Index and Dictionary (part 6)

Stewart, Alexander (1794-1868). Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Engaged in West India trade. Afterwards studied law and called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1822. Elected to the Assembly, 1826; member of the Legislative Council, 1837; and of the Executive Council, 1840. In 1846 appointed Master of the Rolls and judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court. Index: H His independent attitude in Nova Scotia Assembly, 18, 35; standing in public life of the province, 35; deserts popular party, 41; delegate of Legislative Council to England to oppose representative government, 52, 56. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.

Stewart, Sir William (1774-1827). British general. Index: Bk In command of marines in expedition to Baltic, 24, 29; organizes Rifle Brigade, 25. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Stikine River. Rises in northern British Columbia and flows into the Pacific, through Alaskan territory, after a course of 335 miles. The name is a corruption of the Thlinkit word sta-hane, meaning "the river." The mouth of the river was visited by Captain Cleveland in 1799. The Russians built Fort Dionysius there, in 1834, on the site of the present town of Wrangell. Three years later, the post was acquired by the Hudson's Bay Company, and renamed Fort Stikine. The upper waters of the river were visited by J. McLeod, of the Hudson's Bay Company, in 1834. The river was explored in 1863 by Lieutenant Pereleshin, of the Russian navy; and in 1866-1867 by the surveyors of the Western Union Telegraph Company. Index: D Attempt to establish Hudson's Bay Company fort there in 1834 frustrated by Russians, 119-120; Russians hand over their fort at mouth of river to Hudson's Bay Company, 121. Bib.: Blake, Geographical Notes upon Russian America and the Stickeen River; Dawson, Report on Yukon District (Geol. Survey Report, 1887-1888).

Stills. S Taxes imposed upon, by Legislature of Upper Canada, 92.

Stirling, Sir William Alexander, Earl of (1567?-1640). King James gave him a patent, September, 1621, to the territory now embracing the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick and the Gaspé peninsula. To further the colonization of his huge domain, Alexander instituted the baronetcy of New Scotland, or Nova Scotia. In 1628 the first colonists were landed at Port Royal. Index: Ch Equips vessel to operate against French colonies, 176; grant to, of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, etc., 223. See Baronets of Nova Scotia. Bib.: Biggar, Early Trading Companies of New France; Rogers, The Earl of Stirling's Register of Royal Letters Relative to the Affairs of Scotland and Nova Scotia; Alexander, An Encouragement to Colonies in Laing, Royal Letters Relating to Colonization of New Scotland; Patterson, Sir William Alexander (R.S.C., 1892); Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada.

Stisted, Sir Henry William. Educated at Sandhurst and entered the army as ensign, 1835. Served through the Persian War and the Indian Mutiny. Made major-general, 1864, and divisional commander of the troops in Upper Canada, 1866. Appointed first lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1867; held office until July 14, 1868. Returned to England; knighted, 1871. Died in England, 1875. Bib.: Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada.

Stobo, Robert. WM Former hostage with French, acts as guide to Carleton above Quebec, 124; said to have pointed out Le Foulon to Wolfe, 168.

Stoney Creek, Battle of. Took place on June 5, 1813, when the American troops, under Generals Chandler and Minder, were defeated by the British forces under Colonel (afterwards General) Harvey. The defeat was decisive, the two American generals being captured. It was a turning-point in the Niagara campaign. Bib.: Lucas, Canadian War of 1812; Richardson, War of 1812; Brymner, Battle of Stoney Creek. See also War of 1812.

Stopford, Major. Dr Commands force at Chambly, 93.

Strachan, John (1778-1867). Born in Aberdeen, Scotland. Graduated at King's College, Aberdeen, 1796. Came to Canada, 1799, and opened a school at Kingston. Ordained deacon, 1803, and priest, 1804. Became rector of York, 1812; archdeacon, 1827; and bishop of Toronto, 1839. Appointed to the Executive Council, 1815; and to the Legislative Council, 1818; remained a member of the former until 1836, and of the Legislative Council until 1841. Index: R Comes to Canada, 1799, to inaugurate educational policy, 36; his character, 37; takes orders in Church of England, and appointed rector of York, 37; called to Executive Council, 37, 46; his ambitious plans, 38; becomes archdeacon of York, 1827, 46; his commanding influence, 46; asserts pretensions of Church of England, 49; proposes sale of Clergy Reserves, 50; his sermon, 1826, 50-51, 63; his educational policy, 52; chairman of Board of Education, 58; asks legislative aid for theological students, 59; development of his policy, and of opposition to it, 61-63; outlines his views in sermon on death of bishop of Quebec, 67; visits England, 72; has bill introduced in Imperial Parliament for sale of portion of Reserves, 72; secures charter of King's College, 72-73; becomes first president, 73; his letter to Horton on church establishment in Upper Canada, 72; his ecclesiastical chart, 74; counter chart prepared by Dr. Lee, 75; evidence laid before parliamentary committee, 75; his speech before Legislative Council, 1828, 75-76; Ryerson's reply, 76-79; his fight for denominational schools, 243. S His arrival in Canada, 170; becomes bishop, 171. Sy Bishop of Toronto, his opposition to Sydenham's Clergy Reserves Bill, 247. B Denounces bill for secularization of King's College, 8; his environment, 260. BL Head of Home District Grammar School, 25, 106; Robert Baldwin one of his pupils, 25; and King's College, 192-193; leads opposition to Baldwin's University Bill, 195, 196; referred to by George Brown, 224; leads agitation against Baldwin's University Bill, 295; raises funds for an Anglican ministry, 295-296. E Secures charter for King's College, 93; deeply incensed at secularization of King's College, 94; his mistaken policy, 94-95; establishes Trinity College, 95; his uncompromising attitude in settlement of Clergy Reserves, 150; induces Sir John Colborne to create and endow forty-four rectories, 154; his report on this question, 156; dominant influence in Legislative Council, 157; opposes division of the Reserves, 159, 160; his final discomfiture, 169. Mc Proposes provincial university, 95. Md First bishop of Toronto, opposes secularization of King's College, 29-30; also opposes secularization of Clergy Reserves, 59. W His charter for King's College, Upper Canada, 51. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por.; Bethune, Memoir of Bishop Strachan; Mockridge, The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.

Strathcona and Mount Royal, Donald Alexander Smith, Baron (1820- ). Born in Archieston, Morayshire, Scotland. Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1838, and spent thirteen years at various trading-posts on the Labrador coast. Moved to the North-West, becoming chief factor, 1862; and afterwards resident governor and chief commissioner. Appointed by the Dominion government, in 1869, special commissioner to investigate the Riel Rebellion. Member of first Executive Council of the North-West Territories, 1870; represented Winnipeg in Manitoba Legislature, 1871-1874; elected for Selkirk to Dominion House, 1871, 1872, 1874, 1878; and represented West Montreal, 1887-1896. Appointed high commissioner for Canada in London, 1896. Knighted, 1886, and in 1897 raised to the peerage. Index: D Dugald McTavish succeeds, at Montreal, 1870, 265; drives last spike of Canadian Pacific Railway, Nov. 7, 1885, 326. MS Serves under Sir George Simpson in Hudson's Bay Company, 228; chief factor (1861), 228; serves in Labrador, 228. Md Takes part in debate on Pacific Scandal, 210; feels that the future of the West depends on Macdonald's return to power, 236; public spirit shown by, in building of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 237. Bib.: Willson, Lord Strathcona; Morgan, Can. Men; Who's Who. See also Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870.

Street, George F. W Solicitor-general of Brunswick, 34.

Street, John Ambrose. W Supports the governor of New Brunswick, 46. T Attorney-general and leader of government, 19; introduces railway resolutions, 26, 53. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Strickland, Samuel (1804-1867). Born at Reydon Hall, Suffolk; brother of Agnes Strickland, Mrs. Traill, and Mrs. Moodie. Entered the army, and reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Emigrated to Canada, 1826. Bib.: Twenty-Seven Years in Canada West. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict. Nat. Biog.

Strong, Sir Samuel Henry (1825-1909). Born in Dorsetshire, England. Came to Canada studied law, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1849. Member of the commission for consolidating the statutes, 1856. Appointed vice-chancellor of Ontario, 1869; transferred to the Court of Error and Appeal, 1874; puisne judge of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1875; and chief-justice, 1892-1902. Knighted, 1893. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Can. Men.

Stuart, Andrew. Sy Member of Constitutional Association, 112. P Declares the French Canadians to be "a race of gentlemen," 49; one of Papineau's followers, 197.

Stuart, Archdeacon. Sy Conducts funeral service of Lord Sydenham, 344.

Stuart, George Okill (1807-1884). Born in York, Upper Canada. Grandson of the Rev. John Stuart, q.v. Educated at Kingston and Quebec, and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1830. Mayor of Quebec, 1846-1850; elected to represent Quebec in the Assembly, 1852; defeated at the general election, but again returned, 1857. Appointed by the Imperial government judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court of Quebec, 1873.

Stuart, James. Ch Erects fort in Cape Breton, 200.

Stuart, Sir James (1780-1853). Born at Fort Hunter, New York. Educated at King's College, Windsor, Nova Scotia. Appointed assistant secretary to the government of Lower Canada in 1800; and solicitor-general, 1801. Entered the House of Assembly, for Montreal, 1808; attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1825; and in 1831 suspended from office by Lord Aylmer, and suspension confirmed by colonial secretary; a few months later the injustice of the decision admitted, and offered the chief-justiceship of Newfoundland, but declined the position. Appointed chief-justice of Lower Canada by Durham in 1838. Created a baronet, 1841. Index: Sy Praised by Colonial Gazette, 140; consulted by Sydenham, 191; accompanies him to Upper Canada, 195. E Chief-justice of the Court of Appeal of Lower Canada, and succeeded in 1853, by Sir L. H. La Fontaine, 105. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Stuart, John. MS Chief factor of Hudson's Bay Company in New Caledonia, 221; accompanies Simon Fraser down the Fraser, 222; his intellectual tastes and correspondence, 222. D Accompanies Simon Fraser on voyage down the Fraser, 60; succeeds Simon Fraser in New Caledonia, 98; still in command in 1821 when Companies amalgamated, 98; goes to Mackenzie River, 1824, 99. Bib.: Fraser, Journal in Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest.

Stuart, Rev. John. S First Church of England clergyman to arrive in Upper Canada, conducts school at Montreal, and then moves to Cataraqui (Kingston), 158; opens first school in the province, 166. Hd School-teacher at Montreal, 235; becomes rector at Cataraqui (Kingston), 236; supervises education of Indians, 265.

Sturgeon Lake. On the Saskatchewan. A notable place in the annals of the Western fur trade. Here the traders from Montreal built a post about 1772; and in 1774 Samuel Hearne built a rival post for the Hudson's Bay Company. The latter, Cumberland House, remained an important centre of the fur trade for many years, and is still in operation. By way of this lake, the fur traders' route lay north to Frog Portage and the Churchill River. Index: MS Frobishers build trading-post there in 1772, 4; its strategic importance, 4.

Subercase, Lieutenant. F In command at Lachine, on occasion of massacre, 225; sent to island of Orleans to watch Phipps, 303. L Anxious to attack Indians at Lachine, 226. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime.

Suete. WM A swamp, near Ste. Foy, 252.

Sullivan, John (1740-1795). Commanded northern army during Revolutionary War in 1776; served in Canada; and took part in the battles of Trenton, Brandywine, and Germantown. Index: Hd Lays waste Iroquois settlements, 151. Dr In command of American army at Sorel, 145. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Sullivan, Robert Baldwin (1802-1853). Born in Bandon, Ireland. Came to Canada with his father, 1819, and settled at York. Studied law and called to the bar, 1828. Practised for a time at Vittoria, in the county of Norfolk. Elected mayor of Toronto, 1835. Appointed to the Executive Council by Sir Francis Bond Head, 1836. Served in the militia during the Rebellion of 1837. Appointed to the Legislative Council, 1839; member of the first Executive Council after the union of Upper and Lower Canada; continued in office under the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration. Resigned office with his colleagues, 1843; defended the course of the ministry against Sir Charles Metcalfe in a series of letters in the Examiner, under the nom de plume of "Legion." Again took office as provincial secretary in the second La Fontaine-Baldwin administration. Appointed judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1848; judge of the Court of Common Pleas, 1850. Index: BL Enters into law partnership with Baldwin, 32; his character, 32, 77; president of the Council, 1841, 76; Baldwin's attitude to, 80; member of Legislative Council, 83; defends the government, 130-131; remains in office under La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 133, 134; defends La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, in Metcalfe crisis, 214; speaks before Reform Association, Toronto, 223; in political controversy, 238, 243-244; provincial secretary, 284. B Writes series of letters, over signature of "Legion," on responsible government, 211; provincial secretary in Baldwin-La Fontaine government, 211; his address on resources of North-West Territories, 211; urges importance of British settlement of North-West, 211; and responsible government, 261. Sy Introduces union resolutions in Legislative Council, 209, 228; president of Council under union, 283; duties and salary, 334. R His connection with university scheme, 153. E Provincial secretary in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion and Last Forty Years; Read, Lives of the Judges.

Sullivan, William Wilfrid (1843- ). Born at New London, Prince Edward Island. Educated at Central Academy and St. Dunstan's College, Charlottetown. Engaged for a time in journalism; studied law and called to the bar, 1867. Elected to the Assembly; held office as attorney-general; premier, 1879-1889; chief-justice of Prince Edward Island, 1889. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Sully, Maximilien de Bethune, Duc de (1560-1641). Trusted counsellor of Henry IV of France. Index: Ch False report of his death, 64. Bib.: Memoires, 1634-1662.

Sulpicians. A Canadian order, founded by Jean Jacques Olier, in 1640, as part of the threefold religious settlement of Ville Marie. Named after Olier's parish of St. Sulpice, in Paris. After Maisonneuve had laid the foundations of Montreal, the Sulpicians built their Seminary, and became proprietors of the island, much of which still remains in their possession. They encouraged settlement on their seigniory, and in 1666, when Queylus was superior, granted a large tract of land at Lachine to La Salle. Among the notable members of the order in its early days were the Abbé Fénelon and Dollier de Casson, the latter the historian of the order. Index: F Religious order, come to Montreal with Maisonneuve, 42; work of colonization done by, 56; Frontenac friendly to, 74; seigniors of the island of Montreal, 97; their missions, 166, 168. L Four priests of the order come to Canada, 25; peculiarly devoted to the Virgin Mary, 85; build new chapter house, 90; acquire island of Montreal and seigniory of St. Sulpice, 108, 135; large contributions of, to work of evangelization, 136; parish of Montreal attached to, 175; send petition to the king, 183; union with Foreign Missions of Paris, 221. Sy Incorporation of Seminary of, 255. C Their quarrel with Bishop Bourget, 80. Bib.: Dollier de Casson, Histoire de Montreal; Faillon, Colonie Française en Canada; Parkman, La Salle.

Sulte, Benjamin (1841- ). Born at Three Rivers. Served as a volunteer in the Fenian Raids, 1865-1866; employed in the Department of Militia and Defence, 1870-1903; president of Royal Society of Canada, 1904. Index: Hd On Haldimand, 291-292. Bib.: Works: Les Laurentiennes; Chants Nouveaux; Melanges d'Histoire; Histoire des Canadiens-Français; Pages d'Histoire du Canada; Histoire de la Milice Canadienne; Bataille de Châteauguay. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Sumner, Charles (1811-1874). American statesman, and leader in the anti-slavery movement. Elected to Senate, 1851; chairman of committee on foreign affairs, 1861. Index: B Very favourable to Reciprocity Treaty, 226. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Sunday. S Little observed in Simcoe's time, so far as transaction of public business was concerned, 198.

Superior, Lake. Area 31,800 square miles. Discovered by Étienne Brulé, in 1622. In the next quarter century the devoted Jesuit Fathers penetrated to the shores of the lake. Jogues and Raymbault preached the Faith at the outlet of the lake in 1641; Ménard attempted a mission on the south shore in 1661; and a few years later Allouez explored most of the same side. Radisson and Chouart penetrated to the western end of the lake and beyond in 1661; and Du Lhut covered much the same ground in 1678-1681. From that time, the shores of the lake became familiar ground to missionaries, explorers, and fur traders. Bib.: Kohl, Wanderings round Lake Superior; Agassiz, Lake Superior; Butterfield, History of Brulé's Discoveries.

Supreme Court of Canada. Created by Act of Parliament in 1875. Consists of a chief-justice and five puisne judges, who, also constituted the Exchequer Court until 1887, when the latter was separated. The first chief-justice was Sir William Buell Richards, 1875-1879; succeeded by Sir William Johnston Ritchie, 1879-1892; Sir Samuel Henry Strong, 1892-1902; Sir Henri Elzear Taschereau, 1902-1906; and Sir Charles Fitzpatrick, since 1906. Index: Md Bill for establishment of, shaped, 1868-1870, but not passed until 1875, 151.

Surprise. Dr British frigate, arrival of, 137.

Sutherland. WM British frigate, with five other vessels, passes up the river, 123; Wolfe on board of, opposite Cap Rouge, 166; his last proclamation from, 172; Wolfe's conversation with Jervis on board of, 175; signal given from, for movement of the army, 179.

Sutherland, Thomas J. Mc Plans occupation of Navy Island, 412; his lack of discretion, 412; starts for Michigan, 418; reaches Detroit, 427; meets Handy, 427; lands on Bois Blanc Island, 428; taken by Loyalists, 431; found guilty, but released, 431. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.

Sutton, H. T. Manners. See Canterbury.

Suze, Treaty of. Signed April 24, 1629. Under its terms peace was declared between France and England; the former French possessions in America to revert to France. The conditions were not fulfilled until three years later. Index: Ch Signed by England and France, April 24, 1629, 183; ancient possessions of England in America given to France by, 213. Bib.: Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions.

Sweatman, Arthur (1834-1909). Born in London, England. Educated at Christ College, Cambridge. Headmaster of Hellmuth College, London, Ontario, 1865-1872; rector of Grace Church, Brantford, 1872-1876; archdeacon of Brant, 1876-1879. Succeeded Dr. Bethune as bishop of Toronto, 1879; and in 1907 elected archbishop and metropolitan, and primate of all Canada. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.; Mockridge, The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.

Swiss. Hd Their bravery, 7, 8; take up lands in English colonies, 9; scheme to form them into a regiment, 9.

Switzerland. Hd Dangerous situation of, 4.

Sydenham, Charles Edward Poulett Thomson, first Baron (1799-1841). Sy Represented (as Charles Edward Poulett Thomson) city of Manchester in House of Commons, 2; his liberal views, 3; birth, 4; enters office of his father's firm at St. Petersburg, 5; introduced to best society there, 5; returns to England, 6; foreign travel, 6; linguistic acquirements, 6; returns to St. Petersburg, 7; visits central, southern, and eastern Russia, 7; spends part of winter at Vienna, 8; his journals, 8; death of his mother, 8; yields to prevalent mania for speculation, 10, 14; adopts new economic views, 12; becomes associated with philosophic Liberals, 13; candidate for representation of Dover in Commons, 13; incurs heavy expenses, 14; elected, 15; votes for reduction in duty on corn, 15; his view of politics, 16; his speech on the Navigation Acts, 17; advocates ballot and repeal of usury laws, 18; supports repeal of Test and Corporation Acts, 18; a believer in free trade, 18; moderate in his views, 19; suffers from gout, 20; spends winter in Paris and meets many able men, 20; speaks on parliamentary reform, 21; on the national system of taxation, 22, 23; recommends income tax, 24; made vice-president of Board of Trade, and treasurer of navy, 25; tariff reform and vested interests, 27, 29; takes little part in framing Reform Bill, 28; but devotes much attention to the public accounts, 28; negotiates commercial treaty with France, 29; his excessive labours, 30; elected both for Manchester and for Dover, 31; elects to sit for Manchester, 31; an advocate of commercial freedom, 33-38; great dinner given to, at Manchester, 37; his views on banking, 38; on the corn duties, 39; on free trade, 41; president of Board of Trade in reconstructed government, 43; Greville's description of, 43, 44; returns to office with Melbourne (1835), 46; re-elected (over Gladstone) for Manchester, 48; a departmental worker rather than an active politician, 49; description of, by Thomas Raikes, 49; makes commercial treaty with Austria, 50; founds school of design and promotes international copyright, 51; provides for regulation of railway charters, 53; collects statistics, 54; Lord Melbourne's estimate of his abilities, 56; accepts governor-generalship of Canada, in preference to chancellorship of the exchecquer, 57-59; instructor for Canada in principles of responsible government, 83; his tact in dealing with that question, 104; makes important changes in draft bill for reunion of provinces, 124; news of his appointment received in Canada, 129; appointment not acceptable to all parties, 129-132; Reformers of Upper Canada disposed to favour him, 133; article in Colonial Gazette on his mission, 136-141; his views on question of French nationality, 137; on parties in Upper Canada, 138; on responsible government, 139; his instructions, 141; Lord John Russell's letter accompanying instructions to, 141-144; large discretion intrusted to him, 144; sails in frigate Pique from Portsmouth, 147; arrival at Quebec, 147; his reflections on shipboard, 147, 148; sworn in, 149; his proclamation, 149, 150; address of the Quebec Committee of Trade, 152; meets Sir George Arthur at Montreal, 153; his task, to place Cabinet government in Canada on stable basis, 179, 187; forced to exercise an unusual measure of political control, 188; opposed by ultra-Tories and ultra-Radicals, 189; consults with Chief-Justice Stuart of Lower Canada, 191; summons Special Council of Lower Canada to consider question of union, 192; proceeds to Upper Canada, 195; describes navigation of the St. Lawrence, 196; arrives at Toronto and takes over government of province, 197; his significant reply to address of Toronto corporation, 198; calls for a return of revenue and expenditure of province, 198; describes condition of things in Upper Canada, 200-203; speech on opening of Upper Canada Legislature, 203, 204; thought too sympathetic with French-Canadians, 205, 233; carries union resolutions in Upper Canada Legislature, 203-210; his personal influence very marked, 210, 211; acknowledges support given to him by Reformers and moderate Conservatives, 213, 214; reports to the colonial secretary on the state of Upper Canada, 215-226; unpopular with French-Canadians, 233; decides to attempt settlement of Clergy Reserves question, 238; his message on the subject to the Legislative Assembly, 245, 246; secures passing of bill, 248; is non-committal on subject of responsible government, 249; his report on session to colonial secretary, 250, 251; goes to Montreal to meet Special Council, 253; describes situation in Lower Canada, 253-255; proceeds to Nova Scotia, 257; reports on situation there, 259-263; fails to anticipate full action of responsible government in the colonies, 263, 264; visits New Brunswick at request of Sir John Harvey, 264; returning to Canada, visits Eastern Townships, 265; tour through Upper Canada, 265-268; well received everywhere, 267; proposes to fix capital of united provinces at Kingston, 268; not so popular in Lower Canada, 269; notified that royal assent had been given to Union Act, 271; raised to peerage as Baron Sydenham and Toronto, 272; his strong desire that Union Act should provide a municipal system for Canada, 273-275; favours Kingston as seat of government, 281; authorized to proclaim Union, 282; appoints 10th of February, 1841, as date, 282; becomes from that date governor-in-chief of united province, 282; issues proclamation to people, 282; issues writ for general election, 282; his sympathy with French-Canadians, 284; changes electoral limits of Montreal and Quebec by attaching suburbs to adjoining counties, 285, 286; unable to give French-Canadians representation in his Cabinet owing to their rooted opposition to union, 288; supported by moderate Reformers, 291; his difficulty with Baldwin, 294-296; much aggrieved by Baldwin's action, 299; his analysis of the Legislature of 1841, 303, 304; his belief in theory of responsible government, 312, 313; his efforts to improve financial conditions, 315, 320; promises in speech from throne Imperial loan in aid of public works, 320; his views on emigration, 321; his satisfaction over passing of Local Government Bill, 325; interest in public works, 326; his plan for a bank of issue, 327; plan not suited to Canadian conditions at the time, 329; partial adoption of, many years later, 330; reorganizes public departments and Executive Council, 331-335; takes part in extradition and boundary negotiations with the United States, 336; serious illness, 337; sends resignation to take effect on close of session, 338; his confidence in the solidity of his work, 338; his absorption in his work, 339; receives Grand Cross of Bath, 340; meets with fatal accident, 341; his fortitude in suffering, 342; his last words to the Legislature, 342; his high opinion of Lord John Russell, 343; his death, 343; buried at Kingston, 344; eulogy of, by Dr. Ryerson, 346, 347; by Joseph Howe, 348, 349; general support given to his ideas by home government, 350; his special qualifications for his work in Canada, 352-355; gradually gains favour with French-Canadians, 355; his administration marks transition from the old system to the new, 356. B French-Canadians complain they are outraged by, 15-16. E His character, 2, 14; appointed governor-general to complete the union and establish responsible government, 26-29; his qualities, 29; his death, 30; his canal policy, 96-97; his proposed settlement of Clergy Reserves, 156-157. C Sent to Canada to carry out some of Durham's recommendations, 12; his character, 12; attitude towards Canadians, 12; secures approval of union scheme, 12-13; persuades Upper Canada to modify conditions of union, 14; wins the elections, 15; his constitutional battle with La Fontaine as to meaning of ministerial responsibility, 97; asked to disfranchise French of Lower Canada, 99. R Comes to Canada, supported by Ryerson, 122; his policy, 122; draws up resolutions on responsible government, 123-126; his influence on political life, 131; interview with Ryerson, 163; his death, 163. H Visits Nova Scotia, and discusses political situation with Joseph Howe and other leaders, 68. P His views as to political situation in Nova Scotia, 24; requests La Fontaine to enter Draper ministry, 72; referred to by Papineau, 171; his aim in bringing about union of the Canadas to crush the French-Canadians, according to La Fontaine, 174-175. BL In period of reconstruction, 50; sent to Canada as governor-general, 59; his previous career, 59; becomes Baron Sydenham and Toronto, 59; takes over government, and lays his plans before the Special Council, 59-60; his special project the union of the Canadas, 60-61; visits Upper Canada, 61; appoints Baldwin solicitor-general of Upper Canada, 63; his attitude towards responsible government, 64-67; union project, 67-71; describes a journey in Canada in 1839, 74-75; summons Legislature, 1841, 75; appoints Legislative and Executive Councils, 75, 83; correspondence with Baldwin as to personnel of Cabinet, 79-80, 81; succeeds in carrying on the government, 85; on the luxurious surroundings of colonial legislators, 86; absent from meeting of the Houses, 86; his speech from the throne, 89; his public policy, 90; his views as to his constitutional position, 97-98, 137; legislation as to municipal government, 100-105; the resolutions on constitutional government, 109-111; his death, Sept. 19, 1841, 111; Turcotte and McMullen on, 111-112; his character, 111-112; referred to in La Fontaine's speech, 128; changes boundaries of constituencies of Montreal and Quebec for political purposes, 146; this and other legislation of his repealed in 1842, 146-147; on responsible government, 161, 162, 163; dissatisfaction with his selection of Kingston as capital, 180; his instructions, 230; and Ryerson, 241; his application of the constitutional system, 274; municipal legislation under, 299. Mc On state of province, 406; would not have fought against rebels, 407; praises Reformers, 407; opposition from Family Compact, 407; gives responsible government, 409; surprised people had not rebelled sooner, 477. Md Advocate of responsible government, 17; his death, 17; secures passage, by Assembly, of Act secularizing Clergy Reserves, 1840, but on being sent to England, it is disallowed on technical grounds, 59-60. W His despatch to Lord John Russell on the Executive Council, 113. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Scrope, Memoir of Life of Sydenham.

Sydney. An important seaport of Nova Scotia; formerly the capital of the colony of Cape Breton. Founded in 1784, and the seat of the local government until 1820, when the island was united to Nova Scotia. Incorporated as a town in 1886, and received a city charter in 1904. Bib.: Nelson's Ency.

Sydney, Thomas Townshend, first Viscount (1733-1800). Entered Parliament, 1754; lord of the treasury, 1765; war secretary, 1872; and home secretary, 1783. The office of home secretary then included the colonies. Index: Dr Secretary of state, discusses with Carleton future of Canada, 224; his correspondence with Carleton, 242; succeeded in colonial office by Grenville, 248. Hd Du Calvet's petition to, 284-288; Haldimand's intercourse with, 310, 315, 322, 326, 337; speech to, 327. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Syndics. F Local representatives without votes, provided for in first council, 37.

Taché, Alexandre Antoninus (1823-1894). Born in Rivière du Loup, Quebec, and educated at Quebec and Montreal. In 1845 volunteered as a missionary to the Indians on the Great Lakes, and in the same year ordained to the priesthood. Founded several missions, schools, colleges, and convents in the North-West. In 1853 became bishop of St. Boniface, and in 1871 made archbishop. Index: C His missions, 69; warns government of trouble with half-breeds, 70; his visit to Rome, 70; recalled to placate half-breeds, 70. Md Warns Sir Georges Cartier of trouble in North-West, 157-158; on causes of rebellion, 240. Bib.: Works: Sketch of the North-West of America; Vingt Années de Missions dans la Nord-Ouest. For biog., see David, Vie de Taché; Benoit, Vie de Mgr. Taché, Archevêque de St. Boniface; Dent, Can. Por.

Taché, Sir Étienne Pascal (1795-1865). Born in St. Thomas, Quebec. Served during the War of 1812-1815. Studied medicine, practising until 1841. Entered Parliament, and in 1848 became commissioner of public works. Held the position of receiver-general from 1849 to 1856. Appointed to Legislative Council, 1856; subsequently elected Speaker; shortly after became premier, with John A. Macdonald as attorney-general and leader of the lower House. In 1858 visited England; knighted by Queen Victoria; appointed to the honorary rank of colonel in the British army, and made an aide-de-camp to the queen. For a few months in 1864 became premier in conjunction with Macdonald, but on the defeat of the government retired from public life. Index: C Replaces Morin in Liberal-Conservative administration, 33; with Cartier, induces Grand Trunk to extend line from Quebec to Rivière du Loup, 49; intrusted by Lord Monck with duty of forming a Cabinet, 68; alliance with Upper Canadian Conservatives, 99. BL Chief commissioner of public works, in second La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 284; in Assembly for six years (1841-1846), held office of deputy adjutant-general, given seat in Legislative Council, 284-285. E Chief commissioner of public works in La Fontaine-Baldwin Cabinet, 53; his historic saying as to British supremacy in America, 56; a Liberal leader in Lower Canada, 109; receiver-general in Hincks-Morin government, 113; retains same office in reconstructed ministry in 1853, 126. B Challenges Brown to publish Cardinal Wiseman's pastoral in the Globe, 44; said to have advised Roman Catholics to oppose secularization of Clergy Reserves, 48; forms ministry, 1864, 149; leads coalition government, 159; presents case for Confederation in Upper Chamber, 169; his death, July 30, 1865, 189; his character, 189; his prejudice against the Rouges, 200. R Introduces Separate School Bill, 230. Md Takes Morin's place in the Cabinet, 74; forms administration with Macdonald, 1856, 80; failing health forces him to resign, 83; induced to leave his retirement, and form another administration with Macdonald, which lasts only a few weeks, 90-91; chairman of Confederation Conference held at Quebec, 104; his death, 122. T His government weak, and defeated in 1864, 69; delegate to Quebec Conference, 76; president of Conference, 77. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Taylor, Brit. Am.

Tadoussac. A town in Saguenay County, Quebec, situated at the confluence of the Saguenay River with the St. Lawrence. Founded in 1599 by Chauvin, and visited by Champlain in 1603 and 1609. In the days of the early French colonists, a centre of the seal fisheries and the fur trade. Index: Ch Champlain arrives at, May 24, 1603, 10; derivation of name, 10; early date at which fishing vessels resorted thither, 59; seat of the fur trade, 119; Récollet mission at, 167.

Tait, Sir Melbourne McTaggart (1834- ). Born at Melbourne, Quebec. Educated at St. Francis College, Richmond. Studied law in Montreal, and graduated B. C. L. at McGill University, 1862; called to the bar, 1863; practised at Melbourne and afterwards at Montreal. In 1882 created Q. C.; in 1886 became a fellow-in-law in McGill University; in 1887 appointed judge of the Superior Court of Quebec; in 1894 acting chief-justice; and in 1906 chief-justice. On the completion of the sixtieth year of Queen Victoria's reign in 1897, knighted. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Talbot, Thomas (1771-1853). Rose to the rank of colonel in the British army, and for a time attached to the staff of Governor Simcoe. Resigning his commission, obtained in 1801 a grant of 5000 acres on the north shore of Lake Erie for the purposes of a settlement, and devoted himself to its development. Brought out a band of colonists from England, and others followed. Port Talbot became the centre of an ever-widening region of cultivated land, until before his death twenty-eight townships had been settled as the result of his efforts. Index: S Aide-de-camp to Simcoe, 177; returns to Ireland, later returns to Canada, and forms a settlement in western Ontario, 178. Bib.: Six Years in the Canadas. For biog., see Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por.; Taylor, Brit. Am. See also Coyne, The Talbot Papers (R. S. C., 1907).

Talbot Settlement. See Talbot, Thomas.

Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice, Prince de (1754-1838). French statesman. Index: Bk Foreign secretary under Napoleon, 81. Bib.: For biog., see works of Taine, Mignet, Bastive, Lamartine, and Guizot.

Tallon, Major. Bk In command of 3d Brigade, 247.

Talon, Jean-Baptiste (1625-1691). Born in Picardy, France. Held offices in the intendancies of Bordeaux and Lyons, and intendant of Hainant from 1661 to 1663. In 1663 intendant of New France. During his administration in Canada, was the first to build ships in the colony; opened up trade between Canada and the West Indies; established the first brewery in North America; and developed cod fisheries along the St. Lawrence. In 1668 left for France, but returned to Canada in 1670, and resumed the intendancy. In 1672 returned to France, and for several years held high positions in the king's household. Index: F Intendant, 51; character, 54; attitude to the clerical power, 55; labours for the prosperity of the country, 55; recalled at his own request, 60; instructed to guard against ecclesiastical encroachments, 69; secures permission for Récollets to return to Canada, 72. L Appointed intendant, 51; arrival of, 79; his zeal for settlement of the country, 79, 80; his high character, 81; takes steps to develop St. Maurice mines, 82; sends Perrot to visit western and northern tribes, 82; promotes explorations of Jolliet and Marquette, 82; recommends de Queylus to Colbert, 107, 135; to counterbalance influence of Jesuits, brings out Récollet Fathers, 109; obtains decree permitting sale of liquor to the Indians, 113; styled the "Canadian Colbert," 113; his exertions for the good of the colony, 114-116; returns to France, 143; his reports prejudice mind of Colbert against clergy, 170. E His seigniory of Des Islets made a barony in 1671, 181. WM Montcalm marries his grand-niece, 5. Bib.: Mémoire sur l'État Présent du Canada, attributé à M. Talon (Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc., Hist. Doc., 1st ser., 1840); Parkman, Frontenac; Garneau, Histoire du Canada; Faillon, Histoire de la Colonie Française; Bibaud, Histoire du Canada sous la Domination Française; Ferland, Cours d'Histoire du Canada; Miles, Canada under French Régime; Kingsford, History of Canada; Colby, Canadian Types of the Old Régime; Roy, Intendants de la Nouvelle France (R. S. C., 1903); Chapais, Jean Talon.

Tanguay, Cyprien (1819-1902). Born in the city of Quebec. Graduated at Quebec Seminary in 1839, and ordained priest 1843. In 1860 removed to St. Germain, and instrumental in building the cathedral for the diocese of Rimouski, as also the college and convent in that diocese. Entered the service of the Canadian government in 1865, and for some years connected with the statistics branch of the Department of Agriculture. In 1867 went to Paris to report on the French archives bearing on Canadian history. In 1883 received the honorary degree of Litt.D. from Laval University, and in 1886, being one of the original fellows of the Royal Society of Canada, received the Confederation medal from the Dominion government. In 1887 visited Europe and reported on the historical archives. Subsequently created a Prélat Romain by the pope. Bib.: Dictionnaire Genealogique des Familles Canadiennes. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men.

Tanswell, J. Hd Schoolmaster at Quebec, 234.

Tarieu de Lanaudière, Charles. Member of an old French family, originally of Guienne; settled in Canada about 1665. Commanded a part of the Canadian militia at Carillon, in 1758; remained in Canada after the conquest, and became aide-de-camp to Dorchester; served against the Americans in 1775, and accompanied the governor to England. Afterwards appointed a legislative councillor, and deputy postmaster-general for Canada. Index: Dr In command of militia, 187; offered to settle his seigniory with freeholders, 255. WM Canadian officer, sent to prevent landing at St. Paul's Bay, 89.

Tariff. BL Increased in 1841, 99; and 1842, 147; on agricultural products, and live stock, 189; Act of 1849, 292, 302.

Tarleton, Sir Bonastre (1754-1833). Born in Liverpool. Educated at Oxford University; and joined the army in 1775. In 1776 came to America as a volunteer with Cornwallis, and became major in Colonel Harcourt's Regiment of Dragoons. Given command of the "British Legion" or "Tarleton's Green Horse," and with this force was in constant action against the enemy. In 1780 met and severely defeated Colonel Burford's detachment at Waxhaw Creek; arrived at Camden in time to complete the rout of General Gates's left wing; and overwhelmed the army of General Sumter at Fishing Creek. Badly beaten by the American force under General Daniel Morgan at Cowpens, 1781. In 1782 returned to England, and promoted to colonel; from 1790 to 1812 a member of Parliament; in 1817 made lieutenant-general; and created a baronet in 1818. Index: Dr Commands British Legion, 202. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Taschereau. Bk Arrested, 127; discharged, 128. C Claims liberty of the press, 95; sent to jail, 95. P Name struck off militia list by Sir James Craig, 28; sent to jail, 29; released, 29.

Taschereau, Elzear Alexandre (1820-1898). Born at Ste. Marie de la Beauce, Quebec. Educated at the Seminary of Quebec; subsequently travelled throughout Europe; and in 1837 entered the Grand Seminary at Quebec. In 1842 ordained to the priesthood in his native parish. In 1847, while attending the sick and dying immigrants at Grosse Island, stricken with fever. In 1854 went to Rome, and in 1856 received the degree of D.D. In 1860 elected superior of the Quebec Seminary, the appointment including the rectorship of Laval University. In 1871 consecrated archbishop of Quebec, in succession to Archbishop Baillargeon. In 1872 founded the Hôtel Dieu du Sacré-Cœur at Quebec, and also instrumental in restoring the church at St. Anne de Beaupré. In 1886 created cardinal. Towards the end of 1894 retired from the administration of his diocese. Index: C Disapproves of appeal of Le Parti Catholique, 82-83. L Attributes establishment of first brotherhood of Holy Family to Father Pijard, 86. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.; Têtu, Le Cardinal Taschereau; Hamel, Taschereau.

Taschereau, Sir Henri Elzear (1836- ). Born at Ste. Marie de la Beauce, Quebec. Educated at Quebec Seminary; called to the bar, 1857, and practised in Quebec. From 1861 to 1867 represented Beauce in the Canadian Assembly. In 1867 appointed a Q. C.; and in 1868 clerk of the peace for the district of Quebec. In 1871 judge of the Quebec Superior Court; in 1878 judge of the Supreme Court of Canada; and in 1902 chief-justice; retired, 1906. In 1904 a member of the Imperial Privy Council. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.

Tassé, Joseph (1848-1895). Born in Montreal. Educated at Bourget College. Chose journalism as his profession; in 1867 became editor of Le Canada; from 1869 to 1872 associate editor of La Minerve; and a director of La Revue Canadienne. About the same period appointed assistant French translator of the House of Commons. In 1878 elected to the House of Commons for Ottawa, and re-elected 1882; member of the Senate from the province of Quebec, 1891-1895. Index: MS On Seven Oaks affair, 184. Bib.: Canadiens de L'Ouest.

Taylor, Brigadier-General. Hd In command at Pensacola, 65; his dispute with Governor Johnstone, 69; at St. Augustine, 75.

Taylor, Sir Henry (1800-1886). Born in England. In 1824 appointed to the permanent staff of the colonial office, with which he was connected until 1872. In 1835 declined the offer of the governorship of Upper Canada. Index: W His characterization of Lord Glenelg, 42. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Taylor, John Fennings (1817-1882). Born in London, England. Educated at Radley, England, and came to Canada, 1836. Held various clerical offices under the Assembly and Council of Canada, and after Confederation was appointed deputy clerk of the Senate. Died in Old Point Comfort, Va. Index: E On John Sandfield Macdonald's reproof to Lord Elgin, 129-130. Bib.: Works: Portraits of British Americans; The Last Three Bishops Appointed by the Crown for British North America; Life and Death of the Hon. Thomas D'Arcy McGee; Are Legislatures Parliaments?—A Study and Review.

Tecumseh (1768-1813). Born near the site of Springfield, Ohio. First appeared as a brave in a battle with Kentucky soldiers about 1788. In the campaign of 1794-1795 between American troops and Indians, came into prominence as a daring warrior. In 1805 he and his brother Ellskwatawa, the Prophet, formed the project of uniting all the western tribes of Indians in a war against the Americans. With this object visited the different tribes and induced many to join his ranks. In the campaigns of 1812-1813 joined the British against the Americans, and wounded at the battle of Maguaga. In 1812 given the rank of brigadier-general. In 1813 killed at the battle of Moravian town, on the Thames, while leading his Indian troops on the British side. Index: Bk Shawnee warrior, desirous of uniting all the Indian tribes for their common defence, 150; proposes alliance with United States, 150; his overtures being rejected, decides on war, 151, 176; repulses Americans at Canard River, 237; disperses force of the enemy on their own territory, 237; in fight at Maguaga, 241; his opinion of Brock, 246; appearance, dress, and character, 246, 247; leads Indians in attack on Detroit, 254; his commendation of Brock, 257. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por.; Drake, Life of Tecumseh; Eggleston, Tecumseh and the Shawnee Prophet; Tupper, Life and Correspondence of Brock; Tupper, Family Records; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.

Teganissorens (Decanisora). F Onondaga orator, 338.

Telegraph Companies. BL Incorporated in 1847, 277-278.

Temple, Richard Temple Grenville, Earl (1711-1779). Represented Buckingham and Buckinghamshire in Parliament, 1734-1752; first lord of the Admiralty, 1756-1757; lord privy seal, 1757-1761. Index: WM Witnesses singular behaviour of Wolfe at house of Pitt, 65, 66. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Temple, Sir Thomas (1614-1674). Born in England. Given a grant of land in Nova Scotia, in 1656; induced Cromwell to confirm it, and in 1657 appointed governor of Acadia. Sailed for America, and occupied the forts of St. John and Pentagoet. On the restoration of Charles II, his claims were again in jeopardy, but were eventually confirmed. In 1662 created by Charles II a baronet of Nova Scotia, and again appointed governor. In 1667 Nova Scotia was ceded to France, and in 1670 forced to resign his claims to the territory. Afterwards settled in Boston, finally returning to England. Index: F English governor of Acadia, 1656, 268. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia.

Tessoüat. Ch Algonquian chief, 10, 75, 77.

Têtes de Boule. Hd Indian tribe trading at Three Rivers, 54.

Têtu. Hd On Haldimand. 291.

Theatre. F At Quebec, 336. Hd Allan Maclean's effort for, 306-307; attempt to produce Molière's Les Fourberies de Scapin, 307.

Themines, Pons de Lauzière, Marquis de (1552-1627). Marshal of France. Index: Ch Temporary viceroy of New France, 123.

Thierry-Desdames. Ch Company's clerk at Quebec, 121, 138; sent to St. Barnabé Island, 173.

Thom, Adam. Born in Scotland. Educated at King's College, Aberdeen. Came to Canada, and practised law in Montreal. Appointed recorder of Rupert's Land, 1838, and arrived in the Red River Settlement the following year. Also legal adviser to the governor of Assiniboia. His arbitrary conduct made him extremely unpopular, especially among the French half-breeds, and he was compelled to retire from the bench in 1849. The following year reinstated, to try a complicated case of defamatory conspiracy, but the verdict proved so unsatisfactory that Governor Caldwell procured his permanent removal, and had him appointed clerk of the court. Resigned this office in 1854, and returned to Scotland. Index: MS Governor Simpson makes him recorder of Red River, 1839, 245; opposes Papineau in Lower Canada, 245; his newspaper letters signed "Camillus," 245; on Durham's staff, 245; returns with him to England, 245; his influence in Red River affairs, 246; the "stormy petrel," of the Settlement, 247; returns to England, 1854, 247; his connection with Simpson's narrative of his journey round the world, 249. Bib.: Bryce, Manitoba and Hudson's Bay Company; Ross, Red River Settlement; Begg, History of the North-West. See also Red River Colony.

Thomas, John (1725-1776). Born in Marshfield, Mass. Surgeon in a regiment sent to Annapolis Royal, 1746; and in 1747 surgeon, and afterwards lieutenant, in Shirley's Regiment. In 1759 promoted colonel of Provincials, and in 1760 commanded a regiment at the capture of Montreal. On the outbreak of the Revolution joined the colonials; raised a regiment of volunteers; and in 1775 became brigadier-general. In 1776 commanded a brigade at the siege of Boston, capturing Dorchester Heights, and promoted major-general. Succeeded to the command of the American army in Canada on the death of General James Montgomery, arriving before Quebec on May 1, 1776. Died near Chambly, on the retreat from Quebec. Index: Dr Replaces Wooster, recalled, 136; stampede of his forces when attacked by Carleton, 138. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog. See also Siege of Quebec, 1775-1776.

Thompson. T Elected in York, New Brunswick, 108.

Thompson, David (1770-1857). Born in the parish of St. John's, Westminster, England. Educated at the Gray Coat School; and entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1784. The first of his voluminous journals opens at Fort Churchill in that year. The last is dated 1850. The journals fill forty-five volumes of manuscript, and cover a period of sixty-six years. Remained in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company until 1797, and in that period carried on explorations and surveys of the Nelson, Churchill, and Saskatchewan Rivers, and the intervening territory. In 1797 joined the North West Company, and in the years that followed, explored the upper waters of the Assiniboine; made a journey overland to the Mandan villages on the Missouri; and another to the head waters of the Mississippi; and surveyed portions of the upper waters of the Saskatchewan, Athabaska, and Peace Rivers. From 1807 to 1811, explored the entire system of the Columbia and Kootenay Rivers, from source to mouth. Left the North-West in 1812, and from 1816 to 1826 engaged in surveying and defining the international boundary. Afterwards carried out several minor surveys, in what is now eastern Canada. Died at Longueuil, near Montreal. Index: MS Referred to in Mackenzie's letters, 58; his explorations, 103; leaves Hudson's Bay Company, and joins North West Company, 103; visits the Mandan Indians, 104; further explorations, 105; sent to explore the Columbia, 106; crosses the Rocky Mountains, 1806, and builds post on Columbia, 106; descends the Columbia to its mouth, 106-107; builds other posts west of the mountains, 107; leaves service of the North West Company, 107; prepares his great map, 107; Thompson River named after, 109. D Completes his western work, 1811, 58; returns to eastern Canada, 58; ends his days in poverty, 59; astronomer of North West Company, 57; previously in service of Hudson's Bay Company, 57-58; extent of his travels, 58; visits Mandan country, 58; enters Bow River Pass, 1805, 58; discovers Howse Pass, 58; builds Fort Kootenay, 58; first to explore Kootenay district, 58; discoverer of Athabaska Pass, 58; proclaims British sovereignty, at junction of Spokane and Columbia, 58. Bib.: Tyrrell, Journeys of David Thompson; Henry-Thompson Journals, ed. by Coues; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

Thompson, David (1796-1868). Born in Scotland. Served in the British army and in the Canadian militia. Taught school in Niagara and acted as a surveyor. In 1832 published History of the late War between Great Britain and the United States of America.

Thompson, Edward. Mc Defeats Mackenzie, 308.

Thompson, James. Dr Engineer, his work on the fortifications of Quebec, 117.

Thompson, Sir John Sparrow David (1844-1894). Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Educated at Free Church Academy, Halifax. In 1859 a reporter in the House of Assembly. In 1865 called to the bar and practised in Halifax. In 1877 member for Antigonish, in the Assembly; and in 1878 attorney-general in the Holmes-Thompson government. On the retirement of Holmes in 1882, became premier, but being defeated in the House, resigned two months later. In 1882 appointed a judge of the Supreme Court. In 1885 minister of justice and attorney-general of Canada, in Sir John A. Macdonald's government, being elected for Antigonish to the House of Commons. Appointed legal adviser to the British plenipotentiaries who arranged the Fishery Treaty with the United States in 1888, and knighted for his services. In 1892 premier, on the retirement of Sir John Abbott. In 1893 went to Paris as one of the arbitrators upon the Bering Sea fisheries dispute. In 1894, while on a visit to England, and soon after being sworn in as a member of the Imperial Privy Council, died suddenly at Windsor Castle. Index: Md Minister of justice, 254; his address when unveiling statue of John A. Macdonald at Hamilton, 332. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Hopkins, Life of Sir John Thompson.

Thompson, Samuel. B His pen picture of George Brown, 4-5.

Thompson, S. R. T Anti-Confederate candidate in St. John County, New Brunswick, 108, 109.

Thompson, William (1725-1781). Born in Ireland. Emigrated to Pennsylvania, and commanded a troop of mounted militia in the French and Indian campaigns. In 1776 appointed a brigadier-general by Congress, and sent to Canada with reinforcements for General John Thomas. On June 6, ordered by General Sullivan, who had succeeded Thomas, to attack the enemy at Three Rivers, but badly defeated and taken prisoner; exchanged two years later. Index: Dr Sent to attack Fraser at Three Rivers, 145; repulsed with loss, 146. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Thomson, Andrew. Sy Elder brother and business partner of Sydenham, 9; annoyed at losses and expenses incurred by his brother, 14.

Thomson, Edward William (1849- ). Canadian author and journalist. Index: B His sketch of Gordon Brown, 245. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Thomson, John. Sy Merchant, father of Sydenham, 4; adds "Poulett" to his name, 4.

Thomson, Poulett. See Sydenham.

Thornton, Sir Edward. Born in London, England, 1817; son of Sir Edward Thornton, minister to Portugal. Graduated at Cambridge in 1840. Entered the diplomatic service, and in 1842 stationed at Turin. In 1845 attaché in Mexico, and in 1851 secretary of legation. Appointed minister to the Argentine Confederation in 1859; and in 1865 minister to Brazil; in 1867 minister to Washington; in 1871 a member of the Joint High Commission on the Alabama claims; and in 1873 one of the arbitrators of the American and Mexican Claims Commission. In 1878 served on the Ontario Boundary Commission. In 1881 appointed ambassador to St. Petersburg; and to Turkey in 1884; retired from the diplomatic service, 1887; made a G. C. B., 1883. Index: B British minister at Washington, joint plenipotentiary with George Brown for negotiation of a reciprocity treaty, 1874, 226. Md Serves on Ontario Boundary Commission, 255. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Thorpe, Robert. A member of the Irish bar. Judge of the Supreme Court of Prince Edward Island, 1802; judge of the Court of King's Bench of Upper Canada, 1805. Took part in the political quarrels of the time; elected a member of the Upper Canadian Assembly, 1807; dismissed from his judgeship by order of the secretary of state, on the representations of the governor, Sir Francis Gore; sued Sir Francis Gore in England for libel and recovered damages. Appointed chief-justice of Sierra Leone; returned to England after two years on account of ill-health; brought with him for delivery a petition to the home government from the people of Sierra Leone, and on this account dismissed from office. Died in England. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Read, Lives of the Judges.

Three Rivers. City of Quebec, at the mouth of St. Maurice River. First colonists settled there in 1633; the Jesuits arrived the following year; and the same year a fort was built by Laviolette, who is regarded as the founder of the town. Throughout the seventeenth century, it was the scene of almost constant conflict with the Iroquois. In 1670 the Jesuits were replaced by the Récollets; and in 1697 the Ursulines established a convent. Index: L Récollet mission at, 111. WM French provision ships retire to, 87. Dr Governorship of, abolished, 21; used as military dépôt by Americans in invasion of Canada, 141; Carleton's troops rendezvous at, 144. F Fort erected at, 24; population in 1666, 268. Ch Centre of fur trade for some years, 120; conference with Indian tribes at, 162; Jesuit mission founded at, 228. Hd Haldimand military governor of, 1; Ralph Burton governor of, 41-42; Haldimand appointed to district on Burton's departure, 42-51, 64, 65, 290, 293; early history of the settlement, 42; fires in, 44; difficulty in obtaining recruits at, 56; government divided between Quebec and Montreal, 60; Haldimand relieved of command at, in 1765, 61-62; Indians protected at, 147; Haldimand befriends Ursuline nuns at, 179; census taken, 190, 231; question of inoculation for smallpox at, 229; schools of, 233, 235; banns of marriage published at, 237; Loyalists sheltered near, 254; Du Calvet arrested at, 280. Bib.: Sulte, Histoire des Trois-Rivières, 1534-1537 and Album d'Histoire des Trois-Rivières, 1634-1721.

Three Rivers. Ch Name given by Champlain to river St. Maurice, 52.

Thurlow, Edward, Baron (1731-1806). Born in Norfolk, England. Entered Parliament for Tamworth, 1768. In 1770 appointed solicitor-general, and in 1771 attorney-general. In 1774 supported on constitutional grounds the ministerial scheme for the government of Quebec province. In 1778 lord chancellor and raised to the peerage. Presided at the trial of Warren Hastings, 1788. Supported Pitt's foreign policy throughout, but on other questions was not a loyal adherent of the prime minister. In 1792 Pitt and Grenville, with whom he then bitterly disagreed, induced the king to part with the chancellor, who then resigned the great seal. Throughout his career an ardent supporter of the king, and added all his influence in favour of the policy which led to the revolt of the American colonies. Index: Dr Attorney-general, on French-Canadian claims in matters of law, 62, 66. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Thury, Abbé. F Missionary to Abenaquis, 250.

Ticonderoga. Known to the French as Carillon. Built by Lotbinière in 1755-1756, on a promontory at the southern end of Lake Champlain, where it formed the advanced post of the French, and guarded the frontier from British attack. Abercromby brought an army against it in 1758, and was badly beaten by Montcalm. The following year Amherst captured the fort, Bourlamaque retreating down the lake with his force. In 1775 it was taken by the Americans, under Ethan Allen; and recaptured in 1777 by Burgoyne, remaining in the possession of the British until the close of the war. When the boundary was settled, it became the property of the United States. Index: Ch Scene of fight with Iroquois, 54. Hd Disastrous attack on, 18-21. See Carillon; Abercromby; Allen; Amherst. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Smith, Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony.

Tilley, James. T Grandfather of Sir Leonard Tilley, grantee of Parrtown, 3; died in Sunbury County in 1851, 3.

Tilley, John. T Came over in the Mayflower in 1620, 2.

Tilley, Sir Leonard (1818-1896). W Grandson of William Peters, 3; succeeds Wilmot as lieutenant-governor, 133. T Elected to New Brunswick Assembly, 1850, 1; born in Gagetown, New Brunswick, May 8, 1818, his descent, 1-2; his father, 3-4; early home, 4-5; education, 5; begins commercial life, 7; espouses cause of total abstinence, 8; his business career, 8-9; enters political life, 10; returned for St. John city, 10; his colleagues, 11-15; supports Ritchie's amendment, 18; resigns his seat, 24; out of Parliament, 25; his tariff views, 29-30; becomes provincial secretary, 32; introduces prohibitory liquor bill, 34; defeated in St. John, 41; elected in St. John, 43; provincial secretary, 43; his nomination speech, 52; delegate to England in railway matter, 54-55; attends Quebec Intercolonial Railway Conference, 56; again in England on same matter, 57; supports Confederation, 59; proposes uniform tariff for Maritime Provinces, 70-71; attends Charlottetown Conference, 73; and Quebec Conference, 77, 79; candidate in St. John, 84; resigns, 90; his influence, 104; again provincial secretary, 105; elected for St. John, 109; the Confederation movement, 112; his personal magnetism, 113; his work for Confederation, 114; his defence of the union, 116-118; delegate to England, 120; presented to the queen, 124; in first Dominion ministry, 128-129; becomes minister of finance, 130; represents St. John in Dominion Parliament, 131; receives honour of C. B., 132; his parliamentary career, 133-134; appointed lieutenant-governor, 134; his governorship, 135-136; returns to political life as minister of finance, 137; again lieutenant-governor, 138-139; his popularity, 140; his religious life, 140-141; given a K. C. M. G., 141; visits the queen at Osborne, 142; his marriage, 1843, 142; his second wife, 142; his family, 142-143; last illness and death, 1896, 144-145; funeral service, 146; his character, 147-148. H His government defeated in New Brunswick on Confederation issue, 179; returned to office, 187; welcomes Tupper on his return from England, 207; urges Sir John Macdonald to visit Nova Scotia and confer with leaders of Anti-Confederate party, 209. B Tours Canada with other delegates after Quebec Conference, 166; defeated in New Brunswick on Confederation issue, 182-183; in Peter Mitchell's Pro-Confederation ministry, 188; relations with Macdonald, 202-203. Md Delegate to Quebec Conference, 110; letters to, from Macdonald, on Confederation, 117-118, 125-126; minister of customs, 134; supports Intercolonial route running directly across New Brunswick, 153; supports Macdonald and the national policy, 220; introduces a bill to give effect to the national policy, 228-229; his co-operation with Macdonald, 270-271. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Hannay, Life and Times of Sir Leonard Tilley and History of New Brunswick.

Tilley, Samuel. T Sir Leonard Tilley's great-grandfather, 1; a Loyalist farmer on Long Island, 2; arrives at Parrtown (St. John), 1783, 3; dies there, 1815, 3; his wife dies, 1835, 3.

Tilley, Thomas Morgan (1790-1870). T Father of Sir Leonard Tilley, born, 1790, 3; in lumber business, 4; dies, 1870, 4.

Tilsit, Treaty of. Bk Between Russia and Napoleon, 1807, 105; failure of, 106.

Timber Trade. Sy Between Britain and colonies. Sydenham's views on, 130, 136. See also Trade.

Times. Newspaper published at London, England; established, 1785. Index: BL On Rebellion Losses Bill, 320-321. B On Canadian independence, 143; attitude towards United States during war with the South, 144; on Canadian defence, 147. C Advocates independence of Canada and other great colonies, 89-93; Cartier replies to, 92. Md Account in, of memorial service held in Westminster Abbey in honour of Macdonald, 322-324.

Tippecanoe. Bk General Harrison's encounter with Indians at, 174-176.

Tipping, Captain. D Voyage to the North-West Coast for sea-otter skins, 22.

Tithes. Dr Attempts to create discontent on the subject of, 79. L Collection of, by Quebec Seminary, sanctioned by the French king, 10; fixed by Sovereign Council at one twenty-sixth, 10; Laval obtains authority to collect one-thirteenth as, 50; rate reduced to one twenty-sixth, 54; objected to by some of the colonists, 54; decree of 1679 respecting, 55; limitation of, 181.

Tobin, Michael. H Member of Uniacke government, Nova Scotia, 110; resigns seat in government, as protest against Howe's attack on Irish Roman Catholics, 164. H Member of Uniacke administration, 1848, 110; resigns seat in government, 164. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Tod, John. Born in Water Leven, Dumbartonshire, Scotland. Joined the Hudson's Bay Company, 1813, and employed for a time at York Factory as superintendent of the fur shed. Sent by Governor Simpson to New Caledonia, 1823; took an active part in the development of the Company's operations west of the mountains. A man of strong personality, and a notable correspondent; many of his letters to Hargrave, Ermatinger, and other contemporaries among the fur traders have been preserved. Stationed at Fort McLeod in 1824, and still there when Sir George Simpson visited the post on his overland journey in 1828. Chief trader in charge of Fort Kamloops, 1846. Bancroft describes some dramatic incidents of his reign at Kamloops. Retired from Company's service, 1851; appointed same year a member of the council of government; subsequently a member of the Legislative Council of Vancouver Island. Died at Oak Bay, near Victoria. Index: MS Governor Simpson's prejudice against, 268. D At McLeod Lake, 99; character, 100; account of Fort George massacre, 105-106. Bib.: Bancroft, History of British Columbia; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Begg, History of British Columbia.

Todd, Alpheus (1821-1884). Born in London, England. Removed to Canada in 1833. In 1836 appointed assistant librarian of the House of Assembly of Upper Canada, and upon the union of the two provinces of Canada, assistant librarian to the Legislative Assembly. In 1854 appointed principal librarian, and constitutional adviser to both Houses of the Legislature. In 1856, a library grant of £10,000 having been made, sent to Europe to expend it. Upon the Confederation of the provinces in 1867, appointed librarian to the Dominion Parliament. In 1881 received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Queen's University, Kingston. Bib.: Works: Parliamentary Government in England; Parliamentary Government in the British Colonies. For biog., see Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.

Tolmie, William Fraser (1812-1886). Born at Inverness, Scotland. Studied medicine; joined the Hudson's Bay Company, 1832, arriving at Fort Vancouver the following year. Filled the dual positions of medical officer and trader in the Company's service for many years. Stationed at Fort McLoughlin, 1833-1836; visited Scotland, 1841-1843; chief factor, 1856, and removed to Victoria, where appointed to the board of management of the Company, 1859. Retired in 1860, and for five years sat in the Legislative Assembly. Died in Victoria. Tolmie Channel was named after him. Index: D Succeeds Anderson at Fort McLoughlin, 1834, 117; establishes first circulating library on Pacific slope, 117-118. Bib.: Bancroft, History of British Columbia; Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names.

Tonnancour, De. Dr Entertains Carleton at Three Rivers, 89; in command of militia, 187. Hd Commander at Three Rivers, his application to Haldimand, 243.

Tonquin. An American vessel, which brought out the Astorians from New York to the Columbia in 1810. She was commanded by a domineering officer, Captain Thorn. The following year, accompanied by Alexander McKay, one of the partners of Astor's company, Thorn sailed north on a trading expedition. At Nootka, while trading with the natives, he struck one of the principal chiefs and turned him out of the ship. A few days later a large party of Indians came on board, ostensibly to trade, but carrying concealed weapons. At a preconcerted signal, they fell on the officers and crew, killing all but five seamen, who escaped into the hold. Four of these escaped the following day in a boat, but perished at sea. The natives, believing the ship deserted, come on board in a crowd to pillage her. Suddenly, while four or five hundred were huddled together on the deck, the ship blew up with a frightful noise. The sailor who had remained behind, probably wounded, is supposed to have taken this terrible revenge. An Indian of Gray's Harbour, who had been among the crew, managed to escape during the massacre, and brought the news to Astoria. Index: D Attacked by natives at Clayoquot Sound, June, 1811, and entire crew massacred, 37; sent to the Columbia by Astor, 71; murder of crew, 71. Bib.: Franchère, Voyage to the North-West Coast of America; Irving, Astoria; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

Tonti, Chevalier Henri de (1650-1704). Born in Gaeta, Italy; son of a well-known financier, and inventor of the Tontine form of life insurance. Served in the Silician wars, where lost one of his hands. Introduced to La Salle in Paris, and agreed to join him in his ambitious schemes of western exploration. They crossed the Atlantic together in 1678, and the same year set forth for the west. At Cayuga Creek, above Niagara Falls, Tonti built the Griffon, while La Salle went back to Fort Frontenac for supplies. In the spring of 1679, they sailed together to Michilimackinac; descended the Illinois, and built Fort Crèvecœur. In 1682 accompanied La Salle down the Mississippi to the Gulf. Engaged in the fur trade at Fort St. Louis, after the death of La Salle. Index: L Left in charge of Fort Crèvecœur, 149; driven out by Iroquois, 194; La Salle makes him his representative in Canada, 151. F La Salle's lieutenant at Fort Crèvecœur, 144, 160; joins expedition against Iroquois, 209; arrives from Illinois country with coureurs de bois, 325. Bib.: Parkman, La Salle; Margry, Relations et Mémoires Inédits. See also La Salle.

Toronto. Capital of the province of Ontario. The name is of Huron origin and means "place of meeting." Fort Rouillé was built on the site of the city by the French in 1749; also known as Fort Toronto. In 1793, Governor Simcoe moved the seat of government from Newark (Niagara), to Toronto Bay, and named the new settlement York. In 1813 it was captured and sacked by the Americans. In 1834 the city was incorporated, and renamed Toronto. Index: E Becomes joint seat of government with Quebec, 78. B Represented by George Brown in Parliament, 99; Board of Trade of advocates incorporation of North-West Territories with Canada, 216. BL Attack on, planned in 1837, 43; banquet to Baldwin and others, 220-221; aspires to honour of capital, 181; Orange mob burn Baldwin and Hincks in effigy, 187; under Baldwin's Municipal Act, 300; becomes seat of government, 338. S Name of, officially changed to York, 203; building regulations in, 203. C City council asks Poulett Thomson to disfranchise French of Lower Canada, 99. See also York. Bib.: Robinson, History of Toronto; Robertson, Landmarks of Toronto; Adam, Toronto Old and New; Scadding, Toronto of Old; Mulvany, Toronto Past and Present; Taylor, Toronto Called Back.

Toronto Alliance Society. Mc Sympathizes with Lower Canada, 327.

Toronto University. Projected in 1797, and chartered, 1827, as King's College, mainly through the efforts of Bishop Strachan. The charter was amended in 1837, as the result of an agitation against its theological bias. In 1850 the university was completely secularized; and in 1853 the institution received its present name. In 1887 the charter was again amended. Victoria, Knox, St. Michaels, and Wycliffe colleges were affiliated with the university in that year; and Trinity in 1903. Further changes were made in the government of the university in 1906. Index: BL Baldwin's Bill and the university question, 190-197; its definite foundation, 281; Act amending the charter, 292; history of legislation affecting, 293; Bourinot and Loudon on Baldwin Bill, 293; terms of the bill, 294-295. E Its history, 93-95. Md Formerly King's College, 30; an institution for secular learning alone, 30, 44, 69. Bib.: Loudon, History of the University of Toronto in Canada: An Ency., vol. 4; Burwash, Founding and Development of University of Toronto (R. S. C., 1905); The University of Toronto and its Colleges, 1827-1906.

Tourmente, Cap. Ch Champlain's establishment at, for raising cattle, 171; his establishment destroyed by fire, 177.

Townshend, Lord Charles. See Bayning.

Townshend, George, Marquis (1724-1807). Born in Norfolk, England. Entered the army, and engaged in the battles of Dettingen, Fontenoy, and Culloden. In 1759 ordered to Canada; brigadier-general, and commanded one of the divisions under Wolfe. On Wolfe's death succeeded to the command, and received the capitulation of Quebec. Returning to England, served in continental campaigns. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland from 1767 to 1772. In 1784 created Earl of Leicester, and in 1787 Marquis Townshend. Index: WM Brigadier under Wolfe, 74; commands British right in battle of Montmorency, 134, 140, 141, 142; moves up river with his command to join fleet, 161; commands British right in battle of the Plains, 189; takes command on death of Wolfe, 219; Montcalm's letter to, 219; fortifies British position, 222; places guard on General Hospital, 223; accepts capitulation of Quebec, 235; receives keys of the Château St. Louis, 235; returns to England, 235. Hd His lack of interest in Canada, 184; Haldimand's letter to, 188. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, The Fight for Canada; Townshend, Life of Marquess Townshend.

Tracy, Alexandre de Prouville, Marquis de (1603-1670). Served in the French army, and in 1655 recaptured Cayenne from the Dutch. In 1663 appointed lieutenant-general of all the French dominions in America, and, after spending a year in the West Indies, reached Quebec, June 30, 1665. With the newly arrived Carignan-Salières Regiment as his weapon, at once initiated a vigorous policy against the Iroquois, and especially the contumacious Mohawks. In 1666, with thirteen hundred men, marched against the latter, burnt their villages, and drove them into the woods. The following year deputies arrived at Quebec from all the Iroquois tribes, suing for peace. Having secured to the colony a peace which lasted for nearly twenty years, returned to France. Index: F Appointed king's lieutenant-general for all his possessions in America, 50; arrives at Quebec, 51; marches against Iroquois (Mohawks), 53; concludes peace, 53; removes Maisonneuve from governorship of Montreal, 54; recalled, 54. L Appointed viceroy, 51; erects three forts on Richelieu River, 53; marches against Mohawks, 53; returns to France, 81; high character of, testified to by Laval, 81; his devout practices, 81, 82; makes pilgrimage to Ste. Anne de Beaupré, 102. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime; Charlevoix, History of New France.

Trade. E Depression in Canada following Britain's adoption of free trade, 38-39, 45; Elgin's views on, 57-58; stimulated by repeal of Navigation Laws in 1849, 85-86. S Exports from Kingston in 1794, 108.

Trading Permits. F Issued by governor, 115; objected to by bishop as involving carrying of liquor to the Indians, 116; prohibited by king, 116; permitted under limitations, 128. See also Liquor question; Brandy question.

Trahan, Joseph. WM His account of Montcalm before the battle, 197.

Traill, Catherine Parr (1802-1899). Born in England; daughter of Thomas Strickland of Reydon Hall, Suffolk, and sister of Agnes Strickland and Susanna Moodie. Educated at home. Began to write at an early age, her first volume of stories for children being published in 1818. In 1832 married Lieutenant Thomas Traill of the Royal Scotch Fusileers, and some months later they removed to Canada. Most of her books were written in Canada, and embody her experiences in the backwoods, and her intimate studies of plant life. Bib.: Works: Plant Life in Canada; Canadian Wild Flowers; Canadian Crusoes; Pearls and Pebbles, with biog. sketch by Mary Agnes FitzGibbon. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; MacMurchy, Canadian Literature.

Transcontinental Railway. B Members of British government in 1862 favourable to, except Gladstone, 143. See also Railways.

Transcript. Newspaper published at Montreal. Index: B Opposes annexation of North-West Territories, 218. BL Denounces La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 141.

Transportation. B Roads in Upper Canada in 1834, 54; improvement of, advocated by George Brown, 61; Hincks and the Grand Trunk, 64. S Difficulty and cost of, in early times, 109. BL Steamboat and stage travel in 1839, 74-75; improvement of inland navigation provided for in government programme in 1841, 89; interests advanced under second La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 282, 286, 287, 301-302; 337. E Vigorous policy of La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 96-101; and of Hincks-Morin ministry, 114-116. See also Railways; Canals; Roads.

Trayes. S Baptist deacon, teaches school at Port Rowan, 167.

Traytorrens, Captain. Hd Correspondent of Haldimand's, 315.

Treaties. See Aix-la-Chapelle; Ashburton; Jay's; Paris; St. Germain-en-Laye; Ryswick; Breda; Utrecht; Suze; Versailles; Oregon; Washington.

Tregatin. Ch Indian, brings news of Kirke's arrival, 176.

Trent Affair. Took place in November, 1861, when Captain C. Wilkes of the United States navy intercepted the British mail steamer Trent sailing from Havana, and arrested two commissioners from the Confederate States who were passengers, and who were accredited to France. They were conveyed to the United States and imprisoned in Boston. The affair caused great excitement; war between Great Britain and the United States seemed imminent, and was averted only by the release of the two commissioners on the demand of Great Britain in January, 1862. Index: C Canada's connection with, leads to reorganization of militia, 87. T Helped along Intercolonial Railway project, 55. Md Storm aroused by seizure of the Trent, 97-98. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years; Harris, The Trent Affair; King, Turning on the Light; Roberts, History of Canada.

Trenton (New Jersey). Dr Surrender of Hessians at, 164.

Trinité. Ch French vessel, seized by the English, 222.

Trinity College. College with university powers, established at Toronto. Now affiliated with the University of Toronto. Index: E Established through the efforts of Bishop Strachan, 95-96. BL Founded by Bishop Strachan, 1851, 295-296. Md Founded by Bishop Strachan, 30. Bib.: Clark, The University of Trinity College in Canada: An Ency., vol. 4; Bethune, Memoir of Bishop Strachan.

Troop, J. C. H Delegate of Nova Scotia Anti-Confederate party to England, to demand repeal of British North America Act, 204; receives thanks of Legislature, 218. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Troop, J. V. T Ship-owner of St. John, New Brunswick, Anti-Confederate candidate there, 84; defeated in St. John, 109.

Trouvé, Claude. L Sulpician, sent on mission to Lake Ontario, 105.

Troyes, Chevalier Pierre de. Born in France. Entered the army, and came to Canada as an officer of the Carignan Regiment. In 1686 commanded an expedition of one hundred men, against the forts of the Hudson's Bay Company on the bay. With him went three members of the famous Le Moyne family,—Iberville, St. Hélène, and Maricourt. They were successful in surprising and capturing Moose Factory, Fort Rupert, and Albany. Took part in Denonville's campaign of 1687; left at Niagara with a hundred men to rebuild the fort erected by La Salle nine years before, and died there of some malignant disease. Index: F Leads expedition to Hudson Bay, 205; joins expedition against Iroquois, 209; in charge of fort at Niagara, 214. L Commands expedition against English in Hudson Bay, 204, Bib.: Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Parkman, Old Régime.

Tryon, William (1725-1788). Born in Ireland. Served in the British army. In 1764 sent to North Carolina, and on the death of Dobbs succeeded him as lieutenant-governor in 1765. Held the position until 1771, when appointed governor of New York. In 1772 made a colonel, and in 1777 major-general. During his administration of the colony suppressed insurrections and political misdemeanours with great severity. In 1778 resigned the governorship. On his return to England promoted to lieutenant-general, 1782. Index: Hd Governor of New York, 89; his house burned, 91; returns to England, 91; Haldimand refuses to send troops to aid of, 197. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Trytorrens, Marie Madeleine. Hd Mother of Haldimand, 2.

Tucker, R. G. Sy Appointed provincial registrar, 332.

Tuffet, Jean. Ch Director of Company of New France, 170.

Tupper, Charles (1794-1881). Born in Cornwallis, Nova Scotia. At the age of twenty-one entered the ministry of the Baptist Church. Held charges at various places in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Settled at Amherst, where he became principal of the Grammar School, 1834. Appointed principal of the Baptist Seminary at Fredericton, New Brunswick, 1838. Returned to Amherst, 1840. Settled at Aylesford, 1851, where he remained until his death. Bib.: Hill, Forty Years with the Baptist Ministers and Churches of the Maritime Provinces of Canada.

Tupper, Sir Charles, Bart. (1821- ). Born at Amherst, Nova Scotia. Educated at Acadia College, and at Edinburgh. In 1843 graduated M.D., and won the diploma of the Edinburgh Royal College of Surgeons. For some years practised medicine at Amherst, Nova Scotia. In 1855 began his political career, being elected to the Nova Scotia Legislature for Cumberland County. In 1856, when the Johnstone Cabinet was formed, became provincial secretary, serving until 1860. From 1864 to 1867 prime minister of Nova Scotia. In 1867 elected member for Cumberland to the first Dominion Parliament; president of the Privy Council, 1870; minister of inland revenue, 1872-1873; minister of customs, 1873; minister of public works, 1878; minister of railways and canals, 1879-1884. Held the position of high commissioner for Canada in England, 1884-1887; and was member of the Fisheries Conference, 1887. Returning to Canada, was appointed minister of finance, 1887. Created a baronet, 1888. Again became high commissioner, 1888, holding the position until 1896. Returned to Canada, 1896; leader of the House of Commons in the Bowell administration; four months later on the retirement of Sir M. Bowell, prime minister of Canada, but was not upheld at the polls on June 23, 1896. From 1896 to 1900 leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons, but being defeated in the election of 1906, retired from active political life. Index: E Leads movement for Imperial Zollverein, 59, 101. B Tours Canada with other delegates after Quebec Conference, 166. C Secures baronetcy for Cartier, 128; his letter to Duke of Buckingham, 129. H Establishes free school system in Nova Scotia, 1864, 80; meets Joseph Howe on political platform in Cumberland County, 1852, 155-156; defeats him in 1855, 156-157; leads opposition in Legislature, 163; uses Howe's attack on Irish Roman Catholics as a handle to overthrow the government, 163-164; becomes provincial secretary, 167; his fight in Legislature to keep government in office, 168; his retrenchment scheme, 1863, 171; elected by acclamation in Cumberland, 171-172; becomes leader of government, 172; quotes Howe against himself in Confederation controversy, 173; his scheme for union of Maritime Provinces, 175-180; advocates Confederation, 186-189; forms provincial government, 1867, 198; offered but declines seat in first Dominion Cabinet, 198; stumps the province against Howe, 199; sole advocate of Confederation elected in Nova Scotia, 202; secures recruits from the other side, 203; opposes Nova Scotia repealers in London, 204-205; his interview with Howe, 205-206; letter to Macdonald, 207; urges Macdonald to visit Nova Scotia, 209; contributes political articles to magazines, 258. Md Premier of Nova Scotia, arranges Conference at Charlottetown, to discuss Confederation, 104; attends Conference at Quebec, 104-114; passes through the House a law establishing compulsory education, 116; Macdonald's first lieutenant, 139; opposes Howe's petition to home government for repeal of British North America Act, 143-144; letter from Macdonald, 184; supports Macdonald and national policy, 220; his co-operation with Macdonald, 269-270; summoned from his post of high commissioner to assist in election campaign of 1891, 315. T Favourable to uniform tariff for Maritime Provinces, 70; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73; to Quebec Conference, 76; presented to the queen, 124; given a C. B., 132. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Morgan, Can. Men; Thibault, Biography of Sir Charles Tupper; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Tupper, Sir Charles Hibbert (1855- ). Son of Sir Charles Tupper. Educated at McGill University, and at the Harvard Law School. Called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1877. Sat in the House of Commons, 1882-1891 and 1896-1900; minister of marine and fisheries, 1888-1895; minister of justice, 1895-1896. Agent for the British government at the Paris arbitration, 1892. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Turcotte, J. G. E Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 186.

Turgiss, Father Charles. Ch Jesuit missionary at Miscou, 234. L Dies of plague, 62.

Turner, Philip. Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company about 1779, and carried out important surveys for the Company. Stationed at Cumberland House in 1789, and while there gave David Thompson instruction in practical astronomy. Between 1790 and 1792 made a survey of Lake Athabaska, and of the canoe route from Cumberland House to Great Slave Lake. Dr. J. G. Kohl says that his manuscript journal of a Journey from Cumberland-house towards the Athapiscow Country and back to York Factory, 1790-1792, is preserved in the archives of the Hudson's Bay Company at London. His map of this region, the original of which is also in the Hudson's Bay Archives, is reproduced in Burpee's Search for the Western Sea. His careful survey of Lake Athabaska was important in that it corrected Peter Pond's crude map, which placed the western end of the lake as far west as 131°, and so gave rise to the impression that the lake was within easy reach of the Pacific Ocean. Index: MS Sent west to explore by Hudson's Bay Company, 57; meets Alexander Mackenzie, 57; winters at Chipewyan, 57; determines its position, 57. Bib.: Burpee, Search for the Western Sea; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

Tuscarora Indians. A tribe of the Iroquois family, dwelling chiefly in North Carolina. In 1722 they were adopted into the league of the Iroquois in New York, forming the sixth nation. There are now a few hundreds living on the Six Nations Reserve, Grand River, Ontario. Index: Hd Incorporated in Indian confederacy, 148. Bib.: See Iroquois; Six Nations.

Twelve Resolutions. Presented by Joseph Howe before the Assembly of Nova Scotia in 1837. They embody those principles of constitutional government for which he so long and strenuously contended. Index: H Presented by Howe, 39; his speech, 39-40, 41; passed by the Assembly, 42; resented by Legislative Council, 42; rescinded on motion of Howe, 43-44; embodied in address to the crown, 44; bring about partial concession of responsible government, 45-47; text of resolutions, 293-298. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia. See also Howe.

Twiss, Captain. Hd Of the Royal Engineers, superintends fortification of, 183; takes over plans to England, 184; employed on St. Lawrence canals, 184, 185, 186; visits Haldimand in London, 327.

Ulloa, Antonia de (1716-1795). Born in Seville, Spain. Studied at Seville, and in 1733 entered the navy. Accompanied astronomical expedition to Brazil, 1735; and also that of 1744 to observe the comet. In 1745 taken prisoner at Louisbourg by the British. On the intercession of the Royal Society of London, released, and elected an associate of the society in 1746. In 1760 made rear-admiral, and in 1764 governor of Louisiana. In 1770 appointed lieutenant-general of the Spanish naval forces. The remainder of his life was chiefly occupied in establishing schools of natural history and metallurgy, and in the promotion of naval and astronomical objects. Index: Hd Spanish governor of Louisiana, 79.

Uniacke, James Boyle. Son of Richard John Uniacke. Practised law in Nova Scotia. Entered the Legislature some time before 1837. Appointed to the Executive Council, 1840, and in 1848 formed an administration in which he took the office of attorney-general. Appointed commissioner of crown lands, 1853. Died soon after. Index: H Virtual leader of Tory party in Nova Scotia, in 1837, 35; resists Howe's plans for responsible government, 49; leads government side in Legislature up to 1840, 57; resigns from Council, 63; joins forces with Howe, 64; appointed to Council by Lord Falkland, 69; unsuccessful candidate for speakership, 74; retires from government, 87; moves want of confidence in government, 97-99, 107; forms administration, 107, 110; becomes attorney-general, 111; legislation, 115; delegate to Portland Railway Convention, 121; becomes commissioner of crown lands, 145. B Submits scheme of colonial union to Imperial authorities in 1805, 129. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.

Uniacke, Richard John (1753-1830). Born at Castletown, County Cork, Ireland. Emigrated to the West Indies, 1773; went from there to Philadelphia the following year; and induced by Moses Delesdernier, who was interested in the settlement of certain lands near Fort Cumberland, to come to Nova Scotia. In 1776 arrested as a sympathizer with the rebellious colonists; pardoned, and returned to Ireland, where he studied law. Returned to Nova Scotia in 1781, and admitted to the bar the same year; appointed solicitor-general, 1782. Entered House of Assembly as member for Sackville, 1783, and from the beginning took an active part in public affairs. Chosen Speaker, 1789. Appointed attorney-general, 1797, and held the office until the time of his death. Again Speaker, 1799. Appointed to the Council, 1808. Died at Mount Uniacke. Bib.: Power, Richard John Uniacke (N. S. Hist. Soc. Coll., vol. 9); Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia.

Union of 1841. H Act did not concede full measure of responsible government, 53. BL Planned by Sydenham, 60-61; bitterly opposed in Lower Canada, 61; protested against by La Fontaine, 61, 70; attitude of Upper Canada, 61-68; opposed by Chief-Justice Robinson, 61-62; Act of Union enacted—its terms, 68-69; proclaimed Feb. 10, 1841, 69; seat of government, 73; provision as to language of Legislature denounced by La Fontaine, 128; boundaries of Quebec constituencies, 146; slight influence on force of racial discussion, 282. P Union first proposed in 1822, bill introduced in British House of Commons that year, 43-44; petition against, 44; Papineau and Neilson go to England to oppose bill, 44-53; bill suggested by Ellice of Beauharnois, 47; bill withdrawn, 53; repeal of, demanded by Papineau, 167; accepted by La Fontaine, 170; protest of French Canadians, 170; defended by La Fontaine, 173-176; Papineau's criticism of, 181-182. C Recommended by Durham, 12; approved by Special Council, 12; and by Upper Canada Legislative Assembly, 13; terms demanded by Upper Canada, 13; Poulett Thomson secures modifications of, 14; French Canadians protest against, 15; La Fontaine protests against, 96; concedes ministerial responsibility, 97. E Unsatisfactory working of, when Elgin came to Canada, 4-5; its terms, 22-23; described by La Fontaine as "an act of injustice and despotism," 24; unsatisfactory to French Canadians, 25; Elgin proposes repeal of clause restricting use of the French language, 55; restrictions removed, 1849, 61; increase of representation under, 117; clauses relating to Legislative Council repealed, 120; amendment to representation, 122-123. Sy Recommended in Lord Durham's Report, 94; advocated by Constitutional Associations of Quebec and Montreal, 112; favoured by Legislative Assembly of Canada on certain conditions, 113, 114; opposed by Legislative Council, 113, 115; strongly opposed by French Canadians, 117; favoured by English element in Lower Canada, 117; Lord John Russell's speech and resolutions with reference to, 117-122; diverse views regarding, 191, 192; question submitted to Special Council of Lower Canada, 192; their report on, 193; question discussed in press, 193, 194; submitted to Upper Canada Legislature, 203; carried in Assembly, 207; Attorney-General Hagerman argues strongly against, 207-209; carried in Legislative Council, 209; supported by general body of Reformers, 213; anti-union resolutions passed at Quebec, 233; in favour of union, 235; royal assent given to Act, 271; as drafted by Sydenham, provided for municipal institutions, 273; municipal clauses struck out of bill, 275; object of, to insure a British future for the country, 283. Md Embodies theory of responsible government, 17; provides that proceedings of Legislature be printed in English only, 24. Mc Bill introduced by Lord John Russell, 405; Poulett Thomson sent to secure consent of Canada to, 405; bill introduced a second time, 405. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years; McMullen, History of Canada; Bourinot, Constitutional History of Canada; Egerton and Grant, Canadian Constitutional Documents; Houston, Constitutional Documents; Turcotte, Canada sous l'Union; Robinson, Canada and the Canada Bill; Bonnycastle, Canada in 1841.

United States. Bk Purchase of Louisiana by, 42; consequent change of attitude towards Great Britain, 43; growing hostility of, to England, 73; British armed vessels ordered to leave United States forts, 83; lays embargo on its own vessels, 85; their vessels seized under Berlin Decrees, 105; indemnity paid therefor, 122; occupation of West Florida, 139; growing hostility to Great Britain, 172; declares war, 193, 203, 208. Bib.: Rhodes, History of the United States.

Universities. See Acadia; Dalhousie; King's; Knox; Laval; McGill; Ottawa; Queen's; Toronto; Trinity; Victoria; McMaster; Manitoba; Saskatchewan; Alberta; Western; St. Francis Xavier; Mount Allison; New Brunswick.

University, Provincial. Mc Mackenzie's views on, 95.

University Endowment. Md Scheme opposed by Strachan, 28-29.

Unrestricted Reciprocity. Md Adopted by Liberal party, 262; campaign in favour of, 292; Goldwin Smith supports, 292; favoured by interprovincial conference, 297; movement arouses suspicion, 300; Farrer's pamphlet, 312-314. See also Reciprocity; Commercial Union.

Upper Canada. The name originally applied by General Murray to the Montreal district, in 1760. Under the terms of the Constitutional Act of 1791, the country was divided into two provinces, and the name Upper Canada applied to the western province. The population at that time was made up chiefly of United Empire Loyalists from the United States. In 1841 Upper and Lower Canada were reunited; and in 1867 Upper Canada again became a separate province, under the name of Ontario (q.v.). Index: B Federal union of all British North American provinces not acceptable to, 155; feeling in favour of Confederation all but unanimous, 166; parliamentary representation of, 172-173. E First railroad in, 99; political parties organized in, 148. Bk Population of, 49; commerce, 50; lack of public buildings, 50. Sy Its political condition described by Sydenham, 200-202; opening of Legislature, 203; equality of representation with Lower Canada proposed for, 204; defects in its administration, 221-223; Sydenham enthusiastic over its soil and climate, 268; larger part of its revenue collected in Lower Canada, 316; its public works burdensome, its revenue small, 317. S Condition of, in 1782, 51; division of, into counties, 80; population of, 115; population of, largely composed of dissenters, 159; Simcoe presents books and premium in money to Agricultural Society of, 175. BL Coming of the Loyalists, 5; population in 1811, 8; political situation after 1815, 9, 16, 17; municipal history of, 297-298. Sy Defects in administration described by Sydenham, 221-223; his endeavours to remedy by reorganization of public departments, 331. R Religious life in pioneer days, 10-11; character of the people, 35-36; movement for civil and religious equality in, 42-43, 61-63; population, 51; growth of popular government, 64-66, 120-132. Mc State of representation in Mackenzie's committee on, 171; report on, 175, 176. See also Ontario.

Upper Canada Academy. R Established by Methodists, June, 1836, 135; Ryerson on, 137-138; difficulty of raising funds, 138-139; Ryerson sent to England to obtain funds and secure royal charter, 139-141; his success, 142; Rev. Matthew Richey first principal, 142; financial assistance from government, 142-143; becomes Victoria College, 1841, 143; continued as preparatory school for Victoria College, 155. BL Incorporated by Methodists in 1836 at Cobourg, 193; power to grant degrees conferred in 1841, 193; name changed to Victoria College, 194. See also Victoria College.

Upper Canada College, Toronto. Originally established in 1807 as the Home District Grammar School of York, the first principal of which was Dr. G. O. Stuart, who was succeeded by Dr. Strachan in 1813. In 1816 a new building was erected, popularly known as the "Old Blue School." Upper Canada College proper dates from 1829, when provision was made by the government for its establishment. In 1891 the college was moved to the present building in Deer Park. Index: BL Land grant for, in 1831, 191-192. Bib.: Adam and Dickson, Upper Canada College; Canada: An Ency., vol. 4.

Upper Canada Gazette. Mc Official organ of the house, 38, 109-110.

Upper Canada Gazette or American Oracle. S First paper published in Upper Canada, 172, 173; removed to York, 174. Bk First published at Newark (Niagara), 57.

Urfé, Abbé d'. F Haughtily treated by Frontenac, 110. L Sulpician, arrival of, 105.

Ursulines. A religious order of women, in the Roman Catholic Church, founded in 1535 at Brescia, by Angela Merici. The order was established in France in 1584, and spread to Germany and other European countries. In 1639 four members of the order, Madame de la Peltrie, Marie de l'Incarnation, Marie de St. Bernard, and another not named, sailed from Dieppe for Quebec, where they were lodged at first in wooden huts, in what is now the Lower Town. Three years later, they took possession of the massive stone convent still occupied by the order. Index: L Establishment of convent, 8; Laval lodges with, for a time, 33; their educational work, 125; its great influence for good, 155; convent destroyed by fire, 210. F Foundation of convent, 28, 30; Marguerite Bourgeoys urged to join, 39. WM Take refuge in general hospital, 115; and render assistance there, 153; return to their convent, 237. Bib.: Les Ursulines de Québec.

Usury Laws. Sy Their repeal advocated by Sydenham, 18.

Utrecht, Treaty of. Between France and Great Britain, signed in 1713. Provided for the restoration and full surrender of all claims to the Hudson Bay Territory, to Acadia, and to Newfoundland by France; for compensation to the Hudson's Bay Company; for certain rights to fishing on the north-east coast of Newfoundland; and the possession of Cape Breton by France. Index: Ch Determines boundaries of Acadia, 18. Bib.: Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions.

Vaccination. Hd Subject discussed in Quebec Gazette, 228-231. See also Smallpox.

Vail, Edwin Arnold (1817-1885). Born in Sussex, New Brunswick. Studied medicine at Edinburgh and Glasgow Universities. Elected to the New Brunswick Assembly, 1857; Speaker, 1865, and again in 1870; a member of the government, 1883. A strong opponent of Confederation.

Vaillant. F Jesuit father, sent as negotiator to Albany, 218.

Valdes, Cayetano. Accompanied Maurelle and Galiano to North-West Coast, 1792. Index: D Explores North-West Coast, 35; meets Vancouver, 35; his journal published at Madrid, 1802, 36. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast.

Valinière. Hd Sulpician priest, banished for disloyalty, 128.

Vallières de St. Réal, Joseph-Remi (1787-1847). Born in Markham, Upper Canada. Called to the bar, 1812, and practised in Quebec. In 1813 elected member for the county of Chambly in the provincial Assembly, and later chosen Speaker in the absence of Papineau in England. In 1828 appointed judge of the district of Three Rivers, and in 1842 chief-justice of Montreal. Index: P Opposes Papineau in Lower Canada Assembly, 57; rivalry between the two, 57; attacked by Papineau, 169. E Appointed chief-justice of Montreal by Sir Charles Bagot, 31. BL Colborne's political antagonist, 115; elevated to the bench, 115. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Valrennes, De. L Commander of Fort Frontenac, 223; repels attack of Schuyler, 232. F Commandant at Fort Frontenac, 233; tries to cut off retreat of Peter Schuyler at Chambly, 313.

Van Buren, Martin (1782-1862). Eighth president of the United States. Index: Mc Anxious to avoid war with Britain, 423; issues neutrality proclamation, 444; annoyed at Mackenzie, 445; pardons Mackenzie, 458; his political death-blow, 472. WT Sends Winfield Scott to settle Aroostook War, 135. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Vancouver. D Hudson's Bay Company vessel, 183.

Vancouver, George (1758-1798). Entered British navy, 1771; sailed in the Resolution with Captain Cook on his second voyage, 1772-1775, and in the Discovery on his third voyage, 1776-1780. Lieutenant on the Martin, 1780; and served in the West Indies with Rodney, taking part in the battle of 1782. Appointed to the Europe, 1784; and to the Courageux, 1790, and promoted commander. In 1791 sent out in command of the Discovery, to survey the coast from lat. 30° N. to Cook's River, and to carry out the terms of the Nootka Convention. Through differences of opinion with the Spanish representative, Quadra, the latter part of his instructions could not be carried out, but the survey of the North-West Coast was carried out with such zeal and accuracy as to make it a permanent and very important addition to geographical knowledge. Returned to England in 1795, and spent the rest of his life preparing his journals for publication. Index: D Outline of his voyages to North-West Coast, 17; his skill, courage, and endurance, 19; search for North-West Passage, 19; meets Quadra at Nootka, 33; makes thorough exploration of entire Pacific coast from San Francisco to Bering Sea, 1792-1794, 34; finally leaves North-West Coast, Oct. 16, 1794, 15; meets Galiano and Valdez at Point Gray, 35. MS Mackenzie hears of, from Coast Indians, 85; his ships on the Pacific coast at time of Mackenzie's journey, 86. Bib.: Works: Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean, 1790-1795. See also Bancroft, History of North-West Coast; Begg, History of British Columbia; Laut, Vikings of the Pacific; Meany, Vancouver's Discovery of Puget Sound; Dict. Nat. Biog.

Vancouver Island. The largest island on the west coast of North America. Named after Captain George Vancouver, who explored this coast in the years 1792-1794. The island was first named Quadra and Vancouver in honour of the two naval officers who met at Nootka in 1792 to carry out the provisions of the Nootka Convention. The first authentic landing on the coast of the island is that of Captain James Cook in 1787. Captain James Hanna landed at Nootka in 1785; and Captain John Meares in 1788. From this time trading and exploring expeditions spent more or less time at Nootka. In 1843 the Hudson's Bay Company made their first establishment on the island, Fort Victoria, at first known as Camosun. The island remained under the control of the Company until 1849, when it became a crown colony. Representative government was introduced, 1856; and in 1866 the island and mainland were united under one government. Index: D Organic existence since 1849, 1; first named Quadra and Vancouver Island by Vancouver, 35; only nominal possession at end of eighteenth century, 62; handed over to Hudson's Bay Company, Jan. 13, 1849, 194; terms of grant, 194; colonization and the Company, 194-195; first settler, 196; other arrivals, 197; population in 1853, 198; quarrels between Company and settlers, 198-199; recommendation of committee on Hudson's Bay Company, 1857, 201-202; history of early settlement, 203; first governor, Richard Blanshard, 1849, 203; relations with Company, 203-204; succeeded by James Douglas, 205; Hudson's Bay Company secures renewal of grant, 1854, 207; establishment of representative government, 1856, 208-210; meeting of first Legislature, 210-211; governor's inaugural speech, 211-215; Company's rights acquired by crown, 229; road-building, 249; early legislation, 271; Clergy Reserves, 273-274; history of legislation, 274; railway built, 327. Bib.: Begg, History of British Columbia; Bancroft, History of British Columbia; Macdonald, British Columbia and Vancouver's Island; MacFie, Vancouver Island and British Columbia. See also British Columbia.

Van Egmond, Anthony. Commander of the Upper Canadian rebels in 1837; a native of Holland; had been a colonel in Napoleon's army, and had seen much active service. In 1819 emigrated with his family to America, settling first in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, where he had a farm and a store. In 1827 moved to Upper Canada, and rented a farm near Waterloo; in 1832 possessed a mill at Egmondville, near Seaforth, and a farm within five miles. Invited by William Lyon Mackenzie to command the forces of the insurgents. In this capacity took part in the fight on Dec. 7, 1837, with the Loyalist troops, near Montgomery's tavern, on Yonge Street, Toronto, when the rebels were badly defeated. Later captured, and placed in jail; afterwards removed to the hospital, but died early in 1838 from disease and exposure. Index: Mc Commander-in-chief of the rebels, 1837, 360; arrives late, 376; indorses Mackenzie's plans, 376; in charge at Montgomery's farm, 379; captured, 382; dies in prison, 382. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion; Read, Rebellion of 1837.

Vanelly. Ch Merchant, compensation awarded to, for goods seized, 221.

Vanfelson, Judge. E Member of Seigniorial Court, 187.

Van Horne, Major. American officer. Index: Bk Force of, dispersed by Tecumseh's Indians, 237.

Van Horne, Sir William Cornelius (1843- ). Born in Will County, Illinois. Educated at the common schools. In 1857 entered the railway service as telegraph operator on the Illinois Central Railway. After serving in various capacities on railways in the United States, and rising rapidly through all the grades, appointed in 1881 general manager of the Canadian Pacific Railway; and since that date the vast extension and financial success of the railway has been due largely to his energy and resourcefulness. Became vice-president, 1884; president, 1888; chairman of the board of directors, 1899-1910. In 1894 created K.C.M.G. Index: Md Made president of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 1888, 238. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Vankoughnet, Philip Michael Scott (1823-1869). Born in Cornwall, Ontario. Studied law and called to the bar, 1843; practised in Toronto; appointed Q.C., 1850. In May, 1856, president of the Executive Council, and minister of agriculture, in the Taché administration, and in November, 1856, first member of the Legislative Council for Rideau. From 1858 to 1862 chief commissioner of crown lands in the Cartier-Macdonald government; amongst some of his important measures was the system of selling townships en bloc, and the opening up and improvement of roads. In 1862 appointed chancellor of Upper Canada. Index: T Delegate to England on Intercolonial matter, 55. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Read, Lives of the Judges; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Van Rensselaer, Rensselaer (1802-1850). Son of General S. Van Rensselaer of Albany, New York; for some time employed as a clerk in the post office, Albany. In November, 1837, while on a trip through the west for the Albany Daily Advertiser, came in contact with the Canadian revolutionists and was offered and accepted the position of commander-in-chief of the rebel forces. After a few months' desultory fighting, arrested on Feb. 28, 1838, at Syracuse, by the American authorities, for violating the neutrality laws. Tried on Oct. 18, 1839, and convicted; sentenced to six months' imprisonment and fined $250. After serving the six months, the fine was remitted. Index: Mc Fights under Bolivar, 412; given command at Navy Island, 413; arrives there, 415; his habits, 417; evacuates island, 424; plans attack on Kingston, 429; failure of, 429; blames Mackenzie, 430; exonerates Mackenzie, 430. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.

Van Rensselaer, Solomon (1774-1852). Born in Rensselaer County, New York. Entered the army in 1792 as a cornet of cavalry, later becoming captain. In 1794, while commanding a company of volunteers, severely wounded at the battle of Maumee Rapids. In 1812 adjutant-general of New York militia, and arranged the armistice which enabled the Americans to make use of Lake Ontario as a highway for the transportation of troops and stores. In 1812 commanded an attacking party at Queenston Heights and seriously wounded. Member of Congress, 1819-1822; and postmaster at Albany, 1822-1839. Index: Bk Aide-de-camp to General Van Rensselaer, 284; wounded in crossing river at Queenston, 300. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.

Van Rensselaer, Stephen (1764-1839). Born in New York. Graduated at Harvard, 1782. In 1786 major of militia, and in 1788 colonel. In 1789 elected to the Assembly as a member of the Federal party, of which he soon afterwards became leader; state Senator in 1790-1795; lieutenant-governor in 1795, and returned to the Assembly in 1798 and 1808-1810. In 1801 promoted major-general. In 1812, on the outbreak of war with Great Britain, commanded the United States forces on the Niagara frontier. Resigned his command, Oct. 24, 1812, and left the service. In 1816 elected to the Assembly, and from 1823 to 1829 served in Congress. Index: Bk In command on Niagara frontier, 284; correspondence with Brock, 285; force under his command, 287. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.

Varin, J. B. E Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 187.

Vauban, De. F French engineer, prepares plans for defence of Quebec, 326.

Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de (1698-1778). Born at Quebec, son of Philippe de Vaudreuil (q.v.). Entered the army at an early age, becoming ensign, 1708; lieutenant, 1712; and major, 1729. The following year gained the coveted honour of chevalier of the Order of St. Louis. Appointed governor of Three Rivers, 1733; and of Louisiana, 1742; governor of Canada, 1755. Continually at odds with Montcalm, and hampered him in his defence of Quebec. After the battle of the Plains retired with the army to Jacques Cartier, and took no part in the subsequent operations before Quebec. On his return to France arrested and thrown into the Bastile on charges connected with his government of Canada, but released after trial before the Châtelet de Paris. Index: WM Governor, his first interview with Montcalm, 28; considered the sending out of Montcalm unnecessary, 28; birth and personal qualities, 29; his inveterate hatred for Montcalm, 62; popular with Canadians, 63; his military views, 80, 81; activity of, 127; congratulates Lévis on victory of Montmorency, 144; prefers his advice to that of Montcalm, 145; thought Le Foulon (Wolfe's Cove) insufficiently guarded, 160; writes Bougainville that safety of colony is in his hands, 161; gives orders for disposition of troops along the heights, 162; his uneasiness about Le Foulon, 162; would not risk engagement between French and British fleets, 167; learns of landing of Wolfe's army, 189; begs Montcalm not to precipitate an engagement, 193; takes no part in battle, 201; prepared, according to Chevalier Johnstone, for immediate capitulation, 208; holds council of war, 211; decides on retreat to Jacques Cartier, 212; his letter to Lévis on loss of battle, 212; letter to Montcalm, 214; gives instructions respecting capitulation of Quebec, 214; his lack of energy, 215; promises assistance to Ramezay, 226; Quebec having fallen, he marches with Lévis to retake it, 241-242; maintains spies in Quebec, 243; congratulates Lévis on victory of Ste. Foy, 267. P Extent of his responsibility for defeat of Montcalm at Quebec, 143. BL His capitulation at Montreal in 1760, 1. Hd Last French governor of Canada, 36; Amherst's letter to, 38, 39. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, The Fight for Canada; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley, The Fight with France.

Vaudreuil, Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de. Came to Canada, 1687, in command of eight hundred troops, and, leaving his men behind, pushed on alone to join Denonville in his expedition against the Iroquois. In 1696 commanded a division of Frontenac's army against the Iroquois, and led a detachment to destroy the Oneida town. Appointed governor of Montreal, 1698; administrator of the colony, 1703; and governor, 1705-1725. Index: L Acting governor of Montreal, 223; succeeds Callières as governor, 235. F Acts as chief of staff to Governor Denonville, 209; acting governor of Montreal, 225; surprises and destroys band of Indians at Repentigny, 308. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac and Half Century of Conflict.

Vauquelin, Jean (1726-1763). Born in Caen, France. Entered the navy, and in 1745 successfully engaged a British frigate off Martinique. In 1754 did good service in reconnoitring the English ports, and subsequently given command of the Arethuse. In 1758 despatched to Louisbourg with reinforcements and stores for the French troops and got into the harbour, although many of his crew were killed and wounded. In 1759, with three frigates, sailed to the relief of Quebec. After the capitulation endeavoured to escape with his ships, but they were destroyed or captured by the British, and Vauquelin taken prisoner. On his release returned to France, and was arrested. Index: WM Hero of Louisbourg, 81; in charge of frigates Atalante and Pomone, 243. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec.

Vaux, Mme. de. WM Grandmother of Montcalm, 4.

Vendremur, Corneille de. Ch Clerk, returns to France, 209.

Ventadour, Henri de Lévy, Duc de (1595-1651). Viceroy of Canada, 1625-1627. Served for a time in the army, and is said to have taken holy orders. In any event took a deep interest in the spiritual welfare of Canada, and after acquiring the viceroyalty instrumental in sending out the first Jesuit missionaries in 1625. In 1627, on the formation of the Company of New France by Richelieu, purchased the viceroyalty from De Ventadour. Pointe Lévy, or Lévis, opposite Quebec, was named after him. Index: F Lieutenant-general of New France, 17. Ch Appointed viceroy of New France, 151; resigns, 168. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Verchères, Marie-Madeleine Jarret. Born in 1678 in the fort on her father's seigniory on the St. Lawrence River, twenty miles below Montreal. In 1692 she heroically defended this fort, with the assistance of her two young brothers, two soldiers, and an old man of eighty. When the settlers were working in the fields, a band of Iroquois suddenly appeared and began their work of slaughter. Madeleine had barely time to reach the fort. She found everyone, including the two soldiers, demoralized, and, taking command, she ordered the little band to keep up constant firing. The Iroquois beseiged the fort for two days, but finally retired discomfited; and relief came from Montreal in another week. In 1706 she married Thomas Tarien de la Naudière; and in 1722 De la Perrade. In her later years she received a pension for life. The date of her death is not known. Index: F Defends fort against Iroquois, 319. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac; Richard, Supplement to Report on Canadian Archives, 1899.

Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Count de (1717-1787). Born in Dijon. Educated there at the Jesuit College. In 1740 entered the diplomatic service, being sent to Lisbon. In 1741 took part in the negotiations that resulted in the election to the empire of the elector of Bavaria, Charles VII. In 1752 attended the Congress of Hanover. From 1754 to 1768 ambassador at Constantinople. In 1771-1774, when minister at the court of Sweden, supported the revolution in favour of Gustavus III. In 1774 appointed by the king of France, secretary of foreign affairs. Secretly aided the American Revolution with funds, arms, and stores, and arranged the treaty of alliance between the United States and France, 1778. Index: Dr His letter in regard to Asgill, 199. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Vergor, Duchambon de. In command of Fort Beauséjour, 1745. A confederate of the intendant Bigot; used his opportunities to plunder both the people and the government. Betrayed by Thomas Pichon and compelled to surrender the fort to Monckton. Returned to Quebec and censured for his actions. In command at Le Foulon, near Quebec, at the siege by Wolfe, 1759; surprised, and his command cut to pieces. Index: WM Placed by Bougainville in charge of Le Foulon, 178, 184; previously censured for giving up Fort Beauséjour, 178; roused from sleep by Wolfe's soldiers, 181; wounded, 181. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins; Doughty, Siege of Quebec. See also Siege of Quebec, 1759.

Vermont. Dr People of, anxious for canal communication with St. Lawrence, 230; their aversion to entering American union, 244, 245; annoy British outposts, 285; anxious to bring about war for commercial reasons, 299; Hd Inhabitants of, claim separation from New York, 197-199; efforts to bring them back to their allegiance to Great Britain, 199-216; Washington's alleged threat, 205; exchange of prisoners with, 206; intention of inhabitants to join British in event of their success, 208; duplicity of their policy, 210; trade carried on with Canada, 216; received into Union as fourteenth state, 217; emissaries of, reappear as Loyalists, 266.

Verrazano, Giovanni du. Born near Florence, Italy, in 1470. Entered French marine service, 1495. Credited with visiting the coast of America, 1508. In 1523 sent by Francis I to explore to the westward. The following year arrived with La Dauphine off the coast of North America, and explored from Florida to Newfoundland, taking possession of the latter island in the name of the king of France. Landed at a point near Cape Fear, and discovered the bays of Narragansett and New York. Nothing is known of his latter years, beyond the fact that he was in Paris, at least as late as Dec. 24, 1527, fitting out an expedition of five ships to sail the following March. Verrazano's claim to the discovery of the mouth of the Hudson, questioned by Murphy, has been re-established by the discovery in Rome of a hitherto unknown version of the explorer's report of his voyage. See Bacchiani's article, with facsimile, in the Bollettiano of the Italian Geographical Society, November, 1909. Index: Ch His discovery of the coast of North America, 211. Bib.: Murphy, Voyage of Verrazano; De Costa, Verrazano, the Explorer.

Verreau, Hospice-Anthelme Jean Baptiste (1828-1901). Born at L'Islet, Quebec. Educated at Quebec Seminary, and a teacher there in 1847-1848. In 1848-1856 principal of Ste. Thérèse College. In 1851 ordained priest. In 1857 first principal of the Jacques Cartier Normal School in Montreal. Sent by the Quebec provincial government in 1873 to Europe to make investigations respecting Canadian history, the results of which were published in 1875. In 1887 appointed to the chair of Canadian history in Laval University. A fellow of the Royal Society of Canada; a member of the Société des Antiquaires de Normandie; and a member of the Société des Arcadem of Rome. Index: L On educational work of Marguerite Bourgeoys, 127. F On attempt to civilize the Indians, 168; on character of Frontenac, 360. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Versailles, Treaty of. Signed between Great Britain and the rebellious thirteen colonies, 1783. Acknowledged the independence of the thirteen colonies; settled the boundaries between the latter and British North America; dealt with the fisheries question; and provided for amnesty to Loyalists and the restoration of their property. The colonies repudiating the last obligation, provision was made by the British government for compensation to the Loyalists, many of whom were given grants of land in Upper Canada, New Brunswick, and the Eastern Townships. Index: WM Concluded in 1783, 269; assured the independence of the thirteen colonies, 269. S Its provisions for protection of Loyalists, 52-54; not carried out in its integrity by the united colonies, 118. Bib.: Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions.

Vesey, Colonel. Bk Question of land grant for, 138; letters to Brock, 153, 154, 157.

Vicaille. Ch Vessel of David Kirke, 178.

Victoria (1819-1901). Granddaughter of George III, and only child of George III's fourth son, Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent, by Mary Louisa Victoria, daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Cobourg-Saalfield; born at Kensington Palace, May 24, 1819. Succeeded to the throne on the death of her uncle, William IV, 1837. Married to Prince Albert of Saxe-Cobourg 1840. Index: Sy Accession of, 48. Md Selects Ottawa (Bytown) as seat of government, 85; jubilee address to, 283. Bib.: Works: Leaves from a Journal of our Life in the Highlands; Letters of Queen Victoria; Royal Correspondence. For biog., see Fawcett, Life of Queen Victoria; Gurney, Childhood of Queen Victoria; Holmes, Queen Victoria Lee, Queen Victoria: a Biography; Oliphant, Queen Victoria: a Personal Sketch.

Victoria. Capital of British Columbia, and formerly capital of the colony of Vancouver Island. Founded in 1843 as Fort Camosun, afterwards Fort Victoria, the latter name in honour of the queen. The city was incorporated in 1862, and the old fort finally demolished, 1864. Index: D Founded by James Douglas in 1843, 146; built on site of Indian village, known as Camosun, 175; McNeill's exploration, 1837, 176; Sir George Simpson's approval of the site, 176; Douglas examines locality, 1842, and reports favourably, 176; establishment of fort at Camosun approved, 176; advantages of the site, 177; Douglas sails, March 1, 1843, from Fort Vancouver with an expedition to establish the post, 177; lands at Clover Point, 177; site selected and building operations begun, 178; fort and stockade completed, 179; Charles Ross in command with Roderick Finlayson as assistant, 180; natives attack the fort, 182; early shipping, 183; name of port changed to Fort Victoria, 183; visit of frigate America, 183; American whalers touch at, for supplies, 184; H.M.S. Constance arrives at Esquimalt, 184; visit of frigate Fisguard, 184; surveying ships Herald and Pandora, 184; trade gravitating from Fort Vancouver to Victoria, 184; farming operations, 185; dairying, 185; supplying Russian ports, 186; momentous events of 1849, final removal of chief emporium of company from Fort Vancouver to Victoria, 188; Helmcken, afterwards Douglas's son-in-law, arrives, 189; effect of gold discoveries, 189-190; coal mining, 190-191; the Hudson's Bay Company and colonization, 192-195; early settlers of, 196-197; town laid out in streets, 1852, 198; population in 1853, 198; during the gold fever, 224-225; gold-miners boom the town, 225; population rises and falls with the fortunes of the gold-fields, 271; proposed waterworks, building of wagon roads, education, first newspaper, British Colonist, 1858, 271. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names; Begg, History of British Columbia.

Victoria Bridge. At Montreal, over the St. Lawrence. Built by Robert Stephenson, for the Grand Trunk Railway, 1854-1859, at a total cost of $6,300,000. Opened by the Prince of Wales (afterwards King Edward VII), May 25, 1860. It was enlarged and remodelled in 1897. Index: E Built by Grand Trunk Railway, 115. Md Opened in 1860 by Prince of Wales, 87. Bib.: Ency. Brit.

Victoria University. In affiliation with the University of Toronto. Formerly located at Cobourg, but later moved to Toronto. Founded in 1830; opened 1836. Index: BL Refuses to come into the provincial university, under terms of Baldwin's bill, 295. R Founded, 86; Ryerson president of, 126-127, 143; eminent graduates, 143-144; its curriculum, 144; legislative grant, 148. E Proposal to make it part of a provincial university, 94. Bib.: Burwash, Historical Sketch of Victoria University in Canada: An Ency., vol. 4.

Vidal, Alexander (1819-1906). Born at Brocknell, Berkshire, England. Educated at Christ's Hospital, London, and in 1834 came to Canada with his parents. Served in the militia during the Rebellion of 1837; and afterwards lieutenant-colonel of the Lambton Reserve militia; member of the Legislative Council for the St. Clair division, 1863-1867; in 1873 appointed to the Senate. President of the Dominion Alliance for the Suppression of the Liquor Traffic. Index: B His resolution in favour of prohibition, 249. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Viel, Father Nicolas. Ch Récollet, 139; arrives and proceeds to Huron country, 149; drowned, 209. L Missionary labours of, 3.

Vieux-Pont, Father. Ch Jesuit, landed at Grand Cibou, 200; wrecked at Canseau Island, 200; in charge of Cape Breton, 237.

Viger, Denis Benjamin (1774-1861). Born in Montreal. Educated for the legal profession. Practised in Montreal for some years; and in 1808 elected to the Legislative Assembly. Took an active part in the discussion of the grievances of the French Canadians, and in 1828 and 1831 sent as a delegate to London to represent their views to the Imperial authorities. In 1837, when the Rebellion broke out, arrested and charged with sedition, but soon afterwards released. In 1843, on the resignation of the La Fontaine-Baldwin government, premier for a short period. Appointed to the Legislative Council, 1848. Index: BL Member for Richelieu, relations with Reform party in Upper Canada, 79; opposes municipal government, 102; attacks government, 130; deserts La Fontaine-Baldwin party, 215; in provisional government, 216, 235; his pamphlet, 236; president of the Council, 247; defeated by Wolfred Nelson, 252; Draper to throw him over, 259, 260, 261. C In Draper government, 17; opposed in election by Cartier, 17; defeated in St. Hyacinthe, 18. P Delegate to England to present grievances of French Canadians, 63; at meeting of Constitutional Committee, 1834, 88; ridiculed by the Mercury, 123; at St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125. Md Represents Lower Canada in Metcalfe's government, 19. Bib.: Bibaud, Pan. Can.; Dent, Last Forty Years; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Viger, Louis Michel. E Called to Cabinet by Metcalfe, 35, 66; receiver-general in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; a leader of the Parti Rouge, 108. BL Receiver-general in second La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 284. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Vignal. L Sulpician, comes out in St. André, 31; ministers to those suffering from the plague, 32; dies a martyr, 91.

Ville Marie. L Name given by Sulpicians to Montreal, 85; inhabitants of, all aspired to martyrdom, 90. Bk Former name of Montreal, 99. See also Montreal.

Villebon, Chevalier de. Arrived at Port Royal, June 14, 1690, being commissioned to inquire into the condition of the colony. In June, 1691, received from the French king a commission as governor of Acadia, with promises of assistance in supplies, funds, and men. Sailed to Quebec, and from thence to Port Royal, capturing on the way an English vessel, with the newly appointed English governor of Acadia. Met with no opposition on arriving at Port Royal, and, in the name of the French king took formal possession of Acadia. In 1692, while in command of a fort on the river St. John, the English sent an abortive expedition to capture him. In 1695-1696 stationed at Nachouac Fort, engaged in organizing French stations. Several encounters between French and English vessels took place with varying success. On Sept. 3, 1696, captured by an English ship on the river St. John, but released soon afterwards. Died July 5, 1700. Index: F Governor of Acadia, mentions burning of prisoners, 328. Bib.: Hannay, History of Acadia; Parkman, Frontenac.

Villieu, De. F Leads Abenaquis in attack on English settlements, 330.

Vimont, Barthelemy. Born in France. Came to Canada in 1639 as superior of the missions. With him were the Jesuits, Chaumonot and Poncet, and the Ursulines, Madame de la Peltrie and Marie de l'Incarnation. When Maisonneuve came in 1642 to establish a religious colony at Montreal, accompanied him from Quebec and gave his blessing to the project. His prophecy is not without interest: "You are a grain of mustard-seed," he said to the little group of enthusiasts, "that shall rise and grow till its branches overshadow the earth. You are few, but your work is the work of God. His smile is on you, and your children shall fill the land." Index: C Jesuit, landed at Grand Cibou, 200; in charge of Cape Breton mission, 237. F Jesuit father, celebrates first mass at Montreal, 34. Bib.: Jesuit Relations, 1640-1645; Parkman, Jesuits in North America.

Vincennes. Hd Haldimand's difficulties with settlers near, 92, 93; occupied by governor of Detroit, 167; French inhabitants of, won over by Congress, 167; Hamilton takes peaceable possession of, 168; but is later betrayed by Clark, 168, 314.

Vincent, John (1765-1848). Born in England. In 1781 entered the army as ensign, and promoted lieutenant the same year. In 1786 captain; in 1795 major; in 1800 lieutenant-colonel; and in 1810 colonel. Served with distinction during the War of 1812-1814 in Canada, and in 1813 promoted major-general. Took part in the capture of St. Domingo in the West Indies, and in the expedition to Copenhagen under Sir Hyde Parker. In 1841 reached the grade of general. Index: Bk Of the 49th, his military service, 124; ordered to Fort George, 229. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.

Vincent de Paul, Saint (1576-1660). Born in Pouay. Studied for the priesthood and ordained, 1600. In 1617 founded the Congregation of Priests of the Mission, which was established in the Priory of St. Lazare in Paris, 1632. Index: L Olier a pupil of, 24.

Vindicator. Newspaper published at Montreal. Index: P Edited by Dr. O'Callaghan, Papineau's lieutenant, 86; supports cause of the Patriotes, 122; the office sacked by members of the Doric Club, 127. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Virginia. Ch Grant of, to Sir Thomas Gates, 223.

Vitelleschi, Father. Ch General of Jesuits, accepts donation of Marquis de Gamache, for a college at Quebec, 228.

Vitré Charles Denis de. F Member of Sovereign Council, 106. L Appointed to Sovereign Council, 166.

Vitré, Jean Denis de. WM Pilot, taken prisoner, guides Durell's fleet, 78.

Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de (1694-1778). French writer. Index: WM Speaks of Canada as "a few acres of snow," 11. L On men and empires, 123. Bib.: For biog. and bib. of his works, see Larousse, Dict. Univ.

Voltigeurs. Bk Corps raised and commanded by Colonel de Salaberry, 189, 191.

Volunteer. Mc Newspaper, Mackenzie publishes, 467.

Volunteers at Quebec. Dr On conclusion of siege, dismissed and thanked, 144.

Von Shoultz. A Polish gentleman, settled in the United States. During the Rebellion of 1837-1838, led a party of American sympathizers over the border. They seized a windmill near Prescott, and held it for eight days, but were finally dislodged and captured. Von Schoultz and ten others were tried by court martial and hanged. Index: Mc Plans attack on Prescott, 442; officers oppose plans, 442; lands at Prescott, 443; engagement at Windmill Point, 443; surrender, 444; execution, 444. Md With rebel Americans in encounter near Prescott, 8; Macdonald counsel for, in court martial, 8-9; executed, 9. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion; Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.

Vorhees. S Rebel captain, killed by Rangers, 32.

Voyageurs. D Character of, 52. Bk Of the Hudson's Bay Company, assist in capture of Michilimackinac, 210.

Voyer, Colonel. Dr Commands French militia in siege of Quebec, 115.

Vrooman's Point. Bk On Niagara River, battery at, 299, 300.

Wadsworth, William (1732-1833). Born in Durham, Connecticut. In the War of 1812, brigadier-general in the New York militia. Took part in the battle of Queenston Heights on Oct. 13, 1812, and when the Americans were defeated, surrendered to Sir Roger Sheaffe. Index: Bk Commanding United States troops on Niagara River, 213; surrenders with nine hundred men at Queenston Heights, 312. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.

Wages. S Rate of, 113.

Wake, Sir Isaac (1580-1632). Born at Hartwell, Northamptonshire, England. Educated at Oxford. Entered the diplomatic service, and in 1609 secretary to the British minister at Venice; British representative at the court of Savoy, 1615-1630. During these years sent on several diplomatic missions: in 1617 to arrange an alliance between Savoy and the Swiss states; in 1626 to Berne and Zurich on behalf of the Grisons; and in 1627 to mediate between the king of Denmark and the duke of Savoy. Ambassador to the French court, 1630-1632. Index: Ch English ambassador at Paris, 215, 220; commissioner to settle dispute between Kirke and De Caën, 218. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Wakefield, Edward Gibbon (1796-1862). Born in London, England. Educated at Westminster and at Edinburgh. One of the founders of the National Colonization Society in 1830. In 1838 accompanied Lord Durham (q.v.) to Canada as unofficial adviser. Assisted Durham in drawing up the Report on the Affairs of British North America. In 1843 elected to the Canadian Parliament; at the same time secret adviser to Sir Charles Metcalfe. Founded the Colonial Reform Society, 1850. In 1853 removed to New Zealand and became adviser to the acting governor, Colonel Robert Wynyard. Index: BL Private adviser to Sir Charles Bagot, 150; attacked by Tory press, 150; elected for Beauharnois, 177; his views on colonization, 177; in Canada with Durham, 177-178; his share in the Report, 178; his land scheme, 178; relations to Bagot and Metcalfe, 178; attacks La Fontaine-Baldwin party, and defends Metcalfe, 218-220. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Garnett, Edward Gibbon Wakefield; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Walcheren Expedition. Bk Failure of, 119.

Walker, Sir Hovenden (1660-1726). Born in Somersetshire, England. Entered the navy; in 1691-1692 captain of the Vulture fireship; in 1695 in command of the Foresight, and in 1696, when in charge of convoy, had a successful action with two French frigates when off the Lizard; in 1710 rear-admiral, and in 1711 knighted. In command of the fleet which, in August, 1711, sailed up the St. Lawrence River for the conquest of Canada. Stormy weather and fog combined to wreck the greater part of the fleet, and the ships returned to England without meeting the French. In 1715, either on account of the failure of the Canadian expedition or on suspicion of being a Jacobite, dismissed from the British navy. In 1720 published a pamphlet in defence of the abortive expedition to Canada. Index: WM Loss of his fleet at Seven Islands, 83. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Walker, Thomas. Dr Magistrate, strong anti-military feeling of, 18; assault upon, 20; inquiry made into affair without result, 21; certain persons accused of participation in, 36; complaint carried by Walker to England, 37; secretary of state's despatch on the subject, 37; accused parties brought to trial and acquitted, 38; insolent conduct of, in court, 38. Dr Agitates against Quebec Act, 79; treasonable correspondence of, with Arnold, 86; entertains Franklin and Carrol, American commissioners, 136; Franklin's opinion of, 136. Bib.: Bradley, The Making of Canada.

Wallace, Hugh. Hd Haldimand's New York agent, 61, 74, 77; sends Haldimand news of Bunker Hill and other events, 108.

Wallace, Nathaniel Clarke (1844-1901). Born at Woodbridge, Ontario. Educated at the public schools and Weston Grammar School; taught school for some years. Subsequently engaged in mercantile life. Elected to the House of Commons for West York, 1878; continued as representative of that constituency until his death. Voted for the disallowance of the Jesuits' Estates Act, 1888; appointed controller of customs in the ministry of Sir John Thompson, 1892; resigned, 1895, owing to a disagreement with his colleagues in regard to the Manitoba school question. Grand master of the Orange Order in British America for over twenty years. Bib.: Dent, Can. Men.

Walley, John (1644-1712). Born in London, England. Commanded expedition against the French and their Indian allies in Canada, 1689. In 1690 sailed under Sir William Phipps to Quebec, but the siege was a failure. Published an account of the expedition on his return to Boston. In 1687, being one of the chief founders of the town of Bristol, elected a member of the Council. Also captain of the Ancient and Honourable Artillery Company of Boston. Index: F Second in command to Phipps, 281; lands with troops on Beauport flats, 292; his forces suffer severely, 298; draws off his men, leaving artillery behind, 300; his explanation of defeat of expedition, 300. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Walpole, Horace. See Orford.

Walrond, Theodore. E On British ignorance of Canada, and Elgin's work there, 215. Bib.: Life of Elgin.

Walsingham, William de Grey, first Baron (1719-1781). Dr Solicitor-general of England, his views on Canadian laws, 62. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

War of 1812. Declared by the United States against Great Britain in June, 1812. The president in his message to Congress specified the grounds for war as follows: Non-revocation of the orders-in-council; interference with American trade; practical blockade of American ports; impressment of American seamen, and the instigation of Indian hostilities against the United States. The original intention of the American government was the conquest of the British provinces on the northern border, and several of the most important engagements were fought on Canadian soil. After severe fighting with varying success, a treaty of peace was signed at Ghent on Dec. 24, 1814. By this treaty all territory taken by either country (except some islands on the Bay of Passamaquoddy) was to be restored. All the American claims that led to the war were left unsettled by the treaty. Index: R Loyalty of Methodists in, 41; its aftermath, 41. P Services rendered by Papineau, 5. BL Stills for the time the internal conflict of races, 8-9. See also Stoney Creek; Queenston Heights; Châteauguay; Chrystler's Farm; Beaver Dam; Brock; FitzGibbon; Sheaffe; Van Rensselaer; Hull. Bib.: Lucas, Canadian War of 1812; Richardson, War of 1812; Cruikshank, Documentary History of the Campaign and Record of the Services of Canadian Regiments in the War of 1812; Roosevelt, Naval War of 1812; Auchinleck, War between Great Britain and the United States; Coffin, 1812: the War and its Moral; Lossing, Pictorial Field Book of the War of 1812; Irving, Officers of the British Forces in Canada during the War of 1812-14; Mahan, Naval War of 1812; Hannay, War of 1812-14. See also other references in Lit. Am. Hist.

Wark, David (1804-1905). Born near Londonderry, Ireland. Came to New Brunswick, 1825; engaged in mercantile life. Elected to the Legislative Assembly, 1843; appointed to the Legislative Council, 1851; member of the ministry, at first without portfolio and afterwards as receiver-general, 1858-1862; called to the Senate, 1867. Attended the session of the Senate in his hundredth year. Index: W Moves resolutions in New Brunswick Assembly on foreign commercial relations, 118. T Member of Fisher government, 43. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Warner, Seth (1743-1784). Born in Roxbury, Connecticut. At the outbreak of the American Revolution, joined the ranks of the patriots, and as second in command took part in the capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. In 1775 ordered to Canada to serve under General Montgomery. Present at the siege of St. John's, and repulsed the British troops under Sir Guy Carleton, who attempted its relief. Served in the American army until 1782, when he retired. Index: Dr Attacks Ticonderoga, 179. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Washington, George (1732-1799). First president of the United States. Index: Dr Recognizes Arnold's abilities, 105; ordered by Congress to appoint commission for exchange of prisoners, 207; opposed to resurrection of French power in North America, 281; his moderate views, 286. Hd Compared with Haldimand in appearance, 15; suggests change in uniform of troops, 16; occupies New York, 104; occupies Boston, 110; objects to his French allies invading Canada, 123; his small army, 126, 253; his dread of re-establishment of French rule in Canada, 129; Haldimand's demand on, for Hamilton's release, 169; his alleged threat against Vermont, 205; Schuyler's letter to, 206; his caution to Chittenden, 212-213; anxious to keep up exchange of prisoners through Vermont, 215; provoked at carrying on of trade between Vermont and Canada, 225; letter to Gage as to treatment of prisoners, 249; severity towards Loyalists, 249, 250; compared with Haldimand in character, 250; Pillon's treasonable correspondence with, 278; Riedesel's opinion of methods of, 298. Bib.: See Cyc. Am. Biog. for sketch, and list of lives.

Washington Treaty, 1871. Dealt with the Alabama claims; arbitration of the San Juan boundary; North Atlantic fisheries; navigation of certain rivers and canals and of Lake Michigan; system of bonded transit; exemption from duty of United States logs floated down the St. John River. An attempt was made by Sir John A. Macdonald, who represented Canadian interests in the negotiation of the treaty, to revive the provisions of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, but without success. The other British commissioners were Earl de Grey, Sir Edward Thornton, Sir Stafford Northcote, and Professor Montague Bernard. The United States representatives were Hamilton Fish, General Schenck, Judge Nelson, Judge Hoar, and Senator Williams. The treaty was duly ratified, and brought into operation by proclamation, July 4, 1871. It was terminated, at the instance of the United States, July, 1885. Index: Md History of, 165-192; questions arising out of American War of Secession, 165; questions of special interest to Canada—San Juan boundary, Fenian Raid claims, inshore fisheries, reciprocity, 166-167; Joint High Commission, 168-169; personnel of commission, 169; Macdonald a member, 169; difficulty of his position, 172; outcome of negotiations, 174-178; San Juan boundary referred to arbitration, 178-180; settlement of fisheries question, 181-183; Macdonald signs treaty in interests of empire, 184-185; meets storm of opposition in Canada, 185-186; defends treaty in Parliament, 186-190; Halifax Commission and award, 190. B Brown's mission of 1874, and abortive Reciprocity Treaty of same year, a direct result of, 225. Bib.: Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Houston, Constitutional Documents; Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions; Messages, Despatches, and Minutes of the Privy Council Relative to the Treaty of Washington, Ottawa, 1872; Cushing, The Treaty of Washington; Adams, Before and after the Treaty of Washington.

Waterways. B Improved as a result of British preference, 31; navigable rivers in North-West, 214-215; joint commission for improvement of, provided for in Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, 227. See also Canals; Rivers.

Watkin, Sir Edwin William, Bart. (1819-1901). Born in Manchester, England. Educated there. In 1845 secretary of the Trent Valley Railway, and at various times connected with the London and North-Western Railway, the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincoln Railway, Great Western Railway, and South-Eastern Railway. In 1857 elected member of Parliament for Yarmouth. From 1862 to 1868 president of the Grand Trunk Railway. Index: C President of Grand Trunk Railway, 125; friend of Cartier's, 125; declines distinction of C. B., 125; Cartier's letter to, 125-128. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Watson, Samuel James (1837-1881). Born in Ireland. Educated at Belfast Academy. Came to Canada and engaged in newspaper work, 1857. Appointed librarian of the Ontario Assembly, 1871. Died in Toronto. Bib.: Works: The Constitutional History of Canada; The Powers of Canadian Parliaments; The Peace-Killer or The Massacre of Lachine; The Legend of Roses; Ravlan: a Drama.

Watters, Charles. T Defeated in St. John County, New Brunswick, 11; becomes solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 43; defeated in St. John, 84.

Waverley Abbey. Sy In Surrey, birthplace of Sydenham, 5.

Wayne, Anthony (1745-1796). Born in Pennsylvania. Sent in 1765, on the recommendation of Benjamin Franklin, to Nova Scotia, as financial agent and land surveyor. One of the provincial deputies chosen in 1774 to consider the relations between the American colonies and Great Britain. In 1775 raised a regiment of troops, and in 1776 made colonel; defeated and wounded at Three Rivers in an attack on the British. Promoted brigadier-general, 1777; major-general, 1783; and general-in-chief, 1792. Index: Dr Defeats Indians at Fort Recovery, and demands evacuation of British fort on the Miami, 286. S Army under, threatens Detroit, 133; defeats Indians at Fort Recovery and on the Miami, 139; demands evacuation of Fort Miami, 139; his instructions to avoid anything that might lead to war with Great Britain, 142. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Weatherbe, Sir Robert Linton (1836- ). Born in Prince Edward Island. Educated at Prince of Wales's College, Charlottetown, and Acadia College, Wolfville. Edited the Acadian Recorder. Called to the bar, 1863; judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, 1878; chief-justice, 1905-1907; knighted, 1906. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Webb, Samuel Blatchley (1753-1807). Born in Connecticut. Took part in the civil and military movements that preceded the Revolution in 1775. Commanded a company of Light Infantry in the battle of Bunker Hill. In 1776 appointed private secretary and aide-de-camp to Washington. In 1777 took part in the American expedition to Long Island, and captured with his troops by the British fleet; released in 1780. Afterwards brigadier-general. Index: WM Sent to America with reinforcements, 33; retreats on learning of fall of Oswego, 36; in command at Fort Edward, 45; his despatch to Colonel Monro intercepted, 46. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Webb's Regiment. WM Formed part of reserve in battle of the Plains, 189. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec.

Wedderburn, Lord. See Rosslyn.

Weir, Lieutenant George. Came to Canada with the 32nd Regiment; served in the Rebellion of 1837 in Lower Canada; sent with despatches to the officer in command at Sorel; captured by Wolfred Nelson and sent prisoner to St. Charles; attempted to escape at St. Denis, and was killed by his rebel guards. Bib.: Kingsford, History of Canada; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Weldon, John Wesley (1804-1885). For many years a member of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick, and 1843-1851 Speaker of the House. In 1865 appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, and held the position until his death, 1885. Index: W Elected Speaker of New Brunswick Assembly, 65, 66; action brought against in Doak and Hill case, 75; his amendment on question of money votes, 94. T Appointed to New Brunswick Bench, 94. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Welland Canal. Projected as a result of the War of 1812. A commission was appointed in 1816 to report on a canal between Lakes Erie and Ontario. The matter dragged along for several years, until at last, through the energy and enthusiasm of William Hamilton Merritt, a company was incorporated, and work actually commenced, in 1824. Five years later, the first vessels passed through from Ontario to Erie. In 1841 work was commenced on the enlargement of the canal, and completed in 1850. Between 1873 and 1883, the canal was deepened to 12 feet; and in 1887 to 14 feet. In the meantime, the work had been taken over by the government, and become part of the system of Dominion canals. Index: Mc Mackenzie's committee to inquire into, 264; Mackenzie a director of, 265; Francis Hincks on, 265; transactions of officials, 266, 267; report of committee, 268. BL Bought by government from private company, 1841, 98; completion of improvements, 337. See also Canals. Bib.: Kingsford, Early Canals; Merritt, Biography of W. H. Merritt; Matheson, Welland Canal (Women's Can. Hist. Soc. Trans., vol. 2).

Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of (1769-1852). Entered the army in 1787, and after serving in the Netherlands went to India in 1797, where he filled various military and civil offices until 1805. Two years later commanded the Copenhagen expedition and defeated the Danes at Kioge. Took command of the army in the Peninsula in 1808, and between then and 1814 defeated the French under Soult, Victor, Massena, and King Joseph. On his return to England in 1814 created Duke of Wellington. The following year, with the co-operation of Blücher, defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. Premier in 1828, and resigned in 1830; foreign secretary in Peel's ministry, 1834. Index: Bk His successes in the Peninsula, 119; retreats into Portugal, 123. Sy Resigns from Cabinet, 16; returns to office as prime minister, 16; resigns, 52; on dismissal of Melbourne, summoned to form a ministry, 46; his government defeated, 46; persuaded by Chief Justice Robinson to oppose Union Bill in House of Lords, 231. B Disapproves of Bagot's policy, 16, 17. Mc His connection with Catholic Emancipation Bill, 16-17. Bib.: Despatches, 1799-1832; Speeches. For biog., see Dict. Nat. Biog.

Wentworth, Sir John (1737-1820). Born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Educated at Harvard. In 1765 went to England as agent of the province of New Hampshire, and in 1767 appointed governor of the province; in the same year made surveyor-general of the king's woods in North America. While governor of New Hampshire opposed the imposition of the taxes by Great Britain, but still supported British connection; compelled in 1775 to take refuge on board a British ship on which he sailed for England. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1792. Index: Dr Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 290. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

West. W Of Halifax, establishes first Madras school in St. John, New Brunswick, in 1818, 87.

West India Company. Established by royal edict in 1664, under the usual conditions, that it should further the cause of colonization and religion in New France, and in return should possess a monopoly of the fur trade. The charter was revoked in 1674. In 1721, a similar charter was granted to a new West India Company. Index: F Creation of, 49; failure of, 149. Bib.: Biggar, Early Trading Companies of New France.

Western Forts. S Held by Great Britain pending settlement of Loyalist affairs, 55, 119; handed over to United States, 142. Bk Transfer of, to United States, 53. Hd Necessity for strengthening, 137; Haldimand declines to surrender till instructed by his government, 260; surrender of, 262. Dr Retained by Great Britain as security for concessions to Loyalists, 231; handed over to United States, 291, 303. See also Michilimackinac; Detroit, etc.

Westminster Conference, 1866. To settle finally the plan on which the Confederation of the provinces was to be carried out, the delegates from Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia met in the Westminster Palace Hotel, London. The Conference lasted from the 4th to the 24th of December, and passed a series of sixty-nine resolutions based on those of the Quebec Conference. The Conference resumed again in January, 1867, with the result that the British North America Act was framed, and passed by the Imperial Parliament. Index: Mc Conference meets in London, 125-127. Bib.: See also British North America Act; Confederation.

Wetherall, Sir George Augustus (1788-1868). Born in Hampshire, England. Educated at Winchester and the Military College, Farnham. In 1803 joined the regiment of Nova Scotia Fencibles formed by his father, General Sir Fred A. Wetherall. During the Rebellion of 1837-1838 in Canada in command of the troops at Montreal, defeating the rebels at St. Charles and Point Oliver. In 1838 promoted brevet-colonel; from 1843 to 1850 deputy-adjutant-general in Canada; adjutant-general, 1854; lieutenant-general, 1857, and in 1860 commanded the northern district in Great Britain. In 1865 appointed governor of the Royal Military College at Sandhurst. Index: C At St. Charles, 7. P Attacks rebels at St. Charles, 129. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Wetmore, A. B. T Anti-Confederate candidate in St. John, New Brunswick, 84; his character, 84-85; breaks away from government, 101; elected as Confederate candidate in St. John, 109.

Wheat. B Lord Stanley introduces measure giving preference to Canadian wheat, 1843, 15; preference wiped out by the corn laws, 15, 31; Globe on effect of corn laws, 31-32; Elgin on, 32; trade in, under Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, 229, 230. MS Red River settlers raise first crop of, 1813, 160, See also Agriculture.

Whelan, Edward (1824-1867). Born in County Mayo, Ireland. Emigrated to Nova Scotia, and employed in the office of the Nova Scotian, under Joseph Howe. Moved to Prince Edward Island, 1842, and immediately threw himself into the struggle for popular rights; elected to the Assembly; a member of the Council, 1864, when he represented his province at the Quebec Conference. Died at Charlottetown. Index: T Delegate to Quebec Conference from Prince Edward Island, 77. Bib.: Davin, The Irishman in Canada.

White, John. S First attorney-general of Upper Canada, 81, 178; his duel with John Small, clerk of council, 181.

White, Philip. Dr Loyalist, murder of, 198.

White, Thomas (1830-1888). Born in Montreal. Educated at the high school there. Joined the editorial staff of the Quebec Gazette; and in 1853 founded the Peterborough Review, which he edited for seven years. In 1860 went to Cobourg to study law, and in 1864 with his brother founded the Hamilton Spectator. Elected to the Dominion Parliament for Cardwell, 1878, and again in 1882 and 1887. A member of Sir John A. Macdonald's Cabinet in 1885 as minister of the interior, and carried out the political organization of the North-West Territories. Index: E On the coalition of 1854, 139; minister of the interior in the Macdonald ministry, 1885-1888, 139. Md Takes part in political picnic campaign, 220. Bib.: Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.

Whitney, Sir James Pliny (1843- ). Born at Williamsburg, Ontario. Educated at the Cornwall Grammar School. Served for some years in the militia, and on active service during the Fenian raid, 1866. In 1876 called to the bar and practised at Morrisburg, Ontario. Elected for Dundas to the Ontario Assembly, 1888. In 1896 leader of the Conservative party in Ontario; and in 1905 premier, on the defeat of the Liberal government. Knighted, 1908. Bib.: Canadian Who's Who.

Wilcox, Absalom. Mc Aids Mackenzie's escape, 383.

Wilcox, Allan. Mc Accompanies Mackenzie in his flight, 384-386.

Wilkins, Lewis Morris (1801-1885). Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, son of Lewis Morris Wilkins, judge of the Supreme Court. Educated at King's College, Windsor, graduating in 1819. Called to the bar and practised at Windsor from 1823 to 1856. In 1856 appointed judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, resigning in 1876. For several years a member of the Nova Scotia Legislature, and provincial secretary in the Young ministry, 1854-1856. Index: H Delegate to England to represent views of Legislative Council of Nova Scotia on responsible government, 52, 56; supports Howe, 145; becomes provincial secretary, 146; signs Foreign Enlistment Proclamation, 152; appointed judge of Supreme Court, 157. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Wilkinson. B Edits a Bowmanville newspaper, charges Senator Simpson with bribery in 1872, publishes letter from George Brown to Simpson, 249; sued for libel, 249; applies to have Brown committed for contempt of court, 252.

Wilkinson. Dr Aide-de-camp to Benedict Arnold, describes Arnold's rapid retreat, 147.

William III (1650-1702). King of England; son of William II, Prince of Orange, and Mary, daughter of Charles I of England. In 1677 married Mary, daughter of James II of England. In 1688 on the invitation of a number of leading British statesmen and nobles, headed an expedition to England. On his arrival in England, James II fled, and on Feb. 13, 1689, William and Mary were proclaimed king and queen. Index: Hd Forms regiment of Swiss Guards, 7. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

William IV (1765-1837). King of England; third son of George III and Queen Charlotte; born in Buckingham Palace. On June 26, 1830, succeeded George IV. Index: Sy Accession of, 25; dismisses Lord Melbourne, 45; death of, 48. Dr Arrival of, in Canada, as Prince William Henry, 238, 240; his popularity, 240. W Opposed to alienation of crown lands, 22; dismisses his advisors, 37; his death, 1837, 47. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

William Henry. Dr Name of Sorel changed to, 240.

Williams, Sir William Fenwick (1800-1883). Born in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia. Graduated at Woolwich, England, in 1821; entered the army, 1825; and served with distinction in the Crimean War, 1854-1855. On his return to England created a baronet, received the Order of the Bath, and granted a pension of £1000 a year. Nova Scotia presented him with a sword of honour. In 1860-1866 commander of the forces in Canada; during the absence of the governor-general, Sir Edmund Head, administrator of Canada, from Oct. 12, 1860, to Jan. 22, 1861; and in 1865 governor of Nova Scotia. In 1868 full general; and in 1870 governor-general of Gibraltar. In 1877 retired from the army; and in 1881 appointed constable of the Tower. Index: Md Co-operates with Tupper in Confederation movement, 122. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.

Willis, John Walpole (1792-1877). Born in England. A voluminous writer on legal subjects. In 1827 appointed a puisne judge of the King's Bench in Upper Canada. A capable judge, but in constant conflict with Sir Peregrine Maitland, the lieutenant-governor of the province. On the ground that he had refused to conduct the business of the court alone, in the absence of the two other judges, the governor dismissed him from the bench in June, 1828. Subsequently judge in Demerara and judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales; dismissed from the latter appointment, 1743. Index: Mc Appointed, 1827, 130; quarrels with brother judges, 131; his contention, 131, 132, 133; removed, 133; large petition in favour of, refused, 133. BL Dismissed from office, 28; his cause taken up by Reform party, 28; petition of protest, 29. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Read, Lives of the Judges.

Willis, Michael (1799-1879). Born in Greenock, Scotland. Educated at the University of Glasgow. A minister in Glasgow for a number of years, and professor of divinity for the secession branch of the Presbyterian Church. In 1843, at the disruption, joined the Free Church, and afterwards invited to Canada in connection with the colonial board of that religious body. In 1845 appointed professor of theology in Knox College, and later principal of that institution, resigning in 1870. B President of Anti-Slavery Society of Canada, 112; principal of Knox College, 112.

Willison, John Stephen (1856- ). Born at Hill's Green, Ontario. Began his journalistic career with the London Advertiser, 1882; joined the staff of the Toronto Globe, 1883. Represented the Globe in Ottawa for some years; editor-in-chief of the Globe, 1890; subsequently editor of the Toronto News. Index: Mc His opinion of Mackenzie, 14. Md Quoted on Parti Rouge, 45. Bib.: Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Williston, Edward. T Solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 105.

Williston, John T. T Deserts Liberal party in New Brunswick, 18; elected for Northumberland, 107.

Willson, John. Representative for Wentworth. Index: R Speaker of Legislative Assembly, Upper Canada, 64, 65.

Wilmot, Benjamin (1589-1669). W Born in England, one of early settlers of New Haven, 3; ancestor of L. A. Wilmot, 3.

Wilmot, Ezekiel. W Born, 1708, son of Thomas Wilmot, 3.

Wilmot, Lemuel. W A Loyalist of Poughkeepsie, New York, 3; a captain in Loyal American Regiment, came to New Brunswick after the war, 3.

Wilmot, Lemuel Allan (1809-1878). W His work for responsible government, 2; born in Sunbury County, New Brunswick, 1809, 2; his ancestry, 3; attorney-general, 1848, 7; a Baptist, 9; his mother, 10; education, 10-11; studies law, 11; interest in militia, 12; his success as a lawyer, 31; enters public life as member for York County, 1834, 31; re-elected, 1835, 32; his eminence as a stump orator, 32, 33; takes leading part in debates, 35; his interest in crown lands question, 35; and question of salaries of customs officials, 38-39; sent to England as delegate, 41-42, 45; again goes to England on behalf of Assembly, re Civil List Bill, 46; elected for York, 47; obtains new charter for King's College, 49-56; on provincial salaries, 61-63; nominated for Speaker, but declines to run, 66; advocates reform of Legislative Council, 68-69; enters the government, 72-73; opposes address to Metcalfe, 74; attacked by Loyalist, 75; resigns over Reade appointment, 77; his letter to the governor on same, 77-79; views on education, 83, 88-91; advocates initiation of money grants by executive, 91-93; 94-97; opposes bill requiring executive councillors, etc., to be re-elected, 99-100; re-elected for York, 102; declines seat in government, 102-103; enters government as attorney-general, 116-117; speaks at Portland Railway Convention, 119-126; views on railway question, 126-127; consolidation of criminal law and other legislation, 127-128; on reduction of judges, 129; appointed to bench, 130, 173; Fenety's characterization, 131; appointed lieutenant-governor, 132-133; a many-sided man, his religious life, 133-134; his family life, 135; in the militia, 135; his home, 136; his marriage, 1832, 137; second marriage, 137; character and achievements, 137-139; his death, May 20, 1878, 137. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Hannay, History of New Brunswick; Bourinot, Canada during Victorian Era (R. S. C., 1897); Roberts, History of Canada.

Wilmot, Montagu. Lieutenant-colonel in the army, 1755; commanded an expedition against Fort Cumberland, 1756. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1763; governor, 1764. Died, 1766. Bib.: Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.

Wilmot, Robert Duncan (1809-1891). Born at Fredericton, New Brunswick. Member of the provincial Parliament, 1846-1861 and in 1865-1867; and surveyor-general, 1851-1854. Provincial secretary in the Wilmot-Gray ministry, and in 1867 called to the Senate, of which he was a member for thirteen years. In 1878-1891 a member of the Privy Council; in 1878-1880 a member of the Cabinet without portfolio, and Speaker of the Senate; lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 1880-1885. Index: T Elected for St. John County, 10; elected as a Liberal, but sides with Conservatives, 13-14; joins administration, 18, 23, 24; re-elected for St. John, 24, 30; provincial secretary, 41; his government resigns, 42-43; re-elected for St. John County, as Anti-Confederate, 85-86; enters Smith government, 91; his character, 93; dissatisfied with government, 94; resigns, 94; forms new government with Peter Mitchell, 105; elected for St. John County, 109; goes to England as delegate, 120. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Hannay, History of New Brunswick; Parliamentary Companion, 1885.

Wilmot, Thomas. W Born, 1679, son of William Wilmot, 3.

Wilmot, William, W Father of L. A. Wilmot, 2; lumberman, 3; son of Lemuel Wilmot, 3; his family, 3-4; a Baptist, 9; moves to Fredericton, 10; a local preacher, 10; in politics, 10. T In partnership with William Peters, 4.

Wilson, Sir Adam (1814-1891). Born in Edinburgh. Educated in that city. In 1830 came to Canada; studied law under Robert Baldwin Sullivan, and in 1839 called to the bar of Upper Canada. In 1840 partner of Robert Baldwin, the Reform leader, and built up a successful practice. Elected to the Assembly for the north riding of York; in 1862-1863 solicitor-general in John Sandfield Macdonald's government; resigned on being appointed a judge of the Queen's Bench. Chief-justice of the Court of Common Pleas, 1878; and of Queen's Bench, 1884. Knighted, 1888. Index: B Comments on George Brown's letter to Senator Simpson, 249-250; had been supported by Globe in election contests, 250; solicitor-general in Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 250; attacked by Globe, 250-252; takes no part in Brown's trial for contempt of court, 252, 254. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years.

Wilson, Sir Daniel (1816-1892). Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Educated at Edinburgh University. In 1845 appointed honorary secretary of the Scottish Society of Antiquaries. In 1853 came to Canada as professor of history and English literature in Toronto University, becoming president of the university in 1881. Elected president of the Royal Society of Canada, 1885. Knighted, 1888. Bib.: Works: Prehistoric Man; The Missing Link; Archæology and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland; Chatterton: A Biographical Study; The Lost Atlantis, and other Ethnographic Studies. For biog., see Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por.; Kingsford, Sir Daniel Wilson (R. S. C., 1893); MacMurchy, Canadian Literature.

Wilson, John. T Runs against Tilley in St. John, New Brunswick, and defeated, 131.

Wilson, John (1809-1869). Born in Paisley, Scotland. Came to Canada, 1823; for some years worked on a farm near Perth. Studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1835. Practised his profession at London. Served as a volunteer during the Rebellion of 1837. Represented London in the Assembly, 1847-1851; defeated, 1851, but again elected, 1854; elected to the Legislative Council, 1863; appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas, 1863. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges.

Wiman, Erastus (1834-1904). Born at Churchville, Ontario. Educated in Toronto; early became engaged in newspaper work; joined the staff of the Toronto Globe, 1856; edited Montreal Trade Renew, 1864-1865; entered the service of R. G. Dun & Co., 1865; removed to the United States, 1866, and connected with many large commercial enterprises. A strong advocate of reciprocity between Canada and the United States. Index: Md Favours commercial union, 293. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Windmill Point. Situated in Grenville County, Ontario, and the scene of an engagement between filibusters from the United States under Colonel Von Schoultz (q.v.), and Canadian troops, in November, 1838, when the former were defeated. Index: Mc Engagement of, 441-444. Md Americans under Von Schoultz capture windmill near Prescott, 8; party finally overcome and leaders court-martialled, 8-9.

Winnipeg. Capital of the province of Manitoba. Founded about 1862. In the summer of that year "the first attempt was made to establish a place of business on the highway at the spot where the Assiniboine and Red River tracks meet close to the boundary of the Hudson's Bay Company's land reserve" (Hargrave's Red River). Incorporated in 1873. Its early growth was very slow and the city suffered for years from the effects of an ill-timed boom. The first decade of the twentieth century, however, brought rapid and substantial growth, Index: D Becomes centre of western department of Hudson's Bay Company. 265. Bib.: Hargrave, Red River; Bryce, Manitoba; Ency. Brit.; Ency. Amer.

Winnipeg, Lake. Area, 9460 square miles. The lake was known both to the English on Hudson Bay and to the French in Canada, long before its actual discovery, and is represented on a number of early maps, though sometimes very far from its actual position. The lake was actually discovered by La Vérendrye in 1732. The name is derived from the Cree word Wi-nipi, turbid water. The name has had a host of variants, from Ouinipigon and Ouinipique to Winnipeck and Winipic, not to mention the name given in Coats's Hudson Bay, Winnipeg-gon-e-sepe.

Winslow, John (1702-1774). Born in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Entered the army. In 1740 captain of a company that served in the expedition to Cuba; in 1752 sent to Fort St. George, Maine, as a commissioner to settle land disputes with the Indians. In 1755 when major-general of militia, and captain in the British army, ordered to Nova Scotia to remove the Acadians from that province. This duty he performed under the instructions of Governor Lawrence. In 1756 as major-general served against the French, and also in 1758-1759. In 1762 chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas in Plymouth County. The town of Winslow in Maine is named after him. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Winter, P. E Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure Act, 187.

Winthrop, Fitz-John (1639-1707). Born in Boston, Massachusetts. Educated at Harvard. Going to England, served in the parliamentary army there and in Scotland. Took part in the march of General Monk's army to London. In 1663 returned to New England and employed in both military and civil capacities. In 1690 major-general in command of the army which unsuccessfully invaded Canada. Agent for Connecticut in London, 1693-1697; and governor of the colony, 1698-1707. Index: F Commands expedition against Montreal, 279; arrives at Albany, and pushes on to Wood Creek, 280; returns to Albany, and to Hartford, Conn., 281. L Commands expedition against Montreal, 229; his army disorganized and scattered, 231. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick Stephen (1802-1865). Born at Seville, Spain. Educated at St. Cuthbert's College, Ushaw, near Durham, and the English College in Rome. Took a leading part in the Oxford movement. Created arch-archbishop of Westminster, and cardinal, 1850. Index: B His pastoral letter defending the papal bull dividing England into Roman Catholic sees, and George Brown's reply, 44-45. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Wolfe, James (1727-1759). WM Intrusted by William Pitt with command of expedition against Quebec, 65, 73; singular anecdote of, 65; birth and personal characteristics, 66, 67; at Dettingen and Culloden, 68; in Paris, 69; attached to the Louisbourg expedition, 70; falls in love, 70, 72; returns to England, 71; his criticism of the Louisbourg campaign, 72; made brigadier and intrusted with expedition against Quebec, 73; bids farewell to father and mother, 74; has under him three brigadiers, 74; hears of his father's death, 76; his plan for the attack, 76-78; proceeds to upper end of island of Orleans, 93; perceives all the difficulty of the situation, 96; his proclamation to the Canadians, 101; advances to Pointe Lévis, 108; decides on bombardment of Quebec, 110; seizes left bank of Montmorency River, 112; his hesitancy, 119; courtesy to prisoners taken by Carleton, 125; tries to bridge Montmorency, 127; attempts passage of Montmorency by a ford, 128; protests against use of fire-rafts, 130; his poor opinion of Canadian militia, 132, 173; his plan to bring on general engagement, 134; unsuccessfully attacks French position at Montmorency, 139-143; greatly appreciates kindness shown to Ochterlony, 145; after defeat at Montmorency, bombards city with increased severity, 145; burns country on both sides of the St. Lawrence, 149; ill of fever at Ange Gardien, 154; his great activity and energy, 154; hands command over to his brigadiers, 154; his three plans for attack, 154; accepts plans of brigadiers, 155; convalescent, 156; letter to his mother, 156; his extreme despondency, 157; abandons position at Montmorency, 158; resolves to attack above Quebec, 159; gives general order to be ready for early landing, 163; goes to Pointe-aux-Trembles to reconnoitre, 164; his great discouragement expressed in letter to Lord Holdernesse, 166; goes down opposite Le Foulon and makes careful examination of it, 168; his propositions to council of war, as narrated by French author, 169; visits each ship in the fleet above Quebec, 170; his last proclamation from H.M.S. Sutherland, 172; bequests in his will, 175; intrusts portrait of Miss Lowther to Captain Jervis, 175; his boat takes the lead in moving down the river, 179; his conversation in the boat, 179; recites Gray's Elegy, 180; climbs up cliff and arranges troops in line of battle, 182; advances towards Quebec, 186; marches to battle at head of his troops, 197; death of, 200; his remains conveyed to England on Royal William, 238; grief of his mother, 239; monument to, in Westminster Abbey, 239. Dr His friendship for Carleton, 30; secures his appointment to Quebec expedition, 31. P Causes of his victory at Quebec, 143. BL Sydenham ranked with, 112. Hd Besieges Quebec, 25; preparations made in event of his failure, 28; his success and death, 34; compared with Amherst, 35; Gugy comes with, to Quebec, 62; glories won by, on Plains of Abraham, 121. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, Fight for Canada; Willson, Life and Letters of James Wolfe; Salmon, Life of Wolfe; Bradley, Life of Wolfe and The Fight with France.

Wolford Lodge. S In Devon, family estate of Simcoe, 40, 220, 222.

Wolseley, Garnet Joseph, Viscount (1833- ). Born in Golden Bridge House, Dublin county, Ireland. In 1852 entered the army as ensign; served in the Burmese War, 1852-1853; in the Crimean War, 1854-1856; and in India, 1857; in 1861 sent to Canada in connection with the Trent incident; in 1867 deputy-quartermaster-general of Canada; and in 1869-1870 commanded the Red River Expedition during the Riel Rebellion; commanded the British army in the Ashantee War of 1873-1874; and in Egypt, 1882, and 1884-1885; field-marshal in 1894; and commander-in-chief of the army, 1895-1900. Index: C His expedition to North-West, 69-70; his article in Blackwood's Magazine, 70-71; his quarrel with Cartier, 130. Md Leads expedition against Riel, 161; gains a bloodless victory, 162. Bib.: Story of a Soldier's Life. For biog., see Who's Who.

Wood, Edmund Burke (1820-1882). Born near Fort Erie, Ontario. Educated at Overton College, Ohio. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1848, and appointed clerk of the County Court of Brant, 1853. Represented West Brant in the Canadian Assembly, 1863-1867. After Confederation returned for both the Ontario Assembly and the Dominion House of Commons, but resigned the latter seat, 1872. Held office as provincial treasurer in the Sandfield-Macdonald ministry, 1867-1871. Elected to the House of Commons for West Durham, 1873. Appointed chief-justice of Manitoba, 1874. Died in Winnipeg. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.

Wood, Enoch. W Methodist clergyman in Fredericton, 133; his influence over L. A. Wilmot, 133.

Wood Creek. F Expedition against Montreal encamps at, 280.

Wool, Captain. Bk Succeeds in landing United States troops above Queenston, 303.

Wooster, David (1710-1777). Born in Stratford, Connecticut. Graduated at Yale University. Took part in the expedition against Louisbourg, 1745; in 1776 served as brigadier-general of the American forces in Canada. Index: Dr Montgomery leaves him in charge at Montreal, 116; on death of Montgomery, succeeds to command at Quebec, 132; his army reinforced, 134; criticized in Franklin's report, 136; recalled, 136. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Work, or Wark, John (1792-1861). Born in Ireland. Entered service of Hudson's Bay Company, 1814; employed east of the mountains until 1822, when transferred to the Columbia; in charge of Fort Simpson, 1835-1849; appointed chief factor, 1846; removed to Victoria, 1849, as one of the managers of the Company's affairs on the Pacific slope. In 1857 a member of the Legislative Council of Vancouver Island. Died at Victoria. Index: D Leads expedition into wilds of Oregon and the Upper Missouri in 1834, 132; member of Victoria board of management, 265; his death, 265. Bib.: Bancroft, History of British Columbia; Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names.

Workman, T. Md Liberal, elected for Montreal in by-election in 1876, 224.

Wrangell, Ferdinand Petrovitch, Baron von (1796-1870). Born in Pleskau, Esthonia. Educated in the school for cadets in St. Petersburg. Entered the Russian navy in 1812; in 1817 took part in a scientific expedition to Siberia and Kamtchatka; and in 1820 commanded an expedition to explore the Russian polar seas, which reached 72° 2' north latitude. In 1827 appointed governor of Russian America (Alaska), and during his administration made surveys of the country, opened roads, built bridges, and instituted various other reforms and improvements. In 1834 recalled to Russia; in 1837 rear-admiral; in 1847 vice-admiral. Strongly opposed to the cession of Alaska to the United States. Index: D Succeeds Baranoff in Russian America, 45.

Wright, Justice. S Barrack-master, 47.

Wright, Philemon (1760-1839). Born in Woburn, Massachusetts. In 1800 emigrated to Canada, and ascended the river Ottawa sixty miles beyond any previous known settler, with the object of selecting a suitable tract of land for a settlement. Eventually chose the site of the present town of Hull, Quebec, and received a grant from the government. Imported several of the best breeds of cattle from Great Britain, and, introducing other improvements, the agricultural settlement grew into an important and thriving township.

Wyoming District. Hd Laid waste, 151.

X Y Company. Founded at Montreal in 1795 by several partners of the North West Company, who had become dissatisfied with the administration of the old company, and particularly resented the autocratic ways of its chief, Simon McTavish, popularly known among the fur traders, because of his domineering manner, as "Le Premier," and "Le Marquis." The backbone of the new concern was the powerful Montreal firm of Forsyth, Richardson & Co. Alexander Mackenzie was almost persuaded to join the new company in 1795, but did not actually do so until 1801. Meanwhile the X Y Company had built a post at Grand Portage in 1797, and followed their rivals to the Assiniboine, the Saskatchewan, the Athabaska, and even into the remote Peace River country. On the death of McTavish, in 1804, the two companies were united as the North West Company. Index: MS Organized by malcontents from North West Company, 6, 92; builds rival post at Grand Portage, 93; Mackenzie becomes the head of, 98; absorbed by North-West Company, 1804, 99. Bib.: Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

Yale, James Murray. Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company about 1815, when still a boy, and after some years' service east of the mountains, transferred to New Caledonia. Eventually promoted to the rank of chief factor; and retired from the service about 1870, settling near Victoria, where he died. Fort Yale on the Fraser River was named after him. Index: D At Stewart Lake, 99; in command at Fort George, 1823, 105. Bib.: Bancroft, History of British Columbia.

Yamaska River. Rises in Brome Lake. After a course of about ninety miles falls into the St. Lawrence at the head of Lake St. Peter. Index: Ch Named by Champlain, De Gênes, 52.

Yellowhead Pass. Through the Rocky Mountains. Elevation, 3733 feet above sea level. The summit of the pass is eighteen miles in a straight line from the Athabaska River. Yellowhead Lake, a little west of the summit, discharges its waters into the Fraser River. Because of its easy gradients, this pass was favoured by (Sir) Sandford Fleming as the route for the Canadian Pacific Railway, but political considerations forced the selection of the much more difficult Kicking Horse Pass.

Yonge Street, Toronto. Originally an Indian trail leading to Lake Simcoe. Built as a bush road by Simcoe in 1794. Named after Sir George Yonge, then secretary for war. Index: BL Named in honour of the then secretary for war, 8. Bib.: Robertson, Landmarks of Toronto.

York. S Name Toronto officially changed to, 203; name York previously in use, 203. Bk Fortifications begun at, 182. BL Becomes seat of government, 8; incorporated as city of Toronto, 16; origin of Spadina Avenue, 26; Baldwin elected for, 31; Parliament house; 33; municipal government in, 298. See also Toronto.

York and Albany, Frederick Augustus, Duke of (1763-1827). Second son of George III. Commanded British army in Flanders, 1793-1795. Commander-in-chief, 1798-1809. Index: Bk Takes command of expedition to Holland, 15, 21. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

York Factory. One of the principal establishments of the Hudson's Bay Company, near the mouth of Hayes River, north bank. The first trading post here, or near here, was Fort Nelson, built in 1669. Throughout the eighteenth century, this was the principal post of the Company, in charge of a governor, with a considerable staff. It was the starting-point of the explorations of Henry Kellsey in 1692, of Anthony Hendry in 1754, and of Matthew Cocking in 1772, and was the gateway to the vast interior country, the recognized route being the Hayes River. Index: MS Red River settlers winter near, 153-155. See also Port Nelson. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West.

Yorke, Charles (1722-1770). Dr Attorney-general of England, his views on Canadian laws, 62.

Yorke, Sir Joseph Sydney (1768-1831). Entered the navy in 1780; in 1781 joined the Duke and later the Formidable, both under Sir Charles Douglas. In 1785 served on the flagship of Commodore John Elliot on the Newfoundland station, and afterwards on the Adamant under Sir Richard Hughes at Halifax. In 1789 lieutenant; in 1790 commander; in 1793 captain; in 1810 a lord of the Admiralty. Sent to Lisbon in 1811 with reinforcements, the arrival of which compelled the French under Massena to retreat from Torres Vedras. In 1814 vice-admiral; and admiral, 1830. Index: Hd Recommends Haldimand and Bouquet for command in America, 9-10; Haldimand's description of, 327; Haldimand visits, 337. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Young, George Paxton (1819-1889). Born at Berwick-upon-Tweed. Educated at the University of Edinburgh; came to Canada, 1847; minister of Knox Church, Hamilton, 1850-1853. Joined the faculty of Knox College the latter year, where he filled various chairs in succession until 1864. Employed by Dr. Ryerson for several years in reorganizing the grammar schools of Ontario. In 1871 succeeded Dr. Beaven as professor of logic, metaphysics, and ethics in Toronto University, holding the position up to the time of his death. Index: R Appointed inspector of grammar schools, 1863, 255; reports on defects in the system, 255-257; examines results of Grammar School Act of 1865, 260. Bib.: Duncan, George Paxton Young in Univ. of Tor. Monthly; Dent, Can. Por.

Young, George Renny (1800?-1847). Born in Scotland; a brother of Sir William Young (q.v.). Founded the Nova Scotian newspaper in 1824, and edited it until 1828. For several years a member of the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia; and also of the Executive Council. Index: H Son of John Young, author of Letters of Agricola, 8; Speaker of Nova Scotia Legislature, 99-100; associated with organization of Company to build Intercolonial, 99-100; attacked by Lord Falkland, 100; offered seat in Council by Sir John Harvey, 103; declines office, 104; elected for Halifax, 106; member of the Uniacke administration, 110; resigns from government, 132. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Young, James. B On George Brown's attitude in the Legislature at Quebec, 65; describes Brown's personal appearance, 73.

Young, John (1773-1837). Born in Falkirk, Scotland. Educated at Glasgow University; emigrated to Canada, 1814. In 1818 published a series of letters under the nom-de-plume of "Agricola," in the Halifax Recorder. These letters drew attention to the backward state of agriculture in Nova Scotia and led to the establishment of a Board of Agriculture, of which he was appointed secretary. In 1822 the letters were published in book form with the title Letters of Agricola on the Principles of Vegetation and Tillage. From 1825 to 1837 represented Sydney in the Nova Scotia Assembly. Took an active part in the formation of agricultural societies. Index: H Author of Letters of Agricola, 6; member of Nova Scotia Assembly, 1837, 35; proposes conciliatory resolutions as to the Legislative Council, 38-39. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Young, John (1811-1878). Born at Ayr, Scotland. Came to Canada, 1826. In 1837 raised a regiment of volunteers and served during the Rebellion. In 1841 partner of the firm of Stephens, Young & Company of Montreal; connected with the construction in 1845 of the railway line to Portland, Maine, through which Montreal secured a winter port. It was largely by his efforts that the railway from Montreal to Kingston was built; and the Victoria Bridge, the deepening of Lake St. Peter, and the enlargement of the Welland, St. Lawrence, and Lachine canals were also due to a considerable extent to his broad policy. In 1851 commissioner of public works in the Hincks-Morin Cabinet. During his brief administration organized the Canadian exhibit at London, 1851; and subsidized steamships between Montreal and Liverpool. Index: E Commissioner of public works in Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; resigns and replaced by J. Chabot, 126. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Young, Sir John. See Lisgar.

Young, Sir William (1799-1887). Born at Falkirk, Scotland. Educated at Glasgow University. Came to Nova Scotia; studied law, and called to the bar of that province, 1826. In 1832 elected to the Assembly for Cape Breton. In 1835 called to the bar of Prince Edward Island. In 1838-1839 took part in the negotiations that followed the Rebellion in Lower Canada, and his report on the alleged grievances was included in that of Lord Durham. In 1842 appointed a member of the Executive Council, and Speaker of the Assembly, 1843-1854; premier of the province, 1854-1857; and again in 1860. In 1860 appointed chief-justice of Nova Scotia, retiring after twenty-one years' service. Knighted, 1868. Index: H Political leader in Nova Scotia, and afterwards chief-justice of the province, 6; sent as delegate to England to urge granting of representative government to Nova Scotia, 51, 56; appointed to Executive Council, 1843, 75; elected Speaker the same year, 75; reelected Speaker, 1848, 107; attorney-general and leader of government, 146; his government sustained, 157; non-committal attitude of, on Irish Roman Catholic question, 163; chief justice of Nova Scotia, 169. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.

Young, Sir William A. G. (1827-1885). Secretary to the North American Boundary Commission, 1856; colonial secretary and auditor of British Columbia, 1859; colonial secretary of Vancouver Island, 1864; administrator of the government there, 1866. Subsequently appointed governor of the Gold Coast.

Yukon River. Rises at the headwaters of the Nisutlin, and empties into Bering Sea, after a course of 1765 miles. The lower waters of the river were explored by Glazunof in 1836 or 1837; and a Russian post was built at Nulato, about four hundred miles above the mouth, in 1838. In 1843, Zagoskin carried the exploration up to the mouth of the Nowikakat. In 1846, John Bell, of the Hudson's Bay Company, reached the Yukon by way of the Porcupine; and in 1847 Alexander H. Murray, of the same Company, built Fort Yukon, at the mouth of the Porcupine. Robert Campbell explored the Pelly and Yukon, down to the mouth of the Porcupine, in 1840-1850. Index: MS Mackenzie establishes existence and course of, 50; makes inquiries concerning, 55. D Operations of Hudson's Bay Company on, 123; explored by Robert Campbell, 125. Bib.: Dall, Alaska; Bancroft, History of Alaska; Campbell, Discovery of the Youcon; Whymper, Travel and Adventure in Alaska; Murray, Journal of the Yukon (Archives, Pub. 4); Dawson, Report on the Yukon (Geol. Survey Report, 1887-1888).

Yverdun. Hd Home of the Haldimand family, 2, 3; visited by Haldimand, 113, 116; his death there, June 5, 1791, 340; its institutions remembered in his will, 342.

Zollverein. Md Proposed by Butterworth in United States Congress, as a method of fiscal union with Canada, 295. See also Commercial Union. Bib.: Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party.