Index and Dictionary (part 4)

Lewis, John. T Confederation candidate, elected in Albert County, New Brunswick, 89, 107.

Lewis, Meriwether (1774-1809), and Clark, William (1770-1838). American explorers. Sent by the United States Government, in 1803, to find an overland route to the Pacific by way of the Missouri. They ascended the Missouri in 1804, to the Mandan villages; wintered there; continued their journey in 1805, crossed the Rocky Mountains, and descended the Columbia River to its mouth. They spent the winter there, and retraced their steps in 1806 to the Missouri and St. Louis. Their party consisted of fourteen soldiers, nine young men from Kentucky, two boatmen, an interpreter, a hunter, and a negro servant of Captain Clark. Index: D At Clatsop, 44; on the Columbia, 59; their overland expedition, 60, 64, 66; mouth of the Columbia the objective, 66; objects of the enterprise, 66; personnel of the expedition, 67; route followed by, 67; information collected, 67; winter at Fort Clatsop, 67. Bib.: History of the Expedition to the Pacific Ocean, Philadelphia, 1814; new ed., New York, 1843. In addition to other reprints, three recent editions are: the Chicago edition of 1902, with introd. by Dr. J.K. Hosmer; the edition of 1893, in 4 vols., with copious notes and other critical equipment by Dr. Elliott Coues; and the even more elaborate edition prepared by Dr. R.G. Thwaites, New York, 1905, 8 vols. For biog. of Lewis and Clark, see Jefferson's Life of Lewis in Old South Leaflets, no. 44, and in the Hosmer edition; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Lexington. Hd Skirmish at, 103.

Liard River. A tributary of the Mackenzie; rises in the Yukon district, south-west of Frances Lake, about lat. 61°, long. 131°. Its length is about 550 miles. Explored by McLeod in 1834, and by Campbell in 1840. The Upper Liard is known only by Indian report. Fort Simpson, of the Hudson's Bay Company, is at the mouth of the main river; and Fort Liard at the confluence of Black River and the Liard, not far from the point where British Columbia, the Yukon, and the North-West Territories meet. Index: D Operations of Hudson's Bay Company on, 123.

Libel. Mc Mackenzie's bill on, 163.

Liberal. Newspaper published at Toronto. Index: B Radical journal, founded after Liberal victory of 1874, 235.

Liberal Party. B Growth of, 209; overthrows Sir John A. Macdonald's government, and Ontario coalition government, 209-210. See Reform Party.

Libraries. The first public library in Canada was the Quebec library, founded in 1779 largely through the efforts of Haldimand. After many vicissitudes, the library was absorbed by the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. The first college library was that of the Seminary at Quebec, 1668; Montreal College library was opened in 1767; and King's College library in 1790. Legislative libraries were established in each of the provinces at an early date. In 1841 the libraries of Upper and Lower Canada were combined, and from this year dates the establishment of the library of Parliament. The first circulating library in Upper Canada was founded at Niagara in 1800. Similar libraries existed in Montreal as early as 1824, and at Kingston in 1836; the Red River library was founded at Fort Garry in 1847. Index: Hd First in Canada established by Haldimand, 190; merged in 1869 into Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, 190; objects and cost of, 191; appreciation of, 191. R Public school libraries established by Dr. Ryerson, for use by the community, 185-187. MS One established by Roderick Mackenzie at Fort Chipewyan, 26. BL W. L. Mackenzie maintains a circulating library, 13. E Provided for in Upper Canada after 1841, 88. S For Upper Canada, Simcoe recommends government to establish, 46; plan not adopted, 175. See also Books. Bib.: Bain, Public Libraries of Canada in Canada: An Ency., vol. 5.

Licorne. WM Frigate in which Montcalm embarked at Brest, 12.

Lieutenant-governor. Mc Office of, Durham's view of power of, 56, 57; surroundings of, in 1838, 61; position in both Upper and Lower Canada, 62.

Lieutenants. S Intended to be analogous to lords-lieutenant in England, appointed by Governor Simcoe for the principal counties in Upper Canada, 197; measure not approved by secretary of state, 197; appointments not continued by later governors, 198.

Ligneris. WM Force gathered by, and Aubry, dispersed, 146.

Lincoln, Abraham (1809-1865). Fourteenth president of the United States. Index: B Believed by George Brown to be favourable to renewal of Reciprocity Treaty, 192. Bib.: For biog. sketch, and bibliog. of lives, see Cyc. Am. Biog.; Larned, Lit. Am. Hist.

Lincoln, Benjamin (1733-1810). American general. Index: S United States commissioner, entertained by Simcoe at Navy Hall, 184, 229. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Lindsay, W. B. Sy Made clerk of Legislative Assembly, 334.

Lindsay, William. T Elected for the county of Carleton, New Brunswick, 89, 107.

Linschot. Ch His definition of the territory of New France, 211.

Lippincott, Captain. Dr Hangs Joshua Huddy, 198.

Liquor Question. B Agitated by Brown and the Globe, 75; the Canada Company and cheap whiskey, 75; the movement in and out of Parliament, 75-76. See also Brandy question; Stills; Cas reservé.

Lisgar, John Young, Baron (1807-1876). Born at Bombay. Entered Parliament in 1831; became lord of treasury in 1841, and secretary of the treasury, 1844-1846; chief secretary for Ireland, 1852-1855; and lord high commissioner of the Ionian Islands, 1855-1859. In 1861 sent to New South Wales as governor-general. Seven years later came to Canada as administrator; and the following year appointed governor-general. Succeeded by Lord Dufferin in 1872. Index: C His arrival in Canada, 89; expresses views of Little Englanders—advises Canada to declare her independence, 89. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por.

Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. P Founded by Lord Dalhousie, 41. Bib.: See list of publications, from 1829, in Lit. Am. Hist.; also Wurtële, List of Lectures, Papers, etc., 1829-1891.

Little Belt. Bk British corvette, fired on by United States frigate President, 173.

Littlehales, Edward B. S Accompanies Simcoe as major of brigade, 47; clerk of Council, 79; aide-de-camp to governor, 177; describes the site of the present city of London, 200, 201.

Livingstone. Dr Of Montreal, his disaffection, 79; commands rebel Canadians at Quebec, 132.

Livingstone, Philip (1716-1778). Dr President of Continental (American) Congress, 201. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Livius, Peter (1727?-1795). Resided at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. A member of the Council under the royal government; quarrelled with the governor and went to England to lay his complaints before the crown. Complaints dismissed, but appointed chief-justice of New Hampshire. At once transferred to Quebec as chief-justice; held office from 1777 to 1786; retired and went to England, where he died. Index: Dr Appointed chief-justice, 184; his character and abilities, 185; disagrees with Carleton, 188; carries dispute to Privy Council, 188. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.

Logan, Sir William Edmond (1798-1875). Born at Montreal, of United Empire Loyalist descent. Educated at the University of Edinburgh. After some years spent in business in England, and incidentally in studying the geological formation of the coal-fields of Wales, returned to Canada, and in 1842 appointed the first director of the Geological Survey. In 1863 issued an elaborate summary of the work accomplished by the Survey up to that time. Retired in 1870. Bib.: Geology of Canada. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; Harrington, Life of Sir William E. Logan.

London. City of Ontario; founded by Peter McGregor, in 1826. Index: S Site of present city, selected by Simcoe as best place for capital of Upper Canada, 200, 205.

London Conference. See Westminster Conference.

Long Point. Lake Erie, north shore. Index: S Chosen by Simcoe as arsenal for Lake Erie, 204.

Longueuil, Charles Colmer Grant, Baron de. Sy Owner of "Alwington," 294.

Longueuil, Charles Le Moyne, Sieur de (1625?-1685). Son of an innkeeper of Dieppe. Came to Canada in 1641. In 1657 granted the seigniory of Longueuil. In De Tracy's expedition against the Iroquois, in 1666, commanded the Montreal militia, and was with Frontenac at Cataraqui in 1673. La Barre sent him to the Iroquois, 1682, to persuade them to meet him in council at Montreal. When, two years later, La Barre led an abortive expedition against the Iroquois, he was again compelled to depend upon Le Moyne's influence with the Iroquois to patch up a peace. Index: F Sent to invite Onondagas to a conference, 183, 184. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac.

Longueuil, Charles Le Moyne, Baron de (1656-1729). Son of Charles Le Moyne, Sieur de Longueuil (q.v.) Wounded, in 1687, in the Iroquois raid on Lachine. Governor of Montreal. Administered the colony in 1725, before the arrival of Beauharnois. Index: F Commands militia in attack on Iroquois, 1687, 209. E Barony conferred on, in 1700, 181.

Longueuil, Charles Le Moyne, Baron de (1687-1755). Son of preceding. Administered the colony in 1752, after the departure of La Jonquière. Index: Dr In command of militia, in 1777, 187.

Loquin. Ch Company's clerk at Quebec, 139.

Longworth, John (1814-1885). Born at Charlottetown. Called to the bar of Prince Edward Island, 1838. Elected to the Assembly, 1846. Occupied offices in several successive administrations. Drafted the "No Terms Resolution" of the Assembly in connection with Confederation. Appointed prothonotary of the Supreme Court of Prince Edward Island, 1883. Bib.: Campbell, History of Prince Edward Island.

Loranger, Thomas Jean Jacques (1823-1885). Born in Ste Anne d'Yamachiche, Quebec. Educated at Nicolet College; called to the bar, 1844. Sat in the Assembly, 1854-1863; held office in the Macdonald-Cartier ministry, 1857-1858. Appointed a judge of the Superior Court, 1863; retired, 1879. Subsequently engaged in the consolidation of the statutes of Quebec. Created by the pope a commander of the Order of Pius IX. Index: C Conservative leader in Quebec, his character, 25. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Lorette. L Settlement of Christian Indians at, 74. WM British abandon their position at, 249.

Lorimer, Dr. Hd Consulted by Haldimand as to sanitary measures, 66, 70.

Lorin, Henri. F Author of Le Comte de Frontenac, referred to, 109, 126, 128, 142, 165, 174, 216, 231, 250.

Lormel, Captain de. Ch Brings out settlers, 252.

Lorne. See Argyll.

Lotbinière. See Joly de Lotbinière; Chartier de Lotbinière.

Louche, de. WM Takes direction of fireships, 98.

Loudon, James (1841- ). Born in Toronto. Educated at Upper Canada College and Toronto University, graduating 1862. Appointed to the staff of the university; professor of mathematics, 1875; and president of the university, 1892, succeeding Sir Daniel Wilson. One of the original fellows of the Royal Society of Canada. Retired from presidency of university, 1906. Index: BL Quoted on Baldwin's University Bill, 293. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; The University of Toronto and its Colleges, 1827-1906.

Loudon, John Campbell, fourth Earl of (1705-1782). General. Index: WM Made commander-in-chief of British forces in America, 33. Hd Commands Royal Americans, 11; his opinion of Pennsylvanians, 11. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley, Fight with France.

Louis XIII, King of France (1601-1643). Succeeded his father, Henry IV, in 1610. Index: F Close relations of Frontenac family with, 62. Ch Demands restitution of Acadia, 212; plot against, 215. L Dedicated France to the Virgin Mary, 87. Bib.: Larousse, Dictionnaire Universel.

Louis XIV, King of France (1638-1715). Succeeded his father, Louis XIII, in 1643. Index: F His war with Holland, 148; absolutism of his rule 151-153; desires to have permanent curacies (curés fixes) established in Canada, 164; private life of, 166; pronounces La Salle's discoveries useless, 176; later takes him under his special protection, 180. L Recommends creation of bishopric for New France and appointment of Laval thereto, 131; stipulates that archbishop of Rouen shall be metropolitan, 133; yields the point, 134; bestows abbey of Lestrées on new diocese, 136; his decision on liquor question, 174; grants 8000 francs annually to Canadian clergy, 182; later reduces amount, 183; his disagreement with Pope Innocent XI, 201. Bib.: Voltaire, Siècle de Louis XIV; Saint-Simon, Mémoires.

Louis XVI, King of France (1754-1793). Succeeded to the throne in 1774. Index: S Public mourning ordered in Upper Canada for death of, 193. Bib.: Larousse, Dictionnaire Universel.

Louisbourg. A seaport on the south-east coast of Cape Breton. Formerly the chief stronghold of France in America. The fortress, named after Louis XIV, was begun in 1790; twenty-five years were spent in fortifying it; and the cost was estimated at thirty million livres. Captured by the British under Pepperell and Warren in 1745; ceded back to France by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle; and again captured by the British under Amherst and Boscawen, in 1758. Index: WM Guards Gulf of St. Lawrence, 17; composition of garrison, 30; capture of, 71; expedition against Quebec, sails to, 85. Ch Commonly known as Port aux Anglais, 236. See also Cape Breton; Boscawen; Wolfe; Amherst. Bib.: Parkman, Half-Century of Conflict and Montcalm and Wolfe; Lettre d'un Habitant, ed. by Wrong; Archibald, First Siege of Louisbourg (R. S. C., 1887); Bourinot, Cape Breton and its Memorials; Wood, Logs of the Conquest of Canada.

Louisbourg Grenadiers. WM On British right, at Quebec, 189; re-embark after fall of Quebec, 236.

Louise, Princess. Daughter of Queen Victoria; born 1848. Index: E Comes to Canada with her husband, the Marquis of Lorne, 122.

Louisiana. Hd Secretly transferred to Spain by France, 64; Spanish rule unpopular, 77; revolution in, 79; counter-revolution, 81; contemplated invasion of, 81. L Colony sent to, 152. Bk Cession of by France to Spain, 38; re-ceded to France, 38; purchased by United States, 42; acquisition of, changes attitude of United States towards Great Britain, 43. Bib.: Le Page du Pratz, Histoire de la Louisiane. For further material, see Lit. Am. Hist.

Lount, Samuel (1791-1838). Mc Member for Simcoe, 316; election corruption, 317; given command of rebels, 360; arrives at Montgomery's tavern, 362; his account of the flag of truce, 369; his first engagement, 373; his second engagement, 379; leaves country, 380; executed, 435; his fidelity, 435; petitions for commutation, 435; effect of his execution, 436; monument to, 436. BL Hanged for his share in the Rebellion of 1837, 44-45. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion; Kingsford, History of Canada.

L'Ouverture, Toussaint. Bk Establishes independent republic in St. Domingo, 39, 40; death of, 40.

Louvigny, Louis de la Porte, Sieur de (1652-1730). Accompanied Denonville on his expedition against the Iroquois, 1687; sent by Frontenac to relieve La Durantaye in 1690; in command at Three Rivers in 1701; two years later commanded an expedition to Detroit; major of Quebec, 1706; sent to Michilimackinac in 1713; four years later at Detroit, and led an expedition against the Fox Indians; at Quebec in 1724 as lieutenant du roi. Index: F Sent with reinforcements to Michilimackinac, 241. Bib.: Cadillac Papers (Michigan Hist. Coll., vol. 33); Parkman, Frontenac.

Lovett, John. Bk Secretary to General Van Rensselaer, letters of, 263-265, 286.

Low, Albert Peter (1861- ). Born in Montreal. Educated at McGill University, graduating in 1882 with honours. Appointed to Geological Survey 1881, and promoted to geologist, 1891. Spent many years in exploring the Labrador peninsula, and is the chief authority on its geography and geology. Appointed director of the Survey, and deputy minister of mines, 1907. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Lowell. S White settler among Grand River Indians, murdered by Isaac Brant, 191.

Lower Canada. Mc Crisis approaching in, 287; Imperial commissioners' report, 323; against responsible government, 325; events leading to Rebellion, 327; asks other provinces for support, 329; crisis arrives, August, 1837, 344; arrest of editors, 344; condition of, in 1837, 347; rebellion in, 358. BL Population of, at time of conquest, 1; its character, 1; British immigration, 8; racial conflict, 8; political situation after 1815, 9, 16-21; reorganization of its judicial system, 184-185. Bk Population of, 45. Sy Desire of majority to have the province wholly French, 68; Pitt's expectations regarding, 68; governors of, ally themselves with English-speaking element, 69; rupture between the two races inevitable, 86, 87; Rebellion, 87. Bib.: Kingsford, History of Canada; Christie, History of Lower Canada; Garneau, History of Canada; McMullen, History of Canada; Bibaud, Histoire du Canada sous la Domination Anglaise; Political and Historical Account of Lower Canada, by a Canadian, London, 1830.

Lowther, Catherine. WM Wolfe's attachment to, 70, 72; Wolfe entrusts her portrait to Captain Jervis, 175. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Willson, Life and Letters of James Wolfe; Wood, The Fight for Canada.

Loyal American Regiment. Dr Commanded by Beverley Robinson, 202. W Commanded by Beverley Robinson, 3; Lemuel Wilmot a captain in, 3.

Loyalist. Newspaper published at St. John, New Brunswick. W Attacks Wilmot and Fisher, 74-75; libel case arising out of, 75.

Loyalist Corps. Hd Formed, 253. Dr Practice of purchase of commissions prevented in, 217; six disbanded and settled in Nova Scotia, 218.

Loyalists, United Empire. Name applied to the inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies who remained loyal to Great Britain, and rather than submit to the new republic, migrated to Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. No adequate provision having been made for them by the mother country, in the treaty of Paris (1783), the Loyalists were compelled in most cases to abandon all their worldly possessions, and start life anew in the pioneer settlements of the north. May 18, 1783, one great section of the refugees landed at the mouth of the St. John River, and built a town, first named Parrtown, later St. John. Other settlements were made, about the same time, at various points on the coasts of Nova Scotia, as well as on St. John's Island (Prince Edward Island). The bulk of the migration to what was then Quebec (now Ontario and Quebec) took place in 1784, the eastern Loyalists going north by way of Lake Champlain and the Richelieu, and settling in the Eastern Townships; those of the West crossing the boundary at Niagara and other points, and spreading throughout the backbone of the future province of Upper Canada. Index: B Land grants to their children fall into hands of speculators, 53. S Settlement of Upper Canada by, 1; Carleton's interest in, 51; their sufferings, 52, 54; claims for losses paid to, 55; settlements of, during and after war, 56; pretenders among, 57; those from England not generally good settlers, 58; assisted by government, 60; their hardships, 61; their mode of life, 62-69; names of those who had joined British side before treaty of 1783, registered, 70; clauses of treaty of Paris respecting, not carried out by United States, 118; consequently further emigration of to Canada, 119. Sy Constitutional Act an attempt to placate, 68. Bk Rations issued to, from Fort Niagara, 58; Brock (1804) observes and reports on comfortable condition of many of them, 65. Dr Emigration of, 64; commended to Carleton's special care, 194; their pitiable condition, 196; twenty regiments of, in Carleton's command, 202; their consternation on learning of proposed terms of peace, 206; left unprotected by treaty of peace, 213; large number of, embark for Nova Scotia, 214; Carleton continues occupation of New York till all have left the country, 215, 216; their emigration to different British provinces, 218; widows of, apply for pensions, 218, 219; effect of their settlement in Canada, 221, 244, 248; increase of their numbers in western Canada, 224; two distinct waves of emigration, 236; settlements of at Niagara, and Sorel, 236, 237; claim representative institutions, 237; those in Kingston district petition for church establishments, 238; their destitute condition, 238; their political weight underestimated by Dorchester, 248; the Seigniorial Tenure system unsuited to, 256; Dorchester's suggestion for conferring distinction on, 260. E Extravagant land grants to, 144; Durham on, 144-145; settled along Niagara River, 194. MS In the wilderness, 11. R Methodist preachers in Upper Canada of Loyalist stock, 38; included many of the influential families, 62; Ryerson's history of, 270, 274, 279. H Emigrate to the loyal western colonies, 13, 17. BL Come to Maritime Provinces and Canada, 4-5; their numbers and character, 5; in Lower Canada, 17; support Common School Bill, 105; Md Dread possibility of revolution, 20. T Severe treatment of, 3; they settle in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, 3-4, 35. Hd Come to Canada, 125; houses built for, 138, 182; military service of, 136, 137; at Niagara, 152; employed on fortifications of Quebec, 183; in Vermont negotiations, 200, 202, 206; at Cataraqui, 236, 265; Washington's severity towards, 249, 250; arrangements for their reception in Canada, 250, 254; not less patriotic than the opposite party, 251; brutal treatment of, 252; compared with Jacobites, 253; Haldimand's care of, 254; lands allotted to, 255; surveys made for, 263; flock into Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, 263; their advent viewed with alarm by French Canadians, 264; fed and clothed by government for three years, 265; not fully appreciative of assistance given, 266; difficulty of dealing with, 267-271, 348; some impostors among, 268, 306. Mc Hardships suffered by, on account of naturalization laws, 140-141; bills for their relief, 142-143. Bib.: Sabine, Loyalists of the American Revolution; Ryerson, Loyalists of America; Campbell, Travels in North America; Canniff, The Settlement of Upper Canada; Casselman, United Empire Loyalists of the County of Dundas, Ontario; Haight, Country Life in Canada Fifty Years Ago; Bourinot, Builders of Nova Scotia; Frousac, Rise of the Loyalists; Loyalists of New York in the American Revolution in Columbia University Studies; Curwen, Journal and Letters; Myers, The Tories or Loyalists in America; Eardley-Wilmot, Loyalists' Centennial Souvenir; St. John, The Centennial of the Settlement of Upper Canada by the United Empire Loyalists; Denison, United Empire Loyalists; (R. S. C., 1904); Van Tyne, Loyalists in the American Revolution; Shortt and Doughty, Constitutional Documents of Canada.

Ludovica. Ch Name proposed by Champlain for Quebec; 124.

Lumagne. Ch Merchant, compensation awarded to, for goods seized, 221.

Lumber Trade. Bk Canadian, great increase of, 125.

Lundy's Lane, Battle of (1814). British troops, including Canadian militia, numbered 1600 at the beginning of the battle, later increased to 2800, under the command of Sir Gordon Drummond; United States troops about 4000, under General Jacob Brown. The engagement opened in the evening, and continued late into the night; the Americans finally withdrew from the field. Bib.: Lucas, Canadian War of 1812. See also War of 1812.

Lusignan, Paul Louis Dazemard de. Commanded Fort St. Frédéric (Crown Point) in 1749, when the Swedish naturalist, Peter Kalm, visited the place; and remained there for several years. Served under Montcalm at the siege of Quebec. Index: WM Relieves Montcalm, 120.

Luth, De. L Royal engineer, directs erection of fortifications, 214.

Lymburner, Adam (1746-1836). Born in Kilmarnock, Scotland. Came to Canada about 1776, and settled at Quebec, where he succeeded to the business of his brother John, who had been lost at sea in 1775. For many years a member of the Executive Council, and took an active part in public affairs. Died in London at the age of ninety. Index: Dr Proceeds to England with petition for political changes, 243; arrives in England, 251; opposes division of province, 257. S Recommends system of representation adapted to strengthen English-speaking minority, 2; heard at bar of House of Commons, 6. Bk Sent to England to oppose division of Canada into two provinces, 49. Bib.: Lucas, History of Canada; Bradley, Making of Canada; Shortt and Doughty, Constitutional Documents of Canada.

Lynch, John Joseph (1816-1888). Born near Clones, Ireland. Studied in Dublin, and entered the Lazarist order. Came to America in 1847; laboured as a missionary in Texas, 1847-1848; became president of the Lazarist College of St. Mary, Missouri, 1848; coadjutor to the bishop of Toronto, 1859; and bishop, 1860. In 1870, consecrated archbishop of Toronto and metropolitan of Ontario. His jubilee celebrated in 1884. Index: R His policy as to separate schools, 235-236; proposed as member of Council of Public Instruction of Upper Canada, 236. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Lyndhurst, John Singleton Copley, Baron (1772-1863). British statesman. Index: Md Denounces Rebellion Losses Bill, 241. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Lyonne, De. Ch Jesuit, founder of missions at Nipisiguit and Chedabucto, 235.

Lyons, Richard Bickerton Pemell, Earl (1817-1887). British diplomatist. Index: B British ambassador at Washington—suggested that he confer with Canadian agent on reciprocity, 192. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Lyons. S Teaches school at Hay Bay, 167.

Lytton, Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer, Baron (1803-1873). Novelist and statesman. Index: E Colonial secretary,—his views on the duties of colonial governors, 4. D His series of despatches, 1858, on government of British Columbia, 231-235. T On the Confederation question, 63. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Escott, Edward Bulwer, First Baron Lytton of Knebworth.

Lyveden, Robert Vernon, Baron (1800-1873). British statesman. Index: B Dwells upon defencelessness of Canada, 184. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Mabane, Adam (1734-1792). Born in Scotland. Studied medicine at Edinburgh University; came to Canada, and practised his profession in Quebec. In 1764 appointed a judge, and presided over the first civil court held in Quebec. Member of the provincial Council; and in 1766 surgeon of the garrison of Quebec. Index: Dr Member of Council, protests against position taken by Carleton, 34; dismissed from Council, 39; appointed judge, 183. Hd Head of military hospital, 178; intimate friend of Haldimand, 300, 304; made judge and member of Legislative Council, 305; not in favour under Dorchester régime, 314, 315; his headstrong temper, 332; his letter to Haldimand, 340; receives bequest from Haldimand, 342. Bib.: Bradley, Making of Canada; Shortt and Doughty, Constitutional Documents of Canada.

M'Afee, Samuel. Mc Aids Mackenzie's escape, 400.

Macallum, A. R In charge of union school at Hamilton, 195.

McBride, Richard (1870- ). Born in New Westminster, British Columbia. Educated at the public and high schools, New Westminster. Elected to the British Columbia Assembly, 1898; minister of mines in Dunsmuir administration; premier of British Columbia, 1903. Bib.: Canadian Who's Who.

McCarthy, Charles Justin. R Martyr of early Canadian Methodism, 41.

McCarthy, D'Alton (1836-1898). Born in Dublin, Ireland. Came to Canada with his parents, 1847. In 1858 called to the bar; in 1871 a bencher of the Law society; and in 1872 made a Q. C. In 1876 elected to Parliament for Cardwell, as a Conservative, but in 1889 severed his connection with the party on the question of the Jesuits' Estates Act. In 1896 member of Parliament for North Simcoe. Index: Md Opposes commercial union, 295. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Hopkins, D'Alton McCarthy in Men of the Day.

Macartney, Captain. WM Rescues French soldiers from floating ice, 251.

Macaulay, Sir James Buchan (1793-1859). Born at Niagara, Ontario. Served in the Glengarry Fencibles during the War of 1812. In 1822 called to the bar and rose rapidly in his profession. A strong opponent of William Lyon Mackenzie, and in 1826 appeared as counsel against him. In 1829 became judge of the King's Bench; chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas, 1849-1856; and subsequently of the Court of Error and Appeal. Chairman of the commission to revise and consolidate the statutes of Canada and Upper Canada. Knighted, 1859. Index: Mc Defends destroyers of Colonial Advocate, 115; offers compensation, 117; Mackenzie's opinion of, 118; violates secrecy of private letters, 121; taunts Mackenzie, 123; Mackenzie retaliates, 124; writes venomous pamphlet, 125; Mackenzie's reply, 126. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges; Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.

Macauley, John. BL Inspector-general, retires and succeeded by Hincks, 119.

McClelan, Abner Reid (1831- ). Born in Hopewell, New Brunswick. Educated at Mount Allison Academy. Engaged in mercantile life. Represented Albert County in the Assembly, 1854-1867; chief commissioner of public works, 1866-1867; appointed to the Senate, 1867; lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 1896-1902. Index: T Elected as Confederation candidate in Albert, New Brunswick, 89; chief commissioner of public works in Mitchell government, 105; elected for Albert, 107. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

McCulloch, Dr. BL Defeats La Fontaine in Terrebonne; affiliated with Draper, 82.

McCulloch, J. R. Sy Political economist, 13.

McCully, Jonathan (1809-1877). Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia. In 1837 called to the bar, and practised in Halifax, 1849. In 1860 appointed solicitor-general; from 1847 to 1867 member of the Legislative Council; and served as chairman of the Board of Railways; delegate to the Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences, 1864; appointed to the Dominion Senate, 1867; and in 1870 judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. Index: H Leader of Liberal party in Nova Scotia, 1864, 177; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 177; edits Morning Chronicle, 186; firm advocate of Confederation, 186. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.

Macdonald, Andrew Archibald (1829- ). Born in Brudenell, Prince Edward Island. Engaged in business as a general merchant. Sat in Prince Edward Island Assembly, 1853-1860; represented Kings South in Legislative Council, 1863-1873; member of Executive Council, 1867-1871 and 1872-1873; lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island, 1884-1889. Called to the Senate, 1891. Index: T Delegate to Quebec Conference, 77. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Macdonald, Archibald. MS His account of the voyage of the third party of Red River settlers in 1813, 162-163; in charge at Red River, 173; colonists demand that he hand over field pieces, 173-174. Bib.: Bryce, The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists.

Macdonald, Donald Alexander (1816-1896). Born in St. Raphael's, Quebec. Engaged in business as railway contractor. Represented Glengarry in the Assembly of Canada, 1857-1867, and after Confederation in the House of Commons, 1867-1875. Postmaster-general in the Mackenzie administration, 1873-1878; lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1875-1880. After his retirement lived at Montreal. Bib.: Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada.

MacDonald, Hugh. Born in Antigonish, Nova Scotia, 1827. Studied law and called to the bar, 1855; made a Q. C., 1872. In 1859 elected member for Inverness to the provincial Legislature. Member of a delegation, including Joseph Howe, that visited England in 1861 to represent the views of those opposing the Confederation of the British North American provinces. In 1867-1873 a member of the Dominion Parliament, and in 1873 president of the Privy Council. On Nov. 5, 1873, appointed judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia; retired 1893. Index: H Delegate of Anti-Confederation party, goes to England with Howe and Annand to oppose Confederation, 192; expenses paid by subscription, 219. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.

Macdonald, Hugh. Md Father of Sir John A. Macdonald, native of Sutherlandshire, removes to Glasgow, and in 1820 emigrates to Canada, 1; settles at Kingston, 2; moves to Hay Bay, thence to Stone Mills, on Bay of Quinte, 2; unsuccessful in business, he returns to Kingston, 1836, and secures position in Commercial Bank, 2; his death, 1841, 2; his character, 2.

Macdonald, Hugh John (1850- ). Born in Kingston, Ontario; second son of Sir John A. Macdonald. Educated at Queen's and Toronto Universities; called to the bar, 1872; and practised for some years with his father and James Patton. In 1882 removed to Winnipeg, and entered into partnership with J. S. Tupper. In 1890-1891 represented Winnipeg in the House of Commons; in 1896 minister of the interior in the Tupper administration; in 1897 leader of the Conservatives in Manitoba; and from Jan. 8 to Oct. 29, 1900, premier of the province. Index: Md Second son of Sir John A. Macdonald—represents Winnipeg in Dominion Parliament, 10; premier of Manitoba, 10. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Macdonald, John Alexander. Md Eldest son of Sir John A. Macdonald—accidentally killed when quite young, 10.

Macdonald, Sir John Alexander (1815-1891). H Attends Charlottetown Conference, 1864, and proposes union of all the provinces, 178; premier of first Dominion Cabinet, 198; Tupper writes him as to Howe's political plans, 207; Tilley and Tupper urge him to visit Nova Scotia, 209; visits Halifax with Sir Georges Cartier, Peter Mitchell, and William Macdougall, 210; Acadian Recorder suggests violence, 210; Howe denounces the suggestion, 210-212; arrives in Halifax, and guest of Sir Hastings Doyle, 213; meets Howe, 213; appears before committee of Legislature, 213-214; urges Howe to put an end to the agitation for repeal of the union, 215-218; persuades Howe to enter Dominion Cabinet, 225; his public letters, 257; contrasted with Howe, 287; correspondence with Howe on Pacific Railway policy, 299-300. R His University Bill, 1847—its terms, 155-157; withdrawn, 156; referred to, 161; amends Separate School Bill, 231; supports Ryerson's stand as to separate schools, 233. D And the Pacific Scandal, 321. C His alliance with Cartier, 31, 33; his first appearance in Parliament as an uncompromising Tory, 31; opposed to La Fontaine, 32; votes against settlement of Seigniorial Tenure, 32; opposes Indemnity Bill, 32; and the Pacific Scandal, 53; his resignation, 53; at Quebec Conference—favours legislative union of provinces, 57; defends proposed constitution, 59-60; forms first Dominion administration, 67; resists demand for disallowance of New Brunswick Act abolishing separate schools, 74; sympathizes with Roman Catholic minority, 76; presents Militia Bill, 1862, 87; helps Cartier to establish political union, 100; freedom from racial or religious prejudice, 100; his qualities, 101-102; strained relations with Cartier, 102-103; Cartier's knowledge of service to, 111; receives knighthood, 124, 129; explains Wolseley's quarrel with Cartier, 130. E Becomes receiver-general in Sherwood ministry, 43; his statesmanlike qualities, 43-44; re-elected, 1848, 50; his political sagacity, 110; rivalry with George Brown, 114; on provincial representation, 118; on the dissolution of Parliament in 1853, 127; on the Representation Bill, 132, 133; Liberal-Conservative party owed its birth to his inspiration, 137; persuades Sir Allan MacNab to agree to coalition government, 139, 141; attorney-general in MacNab-Morin ministry, 140; his views on Clergy Reserves, 163; takes charge of bill for secularization of the Clergy Reserves, 168; Hincks enters his ministry, 223; one of the builders of the British Empire—honours conferred upon him, 225; monuments erected to his memory, 226. B Relations with George Brown, x; leads his party, 42; frames bill for settlement of Clergy Reserves, 60; reveals political sagacity, 69; on the character of the union, 82; bitter relations with George Brown, 87-91; offers seat in Cabinet to John Sandfield Macdonald, 100; the "Double Shuffle," 107-108; moves want of confidence in Sandfield Macdonald government, 1863, 146; Brown's motion for constitutional changes, 1864, takes him by surprise, 150; his account of negotiations between George Brown and government as to Confederation, 151, 154-156; his connection with, 152,. 154-155; announces agreement, 153, 160; favours nominative Senate, 164; describes new constitution, in Confederation debate, 170-171; announces in Parliament decision of government to carry Confederation at once and send mission to England, 182; explains intentions of government, 183; on defence of Canada, 183, 184-185; goes to England, 186; relations with George Brown, 189-192; asked to form government, 1865, 189; interview with Brown, 189-191; his proposal that Belleau be premier accepted by Brown, 191; virtual leader of government, 191; charged with using Brown as a stepping-stone to his own political ambition, 199; benefits by Brown's entry into ministry, 199, 200; Holton describes his path as "studded all along by the gravestones of his slaughtered colleagues," 201; on friendly terms with Holton, 202; his essential conservatism, 202; relations with Macdougall and Howland, 202, 209; with Joseph Howe, 203-206, 210; his ideal of a legislative union, 207; anomalous position of his Liberal colleagues, 209-210; his government overthrown, 210, 235. BL Co-operates in founding United Empire Association, 228; elected in 1844, 252; enters ministry as receiver-general, 276; re-elected, 279; offers Baldwin chief-justiceship of Common Pleas, 357; Hincks in his Cabinet, 359. Md Assigned foremost place among Canadian statesmen, i; national recognition of his services after his death by creation of peerage for his widow, i; memorial tablet in St. Paul's Cathedral, and statues in Canadian cities, i; his personal popularity, i-ii; his personality made Confederation possible, ii; Canada's debt to him, iii-iv; his birth and ancestry, 1; brought to Canada in 1820, 1; boyhood days at Kingston and on the Bay of Quinté, 2; his debt to his mother, her strong personality, 2; educated at Kingston Grammar School, 3; Mowat's tribute, 3; studies law, 4-5; called to the bar, 1836, 5; begins practice at age of twenty-one, 5; Oliver Mowat and Alexander Campbell students in his office, 6; called out as a volunteer in Rebellion of 1837, 7; defends Schoultz and Ashley, 8-9; his first visit to England, 1842, 9; takes Alexander Campbell into partnership, 9; elected alderman for Kingston, 10; marries his cousin, Miss Isabella Clark, Sept. 1, 1843, 10; their children, 10; enters public life, 1854, as member for Kingston, 11-12; his firm belief from the beginning that Canada's prosperity depended on permanent connection with the mother country, 12; impelling motives of his long public career, 13; unsettled problems in 1844, 13-14; Confederation movement, 14; difficulties of his position, 15-16; his election address, 23; takes little part in discussions during his first session, 25; Draper recommends him for position of commissioner of crown lands, 26; had no sympathy with political creed of Family Compact, 27; becomes receiver-general, 27; his views on university endowment, 28-29; Alexander Campbell's letter to, 31; opposes Rebellion Losses Bill, 36; refuses to join the annexation movement, 40; strong supporter of British American League, 40; acts as moderating force in conflict over Rebellion Losses Bill, 42, 43; his character contrasted with George Brown's, 53, 54; conceives idea of Liberal-Conservative party, 62, 63; appointed attorney-general for Upper Canada, 63; introduces bill for secularization of Clergy Reserves, 65; Pope's pen-portrait of his appearance and character, 73; supports measure proposing to make Legislative Council elective, 75; has no desire and makes no effort to hasten Sir Allan MacNab's resignation, though circumstances force him into leadership, 76-77; resigns from the MacNab-Taché ministry, 78; reasons for resignation, 79, 80; forms an administration with Taché, May 24, 1856, 80; his quarrel with George Brown, 80-81; challenged by Colonel Rankin, 81-82; his views on the separate school system, 82; on the resignation of Taché, forms an administration with Cartier, 83; becomes premier of the province of Canada on Nov. 26, 1857, 83; dissolves House and appeals to people on questions of separate schools and representation by population, 84; makes proposition to Sandfield Macdonald, which is rejected, 84, 85; forms administration with Cartier as premier, 86; the "Double Shuffle," 86, 87; becomes less opposed to representation by population, 89; forms administration with Sir E. P. Taché, which lasts only a few weeks, 90; buries the hatchet and forms coalition with Brown to work for Confederation, 93, 100-102; anticipates results of Confederation, 103; attends Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences, 104-114; though strongly in favour of legislative union, modifies his views after discussion at Quebec Conference, and accepts scheme of a federal union, 107-108, 245; introduces in Parliament the resolutions adopted at Quebec Conference, 118, 119; one of commissioners to British government in regard to Confederation, 120; upon death of Taché, is called upon to form a ministry, but Brown refusing to act with him, or with Cartier, they sit together under the nominal presidency of Sir Narcisse Belleau, 122, 123; his answer to Lord Monck on delay in Confederation, 124; his wariness and skill in presenting Confederation resolutions, 126, 127; made a K. C. B. in recognition of his services in Confederation negotiations, 128, 267, 344; first prime minister of Dominion of Canada, 131; his second marriage, 131; granted a special audience by the queen, 132; returns to Canada, 132; difficulties in formation of first Dominion Cabinet, 133; list of members, 134-135; his party adopts name of Liberal-Conservative, 138; seeks able colleagues, 139, 140; results of first Dominion election, 141; sends Tupper to oppose Howe and his movement for repeal, 143; visits Halifax for purpose of winning Howe over to Confederation, 144; Howe persuaded to enter Dominion Cabinet, 145; acts passed by first Dominion Parliament, 151; on verge of ministerial crisis over Intercolonial Railway, 153, 154; his desire to annex North-West Territories, 156; difficulties in accomplishing it, 157-163; introduces bill for establishment and government of province of Manitoba, 161; taken seriously ill, 161; returns to Ottawa, 163; goes to Washington as member of commission, 163, 165, 169; his reluctance to become a member of the commission, 171-173; objects to any permanent sale of the fisheries, 174-175; his connection with, and reasons for withdrawal of Fenian Raid claims, 175-178; on decision in San Juan boundary dispute, 179-181; on the fisheries question, 182-184; signs Washington Treaty, 185; moves ratification of certain clauses of Washington Treaty, 186-190; general election of 1872, 193 et seq.; the "Pacific Scandal," 200 et seq.; his defence, 208, 209; sends in his resignation, 210; leads opposition, 211; his resolution in favour of a national policy, 217, 225; puts the new policy before the country, 220-223; urges preferential trade with mother country, 227; again in power, 1878, 228; inaugurates the national policy and reverts to transcontinental railway scheme, 234; crosses continent on Canadian Pacific Railway, 238; firm in his conviction that Riel should be hanged, 243, 244, 280; brings Letellier difficulty before Parliament, 248-250; Ontario boundary dispute, 254-258; introduces Franchise Act of 1885, 258-260; country's devotion to, 262, 263; qualities which maintained loyalty and devotion of his followers, 263-265; Confederation honours cause a break in his friendship with Cartier, 267, 268; introduces bill to adjust representation in House of Commons, 273; election of 1882, 273-276; resolutions on home rule in Ireland, 277; contrasted with Blake, 277-279; election of 1887, 279-283; adoption of jubilee address to queen, 283; compromises with Canadian Pacific Railway over their monopoly of transportation, 285; takes a constitutional stand on Jesuits' Estates Act, 289; commercial union policy, 291 et seq.; contemplates a general election, 300-302; takes steps to renew commercial intercourse with United States, 303; his last appeal to electors of Dominion, 304-311; makes the most of contents of Farrer pamphlet, 313-314; throws himself with energy into election campaign of 1891, 314; for fourth time his government is sustained, 315; receives a chill while attending demonstration at Napanee, 319; attends opening of the session, 320; suffers a slight stroke of paralysis, 320; his last appearance in the House, 320; suffers a final stroke on May 29, 1891, 321; and dies on June 6, 1891, 321; funeral, 321, 322; tribute from Queen Victoria, 322; memorial service in Westminster Abbey, and tablet to his memory in St. Paul's Cathedral, 322-323; a summing up of his work and influence, 333-353; a practical politician, 333-336; his political methods, 335-338; his personal magnetism, 339; anecdotes of, 340-341; not an orator, but an effective debater, 341-342; proposed preferential trade in 1879, 342; in favour of Imperial federation, 343; letter to, from Cecil Rhodes, 349; kept in touch with Imperial affairs, 344; Imperial honours bestowed on, 344-345; a self-made man, 345; tributes to his statesmanship, 346; his sympathy with French-Canadians, 347-348; a peacemaker, 348; Lord Dufferin on, 348-349; a poor man, 349-350; sum raised for, in 1870, 351; statues to, in many Canadian cities, 351; his greatness and shortcomings, 351-353. T At Charlottetown Conference, 74, 75; at Quebec Conference, 76, 78; at Westminster Conference, 121; presented to the Queen, 124; forms first Dominion ministry, 127-128, 129; forms second ministry, 136; his national policy, 137. Bib.: Pope, Memoirs of Sir John Alexander Macdonald; Macpherson, Life of Macdonald; Collins, Life and Times of Macdonald; Adam, Life and Career of Macdonald; Hopkins, Life of Macdonald; Biggar, Anecdotal Life of Macdonald; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Macdonald, John Sandfield (1812-1872). Born in St. Raphaels, Glengarry. In 1840 called to the bar, and practised in Cornwall. In 1841 elected to the Parliament of the recently united provinces of Upper and Lower Canada; and in 1849 solicitor-general in the La Fontaine-Baldwin government. In 1852-1854 Speaker; and attorney-general in the brief Brown-Dorion ministry; premier in 1862, and resigned, 1864. Formed the first government of the Province of Ontario, 1867; defeated in the House and resigned, 1871. Index: E Returned in elections of 1848, 50; his discourtesy to Lord Elgin, 127-131; Hincks succeeds in humiliating him, 135-136. B Offered seat in Cabinet by John A. Macdonald, 100; enters George Brown's ministry, 102; called on to form government, 1861, 142; an enthusiastic advocate of the "double majority," 142; in Confederation debate, 182-183; asks Brown to go on mission to Washington to discuss reciprocity, 192, 196. Md Upholds principle of "double majority," but later throws it overboard, 79; separate schools established by his administration, 1862-1863, 82; refuses John A. Macdonald's offer of a seat in the Cabinet, 1858, 84, 85; leads the moderate "Reformers," 84-89; forms ministry with Sicotte, 1862, 88-89; government defeated same year on vote of want of confidence, 89; refuses to resign, and reconstructs government by joining forces with Brown, Dorion, and the Rouges, 89; resigns, March, 1864, 90; objects to passing of resolutions adopted at Quebec Conference without submitting them to the people, 119; becomes leader of provincial government in Ontario at Confederation, 141; his character, 141-142. T Resigns in 1864, 68. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Taylor, Brit. Am.

Macdonell, Alexander. Represented Lord Selkirk's interests as governor of the Red River Settlement. Had been for some years in the employment of the Hudson's Bay Company. Left the Red River Settlement, 1821, when it was discovered that he had been lining his own pockets at the expense of Selkirk and the settlers. Popularly known as Gouverneur Sauterelle, or the Grasshopper Governor. Bib.: Bryce, Manitoba and The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists; Ross, Red River Settlement.

Macdonell, Alexander. MS Sheriff of the home district, Upper Canada, 133; Selkirk puts him in charge of the Baldoon Settlement, near Lake St. Clair, Upper Canada, 133.

Macdonell, Alexander. MS Sent by North West Company, with Duncan Cameron, to Red River, to break up the Red River Settlement, 172-173; leads attack on the colonists, 175. Bib.: Bryce, The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists.

Macdonell, Alexander (1769-1840). Born at Glen Urquhart, Scotland. Raised a Roman Catholic regiment of which he was appointed chaplain and saw service in Ireland; after the regiment had been disbanded, succeeded in bringing the men to Canada in 1803-1804, and obtained for them an extensive tract of land on the St. Lawrence, in what is now Glengarry County. When the War of 1812 was threatened, assisted in raising the Glengarry Fencibles and accompanied them into action. In 1826 consecrated bishop of Kingston. In 1839 returned to England to promote a scheme of emigration from the Highlands, and died at Dumfries the following year. Index: Bk Recommended as chaplain of Glengarry corps, 97. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Macdonell, Sketches Illustrating the Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada.

Macdonell, George (1770-1870). Member of the well-known Glengarry family of that name. Served for several years in the King's Regiment; instrumental in organizing the Glengarry Fencibles in 1811, of which he was given command. Served with distinction in the War of 1812, particularly in the capture of Ogdensburg and the battle of Chateauguay. Index: Bk Becomes colonel of Glengarry Fencibles, 180. Bib.: Lucas, Canadian War of 1812; Macdonell, Sketches Illustrating the Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada. See also War of 1812.

Macdonell, John. S Speaker of first Assembly of Upper Canada, 80, 85.

Macdonell, Lieutenant-Colonel John. Born in Glengarry; son of Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Macdonell, of the 1st Glengarry militia. Present at the capture of Detroit and mentioned in despatches. In 1812 aide-de-camp to Sir Isaac Brock, and took an important part in the battle of Queenston Heights, where he was killed. At the time of his appointment to General Brock's staff was acting attorney-general of Upper Canada. Index: Bk Proposes to raise corps from among Scottish settlers in Glengarry, 97; his report on American fort at Detroit, 190; Brock makes him his aide-de-camp, 230; carries summons for surrender of Detroit, 251, 255; death of, at Queenston Heights, 306. Bib.: Lucas, Canadian War of 1812; Edgar, Ten Years of Upper Canada; Macdonell, Sketches Illustrating the Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada. See also War of 1812.

Macdonell, Miles (1767-1828). Governor of Assiniboia. Born in Scotland. Came to America with his father, Colonel John Macdonell, in 1773; and entered the army. In 1794 lieutenant in the Royal Canadian Volunteers, and captain in 1796. Appointed by Lord Selkirk governor of his projected colony on Red River, and arrived there with a party of colonists in 1812. Opposition on the part of the North West Company culminated in an attack, June 11, 1815, by the Company's agents, on the colonists, and Macdonell, to avoid bloodshed, surrendered. A threatened trial at Montreal fell through, and returned to Red River Settlement, where for nearly twelve years was one of its leading pioneers. Index: MS Quoted on Selkirk's Red River scheme, 100; a United Empire Loyalist, settled in Glengarry, Upper Canada, 150; sent for by Selkirk to take charge of the Red River Colony, 150; sails for Scotland, 150; at Stornoway in the Hebrides, 151; at York Factory, 153-155; at the Red River, 157; winters at Pembina, 158; returns to the Forks, 158-159; difficulties in feeding the colonists, 161; beginning of troubles with the North West Company, 161-164; goes to meet new settlers, 163; summoned to Montreal to answer charges, 164; his proclamation, 169; and its effect, 170-171; sends John Spencer to seize North West Company's provisions at Souris River, 171-172; is arrested and taken to Montreal, 174. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company and The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists; Ross, Red River Settlement; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West.

MacDonnell, Alan. B Addresses Toronto Board of Trade on importance of acquiring North-West Territories, 216.

Macdougall, William (1822-1905). Born in Toronto. Educated at Victoria College, Cobourg; admitted as a solicitor in 1847, and as barrister, 1862. Engaged in journalism; founded the Canada Farmer in 1848, and the North American in 1850. A member of the Assembly from 1858 to 1867; of the Dominion Parliament, 1867-1882; and of the Ontario Legislature, 1875-1878. In 1862-1864 commissioner of crown lands; and provincial secretary, 1864; minister of public works in first Dominion government, 1867; attended the Westminster Conference, 1866-1867; commissioner to London for the acquisition of North-West Territories, 1868; lieutenant-governor of Rupert's Land, 1869; and member of the Ontario Boundary Commission. Index: BL One of the leaders of the new Radicalism,—editor of the North American, 341. E A leader of the Clear Grits, 110. B A leader of the Clear Grits, 39; a young lawyer and journalist, 40; edits the North American, 40; denounces George Brown, 40; secretary of Reform Convention, 1859, 137; suggests joint authority for federal purposes, in Confederation debate, 137; enters coalition ministry, 159; defeated in North Ontario, 160; elected in North Lanark, 160; favours elective Senate, 164; relations with Macdonald, 202-203; defends his action in remaining in coalition ministry after Confederation, 202, 209; his work on the Globe, 245. H Accompanies Macdonald to Halifax, 1868, 210; meets Joseph Howe, on his way to Fort Garry to assume duties of governor, 227; blames Howe for fomenting trouble, 227. C On mission for purchase of Hudson's Bay Company's territories, 68; attempts to enter North-West as lieutenant-governor, 69. R Graduate of Victoria College, 144. Md Minister of public works, 134; agrees to maintenance of coalition, 137; lieutenant-governor of Rupert's Land, 1869, 138; accompanies Macdonald to Halifax, 144; quarrels with Howe, 153, 154; introduces series of resolutions on acquisition of North-West Territories, 156; sent to London to negotiate annexation of territories, 156-157; appointed lieutenant-governor of Rupert's Land, 158; refused admittance to the territory, 159. T Enters coalition government, 69; at Charlottetown Conference, 74, 75; at Quebec Conference, 76; enters first Dominion government, 128, 129. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Morgan, Can. Men.

Macé, Sister de. L Her labours in the hospital at Montreal, 91.

McEvoy, J. M. S His pamphlet on The Ontario Township quoted, 89.

McGee, Thomas D'Arcy (1825-1868). Emigrated from Ireland to the United States, 1842, and became editor of the Boston Pilot; returned to Ireland and edited The Nation, the Young Ireland's party organ; fled to New York; came to Canada in 1857. Established and edited the New Era in Montreal; elected to Parliament for the same city; president of Executive Council, 1862-1863; minister of agriculture, 1864-1867. Took a leading part in the movement for the Confederation of the provinces. Shot by a Fenian, P. J. Whelan, in Ottawa, April 9, 1868, Index: B On Confederation movement, xi; his speech on Confederation—names founders of movement, 129, 130, 147; in Taché's government, 1864, 149. Md Takes part in debates on resolutions adopted at Quebec Conference, 118. T His work for Confederation, 65, 67; at Charlottetown Conference, 74, 75; at Quebec Conference, 76. Bib.: Works: Canadian Ballads; Popular History of Ireland; Notes on Federal Governments; Speeches and Addresses Chiefly on Subject of British American Union; Poems, with biog. sketch by Mrs. J. Sadlier. For his minor publications in Canada, and works published before coming to Canada, see Morgan, Bib. Can. For biog., see Taylor, Brit. Am. and Thomas D'Arcy McGee: Sketch of his Life and Death; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years.

McGill, James (1744-1813). Born in Glasgow, Scotland. Emigrated to Canada. For some years engaged in the western fur trade; and in partnership with his brother, Andrew McGill, acquired a large fortune. Sat in Lower Canada Parliament for several years, and in the Legislative and Executive Councils. An officer of the Montreal militia, and in 1812 brigadier-general. Devoted a large part of his wealth to various institutions in Montreal, and was the founder of the university that bears his name. Index: Bk Founder of McGill University, 100. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can. See also McGill University.

McGill, John (1752-1834). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Virginia in 1773. Espoused the royal cause in the Revolution; in 1777 a lieutenant in the Loyal Virginians, and in 1782 a captain in the Queen's Rangers. In 1783 came to St. John, New Brunswick, and in 1792 to Upper Canada. Became a member of the Executive Council, 1796, and of the Legislative Council, 1797. In 1801 appointed inspector-general of accounts. Index: S Accompanies Simcoe as commissary of stores, 47; appointed by Simcoe purchasing agent for military supplies, 212; temporarily superseded, but later confirmed in appointment, 213.

McGill, Peter (1789-1860). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Canada in 1809; became a wealthy merchant of Montreal. President of the Bank of Montreal, 1834 to 1860. In 1841 appointed to the Legislative Council; Speaker, 1847; a member of the Executive Council. In 1834-1838 chairman of the St. Lawrence and Champlain Railway Company; in 1840-1842 mayor of Montreal. A governor of McGill University; and of Montreal general hospital. Index: Sy Member of Constitutional Association, 112. E President of Legislative Council and member of Sherwood administration, 45; his vote helps to keep government in power, 45. BL Member of Legislative Council, 1841, 83. Bib.: Taylor, Brit. Am.; Dent, Last Forty Years.

McGill University. Founded through the far-sighted liberality of James McGill, a merchant of Montreal, who in his will left his property of Burnside and £10,000 to found the college. It was granted a royal charter in 1820, and opened in 1829. The original bequest proving insufficient to complete the college buildings, a further sum was given by William Molson for that purpose. A new charter was obtained in 1852. The period of greatest development of the university dates from 1855, when J. W. Dawson was appointed principal. The university has been fortunate in receiving generous bequests from wealthy citizens of Montreal, notably from Peter Redpath, Sir W. C. Macdonald, and Lord Strathcona. Bib.: Dawson, Historical Sketch of McGill University in Canada: An Ency., vol. 4; Ency. Brit.; Ency. Amer.

McGillivray, Simon. One of the leading partners of the North West Company. Signed the agreement of 1821 under which the Hudson's Bay and North West Companies were amalgamated. Index: MS His declaration that "Lord Selkirk must be driven to abandon his project, for his success would strike at the very existence of our trade," 172; arrested by Selkirk at Fort William, 189. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

MacGillivray, William. Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, and entered the service of the North West Company. In 1786-1787 had charge of the North West Company post at Lac des Serpents, in opposition to Roderick McKenzie of the rival Company. In the spring, the two traders with their men set out together for their respective headquarters at Grand Portage, and arrived there side by side, the crews singing in chorus, to the no small amazement of the Grand Portage people. MacGillivray and McKenzie were ever after firm friends. The former became a partner of the North West Company in 1790; signed the agreement of 1804; and was one of the most influential of the bourgeois. Fort William was named after him in 1807. Made a legislative councillor of Lower Canada in 1814, in recognition of his services to the government during the War of 1812. Returned to Scotland before the fusion of the Hudson's Bay Company and North West Company; bought an estate in Argyllshire, and died there about 1825. Index: MS Friendly rivalry with Roderick Mackenzie, of the X Y Company, 15; buys Pond's share in North West Company, 58; Fort William named after, 100. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie Nord-Ouest.

M'Govoch. Dr Discharged soldier, offers testimony in Walker case, 35; tried for perjury and sent to prison, 38.

Machray, Robert (1831-1904). Born in Scotland. Educated at Aberdeen and Cambridge; ordained deacon, 1855; and priest, 1856; in 1858 elected dean of his college; vicar of Madingley till 1865, when appointed bishop of Rupert's Land; in 1893, on the union of the Anglican churches in Canada, became archbishop of Rupert's Land and primate of all Canada. Professor of ecclesiastical history and liturgiology in St. John's College, Winnipeg, and chancellor of the University of Manitoba. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.; Machray, Life of Archbishop Machray; Mockridge, Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.

McIntosh, John. Mc Mackenzie's brother-in-law, 482; house attacked by mob, 482.

MacIntyre, Duncan. Md Director of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 236.

Mack, Karl Freiherr von (1752-1822). Bk Austrian general, surrender of, 72.

Mackay, Alexander. Accompanied Alexander Mackenzie on his memorable journey of 1793 to the shores of the Pacific. In charge of Île à la Crosse House, 1797-1799; signed the Montreal agreement of 1804, as one of the partners of the North West Company; joined the Pacific Fur Company, 1810, and sailed to Astoria with Franchère that year. Murdered on the Tonquin, near Nootka, in 1811. Index: MS With Mackenzie on expedition to Pacific, 67; at Astoria, 67; killed on the Tonquin, 67. D Engaged by Astor for the Pacific, 95; slain by Indians on the Tonquin, 95; his widow marries Dr. John McLoughlin, 95; succeeds Douglas in command of northern posts, 187. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company. See also Douglas; Mackenzie; Tonquin.

McKay, James. Born in Edmonton, Alberta. Educated at the Red River Settlement. For a time in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company. A member of the Council of Assiniboia and of the North-West Council. Appointed to the Legislative Council of Manitoba, 1870. Minister of agriculture, 1875-1878. Died, 1879.

McKay, Joseph William (1829-1900). Born at Rupert House, Hudson Bay. Crossed the mountains to Fort Vancouver in 1844; had charge of various trading posts west of the mountains, and rose to the rank of chief trader; also made important explorations in what is now the province of British Columbia. Became one of the first members of the Legislative Assembly of Vancouver Island, 1855. Retired from the Company's service, 1879. Appointed to the Department of Indian Affairs of Canada in 1883. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names.

McKee, Colonel. S Indian superintendent in the west, 126, 141, 210. Bk His influence over the Indians, 280.

Mackellar. WM Chief engineer, accompanies Wolfe in reconnaissance of Island of Orleans, 93.

Mackenzie, Alexander (1822-1892). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Kingston, Canada, in 1842; in 1848 started in business at Sarnia as builder and contractor; in 1852 editor of the Lambton Shield, a reform newspaper; member for Lambton in the provincial Parliament 1861-1867; and from 1867 to 1892 a member of the Dominion Parliament. In 1873 became premier and minister of public works, the first liberal premier of the Dominion. In 1878 his government defeated by the Conservative party. Leader of the opposition until 1880, when he resigned on account of ill-health, but remained in Parliament for some years, being elected for East York in 1882 and 1887. Declined knighthood three times. Index: Mc His letter in reference to George Brown, 496. Md Leader of opposition in succession to George Brown, 150; Supreme Court organized under his administration, 1875, 151; moves an amendment to the address, 208; called upon to form a ministry, 1873, 211; pessimistic over the Canadian Pacific Railway scheme, 234, 235; replaced in leadership by Edward Blake, 235, 261. E Premier of Liberal government under which simultaneous voting was required by law, 133. B Signs requisition to George Brown to stand for Kent, 61; votes against proposal that three members of opposition should enter the government, 157; opposes Reformers taking seats in coalition ministry, but holds that they should give Confederation an outside support, 199, 204; on George Brown's character, 243; on Brown's relations with the parliamentary leaders after retirement, 247-248; on Brown's last days, 257; character of his speeches, 259. D His connection with the Canadian Pacific Railway negotiations, 321. T His Cabinet, 90; opposes coalition idea, 128; his ministry resigns, 136. Bib.: Works: Speeches in Scotland and Canada; Life and Speeches of George Brown. For biog., see Buckingham and Ross, Life of Alexander Mackenzie; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Leggo, History of the Administration of the Earl of Dufferin in Canada; Stewart, Canada under the Administration of the Earl of Dufferin.

Mackenzie, Sir Alexander (1755-1820). S Visits Simcoe, 188; recommends establishment of two trading-posts on Pacific coast, 189. MS Joins North West Company, 7; opposes Selkirk's plans, 7, 146, 151, 159, 167; his death, 8; born 1763 at Stornoway, Island of Lewis, Scotland, 10; parentage, 10; education, 10; emigrates to Canada, 1779, 10; enters fur trade and joins opposition to McTavish, 10, 11; his keenness and daring, 11; leads trading expedition to Detroit, 11; at Grand Portage, 1785, 12; becomes a bourgeois, 12; assigned to English River department, 14; friendly relations with officers of rival North West Company, 15; goes to Athabaska, 17; his administrative ability, 17, 18; plans for expansion, 18; sends Leroux to build post on Great Slave Lake, 18; and Boyer to build one on Peace River, 19; describes life of fur trader, 22; his ambitious designs for discovery, 22; unpopular with McTavish, 23; hears of a great river in the north, 31; preparation for his journey, 32; his narrative, 32; his party, 33; sets out June 3, 1789, from Fort Chipewyan, 33; reaches Great Slave Lake, 35; meets Yellow Knife Indians, 36; enters Mackenzie River, 37; meets Slave and Dog-Rib Indians, 28; their account of the river, 38; passes mouth of Great Bear River, 28, 47; meets Hare Indians, 39; and Quarrellers, 39; enters the delta, 39; lands on Whale Island, at mouth of the river, 40; erects post with inscription, 40; uncertainty as to his having reached the sea, 43, 61; the return journey, 43; coal seam on fire, 47; difficulties with "English Chief," 45, 46, 48; returns to Great Slave Lake, 48; meets Leroux, 48-49; reaches Chipewyan, Sept. 12, 1789, 50; results of the journey, 50-51; establishes existence and course of Yukon, 50-51; his treatment of natives, 51; his account of fauna, 51; his character, 51-52, 59; winters at Chipewyan, 53; unfriendliness of partners of Company, 53; his project for a journey to the West, 53; goes down to Grand Portage, 53; cool reception there, 54; returns to Chipewyan, 54; his letters, 54; meets Philip Turner, 57; his share in North West Company, 58; goes to England to acquire instruction and instruments for his second journey, 59; returns to Athabaska, 61; preparations for journey to the Pacific, 61; sends men to Peace River to cut timber for a post, 61; leaves Chipewyan, Oct. 10, 1792, 61; ascends Peace River, passes the falls and Boyer's "Old Establishment," and reaches Finlay's fort, 62; his method of dealing with the Indians, 62-63; winters at the forks, 63-65; Chinook winds, 65; sets out for the mountains and beyond, 66; members of his party, 67; a man of heroic mould, 68; leaves Finlay's fort, May 9, 1793, 69; describes Peace River, 69; difficulties in crossing the mountains, 70, 72; meets strange Indians, 74; ascends the Parsnip River, 75; reaches its source, 75; descends the Fraser, 77; retraces his steps, and travels overland to the sea, 79-85; describes visit to the Coast Indians, 83; natives refer to Vancouver's party, 85; reaches coast and paints record of his journey on a rock, 86; the return journey, 86; trouble with the natives, 87; reaches Peace River, 88; reaches Finlay's fort, 89; and Chipewyan, 89; leaves the West, 89; increased reputation among partners of North West Company, 92; withdraws from Company and sails for England, 93; publishes his book, 94; King Bernadotte of Sweden's tribute to explorer, 95; Napoleon has his Voyages translated into French, 96, 97; friendship of duke of Kent, 98; receives knighthood, 98; becomes head of X Y Company, 99; elected to Legislature of Lower Canada, 100; returns to Scotland, 1808, 100; opposes Selkirk's scheme, 100; his marriage, 101; his family, 101; his death, March 12, 1820, 102; compared with Selkirk, 209. D His expeditions to the Arctic and Pacific, 51; his personality, 52; parentage, 52; arrival in Canada, 53; enters fur trade, 53; in command of Fort Chipewyan, 53; his desire to rival Samuel Hearne, 53; sets out from Chipewyan in 1789 to explore Mackenzie River, 53; river named after him, 53; proves futility of search for North-West Passage, 53; visits England and, prepares himself for further discoveries, 53; returns to the West, and leaves Chipewyan, Oct. 10, 1792, for the Pacific, 53; ascends Peace River and crosses the mountains, 54; reaches Tacouche Tesse (Fraser), which he supposes to be the Oregon (Columbia), 54; difficulties and dangers of the journey, 54-55; his printed narrative translated into French for Napoleon, 55; his burial-place, 55; his wife, 55; the legend he printed on a rock on the shores of the Pacific, 56; results of his journey, 56. Bib.: Voyages from Montreal through the Continent of North America, 1789 and 1793, London, 1801; trans, into French, Paris, 1802. See also his letters, in Roderick McKenzie's Reminiscences (Masson, Bourgeois du Nord-Ouest). For biog., see Willson, The Great Company; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West.

Mackenzie, Donald (1783-1851). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Canada in 1800, and engaged in the service of the North West Company for several years. In 1809 associated with John Jacob Astor in fur-trading on the Columbia. Returned to the service of the North West Company; and in 1821, on its absorption by the Hudson's Bay Company, became a chief factor in the united Company. In 1825 appointed governor of the Red River Settlement, and held the position till 1832, when he retired to the United States. Died at Mayville, New York. Index: MS Chief factor, and afterwards governor, of Assiniboia, 222. Bib.: Bryce, The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists.

Mackenzie, Geddes. MS Marries Sir Alexander Mackenzie, 101; her parentage, 101.

Mackenzie, George. Md Macdonald studies law in his office, 4; death of, 9.

Mackenzie, Hope. B Moves approval of George Brown's course in Confederation negotiations, 156-157.

Mackenzie, Isabel. Mc Wife of William Lyon Mackenzie, granted $4000 by Parliament, 240; at Navy Island, 424; death of, 508.

McKenzie, Roderick. Cousin of Sir Alexander Mackenzie. Came to Canada from Scotland in 1784, and entered the service of the fur-trading firm of Gregory, McTavish & Co., of Montreal. The following year reached Grand Portage, where employed as a clerk. Accompanied his cousin to the far West in 1786; built the original Fort Chipewyan, on the south shore of Lake Athabaska, in 1788; and in charge of the post during Alexander Mackenzie's expeditions of 1789 and 1792 to the Arctic and Pacific. In 1797, on his way to Montreal, after a long absence, rediscovered the old Kaministiquia route, first discovered by the French many years before, but afterwards abandoned. Became a partner of the North West Company, 1799; and signed the Montreal agreement of 1804 by which the X Y Company was absorbed by the North West Company. A year or two later retired from the fur trade, and began gathering material for a history of the North West Company. The work was never published, nor even completed, but many of the original journals which were to have formed its basis are included in Masson's Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest. Settled at Terrebonne, in Lower Canada, and became a member of the Legislative Council of the province. Index: MS Joins X Y Company, 14; friendly rivalry with McGillivray (North West Company) in English River department, 15; at Île à la Crosse, 16; brings news of death of Ross to Grand Portage, 16; joins his cousin Alexander Mackenzie in Athabaska department, 23; their friendship, 23; his Reminiscences, 24; builds Fort Chipewyan, 24; plans library there, 26; winters there, 1788-1789, 27; at Chipewyan, 53; goes down to Grand Portage, 53; sent to Great Slave Lake, 54. Bib.: Reminiscences in Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.

Mackenzie, William Lyon (1795-1861). Mc His personality, Goldwin Smith on, 3; Dr. Harrison on, 4; W. J. Rattray on, 5, 6; first to enunciate principle of responsible government, 5; "a man ahead of his time," 6; his loyalty, 10; not an annexationist, 11; constitutional reformer, 12; parentage and ancestry, 34-36; defends himself from charges of disloyalty, 36-38; books read by him from 1806 to 1809, 40, 41; enters commerce, 41, 42; goes to Canada, 43; physical description of, 43; joins survey of Lachine Canal, 44; enters business with John Lesslie, 44; moves to Queenston, 44; marries, 45; declares war on Constitutional Act, 72; starts Colonial Advocate, 85; describes Upper Canada in 1820, 85-87; warns Canadians against union with United States, 87, 97; attitude on Clergy Reserves, 94; advocates provincial university, 95; reforms advocated by, which have come into effect, 97, 98; defends himself against disloyalty charge, 98-101; advocates federation of all North American colonies, 104, 105; moves to York, 106; pictures life of editors, 111; assists to bring about a party revolution, 112; mob destroys Colonial Advocate, 113; Macaulay offers damages, 115; personal attacks, 117-120; Macaulay's treatment of, 121-123; retaliates, 124, 125; answers Macaulay's pamphlet, 126; gets £625 damages, 129; refuses to prosecute criminally, 129; indicted for libel, 130; prosecution abandoned, 135; friendship of Robert Randal, 138; secures Randal's mission to England, 139; advocates responsible government, 146, 148; elected for York, 150; moves committal of Allan MacNab, 152; chairman of committee on post-office, 153; chairman of committee on privileges of House, 154; carries many motions and addresses, 154; introduces Thirty-two Resolutions, 155; opinions stated, 156; visits New York, 157; letter in National Gazette, 158; supports Robert Baldwin, 159; chairman of committee on banking, 161, 162; moves Libel Bill, 162, 163; letters to Sir John Colborne, 164; advocates responsible government, 166, 167; appeal to the people of Upper Canada, 168; re-elected for York, 169; banks oppose, 170; gets committee on state of representation, 171; committee reports, 175; he prints journals of House, 172; accused of printing libel on House, 175; arouses Upper Canada, 176, 177; visits Quebec, 178; first expulsion from Assembly, 181-201; libel complained of, 182, 183; his speech in his defence, 185; House refuses committee of inquiry, 201; petitions to the governor, 203; governor's answer, 203; backed up by the people, 204; again elected, 205; presented by constituents with gold medal, 205; second expulsion moved, 207; defends himself, 209; expelled a second time, 209; appeals to electors, 210-213; again elected, 215; attempt to assassinate, 219; Colonial Advocate office again attacked, 221; his mission to England, 221; estimate of Earl Grey, 221; his friendship with Joseph Hume, 222; introduces George Ryerson to Lord Goderich, 223; offered management of post-office department, 225; prepares statement for minister, 226; reply to Lord Goderich, 227; concessions obtained, 227-230; third expulsion, 232, 242; secures dismissal of Boulton and Hagerman, 232; scheme of post-office reform, 236; asks control of post-office revenue for Canadians, 236; obtains veto of Bank Charter Acts, 237; introduces Egerton Ryerson to colonial office, 238; publishes Sketches of Canada and the United States, 238; visits Scotland, 239; pays old creditors, 239; refuses banquets in Montreal and Quebec, 240; left to pay his own expenses, 240; unanimously re-elected for the third time, 242; not permitted to take oath, 242; new election ordered, 244; unanimously re-elected for the fourth time, 244; ejected from the House, 245; governor orders that he be allowed to take oath, 248; takes the oath, 251; again ejected from the House, 252; first mayor of Toronto, 255; designs city arms, 256; helps cholera patients, 256; takes cholera, 257; defeated for second mayoralty term, 257; forms Canadian Alliance Society, 258; retires from journalism, 259; estimate of, as a journalist, 260; again elected for York, 261; obtains select "Committee on Grievances," 263; obtains committee on Welland canal, 264; appointed director, 264; anticipates official report of canal committee, 265; sued for libel, 265; report of "Committee on Grievances," 270; urges responsible government, 279; visits Quebec, 287; meets Papineau, 288; opposes British restraint on trade, 292; anticipates Reciprocity Treaty, 292; defeated for the House, 308; claims the election was unfair, 309-314; insulted by Tory press, 317; his replies, 318; visits New York, 320; begins the Constitution, 320; "Declaration of Independence" of Upper Canada, 329, 330; meetings at Doel's brewery, 330-332; becomes agent of convention committee, 332; addresses nearly two hundred public meetings, 333-338; advises run on Bank of Upper Canada, 340; second meeting at Doel's brewery, 346; urges seizing arms and proclaiming provisional government, 349; drafts constitution, 355; organizes Rebellion, 359; warrant issued for his arrest, 360; tries to correct Rolph's mistake, 361; his advice disregarded, 362; sets out for the city, 363; again proposes to march on the city, 366; meets Head's flag of truce, 367, 368; urges Lount to march into the city, 371; skirmish at Montgomery's tavern, 379; ransom offered for, 380; account of his escape, 381 et seq.; addresses Buffalo audience, 411; meets Van Rensselaer, 412; Head seeks his extradition, 414; occupies Navy Island, 415; president of provisional government, 416; arrested at Buffalo, 424; threats of assassination, 428; abandons Van Rensselaer, 430; visits New York and Philadelphia, 433; begins Mackenzie's Gazette, 433; no connection with later frontier movements, 439, 444, 446; moves to Rochester, 448; forms association of Canadian refugees, 448; tried for breach of neutrality laws, 452; found guilty, 454; his sentence, 454; rigorous treatment in gaol, 455-458; released, 459; publishes Caroline Almanac, 459; his exchange attempted, 463; attempts to kidnap him, 464; publishes Volunteer, 467; moves to New York, 468; appointed to Mechanics' Institute, 468; publishes Lives of one Thousand Remarkable Irishmen, 469; publishes the Examiner, 470; appointed to New York customs house, 470; publishes Lives of Butler and Hoyt, in 1845, 471; and Life and Times of Martin Van Buren, 1846, 472; goes on Tribune, 472; Hume's letter to, 475; writes to Earl Grey, 479; amnestied, 480; visits Toronto, 481; brings family back, 486; elected for Haldimand, 486; his relations with George Brown, 487; his work in Parliament, 492; again elected for Haldimand, 497; resigns, 498; later parliamentary life, 500; love of his children, 504; Buchanan's proffered friendship, 504; Robert Hay's generosity, 505; offered office, 505; publishes Mackenzie's Message, 505; friends purchase homestead for, 505; financial difficulties, 506; declining health, 506; death of, Aug. 28, 1861, 507; funeral, 507, 508; one of the founders of St. Andrew's Church, 507; tributes of the press, 509-523. Md Leads Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada, 7; supports Brown in his quarrel with Macdonald, 81. R Views on relation of church and state in 1824, 45; his work for popular government, 66; his policy, 111; his "Seventh Report on Grievances," 112; opposes separate schools, 224. B His return to Canada, 36; burnt in effigy at Toronto, 36; defeats George Brown in Haldimand, 40, 44, 46; his resolution for abolition of Court of Chancery, 47. BL His parentage, 12; early days in Canada, 12, 13; in politics, 13-16, 26, 27, 33; aids Baldwin to secure seat in Legislature, 31; organizes revolutionary clubs, etc., 43; his proposed constitution for Upper Canada, 43; plans attack on Toronto by rebels, 43; described as a "mountebank," 120; his correspondence with Hume and Roebuck, 229; founds Canadian Alliance Association, 1834, 229; returns to Canada, 312, 318, 319; one of the leaders of the new Radicalism, 340-341; brings in motion to abolish Court of Chancery, 352. Sy Reform party falsely identified with his proceedings, 85, 138. E And the Rebellion of 1837, 17; leads Radical wing of Liberal party, in Upper Canada, 21, 22; and parliamentary government, 51; and MacNab, 75, 76; returns from his exile, 91; causes of his failure as a political leader, 91-93; proposes abolition of Court of Chancery, 103, 112; defeats George Brown, 113; attacks the government, 127; aftermath of the Rebellion, 190. P His correspondence with Papineau, 189. H Effect of his action in Upper Canada, upon popular party, in Nova Scotia, 49. Bib.: Works: Life and Times of Martin Van Buren; Life and Opinions of B. F. Butler; Sketches of Canada and the United States. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; Lindsey, Life and Times of W. L. McKenzie; Dent, Can. Por., Upper Canadian Rebellion, and Last Forty Years; King, Other Side of the Story; Read, Rebellion of 1837. See also Rebellion of 1837 (Upper Canada.)

Mackenzie River. Named after Sir Alexander Mackenzie, who explored it from Great Slave Lake to the Arctic in 1789. It was known at one time as Disappointment River. Its ultimate source is in Thutage Lake, the headwaters of the Finlay in northern British Columbia. Its total length from Thutage Lake to the sea is 2525 miles. The Hudson's Bay Company has the following trading-posts on the main stream: Fort Providence, near entrance of Great Slave Lake; Fort Simpson, at the mouth of the Liard; Fort Wrigley, in lat. 63°; Fort Norman, at the mouth of Great Bear River; Fort Good Hope near the Ramparts; and Fort MacPherson on Peel River. The Company now operates a steamer from Fort Smith, on Slave River, to the Arctic Ocean. Index: MS Alexander Mackenzie discovers and explores, 37-48; "Great River," 53; Mackenzie refers to as "River Disappointment," 55. Bib.: Mackenzie, Voyages; Franklin, Narrative of Second Expedition; Richardson, Arctic Searching Expedition; Cameron, The New North.

Mackenzie's Message. Published at Toronto. Index: Mc Newspaper, published 1853, 505.

McKim, R. P. T Assists at funeral service of Sir Leonard Tilley, 146.

McLachlan, Alexander (1818-1896). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, 1840; engaged in farming. Government emigration agent for Scotland, 1862. Collected edition of his Poems published, 1900. Bib.: MacMurchy, Canadian Literature.

McLane, David. Dr Hanged for treason, 301.

McLaren, Dr. Murray. T Attends Sir Leonard Tilley, 145.

MacLean, Judge. B Proposes Metcalfe's health at St. Andrew's Society banquet, 27.

MacLean, Colonel Allan (1725-1784). Born in Scotland. Served in Holland, 1747. In 1757 served with Montgomery's Highlanders in America, and in 1761 major-commandant of the 114th Royal Highlanders. In 1775 lieutenant-colonel of the Royal Highland Emigrants. Served under Carleton in the defence of Quebec, 1775-1776. Index: Hd Raises regiment of Royal Highland Emigrants, 111; takes part in repulse of Arnold and Montgomery, 112; on methods of trade, 162; speech of Indians to, 171; his precipitancy in arresting Pillon, 279, 280, 285; departure of, 294; his correspondence with Haldimand, 306; his opinion of the Americans, 307; letter to Haldimand regarding Du Calvet's movements, 209, 310; visits Haldimand in London, 311, 327. Bib.: Bradley, The Making of Canada; Lucas, History of Canada.

McLean, Archibald (1791-1865). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Canada with his father; educated at Cornwall Grammar School. In 1812 served in the war with the United States. After the war, called to the bar, and built up an extensive practice. For several years member for Stormont and Cornwall in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, of which he was twice elected Speaker. In 1837 judge of the Court of King's Bench, and held the position till 1856. In 1862-1863 chief-justice of Upper Canada, and in 1864-1865 judge of the Court of Error and Appeal. Index: Mc Elected Speaker, 1831, 170. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges.

McLean, John (1828-1886). Born in Scotland. Educated at the University of Aberdeen; ordained priest, 1858, and became curate of St. Paul's, London, Ontario. Removed to the Red River Settlement as archdeacon of Assiniboia, and professor in St. John's College, 1866. Made bishop of Saskatchewan, 1874. Died at Prince Albert as the result of an accident. Bib.: Mockridge, The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland; Machray, Life of Archbishop Machray.

McLeod, Alexander. Mc Charged with murder of Amos Durfee, 423; trial and acquittal, 424.

McLeod, Alexander Norman. Of the North West Company. Index: MS Associated with Gregory and others in opposition to North West Company, 10, 11; visits Mackenzie at Detroit, 12; his character, 14; builds new house at Chipewyan, 50; brings North West men from Fort William, 182; arrives seven days after the Seven Oaks affair, 183.

McLeod, Archibald Norman. Entered the service of the North West Company some time before 1790. In charge of Fort Dauphin, 1799, and Swan River, 1800. Three years later moved to the Athabaska department, and remained there until 1809, when he took charge of New Caledonia. Had already become a partner of the Company, signing the agreement of 1804 as such.

McLeod, Donald (1779-1879). Born in Scotland. Educated at Aberdeen University for the church, but entered the navy, 1803, and the army, 1808. Served in the Peninsula under Sir John Moore, and in Canada during War of 1812-1814; wounded at the battles of Chrystler's Farm and Lundy's Lane. Returned to Europe and fought at the battle of Waterloo. Came to Canada, 1816; opened a classical school at Prescott; began publication of the Grenville Gazette. Took part in the Rebellion of 1837, as a major-general in the insurgent army. Fled to the United States; arrested and tried at Detroit, but acquitted. Settled at Cleveland, Ohio, where he died. Index: Mc Occupies Point Pelee Island, 430. Bib.: History of the Canadian Insurrection. For biog., see Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.

McLeod, John (1788-1849). Born in Scotland. Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company; conducted Selkirk's colonists from York Factory to the Red River, 1811; from that date to the union of the two fur companies in 1821, engaged in building trading-posts and extending the operations of the Hudson's Bay Company towards the Rocky Mountains. Had taken a leading part in the long conflict between the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company, some account of which is given in his diary, 1814-1815, reproduced in part in Bryce's Hudson's Bay Company. On the union of the Companies, given charge of the New Caledonia department, west of the mountains, where he remained for many years, finally retiring from the service, and spending the remainder of his days on the banks of the Ottawa. Index: MS Leads the Selkirk colonists in their opposition to Cuthbert Grant and the half-breeds, 175; his journal, 175, 176; builds house for governor, 176. D Ascends upper Liard to its southern source in Dease Lake, 1834, 123. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.

McLoughlin, John (1784-1857). Born at Rivière du Loup. Studied medicine in Edinburgh; joined the North West Company; engaged for several years in the Rainy Lake country; in charge of Fort William in 1821, when the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies were amalgamated, and appointed to take charge of the Columbia River department, 1823. Built Fort Vancouver, 1824, and made it the headquarters for the whole territory west of the mountains. Did more than any other man to strengthen the hold of the Company on the fur trade of the Pacific coast. Through misunderstandings over his attitude towards the American settlers on the Columbia, retired from the Company's service, 1846, and spent the rest of his life in Oregon City. Index: MS Edward Ellice on, 220; impresses Sir George Simpson, 220; travels in state, 221. D First great Hudson's Bay Company leader in Oregon, 84; his character, 84, 86; takes Douglas under his charge, in North West Company, at Fort William, 93; persuades Douglas to join Hudson's Bay Company, 94; his friendship for Douglas, 94; born, 1784, at Rivière du Loup, 94; grandson of Malcolm Fraser, 94; his early home and training, 94-95; studies medicine in Edinburgh, 95; returns to Canada and enters North West Company, 95; sent to Sault Ste. Marie, 95; there when post burned in War of 1812, 95; marries widow of Alexander Mackay, 95; goes to Fort William, 95-96; at Fort Vancouver, his practically absolute rule, 111; ambitious plans for development of western department, 114; sends expedition to Fraser River by sea, 115; builds Fort Colville, 1825-1826, 116; builds Fort Langley, 1827, 116; builds Fort Simpson, 1831, 116; sends Findlayson, Manson, and Anderson, 1833, to build Fort McLoughlin, 117; sends Douglas to receive Fort Stikine from Russians, 1840, 122; expedition to Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, 126; recognizes agricultural possibilities of Oregon, 128; organizes Puget Sound Agricultural Company, 130; his attitude towards Oregon settlers, 144; forced out of Hudson's Bay Company, 145; Douglas and Ogden associated with him in management of western department, 187; resigns from Hudson's Bay Company, 1846, 187; removes to Oregon City, 187; treatment of, by American settlers, 187; his death, 187; his character contrasted with that of Douglas, 351-353. Bib.: Holman, Dr. John McLoughlin: the Father of Oregon; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast.

McLoughlin, John. D Son of Dr. John McLoughlin, accompanies Douglas to Sitka, 122; succeeds Rae at Fort Stikine, 122; shot by Indians, 1842, 122-123.

McMaster University. Located at Toronto. Formed in 1887 from the union of Toronto Baptist College and Woodstock College. Mainly indebted for endowment to William McMaster. Woodstock College, Woodstock, and Moulton Ladies' College, Toronto, are maintained in close connection.

McMillan, John (1816-1886). Born in Scotland. Came to New Brunswick, 1832. Represented Restigouche in the Assembly, 1857-1867; surveyor-general, 1861-1865; postmaster-general, 1867-1868; inspector of post offices for New Brunswick, 1868-1886. A strong advocate of Confederation. Index: T Elected for Restigouche, 89; postmaster-general in Mitchell ministry, 105.

MacNab, Sir Allan Napier (1798-1862). Born at Newark (now Niagara), Ontario. On the American invasion of Canada joined the army in 1813 and served throughout the war. In 1826 called to the bar of Upper Canada and practised in Hamilton. In 1829 first elected for Wentworth County in the Assembly, and during 1837-1841 Speaker of the House. Took an active part in the Rebellion of 1837-1838 and knighted for his services. After the union of Upper and Lower Canada became Conservative leader and elected Speaker of the House, 1844-1848, and again in 1862. Premier, 1854, and resigned, 1856. Index: H Entertains Joseph Howe at Hamilton, 138. BL Brings loyal troops from Hamilton, to disperse rebels under Mackenzie, 44; taunts Baldwin with his share in the Rebellion, 45; his exploits in 1837 win him knighthood, 82; leader of Tories in Legislature, 1841, 82; proposed for speakership, 87; withdraws his name, 88; his faction welcomes Bagot's appointment as governor, 113; raises racial question, 178; opposes transfer of capital to Montreal, 183; Baldwin on, 183; attacks La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 214; referred to by George Brown, 224; elected in 1844, 252; elected Speaker, 279; his opposition to Rebellion Losses Bill, 314; his quarrel with Blake, 315; warns ministry of riot, 322; rescues portrait of the queen, 324; proposed for Speaker, Baldwin's tribute to his qualifications, Morin elected in his stead, 283; and Papineau, 343; and Baldwin, 353. E His part in suppressing Rebellion of 1837-1838, 31; returned in 1848, 50; defeated for speakership, 51; takes part in stormy debate on Rebellion Losses Bill, 68-69; his responsibility for the disturbances of 1849, 75; nominal leader of Conservative party, 119; called upon by Lord Elgin for advice, 137; agrees to coalition ministry, 139-140; forms government with Morin, 140; his last resting-place, 224. B And the old Tory party, 69; his farcical amendment to prohibition motion, 76; forms coalition ministry with Morin, 77; on the charges against George Brown, 89. C His alliance with Quebec Liberals, 33. Mc Committed to gaol by Speaker, 152; moves Mackenzie's expulsion, 241; admits error, 242; leads forces against Navy Island, 417; orders cutting out of Caroline, 420; knighted, 423; goes to Brantford, 425; seizes Dr. Duncombe's papers, 426; goes to Sandwich, 427; in debate on Rebellion Losses Bill, 489. Md Called upon to form an administration, 61; forms government with A. N. Morin, 63; Morin resigns and he forms a new administration with Colonel Taché, 74; his ideal of government, 76; problem of superseding him, 76, 77; resigns, 80; supports Brown in his quarrel with Macdonald, 81. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.

MacNab, James. H Member of Lord Falkland's Council, 69; declaration as to ministerial responsibility, 75; retires from government, 87; offered seat in Executive Council, 1846, 103; declines offer, 104; elected for Halifax, 106; member of Uniacke government, 110; becomes receiver-general, 112. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

McPhelim, Francis. T Deserts Liberals in New Brunswick, 18; postmaster-general in Gray ministry, 41.

McPherson, Charles. T Member of Executive Council, New Brunswick, 41.

Macpherson, Sir David Lewis (1818-1896). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, 1835. In 1842 entered business in Montreal; in 1851 he, with others, obtained a charter for a railway from Montreal to Kingston, and associated with the construction of other lines; formed the Inter-Oceanic Railway Company for the purpose of constructing the projected Canadian Pacific Railway, but the contract given to the syndicate headed by Sir Hugh Allan. In 1864-1867 a member of the Legislative Council of Canada; in 1867 appointed to the Senate; Speaker, 1880; member of the Cabinet without portfolio; minister of the interior, 1883-1885; knighted, 1884. Index: Md Heads the Inter-Oceanic Company which received charter from government, 200. E Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.

McTavish, Dugald. D Member of Victoria board of management, 265; becomes president of board, 265; transferred to Montreal, in 1870, 265.

McTavish, Simon (1750-1804). Born in the Highlands of Scotland. A man of "enormous energy and decision of character." Settled at Montreal. Engaged in the fur trade soon after the cession of Canada to England, and chiefly instrumental in organizing the North West Company, 1784. Purchased the seigniory of Terrebonne; entertained in princely style at his home in Montreal; and at the time of his death was engaged in building a huge mansion at the foot of Mount Royal. Index: MS A leader in the fur trade, 10; known as le Marquis and le Premier, 23, 91; his dislike for Alexander Mackenzie, 23; his haughty temper and domineering spirit make him unpopular, 54, 91, 93; compared with Mackenzie, 92; puts new life into North West Company, 99; his death, 1804, 99. Bk And McGillivray of North West Company, send news of declaration of war, 203. Bib.: Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

McTavish, William. MS Chief factor, 1851, 228; last governor of Assiniboia under Hudson's Bay Company, 228.

Madison, James (1751-1836). Fourth president of the United States. Index: Dr His hatred of Great Britain, 274, 281. Bk Maintains non-intercourse with Britain and France, 120; his warlike messages to Congress, 173, 185; places temporary embargo on United States ships, 192; informs Congress of Hull's advance into Canada, 213. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Madocawando. F Abenaquis chief, 329.

Madras Schools. W Founded by Joseph Lancaster, 86; the system described, 86-87; established in New Brunswick, 87. T At Gagetown, 5; system popular, 5.

Magdalen Islands. In Gulf of St. Lawrence. Uncertain who first discovered the group. They were known for many years as the Isles Ramées, or Ramea. This name first appears in narratives of voyages to the Gulf in 1590-1597, in Hakluyt. Champlain applied the present name to what is now known as Amherst Island, in the 1632 ed. of his Voyages. It was afterwards applied to the whole group. Bib.: Ganong, Cartography of Gulf of St. Lawrence (R. S. C., 1889).

Magistrates. Dr Poor character and scandalous methods of many of them, 52; some of them most worthy men, 55.

Magnan, Pierre. Ch Goes on embassy to Iroquois, 163; is murdered, 164.

Maguaga. Bk Americans successful in skirmish at, 238-243.

Mahicanaticouche. Ch Montagnais chief, 139, 163; found to have been guilty of murder, 165.

Mail. Newspaper published at Niagara. Index: B Ridicules Globe's proposal for annexation of North-West Territories, 217-218.

Maillard, Antoine Simon. Missionary to the Indians and French of Acadia and Cape Breton, 1734. Vicar-general at Louisbourg for several years. Invited by the governor of Nova Scotia to settle at Halifax, 1759. At first opposed British supremacy, but afterwards a strong supporter of the government. Died in Halifax, 1768. Bib.: Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.

Mair, Charles (1840- ). Born in Lanark, Ontario. Educated at Queen's University, Kingston. Paymaster for the Dominion government at Fort Garry, 1868; captured by the rebels in Riel's first rising, 1869; condemned to death, but escaped. In the second rising, 1885, served as quartermaster of the Governor-General's Body Guard. In 1893, appointed Canadian government immigration agent in charge of the Lethbridge district, Southern Alberta. Index: Md Comes to Ottawa from Prince Albert to impress on authorities the serious situation in the West, 241. Bib.: Works: Dreamland and other Poems; Tecumseh: a Drama. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; MacMurchy, Canadian Literature.

Maisonneuve, Paul de Chomedy, Sieur de. In this "devout and valiant gentleman," as Parkman says, lived again the spirit of Godfrey de Bouillon, leader of the first Crusade. He had seen much service in European wars, before the opportunity came to consecrate his sword to the church in Canada. A group of enthusiasts in France had obtained a grant of the Island of Montreal from Lauson and the Company of New France, and purposed to establish there a religious colony, of which Maisonneuve was appointed governor. Sailed from Rochelle, in 1641, with a company of soldiers and artisans; wintered at Quebec; and on the eighteenth of May, 1642, landed on the same spot where Champlain had stood thirty-one years before. Here he and his men set to work to build a chapel, fort, and their simple habitations, thereby laying the foundation of the future city of Montreal. Was for 22 years governor of Montreal, but through the jealousy of De Mésy, governor-general of Canada, was recalled to France by De Tracy in 1664. Though no charges were made against him he found no possibility of reinstatement in office and resigned in 1669; died in 1676. Index: F Conducts mission colony to Montreal, 29, 33; bravery of, 34; goes back to France for reinforcements, 38; returns to Canada with one hundred soldiers, 39; removed from governorship by Marquis de Tracy, 54. L Governor of Montreal, his piety, 8; carries cross on his shoulders to summit of Mount Royal, 91; removed from his position, 176; presents a cannon from which to make a bell, to Bonsecours chapel, 177. Ch Comes out in 1613 with three vessels licensed to trade, 78; Champlain returns to France in his ship, 79. Bk Founder of Montreal, 99. Bib.: Parkman, Jesuits in North America and Old Régime; Faillon, La Colonie Française; Dollier de Casson, Histoire de Montreal.

Maitland, Sir Peregrine (1777-1854). Born in Hampshire, England. Entered the army, 1792. Served in Flanders, 1794-1798; in Spain, 1809 and 1812; promoted major-general, 1814; took part in the battle of Waterloo and made K.C.B for his services. Lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 1818-1828; and lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1828-1834. Commander-in-chief of the Madras army, 1836-1838; and governor and commander-in-chief at the Cape of Good Hope, 1844-1847. Knighted, 1852. Index: E Grants charter to King's College, 93. BL Dismisses Willis from office, 28. R Favours encouragement to British Methodists in Canada, 87-88. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Read, The Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Maizerets, Louis Ange de. L Comes to Canada, 41; director of the Seminary, 55; transfers his personal income to Seminary, 56; made archdeacon of chapter of Quebec, 197; administers diocese, with Glandelet, in absence of Laval, 243.

Malartic, Anne Joseph Hyppolite, Count de (1730-1800). Born in France. In 1745 entered the army; and in 1749 came to Quebec as assistant major. In 1756 served under Montcalm, and took part in all his campaigns; bore a conspicuous part in the siege of Quebec, 1759-1760, and severely wounded at the battle of Ste. Foy; served on the American side in the War of Independence. Index: WM Anxious as to line of defence above the city, 159, 162; in battle of Ste. Foy, 261; wounded, 264; Murray's conversation with, 269. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Doughty, Siege of Quebec.

Malaspina. Dr In search for Strait of Anian, 26.

Malot, Louis. Ch Jesuit, drowned, 200.

Mance, Jeanne (1606-1673). Born at Nogent-le-Roi. Infected with the prevailing enthusiasm for missionary work in Canada, and in 1640 journeyed to Rochelle, intending to embark for the New World. At Rochelle met Dauversière and others interested in the project of a missionary settlement at Montreal, and determined to throw in her lot with them. Sailed to Quebec with Maisonneuve, and spent the winter there with the Ursulines. In May, 1642, the colonists ascended the river, having gained another convert at Quebec in the person of Madame de la Peltrie. The following year a hospital was built at Montreal, with money supplied by Madame de Bullion. Jeanne Mance was put in charge, and devoted the remainder of her life to ministering to the sick, native as well as white. Index: F Establishes Hôtel Dieu at Montreal, 29; death of, 78. L Founder of hospital at Montreal, 8; smitten by plague on board the St. André, 31; laid one of the foundation stones of Montreal church, 89; her labours in the hospital at Montreal, 91. Bib.: Parkman, Jesuits in North America; Faillon, Vie de Mlle. Mance.

Manchester. In England. Index: Sy Poulett Thomson elected for, 31; his free trade views find support in, 36; great dinner to Thomson in, 37.

Manet, Jean. Ch Interpreter, 144.

Manitoba. Area, 73,956 square miles. The province was created in 1870, the old Red River Settlement, founded by Lord Selkirk, forming the nucleus. The name is a contraction of the Cree word Manitowaban. La Vérendrye and his sons were the first white men to set foot within what now forms the province. They built Fort Maurepas, at the mouth of Winnipeg River, in 1734; Fort Rouge, at the mouth of the Assiniboine, in 1733; and Fort La Reine, near present Portage la Prairie, in 1738. They afterwards built Fort Dauphin, on or near Lake Dauphin. See also Red River Colony; Winnipeg. Index: C Bill creating province introduced by Cartier, 71; meaning of name, The God That Speaks, 71. Md Bill passed for establishment of, as province, 161; restrictions against rival lines to Canadian Pacific Railway removed, 236, 284; boundary dispute, 256; its connection with commercial union, 298. Bib.: Bryce, Manitoba; Gunn and Tuttle, History of Manitoba; Begg, History of the North-West; Bryce, Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists; Hargrave, Red River; Ross, Red River Settlement.

Manson, Donald. Engaged in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, west of the Rocky Mountains. Led three brigades from the Columbia to Langley on the Fraser, 1848. Appointed a justice of the peace. Index: D At Fort McLoughlin, 117; establishes first circulating library on Pacific slope, 117-118.

Mantet, Nicholas d'Ailleboust, Sieur de (1663-1709). In 1689 defeated the Iroquois at the Lake of the Two Mountains; and in 1690 led an expedition against Schenectady. Killed during an attack on Fort St. Anne, Hudson Bay. Index: F One of the leaders of war party against Schenectady, 235. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime.

Maquinna. D His relations with Captain Meares at Nootka, 27; keeps armourer and sailmaker of the Boston in slavery four years, 37.

Marcel, Captain. WM Third aide-de-camp to Montcalm, 2; accompanies Montcalm on visit of inspection, 173; with Montcalm in his last hours, 219; informs Lévis of Montcalm's death, 220; departure for France, 238.

Marcet, Mrs. Hd Grand-niece of Haldimand, 343.

Marchand, Étienne (1755-1793). Engaged in the trade between the West Indies and North and South America. In 1790 sailed from Marseilles on a voyage of trade and exploration, in which he made careful surveys of the coast of Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia, visited the islands of Polynesia, sailed up the west coast of America, visited China and Siberia, and finally returned to Europe, 1792. Index: D Explores North-West Coast, 1791, 25; his narrative, 25. Bib.: Voyage autour du Monde, ed. by Fleurien. For biog., see Cyc. Am. Biog.

Marchand, Félix Gabriel (1832-1900). Born in St. Johns, Quebec. Educated at St. Hyacinthe College. Elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, 1867; provincial Secretary, 1878-1879; commissioner of crown lands, 1879; Speaker of the Assembly, 1887-1892; premier of Quebec, 1897. For many years proprietor and editor of Le Franco-Canadien. Bib.: Works: Manuel et Formulaire du Notariat; Fatenville; Erreur n'est pas Compte; Un Bonheur en Attire un Autre; Les Faus Brillants. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men.

Marché, Charles de. Ch Jesuit missionary at Miscou, 234.

Marcy, William Learned (1786-1857). Mc Governor of New York, declines to surrender Mackenzie, 414. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Mariana. Ch Jesuit, book written by, ordered to be burnt, 153.

Marie. WM A storeship launched at Montreal, 244.

Marie Antoinette (1755-1793). Queen of France. Index: S Public mourning in Upper Canada for death of, 193.

Marie de l'Incarnation (Marie Martin, née Guyart) (1599-1672). Born at Tours, France. Married early, and was left a widow after two years, with an only child. For twelve years devoted herself to his education; and then entered the Ursuline convent at Tours; in 1639 accompanied Madame de la Peltrie to Canada, and became the first superior of the Ursuline convent at Quebec. Her Lettres Historiques, written for the edification of her son Claude Martin, form one of the most valuable sources of information on the history of the period. Composed a catechism in Huron, three in Algonquian and a dictionary of French and Algonquian. Index: F Arrival of, at Quebec, 28; on Jesuit Relations, 30; on influence of convent teaching, 89; on rapid decline of Indian population, 168. L On the devotion of Laval to the sick, 33; on his saintliness, 34, 254; on conversions wrought by the earthquake, 45; mentions Dollard's exploit, 75; on piety of the soldiery, 79; her piety, 92; called the Theresa of New France, 93; Abbé Ferland's account of, 93; on the zeal of Fénelon and Trouvé, 109; on the sale of brandy to the Indians, 113; praises Talon, 114; on Canadians, 119; on education of Indian girls, 125; death of, 153, 154; character and influence, 155. Ch Praises virtues of early settlers, 258. Bib.: Lettres de la Vénérable Mère Marie de l'Incarnation; Martin, La Vie de la Vénérable Mère Marie de l'Incarnation; Charlevoix, Vie de Mère Marie de l'Incarnation; Casgrain, Vie; Life, by a Religious of the Ursuline Community.

Marion, Nicholas. Ch Captain of the Levrier, one of the two vessels of Champlain's first expedition to Quebec, 40.

Maritime Provinces. B Movement for union of, 161, 186; Taché argues advantages of union with, 169-170; coal mines of, 170; shipping of, 170, 174; inclusion of, in Confederation, opposed by Dorion, 176; British government brings pressure upon, in interests of Confederation, 186-187; involved in reciprocity negotiations, 194. Md Their determined opposition to Confederation, 116-118. T History of union movement in, 69-71; Charlottetown Conference, 73-75. See also New Brunswick; Nova Scotia; Prince Edward Island; Cape Breton. Bib.: See under foregoing titles.

Markland, George H. R Member of Legislative Council, Upper Canada, and of Board of Education, 58.

Marquette, Jacques (1637-1675). Born at Laon, in the north of France. Joined the Society of Jesus about 1654, and sailed for Canada, 1666. Sent to the Upper Lakes, 1668, and stationed at La Pointe, near the western end of Lake Superior, 1670. Here he heard from the Illinois of a great river flowing far to the south, and was filled with an ardent desire to explore it. His opportunity came two years later, when he was chosen by the Intendant Talon to accompany Louis Jolliet on his memorable exploration of the Mississippi, 1673. Descending the river to the mouth of the Arkansas, and satisfying themselves that it flowed neither into the Atlantic nor the Gulf of California, but into the Gulf of Mexico, they returned to Green Bay, arriving in Sept. 1673. Marquette remained at the mission of De Père until 1675, when he established a mission at Kaskaskia, on the Illinois. His strength had been broken by the difficult journey of 1673, and on his return from Kaskaskia to Michilimackinac, died on the shore of Lake Michigan, May 18, 1675. In the winter of 1676 his bones were brought to Michilimackinac and buried there. Index: F Accompanies Jolliet in his explorations, 155. L One of the founders of mission at Sault Ste. Marie, 11; follows course of Mississippi, 11, 146; accompanies Jolliet in his explorations, 59; his death, 146. WM Descends the Mississippi with Jolliet, 19. Bib.: Shea, Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley; Griffin, Discovery of the Mississippi; Parkman, La Salle; Breese, Early History of Illinois; Sparks, American Biography, ser. 1, vol. 10.

Marriages. W Dissenting ministers forbidden to perform ceremony in New Brunswick, 14, 15; the Dissenters' Marriage Bill, 14, 15; question settled in 1834, 16. F Stimulated by civil authorities, 57. S Question of, in Upper Canada, 85-88, 161.

Marriott, Sir James (1730?-1803). Advocate general, 1764; vice-chancellor, 1767; sat in Parliament for Sudbury, 1781-1784, and 1796-1802. Index: His views on question of Canadian laws, 62; examined in connection with the Quebec Act, 63, 69. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Marshall, John George (1786-1880). Born in Nova Scotia. Educated at Halifax, and called to the bar, 1808. Represented Sydney in the Nova Scotia Assembly, 1811-1823. Subsequently appointed chief-justice of the Court of Common Pleas. Died in Halifax. Bib.: Brief History of Events in Nova Scotia during the Earliest Years of the Present Century.

Marsolet, Nicolas (1587-1677). Came to Canada from France about 1608, and for many years an interpreter for the Montagnais and Algonquian tribes. In 1629, when Kirke took Quebec, deserted to the English. Index: Ch Accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; joins Algonquians to learn their language, 63; interpreter of Algonquian language, 144; sides with the Kirkes, 194; subsequent career, 203. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Marteilhe. Dr Appointed judge, 183.

Martial Law. Bk Question respecting, 226. Hd Canada under, for four years after conquest, 41, 43; abolished, 59; Haldimand's opinion of, for Florida, 65; at Vincennes, 93; not strictly enforced by Haldimand, 275.

Martin, Abraham (1589-1664). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada in 1614, having married Marguerite Langlois the previous year. Engaged as a pilot at Quebec. In 1635 granted lands on the heights of Quebec by the Hundred Associates, and in 1648 and 1652 received further gifts of land from Adrien Duchesne. Index: WM First proprietor of Plains of Abraham, 186. Ch Early settler, 145, 146; his property, 147. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, Fight for Canada.

Martin, Anne. Ch Daughter of Abraham Martin, 146.

Martin, Charles Amador. Ch Priest, 146.

Martin (or Marten), Sir Henry (1562-1641). Born in London. Educated at Oxford. Sent to the Palatinate, 1613; chancellor of London diocese, 1616; judge of the Admiralty Court, 1617-1641. A member of the Court of High Commission, 1620-1641. One of the commissioners appointed to negotiate a settlement in Canadian affairs between England and France, 1629-1630. Index: Ch English commissioner in matter of Canada, 214. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Martin, Joseph (1852- ). Born in Milton, Ontario. Educated at the public schools and at the Toronto Normal School. Taught school for a time; studied law at Ottawa; removed to Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, 1882, and the same year called to the bar of Manitoba. Member of the Manitoba Assembly, 1883-1892; attorney-general, 1888-1891; carried through the Act abolishing separate schools in Manitoba, 1890. In 1891 contested Selkirk for the House of Commons, but defeated; elected for Winnipeg, 1893, but defeated, 1896. Removed to British Columbia, 1897; elected to the British Columbia Assembly for Vancouver; subsequently attorney-general and premier of the province. Removed to England, 1909, and in same year contested Stratford-on-Avon for the British House of Commons, but defeated; elected to represent East St. Pancras, London, 1910. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who; Ewart, The Manitoba School Question.

Martin, Marguerite. Ch Daughter of Abraham Martin, 146.

Martinez, Estévan José. Accompanied Perez to North-West Coast in 1773 as pilot. In 1788 sent again to the North-West Coast as joint commander with De Haro of an expedition to watch the operations of the Russians; the following year again sent north from Mexico in command of the Princessa. Seized the Iphigenia at Nootka, but afterwards released it; fortified Hog Island near Friendly Cove, and took formal possession of Nootka; also seized several other vessels at Nootka, and imprisoned Captain Colnett. After carrying out some local explorations returned to Mexico. Index: D Asserts Spanish sovereignty over Pacific, 28; at Nootka, 28; seizes Iphigenia and North-West America, and claims Nootka by right of conquest, 28; claims disproved by Douglas, 28; Iphigenia released, but North-West America retained, 29; seizes Princess Royal and Argonaut, 29. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast.

Marylanders. Dr Loyalists, commanded by Chalmers, 202.

Mascarene, Paul (1684-1760). Born in Castras, in the south of France. Educated at Geneva, and afterwards went to England; naturalized, 1706. Entered the army, 1708; accompanied his regiment to America, 1710; took part in the capture of Port Royal. Became lieutenant-colonel of Philipps's regiment, and a member of the Council of Nova Scotia. Lieutenant-governor of Annapolis, 1740, and administrator of the government of the province until the arrival of Governor Cornwallis, 1749. Defended Annapolis against Du Vivier, 1744. Retired from active service on account of advancing age; gazetted major-general. Lived in Boston until his death. Bib.: Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia. See also Acadians, Expulsion of the.

Mascouten Indians. An Algonquian tribe. The name means "Little prairie people." They were known to the French as Nation du feu. First mentioned by Champlain in 1616; Perrot visited their village, near Fox River, Wis., some time before 1669. They were also seen by Allouez in 1670, and by Marquette in 1673. Always a small tribe, they disappeared entirely before the end of the eighteenth century. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.

Masères, Francis (1731-1824). Born in London. Educated at Cambridge. In 1766 appointed attorney-general of Quebec, holding the position until 1769. Returned to England and was cursitor baron of the Exchequer, 1773-1824, and in 1780 became senior judge of the Sheriff's Court, London. Index: Dr Attorney-general, of Huguenot descent, conducts prosecution in Walker Case, 37; called upon to report on a system of law for the country, 41; goes to England, 56; opposed to Carleton and others on question of Canadian laws, 62; called as witness in connection with Quebec Act, 63; evidence before House of Commons, 68. Hd Supports Du Calvet, 290, 291, 305; mentioned by MacLean, 310; his opinion of Mabane, 315. Bib.: Works: Account of the Proceedings of the British and other Protestant Inhabitants of the Province of Quebec, in Order to Obtain an House of Assembly; Additional Papers Concerning the Province of Quebec; Canadian Freeholder; Collection of Commissions, etc., Relating to the Province of Quebec; Occasional Essays. For biog., see Dict. Nat. Biog.; Bradley, The Making of Canada.

Massachusetts. F Charter of, declared null and void, 264; takes lead in expedition against Quebec, 277. Bk War of 1812 unpopular in, 208.

Massé, Enemond (1574-1646). Born in France. Entered the Society of Jesus, 1596. In 1611 went to Port Royal (Annapolis); and later to Mount Desert Island, where he established a mission and built a fort. In 1613 Captain Samuel Argall (q.v.), attacked the fort, and Massé and most of the colonists were taken prisoners. In 1614 went to France; returned in 1625, and spent the remainder of his life in mission work among the Algonquians and Montagnais. Taken prisoner at Quebec in 1629, but afterwards released. Index: Ch Jesuit, 152; returns to college of La Flèche, 207; returns to Canada, 228. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France; Parkman, Old Régime; Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia.

Masson, Louis François Rodrigue (1833-1903). Born at Terrebonne. Entered Parliament in 1867 as member for Terrebonne; minister of militia and defence, 1878; president of the Council, 1880; called to the Senate, 1882; lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1884; again called to the Senate, 1890. Bib.: Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men.

Mather, Cotton (1663-1728). F On failure of Phipps's expedition, 302; on rescue of some men cast ashore on Anticosti, 304. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Matheron. L Steward of abbey of Maubec, 137.

Mathews, Peter. Mc Executed, 435; monument to, 436.

Mathews, Robert. Hd English secretary to Haldimand, 245, 305; signs order for arrest of Du Calvet, 286; sails for England with Haldimand, 309; on Mrs. Fairchild, 314; Haldimand's interest in, 331; returns to Canada as aide-de-camp to Lord Dorchester, 332; sent to Detroit as lieutenant-governor, 332; receives bequest from Haldimand, 342.

Maubec, Abbey of. L Revenues of, assigned to bishopric of Quebec, 131, 132, 136, 137.

Maupassant. F Récollet father, Frontenac's confessor, 165.

Maurelle, Francisco Antonio. Sailed to the North-West Coast with Quadra in 1775, and again in 1779. Embodied the results of the explorations in several charts of the coast with explanatory text, which were published in Mexico and also in London. His journal of the 1775 expedition published in Barrington's Miscellany, 1781. Commanded the Princessa, 1781-1782, on a voyage from Manilla to San Bias. Index: D On North-West Coast, 15. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names; Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast.

Maxwell, Colonel. W Sent to frontier with troops in 1839, 135.

May, Sir Humphrey (1573-1630). Born in England. Educated at Oxford. In 1604 groom of the King's privy chamber; in 1618 surveyor of the Court of Wards, and chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster; and in 1625 privy councillor; in 1629 one of the commissioners appointed to negotiate a settlement in North American affairs between England and France. Index: Ch English commissioner in matter of Canada, 214. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

May, Sir Thomas Erskine. See Farnborough.

Meade, George Gordon (1815-1872). In 1865-1866 commanded the military division of the Atlantic, during which period prevented the Fenians from making Eastport, Maine, the base of operations against New Brunswick. Index: T Sent to check Fenians, 107. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Meares, John (1756-1809). Born in England. Entered the navy, 1776, and served against the French until 1783. Entered the merchant service, 1783, and explored the coast of Alaska, 1786. Explored and surveyed the north-west coast of America, 1789. Index: D Winters 1786-1787 in Prince William Sound, 22; half his crew die of scurvy, 22; voyage of 1788, and his connection with "Nootka Affair," 26; at Canton, 1788, 27; expedition to North-West Coast, 27; at Nootka, 27; purchases land from Maquinna for fur-trading post, 27; builds North-West America, at Nootka,—first ship launched in what is now British Columbia, 28; explores coast southwards, 28; enters and examines Strait of Juan de Fuca, and takes possession for Great Britain, 28; sails for China, 28. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Medley, John (1804-1892). Born in London, England. Graduated at Oxford, 1826; ordained priest, 1829; vicar of St. John's, Truro, 1831; of St. Thomas, Exeter, 1838, and prebendary of Exeter cathedral, 1842. Elected first bishop of Fredericton, New Brunswick, 1845; metropolitan of Canada, 1879. Bib.: Mockridge, The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland; Dent, Can. Por.

Meech, Lieutenant. WM Makes reconnaissance of Island of Orleans, 92.

Meilleur, Jean Baptiste (1795-1878). Born in St. Laurent, near Montreal. Educated at the College of St. Sulpice, Montreal; studied law, and, later, medicine. Elected to the Assembly, 1834, and appointed superintendent of public instruction by Sir Charles Bagot, 1842. Held this position for fifteen years, during which time forty-five educational institutions were established. In 1862 appointed postmaster of Montreal. One of the founders of the College of L'Assomption. Index: BL Appointed superintendent of public instruction by Bagot, 115. Bib.: Bibaud, Dict. Hist. and Pan. Can.

Melbourne, William Lamb, second Viscount (1779-1848). Born in London, England. Educated at Eton, Cambridge, and Glasgow. Entered Parliament, 1805; Irish secretary under Canning, 1827, and under Wellington, 1828; and in 1830-1834 home secretary under Grey; for a few months in 1834, prime minister. In 1835 again became prime minister and retained office for six years; from 1837 to 1841 acted as adviser to the young Queen Victoria. Index: Sy Becomes prime minister, 45; dismissed by the king, 45; recalled to power, 46; weakness of his government, 47; his estimate of Poulett Thomson, 6; resigns, 56; returns to office, 57; Cabinet reorganized, 57. W Negotiations re New Brunswick crown lands, 37. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Letters of Queen Victoria.

Melville, Henry Dundas, first Viscount (1742-1811). Sat for Midlothian, 1774-1790, and for Edinburgh, 1790-1802; home secretary, 1791-1794; secretary of war, 1794-1801; first lord of admiralty, 1804-1805. Index: S Secretary of state, thought Simcoe's educational schemes premature, 169. Dr Colonial secretary, disapproves of Dorchester's speech to Miami Indians, 283. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Melville, Henry Dundas, third Viscount (1801-1876). Served through Rebellion of 1837. General, 1868. Index: Mc Defends Windmill Point, 443; accepts Van Schoultz's surrender, 444. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Membertou, Henry (1510?-1611). Micmac sagamore; became a convert to Christianity in extreme old age. In 1604 De Monts and his band of colonists landed in Acadia, and the chief received them hospitably. Assisted the French against hostile Indians, and in 1607 with a force of Micmacs defeated the Armouchiquois Indians. In 1610 baptized, with his family and other Indians; and was counted a zealous son of the church. Is reputed to have been over a hundred years of age at his death. Index: Ch Aged Indian who claimed to have known Jacques Cartier, 36. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Membré, Zenobius (1645-1687). Born in France. The first novice in the Récollet province of St. Anthony. In 1675 came to Canada; in 1679 a member of La Salle's expedition to the West; and in 1682 accompanied La Salle on his voyage down the Mississippi. In 1684 again associated with La Salle on his second expedition to the mouth of the Mississippi. Killed at Fort St. Louis, in an Indian attack. Index: L Récollet missionary, 149, 150. Bib.: Parkman, La Salle.

Menneval, Robineau de. Governor of Acadia in 1689, with headquarters at Port Royal. In 1690 Port Royal was attacked by the English, and after vainly attempting to defend it, captured and sent as prisoner to England. Index: F Governor of Acadia, 272; surrenders to Phipps, 274; carried prisoner to Boston, 276; released, 277. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France; Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia.

Mercier, Honoré (1840-1894). Born at Ste. Athanase, Quebec. Educated at the Jesuit College, Montreal. In 1865 called to the Quebec bar; and in 1872 elected to the Dominion Parliament for Rouville. In 1879 appointed solicitor-general in the Quebec provincial Assembly; and in 1883 elected member for St. Hyacinthe, and liberal leader in the House. In 1887 premier of Quebec and held office until Dec. 15, 1891, when the ministry was dismissed because of the Baie de Chaleur Railway scandal. Introduced the Jesuits' Estates Act in the Quebec Legislature. Index: C One of the founders of Le Parti National and its organ Le National, 30; eulogizes the clergy, 30. Md Heads an agitation in favour of Riel, 243; incorporates the Society of Jesus, 286; introduces and passes the Jesuits' Estates Act in Quebec Legislature, 186, 287. Bib.: Legendre, Honoré Mercier in Men of the Day; Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party.

Mercury. Newspaper of Quebec, established, 1805. Index: BL Voices sentiments of dominant faction in Lower Canada, 20. P Antagonistic attitude to French-Canadians, 28; makes merry at expense of Papineau's followers, 122-123. Bk Editor of, forced to apologize to Legislative Assembly, 93; opinions expressed in, 93, 116.

Meredith, Sir William Collis (1812-1894). Born in Dublin, Ireland. Emigrated to Canada; in 1836 called to the bar of Montreal, and in 1844 appointed Q. C. From 1849 to 1859 a judge of the Superior Court for the province of Quebec; in 1859-1866 judge of the Queen's Bench; in 1866 chief justice of the Superior Court; retired in 1884. During Lord Elgin's administration as governor-general of Canada (1847-1854), one of the judges of the Seigniorial Court. In 1886 knighted. Index: E Member of Seigniorial Court, 187.

Meredith, Sir William Ralph (1840- ). Born in the county of Middlesex, Ontario. Educated at the London District Grammar School, and at the University of Toronto. Studied law, and called to the bar, 1861. Sat in the Ontario Assembly, 1872-1894; leader of the opposition, 1878-1894. Appointed chief justice of the Common Pleas Division of the High Court of Justice, 1894. Knighted, 1896. Chancellor of the University of Toronto. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Merritt, William Hamilton (1793-1862). Born in Westchester County, New York. Came to Canada with his parents, 1796. Served during the war of 1812-1814; took part in the capture of Detroit and the battles of Queenston Heights, Stony Creek, and Lundy's Lane. The principal promoter of the Welland Canal, opened in 1830. In 1832 elected to the Legislative Assembly; and in 1845 projected the Niagara Falls suspension bridge. In 1848 president of the Council in the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration; in 1850 commissioner of public works; and in 1860 member of the Legislative Council. Index: Bk Commands troop of cavalry at Queenston Heights, 310. E Elected in 1848, 50; Welland Canal due to his enterprise, 97; a member of the La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 97. Mc President of Welland Canal, 265; sues Mackenzie for libel, 265. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Merritt, Hon. W. H. Merritt.

Mesnard, Father. L Death of, 11.

Mesnu, Peuvret de. L Clerk of the Sovereign Council, 158, 167.

Mesplet, Fleury. Hd Publisher of first books printed in Canada, 276; founder of Montreal Gazette, 276; publishes scurrilous sheet in French, and is arrested, 277. S Prints Simcoe's first proclamation, 80, 173.

Metaberoutin. See St. Maurice River.

Metcalfe, Charles Theophilus, Baron (1785-1846). Born in Calcutta, India. Educated at Eton. Resident of Delhi, 1811-1820; in 1820-1827 resident of Hyderabad; and member of the Supreme Council of India, 1827. Provisional governor-general, 1835-1836; and lieutenant-governor of the North-West Provinces, 1836-1838; governor of Jamaica, 1839-1842. In 1843 appointed governor-general of Canada, and held the position until 1845. Index: Sy Did not believe that Sydenham was really in favour of responsible government, 312; his reactionary policy, 313. C On the union of 1841, 14-15; his high-handedness, 17; his political schemes, 18; constitutional battle with La Fontaine as to meaning of ministerial responsibility, 97. R Ryerson's defence of, 126, 129-130, 163; opposition to, 126-131; confers with Ryerson on popular education, 163. B Reasons for his selection as governor, 18-19; Hincks on, 18-19; rupture with his advisers, 19; his character and attitude towards responsible government, 19-20, 23, 24; defended by Ryerson, 22; wins elections, 26; leaves Canada, 27; his death, 27; Brown refuses to drink his health, 27-28. H His narrow views and arbitrary conduct, delays full development of responsible government, 55. BL The great political controversy during his administration, x; on responsible government, 138; his arrival in Kingston, reception, and appearance, 155; his character and views on representative government, 156-166; his birth, 158; difficulties of his position, 166-168; relations with Baldwin and La Fontaine, 169-176; 199-214; defended by Daly and MacNab, 214-215; forms provisional government, 216; defended by Wakefield, 219, 220; agitation of the Reform Association, 221-223; attacked by the Globe, 224, 225; public addresses, 226-228; supported by Stanley, the colonial secretary, in his quarrel with the Reformers, 230-234; and by Lord John Russell, Peel, and Buller, 234-235; attempts to form a Cabinet, 235-236; defended by Ryerson, 240-242; Sullivan's reply, 243-244; Ryerson's rejoinder, 245-246; forms Cabinet, 246-247; uses personal influence in elections, 1844, 249-250; wins the election, 250; elevation to peerage, 256-257; his recall, 263, 265; his illness and death, 265; succeeded by Cathcart, 265; his mistaken policy, 272, 274, 285; refuses La Fontaine's request for amnesty, 288, 291; and Baldwin's University Bill, 293; and the Indemnification Bill, 308; La Fontaine's reference to, in his farewell speech, 356. E Succeeds Bagot as governor-general, 32; his defects as governor, 32, 33, 39; comes into conflict with La Fontaine and Baldwin, 33-34; his views on patronage, 34-35; attempts to form a ministry, 35-36, 66, 119; and Ryerson, 36, 90; Kaye's views on, 36; raised to peerage, 37; his death, 37; Macaulay on, 37-38; Hincks on, 38; succeeded by Cathcart, 38; and the Rebellion Losses question, 64; rebels allowed to return from exile, 91. Md Succeeds Sir Charles Bagot as governor-general of Canada, 18; previous appointments, 18; disagrees with Baldwin and La Fontaine on question of patronage, 18, 19; difficulty in forming administration, 19; his high-handed policy, 20; carries on government with three ministers, 20; his administration sustained in general election, 21; resigns, 24; leaves Canada, 24, 25. W New Brunswick House of Assembly presents address to, 74; attacked by Wilmot and Fisher, 74; addresses from St. John and county of York, 74-75; his unconstitutional attitude, 75, 76. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Kaye, Life and Correspondence of Lord Metcalfe; Ryerson, Story of my Life; Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.

Methodist Church in Canada. Can be traced back to 1772, when a party of Yorkshire Methodists settled in Nova Scotia. The first provincial Methodist Conference was held at Halifax in 1786. In 1814 the British Conference appointed missionaries to Quebec and Montreal; and in 1807 the first Methodist Conference was held at Elizabethtown (Brockville). In 1828 the Canada Conference became independent of the Methodist Episcopal Church of the United States; and in 1833 the Canada Methodist Episcopal Church united with the British Wesleyans. In 1874 the Wesleyan Methodist Conference of Canada, the Canadian Wesleyan New Connexion Conference, and the Wesleyan Conference of Eastern British America became one as the Methodist Church of Canada. The first session of the General Conference was held the same year. In 1883 the Primitive Methodist Church and the Methodist Episcopal Church also became part of the Methodist Church in Canada. Index: R History of church in Canada, 38; without civil rights, 40; independent Canadian church established, 81; English Methodism in Canada, 87; Wesleyan missionaries, 89; Canadian bodies united, 287-288. S Bishop Mountain's low opinion of Methodist preachers in Upper Canada, 159; their earnest labours, 162-164. Bib.: Sanderson, The First Century of Methodism in Canada; Ryerson, Canadian Methodism; Carman, Historical Sketch of Canadian Methodism in Canada: An Ency., vol. 2.

Methye Portage. Also known as Portage La Loche. Named after the methye or loche (Lota maculosa), which has always been abundant in neighbouring waters. This portage was an important point in the palmy days of the fur trade. It leads from the Churchill to the Clearwater, and so to the Athabaska and the immense systems of northern and western waterways that lie beyond. It was noted for its beautiful scenery, which has been described or mentioned by Mackenzie, Franklin, Back, and other northern travellers. It was first crossed by Peter Pond in 1778. The route has now been abandoned for some years, supplies for the northern posts of the Hudson's Bay Company being transported overland from Edmonton to Athabaska Landing, and thence down the Athabaska. Bib.: Burpee, Search for the Western Sea; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

Métiomègne. L Algonquian chief, joins Dollard at Long Sault, 69.

Métis. Md Or Half-breeds, view with alarm the prospect of annexation of territories to Canada, 157; their complaints as to division of lands, 240; their sympathy with Riel, 243.

Meulles, Chevalier Jacques de. Intendant of New France, 1682-1686. The son of François Meulles, seignior of the forest of Montpensier, in Poitou; held the office of grand bailiff, or magistrate, of Orleans, before coming to Canada. Married a sister of Michel Bégon, intendant of Rochefort, and father of Michel Bégon, afterwards intendant of New France. Index: F Intendant, opposed to popular representation, 69; arrival of, 171; criticizes La Barre in despatches, 173, 174; on La Barre's expedition against Senecas, 188; recalled, 207; visits Acadia, and makes census, 271. L Succeeds Duchesneau as intendant, 68; incapable and conceited, 186; the king's instructions to, 186, Bib.: Roy, Intendants de la Nouvelle-France (R. S. C., 1903); Parkman, Frontenac.

Mexico. Ch Visited and described by Champlain, 4.

Mézy, Augustin de Saffray, Chevalier de. Governor of New France from 1663 until his death in 1665. Index: F Appointed governor on Laval's recommendation, 48; quarrels with Laval, 50; death of, 50. L Governor, sides with traders on the liquor question, 10; succeeds D'Avaugour, 41; supports the bishop at first, and then quarrels with him, 51; death of, 51. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac and Old Régime.

Miami Indians. A tribe of the Algonquian family, belonging chiefly to what is now Wisconsin, where the French first came in contact with them in 1690. After 1700 many removed to Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and adjoining territory. In the colonial wars they fought indifferently on both sides. In 1812 they served under Tecumseh with the British against the Americans. Index: Dr Dorchester's speech to, 282. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.

Miami River. Rises in Hardin County, Ohio, and flowing south and south-west for about 150 miles, enters the Ohio River, twenty miles west of Cincinnati. Index: S General Wayne defeats Indians on, 139.

Michel, Jacques. Ch Huguenot, violent conduct of, towards Father Jean de Brébeuf, 201; his fate, 202.

Michigan Territory. Bk Ceded to Britain with surrender of Detroit, 255, 260.

Michilimackinac. A missionary station and fur-trading post, which stood on the straits between Lakes Huron and Michigan. The name was derived from an Algonquian tribe, the Mishinimaki, and in its original form meant "Place of the big wounded person." The name is now shortened to Mackinac. It was an important place throughout the period of French rule in Canada; and was the scene of the famous massacre of 1763, described by Alexander Henry, and by Parkman in his Conspiracy of Pontiac. Index: Bk Resort of fur traders, 53; United States fort, captured by Captain Roberts, 211. S Handed over to United States, 142. MS Migration of French to, from Detroit, 12. Hd Situation of, 145, 153; Sinclair in charge at, 158; an expensive fort to maintain, 161, 163; plan for settling Loyalists near, 259; Haldimand's determination regarding defence of, 260; surrender of, in 1796, 262. Bib.: Kelton, Annals of Fort Mackinac; Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.

Micmac Indians. An Algonquian tribe, called by the French, Souriquois. Their habitat was in Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and northern New Brunswick. Visited by Cabot in 1497; and by Corte-Real in 1501. They were for a long time bitterly hostile to the British. In 1611 they numbered about 3000; and their population in 1884 was given as 4000. Index: WM Indian tribe, enemies of the English, 16; H Howe interests himself in their welfare, 245; his report on their condition, 246. Bib.: Biard, Relation, 1616; Rand, Micmac Dictionary; Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.

Middleton, Sir Frederick Dobson (1825-1898). Born in Belfast, Ireland. Educated at Sandhurst, and entered the army, 1842. Served in India during the mutiny, 1857-1858. In 1868 stationed in Canada; and in 1884 general in command of the militia of Canada. In 1885 commanded the Canadian troops during the Riel Rebellion, and, for his services in suppressing it, knighted and received a grant of $20,000. Appointed, 1896, keeper of the crown jewels in the Tower of London. See Riel Rebellion, 1885. Index: Md Commands troops sent to quell Riel Rebellion, 242. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Denison, Soldiering in Canada.

Milan Decree. Bk Issued by Napoleon in 1808, 110; disastrous effects of, 110-111; 171, 172. Bib.: Dict. Eng. Hist.

Milbank Sound. West coast of British Columbia, north of Queen Charlotte Sound, and south of Princess Royal Island. Named in 1788 by Captain Charles Duncan, of the Princess Royal, after Vice-admiral Mark Milbanke. Index: D Natives of, attack the Atahualpa, 1805, and kill the captain, mate, and six seamen, 37. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names.

Militia and Defence. WM Militia in Canada raised by conscription and receive no pay, 30; composition of military forces, 29-30; desertions, 119. Dr French-Canadian militia called out, 86; their unwillingness to serve, 87; their good behaviour at Quebec, 111, 124, 144; lose confidence in British regulars as result of American war, 242; strongly object to being enrolled, 278, 290; Militia Bill of 1777 disliked by habitants, 186. Bk Military roads in Upper Canada, 52; military posts in Upper Canada, 53-59; militia organization in Upper and Lower Canada, 190; Brock's commendation of militia in general order, 212. S Passage of Militia Act of Upper Canada, 91. C Militia reorganized after Trent affair, and again after Confederation, 87; Cartier's interest in, 87-88, 110. E Under French régime, 177-178; Elgin's views on colonial defence, 209-210. B Government defeated on Militia Bill of 1862, 142; its terms, 142; disappointment in England over, 142; question of defence one of forces leading towards Confederation, 142, 147, 181, 182; debate in House of Lords on Canadian defence, 181, 183-184; scheme of defence, 184-185, 186; improved militia system advocated by Canada First Association, 236. Md Bill defeated for better organization of, 88; militia organized, 151.

Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873). English philosopher. Index: Sy Sydenham's acquaintance with, 13. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Miller, James Andrew (1839-1886). Born in Galt, Ontario. Called to the bar, 1863; judge of the Court of Queen's Bench for Manitoba, 1880-1882; attorney-general of Manitoba, 1882-1885; prepared, along with Oliver Mowat, the special case on the boundaries of Ontario and Manitoba for submission to the Privy Council; registrar-general of titles of Manitoba, 1885.

Miller, William. H Anti-Confederationist, changes his views, and moves resolution authorizing Nova Scotia delegates to frame Confederation scheme in London, 179; brings action against Annand for libel, 188.

Millet, Pierre (1635-1708). Born at Bourges, France. Came to Canada, 1667; sent to the Onondaga mission the following year; and in 1672 to Oneida, where he remained until 1686, labouring with characteristic devotion among his savage flock. Met Denonville at Cataraqui in 1686, and, as a result of the governor's expedition against the Iroquois, unjustly suspected by the Oneidas of being implicated. Captured by a war-party at Cataraqui, in 1689, and carried back to Oneida as a prisoner. The Oneidas threatened to kill him, but he was finally released, and adopted into the tribe. Remained at Oneida until 1694, when he returned to Quebec, where he spent his latter years. Index: F Tortured by Oneida Indians, 216. L On the Christian character of Garakontié, 73. Bib.: Campbell, Pioneer Priests of North America.

Mills, David (1831-1903). Born in the township of Orford, Kent County, Ontario. Educated at the University of Michigan. Taught school for several years; afterwards inspector of schools for Kent County until 1865. In 1867 entered the Dominion Parliament; and in 1876-1878 minister of the interior in Mackenzie administration. In 1883 called to the bar of Ontario; practised in London; and created Q. C., 1890. Appointed to the Senate, 1896; minister of justice in the Laurier administration, 1897; justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1901-1903. Index: Md On national policy, 224. Bib.: Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Morgan, Can. Men.

Milnes, Sir Robert Shore (1746-1836). Born in England. Entered the army. In 1795 governor of the island of Martinique; in 1799 appointed lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada; and during the absence of Gen. Robert Prescott acting governor; retired, 1803. Index: P His governorship marked by bitter relations between French and English in Lower Canada, 27. Bk Lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada, 34, 45; distrusted French-Canadians, 47. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Minchin, George. W Appointed to New Brunswick Council, 69.

Minto, Gilbert John Murray Kynynmond Elliot, Earl (1847- ). Educated at Eton and Cambridge, and entered the army, 1867. Served with the Turkish army, 1877; in the Afghan War, 1879; private secretary to Lord Roberts at the Cape, 1881; took part in the Egyptian campaign, 1882. Military secretary to the Marquis of Lansdowne when governor-general of Canada, 1883-1885; and in 1885 served through the Riel Rebellion as chief of staff to General Middleton. Governor-general of Canada, 1898-1904; viceroy of India, 1905-1910. Index: Md On Louis Riel, 240. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Miristou. Ch Montagnais chief, 159.

Miscou. An island on the southern side of the entrance to the Baie de Chaleur. Name probably of Indian origin. First appears in Champlain's narrative. It was the reputed home of the Gougou, a very remarkable monster, described by Champlain. Cartier sighted the island in 1534, when sailing into the Baie de Chaleur. He named Miscou Point, Cap d'Espérance. A Basque establishment is mentioned here as early as 1623; and in 1645 Nicolas Denys built a fort about the same place, having secured a concession from the Company of Miscou. Index: Ch French habitation at, seized by Kirke, 177; Jesuit mission at, 234, 235. Bib.: Ganong, Place-Nomenclature of New Brunswick (R. S. C., 1896); Denys, Acadia, ed. by Ganong; Dawson, St. Lawrence Basin.

Mississagua Indians. A tribe of Algonquian stock. They are named on Galinée's map of 1670 as occupying the north shore of Lake Huron, about the mouth of Thessalon River. Some were at the mission of Sault Ste. Marie, 1670-1673. After the great Iroquois raid of 1650, they scattered to the north country. A hundred years later, some of the tribe were found on the borders of Lake Ontario. They had been absorbed by the Iroquois in 1746. About seven hundred are now living on reservations in Ontario. Index: Hd Engage in ginseng trade, 148; lands purchased from, 265. Bib.: Chamberlain, Notes on the History, Customs and Beliefs of the Mississaguas; Pilling, Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages; Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites.

Mississagua Point. Bk At entrance to Niagara River, lighthouse, dockyard, and a fort at, 58.

Mississippi River. Rises in northern Minnesota, its chief source being Itasca Lake, and enters the Gulf of Mexico, after a course of 2550 miles. It was discovered by the Spaniards, early in the sixteenth century. De Soto explored the lower part of the river, and died on its banks in 1541. Radisson was probably the first white man to see its upper waters, in 1659. Jean Nicolet reached Wisconsin River in 1634, but did not descend it to the Mississippi. Jolliet and Marquette in 1673 reached the Mississippi, and descended as far as the mouth of the Arkansas. In 1682 La Salle descended the river from the mouth of the Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico. Its headwaters were discovered by David Thompson, of the North West Company, in 1798. Index: WM Exploration of, 19. L Exploration of, 145; La Salle reaches mouth of, 150; taken possession of, in name of king of France, 151. Hd Proposed canal route to, 77. Bib.: Lippincott's Gazetteer of the World; Parkman, La Salle; Chambers, The Mississippi River and its Wonderful Valley.

Mitchell, Peter (1824-1899). Born in Newcastle, New Brunswick. Educated at the Newcastle Grammar School; called to the bar, 1848. Engaged in the lumbering and shipbuilding trades. Elected to the Assembly, 1856; appointed to the Legislative Council, 1860. Became a member of the government, 1858. A strong advocate of Confederation. Delegate to the Charlottetown, Quebec, and Westminster Conferences. Premier of New Brunswick, 1865. Called to the Senate, 1867. Entered the government of Sir John A. Macdonald as minister of marine and fisheries, 1867. Resigned from the Senate, 1874, and elected to the House of Commons. Defeated, 1878, but again elected, 1882; defeated at general election of 1896. Appointed inspector of fisheries for Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, 1897. For some years after 1885, proprietor and editor of the Montreal Herald. Index: B Forms government in New Brunswick favourable to Confederation, 188. H Accompanies Sir John Macdonald to Halifax in 1868, 210. Md Minister of marine and fisheries in first Dominion Cabinet, 135, 138; supports route along Gulf of St. Lawrence for Intercolonial Railway, 152-153. T Delegate to Quebec in Intercolonial Railway Conference, 56; attends Quebec Conference, 77; forms ministry in New Brunswick, 104-105; delegate to England re Confederation, 140-141; in first Dominion ministry, 128, 129. Bib.: Works: Notes of a Holiday Trip; Review of President Grant's Message Relative to Canadian Fisheries. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Moberley, Walter. D Associated with Edgar Dewdney in building road from Hope to Similkameen, British Columbia, 252-253.

Moffatt, George (1787-1865). Born in England. Emigrated to Canada; and engaged in business in Montreal. Served during the War of 1812. In 1831 appointed to the Legislative Council of Lower Canada, being leader of the British party in that house and a member of the Constitutional Association. In 1841 elected for Montreal to the House of Assembly, and in 1844 re-elected, retiring 1847. President of the British American League, formed to oppose the annexation movement of 1849. Index: Sy Member of Constitutional Association, 112; delegated to promote union of provinces in Upper Canada, 112. Bib.: Taylor, Brit. Am.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Mohawk Indians. A tribe of the Iroquois confederacy. Their villages stood in the valley of the Mohawk River. From their position as the easternmost of the Iroquois tribes, they came first in contact with both the Dutch and English to the south and the French on the north. They took a leading part in most of the wars between the Iroquois and the French, as well as with other tribes. In the Revolutionary War they sided with the British; and afterwards removed to Canada, settling principally on Grand River, in the Niagara peninsula. See also Iroquois. Index: L Tracy marches against, 53. Ch (Agniers), Iroquois tribe or nation, 50. Dr Join British forces, 88; easily depressed by reverses, 99; Caughnawagas desert at St. Johns, 100. Hd Loath at first to fight against the English colonists, 148; lands allotted to, on Grand River, 258; payment made to, for land, 259; education of, 265. F Attack Hurons on Island of Orleans, 41; Courcelles leads expedition against, 52; Tracy leads a second, 53; expedition against, 331. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of American Indians; Diefendorf, The Historic Mohawk.

Mohier, Gervais. Ch Récollet, returns to France, 208.

Molson, John (1787-1860). Born in Montreal. In 1837 a member of the Special Council of Lower Canada; served during the Rebellion; in 1849 as a protest against the passing of the Rebellion Losses Bill, signed, with others, the Annexation Manifesto, and was in consequence relieved of his commission as colonel of militia and justice of the peace. In partnership with his brother William founded, in 1853, the Molsons Bank. Index: E Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Weir, Sixty Years in Canada.

Monck, Sir Charles Stanley, fourth Viscount (1819-1894). Born in Ireland. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin; and called to the Irish bar, 1841. Entered Parliament, 1852; lord of the treasury, 1855-1858. In 1861 appointed governor-general of Canada and British North America; in 1867 governor-general of the Dominion of Canada; in 1868 resigned office, after successfully inaugurating Confederation. In 1869 appointed a member of the Imperial Privy Council. Index: B Attempts to secure a ministry, 149; proposes coalition government, 151; his keen interest in the negotiations prior to Confederation, 157; writes George Brown urging him to join Cabinet, 157-158. C Enlists Taché in task of forming a Cabinet, on advice of Cartier, 68; correspondence in regard to Cartier's refusal of the C. B. decoration, 125-128. Md Governor-general of Canada, 90; induces Brown to enter coalition ministry, 121; calls on Macdonald to form a ministry, 122; impatient at delay in Confederation, 123, 124; charges Macdonald with formation of a government, 131; letter to, from Macdonald, in reference to election of 1872, 197. T Renders valuable assistance in Confederation scheme, 123; entrusts Macdonald with formation of ministry, 128. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.

Monckton, Robert (1726-1782). Born in England. Served in Flanders, 1742; sent to Nova Scotia, 1752, and appointed lieutenant-governor of Annapolis Royal, 1754. In 1755 captured several French forts; in 1759 brigadier-general, and served under Wolfe at the siege of Quebec, where he was wounded. In 1761 promoted major-general, and made governor of New York. In 1762 co-operated with Rodney in the expedition which resulted in the capture of Martinique, Grenada, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent. Index: WM Brigadier under Wolfe, character of, 74; occupies village of Beaumont, 100; commands British left in battle of Montmorency, 134, 140, 142; moves up the river with his command to join fleet, 161; at St. Nicholas, 165; Wolfe's bequest to, 175; commands British right in battle of Plains, 189; wounded, 189. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Campbell, History of Quebec; Wood, The Fight for Canada.

Mondelet, Charles Joseph Elzear (1801-1877). Born in St. Charles, Quebec. Educated at Nicolet and Montreal. In 1822 called to the bar of Lower Canada; practised at Three Rivers and Montreal. Arrested in 1828 and 1838 for political offences, but never brought to trial. In 1842 district judge for Terrebonne, L'Assomption, and Berthier; in 1844 circuit judge at Montreal; and judge of the Superior Court, 1849; appointed judge of the Seigniorial Court, 1855, and in 1858 assistant judge in Appeals, Court of Queen's Bench. Index: E Member of Seigniorial Court, 187. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Mondelet, Dominique. P Called to the Council, 72; expelled from Lower Canada Assembly, 72.

Monk, James. Dr Attorney-general, his account of state of feeling among French Canadians, 278.

Monmouth. S Battle of, Simcoe at, 26; description of, 26-29.

Monro, Lieutenant-Colonel. WM In command of Fort William Henry, 45; despatch to, from Webb, intercepted by French, 46. Bib.: Bradley, The Fight with France.

Monroe, James (1758-1831). Fifth president of the United States. Index: Bk United States representative in England, presents claims on account of Chesapeake matter, 84; United States secretary of state, purchases the John Henry letters, 187. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Monsabré, Father. L On Laval University, 99.

Monseignat. F Frontenac's secretary, 260, 297.

Montagnais Indians. A tribe of Algonquian stock. Occupied the Saguenay country in 1608, when Champlain visited Tadoussac, and acted as intermediaries between the French and the tribes of the far north. They defeated a party of Iroquois in 1610, with Champlain's assistance; but paid bitterly for their success in later years, when the warriors of the Five Nations hunted them relentlessly throughout all the region of their northern fastnesses. In 1633 the Jesuits first established missions among them, and laboured diligently for many years among this most degraded of the Algonquian tribes. They are described in modern narratives of exploration and travel in northern Quebec and Labrador. Index: Ch Induced to cultivate land near Quebec, 159; allies of the French, 162, 163; murders committed by, 164; give Champlain three young girls to be educated, 165. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France and Jesuits in North America; Pilling, Bibliography of Algonquian Languages; Comeau, Life and Sport on the North Shore of the Lower St. Lawrence and Gulf; Low, Report on Labrador (Geol. Survey, 1895).

Montagne, Perche, France. Ch Colonists from, 252.

Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley (1689-1762). WM On death of Wolfe, 239. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Montbeillard. WM Receives note from Bougainville, 162; his letter to Bougainville, 178.

Montcalm, Louis Joseph, Marquis de (1712-1759). WM Seigneur de Saint Véran, his appointment as commander-in-chief in New France, 1; his friendship with Chevalier de Lévis, 3; birth and descent of, 3; education, 4; enters the army, 4; returns to Candiac, his birthplace, 5; his marriage, 5; colonel of Auxerrois Regiment, 6; promoted to be brigadier, 7; major-general with command of troops in North America, 7; character of, 11; his expedition sails from Brest, 12; lands at Cap Tourmente, 12; greatly interested in Quebec, 15; goes to Montreal to meet Vaudreuil, 27; king's instructions made him subordinate to Vaudreuil, 28; places troops of Fort Carillon under charge of Lévis, 32; goes to Fort Frontenac, 34; captures Oswego, 34; erects a cross in commemoration of the event, 35; calls a general assembly of the Indian warriors, 40-42; vainly endeavours to arrest massacre at Fort William Henry, 50; destroys the fort, 51; reports to home government destitute condition of country and army, 53; his victory at Fort Carillon, 54-61; erects cross with Latin inscription, 61; inveterate hatred between him and Vaudreuil, 62; returning to Quebec, finds nothing in readiness, 79; summons meeting of naval men, 80; speaks of Vaudreuil as playing the general, 83; promoted to rank of lieutenant-general, 84; sarcastic entries in his journal, 87; makes manor of De Salaberry at Beauport his headquarters, 94; his military prudence, 96; little confidence in fireships, 98; prepares for an attack on Beauport side, 104; consults Lévis as to concentration of their forces, 106; not anxious to dislodge British from left bank of Montmorency, 119; gains battle at the Montmorency River, 138-141; accuses English of scalping, 150; despondent, 151; letter to Bourlamaque, 157; rearranges his forces, 159; thought cliff above Quebec inaccessible, 160; writes to Lévis expressing desire to have him near, 165; despondent but determined to hold out, 173; completely deceived by feint made by British at Beauport, 174; his anxiety respecting boats bringing provisions, 175; learns that the British have gained the heights, 187, 188; sends forward troops and immediately follows, 188; orders all remaining troops forward, 190; disregards Vaudreuil's request not to precipitate engagement, 193; his action severely criticized, 193, 194; encourages his troops, 196; mortally wounded, 201; consulted by Vaudreuil as to best course to pursue, 212; carried into house of Dr. Arnoux, 218; his message to Townshend, 219; death and burial, 220, 221; forgotten in France, remembered and honoured in Canada, 239. P Causes of his defeat at Quebec, 143. Hd At Carillon, 18; unable to take advantage of victory there, 22; destroys fort at Oswego, 25; a forged letter of, 49; his memory green with Canadians, 122; referred to in D'Estaing's appeal, 123. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, The Fight for Canada; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley, The Fight with France; Bonnechose, Montcalm et le Canada Français; Casgrain, Montcalm et Lévis; Martin, Le Marquis de Montcalm; Guérin, Montcalm; Manuscrits de Lévis, ed. by Casgrain, vols. 6 and 7.

Monteagle, Thomas Spring-Rice, Baron (1790-1866). British statesman. Index: Sy Chancellor of the Exchequer, 55, 56; elevated to the peerage as Lord Monteagle, 57. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Montgomery, John. W Becomes member of New Brunswick government, 72. T Surveyor-general, 41.

Montgomery, John (1783-1879). Born in Gagetown, New Brunswick. Accompanied his father to York about 1799, where he settled. Served with the York Volunteers during the War of 1812-1814. An active supporter of the Reform party in Upper Canada. At outbreak of Rebellion of 1837 was a boarder at the tavern, of which he was owner, on Yonge Street, Toronto. Charged with treason and arrested; imprisoned at Fort Henry, but escaped to the United States. After the passing of the Amnesty Act, returned to Canada and appointed postmaster at Davidtown. Index: Mc Banished, 437; escapes from Fort Henry, 437; president of Association of Canadian Refugees, 448. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.

Montgomery, Richard (1736-1775). Born in Ireland. Entered the British army, 1754, and in 1757 stationed at Halifax, Nova Scotia; served under Wolfe at the siege of Louisbourg, and in 1759 in command of the force that captured the French forts on Lake Champlain; in 1760 took part in the campaign against Montreal; in 1775 joined the American revolutionists; made brigadier-general, and in command of expedition to Canada; after reducing the fortresses of St. Johns and Chambly, and capturing Montreal, laid siege to Quebec, and on a final and unsuccessful attack on Dec. 31, 1775, mortally wounded. Index: Dr Commands American force on Lake Champlain, 96; his previous service in British army, 97; captures fort at St. Johns, 102; greatly assisted by boats captured from Carleton, 114; describes difficulty of taking Quebec, 115; joins Arnold at Pointe-aux-Trembles, 116; his summons and warning to Carleton, 118; despondent, 123; attacks Quebec, 125; his death, 126; his body recovered from snow and buried, 132. Hd Captures Montreal, 111; death of, 112; inhabitants neutral during attack of, 127. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Bradley, The Making of Canada; Lucas, History of Canada; Smith, Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony; Jones, The Campaign for the Conquest of Canada in 1776.

Montigny, Abbé de. L Title borne by Laval in his youth, 7, 19.

Montigny-sur-Avre. L Birthplace of Laval, 17.

Montmagny, Charles Jacques Hualt de. Came to Canada as governor, 1636. Strongly opposed the settlement at Montreal, 1641-1642, but finding Maisonneuve determined, accompanied him from Quebec, and gave his official countenance to the founding of the new town; in 1642 built a fort at the mouth of the Richelieu, where Sorel now stands, to check the inroads of the Iroquois; three years later arranged a treaty of peace with these troublesome neighbours; returned to France in 1648; and died there shortly afterwards. Index: Ch Restored Fort St. Louis, and named it Château St. Louis, 158. F Second governor of Canada, 27; retirement of, 35. L His pious administration, 8. Bib.: Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites; Parkman, Jesuits in North America; Charlevoix, History of New France.

Montmorency. Seven miles below Quebec. Index: WM British establish themselves on left bank of river, 112; unsuccessful attack by British on French position, 135-141; British loss in battle at, 142; French loss, 143; victory raises morale of French army, 145; the British evacuate their position, 158.

Montmorency Family. L Great distinction of, 16; motto of, 18. See also Laval.

Montmorency, Henri, Duc de (1595-1632). In 1620 purchased the viceroyalty of New France from the Comte de Soissons, his brother-in-law, and retained Champlain as his lieutenant; in 1624 conveyed his rights as viceroy to Henri de Levi, Duc de Ventadour; served at the sieges of Montaubon and Montpellier, and in 1625 captured the islands of Ré and Oleron. Having taken part in the rebellion of Gaston of Orleans against Louis XIII in 1632, was arrested and executed. Index: Ch Becomes viceroy of New France, 129; his administration causes dissatisfaction, 130; his letter to Champlain, 130; resigns position of viceroy, 151; executed for treason, 215. F Becomes lieutenant for Canada, 17; executed for revolt, 22. L Executed, 18. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France; Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Montmorency, Mathieu. L Ancestor of Laval, 17.

Montmorency House. Below Quebec. Index: Hd Residence of Haldimand, 301; occupied later by Prince William Henry and the Duke of Kent, 345.

Montpensier, Mlle. de. F Mme. Frontenac's relations with, 63.

Montreal. Founded May 17, 1642, by Chomedy de Maisonneuve. Champlain had selected the site thirty-one years before, as adapted to a settlement. With Maisonneuve, at the historic ceremony which gave birth to the future city of Canada, were Montmagny, governor of Quebec, Vimont, superior of the Jesuits, Madame de la Peltrie, and Mademoiselle Mance. Several years later another heroic woman, Marguerite Bourgeoys, joined the builders of the infant town. In 1653 colonization began in earnest, and in 1667 Montreal counted a population of 766. Its later history has been largely one of material progress. Index: Hd Lévis at, 34; Amherst prepares to capture, 36, 37; surrender of, 38; Haldimand takes possession of, 39; Gage at, 40; under martial law, 41; Haldimand improves roads to, 45, 46; change of command at, 53; enlistment of French-Canadians in, 55-56; difficulties of government, 60; Tryon at, 91; surrenders to rebels, 111; trade with upper lakes, 124, 140; rebel spies in, 130, 274, 278; Sulpician priests deported from, 181; Haldimand visits, 186; rebel prisoners at, 187, 250; census taken, 190; postal service in, 193; its people present loyal addresses, 225; schools of, 233, 235, 236; North West Company formed at, 261; Indians in, 266; first printing press in, 276; the Riedesels at, 300; MacLean at, 306; old burying-ground in, 345. T Transaction connected with its bonds causes defeat of Taché government, 69. L Church erected at, 84; foundation stone laid by De Courcelles, 88; completion of edifice, 89; description of, 89. F Hôtel Dieu established by Mlle. Mance, 29; beginnings of, 33; settlement in danger of extinction, 38; population in 1666, 56; Frontenac's arrival at, on his way to Cataraqui, 76; description of, 77; expedition from Albany against, 268; great rejoicings at, on arrival of trading canoes from the lakes, 324. E Public reception to Elgin, 41; riots at, in opposition to Rebellion Losses Bill, 73-74, 77, 78, 79; ceases to be seat of government, 78; Elgin's reference to, in his farewell address, 204. B Election methods in 1844, 25. Dr British residents of, dissatisfied with Quebec Act, 79; king's bust at, disfigured, 82; British at, with few exceptions, refuse to serve against Americans, 88; gaiety in, during winter of 1776-1777, 162. BL Sir Charles Bagot's public reception there, 118; Sydenham's gerrymander, 146; original boundaries restored, 146; aspires to be chosen as capital, 181; its population, etc., in 1843, 181; Dr. Taché on, 181; opposition in Upper Canada to its selection as capital, 182-183; resolution carried recommending it for capital, 182-183; MacNab's and Draper's opposition, 183; gerrymandered by government, 1844, and elects two supporters of government, 252; becomes capital, 254; address of welcome to Elgin, 275; returns La Fontaine in elections of 1848, 279; riots in, over Rebellion Losses Bill, 305, 322-325. Sy Charter of, reëstablished, 255; change in electoral limits of, 285; two members assigned to, 285. Bk Description and early history of, 99, 100; centre of fur trade, 100. Md Ceases to be seat of government after the riots, 28, 29; issues Annexation Manifesto in 1849, 39, 40. S The entrepôt between Britain and Upper Canada, 109. C Cartier warns people of the importance to city's welfare of means of transportation, 47; urged as terminus of Canadian Pacific Railway, 52. See also Ville Marie; Mount Royal. Bib.: Dollier de Casson, Histoire du Montreal, 1640-1672; Morin, Le vieux Montreal; McLennan, Anciens Montrealais ("Canada Français," vol. 3); Bosworth, Hochelaga Depicta; Sandham, Ville-Marie; Warburton, Hochelaga; Leblond de Brumath, Histoire Populaire de Montreal; Lighthall, Montreal after Two Hundred and Fifty Years; McLennan, Montreal, 1642-1842, and Dawson, Montreal, 1842-1892 in the Semi-centennial Report of the Montreal Board of Trade. See also under Maisonneuve; Jean-Jacques Olier; Marguerite Bourgeoys; Mademoiselle Mance; Jeanne Le Ber; Madame d'Youville; and in publications of the Soc. Hist. de Montreal, Quebec Literary and Historical Society, and Royal Society of Canada. Contemporary descriptions are found in narratives of Kalm, Lambert, and Landmann.

Montreal, Island of. Dr Limit of French settlement, 8; governorship of, abolished, 21. L Consecrated to the Virgin Mary, 8, 85; granted to the Sulpicians, 108.

Montreal Company. Founded at Montreal, 1784, in opposition to the North West Company. Two Montreal merchants, John Gregory and Alexander Norman McLeod, formed a partnership with Peter Pond and Peter Pangman, western fur traders. Alexander Mackenzie joined the Company, and much of its success was due to his energy and resourcefulness. His cousin, Roderick Mackenzie, was also in its service. Keen rivalry resulted between the two companies, finally culminating in a tragedy; in the Athabaska department, Pond, who had deserted to the North West Company, quarrelled with his rival, Ross, and in the scuffle Ross was fatally shot. This serious news being brought down to the headquarters at Grand Portage, a conference was held, resulting in the union of the Companies in 1788. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Willson, The Great Company. See also North West Company; X Y Company.

Montresor. Dr His survey of route through Maine, 106.

Montreuil, Chevalier de. Served during the French campaigns in America from 1754 to 1758 as adjutant-general, and during the siege of Quebec in 1759 took part in the battle of the Plains and the battle of Ste. Foy, with the rank of major-general. Index: WM Advances Guienne regiment to meet British, 188; his views in council of war, 195. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec.

Monts, Pierre du Guast, Comte de (1560-1611). In 1603 became head of the Company formed by Champlain to plant colonies in New France, and to which a monopoly of the fur trade had been granted by the king. Had made the voyage to Tadoussac with Pont-Gravé in 1603, and had conceived no very high opinion of the St. Lawrence as a field for colonization; it was therefore decided to direct the operations of the Company to Acadia. In 1604, with Champlain, sailed to Acadia, explored the Bay of Fundy, and discovered Annapolis Basin and the St. John River; settlements were established at Ste. Croix Island and Port Royal; in 1606 returned to France; and the following year sent Champlain and Pont-Gravé on an expedition to the St. Lawrence. Index: F Ten years trading patent, with position of lieutenant-general granted to, 5; conducts expedition to Acadia, 6; patent cancelled but renewed for one year, 7; sails for Quebec, 8; resigns lieutenancy, 12. Ch Commissioned as lieutenant-general in Acadia, 17; forms Company and obtains ten years' privilege of exclusive trading, 18; is joined by Champlain, 19; occupies Ste. Croix Island, 21; decides to abandon it, 25; transfers post to Port Royal, 31; returns to France, 32; obtains monopoly of fur trade for one year and sends Champlain to Quebec as his lieutenant, 39; encouraged by Champlain's report, decides to extend operations, 56; his commission not renewed, 56; serious loss incurred by, 64; present at Champlain's marriage, 66; his Company dissolved, 71; applies to the king (Louis XIII) for assistance, but without success, 71; signs agreement on behalf of Company, 127; his Company abolished, 132. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France. See also Champlain.

Moodie, Colonel. Mc Shot at Montgomery's hotel, 365. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion; Read, Rebellion of 1837.

Moodie, Susanna (1803-1885). Born in England. Daughter of Thomas Strickland, and sister of Agnes Strickland and Katherine Parr Traill. In 1832 emigrated to Canada with her husband, John Wedderbar Dunbar Moodie, and settled in the forest near the present city of Peterborough. In 1839 her home was in Belleville, and later in Toronto. Published numerous works of fiction and poetry. Bib.: Works: Roughing it in the Bush; Life in the Clearings. For full list of her writings, see Morgan, Bib. Can. For biog., see McMurchy, Canadian Literature.

Moody, Richard Clement (1813-1887). Born in the Barbados, West Indies. Entered Woolwich Military Academy, 1827; first lieutenant, 1835; and professor of fortifications, 1838. In 1841 governor of the Falkland Islands; promoted lieutenant-colonel, 1858; appointed chief commissioner of lands and works in British Columbia, 1858. Founded New Westminster, the former capital, and built a number of roads and other public works. In 1863 returned to England. Promoted major-general, 1866. Index: D In charge of lands and works in British Columbia, 1858, 235-237; arrives, 246-247; reports in favour of site of New Westminster as capital of British Columbia, 247; proposes Queensborough as name of capital, 247; returns to England, 1863, 254. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Begg, History of British Columbia.

Moravian Indians. Hd Massacre of, by Americans after conclusion of peace, 171.

Moreau, M. Ch On the settlement at Ste. Croix, 25. Bib.: Histoire de l'Acadie Française, 1598-1755.

Morel. Ch Captain of vessel in which Champlain returned to Canada in 1617, 112.

Morel, Thomas. Arrived at Quebec in August, 1661; appointed first curé of Château Richer and attached as mission priest to the Seminary at Quebec; spent several years in missionary work among the Indian tribes. Index: L Director of Seminary, 55; chaplain of Beaupré, 101; arrested, 163; released, 164; death of, 219.

Morel de la Durantaye, Olivier (1641-1717). Born at Notre-Dame de Gaure, in the diocese of Nantes. Entered the army, and obtained a lieutenancy in the regiment of Chambellé, afterwards being promoted to the rank of captain in the regiment of Carignan; came to Canada, 1665, and was with La Motte the following year at Fort Ste. Anne; sailed for France, and returned in 1670; granted the seigniory of Bellechasse, and that of La Durantaye; served as an officer of the garrison at Quebec; and took part in the expeditions against the Iroquois in 1684 and 1687, and again in 1696; named a member of the Superior Council in 1701, and granted a pension of six hundred francs. Index: F Post commander, ordered to rendezvous at Niagara, 181; captures English canoes on the way, 210; reports critical situation among lake tribes, 240; reinforced, 241. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime.

Morgan, Daniel (1736?-1802). Served in the Indian and French wars. Took the colonial side in the Revolution; marched with Arnold to Quebec; captured in an assault on one of the batteries, 1776, and released on parole. Subsequently served under Washington against Burgoyne, and defeated Tarleton at Cowpens. Index: Dr Leader of Virginia Mountaineers in attack on Quebec, 128. Bib.: Graham, Life of Daniel Morgan; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Morgan, Maurice. Dr Sent to Canada to study legal situation, 43, 51; returns to England, 56; Carleton's private secretary, 203.

Morin. L Describes church at Montreal, 89.

Morin, Augustin Norbert (1803-1865). Born in St. Michel, Quebec. Educated at the Seminary of Quebec, and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1828. Elected to the Assembly, 1830; commissioner of crown lands in the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 1842-1843; Speaker of the House, 1848. In 1851 joined Francis Hincks in forming an administration, Hincks being premier, and Morin provincial secretary until 1853; commissioner of crown lands, 1853. Appointed judge of the Superior Court of Lower Canada, 1855; a commissioner for codifying the laws of Lower Canada, 1859. Index: BL On the union, 57; meets Hincks, 63; his letters to Hincks, 79; member for Nicolet, relations with Reform party in Upper Canada, 79; supports Cavillier for Speaker, 1841, 87; commissioner of crown lands, 134; elected for two constituencies, 1844, 252; Draper attempts to secure his support, 259; elected Speaker, 1848, 283; occupies the chair at farewell banquet to La Fontaine, 354; joint premiership with Hincks, 359. B Brown acknowledges his services in cause of responsible government, 67. C Sides against the government, 7; his standing as a statesman, 23; forms alliance with Upper Canadian Conservatives, 99-100. E Member of first La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 32; his character, 32; refuses seat in Draper government, 43; elected in 1848, 50; opposed by Papineau, 51; forms ministry with Hincks, 113; commissioner of crown lands in reconstructed ministry, 126, 127; defeated in Terrebonne, 1854, 133; his conservative influence in Lower Canada, 138; forms coalition government with MacNab, 140, 141; favours secularization of Clergy Reserves, 166-167; member of Seigniorial Court, 187; his services as a statesman, 236. Sy His letter to Hincks, 294. P Joins Papineau's party, 78; drafts "Ninety-Two Resolutions," 85; supports Papineau in his violent attitude towards government, 86; at meeting of Constitutional Committee, 1834, 88; in the Assembly, 100-109; his articles in La Minerve, 101. Md Forms administration with Hincks, 47; their administration defeated on a technicality, 47; accepts, in 1855, a seat on the bench, 74. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Last Forty Years; Hincks, Reminiscences.

Mornay, Louis-François Duplessis de. Bishop of Quebec, 1727-1733. Consecrated at Paris, 1714, as coadjutor to the bishop of Quebec, but never came to America. Index: L Appointed bishop of Quebec, 12.

Morris, Colonel. Dr Presided over department of Loyalist claims, 202.

Morris, Alexander (1826-1889). Born at Perth, Upper Canada. Educated at the University of Glasgow and McGill University; studied law and called to the bar of both Upper and Lower Canada, 1851. Entered public life in 1861 as member for South Lanark; minister of inland revenue, 1869-1872; appointed chief justice of the Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba, 1872; and the same year lieutenant-governor of Manitoba and the North-West Territories; returned to Ontario, 1877, and sat in the Ontario Legislature for East Toronto from 1878 to 1886. Index: B Member for South Lanark, advocates Confederation in a pamphlet, Nova Britannia, 129; conference with George Brown on Confederation, 152, 154. Bib.: Works: Nova Britannia; Canada and Her Resources; Treaties of Canada. For biog., see Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years.

Morris, Charles. Born in England. Under the direction of Governor Shirley of Massachusetts made a survey of the whole of Nova Scotia. In command of a company during the action at Grand Pré. Assisted in laying out the city of Halifax. Member of the Council of Nova Scotia, 1775; surveyor-general; acting judge of the Supreme Court. Died, 1781. Bib.: Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.

Morris, James (1798-1865). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada as a child with his parents; in business at Brockville with his brothers, William and Alexander. Member for Leeds County in the Upper Canada Assembly, 1837; a commissioner for the improvement of navigation of the St. Lawrence, 1838; and member of the United Canada Parliament, 1841. In 1844 appointed to the Legislative Council; in 1851 to the Executive Council, and postmaster-general; in 1853-1854 Speaker of the Legislative Assembly; in 1858 member of the Executive Council and Speaker of the Legislative Council; in 1862-1863 receiver-general. Index: E Postmaster-general in Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; president of Legislative Council in reconstructed government, 1853, 126. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Morris, William (1786-1858). Born in Scotland. Emigrated with his parents to Canada in 1801, and engaged in business in Montreal; served in the militia in the War of 1812, and in 1816 settled in Perth. Member for Lanark in the Upper Canada Assembly, 1820-1836, when he was appointed to the Legislative Council; in 1837-1838 served as colonel of the militia during the Rebellion; in 1844 appointed receiver-general; and in 1846-1848 president of the Executive Council. Index: Sy Claims share of Clergy Reserves for Church of Scotland, 239. BL Member of Legislative Council, 1841, 83; previous career, 83; protests against removal of capital to Montreal, 183-184; receiver-general, 247. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years.

Morrison, Joseph Curran (1816-1885). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada with his father. In 1839 called to the bar of Upper Canada; in 1843-1847 deputy clerk of the Executive Council of Canada; in 1847 elected for West York to the Assembly; solicitor-general in the Hincks-Morin ministry, 1853-1854; a member of the Executive Council, 1856; and the same year receiver-general in the Taché-Macdonald administration. Registrar of Toronto, 1859; solicitor-general in the Cartier-Macdonald ministry, 1860. Puisne judge of the Court of Common Pleas, 1862; judge in the Court of Queen's Bench, 1863; judge of the Court of Appeal, 1877, which position he filled until his death. Index: E Solicitor-general, West, in Hincks-Morin ministry, 1853, 126. B His connection with the contempt of court case against George Brown, 249-254; solicitor-general under Hincks, and a colleague of John A. Macdonald, 250. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Read, Lives of the Judges.

Morrison, Thomas David. Mc Defends Joseph Hume, 263; aids Mackenzie's petition, 310; aids Lower Canada, 330; refuses to sign "Declaration of Independence," 331; at Doel's brewery, 346; his conduct explained, 350; joins Rebellion movement, 357. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.

Morse, Colonel. S Recommends union of British North American provinces, 4.

Moss, Sir Charles (1840- ). Born in Cobourg, Ontario. Studied law and called to the bar of Ontario, 1869. Lecturer and examiner to the Law Society, 1872-1879; bencher, 1880; Q. C., 1881; vice-chancellor of the University of Toronto, 1900-1906; judge of the Court of Appeal, 1897; chief justice of Ontario, 1902. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Moss, Thomas (1836-1881). Born in Cobourg, Ontario. Educated at Gale's Institute, Upper Canada College, Toronto, and at the University of Toronto; graduated with triple first-class honours and gold medals in classics, mathematics, and modern languages. Studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1861. For a time lecturer in equity at Osgoode Hall, and registrar of the University of Toronto. Bencher of the Law Society, 1871; Q. C., 1872; member of the Law Reform Commission, 1875. Sat in the House of Commons for West Toronto, 1873-1875. Appointed judge of the Court of Appeal, 1875; chief justice of Ontario, 1877. Vice-chancellor of the University of Toronto, 1874. Died in Nice, France. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Read, Lives of the Judges.

Motin. Ch Author of an ode to Champlain, 72.

Mouet de Moras de Langlade, Charles de (1729-1800). WM With band of Indians crosses Montmorency, and attacks English, 112, 113. Bib.: Morice, Dict. des Canadiens de l'Ouest.

Mounier. Dr One of protesting members of Council under Carleton, 34.

Mount Allison College. Located at Sackville, New Brunswick. In 1858 an Act of the New Brunswick Legislature authorized the trustees of the Mount Allison Wesleyan College to establish a degree-conferring institution at Sackville, under the name of the Mount Allison Wesleyan College. Work regularly organized, 1862. Corporate name changed to University of Mount Allison College, 1886.

Mount Royal. L Cross planted on summit, by Maisonneuve, 91.

Mount-Stephen, George Stephen, first Baron (1829- ). Born in Dufftown, Banffshire, Scotland. In 1850 came to Canada; built up a successful business in Montreal; in 1873 vice-president of the Bank of Montreal, and in 1876 president. In 1881 elected president of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and for his valuable services in promoting its construction created a baronet, 1886. Joined Lord Strathcona in 1886 in donating $1,000,000 for the erection of the Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal. In 1888 retired from the presidency of the Canadian Pacific Railway. In 1891 created a baron; and in 1905 G.C.V.O. Index: Md Director of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 236. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Who's Who.

Mountain, George Jehoshaphat (1789-1863). Born in England. Educated at Cambridge; ordained deacon, 1812, and priest, 1816. In 1814-1817 rector of Fredericton, New Brunswick; in 1817 rector of Quebec; and in 1821 archdeacon of Lower Canada. Appointed suffragan bishop of Montreal, 1836, as coadjutor to Dr. C. J. Stewart, bishop of Quebec; and in 1850 bishop of Quebec. Established Bishop's College, Lennoxville, which was incorporated as a college, 1843, and as a university, 1853. Index: R Secures incorporation of Church of England in Canada, 48. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Taylor, Brit. Am. and Last Three Bishops; Mockridge, Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.

Mountain, Jacob (1750-1825). Born in Norfolk, England. Graduated at Cambridge, 1774, and became fellow, 1779. After holding several livings, appointed castor prebendary of Lincoln cathedral, 1788. Through the friendship of William Pitt, appointed in 1793 first Anglican bishop of Quebec. During his administration the number of clergy increased from nine to sixty-one. The cathedral of Quebec erected under his auspices. Index: Dr First bishop of Quebec, 271. S Appointed bishop of Quebec, 158; visits Upper Canada, 158; made legislative and executive councillor, 160. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Mockridge, Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.

Mounted Police. See Royal North-West Mounted Police.

Moustier, Count. Dr French minister to United States, proposes to visit Canada, 247-248.

Mowat, Sir Oliver (1820-1903). Born in Kingston, Ontario. Educated there; called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1841, and practised in Kingston and Toronto. In 1857-1864 represented South Ontario in the Canada Assembly; in 1858 provincial secretary in the Brown-Dorion ministry; postmaster-general in the Macdonald-Dorion administration, 1863-1864, and in the Taché coalition government, 1864. From 1864 to 1872 vice-chancellor of Ontario. In 1872 premier and attorney-general of Ontario, and held office until 1896. In 1896 minister of justice in the Dominion Cabinet, with leadership in the Senate; and in 1897 lieutenant-governor of Ontario, a position he held until his death. Index: B Member of brief Brown ministry, 102; on committee of Anti-Slavery Society, 112; speech on Confederation, 1859, 135; George Brown's letter to, on his contemplated retirement from the leadership, 141; opposes proposal that opposition members should enter government, to further Confederation movement, 157; enters coalition government, 158; reëlected, 160; favours elective Senate, 164; his successful fight for provincial rights, 207. Md Enters Macdonald's office as a student, 6; succeeds Edward Blake as premier of Ontario, and leader of Liberal party, 252; his characteristics, 252; takes prominent part in Ontario boundary dispute, 252-258. T Enters coalition ministry, 69; attends Quebec Conference, 76. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Morgan, Can. Men; Biggar, Sir Oliver Mowat; Clarke, Sixty Years in Upper Canada.

Muir, Major. Bk Commands detachment of 41st Regiment at Brownstown and Maguaga, 237, 238-241.

Mulock, Sir William (1843- ). Born in Bond Head, Simcoe County, Ontario. Educated at the University of Toronto. In 1868 called to the bar of Ontario, and appointed an examiner and a lecturer on equity of the Law Society. In 1882 entered the Dominion Parliament; 1896-1905, postmaster-general of Canada, and through his initiative the Inter-Imperial Postal Conference adopted penny postage within the empire. Created K.C.M.G., 1902. In 1905 appointed chief-justice of the Exchequer Division of the High Court of Justice for the province of Ontario. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Municipal Government. BL Legislation under Sydenham, 100-105; bill passed, 105; Baldwin Act of 1849, 105; regulation of, 287, 292; Law Journal on the bill, 296; Shortt on, 296; municipal history, 297-298; terms of Baldwin Act, 299-300. Sy Lack of, noted in Lord Durham's Report, 92; provided for in first draft of Union Bill, 273; Sydenham's deep interest in the subject, 273-275; municipal clauses struck out of Union Bill, 275; ordinance respecting, passed by Special Council of Lower Canada, 276; and later (for Upper Canada) by Legislature, 277; Sydenham's bill providing for, in Upper Canada, 323; provisions of bill, 324; bill passed, 325. S Beginnings of, in Upper Canada, 89. Bib.: Wickett, City Government in Canada and Municipal Government in North-West Territories; Shortt, Municipal Government in Ontario; Ewart, Municipal History of Manitoba; Weir, Municipal Institutions in Quebec (Toronto Univ. Studies in Hist, and Econ.).

Munro, John. S Member of Legislative Council, 79.

Murders. Ch Committed by Indians near Quebec, 115; in colony, 209.

Murdoch, Beamish. Historian. Index: H Contributes to The Club edited by Joseph Howe in the Nova Scotian, 10; his independent stand in the Nova Scotia Assembly, 18. Bib.: History of Nova Scotia.

Murdoch, T. W. C. Sy Appointed civil secretary, 152.

Murray. R Appointed to take charge of improvement of popular education in Upper Canada, 163.

Murray. Dr One of the protesting members of Council under Carleton, 34.

Murray, Sir George (1772-1846). Born in Scotland. Educated at Edinburgh University, and entered the army, 1789. Served in Flanders, 1794; in the West Indies, 1795-1796; in Egypt, 1801; in the Baltic expedition, and in Portugal, 1808; quartermaster-general in the Peninsular War, and for his services promoted major-general, and made K.C.B., 1813. In 1814 appointed governor of Canada. Entered Parliament, 1823; commander-in-chief in Ireland, 1825-1828; colonial secretary, 1828-1830. Index: Sy Colonial secretary, 16. Bk Disapproves employment of German troops, 136. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Murray, Mrs. George. Bk Wife of Colonel (afterwards Sir George) Murray 142.

Murray, George Henry (1861- ). Born in Grand Narrows, Nova Scotia. Educated at the public schools and at Boston University; studied law and called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1883. Appointed to the Nova Scotia Legislative Council, 1899; took office in the Fielding administration, 1891; premier, 1896; sustained at general elections of 1897, 1901, and 1906. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Murray, James (1719-1794). Entered the army, 1740, and served in the West Indies, Flanders, and Brittany. In 1758 commanded a brigade at Louisbourg; and the left wing of the army at the battle of the Plains, 1759. After the surrender of Quebec, left in command, and defended the city against the French, 1760. On Oct. 27, 1760, appointed governor of Quebec, and from 1763 to 1766 governor of Canada. In 1772 lieutenant-general; in 1774 governor of Minorca; and 1783 promoted general. Index: WM Under Wolfe, character of, 74; governor of Canada, and highly esteemed by Canadians, 74; joins Holmes's fleet with four battalions, 161; commands British centre in battle of Plains, 189; takes command at Quebec, 235; issues proclamation, 236; maintains strict discipline, 237; learns of intended attack on Quebec, 250, 251; his proclamation ordering civilians to leave the city, 250; goes out to meet Lévis and occupies Ste. Foy, 252; returns to city, 253; his character described by Bernier, 254; leads army out to give battle to Lévis, 256; orders attack, 258; loses battle, 263; foresees coming trouble with British colonies, 269. Dr Administrator of Canada, 2; character of his government, 4; quells mutiny, 4; after cession (1763) appointed governor of Canada, 9; his troubles with English settlers, 9, 10, 14; wins confidence of French-Canadians, 10; appoints Council, 13; sends Cramahé to London to represent condition of affairs, 16; his recall petitioned for by certain of the English settlers, 17; defended by Canadian seigniors, 18; goes to Montreal in connection with Walker case, 21; summoned home, 23; presents report on colony, 24-28; somewhat offended at Carleton's proclamation relinquishing fees, 35; resigns governorship, 57. B Instructed to provide for support of Protestant clergy and schools, 51-52. Bk His heroic defence of Quebec, 35. P His iron rule relaxed, 8. Hd Marches on Montreal, 34, 36, 37; governor of Quebec, 41; his feelings towards French-Canadians, 42; his precautionary measures, 43; threatened friction with Haldimand, 49; his friendship for Haldimand's nephew, 49-50; made governor-general, 53; petitions against and in favour of, 60; his high regard for Haldimand, 94. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, The Fight for Canada; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley, The Fight with France and The Making of Canada; Lucas, History of Canada.

Murray, Colonel John. W Massachusetts Loyalist, 4.

Musgrave, Sir Anthony (1828-1888). Born in England. Entered the Inner Temple, London, 1851; governor of the colony of Neiro, 1860; governor of the island of St. Vincent, 1861; governor of Newfoundland, 1864-1869; governor of British Columbia, 1869; governor of Natal, 1872; governor of South Australia, 1873; governor of Jamaica, 1877; governor of Queensland, 1888. Index: Md Governor of British Columbia, succeeding Seymour, 149. D His work for Confederation, 312, 313. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Begg, History of British Columbia.

Myers, Lieutenant-Colonel. Bk In command at Fort George, 225.

Myrand, Ernest. F Author of Frontenac et Ses Amis, 229; his work, Sir William Phipps devant Québec, quoted, 293; on losses incurred in siege of Quebec, by Phipps, 302; discusses question of Frontenac's portrait, 361.

Nairne, Captain John. Hd Haldimand gives him rank of major, 294.

Napagabiscou. Ch Indian, brings news to Champlain of Kirke's arrival, 176.

Napoleon I (1769-1821). Born at Ajaccio, Corsica. First consul, 1799. Crowned Emperor, 1804. Abdicated, 1814, and retired to Elba. Escaped, raised another army, and finally defeated at Waterloo, 1815. Banished to St. Helena, where he died. Index: Bk Crowned as emperor, 71; threatens Britain, 71; battle of Austerlitz, 72; Jena and the Berlin Decrees, 81; endeavours to force on war between Britain and the United States, 98, 111; enforces Berlin Decrees, 105; dominates Europe, 106-108; his Milan Decree, 110; his reverses in Spain, 112, 113; triumphs over Austria at Wagram, 117. Bib.: Larousse, Dictionnaire Universel; Chambers, Biog. Dict., and lives mentioned in article.

Natel, Antoine. Ch Accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; reveals conspiracy against Champlain, 43; death of, 46.

Nation. Newspaper published at Toronto. Index: B Radical journal, founded after Liberal victory of 1874, 235; its programme, 236.

National Club. Social club at Toronto. Index: B Founded during Canada First movement, 235.

National Policy. B Secret of its success in 1878, 241. Md Description and history of, 217-219; political picnics used as means of placing its advantages before the country, 220-223; Macdonald on its advantages, 221-223; Blake in favour of, 224; Mills on, 224; comes into effect, 228-230; adopted by Liberal party in 1896, 262; comments on, after its operation for three years, 273. See also Macdonald, Sir John A.; Conservative Party.

Navigation, Art of. Ch Highly praised by Champlain, 7.

Navigation Acts. Sy Poulett Thomson's speech on, 17. E Their disastrous effect on Canadian development, 38-39; Legislature passes address praying for repeal of, 45; repealed in 1849, 83.

Navy Hall. S Simcoe's residence at Niagara, 99, 180; guests entertained at, 183-188, 229, 230; erected by Haldimand for accommodation of naval officers, 195; description of, 195, 196. Bk Residence of Governor Simcoe at Niagara, 57.

Naxouat. F Governor Villebon of Acadia establishes himself at, 327.

Needham, William H. T Elected for St. John, 10, 18; character, 12, 86-87; refuses to resign his seat, 24; candidate in York County, New Brunswick, 86; elected for York, 95; defeated in York, 108.

Negroes. Dr Disputed property in, at close of war, 216. See also Slavery.

Neilson, John (1776-1848). Born in Scotland. In 1790 came to Canada, and in 1797 edited the Quebec Gazette. Member of the provincial Assembly for Quebec County, 1818. In 1822 one of the delegates, with Papineau, sent to England to oppose the union of Upper and Lower Canada; and in 1830 went on a similar mission. Member of the Canadian Parliament, 1840; and Speaker of the Legislative Council, 1844. Index: Sy Proprietor of Quebec Gazette, and member of Special Council of Lower Canada, his opposition to union, 193, 194, 211, 234, 309; opposed also to responsible government, 211; continued opposition to Union Act, 287; the real leader of the French-Canadians in 1841, 295. P Proprietor of Quebec Gazette—supports Papineau in his opposition to proposed union of Upper and Lower Canada in 1822, 46-47; sent as delegate to London, 46; persecuted by Dalhousie, 55; again sent to England with French-Canadian petition, 63; Papineau's friendship for, 67; Papineau's letters to, 67-68; deserts Papineau because of his violent attitude towards government, 86; loses his seat in Assembly, 102; attacked by Papineau, 169. BL Supports Papineau and popular party, 20; moves amendment against Act of 1840, 96; his amendment voted down, 97. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Christie, History of Lower Canada; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Nelles, S. S. R Graduate of Victoria College, 143.

Nelson, Horatio, Viscount (1758-1805). Born at Burnham Thorpe, England. In 1770 entered the navy; in 1794 served under Lord Hood in the capture of Corsica; under Sir John Jervis at the battle of Cape St. Vincent, 1797; and in 1798 defeated the French fleet in Aboukir Bay; in 1801 destroyed the Danish ships and batteries at Copenhagen; at the battle of Trafalgar Bay, 1805, overwhelmed the French and Spanish fleets, but his own life was sacrificed. Index: Bk His victory at Copenhagen, 24-31; ignores signal to cease firing, 28. Hd Captain of Albemarle, enamoured of Miss Mary Simpson of Quebec, 244. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Southey, Life of Nelson; Mahan, Life of Nelson; Dispatches and Letters, ed. by Nicolas. See also lives by Clarke and McArthur, Pettigrew, Browne, Laughton.

Nelson, Robert (1794-1873). Born in Montreal. Practised as a surveyor; and in 1812 served during the War. In 1827 elected with Louis J. Papineau to the Assembly as member for Montreal. In 1838, while residing in the United States, organized a force of 600 filibusters, and invaded Canada, making his headquarters at Napierville, and as president of a provisional government proclaimed a Canadian republic. The insurgents were defeated at Lacolle and Odelltown, and Nelson fled to the United States. In 1862-1873 practised as a surgeon in New York. Index: P Leads outbreak at Lacolle and Odelltown in 1838, 139-140. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Nelson, Wolfred (1792-1863). Born in Montreal. Practised medicine and served as a surgeon in the War of 1812. One of the leaders of the Rebellion of 1837; captured and banished to the Bermudas, but released in October, 1838. In 1842 returned to Montreal and resumed the practice of his profession. In 1844 elected to Parliament for Richelieu County; inspector of prisons, 1851, and chairman of the Board of Prison Inspectors, 1859. Index: P With Papineau at St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125; preaches rebellion, 126; leads Patriotes at St. Denis, 128; said to have advised Papineau to leave the field, 132; a price put on his head, 137; captured, 137; exiled to Bermuda, 138; extent of his responsibility for the Rebellion, 143; throws blame on Papineau, 145. E His misguided attitude, 22; elected to Parliament after his return from exile, 50; his actions compared with disturbances of 1849, 76; permitted to return from exile, 91. BL Arrested after Rebellion in Lower Canada, 49; defeats Viger in election of 1844, 252; his house in Montreal attacked by mob, 324; at farewell banquet to La Fontaine, 354. C Defeated by Colonel Wetherall, 7; entrusts Cartier with a mission, 8. Mc Addresses revolutionary meetings, 328; takes the field, 358. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Nelson River. Rises in the Rocky Mountains, at the headwaters of Bow River, a branch of the South Saskatchewan. Length to Lake Winnipeg, 390 miles; to headwaters of the Bow, 1660 miles. The mouth of the river was discovered, and named, by Sir Thomas Button in 1612. He wintered there, 1612-1613. Captain Luke Foxe spent eleven days at Port Nelson in 1631. The river itself was explored by David Thompson in 1792. Pierre Radisson visited the mouth of the river in 1669, and built the first trading-fort there. In later years the post was repeatedly captured by the French, and recaptured by or restored to the Hudson's Bay Company, in whose hands it finally remained, under the name of York Factory (q.v.). Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Laut, Pathfinders of the West and Conquest of the Great North-West.

Neptune. WM Ship in which Wolfe sailed for Quebec, 75.

Nesbitt, William. Accompanied Governor Cornwallis to Halifax. Acted as Secretary of Nova Scotia for several years. Afterwards practised the profession of law at Halifax. Attorney-general for twenty-five years. Elected to the Assembly, 1758; Speaker of the House, 1759-1783; retired on a pension, 1783. Died, 1784. Bib.: Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.

Nesle, Captain de. Ch Brings out settlers, 252.

Neuchâtel, Canton of. Hd Haldimand born in, 3.

Neutral Nation. An Iroquoian tribe, occupying the north shore of Lake Erie. First visited by the Jesuit Fathers, Brébeuf and Chaumonot, in 1640, who described them as ferocious and extremely superstitious. Despite all efforts, the attempted mission had to be abandoned. The tribe was exterminated by the Iroquois in 1650. Bib.: Parkman, Jesuits in North America; Lalemant, Relations, 1641, 1643; Ragueneau, Relations, 1648, 1651.

New Brunswick. The gulf coast of the province was discovered by Cartier in 1534; first settlement made by De Monts and Champlain, on St. Croix Island, near the entrance to the Bay of Fundy, in 1604. The same year they discovered and named the St. John River, at the mouth of which La Tour built a fort in 1635. The territory embraced in this province formed part of Acadie under French rule. It was included in Nova Scotia from the date of the cession to England up to 1784, when it became a separate province. Index: Dr Creation of province, 224. Sy Satisfactory political condition of, 265. B Confederation an issue in, and government defeated, 182-183; British government brings pressure on, in interests of Confederation, 186-187, 206. Md Its attitude towards Confederation, 123; appoints delegates to confer on question of, 125; sullen on completion of, 129; result of first general election in, 141; selection of routes for Intercolonial through, 152; boundary dispute, 152; low tariff in, before Confederation, 218; supports Mackenzie in election of 1878, 228; assents to resolution in favour of unrestricted reciprocity, 298. See also Acadia; Nova Scotia; St. John; De Monts; Champlain. Bib.: Hannay, History of Acadia and History of New Brunswick.

New Brunswick, College of. W Early history of, 10. See also New Brunswick, University of; King's College (New Brunswick).

New Brunswick, University of. W Established as provincial university, 1859, 51; formerly King's College, previous history, 86; part of Madras school property handed over to, 88. T History of, 48-49. See also New Brunswick, College of; King's College (New Brunswick).

New Brunswick Land Company. W Involved in crown lands dispute, 26, 29, 36.

New Caledonia. D Traversed by Mackenzie, 56; origin of name, 56; extent of district, 56; so named about 1806, 59; described, 97; furs and other products of the district, 99. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast; Morice, Northern Interior of British Columbia.

New Company. F Name given to trading Company formed by inhabitants of Canada in 1645, 36.

New France. Name given to the French possessions in North America, otherwise known as Canada and Acadia. First discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1534. First settlement made in Acadia by De Monts, in 1604; and in Canada, by Champlain, in 1608. Index: E Government of, 171-172; feudal tenure, etc., in, 171-185. Ch Population of colony in 1629, 208; births, deaths, and marriages, 209; restoration of, demanded by French king, 212; ceded back to France, 213; limits of, not clearly defined, 222; colony based on religion, 255. See also Canada; Acadia; Quebec; Port Royal; Montreal; Cartier; Champlain; Monts; Frontenac; La Salle. Bib.: Charlevoix, Histoire de la Nouvelle France; Lescarbot, Histoire de la Nouvelle France; Cartier, Voyages; Champlain, Voyages; Parkman, Works.

Newfoundland. Discovered by Cabot in 1497. Sir Humphrey Gilbert established a short-lived colony on the island in 1583. Another attempt was made in 1610, by the Company of London. A more successful effort at colonization was that of Lord Baltimore in 1621. For a time the colony was governed by the so-called "Fishing Admirals," the most famous of whom was Richard Whitbourne, author of A Discourse and Discoverie of Newfoundland. French influence on the island dated from the founding of Placentia in 1660. In 1696 Iberville captured St. John's, and laid waste the coast settlements. St. John's was again captured by a French squadron, in 1760. A Legislative Assembly was granted to the colony in 1832 as a result of popular agitation; and responsible government established in 1855. Efforts to bring about the union of the island with Canada were made in 1864, and again in 1895, but without success. Index: B Withdraws from Confederation scheme, 185-186. F English settlements in, attacked, 46. L French successful in, 232. Md Withdraws from Confederation negotiations, 117; further negotiations unsuccessful, 146; fishery question, 303. Bib.: Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada; Prowse, History of Newfoundland; Reeves, Governors of Newfoundland; Dawson, Canada and Newfoundland; Hatton and Harvey, Newfoundland; Willson, The Tenth Island.

New Langley. D Or Derby, proposed as capital of British Columbia, 246.

New Ontario. Includes that part of the province known as northern and north-western Ontario, lying west of the Upper Ottawa River and its tributary lakes north of Lake Huron and Lake Superior, and extending to the eastern boundary of the province of Manitoba on the west, and to the Albany River and James Bay on the north. Bib.: North-Western Ontario, its Boundaries, Resources, and Communications.

New Orleans. Hd Haldimand's enquiries regarding, 64; embassy to, 73; dissatisfaction at, 77; Haldimand's visit to, 78; Spaniards send troops to, 80, 81.

New Westminster. A city of British Columbia, founded by Colonel R. C. Moody in 1859, and first named Queensborough. The present name was given by Queen Victoria the same year, when the new town was selected as the capital of British Columbia. It was incorporated in 1860; and in 1868 the seat of government was removed to Victoria. Index: D Chosen as capital of colony of British Columbia, 247; local dispute as to name, 247; present name given by Queen Victoria, 247; sale of town lots, 247. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names; Begg, History of British Columbia.

New York City. Hd Haldimand in command at, 1, 87, 90, 91, 96, 121; Amherst in command at, 41; Gage in command at, 53; influenced by outbreak of violence at Boston, 86; rioting in, 91, 95; Lord North burnt in effigy at, 97; Haldimand's departure from, 102; his property in, 103, 107; difficulties of communication with, 129; animosity against British in, 252.

New York State. Hd Proposal to build Florida barracks there, 79; slow in joining revolt, 98, 101; Vermont's dispute with, 198, 203, 209, 215, 217; Indians migrate from, 258. F British colony, plan for conquest of, 231.

Newark. See Niagara.

Newcastle, Henry Pelham Tiennes Pelham Clinton, Duke of (1811-1864). Entered Parliament, 1832; chief secretary for Ireland, 1846; and secretary for war and the colonies, 1852-1854; secretary for war in 1854-1855; colonial secretary, 1859-1864; visited Canada in 1860, with the Prince of Wales, afterwards Edward VII. Index: E Secretary of state for colonies, 167. Md Colonial secretary, accompanies Prince of Wales on his visit to Canada in 1860, 88; his difficulty at Kingston with Orange Order, 88; threatens to disallow high tariff measure, 218. T And Intercolonial Railway question, 55, 56; on Confederation question, 64. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

News. Newspaper published at Toronto. Established, 1880. Index: Mc Urges monument to Mackenzie, 521.

Newspapers. Mc Postage on, 93, 103, 106; their tributes to Mackenzie, 509-523. See also under names of individual newspapers.

Niagara (Newark). Settled by Loyalists about 1782. Selected by Simcoe ten years later as the capital of Upper Canada, and named by him Newark. The first Legislature of the province met there in 1792. The first public library in the province established in 1800. Index: Bk First seat of government of Upper Canada, 57. S First seat of government of Upper Canada, 50; Loyalists settled at, 58; social life at, 181. L Fort built at, 216. Bib.: Kirby, Annals of Niagara; Reminiscences of Niagara (Niagara Hist. Soc., n.d.); Carnochan, Niagara Library, 1800 to 1820.

Niagara Falls. First described from actual observation by Father Hennepin, in the narrative of his journey of 1678. The falls are indicated on Champlain's map of 1632, and are briefly mentioned in Ragueneau's Relation des Hurons, 1648. The name is of Iroquois origin. Bib.: Hulbert, Niagara River; Spencer, Falls of Niagara.

Niagara, Fort. S Guards entrance to Niagara River, 51; held by the British pending settlement of Loyalist affairs, 55; cannon mounted on, 129; handed over to United States, 142. Hd Surrendered to British, 26; number of refugees at, 152. Bk Its history, 54-56; its transfer to United States, 56; rations issued from, to Loyalists, 58; silenced by Fort George, 309.

Nichol, Lieutenant-Colonel. Bk Quartermaster-general of militia, Upper Canada, 206; his statistical account of Upper Canada, 207; supports Brock's proposal to attack Detroit, 248.

Nicholson, Sir Francis (1660-1728). Born in England. Entered the army, 1678; lieutenant-governor of the colonies north of Chesapeake Bay, 1686-1689; and lieutenant-governor of Virginia, 1690-1694. Governor of Maryland, 1694; and of Virginia, 1698-1705. From 1705 to 1713 engaged in military operations against the French in Canada, and, by capturing Port Royal, made Acadia British territory. In 1712 appointed governor of Nova Scotia; and in 1719 of South Carolina. Subsequently appointed commander-in-chief of the forces in North America, and a lieutenant-general. Index: F Lieutenant-governor of New York, 263; uprising against, 266. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Parkman, Half Century of Conflict.

Nicolet, Jean (1598-1642). Born at Cherbourg, Normandy. Came to Canada, 1618, and the same year sent to the Algonquians of Allumette Island, on the Ottawa, to learn their language. Remained with the tribe two years; and afterwards spent eight or nine years with the Nipissings, gaining so much of their confidence that he was made a member of the tribe and took part in their councils. His memoirs on this tribe, furnished to Father Le Jeune, were embodied in the Jesuit Relations. Returned to Quebec, 1633, after an absence of fifteen years. There met Champlain, who sent him west once more, in 1634. Reached Green Bay the same year, and ascended Fox River to the Wisconsin portage. The following year returned to Quebec, and employed as commissary of the fur trade, and interpreter at Three Rivers, till his death. Index: Ch Arrives in Canada, 144. Bib.: Butterfield, Discovery of the North-West by Jean Nicolet; Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Ninety-Two Resolutions. P Drafted by Morin—embodied the grievances of Papineau and his followers, 85; inspired by Papineau, 85-86; their intemperate language, 89-93; real grievances set forth, 94-96; voiced complaints and indignation of the people, 99; criticized by Lord Aylmer, 106. BL Denounce Upper House, 21; Cuvillier votes against, 86. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Nipigon Lake. Discovered by Charles de Greysolon, Sieur de La Tourette, brother of Du Lhut, about 1678. Built several trading-posts on or near the lake, between 1678 and 1686. La Vérendrye had charge of these forts in 1727-1728, and acquired there much of the information which induced him to undertake his long search for the Western Sea. In 1784 Édouard Umfreville was sent by the North West Company to discover a canoe route from the lake west to the Winnipeg River. The narrative of his successful expedition is in the archives of McGill University.

Nipisiguit. Ch Jesuit mission at, 235.

Nipissing Indians. A tribe of the widespread Algonquian family, occupying the upper waters of the Ottawa River, and the country about Lake Nipissing. First mentioned and described by Champlain, who calls them the Nebecerini. The name also appears, in ever-varying form, in the narratives of other early French explorers and missionaries. Parkman mentions that they were also known as Sorciers, from their ill repute as magicians. Index: Ch Indian tribe alleged to be sorcerers, 77. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of North American Indians; Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Nipissing Lake. Named after the Algonquian tribe of the same name. Discovered by the Récollet missionary Le Caron in 1615, on his way to the country of the Hurons. Traversed by Champlain the same year. Constant references are made to the lake in the early journals of explorers, missionaries, and fur traders. It formed part of the western route of the fur traders under both French and British rule. Index: Ch Visited by Champlain, 88.

Nipissirini. See Nipissing.

Noble, Colonel Arthur. A Massachusetts officer, sent by Governor Shirley in 1746 to oppose Ramesay in Acadia. Occupied Grand Pré without opposition, Ramesay having retreated to Chignecto. In February of the following year a party of Canadians and Indians under Coulon de Villiers surprised the British garrison at Grand Pré, and in the fight Noble and his brother, with a large number of men, were killed, and the rest forced to capitulate. Bib.: Parkman, Half Century of Conflict; Hannay, History of Acadia.

Nomenclature. D Of Pacific coast, largely due to Vancouver, 34, 36; Spanish, 36. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names.

Non-importation Act. Bk Passed by Congress, 84.

Nootka Affair. D Origin of the dispute, 26; history of, 26-35; Martinez claims Nootka by right of discovery, 28; Martinez seizes Iphigênie and North-West America, 28; held by Spaniards until 1795, 29; restored to British, 31; terms of treaty, 31-33, 36; act of restitution completed, 35; no actual occupation by Britain at end of eighteenth century, 62. Dr Dorchester's connection with the Nootka incident, 250, 259. Bib.: Bancroft, History of North-West Coast.

Nootka Sound. On west coast of Vancouver Island. Discovered and named by Captain James Cook in 1778. Prior discovery in 1774 claimed by Spaniards, but not established. They built a fort there in 1789, and remained in possession until 1795, when the district was taken over on behalf of Britain. Here Vancouver and Quadra carried on the negotiations of 1792 for the restoration of the territory. Index: D Supposed to have been visited by Perez, 14; visited by Cook, 14; Captain Cook refits his ships at, 20; Gray and Kendrick at, in 1788-1789, 24; visited by Metcalfe in 1789, 25; Spanish establishment at Friendly Cove in 1790, 26; Douglas arrives from Sandwich Islands, 28; Spaniards name the place Port San Lorenzo, 28; Meares at, in 1788, 27; builds North-West America there, 28; natives destroy American ship Boston and murder crew, 1803, 37. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast; Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names.

Normanby, Constantine Henry Phipps, Marquis of (1797-1863). Entered Parliament, 1818; appointed governor of Jamaica, 1832; entered the Cabinet as lord of the privy seal, 1834; lord lieutenant of Ireland, 1835; secretary of war and the colonies, 1839; home secretary, 1839-1841; ambassador at Paris, 1846-1852; minister at Florence, 1854-1858. Index: Sy Succeeds Lord Glenelg in the colonial office, 57; offers to go to Canada as governor-general, 58. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Normandy. L Many of colonists natives of, 116.

Norquay, John (1841-1889). Born in St. Andrews, Manitoba. After the suppression of the Riel Rebellion, elected to the Assembly of Manitoba, and entered the ministry as minister of public works. Defeated for election to the House of Commons, 1872. Resigned from the ministry, 1874, but became provincial secretary, 1875; and again minister of public works, 1876; premier, 1878. Held office continuously until 1887, when he resigned. Bib.: Begg, History of the North-West; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.

North, Lord Frederick. See Guilford.

North American. Newspaper published at Toronto. Index.: B The organ of the Clear Grits, edited by Macdougall, 40; absorbed by the Globe, 74; publishes personal attack on George Brown, editor apologizes, 93. BL Radical publication, edited by Macdougall, 341.

North American Colonial Association. Sy On appointment of Poulett Thomson (Sydenham), 132.

North American Fur Company. D Succeeds Pacific Fur Company, 134; Astor at head of, 134. See also Astor; Pacific Fur Company.

North-West America. D Built by Meares at Nootka—first ship launched in what is now British Columbia, 28; seized by Martinez, 28; crew sent to China, 29.

North-West Coast. D Spanish influence delays colonization, 4; history of, affected by Russian occupation of Alaska, 4; by British trade interests by sea, 4; by North West Company, 4; by Hudson's Bay Company, 4; by Astorians, 4; unvisited by European navigators during whole of seventeenth and three-quarters of eighteenth century, 11, 12; final era of exploration of, 18; American voyages to, 23, 24, 25; La Pérouse explores in 1788, 25; Étienne Marchand explores in 1791, 25; Malaspina's voyage to, in 1791, 25; Elisa's and Quimper's visit to, 26. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast.

North West Company. Organized in 1795, by a number of merchants chiefly of Montreal, engaged in the fur trade. The first "partners," or bourgeois, of the Company were Simon McTavish, Joseph Frobisher, John Gregory, William McGillivray, Angus Shaw, Roderick McKenzie, Cuthbert Grant, Alexander McLeod, and William Thorburn. Most of them had previously been in the North-West as independent fur traders. A new agreement was entered into by the then partners in 1802; in 1804 the Company absorbed its vigorous rival, the X Y Company, and in 1821 was itself absorbed by the Hudson's Bay Company. Index: MS Early beginnings—Montreal traders enter the North-West, 2; oppose the Hudson's Bay Company, 3; the Frobishers build a post on Sturgeon Lake, 4; penetrate to Lake Athabaska, 5; their aggressiveness, 5; more than a match for the Hudson's Bay Company, 6; Company organized, 1783-1784, 6; opposition (X Y) Company formed, 6; absorbs rival interests, 1787, 6, 16; growth of fur trade, 7; amalgamates with Hudson's Bay Company, 8; rearrangements of partners and stock, 58; operations extended to Hudson Bay, 99; absorbs X Y Company, 1804, 99; opposes Red River settlers, 161-164; resents Miles Macdonell's proclamation, 170-171; sends Duncan Cameron and Alexander Macdonell to Red River, 172-173; breaks up the colony, 174-176. D Influence upon development of Pacific slope, 4; conserves British interests in western America, 17, 18. Hd Establishment of, 261-263. Bk Its headquarters at Montreal, 99. See also Hudson's Bay Company; X Y Company; Montreal Company. Bib.: Mackenzie, Voyages; Henry, Travels and Adventures; Henry-Thompson, Journals, ed. by Coues; Harmon, Journal; Narrative of Occurrences in the Indian Country; Sketch of the British Fur Trade; Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Begg, History of the North-West; Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest; Tassé, Canadiens de l'Ouest; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.

North-West Passage. D Tenacity of belief in its existence, 50; Mackenzie's journey to Pacific is additional blow to belief in, 55.

North-West Rebellion. See Riel Rebellion.

North-West Territories. Comprised all the western portions of Canada, except Manitoba and British Columbia. Its early history is the history of the western fur trade, whose forts became in time centres of settlement. In 1870, the territories were transferred to Canada by the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1882, four provisional districts were formed—Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Athabaska. In 1905 these were made into the two provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Index: B Annexation of, advocated by George Brown, 137; communication to be opened with, 166; value of, 174; acquisition of, 186; Brown's interest in, 211-213, 217, 218-221; R.B. Sullivan's address on, 1847, 211; warns Canadians of danger of American occupation, and urges immediate steps to settle and develop the country, 211; Isbister's work on behalf of, 212, 213; Globe article on, 213-215; value of the country, 214; Edward Fitzgerald on agricultural possibilities of, 214; "Huron's" letters in the Globe on, 216; Toronto Board of Trade urges acquisition and settlement of, 216; Globe carries on vigorous campaign, 216-217; William Macdougall an enthusiastic advocate, 217; incorporation of, adopted as part of Reform Convention of 1857, 217; project ridiculed by Niagara Mail, 217-218; and Montreal Transcript, 218; matter taken up by Canadian government, and arrangements made for acquiring the territories, 220-221; bill for government of, provision for separate schools opposed by George Brown, 249. Md Terms upon which Hudson's Bay Company transfers territory to the crown, 156-157; causes of discontent and rebellion involved in annexation of, 157-163. See also Assiniboia; Alberta; Athabaska; Saskatchewan. Bib.: Adam, Canadian North-West; Tassé, Canadiens de l'Ouest; Dugas, Légendes du Nord-Ouest; Begg, History of the North-West; Hind, North-West Territory; MacBeth, Making of the Canadian West.

Northern Railway. Chartered in 1849 as the Toronto, Sarnia, and Lake Huron Railway. The line ran north from Toronto to Lake Simcoe, thence to Georgian Bay. In 1879 the Northern acquired the Hamilton and North-Western; and in 1888 was itself absorbed by the Grand Trunk. Index: E Construction of, stimulated by provincial guarantee, 1849, 99.

Norton, John. Born in Scotland. Came to America and settled among the Mohawks, who made him a chief. After the close of the War of 1812, went to Georgia. Died in Scotland. Index: Bk In battle of Queenston Heights, 310. Bib.: Richardson, War of 1812, ed. by Casselman.

Norway House. Also known at one time as Jack River House. A post of the Hudson's Bay Company, on Little Playgreen Lake, at the northern end of Lake Winnipeg. The post formerly stood on Mossy Point, where the Nelson River flows out of Lake Winnipeg, but was burnt to the ground about 1826. The present fort was completed in 1828. It is described in McLeod's Peace River, pp. 49-50. In Sir George Simpson's day, Norway House was the headquarters of the Company, where the governor and Council met annually to discuss and arrange its affairs. The name originated in the fact that a party of Scandinavians had been employed in building the old fort. Index: MS Selkirk colonists at Jack River, 163-164, 175; becomes headquarters of Hudson's Bay Company, 216; Governor Simpson at, 1828, 233-236. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West.

Notre Dame de la Recouvrance. First parish church of Quebec; built by Champlain, 1633, and enlarged, 1635. Totally destroyed by fire, June 14, 1640. Replaced in 1645 by the Church of Notre Dame de la Paix, now the Basilica of Quebec. Index: Ch First service in, 239; Champlain's bequest to, 239; gifts to, 240; consecrated under name of Immaculate Conception, 240; burnt, 241. Bib.: Doughty, Cradle of New France.

Notre Dame de Montréal. L Parish erected, 175; united to Seminary, 175, 176.

Notre Dame des Anges. Ch Jesuit convent, 45, 227; views of Jesuits in connection with, 229; instruction of Indian children, 232, 233; Récollet convent dedicated to, 148.

Notre Dame des Victoires. Church in Quebec. The corner-stone was laid May 1, 1688, Bishop Laval officiating. The building was completed the following year. In 1690 the name was changed to Notre Dame de la Victoire, to commemorate the repulse of Phipps. In 1711 the name was again changed, to its present form, to mark the second deliverance of the city from the English fleet under Walker. The church was destroyed in the siege of 1759; restored in 1765; and the interior completed in 1817. Index: L Church of, 185. Bib.: Doughty, Cradle of New France.

Noüe, Anne de (1587-1646). Born in France. Entered the Jesuit novitiate in 1612; and came to Canada in 1626. For several years laboured among the Hurons and Montagnais, and from 1632 spent the remainder of his life in mission work in the French settlements along the St. Lawrence. Index: Ch Jesuit, goes to Bourges, 207. L Death of, 5. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France.

Nouveau Monde. C Edited by Canon Lamarche, 81; bitterly attacks Cartier, 81-82.

Nova Scotia. Acadia of the French régime. The present name dates from 1621, when Sir William Alexander (q.v.) obtained from King James I a grant of all the territory now constituting the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. After many vicissitudes the territory was finally ceded to England. Halifax was founded in 1749, as the capital of the young colony; and in 1784 New Brunswick was made a separate colony. Index: Ch Grant of, to Sir William Alexander, 223. Dr Carleton arranges to visit, 235; population of, 236; communication with England and Quebec, 236. B Strong feeling against Confederation in, 186, 206. Md Its agitation for "better terms" in Confederation scheme, 110; opposes Confederation, 116-117; though discarding Quebec Resolutions, compromises by appointing delegates to arrange question with Imperial government, 122; dissatisfied with terms offered, demands and receives "better terms" before entering Dominion, 145. See also Acadia; New Brunswick; Halifax. Bib.: Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia; Haliburton, Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Bourinot, Builders of Nova Scotia; Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada; Moorson, Letters from Nova Scotia; Cozzens, Acadia.

Nova Scotian. Newspaper published at Halifax. Index: H Joseph Howe becomes editor and proprietor of, 1828, 6; extends its influence throughout the province, 7; Haliburton contributes to, 9; also Lawrence O'Connor, Doyle, and others, 9; published by William Annand, 75; Howe contributes to, 90-93, 117, 231.

Noyrot, Father. Ch Jesuit, sails for Canada, 167; vessel did not reach Quebec, 168, 177; drowned, 200.

Oblate Fathers. A religious order founded in 1816 in France, and first established in Canada at St. Hillaire, Quebec, in 1841. Its headquarters in Canada are at Montreal, and it has missions in Quebec, Ontario, and in the North-West. Index: L Their labours in Canada, 1.

O'Brien, William Edward (1831- ). Born at Thornhill, Ontario. Educated at Upper Canada College; engaged in journalism at Toronto; studied law and called to the bar of Ontario, 1874. In command of the York and Simcoe Regiment during the Rebellion of 1885. Sat in the House of Commons, 1882-1896; defeated in the general election of 1896. A strong opponent of the Jesuits' Estates Act and of the Remedial Bill, 1896. Index: Md His motion for disallowance of Jesuits' Estates Act, 288; its defeat, 289. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Observer. Mc Carey's newspaper, allowed to print legislative reports, 107; defends Judge Willis, 132, 133.

O'Callaghan, Edmund Bailey (1797-1880). Born in Ireland. In 1823 emigrated to Canada, and practised medicine at Quebec. Edited the Vindicator, 1834. Elected to the Assembly of Lower Canada, 1836, as a supporter of Papineau. Having been involved in the Rebellion of 1837, after its collapse he retired to New York, and for many years employed in editing the records of the state at Albany. Index: P Edits the Vindicator, 86; elected through Papineau's influence in Richelieu County, 86; advocates annexation, 97; ridiculed by Quebec Mercury, 122; charged with high treason, 128; extent of his responsibility for the Rebellion, 143; a born conspirator, 145; calls the Rebellion a spontaneous explosion, 145; blames Gosford, 146; his letter to Garneau, 145-149. BL Flies the country, after collapse of Rebellion, 49. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada.

O'Connell, Daniel (1775-1847). Irish statesman. Index: Mc Befriends Mackenzie, 221. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Chambers, Biog. Dict., and lives mentioned in article.

O'Connor, John (1824-1887). Born in Boston, Mass. Came to Canada, 1828. Studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1854. Practised at Sandwich. Defeated for the Assembly, 1861; elected, 1863, but unseated by order of the House. Elected to the House of Commons, 1867; president of the Council, 1872; minister of inland revenue, 1873; postmaster-general, 1873; defeated for re-election, 1874; again elected, 1878; held successively the offices of president of the Council, postmaster-general, and secretary of state. Appointed judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1884. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Read, Lives of the Judges.

Ochateguin. Ch Huron chief, 48; forms alliance with Champlain, 55; wounded in battle, 103.

Ochterlony, Captain. WM Rescued by French grenadier from Indian about to scalp him, 142; carefully tended by nuns of General Hospital, 145.

Odell. W Father of W. F. Odell, 8; provincial secretary, New Brunswick, 8, 34, 57.

Odell, William Franklin. W Provincial secretary, New Brunswick, 8, 34, 57, 72; dies at Fredericton, 1844, 75, 76.

Odell, William Hunter (1811-1891). Born in New Brunswick. Called to the bar, 1838; appointed clerk of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, and subsequently deputy provincial secretary, registrar and clerk of the Executive Council. In 1847 appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas; and in 1850 a member of the Legislative Council of New Brunswick. A member of the Executive Council, and postmaster-general of the province, 1865-1866. Called to the Dominion Senate, 1867. Index: T Son of W. F. Odell, and postmaster-general, New Brunswick, 91-92; his character, 92. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

O'Donoghue, William B. A professor in St. Boniface College. Elected a member of the first convention called by Louis Riel, and afterwards a member of the Council. When the Rebellion was suppressed, fled to the United States. Pardoned, 1877. Died in St. Paul, Minn., 1878.

Ogden. S Methodist preacher, not allowed to officiate, being a citizen of the United States, 190.

Ogden, Charles Richard (1791-1866). Son of following. Studied law and called to the bar, 1812; elected to the Assembly for Three Rivers, 1815; attorney-general for district of Three Rivers, 1818; solicitor-general, 1823; attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1833-1842. On his retirement went to England, and appointed attorney-general for the Isle of Man, as well as district registrar at Liverpool. Index: Sy Attorney-general for Lower Canada, 283. BL Attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1841, 76; unpopular with French, 78; Baldwin's attitude to, 80; his retirement suggested by Bagot, with a pension, 123; pension objected to by La Fontaine, 125; is given Imperial appointment, 133. Bib.: Taylor, Brit. Am.; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Ogden, Isaac. Born in New England. Took the Loyalist side in the Revolution, and, when New York was evacuated in 1783, went to England. Came to Canada, 1784, and appointed judge of the Admiralty Court for the Montreal district; judge of the Superior Court, 1796.

Ogden, Peter Skene (1794?-1854). Son of Isaac Ogden (q.v.). Entered the fur trade, was sent out to Astoria by Astor, and, finding that Astoria had been transferred to the North West Company, entered their service. Led trading expeditions into the interior, explored the Yellowstone country, Lewis River and Utah, and discovered the Ogden River in California. After the union of the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies, moved to New Caledonia and became chief factor in 1835, with headquarters at Fort St. James. Died at Ogden City, Oregon. Index: D Sent with Anderson to establish post on the Stikine, 1834, 120; frustrated by Russians, 120; reaches Sacramento River, 126; associated with McLoughlin and Douglas on board of management of western department, 187; dies, 1854, 265; in charge of New Caledonia, 285. Bib.: Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West; Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast.

Ogdensburg. See Oswegatchie.

O'Grady, Doctor. Mc Publishes Correspondent and Advocate, 259; visits Quebec with Mackenzie, 287; prepares answer to governor, 298; pens "Declaration of Independence," 330. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.

Ohio River. One of the largest tributaries of the Mississippi, discovered by La Salle in 1669. Its short portages from Lake Erie to the navigable tributaries of the Ohio, and the continuous waterway to the Gulf of Mexico, made the river an important route for the explorer, missionary, and settler of the early colonial days. Index: WM First named La Belle Rivière, 19. S Demanded as boundary of Indian territory, 120, 122. Bib.: Parkman, La Salle.

Ohio Valley. WM French retreat from, 62.

Olbeau, Jean d'. Born in Langres. Joined the Jesuit College there in 1628. In 1640 came to Canada, and laboured as a missionary at Miscou until 1643. Index: Ch Récollet missionary, 85; his missionary labours, 107; returns to France to report to the king, 113; lays foundation stone of Récollet convent, 148; sees its doors closed in 1629, 167. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France.

Old Company. F Name given to Company of New France after 1645, 36. See also Company of New France.

Olier de Verneuil, Jean Jacques (1608-1687). In 1640 parish priest of St. Sulpice, Paris, and established the St. Sulpice Seminary in 1645. Founded in 1636 the Company of Montreal, through whose instrumentality Maisonneuve was sent out in 1641-1642 to lay the foundations of the future city. Index: L His designs for establishing a religious centre at Montreal, 6; trained by St. Vincent de Paul, 24; sends four priests to Canada, 25; dying, recommends work to his successor, 135. F Founder of Sulpician Order, obtains grant of island of Montreal, 32. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime.

Oneidas. A tribe of the Iroquois confederacy. Their villages stood between those of the Mohawks on the east and the Onondagas on the west. In the American Revolution, they alone with some of the Tuscaroras took the side of the rebellious colonists, the remainder of the confederacy remaining loyal to Great Britain. The remnant of the tribe is now settled on reservations in New York, in Wisconsin, and in the Niagara peninsula. Index: F Torture Father Millet, 216; party of, destroyed, 308; three burnt alive, 309; negotiate for peace, 324. Ch Iroquois tribe, 50. L Frontenac marches against, 233. Hd Their wavering fidelity, 148; Brant burns village of, 153. Bib.: See Iroquois.

Onneyouts. See Oneidas.

Onondaga. S Armed schooner of eighty tons, 113; Prince Edward embarks on, at Kingston, 183.

Onondagas. A tribe of the Iroquois confederacy. Their country lay west of that of the Oneidas. They took the British side in the Revolutionary War; and on its conclusion many of them settled on Canadian reservations. Some are now on reservations in New York. Index: F Iroquois tribe, demand a French colony, 40; escape of, 41; a number treacherously captured for king's galleys, 215; their orator, Teganissorens, 338; campaign against, 250-253. Ch Indian tribe, 50. L Frontenac marches against, 233. See also Iroquois. Bib.: See Iroquois.

Onontagues. See Onondagas.

Onontio (Big Mountain). F Name applied by Indians to French governors, 35.

Ontario. Hd Armed vessel, foundering of, 163.

Ontario. Area, 260,862 square miles. Formerly Upper Canada. As a separate province, its existence dates from 1791. The population at that time was insignificant. Simcoe became the first governor, and the first Legislature met at Newark (Niagara) in 1792. The province was reunited to Lower Canada in 1841; and in 1867 became a member of the new Confederation, under its present name. The greater part of the province was explored by Champlain, Étienne Brûlé, and Brébeuf, Chaumonot, and other Jesuit missionaries, in the first half of the seventeenth century. Index: W Abolishes second chamber, 71. See also Upper Canada; New Ontario. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years; Smith, Geographical View of Upper Canada; Gourlay, Statistical Account of Upper Canada; Haight, Country Life in Canada; Canniff, History of the Settlement of Upper Canada; Moodie, Roughing it in the Bush; Edgar, Ten Years of Upper Canada; Strickland, Twenty-Seven Years in Canada West; Clarke, Sixty Years in Upper Canada; Conant, Upper Canada Sketches.

Ontario Boundary Dispute. Md Began in 1871, 254; arbitration arranged, 254-255; Macdonald refuses to accept award, 255; federal influence in Manitoba dispute, 255-256; Manitoba's claims, 256; settlement of, 257-258. Bib.: Mills, Report on Boundaries of Ontario; Lindsey, Unsettled Boundaries of Ontario; Documents relating to the Boundaries of Ontario, 1878; Correspondence, etc., relating to the Boundaries of Ontario, 1882; Proceedings before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 1889; Biggar, Life of Sir Oliver Mowat.

Ontario, Lake. The smallest of the Great Lakes; area, 7,260 square miles. Discovered by Étienne Brûlé in 1615.

Orders-in-Council. Bk British, prohibiting neutral trade between hostile ports, 93, 106, 111; premature announcement of withdrawal of, 120, 121; difficulty of withdrawing, 192, 193; repealed, 193. Bib.: Dict. Eng. Hist.

Ordre du Bon Temps. Ch Social club established at Port Royal, 36.

Oregon. D Extent of district, 56-57; origin of name, 56-57; arrival of ships Convoy and Owyhee, 1829, 136; first missionaries, 136-142; coming of the settlers, 138-142; provisional government, 143; John Gordon sent to report on its value, 183; incident of his salmon fishing, 183-184; question of ownership, conflicting views of Great Britain and the United States, 62-64. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast; Nicolay, Oregon Territory; Foster, Bibliography of Oregon in Mag. of Amer. Hist., vol. xxv.

Oregon Boundary Question. D Settled in 1846, 27; occupation of the Columbia by the Astorians made basis of United States claims, 72; Oregon Treaty, 1846, 114; fundamental elements of dispute, 147-149; the Spanish title, 148; the collision at Nootka, 148; Gray's exploit strengthens United States claim, 148; negotiations between Great Britain and the United States, 149-150; United States flag raised over Astoria, 150; agreement of Oct. 20, 1818, 151; Florida Treaty, 1819, and the Spanish title in the west, 153; negotiations reopened at London, 154; attitude of British and American governments, 154; compromise of 1827, 155; popular feeling in United States, 156; "fifty-four forty or fight," 157; arbitration refused, 157; 49th parallel proposed by Britain as boundary, 157; analyses of opposing claims, 159-168; mutual ignorance concerning Oregon, 169-170; British and American diplomacy, 171-172; negotiations and treaty of 1846, 275; history of the dispute, 276-283. BL Treaty removes any immediate prospect of rupture with the United States, 272. E Threatening aspect of dispute leads to selection of a military governor; Lord Cathcart, 38; settlement of, 40. Md Settled by treaty of June 15, 1846, 178. Bib.: Lit. Amer. Hist.; Kingsford, History of Canada; Nicolay, Oregon Territory; Gray, History of Oregon; Hodgins, British and American Diplomacy Affecting Canada; Begg, History of British Columbia; Schafer, History of the Pacific North-West; History and Digest of International Arbitrations to which United States has been a Party; Egerton, Canada.

Orehaoué. F Cayuga chief, brought back from France by Frontenac, 237; services rendered by, 315, 339.

Orford, Horace Walpole, fourth Earl of (1717-1797). Sat in Parliament, 1741-1767; established a private press at Strawberry Hill, at which he printed his various works. Index: WM His statement regarding Townshend, 74; on fall of Quebec, 238. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Oriskany. Dr Battle of, Indians lose heavily in, 173.

Orleans, Jean Baptiste Gaston, Duke of (1608-1660). Ch Conspires against his brother Louis XIII, 215.

Orleans, Isle of. In the St. Lawrence River, below Quebec. It was first named by Jacques Cartier, in 1535, the Island of Bacchus, on account of the numerous grape-vines growing there. In 1759 it was occupied by Wolfe and the British troops during the siege of Quebec. Index: WM Evacuated, 90; British establish fortified camp on, 108; settlements on, burned by Wolfe's orders, 150. L Exchanged by Laval for Ile Jésus, 138. Ch Granted to Guillaume de Caën, 140. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, The Fight for Canada.

Ormiston, William. Born in the parish of Symington, on the banks of the Clyde, Scotland, 1821. Came to Upper Canada 1834, and settled with his parents in the township of Darlington, then a comparative wilderness; studied divinity at Victoria College under Egerton Ryerson, 1843; appointed professor of moral philosophy and logic, 1847; mathematical master at Toronto Normal School, 1853-1861; minister of the Central Presbyterian Church, Hamilton, 1857. Index: R Graduate of Victoria College, 144; his tribute to Ryerson, 144-146; on staff of Toronto Normal School, 174; inspector of schools, 253; his report on union schools, 254-255, 257.

Ormsby, Major. Bk Brings up supply of ordnance from Quebec, 229.

Osgoode, William (1754-1824). Born in England. Educated at Oxford; studied law, and called to the English bar, 1779. Appointed chief-justice of Upper Canada, 1792; and chief-justice of Lower Canada, 1794. In 1801 resigned and returned to England. Osgoode Hall, Toronto, the seat of the provincial law courts, is named after him. Index: S Legislative councillor, 49; executive councillor, 79; chief-justice, 178. Dr Chief-justice of Lower Canada, 291. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por.; Read, Lives of the Judges.

Osler, William (1849- ). Born in Bond Head, Ontario. Educated at Toronto and McGill Universities; from 1874 to 1884 professor of medicine at McGill University; from 1884 to 1889 professor of clinical medicine in the University of Pennsylvania; Gulstonian lecturer at the Royal College of Physicians, London, 1885; and professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins University, 1889-1904; appointed regius professor of medicine at Oxford, 1904. Bib.: Who's Who.

Oswald, Richard (1705-1784). Dr Sent to discuss matters with Franklin, 192, 213. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Oswegatchie. Former name of the town of Ogdensburg. Index: Dr Captain Foster stationed at, 142. Hd Starting-point of many scouting parties, 150.

Oswego. Hd British post at mouth of Oswego River, 25; battle at, 26, 40, 121; Haldimand returns to, from Niagara, 27; Indians around, 28; derivation of name, 32; Amherst at, 33, 34, 35; Haldimand insists on importance of suitably fortifying, 142; fear of rebels taking post, 150; retaken, after falling into hands of enemy, by Major Ross, 157; Loyalists at, 250; Haldimand's determination regarding defence of, 260. WM Capture of, 34.

Otis, Charles Pomeroy. Ch Translator of Champlain's Voyages, 277.

Otoucha. Ch Huron village, 88.

Ottawa. Formerly Bytown. Founded about the year 1827, and named after Colonel By, a Royal Engineer, who built the Rideau Canal, and whose workmen formed the nucleus of the infant town. The name was changed to Ottawa in 1854, and Queen Victoria, in 1858, selected the place as the seat of government. In 1867 it became the capital of the new Dominion. Index: E Selected as seat of government, and later as capital of the Dominion, 79. B Selection of, as capital, opposed by George Brown, 100. See also Bytown. Bib.: Edgar, Canada and its Capital; Gourlay, History of the Ottawa Valley; Gard, The Hub and the Spokes; Scott, The Choice of the Capital. See also papers by Mrs. H. J. Friel, M. Jamieson, F. G. Kenny, Eva Read, in Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa Trans., vol. 1; B. Sulte, The Name of Ottawa in Ottawa Lit. & Sc. Soc. Trans., 1898-1899.

Ottawa Indians. A tribe of the Algonquian family. First mentioned in Champlain's narrative, 1615. The explorer met a party of these Indians on French River. They were called the Cheveux Relevés, because of their peculiar method of dressing the hair. They occupied Manitoulin Island from about 1615 to 1650; were attacked and dispersed by the Iroquois the latter year, and settled West of Green Bay. They were keen fur traders, and throughout the greater part of the seventeenth century continued to bring down quantities of furs from the west to Montreal by way of the Ottawa River. Fought under Pontiac in 1763; made peace with Sir William Johnson at Niagara in 1764. A few thousand are now scattered on reservations in Ontario. Index: F Keen for trade and cheap goods, 259; entertained at Quebec, 310. Hd Sioux offer to attack, 148. Bib.: Pilling, Bibliography of Algonquian Languages; Champlain, Voyages; Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac; Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes of the United States; Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites. See also Sulte's papers in the Royal Society of Canada Trans., 1903 and 1904.

Ottawa River. A tributary of the St. Lawrence. Total length, 685 miles. Explored by Champlain in 1613 and 1615. Named after Ottawa Indians. The river formed for many years the thoroughfare of explorers, missionaries, and fur traders, from Montreal to the far West. It will furnish the major portion of the route of the proposed Georgian Bay Canal. Index: P Papineau's home at Montebello, 6. Bib.: Champlain, Voyages; Sulte, The Valley of the Grand River, 1600-1650 (R. S. C., 1898-1899); Parkman, Pioneers of France; Keefer, Montreal and the Ottawa; Stewart, Georgian Bay Canal.

Ottawa, University of. Established, 1848. Originally incorporated under the title of "College of Bytown"; received the title of "College of Ottawa," 1866. Pope Leo XIII raised it to the rank of a Roman Catholic University, 1889. It suffered from a serious fire, 1903. The university is conducted by the Oblate Fathers of Mary Immaculate.

Otway's Regiment. WM On British right, 189.

Ouendats. Ch General name given by French to four Huron tribes, 89.

Ouentaron. S Indian name of Lake Simcoe, 93. See also Lake Simcoe.

Ourouehate. See Big Mouth.

Overman. Ch Farmer of county of Renfrew, Ontario, discovers astrolabe lost by Champlain, 76.

Owen, Admiral. W Member of New Brunswick Council, 69.

Pabos. Hd Haldimand acquires seigniory of, 50; sends his nephew there, 73; not profitable, 111.

Pacific Coast. See North-West Coast.

Pacific Fur Company. Organized by John Jacob Astor in 1810. Sometimes known as the Astor Fur Company. Astor had made a fortune in the fur trade, and formed the plan of extending his operations to the Pacific coast, and building a post at the mouth of the Columbia. He suggested to the North West Company that the project be undertaken jointly, but the Company declining the offer, he induced several of its partners and employees to join him. These men sailed to the Columbia by way of Cape Horn, while another party went overland by the route followed by Lewis and Clark. Astoria was built in 1811, at the mouth of the Columbia, but the energetic competition of the North West Company, and complications arising out of the War of 1812, defeated Astor's plans. Index: D Logical sequel to journey of Lewis and Clark, 68; formed in 1810 by John Jacob Astor, 68; made famous by Washington Irving, 68; character and extent of its operations, 69-71; employees recruited in Montreal, 70; expeditions sent out, 71. See also Astoria. Bib.: Cox, Adventures on the Columbia River; Ross, Fur Hunters of the Far West; Franchère, Voyage to North-West Coast of America; Irving, Astoria.

Pacific Scandal. D Difficulties aroused by episode, 321. C Cartier's connection with, 53-54, 105-106. Md History of, 199-211; grew out of Pacific Railway project, 200; the two syndicates, 200; government subsidies, 201; Huntington's motion for a committee to investigate charges against Sir Hugh Allan and the government, 201-203; motion defeated, 203; Macdonald's motion for select committee, 203-204; Allan's letters and telegrams published, with other documents, 205; royal commission issued, 206; Macdonald's letter to Dufferin, 207; Mackenzie moves vote of censure, 208; Macdonald's defence, 208-209; Donald A. Smith's speech, 210; Macdonald resigns, 210; his party defeated at the elections, 211. T Tilley not involved in, 131. See also Macdonald, Sir John A.; Macpherson, Sir David L.; Cartier, Sir Georges E.

Pagan, William. W Appointed to New Brunswick Council, 7.

Pakington, Sir John. See Hampton.

Palliser, Hugh. Captain of the Shrewsbury in 1759. Index: WM British marines under, occupy Lower Town of Quebec, 235.

Pallu. L Proposed appointment of, as bishop in Asia, 23.

Palmer, Edward (1809-1889). T Represents Prince Edward Island at Quebec Conference, 77.

Palmerston, Henry John Temple, third Viscount (1784-1865). Born in Hampshire, England. Educated at Harrow, Edinburgh, and Cambridge. First entered Parliament, 1807; lord of the admiralty, 1808; secretary of war, 1809-1828; foreign secretary, 1830-1840 and 1846-1851; home secretary, 1852; prime minister, 1855; defeated, but returned to power, 1857; again defeated, 1858, and once more prime minister, 1859; warden of the Cinque Ports, 1861. Index: E Sends Elgin on mission to China, 212. Sy Resigns from Duke of Wellington's Cabinet, 16. T On Intercolonial Railway question, 55; on Confederation negotiations, 63-64. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Pambrun, Pierre Chrysologue. Served in the Canadian Voltigeurs during the War of 1812. Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, and sent to the Qu'Appelle district. Captured there by Cuthbert Grant, of the North West Company, in 1816, and held prisoner for five days, shortly before the Seven Oaks affair. Stationed at Stuart Lake, New Caledonia, in 1824, and still in the same district in 1828 when Sir George Simpson made his overland journey to the Pacific. In 1842 in charge of Fort Halkett. Index: D At Stuart Lake, 99. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Bancroft, History of British Columbia; Morice, History of the Northern Interior of British Columbia.

Panama Canal. Ch Suggested by Champlain, 5; undertaken by De Lesseps, 6.

Panet, Jean Antoine (1751-1815). Practised as an advocate and notary in Montreal, represented Quebec in the Legislature, 1792, and presented a petition from the citizens of Quebec for the abolition of slavery. First Speaker of the Legislature of Quebec; appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas by Lord Dorchester, 1793, but resigned almost immediately and re-elected to the Legislature of Lower Canada where he sat until 1815; appointed a member of the Legislative Council, 1815. Index: Bk Speaker of Lower Canada Assembly, his commission as lieutenant-colonel of militia cancelled by Governor Craig, 105; elected for Huntingdon and again made Speaker, 115. Dr Speaker of first Lower Canada Assembly, 276; appointed to judgeship, 277. C Claims liberty of the press, 95; sent to jail, 95. P Establishes Le Canadien, 28; name struck off militia list by Sir James Craig, 28; sent to jail, 29; released, 29; Speaker of Assembly succeeded by Papineau, 33. Bib.: Bibaud, Pan. Can.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Panet, Jean Claude. Dr Appointed judge, 183.

Pangman, Peter. Born in New England. Engaged in the fur trade west of Lake Superior about 1780. With Peter Pond, John Gregory, and A. N. McLeod, organized in 1784 a company in opposition to the North West Company. Afterwards for some years in the service of the North West Company. In 1793 retired from the fur trade, and purchased seigniory of Mascouche in Lower Canada. Index: MS Associated with Pond and others in opposition to North West Company, 11; sent to Saskatchewan, 14; his share as partner of North West Company, 58. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

Paper Currency. Bk Issue of, in Upper Canada, 198. Hd Redemption of, 58, Dr French, in circulation in Canada, 23; habitants object to American, 116, 135, 150. Bib.: Weir, Sixty Years in Canada.

Papin. C Liberal leader in Quebec, 25; protests against Dorion entering Cartier administration, 106-107.

Papineau, Denis B. E Brother of Louis Joseph Papineau, 35; Metcalfe brings into Cabinet, 35; his lack of influence in Lower Canada, 44, 66. BL Elected for Ottawa, 116; becomes commissioner of crown lands, 1844, 246; attacked, 246-247; elected for Ottawa, 1844, 252; introduces question of French language, 255-256; Draper prepared to throw him over, 259, 260. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Papineau, Joseph. P Represents Montreal in first Parliament, 1792, 4; his patriotism, 4; oratorical gifts, 4; services during American invasion, 1775-1776, 5, 33; acquires seigniory of La Petite Nation, 5-6.

Papineau, Louis Joseph (1786-1870). P Tribune of the people, 1; a melodious speaker, 1-3; compared with Cartier, 2; his parentage, 3-4; services in War of 1812, 5, 33; his house at Montebello, 6; college days, 32; enters Assembly, 1812, and immediately springs to front, 32; succeeds Panet as Speaker, 1815, 33; studies history and constitutional law, 33; his speeches, 34; leadership acknowledged, 34; his opinion of the constitution of 1791, 34-38; insists on budget being voted item by item, 42; sent to England to oppose proposed union of Upper and Lower Canada, 1822, 44-53; attacks Dalhousie in the Assembly, 56; Bibaud on, 56; fight for control of the budget, and removal of political abuses, 56-64; criticized for accepting mission to England, 65-66; revolt against his leadership, 66; friendship for Neilson, 67; difficulties with his followers, 68-69; refuses offer of seat in the Council, 1822, 72; his unsuccessful fight for responsible government, 75; defeats motion for adoption of Goderich's offer, 77; his action defended in Durham's Report, 77; advocates reform of Legislative Council, 79; his Montreal speech, 1834, 79-82; question of patronage, 84; his immoderate attitude, 86; deserted by Neilson and other moderate men, 86; blames government for ravages of cholera, 88-89; Ninety-Two Resolutions, 85-97; becomes an annexationist, 97, 113; stormy scenes in the Legislature, 1835, 99; his outbursts of passion, 100; replies to Gugy's speech in Assembly, 103-106; has Lord Aylmer's remarks about Ninety-Two Resolutions erased from journals of Assembly, 106, 109; bitter attack on Aylmer, 107-108; and Craig, 109; becomes an irreconcilable, 110; conflict with Lord Gosford, 110; criticized by Dr. Henry, 112; accepts invitations to Government House, 112-113; refuses to vote supplies, 115; the eve of the Rebellion, 116; moderate French, with the clergy, break away from his leadership, 116-117; fails to secure support of malcontents in other provinces, 118-119; his seditious speeches, 119-125; influenced by example of American Revolution, 121-122; at the St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125-126; leaves Montreal for St. Hyacinthe, 127; charged with high treason, 128; leaves St. Denis on the eve of the fight, 132; a price put on his head, 137; escapes to the United States, 137-138; extent of his responsibility for Rebellion, 143; denies having advocated violence, 143; his speeches evidence against him, 144; his letters, 144; and the government, 156; the people follow him blindly, indifferent to political rights, 160-161; spends the period of his exile in France, 163; letter to his brother, 164; returns to Canada in 1845, 165; historical studies in Paris, examines Canadian Archives there, 164-165; his pamphlet on the Rebellion, 165; again enters Parliament, 1847-1854, 166; relations with La Fontaine, 167-180; advocates independence, 167; attacks La Fontaine, 170-172; La Fontaine's reply, 172-176; his hatred of all forms of compromise, 177; forms new party, Le parti démocratique, 1849, 178, 187; its leaders, 178; its programme, 178; retires from public life, 180; his letters to Christie, 144, 180, 191, 194; criticism of the Act of 1840, 181-182; his correspondence with his friends, 183; lectures before Canadian Institute, Montreal, 1867, 183, 199; his portrait, 185; his character, 185; his father's influence, 186; merits and defects of his public life, 186-188; his correspondence with W. L. Mackenzie, 189; his home on the Ottawa, 190; his social qualities, 190-191; home life, 192; friendly attitude towards the English, 196; his letters, 197; his death, Sept. 23, 1870, 198; attitude towards the church, 198; opposed to Confederation, 199; his love for his country, 200. BL Born in Montreal, 19; political life, 19, 20; his connection with the Rebellion in Lower Canada, 45, 46, 49; anxious to conciliate clergy, 47; Cuvillier votes against his Ninety-Two Resolutions, 86; his correspondence with Hume and Roebuck, 229; his life in exile, 288; La Fontaine secures his pardon, 288; his return and election for St. Maurice, 288; his lost leadership, 289; attacks La Fontaine and his policy, 289-290; La Fontaine's reply, 290-292; for Radical party, 292; opposes Redistribution Bill, 303; in the Assembly, 312; leads Radical party, 342; opposes La Fontaine, 342, 343; Elgin calls him "Guy Fawkes," 342; attitude on Seigniorial Tenure, 350. E Causes of Rebellion, 17, 75, 76; his dangerous eloquence, 17-18; an agitator rather than a statesman, 20; fights for an elective Council, 21; mistaken attitude, 22; returns from exile, 50, 91; elected to Parliament, 50; his career in Parliament, 50-51; Elgin's antipathy for, 56, 57, 72, 73; contrasted with Mackenzie, 91, 92; controls Legislature of Lower Canada, 97; opposes development of St. Lawrence, 97, 98; forms Parti Rouge, 108, 109; factious opposition to law increasing representation, 117; held responsible by Cartier for amendment to Union Act, 122; his defeat and retirement from public life, 134; aftermath of Rebellion, 190. Bk Elected to the Lower Canada Legislature, 117. C His influence on Cartier, 1, 5; his St. Charles meeting, 3; standing as a statesman, 23; founds Democratic party, 26; advocates reforms, but crosses limits of constitutional agitation, 96. Md Heads Rebellion of 1837, in Lower Canada, 7; Cartier goes to United States with, after defeat of rebels, 266; in struggle against political domination of priesthood, 45. Mc Visited by Mackenzie, 288; addresses meetings, 328; amnestied, 474. See also Rebellion of 1837. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Pardoe, Avern (1845- ). B Librarian of Legislative Assembly of Ontario, 255; a witness of the shooting of George Brown by Bennett, 255-256.

Parent, Étienne (1801-1874). Born at Beauport, near Quebec. Educated at the Seminary of Quebec, and at the College of Nicolet. In 1822 editor of Le Canadien, but resigned, 1825, to study law. After being called to the bar and practising for a short time, abandoned the profession on his appointment as French translator to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada. In 1831 editor of Le Canadien, and held the position for eleven years. During the Rebellion of 1837-1838 strongly supported the extreme measures of Papineau, and imprisoned in Quebec jail. In 1841 elected to the Assembly for Saguenay. In 1842 appointed clerk of the Executive Council; and in 1847 assistant secretary for Lower Canada. Index: P Applies name of Chouayens to those who would not follow Papineau, 68; withdraws from Papineau's party, 117; denounced by La Minerve as a traitor, 123. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Paris, Treaty of. Between England and France, signed 1763. Ceded Canada to Britain, France retaining islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. Index: E Guarantees institutions of French-Canadians, 24. P Grants free exercise of Roman Catholic religion, 9; breadth of view of framers of, 9. Dr Cedes Canada to Great Britain, 7. Sy Liberal provisions of, 62. WM Signed Feb. 10, 1763, 268; ends the Seven Years' War, 269. Bib.: Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions.

Parke, Thomas. Born in Ireland. Emigrated to Canada, and settled in York (Toronto) in 1820. Member for the county of Middlesex in the two last Parliaments of the province of Upper Canada. Member of the first Parliament of Canada, 1841-1844; surveyor-general in the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 1841-1845, when the office was abolished. Died, 1864. Index: Sy Made surveyor-general, 333. Bib.: Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Parker, Sir Hyde (1739-1807). Second son of Vice-Admiral Sir Hyde Parker. Born in England. Served in the navy under his father. In 1757 became lieutenant, and in 1763 commanded the Baleine. In 1766 transferred to the Hussar, and served under Lord Hood on the North American station until 1770; served with Howe at New York; Rhode Island in 1778; and in 1779 convoyed the troops to Savannah; knighted for his services, 1779; commander-in-chief at Jamaica, 1796-1800; promoted rear-admiral of the Red in 1799; commanded the fleet which attacked Copenhagen in 1807. Index: Bk In command of expedition to the Baltic, 24; signals Nelson at Copenhagen to leave off action, 28. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Parker, Robert. T Attorney-general, New Brunswick, appointed to bench, 19; made chief-justice, 1865, 93-94; dies same year, 94.

Parkes, Sir Henry (1815-1896). Australian statesman. Index: Md Rhodes suggests scheme of Imperial preferential trade to, 343.