 86-88; strongly supports bill to prevent introduction of slaves into Upper Canada, 90; his speech on closing of fifth session, 95; his satisfactory relations with Legislature, 97; detects "republicanism" in some members of the Legislative Council, 97; changes his opinion, 98; goes to England on leave of absence, 99; his advice regarding Benedict Arnold's application for a grant of land in Upper Canada, 104; receives grant of 5000 acres of land as colonel of Queen's Rangers, 104; endeavours to check abuses of fur trade, 106; desires to promote trade between Upper Canada and the United States, 107; his endeavours to assist the farming community, 110, 198; his scheme to provide currency for the province, 111, 112; his apprehension of war with United States, 117-132, 144; sends his secretary to confer with British minister at Philadelphia, 117; his estimate of Brant's motives, 125, 126; his difficulties with the Indian department, 126-128; loved and respected by Indians, 128; moves to York, 129; his relations with Lord Dorchester strained, 130-132; correspondence with Dundas exhibits petulance, 130, 131; anticipating war, sends Major Littlehales to consult British minister, 134, 144; receives proposition from Spanish governor of Louisiana, 134, 136; despatch from Lord Dorchester leads him to fortify post at rapids of Maine, 136, 210; returns to Niagara, 136; protests against occupation by Americans at Sodus Bay, 137; his despatch to the Duke of Portland explaining his proceedings, 143-144; his conviction of loyalty of Upper Canada militia, 151; his opinion of Washington, 153; believes in a church establishment for Upper Canada, 155; his influence in the framing of the Constitutional Act, 156; a soldier, not a statesman, 157; desires appointment of a bishop and offers portion of his salary to meet the expense, 158; his scorn of dissent, 160; his opposition to repeal of Marriage Act, 161; prefers Roman Catholics as instructors for Indians, 166; his efforts in cause of education, 166-170; desires establishment of university, 168; and of grammar schools, 169; his admonitions to the king's printer, 174; donations to Agricultural Society of Upper Canada, 175; his social influence, 180; entertains Prince Edward, 183, 184; also United States commissioners to the Indians, 184-186, 203; entertains the Duke de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, 187, 214; receives visit from Alexander Mackenzie, the explorer, 188; changes name of Niagara to Newark, 195; appoints lieutenants for the more populous counties, 197; defends measure against criticism of secretary of state, 198; makes official tour through western Canada, 198-201; visits Detroit and examines the fort, 200; impressed by site of present city of London, and proposes to make it the capital of the province, 200; begins a military road (Dundas Street) from Burlington Bay to the Thames, 201; surveys Toronto harbour, 202; hears of declaration of war with France, 203; changes name of Toronto to York, 203; decides to spend winter of 1793-1794 there, 204; brings over his "canvas house" from Niagara, 204; his plans for the defence of province, 204, 205; these not approved by Lord Dorchester, 206; goes north to Georgian Bay and examines harbour of Penetanguishene, 207; makes road north from York, and names it Yonge Street, 207; renames Lac aux Claies, "Lake Simcoe," 207; his anticipation that road to the west by Lake Simcoe would supersede that by the Ottawa, 208; spends winter of 1794-1795 at Kingston, 211; spends summer of 1795 at Niagara, 214; moves government to York (1796), 215; plans new government buildings, 215; applies for leave of absence on account of ill health, 216; leave granted with flattering terms of approval, 216; leaves York, July, 1796, but does not sail from Quebec till November, 217; does not return to Canada, 217; offered governorship of Lower Canada, 218; sent to St. Domingo to quell insurrection, 219; retires on account of ill health, 219; placed in command at Plymouth, 220; appointed commander-in-chief in India, 220; sent instead to Portugal on important diplomatic and military mission, 220, 221; ill health compels his return to England, 221; his death, 222; monument to his memory erected by county of Devon, 222; his great desire to establish the British constitution in Canada, 223; hardships of his life, 224; his hostility to the United States, 224, 225; his military genius, 225; the king's opinion of his military service, 226; his ideas for Upper Canada, 227; founder of the Upper Canada bureaucracy, 227; did not allow for forces at work in a new country, 228; too little control of his temper in controversy, 228; his courtesy and high-mindedness, 229, 230; Pitt's appreciation of his integrity, 231; his lofty aims, 232. Dr Raises and leads Queen's Rangers, 202; appointed first governor of Upper Canada, 258; appointment not agreeable to Dorchester, 259; arrival of, 270; his character and opinions, 271; builds fort on Miami River, 284; relations with Dorchester, 293; situation in Upper Canada, 294; his service in Revolutionary War, 295; colonel of Queen's Rangers, 295; disposed to overlook Dorchester, 296; sustained by home government, 297; his opinion that towns might best grow about military posts, 302. B Favours close relations of church and state, 52. E On the system of colonial government in Upper Canada in 1792, 18. R His educational policy, 35; favours an established church, 47; plans endowment of a university and grammar schools, 51-53; the university question, 133. Bk Entertains distinguished guests at Navy Hall, 57. BL On the new constitution, 7; his phrase that the constitution of Upper Canada was "the very image and transcript of that of Great Britain," 58; his plans for higher education, 105-106, 191. Mc Lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, his views on the Constitutional Act, 54. Bib.: Journal of Operations of the Queen's Rangers. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Read, Life of Simcoe.

Simcoe, Mrs. Wife of preceding. Index: S Centre of society at Niagara, 179; receives present of a horse, 181; spends winter of 1794-1795 at Quebec, 213.

Simonds, Charles. W Delegate to England to represent New Brunswick grievances, 24; member of Rump government, 101. T Elected for St. John County, 10; elected Speaker, 18; protests against defection of Wilmot and Gray, 24; re-elected Speaker, 41. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Simpson, Sir George (1792-1860). MS His influence, 8; sent to Athabaska, 1820, 215, 231-232; his character and appearance, 215; his account of the Athabaska district, 216; his executive ability, 217-218; an autocrat, 226; love of pomp and show, 232; his voyage from York Factory to Fort Vancouver, 1828, 232; McDonald's narrative, 232; at Norway House, 233-236; at Fort Chipewyan, 236; crosses the mountains by way of Peace River, 237; in New Caledonia, 237-238; descends Fraser River, 238; reaches Fort Vancouver, 239; his return, 239; headquarters at Lachine, 241; influence in Canadian affairs, 241; knighted, 1839, for his services in furthering exploration, and his strong support of the government in 1837, 243; influence of his opposition to Papineau, on Red River affairs, 244-245; appoints Adam Thom as recorder of Red River, 245; his visits to Fort Garry, 247; relations to the local clergy, 247-248; his journey round the world, 249; his narrative, 249; its authorship, 249; leaves London, March 3, 1841, 250; at Montreal, and ascends the Ottawa, crosses Georgian Bay, and Lake Superior to Fort William, 250-251; at Fort Garry, 251; crosses the plains to Edmonton House, 252; at Fort Vancouver, 253; voyage to Sitka and return, 253; visits California, the Sandwich Islands, and Sitka again, 255-256; crosses Siberia, 257-259; reaches London, 260; his letters to James Hargrave, 261; his marriage, 262; life at Red River, 263-266; opposition to liquor traffic among the Indians, 267; dislike for John Tod, 268-269; method of appointment of high officers, 269; gives evidence before parliamentary committee, 272; his views on agriculture, 273-277; defends Hudson's Bay Company, 272-278; his death, 1860, at Lachine, 279; John McLean's opinion of, 279-280; his management of Hudson's Bay Company's affairs, 280, D Expedition on behalf of Hudson's Bay Company, 51; visits New Caledonia in 1828, 109; received by James Douglas at Fort St. James, 109; at Fort Vancouver, 110. Bib.: Narrative of a Journey Round the World. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; Bryce, Manitoba and Hudson's Bay Company; McLeod, Peace River.

Simpson, John (1807-1878). Born in Helmsley, Yorkshire, England. Elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, 1858, for the town of Niagara, and sat for the same constituency until 1864. Member of the Executive Council and provincial secretary, 1864; assistant auditor-general, 1864-1878. Index: B Retires from ministry with Foley and Buchanan, to make room for George Brown, Mowat, and Macdougall, 159. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Simpson, Miss Mary. Hd Nelson's admiration for, 244.

Simpson, Thomas (1808-1840). Born in Dingwall, Scotland. Educated at University of Aberdeen. In 1829 appointed secretary to his cousin, Sir George Simpson, resident governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. With Peter Warren Dease, commanded an expedition to connect the discoveries on the Arctic coast of Sir John Ross and Sir George Back, and in July, 1837, arrived at Foggy Island Bay, the farthest point reached by Sir John Franklin. Surveyed the Arctic coast of North America, from the mouth of the Mackenzie to Point Barrow, and from the Coppermine River to the Gulf of Bothnia, and solved the problem of the existence of a passage by water between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Index: MS His explorations of Arctic coast, 225. Bib.: Narrative of the Discoveries on the North Coast of America, 1826-1829. For biog., see Simpson, Life and Travels of Thomas Simpson.

Simultaneous Polling. E Provided for by law in 1874, existed some years previously in Nova Scotia, 133.

Sinclair, Colonel. Hd Lieutenant-governor at Michilimackinac, 158, 161, 163.

Sioux Indians. A western tribe, occupying the country between the west end of Lake Superior and the head waters of the Mississippi when French explorers and missionaries first went among them. Radisson and Chouart wintered among them in 1661-1662; they were visited by Du Lhut about 1678; and constant references are made to the tribe in the Jesuit Relations of the seventeenth century. Fierce and implacable by nature, they were rightly known as the Iroquois of the West. They are described in the narratives of Hennepin and other early writers. Index: Hd Offer to attack Ottawas, Chippewas, and Pottawattamies, 148. Bib.: Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites; Carver, Travels through the Interior Part of North America; Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes of the United States; Catlin, North American Indians; Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.

Sitka. Capital of Alaska. Baranof built a fort there in 1799, which he named Archangel Gabriel. It was captured by the natives in 1802, and recaptured by the Russians two years later. The same year, another fort was built near by, which was called Archangel Michael. The town which grew up about it was known as New Archangel, or Sitka. The latter name is of native origin, and the meaning is unknown. Bib.: McCormick, Geographic Dictionary of Alaska.

Six Friends. F Flagship of Phipps, 281.

Six Nations. Dr Their grievances, 5. S Lands allotted to, on Grand River, 74. Hd Too few in number to be important as allies, 126; their raid on Wyoming, 151; deputation to Quebec shown English fleet, 152; Molly Brant's influence with, 155; deputation of, wait on MacLean at Niagara, 171; threatened by Schuyler, 257; settle on Grand River, 258; party of, remain at Cataraqui, 265. Bib.: See Iroquois.

Skelton, Rev. Thomas. Dr Step-father of Carleton, 29.

Skinner, Charles N. T Candidate in St. John County. New Brunswick, 85, 109.

Slafter, E. F. Ch His estimate of Champlain, 277-279. Bib.: Memoir on Champlain in Voyages of Champlain (Prince Society). Edited Voyages of Northmen to America (Prince Society); Sir William Alexander and American Colonization (Prince Society).

Slavery. Hd Census of, in Lower Canada, in 1784, 231; negroes advertised in Quebec, 246. B George Brown's lifelong opposition to, xi, 1-2, 111-119; Anti-Slavery Society of Canada formed, 112, 113. S Prohibition of, in Upper Canada, 89-91. See also Negroes. Bib.: Johnson, First Things in Canada; Withrow, The Underground Railway (R. S. C., 1902); Jack, Loyalists and Slavery in New Brunswick (R. S. C., 1898); Smith, Slavery in Canada (N. S. Hist. Soc. Coll., vol. 10); L'Esclavage en Canada (Soc. Hist, du Montreal, 1859); Garneau, History of Canada.

Small, James E. Mc Defeated by Baldwin, 159; opposes Mackenzie, 214.

Small, John E. S Clerk of Executive Council, 178; his duel with John White, attorney-general, 181. BL Solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 134; Constitutional Society of Orillia recommends his dismissal, 167; elected in 1844, 253. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Smallpox. Dr Breaks out in army before Quebec, 120, 123. Hd Discussion on, in Quebec Gazette, 228-231. See also Vaccination.

Smith, Colonel. S Commands 5th Regiment, his residence at Niagara, 179.

Smith, Adam (1723-1790). Political economist. Filled successively the chairs of logic and of moral philosophy at Glasgow. In 1766 published his great work, The Wealth of Nations. Index: Sy His economic views receive attention, 11. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Smith, Sir Albert James (1824-1883). Born in Shediac, New Brunswick. Educated at the Westmoreland County Grammar School; studied law, and called to the bar, 1847. Represented Westmoreland in the New Brunswick Assembly, 1851-1867. A member of the government without portfolio, 1856. Resigned with his colleagues, and on the return of his party to power again resumed office. Attorney-general, 1862. A strong opponent of Confederation. On the resignation of the Tilley government, called on to form an administration; succeeded and held the office of president of the Council. Went to England to oppose Confederation, 1865. Held the attorney-generalship, 1865. His administration resigned office, 1866. Returned for Westmoreland to the House of Commons, 1867. Held office as minister of marine and fisheries in the Mackenzie government, 1873-1878. Chief counsel of the Canadian government before the Halifax Fisheries Commission, 1877. In recognition of his services, created K. C. M. G., 1878. Index: T Member of New Brunswick government, 33, 43; resigns, 1862, 90; member of Mackenzie ministry, 90; a Liberal, 91; declines chief-justiceship, 93, 94; resigns with his government, 103-104; opposes Quebec scheme, 116-117, 118-119. H Leader of Anti-Confederate government in New Brunswick, 179. B His ministry resigns, owing to action of Lieutenant-Governor Gordon and the Legislative Council on Confederation question, 188. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Smith, Goldwin (1823-1910). Born in Reading, England. Educated at Eton and Oxford; elected a fellow of University College, London, 1846; regius professor of modern history at Oxford, 1858-1866; honorary professor of English and constitutional history at Cornell, 1868-1871. Came to Canada, 1871; and thereafter made his home in Toronto. Elected a member of the Senate of Toronto University; and was first president of the Council of Public Instruction. Index: Mc His opinion of Mackenzie, 3; on the Family Compact, 10; on revolution, 18; on Mackenzie, 27; view of parliamentary government under Constitutional Act, 54, 55. B His connection with Canada First movement, 235; elected president of National Club, 237; attacked by the Globe, 237-238; his reply, 238-239. Md Supports Canada First party, 226; on Red River Rebellion, 240; his belief that "Annexation to United States was written in the stars," 283; favours commercial union, 292, 293, 294. Bib.: Works: Three English Statesmen; Lectures on the Study of History; Canada and the Canadian Question; Cowper; Essays on Questions of the Day; A Trip to England; Life of Jane Austen; The Moral Crusader; Oxford and Her Colleges; Shakespeare the Man; Guesses at the Riddle of Existence; Irish History and the Irish Question; The United Kingdom; The United States; Labour and Capital. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.; Denison, The Struggle for Imperial Unity; and his Reminiscences, edited by T. Arnold Haultain.

Smith, Sir Henry (1812-1868). Born in London, England. Came to Canada with his parents; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1836. Entered Parliament, 1841, as member for Frontenac; appointed solicitor-general, 1854, in MacNab-Morin ministry, and held same office in succeeding governments till 1858. Elected Speaker, 1858. Knighted, 1860, on the occasion of the visit of the Prince of Wales to Canada. Index: E Solicitor-general for Upper Canada in MacNab-Morin ministry, 141; judge of Seigniorial Court, 187. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Smith, H. W. Index: H Delegate of Anti-Confederate party,—goes to England with Howe to demand repeal of British North America Act, 204; receives thanks of Nova Scotia Legislature, 218. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Smith, James (1808-1868). Born in Montreal. Studied law, and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1830. Elected to the Legislature for Missisquoi, 1844. Appointed attorney-general the same year and held office until 1847, when he was appointed to the Court of Queen's Bench, Lower Canada; puisne judge of the Superior Court, 1849-1868. Index: BL Attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1844, 246. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.

Smith, Sydney (1771-1845). Sy On Conservative reaction in England, 11; on Lord John Russell, 55. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Smith, William (1728-1793). Born in New York City. Graduated at Yale, 1745; called to the New York bar, and practised in that city. In 1763 appointed chief-justice of the colony; and sat in the Council, 1767-1782. In 1786 appointed chief-justice of Canada, holding the office until his death. Index: Hd His influence over Lord Dorchester, 314; his ultra-English sentiments, 315. Dr Chief-justice of Canada, 224; his position on the civil law question, 225; favours union of all British North American provinces, 261; made Speaker of new Legislative Council, 269. S His plan for a union of all British possessions in North America, 5. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Smith, William O. T Mayor of St. John, New Brunswick, 7.

Smuggling. S Prevalence of, between Upper Canada and the state of New York, 106, 107. Bk Promoted between United States and Canada by United States Embargo Act, 109. Dr From New England into Canada, 57.

Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. S Assists the church of England in Upper Canada, 158, 159.

Soissons, Charles de Bourbon, Comte de (1565-1612). At the urgent solicitation of Champlain, who was in desperate need of a powerful protector to shield the infant colony of New France from rival intrigues, the Comte de Soissons was appointed by the king lieutenant-general of the colony, with viceregal powers. Made Champlain his lieutenant, with full control of the fur trade as well as of the exploration and settlement of the colony. Unfortunately for Champlain, his protector died shortly after the commission was issued. Succeeded as viceroy by Henri de Bourbon, Prince de Condé. Index: Ch Assumes direction of colony, and makes Champlain his lieutenant, 73. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Soleil d'Afrique. L French vessel, 219. F French frigate, brings supplies, 319

Somerset, Edward Adolphus Seymour, twelfth Duke of (1804-1885). Sat in House of Commons, 1830-1855; first commissioner of works, 1851-1852; first lord of Admiralty, 1859-1866. Index: B On committee on Confederation of Canada and defence scheme, 186. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Somerville, Alexander (1811-1885). Born in Scotland. Served in the regular army. Came to Canada, 1858. Took up newspaper work; for a time editor of the Canadian Illustrated News. Present as a volunteer at the battle of Ridgeway. Bib.: Works: Diligent Life; Narrative of the Fenian Invasion of Canada. For biog., see Rattray, The Scot in British North America.

Sorel. A city of Quebec, at the mouth of the Richelieu River. Named after Pierre de Sorel. A fort was built here by Montmagny in 1642, of which Senneterre was commandant in 1645. It was abandoned in 1647, and a new fort built by Sorel in 1665. Haldimand fortified the place in 1778, in view of another possible American invasion. Index: WM Two French frigates load stores at, 243. Dr Name of, changed to William Henry, 240. L Fort erected at, 53. Hd Situation of, 125; Haldimand at, 132, 259, 298; made depot for stores, 134, 183; inhabitants of, praised for their courage and loyalty, 135; Haldimand's proposition for purchase of seigniory of, 135, 183; lands allotted to Loyalists in district of, 255; Protestant mission at, 256; hospital at, closed, 269; dispute over wood-cutting at, 274; Riedesel stationed at, 296. Bib.: Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.

Souart, De. F Physician of the Seminary at Montreal, 91; presents bell to Bonsecours Chapel, 177.

Souel, Father. L Dies a martyr, 62.

Sovereign Council. F Created, 1647, at Quebec, 37, 49; reorganized, 105-106; resembles a Parliament in French sense, 131; Frontenac claims to be styled president of, 133-140; fixes prices of goods, 153. L Creation of, 41; expresses preference for settlers from north of France, 78; makes decrees respecting sale of liquor, 113; members of, 158, 166; deals with case of Perrot, 160; reconstituted and enlarged, 165; question as to title of president, 166. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac and Old Régime.

Spain. Dr Her action in the Nootka matter, 250. Hd Her rule in Louisiana, 64-81; war imminent with, 81; recovers Florida, 81; Hamilton's opinion of, 167; Rodney's victory over, 189. D Lacked genius for colonization, 4.

Special Council of Lower Canada. Sy Summoned to consider question of union, 192; legislation by, 255, 256; summoned for last time, 272; passes ordinance for establishment of municipal institutions, 273, 276; passes bill for registry of titles, 278; established board of works, with H. H. Killaly as president, 333. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Speedy. Bk Government vessel, foundering of, in Lake Ontario, 69.

Spence, R. E Postmaster-general in Hincks-Morin government, 140.

Spencer, John Charles, third Earl (1782-1845). Entered Parliament, 1804, and sat almost continuously to 1834; chancellor of the exchequer and leader of the House of Commons, 1830-1834. Index: Sy Chancellor of the exchequer, 25; on his father's death becomes Earl Spencer, 45; declines governorship of Canada, 58. W His death, 37. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Spragge, John Godfrey (1806-1884). Born in New Cross, Surrey, England. Came to York with his father, 1820. Educated at the Central School, York, under his father, who was headmaster, and at the Home District School under John Strachan. Called to the bar, 1828; elected a bencher of the Law Society of Upper Canada, 1835, and treasurer of that body, 1850. Appointed judge of the Surrogate Court of the Home District, 1836; master in Chancery, 1837; registrar of the Court of Chancery, 1844; vice-chancellor of Upper Canada, 1851; chancellor, 1869, and chief-justice of Ontario, 1881. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges; Dent, Can. Por.

Springer, Judge. R Graduate of Victoria College, 143.

Stadaconé. An Indian town, which stood near the mouth of the St. Charles River, in what is now the city of Quebec. It was occupied by a tribe of the Huron-Iroquois race, of which Donnacona was chief in 1535, when Jacques Cartier brought his little fleet to anchor in the St. Charles.

Stairs, W. J. H President of Anti-Confederation League, Nova Scotia, 192; correspondence with Joseph Howe, 192-197.

Stamford, Katherine. S Maiden name of Simcoe's mother, 15.

Stamp Act. Dr Effect of, in Canada, 33, 57.

Stanley, Lord. See Derby.

Stanmore, Sir Arthur Hamilton Gordon, Baron (1829- ). Md Lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, at first opposes Confederation, but later exerts all his influence in its favour, 121-122. B Son of Earl of Aberdeen, opposed to Confederation, 187; reverses his attitude on instructions from colonial office, 187-188. W Organizes first military camp in New Brunswick, 136. T Hostile to Confederation, 97; son of Lord Aberdeen, 97; strong advocate of maritime union, 97; under pressure from England, favours Confederation, 98; relations with A. J. Smith, 103-104. Bib.: Who's Who, 1910.

Star. Newspaper published at Cobourg; established 1828. Index: B Estimate of George Brown, 72-73.

Star. Newspaper published at Toronto; established 1892. Index: Mc Opinion of Mackenzie, 4; on rebellion, 13; on Mackenzie as a reformer, 522.

State Church. Sy Provision made for, by Clergy Reserves, 77. See also Clergy Reserves.

Steadman, James. T Postmaster-general, 51.

Steamship Service. The first steam vessel in Canadian waters was the Accommodation, which made her first trip between Montreal and Quebec in 1809. She was followed by the Swift Sure in 1811. The General Smyth made her first journey on the St. John River in 1816; and the Frontenac was the pioneer steamer on Lake Ontario, 1817. The first vessel to cross the Atlantic under steam was the Royal William, built at Quebec, 1830-1831, and crossed the Atlantic, 1833. The Unicorn, built by Samuel Cunard, sailed from Liverpool to Halifax in 1840. The Britannia followed the same year. The Allan Line began its career in 1852, the Dominion Line in 1870, the Canadian Pacific Steamship Line in 1859, and the Canadian Northern in 1910. Index: H Ocean service advocated by Joseph Howe, 232-234; established by Samuel Cunard, 234. See also Allan; Cunard; Molson; Accommodation; Royal William. Bib.: Johnson, First Things in Canada.

Steeves, William Henry (1814-1873). Born at Hillsborough, New Brunswick. Represented Albert County in the Assembly, 1846-1851; member of Legislative Council, 1851-1867; surveyor-general, 1854-1855; commissioner of public works, 1855-1856, and 1857-1863; member of Intercolonial Railway Council, 1862; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 1864; and Quebec Conference, 1864; called to the Senate, 1867. Index: T Member of New Brunswick government, 33, 43; delegate to England, 56; New Brunswick delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Steinhauer, Henry Bird (1804-1885). A full-blooded Chippewa Indian. Born in the Ramah Indian settlement, Lake Simcoe, Ontario. Adopted in early life by a Pennsylvania family whose name he took and by whom he was educated. About 1840 went to the North-West with the Rev. James Evans. Established himself at Norway House, where he remained for fifteen years. Assisted Evans in his invention of the Cree syllabic characters. Translated almost the whole of the Old Testament, and the greater part of the New Testament, into Cree. About 1858 removed to Whitefish Lake and established the Methodist mission there.

Steuben, Frederick William Augustus Henry Ferdinand, Baron von (1730-1794). Served through Seven Years' War. In 1777 offered his services to the Continental Congress, and attached to main army under Washington, who made him inspector-general. Promoted major-general at Yorktown. Index: S Stores guarded by, captured by Queen's Rangers, 34. Hd Sent as envoy to demand surrender of western forts, 259. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Stevens. WM Hostage, escapes from Quebec, 125.

Stevenson, Captain. S Accompanies Simcoe to Canada, 47.