Index and Dictionary (part 3)

Gazette (Quebec). Established 1764. Index: Hd First newspaper printed in Quebec, 190; its news columns censored, 191; publishes letters contained in an intercepted rebel mail, 225; advertisements in, 231-242; articles on moral themes, 246. Sy Its opposition to union of the provinces, 194, 211, 212. Bk Falls under displeasure of Legislative Assembly, 93. Bib.: Wallis, Hist. Sketch of Can. Journalism in Canada: An Ency., vol. 5.

Gazette (Toronto). Mc Mackenzie's newspaper, first published May 12, 1838, 433; last issue, 461. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.

General Election, 1841. Sy Rioting in connection with, 290, 291; result of, 291.

Genest, Edmond Charles (1765-1834). Dr Minister of France to the United States, 272; his intrigues in Canada, 273, 274. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Genevay, Jean François Louis. Hd French secretary to Haldimand, 305; receives bequest from Haldimand, 342; his tomb, 346.

Geological Survey. First suggested by Dr. Rae, in 1832. W. E. (afterwards Sir) Logan was appointed provincial geologist, 1842, and, the government having decided to carry out a geological survey of the province, he took charge of the work the following year. The establishment of the survey was largely the result of petitions presented by the Natural History Society of Montreal, and the Quebec Literary and Historical Society. The first report was for the year 1843. Twenty years later, the reports 1843-1863 were summarized in a volume of 983 pages, Geology of Canada. The periods 1863-1866 and 1866-1869 were each covered in a single report. Thereafter, annual volumes were published. Two general indexes have been issued, one for the reports 1863-1884, and the second for 1885-1906.

George IV (1762-1830). King of England, son of George III and the Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. In 1795 married the Princess Caroline of Brunswick. In 1811 regent, and in 1820 succeeded George III. Index: W Grants charter to King's College, Fredericton, 49. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

George, Sir Rupert D. H Provincial secretary of Nova Scotia, 57; dismissed from office, 111; challenges Joseph Howe to a duel, 244. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Georgian Bay. An arm of Lake Huron. Discovered by Joseph Le Caron, a Franciscan, 1615. Champlain reached the shores of the bay the same year. Index: Ch Champlain crosses, 88.

Germain, Charles. Appointed missionary to the Abnaki Indians on the St. John River, 1845. Authorized agent of the government at Quebec for the purpose of destroying British supremacy in Acadia. Assisted De Ramezay in his plans for the attack on Mines, 1747. Removed to Miramichi, 1757. After the fall of Quebec, took up the cause of the British. Received a pension of £50 a year from the government at Halifax, 1761. Retired to Quebec, taking with him a number of Indian families. Died, 1779. Bib.: Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.

Germain, Lord George. See Sackville.

German and Swiss Colonists. Hd In America, scheme to enroll, 9.

German Troops. Hd Commanded by Riedesel, 114; not adapted to work required of them, 126, 136; reorganization of, 141; Haldimand not satisfied with, 141; some settle near Cataraqui, 265; leave Canada, 293, 296.

Germans and Dutch. Dr Large admixture of, among United Empire Loyalists, 240.

Gerris, Sarah. F Captured at Fort Loyal, exchanged for one of Phipps's prisoners, 303.

Gerry, Elbridge (1744-1814). American statesman. Index: Bk Governor of Massachusetts, 172. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Gerrymander. See Redistribution Bill.

Gibault, Père. Hd Absolves French of the west from their allegiance to Britain, 167.

Gibbs, Thomas Nicholson (1821-1883). Born in Terrebonne, Quebec. Engaged in business pursuits at Oshawa. Defeated for election to the Assembly for South Ontario, 1854, but successful, 1865. Elected to represent South Ontario in the House of Commons, 1867, the defeated candidate being George Brown. Secretary of state and minister of inland revenue in the government of Sir John A. Macdonald, 1873. Appointed to the senate, 1880.

Gibson, David. Mc Organizes shooting matches, 342; rebels meet at his house, 360; opposes advance on Toronto, 362; his house burned, 375; objects to Mackenzie's plans, 376; escapes, 380. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.

Gibson, John Morrison (1842- ). Educated at the University of Toronto; studied law and called to the bar of Ontario, 1867. Elected to the Ontario Assembly for Hamilton, 1879; provincial secretary, 1889; commissioner of crown lands, 1896; attorney-general, 1889-1905; lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1908. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Giffard, Robert. First seignior in New France. Mentioned at Quebec in 1627; returned to France, 1629; established at his Beauport seigneury, 1634; a member of the Council, 1646; syndic of Quebec, 1648; gave his St. Gabriel property to the Jesuits, 1667. Index: Ch Landed with his family by Kirke on St. Pierre Island, 174; comes to Canada with forty colonists, 250; receives grant of land near Beauport, 251. Bib.: Douglas, Old France in the New World.

Gilbert, Thomas. W Member for Queens, New Brunswick, an advocate of old-time Toryism, 96. T Proposes to convert King's College into agricultural school, 20, 21; his bill defeated, 91.

Gillam, Benjamin. Son of following. Commanded a trading expedition from Boston to Hudson Bay in 1683, and built a fort some miles up the Nelson River. Pierre Radisson captured the fort, and carried Gillam a prisoner to Quebec, where he was promptly released by the governor. Sailed for Boston, and arrested on behalf of the Hudson's Bay Company for poaching in their territory. Seems to have turned pirate a year or two later; captured at Boston, carried to England with Captain Kidd, who had been arrested at the same time, and hanged with his fellow pirate. Bib.: Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West.

Gillam, Zachariah. A New England skipper, sent out in 1668 by Prince Rupert and his associates, to Hudson Bay, in command of the Nonsuch, on a voyage of exploration and trade. Medard Chouart (q.v.) sailed with him, while Pierre Radisson (q.v.) followed, in 1669, in the Waveno. Gillam's journal of the voyage is quoted in Joseph Robson's Hudson's Bay. Made several subsequent voyages to the bay, on behalf of the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1684 his ship crushed in the ice at the mouth of Nelson River, and he and several of the crew perished. Bib.: Robson, Account of Six Years' Residence in Hudson's Bay; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

Gillmor, A. H. T Provincial secretary in Smith ministry, New Brunswick, 91; a strong Liberal, 91.

Gilmore, George. Hd School teacher at St. Johns, 235.

Ginseng. Hd Gathered by Jesuits, for shipment to China, 148; brought $5 a pound, 148; Indians engaged in trade, 148.

Gipps, Sir George (1791-1847). Born at Ringwould, England. Educated at King's School, Canterbury, and at the Military Academy, Woolwich. Entered the army, 1809; served throughout the Peninsular War; employed in the West Indies, 1824-1829; appointed private secretary to the first lord of the Admiralty, 1834; sent to Canada as commissioner, together with Lord Gosford and Sir Charles Grey, to attempt to allay prevailing discontent, 1835; knighted, 1835; governor of New South Wales, 1836-1846. Index: P Royal commissioner sent to Canada with Lord Gosford and Sir Charles Grey, in 1835, 111. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Lang, New South Wales.

Girouard, Désiré (1836- ). Born at St. Timothée, Quebec. Educated at Montreal College; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada. For some years sat in the House of Commons. Appointed judge of Supreme Court of Canada, 1895. Index: F On loss of life in massacre of Lachine, 224; at La Chesnaye and other places, 226. Bib.: Lake St. Louis and Cavelier de la Salle. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; Cyc. Am. Biog.; Canadian Who's Who.

Girouard, John Joseph (1795-1855). Born in Quebec. Studied law, and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1816. Elected to the Assembly, 1830; a strong supporter of Papineau; took an active part in the Rebellion of 1837-1838; imprisoned at Montreal for six months. Resumed the practice of law. Offered a portfolio on the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, but refused to accept office; took no further part in public life. Index: BL Associated with La Fontaine in constitutional agitation in Lower Canada, 49; commissionership of crown lands promised to, 124; declines appointment, 134; referred to as a rebel in Transcript, 141; attacked by Tory press, 150. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Gisborne, Frederick Newton (1824-1892). Came to Canada from England in 1845. Joined the staff of the British North American Electric Telegraph Association, 1847, and became general manager. In 1852, laid the first submarine cable in America, joining New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island; and in 1856, laid another to Newfoundland. Conceived the idea of connecting Europe and America by a submarine cable, and succeeded in enlisting the interest of Cyrus W. Field. The cable finally completed, 1858. Appointed superintendent of the Dominion government telegraph and signal service, 1879. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Giscome Portage. Leading from the Parsnip River to the Fraser, in northern British Columbia. Named by an independent trader, Peter Dunlevy, after his cook, about the year 1873. Both Mackenzie and Simon Fraser crossed from the Parsnip to the Fraser, the former in 1793, and the latter in 1806, but neither went by way of Giscome Portage, which was not discovered until some years later. Bib.: Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.

Givins, James. Bk Appointed aide-de-camp, 247.

Gladstone, William Ewart (1809-1898). British statesman. Index: Sy Elected to Parliament for Newark, 22; defeated at Manchester, 48. E His opinion of Lord Elgin, 7, 78; sympathy for Confederate States, 202. B Defends free trade policy, 31; not in favour of Intercolonial Railway, 143; on committee to discuss Confederation and defences of Canada, 186. BL His speech on Rebellion Losses Bill, 326-327, 328; his interview with Hincks, 328. Md Opposes Rebellion Losses Bill, 41; withdraws claim against United States on account of Fenian Raids, 176-177. T Insists on sinking fund for Intercolonial scheme, 57. Bib.: Works: The State in its Relations with the Church; Gleanings from Past Years. For biog., see Morley, The Life of William Ewart Gladstone; Dict. Nat. Biog.

Gladwin, Henry. Joined the army, 1753; took part in the expedition under Braddock; promoted to rank of major, 1759; in command at Detroit during siege by Pontiac; served throughout the American Revolutionary War; major-general, 1782. Died in England, 1791. Index: Dr Defence of Detroit by, in Pontiac's War, 5. Bib.: Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac; Moor, The Gladwin Manuscripts; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Glandelet, Abbé Charles. L Accompanies Laval to Canada, 141; theologist of chapter of Quebec, 197. F Preaches against theatre, 336.

Glassion, de. Dr Superior of Jesuits, sends petition to the king, through Carleton, 35.

Glegg, Captain J. B. Aide-de-camp to General Brock. Index: Bk Carries summons for surrender of Detroit, 251, 255; carries despatches to Quebec, announcing victory, 259. Bib.: Richardson, War of 1812, ed. by Casselman; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.

Glen, John Sanders. F Magistrate of Schenectady, life spared, 247.

Glenelg, Charles Grant, Baron (1778-1866). Born in Kidderpore, India. Educated at Magdalen College, Cambridge, England, and called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1807. Member of the British House of Commons, 1811-1835. Appointed lord of the treasury, 1813; chief secretary for Ireland and a member of the Privy Council, 1819; vice-president of the Board of Trade and treasurer of the navy, 1823; president of the Board of Control, 1830-1834, and colonial secretary, 1835. Created Baron Glenelg, 1835. Resigned the secretaryship, 1839, and made land tax commissioner. Died in Cannes. Index: W His incompetence and procrastination, 42; on casual and territorial revenues of New Brunswick, 61-62. Sy President of Board of Trade, 16; resigns, 16; unequal to duties of colonial office, 57. BL Appointment of Head as governor, 36; Head's letter to, 41. H Instructs Sir Colin Campbell to grant a measure of responsible government to Nova Scotia, 44-45; Joseph Howe's letter to, on ocean steamship service, 232. Mc Opposes responsible government, 20; on colonial self-government, 73; refers report of the Committee on Grievances to the king, 263; his reply to report, 280; on Executive Councils, 302; schooled by Head, 304; Head disobeys his orders, 307; on non-elective Legislative Council, 324. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Glengarry. A county in Ontario, on the St. Lawrence. Named after the famous glen in Inverness, Scotland. Many Scottish Highlanders left their native country after the battle of Culloden in 1746, and emigrated to America. They were all intensely loyal, and when the Revolution broke out many moved north into Canada, settling on the Niagara frontier, the bay of Quinté, and the banks of the St. Lawrence. From the latter settlement sprang the present Glengarry County. In 1804-1805 Bishop McDonell obtained several grants of land in the district for the Highlanders of the disbanded Scottish Glengarry Regiment, and for twenty-five years promoted the interests of the colonists. He raised, in 1812, the Glengarry Fencibles Regiment, which rendered valuable service during the war. Bib.: Macdonell, Sketches Illustrating the Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada.

Glengarry Fencibles. Bk Canadian Highland corps, 180.

Glenie, James. W Member for Sunbury, in New Brunswick Assembly, 1792-1809, 13; a pioneer reformer, 13.

Globe. Newspaper published at Toronto; established, 1844. Index: B Advocates responsible government, ix; its establishment, 9, 10; on elections in Upper Canada in 1844, 25; criticism of Draper, 27; on Toryism, 32; supports Elgin's attitude towards the Rebellion Losses Bill, 36; attacks the Clear Grits, 40, 41; upholds British system of responsible government, as superior to the American system, 42; gives credit to French-Canadians for supporting Reform cause, 43; attitude towards Roman Catholic questions, 44-46, 48; advocates secularization of Clergy Reserves, 55; on free schools, 62; first issued as a daily, Oct. 1, 1853; its earlier history, absorbs North American and Examiner, 1855, 74; its policy, 75; on the Quebec Rouges, 78-79; contains appeal on behalf of fugitive slaves, 112; and the "no popery" agitation, 121, 123; advocates uniform legislation for Upper and Lower Canada, 130; assails Separate School Bill, 145; Brown's pride in, 150, 247; effect of Brown's position in Macdonald ministry, 209; contains R. B. Sullivan's address on North-West Territories, 211; Brown's article on North-West, 1852, 213; letters of "Huron" on North-West, 215-216; advocates union of North-West with Canada, 217, 218; attacks Canada First party, 236, 237, 238, 239, 241; Peter Brown writes for, 243; edited by Gordon Brown, 244, 245; reveals George Brown's views, 248, 249; its support of Wilson, 250; attacks Mr. Justice Wilson, 250, 252, 253; the office of publication, 255; shooting of George Brown, 255-258. E Hostile at first to Clear Grits, 111; edited by George Brown, 111. BL Established by George Brown, Mar. 5, 1844, 223-224; its fighting policy, 224; attacks Metcalfe, 225; denounces the Grits, 342; outcry against Roman Catholicism, 343. Mc Justifies the Rebellion of 1837, 13; on Mackenzie's expulsions, 254; on Mackenzie's retirement from public life, 498; Mackenzie's obituary, 511; on Mackenzie's personality, 523. Md Founded by George Brown with his father, 52; on the Redistribution Bill, 275; on the elections of 1887, 282-283; supports commercial union, 295. Bib.: Wallis, Historical Sketch of Canadian Journalism in Canada: An Ency., vol. 5; Buckingham, George Brown and the Globe in Canada: An Ency., vol. 5; Mackenzie, Hon. George Brown.

Godard, Charles. S Agent for government of Upper Canada, 178.

Goddard, John. T Elected for St. John, New Brunswick, 25.

Gode, Nicolas. L Land bought from, for church at Montreal, 88.

Godefroy, Jean-Paul. Ch Interpreter, 144.

Godefroy, Thomas. Ch Interpreter, 144.

Goderich, Viscount. See Ripon.

Goderich. Town in Ontario, situated at mouth of River Maitland, Huron County, Ontario. Founded by John Galt and Wm. Dunlop about 1827. Bib.: Lizars, Days of the Canada Company.

Gomara, Lopez de. Ch Suggests a canal through Isthmus of Panama, 14.

Gondoin, Nicolas. Ch Jesuit missionary at Miscou, 234.

Gordon, Brigadier-General. Dr Murder of, 152.

Gordon, Arthur Hamilton. See Stanmore.

Gordon, Robert. T Member for Gloucester in New Brunswick Assembly, votes against Liberals, 18.

Gore, Sir Charles S. Born in Scotland, 1793; the third son of the second Earl of Arran. Entered the army, 1808; served throughout the Peninsular War; ordered to Canada, 1814; returned to Europe and present at the battle of Waterloo, 1815. Again came to Canada; in command of the troops in Lower Canada during the Rebellion of 1837-1838; subsequently knighted and advanced to the rank of lieutenant-general. Index: C At St. Denis, 7. P In command of troops in Rebellion of 1837 in Lower Canada, 128-129; marches on St. Denis, 130; second expedition against St. Denis, 134. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Gore, Sir Francis (1769-1852). Served in the army; lieutenant-governor of Bermuda, 1804; lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 1806-1817. Index: Bk Lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 8, 78; his civil and military service, 78; arms supplied to, 97; arrives at Quebec from the west, 132; Brock's high opinion of, 143; goes to England on leave, 159. E Postpones secularization of Clergy Reserves by proroguing Legislature, 146. Bib.: Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada; Kingsford, History of Canada.

Gore District. In Upper Canada; named after Governor Gore. Index: Sy Resolutions in favour of responsible government adopted at meeting of inhabitants, 125, 126.

Gorham, John. A native of Massachusetts. Stationed at Annapolis in command of a body of provincial troops, 1845; sent to Boston to procure aid against a threatened attack; induced to proceed to the siege of Louisbourg under Pepperrell; appointed colonel. Returned to Annapolis and placed in command of the Boston troops sent to Mines with Colonel Noble. Afterwards commanded a body of Rangers raised in New England for service in Acadia. A member of the Council of Nova Scotia. Returned to Massachusetts, 1752. Bib.: Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins; Marshall, Life of Pepperell.

Gosford, Archibald Acheson, second Earl of (1775?-1849). Governor-general of Canada, 1835-1838. Index: P His mission of conciliation to French-Canadians, 110; hostility of Papineau, 110; replaces Aylmer in 1835, 111; his character, 111-112; entertains Papineau, 112-113; his appeal for reconciliation, in opening Parliament, 113; his secret instructions published in Toronto, 113; their terms, 114; session of 1836, 115-116; dismisses Parliament, 116; eve of the Rebellion, 116-117; appoints Bédard judge, 117; proclaims martial law in the district of Montreal, 137; returns to England, 138; on the official class in Lower Canada, 158. BL His attempts to placate popular leaders in Lower Canada, 45; compared to Bagot, 151. C His amnesty proclamation, 9. W Conversation with William IV, 22. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Gosselin, Abbé Auguste (1843- ). Born at St. Charles de Bellechasse, Quebec. Educated at Quebec Seminary and at Laval University. Ordained priest, 1866; subsequently chancellor of the Quebec Diocese, and vicar of the Basilica. Retired from the ministry to devote himself to literary work, 1893. Index: L On Laval's absolution, 35; on mandement creating Seminary, 49; on policy of Laval, 169; on great extent of parishes in Laval's time, 195. F His opinion of Talon, 54; on administration of La Barre, 172; on Laval's choice of de Saint-Vallier, 191; on Frontenac's attitude towards religion, 359. Bib.: Works: Vie de Laval; Henri de Bernières; Le Docteur Labrie; Québec en 1730; Mgr. de Saint-Vallier et son Temps; D'Iberville; Jean Bourdon. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Gouin, Sir Lomer (1861- ). Born in Grondines, Quebec. Educated at Sorel College and Laval University, Montreal; studied law and called to the bar of Quebec, 1884. Elected to the Assembly for the St. James division of Montreal, 1897; minister of public works in the Parent administration, 1900; premier, 1905; knighted, 1908. Bib.: Canadian Who's Who.

Gourlay, Robert Fleming (1778-1863). Born in the parish of Ceres, Fifeshire, Scotland. Attended St. Andrews University. Took part in an inquiry into the condition of the poor in Great Britain, and carried on an aggressive agitation for a reform of the poor laws. Came to Canada, 1817, and settled at Kingston. Becoming convinced of the need of radical changes in the land system of Upper Canada, attacked the administration with so much energy that he was finally, after a grossly unfair trial, expelled from the province. Returning to Scotland, devoted himself to the preparation of his work on Upper Canada; lost most of his property as the result of lawsuits; and imprisoned for a personal attack on Lord Brougham in the lobby of the House of Commons. On his release, visited the United States about 1836, and instrumental in dissuading Ohio sympathizers from joining the movement under William Lyon Mackenzie. In 1842 his case brought before the Legislature of Upper Canada, and the House decided that his arrest had been "illegal, unconstitutional and without possibility of excuse and palliation, and the sentence declared null and void." Did not, however, return to Canada until 1856, when he was granted a pension of fifty pounds; this he refused because he considered that his vindication had not been complete. Contested Oxford County in 1860, but defeated; returned to Edinburgh, where he died. Index: Mc Comes to Canada, 1817, 89; arouses public feeling, 89; tried for libel at Kingston and again at Brockville, and acquitted at both places, 89; tried under Alien Act, and ordered to leave province, 90; refuses and is committed to jail, 90; habeas corpus proceedings fail, 90; treatment in prison, 91; Chief-Justice Powell orders him to leave province, 92; banished, 93. BL Exaggerated language of his petition, 12. E Collects information on best means of developing resources of Upper Canada, 147. R His statistics of education in Upper Canada, 55; his imprisonment and banishment, 63, 67. Bib.: Statistical Account of Upper Canada. For biog., see Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Rattray, The Scot in British North America; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Governors. Sy Their powers and functions, and relations to the home government on the one side and the colonial Legislatures on the other, 74-76.

Gowan, Ogle R. (1796-1876). Born in Ireland. Edited for some years the Antidote, published in Dublin. Came to Canada, 1829, and settled in the county of Leeds. At once took a leading place in the politics of Canada. First elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, 1834, and continued as representative, with brief intervals, until 1861. Served in the militia during the troubles of 1837-1838; commanded the right wing at the battle of the "Windmill" and severely wounded. For twenty years grandmaster of the Orange Order. Index: BL His interview with Metcalfe, and his letter, 187; challenges Hincks, 218; loses his seat in Assembly, 279. E Insults Lord Elgin at Brockville, 79. Bib.: Responsible or Parliamentary Government. For biog., see Cyc. Am. Biog.; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Goyer, Olivier. F Récollet, preaches funeral sermon on Frontenac, 361.

Goyogouins. See Cayugas.

Graham, Sir James. Sy His views on corn duties and Irish Church, 40.

Grammar Schools. S Simcoe's desire to establish, 169. See Education.

Grand Jury. Dr Presentment of, 14; protested against by Murray, 15.

Grand Portage. Near western end of Lake Superior, about twenty miles south of Fort William. As in the case of so many other historic Canadian places, it is impossible to say who was the first white man to stand upon this famous centre of the fur trade. Radisson came this way in 1662; Du Lhut in 1678; Noyon in 1688; La Noüe in 1717; but there is no evidence that any of the four were actually at Grand Portage. It is first mentioned in a memoir by Pachot, 1722; and the earliest authenticated visit to the spot is that of La Vérendrye, 1731. From that time it grew steadily in importance until finally abandoned, 1801, in favour of Fort William. The name was applied both to the trading-post on the shore of Lake Superior, and to the portage thence to the Pigeon River. Index: MS Described, 13; the portage, 13; as it is to-day, 13; in Mackenzie's day, 14; Mackenzie at, 54. Bib.: Mackenzie, History of Fur Trade in his Voyages; Henry-Thompson Journals, ed. by Coues; Henry, Travels and Adventures; Carver, Travels; Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.

Grand Pré. A village on the shores of the Basin of Minas. Stands upon or near the site of the old village of the same name, one of the principal settlements of the Acadians. The scene of many conflicts between the French and English; and of the final expulsion of the Acadians. See Acadians. Bib.: Parkman, Half Century of Conflict and Montcalm and Wolfe.

Grand Trunk Railway. C Entrusts Cartier with its legal business, 22; Carrier's deep interest in its development, 48; line extended from Quebec to Rivière du Loup, 49, 114. BL Construction of, up to 1848, 301. B Owners of said by Dorion to be the real authors of Confederation, 176; Taché-Macdonald government condemned for subsidizing, 176. E Early history of, 99, 100, 101, 115-116; Hincks's connection with, 100, 115. H Hincks makes arrangements in England for construction of, 143; terms and conditions not altogether satisfactory, 143. Md Early history, 45; financial difficulties, 90. Bib.: Brown, History of Grand Trunk Railway; Lanning, Historical Sketch of the Grand Trunk Railway in Canada: An Ency., vol. 2.

Grant, Alexander (1734-1813). Administered the government of Upper Canada as senior member of the Executive Council, on death of General Hunter, 1805. Index: Bk Administers government of Upper Canada, 69. S Member of Legislative Council, 49, 79; member of the Executive Council, 80. Bib.: Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada.

Grant, Cuthbert. One of the leading traders of the North West Company in the West, in the early days. With Peter Pond on the Athabaska, and sent by him, 1786, to establish a post near mouth of Slave River; at Fort Chipewyan, 1789; at Fort Qu'Appelle, 1793; with David Thompson on the Assiniboine, 1797. Died, 1798 or 1799. Index: MS Partner of the North West Company, 58; in charge of the Centre (Red River and Assiniboine) country, 58. Bib.: Henry-Thompson Journals, ed. by Coues; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

Grant, Cuthbert. Son of foregoing. Scottish half-breed, in western fur trade. Educated at Montreal, and entered service of North West Company. Led the half-breeds in the Seven Oaks affair. Some years later settled near White Horse Plains, on the Assiniboine, and appointed Warden of the Plains by the Council of Assiniboia. Became himself a member of the Council. Index: MS Leader of the half-breeds at Red River—serves notice on the colonists to leave the district, 174; brings a party of bois-brûlés down from Qu'Appelle to drive out the settlers, 180; and the Seven Oaks affair, 180-182. Bib.: Bryce, Manitoba and Hudson's Bay Company; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West.

Grant, George Monro (1835-1902). Born at Albion Mines, Nova Scotia. Educated at University of Glasgow. Entered Presbyterian ministry in Nova Scotia. Accompanied Sandford Fleming overland to British Columbia, 1872. Principal of Queen's University, 1877, and built it up to the first rank among Canadian universities. Index: Md Principal of Queen's University—on ignorance in Maritime Provinces as to the West, 155; opposes commercial union, 295; on character of Sir John A. Macdonald as man and statesman, 329-330; one of Macdonald's strongest and most ardent supporters, 340; but would not support him when he felt he was in the wrong, 341. Bib.: Works: Ocean to Ocean; Advantages of Imperial Federation; Our National Objects and Aims; Religions of the World in Relation to Christianity; Picturesque Canada. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por.; Grant and Hamilton, Principal Grant.

Grant, Sir William (1752-1832). Commanded volunteers at siege of Quebec, 1775; attorney-general of Canada, 1776; chief-justice of Chester, 1798; solicitor-general, 1799-1801; master of the Rolls, 1801-1817. Index: Dr Removed from judgeship, returns to England and becomes Master of the Rolls, 184. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Gravé, Jeanne. Ch Daughter of Dupont-Gravé, 47.

Gravé, Robert. Ch Son of Dupont-Gravé, accompanies Champlain on voyage of discovery, 34.

Graves, Samuel (1713-1787). British admiral. Index: S Godfather of Simcoe, 15; commands naval force at Boston, 19. Dr Refuses to send transports to Quebec, 92. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Gray, John Hamilton (1814-1889). Born in Bermuda. Entered political life in New Brunswick in 1850, and became a leading member of the provincial government. Took part in the negotiations leading up to Confederation, and sat in the first Dominion Parliament as member for the city of St. John. In 1872 appointed to the Supreme Court of British Columbia. Index: T Elected for St. John County, 1850, 10; his character and appearance, 13; deserts the Liberals, 13; joins the government, 18, 23; his course condemned, 24; member for St. John County, 30; becomes attorney-general, 41; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73; and to Quebec Conference, 77; Confederation candidate in St. John County, 85, 109; becomes Speaker of Assembly, 114; elected to House of Commons, 1867, 131. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Gray, John Hamilton (1811-1887). Born in Prince Edward Island. Entered the army, 1831, and served for twenty-one years, retiring 1852. Returning to Prince Edward Island, elected to the provincial Legislature, and became premier in 1863. The following year presided at the Charlottetown Conference, and also attended the Quebec Conference. Made a C. M. G., 1871. Index: T Chairman of Charlottetown Conference, 76; premier of Prince Edward Island, 77; delegate from Prince Edward Island to Quebec Conference, 77. Bib.: Campbell, History of Prince Edward Island.

Gray, Robert (1755-1806). American captain and explorer. Index: D Voyage to North-West Coast in 1787, 23; at Nootka, 1788-1789, 24; second voyage—enters mouth of Columbia River, May 11, 1792, 24; names the river, 24. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast; Laut, Vikings of the Pacific.

Great Bear Lake. In Northern Canada. Area 11,821 square miles. Discovered by men of the North West Company, and a post established on or near the lake about 1800. Fort Franklin built on south-west shore, 1825, where Franklin wintered with Richardson and Back. Fort Confidence built by Dease and Simpson, 1873, at eastern end of Dease Bay, on the lake. Index: MS Area of, 39. Bib.: Franklin, Second Expedition; Simpson, Narrative of Discoveries; Bell, Great Bear Lake (Geol. Survey, 1899); Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.

Great Lakes. WM The domain of France, 18. See also under names of the individual lakes. Bib.: Curwood, The Great Lakes; Channing, Story of the Great Lakes.

Great Mohawk (Grand Agnié). F Christian Mohawk leader, 246.

Great Portage. Hd Trade route to the interior, 163. See Grand Portage.

Great Slave Lake. In Northern Canada. Area 10,719 square miles. Discovered by Samuel Hearne (q.v.), in 1771. A post built there, 1786, by Leroux and Grant, of the North West Company. Three years later Alexander Mackenzie passed through the lake on his way to the mouth of the Mackenzie River. Visited later by many other explorers and fur traders, this being on the route to the far North and North-West. Index: MS Discovered by Samuel Hearne, 3, 31; Leroux builds post on, 18; Mackenzie on, 35, 36, 48, 49; forts on, 54-55. Bib.: Hearne, Journey to Coppermine; Mackenzie, Voyages; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.

Great Western Railway. Charter granted 1834, and renewed 1845. Absorbed by the Grand Trunk in 1882. Ran from Hamilton to the international boundary opposite Detroit. Index: E Construction stimulated by provincial guarantee, 1849, 99. Bib.: Trout, History of Canadian Railways in Canada: An Ency., vol. 2.

Greeley, Horace (1811-1872). American journalist. Index: Mc Editor of New York Tribune, 472; Mackenzie's friend, 473; his influence with Mackenzie, 474. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Green, Benjamin (1713-1772). Accompanied the expedition against Louisbourg as secretary, 1745; remained there as government secretary until 1749; removed to Halifax, and appointed a member of the Council of Nova Scotia. Treasurer of the province for many years. Administrator of the government, 1776. Bib.: Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.

Greene, Nathanael (1742-1786). Dr American general, watches Leslie's army in South Carolina, 197; destitute condition of his force, 204. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Greenway, Thomas (1838-1909). Born in Cornwall, England. Came to Canada with his parents, 1844. Educated at the public schools of Huron County, Ontario. Engaged in business for ten years at Centralia. Defeated on two occasions for election to the House of Commons, but elected, 1875; did not offer for re-election. Removed to Manitoba, 1878, and engaged in farming. Elected to the Assembly, 1879; leader of the Liberal opposition, 1887; premier, 1888; his government defeated, 1899. Elected to the House of Commons, 1904. Appointed a member of the Dominion Railway Commission, 1898. Bib.: Begg, History of the North-West; Morgan, Can. Men.

Gregory, John. Born in England. Came to Montreal, and engaged in the fur trade. Associated with A. N. McLeod, Alexander Mackenzie, Peter Pangman, and others, in opposition to the North West Company. Index: MS In opposition to North West Company, 10, 11; his share as partner of North West Company, 58. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

Gregory, William. The first chief-justice of the province of Quebec. His commission bears date August 24, 1764; succeeded by William Hey, September 25, 1766.

Grenville, George Leveson-Gower, second Earl (1815-1891). Entered Parliament, 1836; secretary for foreign affairs, 1851-1852, 1870-1874, 1880-1885; colonial secretary, 1868-1870 and 1886. Index: Md Colonial secretary, his part in the transfer of North-West Territories to Canada, 157. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Grenville, William Wyndham, Baron (1759-1834). Entered Parliament, 1782; paymaster-general, 1783; Speaker of the House of Commons, 1789; created Baron Grenville, 1790; secretary for foreign affairs, 1791; first lord of the treasury, 1806. Index: Dr Succeeds Sydney in colonial office, 248; sends out draft bill for better government of the province, 248. S Sends draft of Constitutional Act to Lord Dorchester, 2. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Grenville, Thomas (1755-1846). Dr Accompanies Oswald to Paris to discuss terms of peace, 192. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Grey, Charles, second Earl (1764-1845). Distinguished British statesman, noted particularly for his connection with the first Reform Bill. Sy Becomes prime minister, 25; resigns, 45. Mc W.L. Mackenzie's opinion of, 221; favours amnesty for Mackenzie, 478; Mackenzie's letter to, 479. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Grey, Life of Lord Grey.

Grey, Henry George, third Earl (1802-1894). Secretary for the colonies, 1830-1833; secretary for war, 1835-1841; succeeded to the earldom, 1845; again secretary for the colonies, 1846-1852. Index: E Colonial secretary, 13; on Metcalfe's mistaken policy, 36; Elgin's letters to, 54-55; persuades Elgin to retain governor-generalship, 77; and the Clergy Reserves, 164-165. BL Colonial secretary—his attitude towards Canada, 267-272; Baldwin's reference to, 268-269; sanctions representative government, but with a reservation, 273; his instructions to Elgin, 274; Elgin's letter to, 285. Md Friendly attitude towards responsible government, 33; his despatch to Sir John Harvey on responsible government, 33; text of the despatch, 47-50. W His despatch on money grants, 1847, 96; on colonial administration, 113; disallows Hemp Bounties Bill, 118. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Grey, Albert Henry George Grey, fourth Earl (1851- ). Born Howick, England. Educated at Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge. Member of British House of Commons, 1880-1886; administrator of Rhodesia, 1896-1897; director of British South Africa Company, 1898-1904. Succeeded Lord Minto as governor-general of Canada, 1904. Bib.: Hubert Hervey: a Memoir. For biog., see Who's Who.

Grey, Sir Charles Edward (1785-1865). Educated at Oxford University; called to the bar, 1811; commissioner in bankruptcy, 1817; judge of the Supreme Court of Madras, 1820; knighted, 1820; sent to Canada as one of three commissioners to investigate causes of prevailing discontent, 1835; elected to the House of Commons, 1838; governor of the Barbados, 1841-1846; governor of Jamaica, 1847-1853. Index: P Royal Commissioner, sent to Canada with Lord Gosford and Sir George Gipps in 1835, 111. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict. Nat. Biog.

Greywell Hill. Dr Hampshire residence of Lord Dorchester, 307.

Grisler, Charles. S Shot for desertion, 73.

Griffon. F Vessel built by La Salle and lost in Lake Michigan, 159.

Grignan, de. F Son-in-law of Mme. de Sévigné, a candidate for governorship of Canada, 65.

Grondines. WM French vessels retreat to, 152.

Groseilliers. See Chouart.

Guelph. A city of Western Ontario, situated on the Speed River, in the county of Wellington. Founded by John Galt (q.v.), 1827. Bib.: Lizars, Days of the Canada Company.

Guernsey. Bk Island of, birthplace of Brock, 1-6.

Guerrière. Bk British ship taken by the Constitution, 284.

Guers, Jean-Baptiste. Ch Accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 1620, 121.

Gugy, Conrad (1730-1786). Born at the Hague; son of a Swiss officer in the Dutch service. Educated for the engineers; disposed of his commission and settled in Quebec. Subsequently secretary to Sir Frederick Haldimand and a member of the Legislative and Executive Councils. Index: Hd Swiss, Haldimand's secretary, 62; his tomb, 345. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.

Gugy, Conrad Augustus. Educated at Cornwall under John Strachan. Served for a time in the army; afterwards studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada. Elected a member of the Assembly. Led the troops at the assault of St. Eustache. Subsequently adjutant-general and commissioner of police. Index: P Defends the government in the Assembly, 1835, 101-102; on French-Canadian grievances, 103; a major in the militia, 103; serves with Colborne at St. Eustache in 1837, 103; advocates native-born ministry, 196. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Guienne Regiment. WM Soldier of saves Captain Ochterlony, mortally wounded, from being scalped, 142; Wolfe wishes to reward him, but reward declined by Vaudreuil, 145; ordered to Heights of Abraham, 160; unwise withdrawal of, from Plains of Abraham, 184; in battle of Ste. Foy, 257. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Wood, The Fight for Canada; Bradley, Fight with France.

Guilbault. Ch Merchant, assists in taking Fort St. Pierre, 236.

Guilford, Frederick North, second Earl of (1732-1792). Entered Parliament, 1754; chancellor of the exchequer 1767; premier, 1770; resigned in 1783. Index: Dr On Quebec Act, 66; defeat of his government, 191. Hd His difficulty with settlers at Vincennes, 92; burnt in effigy, 97; Haldimand's letters to, 259, 265; his idea of a military settlement in the Eastern Townships, 264. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Guines, Modiste. Ch Récollet, 115.

Guise, Captain. D His voyage to North-West Coast for sea-otter, 22.

Gunn, Donald (1797-1878). Born in Falkirk, Scotland. Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1813. Left the service, 1823, but continued to reside in the Red River Settlement. Appointed one of the judges of the Court of Petty Sessions, and for a time president of the Court. Appointed a member of the Legislative Council of Manitoba, 1870. Bib.: Begg, History of the North-West.

Gurnett, George. Mc Brought to the bar, 152; editor of the Courier, 165; style of, 165.

Guyard, Marie. See Marie de l'Incarnation.

Guyon, Jean. Ch Mason, accompanies Robert Giffard to Canada, 252.

Guyon, Jean. L Canadian priest, accompanies Laval to France, 199; death of, 219.

Gwillim, Elizabeth Posthuma. S Married to Simcoe, 40; descent and characteristics, 40.

Habeas Corpus Act. Hd Not in operation in Haldimand's time, 275; demanded by Du Calvet, 291. Bib.: Shortt and Doughty, Constitutional Documents relating to Canada; Dict. Eng. Hist.

Habitants. The peasants of Quebec. Index: Dr More independent than peasantry of France, 12; raised to dignity of jurymen, 40; their objection to juries, 68. WM Superior to peasantry of France, 23. C Home life and hospitality, 118-119. Bib.: Greenough, Canadian Folk-Life; Fréchette, Christmas in French Canada; Morgan and Burpee, Canadian Life in Town and Country; Fiske, New France and New England; Lambert, Travels in Canada.

Habitation de Québec. The first building in Quebec. Erected by Champlain, 1608. Stood about where the church of Notre Dame des Victoires stands to-day. An illustration of the Habitation is in Champlain's Voyages. See also Chateau St. Louis. Index: Ch Constructed by Champlain, 41; description of, 44. Bib.: Champlain, Voyages; Douglas, Old France in the New World.

Hagarty, Sir John Hawkins (1816-1900). Born in Dublin. Educated at Trinity College there. Came to Canada, 1834. Studied law, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1840. Appointed puisne judge of the Court of Common Pleas, 1856; transferred to the Court of Queen's Bench, 1862; appointed chief-justice of the Court of Common Pleas, 1868; chief-justice of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1878; chief-justice of Ontario, 1884. Served as administrator of the province, 1882. Retired from the bench, 1897. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Can. Men.

Hagerman, Christopher Alexander (1792-1847). Born in Adolphustown, Ontario. Educated at Kingston; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1815. Served during the War of 1812-1814 with the militia, being for a time aide-de-camp to the governor-general. Collector of customs at Kingston, and member of the Executive Council, 1815. Elected a member of the Assembly, 1819. Appointed temporarily judge of the King's Bench, 1828; solicitor-general, 1829. Removed from office by the colonial secretary on the representations of William Lyon Mackenzie; subsequently restored. Appointed attorney-general, 1837; puisne judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1840. Index: Mc Solicitor-general, accuses Mackenzie of libel, 208; dismissed from office, 232; goes to England, 233; restored to office, 234; threatens House with vengeance of troops, 298. Sy Attorney-general, opposes union of provinces, 207, 208; made judge, 252. BL Brands Mackenzie as "a reptile unworthy of the notice of any gentleman," 15; removed from office of solicitor-general, 15; restored, 16; succeeded in 1840 by Draper, 77. Bib.: Kingsford, History of Canada; Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion and Last Forty Years; Read, Lives of the Judges.

Halard, Jacques. Ch Brings out stores for De Caën, 136.

Haldemans of Pennsylvania. Hd Cousins of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 87, 343.

Haldimand, Antoine François. Hd Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, settled in England, 72, 88, 105; goes bail for his uncle, 311; very successful in business. 311; his intimate relations with his uncle, 312, 332, 338, 341, 342.

Haldimand, Barthélemi. Hd Uncle of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2; a philanthropic fighting Calvinist, 2.

Haldimand, Bertrand. Hd Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 311, 340.

Haldimand, François-Lois. Hd Father of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2.

Haldimand, François-Louis. Hd Brother of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2, 312, 343.

Haldimand, Sir Frederick (1718-1791). Hd Descent and birth, 1-3; antagonism to French nation, 3; joins Prussian army, 3; previous military service, 5; present at battle of Mollwitz, 6; his admiration for the king of Prussia, 6; recommended to command of second battalion, Royal American regiment, 9; stationed at Philadelphia, 11; sent to Albany and afterwards to southern colonies to recruit, 13; but slightly acquainted with the English language, 15; popular in the military profession, 15; resemblance to George Washington, 15; exchanges to fourth battalion of Royal Americans, 17; joins expedition against Canada, 17; wounded at Ticonderoga (Carillon), 21; in correspondence with General Gage, 22, 23; in command at Fort Edward, 22; marches to Oswego, 25; repulses attack of French under La Corne de St. Luc, 26; yields precedence at Niagara to Sir W. Johnson, 27; returns to Oswego, 27; builds block-houses, 32; makes vegetable gardens for benefit of his troops, 33; joins in attack on Fort de Lévis, 36; ordered to take possession of one of the gates of Montreal, 38; demands the French flags, 39; remains two years at Montreal under Gage, 40; succeeds Burton at Three Rivers, 42; promoted to rank of colonel in British army, 42; becomes British subject, 42; divides government of Three Rivers into four districts, 43; his proclamations, 45; his relations with Murray, 49; with his nephew, 50; his land purchases, 50, 51; on Burton's return to Montreal, 53; again at Three Rivers, 53; suppresses irregular trading with Indians, 54; difficulties of his position, 60; obtains leave of absence and visits England, 61; transferred to Florida, 63; unpleasant relations with Governor Johnstone, 65, 73; improves conditions for the troops, 66-69; lays out gardens, 71; tries to promote agriculture among Indian tribes, 72; surveys Mobile River and Bay, 77, 78; transferred to St. Augustine, 78; his farm of Mon Plaisir, 78; sent back to Pensacola, 80; his position pecuniarily burdensome, 82, 87; made major and placed in command at New York, 83; his attitude in relation to colonial trouble, 84, 85; visits relatives in Pennsylvania, 87; relations with Governor Tryon, 89; his views on employment of troops in Indian and civil disturbances, 89, 90, 92; foresees civil war, 98; summoned by Gage to Boston, 102; his property in New York stolen or destroyed, 103; recalled to England, 105; his reception there, 106; made inspector-general of forces in West Indies, and raised to rank of general in America and lieutenant-general in the army, 107; receives £3000 to cover past outlays, 107; appointed governor of Canada, in succession to Carleton, 113; visits Yverdun, 113, 116; his reception at Quebec, and at Montreal, 117, 119; receives news of a treaty between France, Spain, and the revolted colonies, 124; fortifies post on Carleton Island, 124; his distrust of French-Canadians, 127, 128; issues letters of marque, 130; improves mail service with England, 131; his report to Lord George Germaine, 132-143; his policy with the Indians, 147, 259; opens letter addressed by Guy Johnson to Germaine, 155; reprimanded, 156; his efforts to keep peace between rival officers, 157-159; prohibited trading by officials, 162; on the value of Indian allies, 164; negotiates with Washington for Henry Hamilton's release from prison, 169; his later opinion of Indians in battle, 170; disapproves the savagery of Butler's Indians, 170; suspends Allsopp, member of Council, for sedition, 175; surrounded by spies, 175; disagreements with Council, 176-178; prohibits exportation of grain, 177; befriends Ursuline nuns, 179; his rules of conduct, 179; sends back two priests from France, 181; strengthens fortifications of Quebec, 183; causes canals to be made at Coteau du Lac and Cascades, 185; visit to Montreal and benefactions to its institutions, 186; greatly mortified by despatch hinting that, in case of extreme danger, Carleton might be sent to take command, 188; desires to resign his post, 189; concerned at sympathy of leading French-Canadians with the French in the war, 190; takes census, 190; founds library at Quebec, 190; exercises a certain censorship of press, 191; his proclamations, 192; consents to remain in Canada till conclusion of peace, 194; his cautious attitude in connection with the Vermont question, 200, 208, 211, 212; breaks off negotiations, 217; his instructions regarding vaccination, 230; exercises fatherly care over his officers, 236; his opinion of Canadian horses, 245; his resemblance in character to Washington, 250; receives Baron Steuben at Sorel, 259; declines to surrender western forts, 260; assists the North West Company, 261; his advice to home government respecting western posts, 262; opposed to idea of military settlement in eastern townships, 264; efforts on behalf of Loyalists, 265; the founder of Ontario, 271; his unpopularity, 273; has to grapple with treasonable intrigues, 273-282; admissions in his favour by French-Canadian authorities, 291, 292; the kindness of his disposition, 293-296; godfather to two of Baron Riedesel's children, 296, 299; his physical ailments, 299; his garden at Quebec, 299; his regard for the Riedesels, 299-304; his departure from Canada, 309; arrested at suit of Du Calvet, 310; bailed by his nephew, 311; receives Order of the Bath, 313, 322; promoted to be general in America, 313; his papers in the Archives in Ottawa, 319; Dr. Brymner's opinion of, 320; his diary, 321; the king's high regard for him, 321, 322; the queen's, 322, 336; characteristics, 323-329; his opinion of Lord Amherst, 326; on friendly terms with Lord Sydney, 326; his hospitality to Canadians, 327; meets Sir Guy Carleton, in London, 330; his opinions of various persons, 332, 333; notes from his diary, 333-340; poor opinion of the French, 335; goes to Switzerland, 336; returns to London, 337; his death, 340; his will, 340-343; memorial tablet to, in Westminster Abbey, 346; his devotion to British interests, 347. Bk His able administration of the government of Canada, 37; first canals made under his orders, 48. Dr His valuable papers, 7; news received of his appointment as governor, 183; his unwillingness to accept post, 183; arrival of, 189; exchange of prisoners made by, 207. E Constructs St. Lawrence canals, 97. Bib.: Kingsford, History of Canada; Lucas, History of Canada; Bradley, The Making of Canada; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Haldimand Papers (Canadian Archives).

Haldimand, Frederick. Hd Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 17; serves in his uncle's battalion, 49; runs into debt, 50; drowned, 61, 294; Haldimand's affection for, 62.

Haldimand, Henry. Hd Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 311; his death, 312.

Haldimand, Honnête Gaspard. Hd Grandfather of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2, 17, 72, 311.

Haldimand, Jean Abraham. Hd Younger brother of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2, 17, 72, 88, 311.

Haldimand, Jean-Lois. Hd Uncle of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2, 4.

Haldimand, Justine. Hd Sister of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 3; death of, 338.

Haldimand, Louis. Hd Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 88; his arrival and reception in Boston, 109; promoted, 110, 294; his debts, 312.

Haldimand, Pierre. Hd Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, joins him in Florida, 72; placed in charge of seigniory of Pabos, 73, 111; appointed ranger of the woods, 294; death of, 294.

Haldimand, William. Hd Grand-nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand; and director of Bank of England, 343.

Haldimand Papers. Hd In Canadian Archives, 319, 320.

Haliburton, Thomas Chandler (1796-1865). Born at Windsor, Nova Scotia. Educated at the Grammar School and at King's College there. Called to the bar and practised for a time at Annapolis. Represented the county of Annapolis in the Nova Scotia Legislature, and in 1829 appointed district judge of the Court of Common Pleas. In 1841 transferred to the Supreme Court. Resigned in 1856, and removed to England, where three years later, entered Parliament as member for Launceston. Died at his home, Gordon House, on the Thames. Index: H Contributes to Nova Scotian, 9; his History of Nova Scotia published by Joseph Howe, a financial failure, 10; friendship for Howe, 10; sails for England with Howe, 267; Howe's poetical toast to, 267-268. Md Advocates Confederation, 96. Bib.: Works: An Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia; The Clockmaker, or The Sayings and Doings of Samuel Slick of Slickville; Bubbles of Canada; Reply to the Report of the Earl of Durham; Letter-bag of the Great Western, or Life in a Steamer; Attaché, or Sam Slick in England; Old Judge, or Life in a Colony; English in America; Traits of American Humour; Wise Saws and Modern Instances; Americans at Home; Nature and Human Nature; Address on the Present Condition, Resources, and Prospects of British North America; Season Ticket. Brief biographies are found in Dict. Nat. Biog.; Morgan, Bib. Can.; Allibone, Dict. Eng. Lit.; Calnek and Savery, History of the County of Annapolis; Chasles, Études sur Littérature des Anglo-Americains; Crofton, Haliburton: a Centenary Chaplet. See also last-mentioned volume for a bibliography of the various editions of his works and a list of articles, in books and magazines, on the man and his works; also A. H. O'Brien's exhaustive bibliography, in R. S. C., Trans., 1909.

Halifax. A seaport, and the capital of Nova Scotia; founded in 1749 and named after the Earl of Halifax, then president of the Board of Trade. The first settlers were brought out from England in that year by Governor Cornwallis, in thirteen transports; following year made the capital of the province (then including New Brunswick), instead of Annapolis; in 1842 incorporated as a city; became, with its fortifications, observatory stations, harbour mines, etc., one of the fortresses of the Empire and the chief British naval station in North America; garrisoned by Imperial troops until 1905, when they were withdrawn and replaced by a Canadian garrison. Index: H Birthplace of Joseph Howe, 1; the North-West Arm, 1; Melville Island, 5; newspapers (see Chronicle; Acadian; Nova Scotian); municipal government in, in 1835, 20; Howe's trial for libelling magistrates of the city, 21, 29; represented by Howe and Annand, 1836, 29; bill for incorporation of, 69; Howe re-elected for, 73; James MacNab elected for, 106; railway communication with Windsor, 118. Bib.: MacMechan, Halifax in Books, a collection of pen-pictures of Halifax and its people by many writers from Edmund Burke to Rudyard Kipling, and including Marsden, Narrative; Tom Moore, Letters; McGregor, Maritime Colonies of British America; Moorsom, Letters from Nova Scotia; Sleigh, Pine Forests; Mrs. Williams, Neutral French; Marryat, Frank Mildmay; Dickens, American Notes; Johnston, Notes on North America; Cozzens, Acadia; Sladen, On the Cars and Off; Haliburton, Nova Scotia; Thomas B. Akins, History of Halifax (Nova Scotia Hist. Soc. Trans., vol. 8); Mackay, Sketch of City of Halifax, in Canada: An Ency., vol. 5; Regan, Sketches and Traditions of the North-West Arm; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.

Halifax Award. The treaty of Washington having provided for a commission, to settle the compensation due Canada by the United States for the use of her fisheries, in 1877 the United States appointed E.H. Kellogg, Canada appointed Sir Alexander Galt, and these two agreed upon M. Delfosse, Belgian minister to Washington, as a third. The commission met at Halifax, and after long and careful deliberation, decided that Canada should be paid $5,500,000, the American commissioner protesting. The award was paid, after some delay. See Washington, Treaty of. Bib.: Record of the Proceedings of the Halifax Fisheries Commission, 1877.

Hall, Major George D. Sy Appointed military secretary and aide-de-camp, 152.

Halliburton, Sir Brenton (1773-1860). H Chief-justice, of Nova Scotia, presides at trial of Joseph Howe for libel, 24; contest for his office, 168; his son challenges Howe, because of supposed insulting references to the father, 236. Bib.: Hill, Memoir of Sir Brenton Halliburton; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Halliburton, John Croke (1806-1884). Eldest son of Sir Brenton Halliburton, chief-justice of Nova Scotia. Called to the bar, 1829; appointed deputy-clerk of the Legislative Council, 1830, and clerk, 1838. In early life challenged Joseph Howe to a duel, but neither of the duellists injured. Index: H Challenges Joseph Howe, 236; the duel, 236-244.

Haly, Sir William O'Grady (1811-1878). Entered the army, 1828. Served with distinction in the Crimea and in India. Created K.C.B., 1855. Appointed commander-in-chief of the forces in British North America, 1873. Acted as administrator of the government of Canada during the absence of Lord Dufferin, 1875. Attained the rank of general, 1877. Died in Halifax.

Hamilton. City of Ontario, on Burlington Bay, west end of Lake Ontario. Laid out and settled, 1813, by George Hamilton, from whom it takes its name. Index: BL Early municipal government of, 298, 300. Bib.: Lovell, Gazetteer.

Hamilton, Alexander (1757-1804). American statesman. Index: Dr Anxious to keep on good terms with Britain, 286; Talleyrand's opinion of, 287. Bib.: Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton. For further biog., and bibliog. of works by and of him, see Cyc. Am. Biog. and Lit. Am. Hist.

Hamilton, John (1801-1882). Born in Queenston, Ontario. Removed to Kingston, 1840. Throughout his life largely interested in inland navigation, and the first to introduce iron vessels on Canadian waters. Sat in the Legislative Council of Upper Canada, 1831-1841; in the Legislative Council of Canada, 1841-1867; and in the Senate from 1867 until his death. On the completion of his fiftieth year of continuous service in the Upper Chamber, presented with an address of congratulation by his fellow-senators.

Hamilton, Henry. Lieutenant-governor of Detroit during Revolutionary War; captured at Vincennes, 1779, and imprisoned. Retired from the army, 1783; lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1784-1785; governor of Bermuda, 1790-1794. Died in Antigua, 1796. Index: Hd Governor of Detroit, occupies Vincennes on Wabash, 167; captured and imprisoned by Americans, 168; made lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 314. Died, 1796. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Shortt and Doughty, Constitutional Documents of Canada.

Hamilton, Paul (1762-1816). Bk United States secretary of the navy, 173. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Hamilton, Pierce Stevens (1826-1893). Studied law, and called to the bar, 1851. Entered journalism, and edited Acadian Recorder, 1853-1861. Appointed chief commissioner of mines for Nova Scotia. An early advocate of Confederation. Index: B Advocates Confederation, 129. T His views on union of the colonies, 65-66. Bib.: Works: Union of the Colonies of British North America; Feast of Ste. Anne and other Poems.

Hamilton, Robert. S Member of Legislative Council, 79; accused by Simcoe of "republicanism," 97; visits England and takes legal advice respecting land matters in Upper Canada, 103; his house at Queenston, 179; entertains Prince Edward, 184; appointed lieutenant of county of Lincoln, 198.

Hammond, George (1763-1853). S British minister at Philadelphia, consulted by Simcoe on the situation, 134, 144. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Hampton, Sir John Somerset Pakington, first Baron (1799-1880). Sat for Droitwich in British Parliament, 1837-1874; secretary for war and colonies, 1852; first lord of Admiralty, 1858 and 1866; secretary for war, 1867-1868. Index: E Opposes the secularization of Clergy Reserves, 165, 166, 167. B And the Clergy Reserves, 59. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Hancock. Bk Private of 41st, first man killed in War of 1812, 236.

Hancock's House. S Skirmish at, 24.

Handy, Henry S. Mc Commander of "patriot" army, 427; quarrels with "General" Sutherland, 427; occupies Sugar Island, 428; put to flight, 428; forms new plot to revolutionize Canada, 437; its extent, 438; failure of, 439. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.

Hanington, Daniel (1804-1889). Sat for over half a century in one or other of the branches of the New Brunswick Legislature. Elected to Assembly, 1834, for Westmoreland, which he represented up to 1862. A member of the Executive Council under Sir Edmund Head; Speaker of the Assembly for several years; appointed to the Legislative Council, 1867, and president of that body, 1883-1886. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Hanington, Daniel Lionel (1835-1909). Born at Shediac, New Brunswick. Called to the bar, 1861; in 1870 entered the New Brunswick Assembly, representing Westmoreland until 1874; and reëlected, 1878; member of the Executive Council, 1878; premier of the province, 1882; resigned, 1883. In 1892 appointed a puisne judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick. Index: T Elected Speaker of New Brunswick Assembly, 30. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Hanks, Captain. Bk Surrenders Michilimackinac, 211; killed at Detroit, 255.

Hanna, James. D Voyage of 1785, 22; on enormous profits of sea-otter trade, 22.

Hanna, Michael (1821-1882). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada, 1839, and completed his studies at St. Mary's College. Ordained to the priesthood, 1845. Held various charges in Nova Scotia. Subsequently became vicar-general of the diocese of Halifax and archbishop, 1877. Died in Halifax.

Harding, James A. T Returned for St. John, 25, 30, 43.

Hardy, Arthur Sturgis (1837-1899). Born at Mount Pleasant, Ontario. Studied law, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1865; practised his profession at Brantford; Q. C., 1876. Elected to the Ontario Legislature, 1873; provincial secretary, 1877; commissioner of crown lands, 1889; premier, 1896. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Biggar, Sir Oliver Mowat.

Hargrave, James. Chief factor of the Hudson's Bay Company. Index: MS In charge of York Factory, 226; correspondence with Rev. Wm. Cochrane, 227; made chief trader, 1833, and chief factor, 1844, 227; Simpson's letters to, 261-262. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

Harlay, de. L Archbishop of Rouen, desires ecclesiastical jurisdiction over Canada, 133; called to the see of Paris, 134; desires to bring diocese of Quebec under his jurisdiction, 184.

Harmon, Daniel Williams. Born in Vermont. Entered service of North West Company, 1800, at Montreal, and left immediately for the western fur country. Returned to the east in 1819, bringing with him his Journals, covering this period, which were edited by Daniel Haskel, of Burlington, Vt., and published at that place in 1820; reprinted in New York, with a brief introduction, 1903. Returned to the West, and remained there several years, finally settling with his native wife and family on the shores of Lake Champlain. One of his daughters conducted a private school in Ottawa for many years. Index: D Stuart's lieutenant in New Caledonia, 98. Bib.: Journal of Voyages and Travels in the Interior of North America. For biog., see Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.

Haro, Gonzalez Lopez de. D Finds Russian establishments, 38. Bib.: Bancroft, North-West Coast.

Harrison, Robert Alexander (1833-1878). Studied law, and appointed to crown law department of Upper Canada, 1854. Retired, 1859, and practised in Toronto. Member for Toronto in first Dominion Parliament, 1867-1872. Chief-justice of the Court of Queen's Bench, Ontario, 1875-1878. One of the arbitrators in Ontario boundary dispute, 1878. Author of many legal works; and edited Poker, a humorous paper, 1859-1860. Index: B His connection with the contempt of court suit against George Brown, 249-254. Md Chief-justice, serves on Ontario Boundary Commission, 255. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Read, Lives of the Judges.

Harrison, Samuel Bealey. Sy Provincial secretary for Upper Canada, 283; his resolutions on responsible government, 310, 311. BL Provincial secretary for Upper Canada, 1841, 76; a moderate Liberal, 78; Baldwin's confidence in, 78; retains office under La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 134; Constitutional Society of Orillia recommends his dismissal, 167; member for Kingston—opposes transfer of capital to Montreal, and resigns as provincial secretary, 182; Gowan predicts his dismissal from office, 187. Mc Moves resolution for responsible government, which carries, 408. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Harrison, T. T. J. Mc His account of the Haldimand election, 487.

Harrison, William Henry (1773-1841). Ninth president of the United States. Index: Bk United States general, his Tippecanoe exploit, 174-176. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Harvey, Sir John (1778-1852). Entered the British army, and saw active service in Holland, France, at the Cape of Good Hope, Ceylon, India, and Egypt. In 1812 deputy adjutant-general of the army in Canada, and defeated the American generals Chandler and Winder at Stoney Creek. Took part in the battles of Lundy's Lane, Fort Erie, and Chrystler's Farm. In 1815 aide-de-camp to the Duke of Wellington, and fought at Waterloo. In 1837-1841 governor of New Brunswick; governor and commander-in-chief of Newfoundland, 1841-1846; and governor of Nova Scotia, 1846-1852. Buried at Halifax. Index: Md Governor of Nova Scotia, Grey's despatch on responsible government, 33; text of the despatch, 47-50. BL Earl Grey's despatch to, on responsible government in Nova Scotia, 269-272. H Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 103; his broad views on responsible government, 112-113; his correspondence with Earl Grey as to proposed Intercolonial Railway, 124; his death, 143. W Succeeds Sir Archibald Campbell as lieutenant-governor, 47; assents to Civil List Bill, 47; on tenure of public office, 57, 113; his connection with the Aroostook War, 135. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812; Hannay, History of New Brunswick; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.

Hatheway, George L. T Chief commissioner of the Board of Works, New Brunswick, 86; deserts the government and runs as opposition candidate in York, 86; deserts Anti-Confederates, in 1866, 108.

Haultain, Frederick William Gordon (1857- ). Born in Woolwich, England. Educated at Montreal High School, Peterborough Collegiate Institute, and the University of Toronto. Called to the bar of Ontario, 1882; removed to the North-West Territories and settled at Fort McLeod, 1884. Elected to the North-West Council, 1887, and to the first Territorial Assembly, 1888. Member of the Advisory Council, 1888; Territorial premier, 1897; held office until the formation of the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, 1905. Bib.: Begg, History of the North-West; Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Haviland, T. H. (1822-1895). Born at Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. Studied law and called to the bar of Prince Edward Island, 1846; elected to the Assembly for Georgetown the same year; member of the Legislative Council, 1870; colonial secretary in the provincial government, 1859-1862, 1866-1867, 1870-1872; solicitor-general, 1865; Speaker of the Assembly, 1863-1864; provincial secretary, 1873-1876; called to the Senate, 1873; lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island, 1879. Index: T Delegate from Prince Edward Island to Quebec Conference, 77. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.

Hawke. B His evidence on land grants in Upper Canada, 53-54.

Hay, Charles. Hd Imprisoned on charge of treason, 279.

Hay, Jehu. Hd Lieutenant-governor of Detroit, 158.

Hay, Robert. Mc Generosity of, 505.

Hayes Route. The main route of the fur traders, from Hudson Bay to Lake Winnipeg and the interior. It was adopted at a very early date, the more obvious route by way of Nelson River having proved impracticable. The Hayes route runs up Hayes River to Oxford Lake, and thence by a series of small lakes and rivers over the height of land and down the Echimamish River to Little Playgreen Lake, and Lake Winnipeg. York Factory stands at the Hudson Bay end of the route, and Norway House at the entrance to Lake Winnipeg.

Hazen, John Douglas (1860- ). Born in Oromocto, New Brunswick. Educated at the University of New Brunswick; studied law and called to the bar of New Brunswick, 1883. Alderman of Fredericton and mayor for two years. Elected to the House of Commons for St. John City and County, 1891; but defeated, 1896. Elected to the New Brunswick Assembly for Sunbury, 1899; chosen leader of the opposition in the Assembly; premier and attorney-general, 1908. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Hazen, Moses. Dr Brings news of Arnold's attack on St. Johns, 34. Hd A rebel spy, 130; mentioned by Haldimand in despatch, 132-133.

Hazen, Robert Leonard (1806-1874). Born in St. John, New Brunswick. Studied law and called to the bar, 1832; sat for St. John in New Brunswick Assembly, 1837-1848; in Legislative Council, 1848-1867; member of Executive Council without portfolio, 1844-1854, and again, 1856-1857; called to the Senate, 1867; judge of Vice-Admiralty Court of New Brunswick, 1846-1874. Index: W On responsible government, 63-64; appointed to Executive Council, New Brunswick, 72; resigns, 76; referred to in Wilmot's speech, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110. T Member of Gray-Wilmot ministry, 41. Bib.: Parl. Comp., 1873; Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Hazen's Rangers. WM In battle of the Plains, 257.

Head, Sir Edmund Walker (1805-1868). Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, 1830-1837; lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 1847; governor-general of Canada, 1854-1861. Afterwards appointed a civil service commissioner and elected governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. Index: Md Calls upon Taché to form ministry, 80; suggests Bytown (Ottawa) as capital, 85. E Succeeds Elgin as governor-general, Dec. 19, 1854, 203; Elgin's opinion of, 208; visits Elgin, 239. B Sends for George Brown to form ministry—relations with, 101-105, 108. R Requests report on separate school question from Ryerson, 234. W On reducing number of judges in New Brunswick, 129, 130; and Wilmot, 131. T Judicial appointments, 31; and Confederation question, 63. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Mackenzie, Hon. George Brown.

Head, Sir Francis Bond (1793-1875). Served in Royal Engineers at Waterloo; travelled in South America, 1825-1826; appointed lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 1835-1837; made privy councillor, 1867. Index: Mc Governor of Upper Canada, states his position on responsible government, 22; Durham says he purposely invited rebellion, 23; his instructions on taking office, 263; makes public a confidential despatch, 280; arrives in Canada, 291; his appointment, 291; states his position, 293; appoints three executive councillors, 294; Council resigns, 294; his views of responsibility, 295; censured by committee of the House, 296; House adopts the report, 297; refuses supplies, 297; he replies to address of deputation, 298; deputation's reply, 300; appoints four new councillors, 300; schooled by Lord Glenelg, 301; joins Family Compact, 302; dissolves the House, 303; refuses assent to money bills, 303; interferes in elections, 304; insults Glenelg, 304; denounces Robert Baldwin, 305; quarrels with imperial commission of inquiry, 305; refuses to obey Lord Glenelg, 307; W. J. Rattray on, 307; his success in the elections, 308; unscrupulous influence in, 309; Lord Durham on, 309; some of his addresses, 313; charged with undue influence in, 313; sustained by partisan House, 314; refuses offer of troops, 353; invites revolt, 354, 355; prepares to escape, 364; sends flag of truce, 368; offers reward for Mackenzie's apprehension, 380; orders burning of property, 381; seeks Mackenzie's extradition, 415. Sy Recall of, 109. BL Comes as governor, 16, 32; his appointment, 35; his character, 36; his arrival in Toronto, 37; relations with the Reformers, 37; appoints Baldwin, Rolph, and Dunn to the Council, 38; their resignation, 41; quarrels with Reform party, 41-42; dissolves Assembly and throws his influence on Tory side in the elections, 41-42; wins the election, 42; his Tory Parliament, 62; attitude towards colonial self-government, 64; Draper a member of his Council, 77; compared to Bagot, 151. R His instructions, 112; his conciliatory promises not fulfilled, 113; end of his administration, 114; advances funds to Upper Canada Academy, 142-143. E An unfortunate choice as governor, 1; and the Upper Canada Rebellion, 22. Bib.: Works: Narrative; The Emigrant; Journeys in the Pampas and Andes; Life of Bruce, the Traveller; Life of Burgoyne. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada and Rebellion of 1837; Dent, Can. Por. and Upper Canadian Rebellion; Lizars, Humours of '37; Fitz Gibbon, A Veteran of 1812; Robinson, Sir John Beverley Robinson; Ryerson, Story of my Life; Egerton and Grant, Canadian Constitutional Development; Durham, Report; Lord Glenelg's Despatches to Sir F.B. Head, London, 1839.

Hearne, Samuel (1745-1792). Came to Fort Prince of Wales on the Hudson's Bay Company's ship Prince Rupert. Under instructions from the Company, and after two abortive attempts, set forth in December, 1770, on his memorable journey to the mouth of the Coppermine River, which he reached in July of the following year. Returning by way of Great Slave Lake, arrived at Fort Prince of Wales in June, 1772. Two years later sent to the Saskatchewan, where he built Cumberland House. On his return in 1775, appointed governor of Fort Prince of Wales, and still in charge when the fort was captured by La Perouse in 1782. Brief accounts of his journey published after his return from the Coppermine, and some of his statements severely criticized by Alexander Dalrymple. The complete account of the expedition did not appear until three years after his death. Index: MS Sent inland by Hudson's Bay Company, 3; discovers Coppermine River and Great Slave Lake, 3, 31; builds Cumberland House, 4; magnitude of his explorations, 31; his guide Matonabee, 32. D His expedition to Coppermine River made on behalf of Hudson's Bay Company, 51; his discoveries known to Alexander Mackenzie, 53. Bib.: Works: Journey from Prince of Wales Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern Ocean, etc., 1769-1772 (Lond., 1795). New ed., edited by J. B. Tyrrell, Champlain Soc., 1910; French trans. by M. Lallemant in 2 vols. (Paris, 1799). Also, abridged in Mavor's collection of Voyages, xxiv, 1-66. Brief accounts of Hearne and his explorations will be found in Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Willson, Great Company; Laut, Pathfinders of the West and Conquest of the Great North-West; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.

Heath, General William (1737-1814). Dr Commissioner on American side for exchange of prisoners, 208. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Heathfield, George Augustus Eliott, first Baron (1717-1790). Defender of Gibraltar. Index: Hd His marriage, 316. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Heavysege, Charles (1816-1876). Born in Liverpool, England. Came to Canada, 1853. Settled in Montreal, and engaged in his trade of cabinet-making. Afterwards connected with the staff of the Witness. Author of a number of dramas, the most remarkable of which was Saul. Bib.: For his works, see James, Bibliography of Canadian Poetry. For biog., see Burpee, Charles Heavysege (R. S. C., 1901); Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.; MacMurchy, Canadian Literature.

Hébert, Anne. Eldest daughter of Louis Hébert, Quebec; married to Stephen Jonquest in the autumn of 1617, Father Le Caron officiating. This was the first marriage in New France. Index: Ch Her marriage, 113; her death, 117.

Hébert, Guillaume. Ch Son of Louis, 146.

Hébert, Louis. Came from Paris to Acadia, 1604; mentioned there in 1610, and again in 1613-1614. Returned to France, and in 1617 came to Quebec, becoming the first permanent settler in New France. Died 1627. Index: F First regular settler at Quebec, 16. Ch Consents to accompany Champlain to Canada, 111, 112; a valuable member of the colony, 112; signs complaint of the inhabitants, 136; his family, 146; previous life, 147; death of, 148; a native of Paris, 250; receives fief of Sault au Matelot, 251. Bib.: Colby, Canadian Types of the Old Régime; Douglas, Old France in the New World.

Hébert, Guillemette. Ch Wife of Guillaume Couillard, 146.

Hébert, Madame. Ch Mass celebrated in her house on restoration of Quebec, 225.

Heceta, Bruno. Commanded Spanish expedition to North-West Coast, 1775. Index: D Discovers mouth of Columbia, 14, 15. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast.

Helmcken, John Sebastian. Born in England, 1832. Studied medicine and admitted a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, 1848. Appointed surgeon at Vancouver Island by Hudson's Bay Company; first magistrate appointed in the colony. As magistrate stationed at Fort Rupert, where the miners were very unruly. In 1856 elected for Esquimalt district to the first Legislature of the colony; took a very active part in its deliberations; and became Speaker. Member of Executive Council, 1864-1871. Opposed Confederation in 1870. Sent to Ottawa the same year as one of the delegates to negotiate terms of union. Index: D Speaker of first Legislature of Vancouver Island, 210. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Begg, History of British Columbia.

Henderson, Captain. Dr With crews of two war vessels assists in defence of Quebec, 112.

Henderson. WM Private of grenadiers, helps to carry Wolfe off the field, 200.

Hennepin, Louis. Born in Ath, Belgium, about 1640. Entered order of Récollets. Sailed for Quebec, 1675. Stationed at Fort Frontenac, 1676. Accompanied La Salle to the West, 1678. From Fort Crèvecœur (Peoria, Ill.), in 1680, descended the Illinois and explored the upper waters of the Mississippi. Captured by the Sioux and carried to their country. After eight months, rescued by Du Lhut (q.v.), passed the winter at Michilimackinac, and returned to Quebec, 1682. Apparently satisfied with his adventures in the wilderness, returned to Europe, and settled in Holland, where devoted himself to the preparation of a series of narratives of his explorations, real and imaginary. Died there about 1706. Bib.: Works: Description de la Louisiane, etc.; Nouvelle Découverte, etc.; Nouveau Voyage, etc. For biog., and bibliog. details of Hennepin's works, see Thwaites's edition of the New Discovery, 1903. See also Parkman, La Salle.

Henri. Ch Servant of Madame Hébert, murdered by Montagnais Indian, 164.

Henrietta of France, Queen of England. Ch Dowry of, 216.

Henry IV, King of France (1553-1610). Succeeded Henry III in 1589. Index: F Assassination of, 11. Ch Assassinated, 64. Bib.: Chambers, Biog. Dict.

Henry, Alexander, the Elder (1739-1824). One of the pioneer fur traders in north-western America. Born in New Jersey. Entered the fur trade as a young man, 1760, or perhaps earlier. His Travels and Adventures open in that year and describe his experiences in the West for the following sixteen years. Sailed for Europe in 1776, where he made the acquaintance of Sir Joseph Banks, president of the Royal Society, and had an opportunity of describing his adventures to Marie Antoinette. Afterwards settled in Montreal as a merchant. Index: MS Leaves Montreal for western fur country, 3. Bib.: Travels and Adventures in Canada and the Indian Territories, New York, 1809; new ed., with biog. and other notes, by James Bain, Toronto, 1901. See also Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.

Henry, Alexander, the Younger. Nephew of preceding. Entered service of North West Company about 1792. His Journal, the original manuscript of which is in the Library of Parliament at Ottawa, and which was published in 1897, with introduction and elaborate notes by Elliott Coues, contains an account of his western travels and experiences, 1799 to 1814. Drowned near Fort George, at the mouth of the Columbia, May 22, 1814. Bib.: Works: New Light on the Early History of the Greater North-West; The Manuscript Journals of Alexander Henry and David Thompson, ed. by Elliott Coues, New York, 1897. See also Burpee, Search for the Western Sea; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

Henry, John. Bk His mission to the New England states, 120; use made of his letters, 120; referred to in message of Madison to Congress, 186, 187; sells his letters to United States government, 187. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Henry, Patrick (1736-1799). American statesman. Index: Dr His rhetorical exaggerations, 197. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Henry, William Alexander (1816-1888). H Solicitor-general, Nova Scotia—becomes provincial secretary, 1856, 157; resigns from government, 164; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 177. T Delegate from Nova Scotia to Charlottetown Conference, 73; and to Quebec Conference, 76. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Herald. Newspaper published at Montreal. Established 1808. Index: BL On debate on responsible government in Legislature, 1841, 94-95.

Herald. Newspaper published at Toronto. Index: BL Account of scene in Parliament, 1842, 126-127.

Herbin. WM Commands the Montreal militia with Prud'homme, 105.

Heriot, George (1766-1844). Born in Island of Jersey. Came to Canada, and appointed a clerk in the ordnance department at Quebec, 1799; deputy postmaster-general of British North America, 1800; and afterwards postmaster-general. Served in the War of 1812; second in command under De Salaberry at Chateauguay; major-general, 1841. Bib.: Works: History of Canada; Travels through the Canadas. For biog., see Cyc. Am. Biog.

Hermione. Bk British war vessel, mutiny of crew, 11.

Hermitage at Caën. L Laval passes three years at, 25.

Hersault, Mme. See Camaret, Marie.

Hertel, François. F Commands Three Rivers war party, 235; his old age, 235; leader in massacre of Salmon Falls, 251; joins De Portneuf in attack on Fort Loyal, 251. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac.

Hertel, Jacques. Ch Interpreter, 144; arrives from France in 1613, 144.

Hertel de Rouville. Dr Appointed judge, 183.

Hervey, William (1732-1815). British soldier. Spent the eight years 1755-1763 in North America. Bib.: Journals of the Hon. William Hervey in North America and Europe from 1765 to 1814, with Order Books at Montreal, 1760-1763.

Hessians. Hd Established near Cataraqui, 265. Dr Applications from, for land grants, 218.

Hey, William. An English lawyer; succeeded William Gregory as chief-justice of Quebec, 1766. Went to England, 1773, in connection with the Quebec Act, and did not return to Canada until 1775. Left Canada finally the same year, having been elected to the British House of Commons for Sandwich, in 1774. Vacated his seat in 1776, and appointed a commissioner of customs. Died, 1797. Index: Dr Chief-justice, not favourable to Walker, 37, 39; called as witness in connection with the Quebec Act, 63; evidence of, before House of Commons, 68; makes strong appeal to British at Montreal, 88. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Lucas, History of Canada; Bradley, Making of Canada; Egerton and Grant, Canadian Constitutional Development; Shortt and Doughty, Constitutional Documents of Canada.

Hickson, Sir Joseph (1830-1897). Born at Otterburn, England. After some years' practical experience on various English railways, came to Canada, 1862, as chief accountant of the Grand Trunk. Subsequently promoted to the office of secretary of the company; general manager, 1874. Between that year and 1890, when he retired, succeeded in bringing the Grand Trunk to the first rank among the railways of the continent.

Higginson, Captain. Private secretary to Sir Charles Metcalfe. Index: BL His interview with La Fontaine—discusses constitutional government, 172-173, 174, 175, 176.

Highlanders. WM In battle of Ste. Foy, 259, 260.

Hill, G. S. W Member for Charlotte, in New Brunswick Assembly, nominates Wilmot for speakership, 66.

Hill, P. C. H Member of first Nova Scotia government after Confederation, 198.

Hincks, Sir Francis (1807-1885). E Appointed inspector-general by Sir Charles Bagot, 31; on Metcalfe, 38; returned in elections of 1848, 50; becomes inspector-general in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; Ryerson's letter to, 90; his capacity for discreet, practical statesmanship, 93; his influence on railway construction, 99, 100; controversy with Howe, 101; his character and influence, 107; forms ministry, 107-108; makes concessions to leaders of Clear Grits, 112; inspector-general in Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; Brown's attitude to, 114; and the Grand Trunk, 115; and the Clergy Reserves, 119; attacked by Garneau, 123; bitterly attacked by Brown, 125; reorganizes government, 125-126; his government defeated, 127; relations with John Sandfield Macdonald, 128; on the appeal to the country in 1854, 133; result of the elections, 133-134; elected in two constituencies, 134; and the speakership in 1854, 135-136; resignation of ministry, 136; leader of the Liberals, 138; supports MacNab-Morin Liberal-Conservative government, 140, 141; visits London, 1852, 156; his views on Clergy Reserves, 163, 165, 166, 196; appointed governor of Barbados, 220; becomes governor of British Guiana, 220, 222; made Commander of the Bath, 222; his retirement from Imperial service, 1869, 222; receives knighthood, 222; returns to Canada, and becomes finance minister in Sir John Macdonald's ministry, 223; his final retirement from public life, 223; his character and his closing years, 223-224; writes his Reminiscences, 224; his death at Montreal, 1885, 224. Sy Publisher of Examiner, advocate of responsible government, 107; supports union of provinces as leading thereto, 212; his attitude on Clergy Reserves question, 247; supports useful legislation introduced by Sydenham, 296; finds Lower Canada Conservatives much more liberal than the "Liberals," 297; disapproves Baldwin's action, 298; a man of more political wisdom than Baldwin, 299; supports Local Government Bill, 323; partially adopts, as finance minister of the Dominion, Sydenham's idea of bank of issue, 330; Sydenham's high opinion of his financial abilities, 333; made inspector-general by Sir Charles Bagot, 333. B On Metcalfe's policy, 18-49; opposed by George Brown—Brown's letters to, 48-49, 54-55; protests against attitude of Derby government in England on Clergy Reserves, 59; his action in legislature, 59; and the University of Toronto Bill, 63; Brown acknowledges his services for responsible government, 67; warns George Brown that the logical conclusion of his course in Parliament was dissolution of the union, 70; his ministry defeated in June, 1854, 77; his retirement—supports MacNab-Morin government, 77; his argument against representation by population, 84; and the fight for responsible government, 261; his brief and troubled reign, 262. BL Associated with Baldwin, 32; born in Cork, Dec. 14, 1807—came to Canada, 1830, 32; early years, 32; his marriage, 34; manager of the Bank of the People, 34; friendship for Baldwin, 34; commercial interests, 34-35; on Head's appointment, 36; secretary of Constitutional Reform Society, 42; took no part in Rebellion of 1837, 44; establishes the Examiner, 58; supports Durham, 58; meets La Fontaine and Morin in Lower Canada, 63; and enters into correspondence with them, 63; elected for Oxford, 69; his address to the electors, 69; his attitude in the Legislature of 1841, 85; explains reasons for supporting Cavillier for speakership—challenges government to a vote, 87; presses government for a statement of policy on question of responsible government, 91; supports Neilson's motion against Union Act, 96; his speech, 96-97; supports government's policy as to public works, 98-99; defends Municipal Government Bill, 102-103; charged with desertion of his party, 102; repudiates charge, 103; explains his position in the Examiner, 104; votes for Municipal Bill, 105; Bagot makes him inspector-general, 118-119; address to his constituents, 119-120; his appointment criticized, 120, 121, 130; moves postponement of debate, 131-132; remains in office in La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 133, 134; Constitutional Society of Orillia recommends his dismissal, 167; on La Fontaine, 170; takes charge of fiscal and commercial legislation in the Assembly, 178-179; contemporary account of him, 178-180; Gowan predicts his dismissal, 187; burnt in effigy at Toronto, 187; his measure for protection of agriculture against competition of United States, 189; supports Baldwin, 214; severs his connection with Examiner, 1842—returns to newspaper work—edits Times, Montreal—establishes Pilot, 217-218; challenged to duel, 218; his letters to London Morning Chronicle, 218, 219, 220; exposes Wakefield's fallacies, 219-220; referred to by George Brown, 224; on Metcalfe, 230; in political controversy, 1844, 238; beaten in Oxford, 253; remains out of Parliament until 1848, 253; protests against election of his opponent, 253; on "double majority," 259; Draper's plan discussed, 261, 262; on Elgin, 275-276; elected for Oxford during his absence in Ireland, 279; inspector-general, 1848, 284; charged with commercial and economic measures in the Legislature, 301; his transportation policy, 301-302; advocates reciprocity, 302; Customs Act, 302; defends Rebellion Losses Bill, 317-318; requests Elgin to assent to Tariff Bill, 321; his house attacked by mob, 324; his letter to the Times, 327-330; strengthens Canada's credit in London market, 331; his letters to Daily Mail, 332; reconstructs the Reform government, 335; on the Reform party, 336; his letters and views on the Clergy Reserves, 347-348; his later career in Canada, Barbados, and Guiana, 358-359; his death, Aug. 18, 1885, 359; his Reminiscences, 359. H Confers with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia representatives on Intercolonial Railway, 142; goes to England to consult Imperial government, 142; quarrels with Sir John Packington, 143; arranges for construction of Grand Trunk Railway, 143; represents British North America at railway celebration, Boston, 1851, 250. R Forms opposition party with Baldwin, La Fontaine, and others, 122; his University Bill, 159-161; his opinion of the Roman Catholic School Bill, 222; and separate schools, 224. C Urges Cartier to enter Cabinet, 22. Mc On Welland canal, 265; befriends Mackenzie, 481; publishes Examiner, 483; his Reminiscences, 483; his estimate of Mackenzie, 484; becomes prime minister, 487. Md Forms ministry with Morin, 1851, 47; finance minister—succeeds Rose, 136; his political attitude, 136; defeated in election, 1872, 197; serves on Ontario Boundary Commission, 255. T Goes to England on Intercolonial mission, 26, 54; becomes minister of finance, 1869, 130; resigns, 133. Bib.: Works: Canada and its Financial Resources; Political History of Canada; Reminiscences of his Public Life. For biog., see Davin, The Irishman in Canada; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.

Hind, Henry Youle. Born in Nottingham, England, 1823. Travelled in Mexico, 1846. Came to Canada, 1847, and appointed lecturer in chemistry and natural philosophy at the Toronto Normal School, Toronto. Five years later became professor of chemistry and geology in Trinity College. Geologist to the Red River exploring expedition, 1857; and had charge of the expedition of 1858 to explore the country between Red River and the Saskatchewan. In 1860 carried out an exploration of a portion of Labrador peninsula. In 1854 resigned his chair at Trinity, and undertook a preliminary geological survey of New Brunswick; and in subsequent years carried out similar work for the government of Nova Scotia. In 1876 engaged by the Newfoundland government to report on northern cod banks, but abandoned this work to assist the Canadian government in preparing their case for the Halifax Fisheries Commission. Index: R On staff of Toronto Normal School, 174. Bib.: Works: Narrative of the Canadian Red River Exploring Expedition of 1857, and the Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Expedition of 1858; Sketch of the Overland Route to British Columbia; Explorations in the Interior of the Labrador Peninsula; Eighty Years' Progress of British North America (by Hind and others). For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can. and Can. Men; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.

Hochelaga. An Iroquoian town situated, in 1535, on Montreal Island. The site is now covered by the city of Montreal. Cartier visited the town in the year mentioned, and describes it as encircled by a triple row of palisades, with galleries for the defenders. Within stood some fifty large oblong lodges, each housing several families. In 1603, when Champlain visited the place, nothing remained of the town, and Indians of a different stock occupied the island. Bib.: Cartier, Bref récit, etc.; Parkman, Pioneers of France; Fiske, New France and New England.

Hocquart, Gilles. Intendant of New France. Son of Jean-Hyacinthe Hocquart, chevalier, and seigneur d'Essenlis et de Muscourt. Held for a time the office of commissary of marine, and in 1729 obtained from the king a commission as commissary-general of New France. Arrived at Quebec in 1729; and in 1731 succeeded Dupuy as intendant. After nearly twenty years of service in New France, during which he devoted his energies unselfishly to the welfare of the colony, returned to France in 1748, and for some years filled the office of intendant at Brest. Appointed a councillor of state, 1753. Index: WM Receives Montcalm at Brest, 2. Bib.: Roy, Intendants de la Nouvelle France (R. S. C., 1903); Parkman, Half Century of Conflict.

Hodgins, John George (1821- ). Born in Dublin. Came to Canada, 1833. Educated at Upper Canada Academy, Victoria College, and Toronto University. Appointed to department of education of Upper Canada, 1844; secretary of provincial board of education; 1846; deputy superintendent of education, 1855; deputy minister of education, 1876-1889; librarian and historiographer of the education department since 1889. Index: R Graduate of Victoria College, 144; Ryerson's right-hand man, 179, 202; his estimate of children attending school in 1845, 189; objections noted to School Act of 1870-1871, 205; his history of separate schools in Upper Canada, 234; on Ryerson's last days, 295-296. Bib.: Works: Documentary History of Education in Upper Canada; Legislation and History of Separate Schools in Upper Canada. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Hodgson, Sir Robert (1798-1880). Born in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. Educated at Windsor, Nova Scotia, and called to the bar of Nova Scotia and of Prince Edward Island, 1819. Appointed judge of Probate and attorney-general for Prince Edward Island, 1828; president of the Legislative Council, 1840. Appointed chief-justice, 1852, and judge of the Court of Vice-Admiralty, 1853; resigned both offices to accept the lieutenant-governorship of Prince Edward Island, 1874. Held office until 1879. Died in Charlottetown. Bib.: Campbell, History of Prince Edward Island.

Holdernesse, Robert D'Arcy, fourth Earl of (1718-1778). WM Wolfe's letter to, 166. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Holland. S Surveyor-general, Upper Canada, 178.

Holland. Hd Revolution in places William of Orange at head of affairs, 7. Bk British expedition to, under Duke of York, 13-22.

Holland House. Dr Occupied by Montgomery, 123.

Holmes, B. E. One of leaders of the Liberal party in Lower Canada, 50. Index: BL At farewell banquet to La Fontaine, 1851, 354.

Holmes, Charles (1711-1761). Third in command under Sir Charles Saunders (q.v.) before Quebec, 1759; commander-in-chief in West Indies, 1760-1761. Index: WM In command of second British fleet, 75; commands ships above Quebec, 152; movements of his fleet up and down the river, 160, 163, 171. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Woods, Logs of the Conquest of Canada and The Fight for Canada; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe.

Holton, Luther Hamilton (1817-1880). Entered public life, 1854, as one of the members for Montreal; elected to Legislative Council, 1862; resigned, 1863, and returned to the Assembly as member for Chateauguay, which he represented to the time of his death; accepted portfolio of commissioner of public works in the short-lived Brown-Dorion government, 1858; minister of finance in the Macdonald-Dorion administration, 1863-1864. Index: E Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81; associated with Parti Rouge, 108; adopts less radical views, 134. B Enters George Brown's ministry, 102; Brown's letter to, on Confederation, 131; on English views of Canadian politics, 143; opposed to coalition, 160; opposes Confederation scheme, 185; George Brown takes up question of reciprocity with, 192; Brown urges that he be sent to Washington on reciprocity mission, 192; opposed to Brown entering coalition ministry, 199, 200-203; George Brown writes of his determination to leave public life, 245-246. C Countenances annexation movement in 1849, 44-45. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Mackenzie, Hon. George Brown; Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party; Confederation Debates.

Holy Family. L Devotion to, encouraged by Laval, 86; commended by Leo XIII, 86.

Holy Scapulary. L Chapel dedicated to, in church at Quebec, 84.

Home Rule in Ireland. Md Resolutions on, in Canadian Parliament, 1882, 277.

Hope, Henry. Lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1785-1789. Index: Dr Lieutenant-governor and administrator, receives Carleton on his arrival at Quebec, 222; death of, 249. Bib.: Shortt and Doughty, Constitutional Documents of Canada.

Hopkins, Caleb. B A leader of the Clear Grits, 39. E One of the leaders of the Clear Grits, 110.

Hopson, Peregrine Thomas. Early entered the army and advanced rapidly. Commander-in-chief of Louisbourg, when the place was restored to the French, 1649. Came to Halifax and appointed a member of the Council. Governor of Nova Scotia, 1752; went to England, 1753. Raised to the rank of major general, 1757. Commanded an expedition against the French West India Islands, 1758; died before Guadaloupe, 1759. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.

Hornwork. WM A strong defence on left bank of St. Charles River, 207; panic among troops crowding into, 207.

Hospital Nuns. WM Take refuge in the General Hospital, 115.

Hosta, Captain d'. F Killed at Laprairie, 312.

Hôtel-Dieu Nuns. WM Take refuge in General Hospital, and render assistance there, 153; return to their convent, 237.

Hoüel, Louis, Sieur du Petit-Pré. Ch Consulted by Champlain as to obtaining missionaries for Canada, 83; assisted in forming Company of New France, 168; made director, 170.

House of Assembly. Hd British government prepared to grant, 174; Haldimand not favourable to, as matters stood, 195. Dr Of Lower Canada, agitation for, by English residents, 55, 60; opposition to by seigniors, 55; indifference of habitants, 55; Carleton's views on, 56; not provided for in Quebec Act, 64; meeting of, 269. W In New Brunswick, early character of, 6.

Houssart. L Devoted servant of Bishop Laval, 251; details furnished by, 251-253.

How, Edward. Member of the Council of Nova Scotia, 1744. Took part in the affair at Mines under Colonel Noble, 1747; severely wounded and taken prisoner, but afterwards exchanged. Confidential agent of the government in dealing with the Indians. Treacherously murdered by Indians, it is said, at the instigation of Le Loutre. Bib.: Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.

Howard, Joseph. Dr Accused in connection with Walker affair, 36; tried and acquitted, 38.

Howard, Lady Maria. Dr Carleton marries, 75; characteristics of, 77.

Howe, George Augustus, third Viscount (1724-1758). Came to Halifax, 1757, in command of 60th Regiment. Transferred to command of 55th same year, and promoted brigadier-general. Accompanied Abercromby to Lake George, 1758, and fell July 8, while leading his men in a skirmish at Fort Ticonderoga. See Abercromby; Ticonderoga. Index: Hd Killed at Ticonderoga, 18, 21. Bib.: Smith, Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley, Fight for North America; Cyc. Am. Biog.; Dict. Nat. Biog.

Howe, John. H Father of Joseph Howe; a United Empire Loyalist, 1; his son's tribute to his memory, 1-2, 4; his marriages, 2; becomes king's printer and postmaster-general, 3; educates his son, 3; his character, 4; religious views, 279.

Howe, Joseph (1804-1873). H Born at Halifax, 1804, 1; his father, John Howe, a United Empire Loyalist, 1, 2; his Southampton speech, 1851, 1, 2; his character, 3; his education, 3; a voracious reader, 3; tributes to his father, 2, 4; learns trade of printer, 4; early poems, 5; establishes the Acadian, 6; buys Nova Scotian, 6; extends its influence, 7; his Rambles, 8; his marriage, 8; The Club, 9; friendship for Haliburton, 10; political writings, 10,11; develops Liberal principles, 19, 20; attacks Halifax magistrates in his paper, 20; sued for libel, 1835, 21; pleads his own case, 22-25; his address to jury, 25-28; wins case, 28; elected to represent Halifax in Legislature, 1836, 29; his principles of government, 29-31; physical and mental characteristics, 31-33; his moral courage, 33; in Legislature, 1837, 36-44; debate on the resolutions, 41; moves address to crown, praying for responsible government, 45; his speech in Legislature, 1838, 47; advocates constitutional reform, but opposed to rebellion, 50, 51; his patriotic action in Maine boundary dispute, 52, 53; letters to Lord John Russell, 54, 55; his political principles, 59; moves want of confidence in Executive Council, 62; moves address to queen praying for recall of Sir Colin Campbell, 66; meets Poulett Thompson, 68; invited to a seat in the Council, 69; defends his action in accepting office, 72-73; re-elected for Halifax, 73; becomes Speaker of the House, 74; appointed collector of customs at Halifax, 74; resigns speakership, 75; question of ministerial responsibility, 75-76; his quarrel with the Baptists, 77-78; advocates compulsory education, 79-80; and a central, undenominational college, 82; the election of 1843, 84-85; resigns from the Cabinet, 86-87; attacks Lord Falkland through the newspapers, 90; assumes editorial management of the Nova Scotian and Morning Chronicle, 90; his first editorial, 91; described by Annand, 92; he lampoons Falkland in verse, 93; political tour of the province, 94; his speech at Cornwallis, 95-96; complimentary addresses, 96-97; speeches in the Legislature, 1845, 97-98; attacks Falkland in Legislature, 100-101; justifies his action in letter to his constituents, 101-102; again offered seat in the Council, 103; declines the offer, 104; moves his family from Halifax to Musquodoboit, 104-105; wins the election of 1847, 106-107; his character, 109; becomes provincial secretary in Uniacke government, 111; secures responsible government for Nova Scotia, 113; his reply to the manifesto of the British American League, 114-115; advocates railway from Halifax to Windsor, in 1835, 117; 120-121; favourable to government ownership of railways, 120, 123; sails for England to explain Intercolonial Railway project to the government, 125; his letters on the subject to Earl Grey, 125-126; his Southampton speech, 1851, 127-128; obtains Imperial guarantee of railway, 130-132; secures co-operation of New Brunswick and Canada, 134-138; predicts transcontinental railway, 135; given public dinners at Toronto and Montreal, 138; elected for Cumberland County, 1851, 139-141; brings down railway measures, 141; Intercolonial scheme blocked, 141-143; reverts to his original policy of building railways in Nova Scotia as a government work, 143; raises a provincial loan in England, 144; railway measures passed by Legislature, 145; becomes chief commissioner of railways, 146; visits United States to secure recruits for British army, 151-155; defeated by Tupper in Cumberland, 1855, 156; returned by acclamation for Hants County, 1856, 157-158; his open letter to Gladstone, 159; attacks Irish Roman Catholics, 160-162; results in defeat of government, 163-167; Liberals returned to power in 1859, 168; and Howe becomes premier, 169; appointed fishery commissioner for carrying out provisions of Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, 170; defeated, with his party, in election of 1863, 171; opposes Confederation, 173; an Imperial federationist, 174; declines to take part in Charlottetown Conference, 1864, 177; offered editorship of New York Albion, 182-183; his articles against Confederation, 186, 189; outlines grounds of his opposition, 190-191; continues the fight in London, 192; correspondence with W.J. Stairs, 192-197; works up Anti-Confederation sentiment in Nova Scotia, 199; his Bridgetown meeting, 200-202; sweeps the province in both Dominion and Provincial elections, 202; fight for repeal of the union, 203; meets Tupper in London, 205; hesitates as to further agitation for repeal, 207-210; rebukes Acadian Recorder for suggesting violence to Sir John Macdonald, 210-212; meets Macdonald at Halifax, 213; correspondence with Macdonald, 215-216; interview with Annand, 217-218; refuses overtures of repealers, 219-223; conference at Portland with A.W. McLellan, and Sir John Rose, 223-224; enters Dominion Cabinet, 1868, 225; re-elected in Hants, 226; visits Winnipeg, 1869, 227; correspondence in relation to Red River Rebellion, 227; his character as a statesman contrasted with that of Sir John Macdonald, 228-229; becomes lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1873, 229; visits England and the continent, 1838, 231; advocates ocean steamship service, 232-235; challenged by Dr. Almon, 236; and by John C. Haliburton, 236; justifies acceptance of the challenge in letter to his sister, 237-241; the duel, 241-242; letters to his wife and to the people of Nova Scotia, 242-244; Sir Rupert D. George's challenge, 244; his practical interest in the Micmacs, 245; opposes prohibition, 248-250; his speech at Boston, 1851, 250; his tribute to Edward Everett in 1857, 251; his Detroit speech of 1865 on trade relations, 252-254; acts as member of Prince Edward Island Land Grants Commission, 254-255; as a man of letters, 257-270; his poems, 260-268; oration at Shakespeare tercentenary, 264; his friendship for Haliburton, 267; his social qualities, 271; secret of his popularity, 272-274; his influence upon public men and public life, 277-278; his religious views, 279-280; his family, 282; as governor of Nova Scotia, 283-284; his death, 284; funeral, 285-286; estimate of his public work, 287-290; opposed to Pacific Railway policy in 1872, 299-300. E A consistent advocate of British connection, 22; on parliamentary government, 51, 90; the father of responsible government in the Maritime Provinces, 92; a constitutional agitator, 92; accuses Hincks of breach of faith in Intercolonial Railway scheme, 101; on Imperial honours and offices for distinguished colonials, 221; becomes lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 221; a constructive statesman, 236. B In Dominion government—relations with Sir John Macdonald, 203. Sy Advocates responsible government, 107, 257; approves of Sydenham's propositions, 261; editor of Nova Scotian, 110. T Goes to England in Intercolonial matter, 55; second mission to England, 57; advocates Confederation, 62, 63; discusses tariff with Tilley, 70, 71; quoted for and against Confederation, 117. Bib.: Works: Speeches and Public Letters of Joseph Howe, ed. by Chisholm; Poems and Essays. For biog., see Fenety, Life and Times of Joseph Howe; Bourinot, Builders of Nova Scotia; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia; Dent, Can. Por.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.

Howe, William, Viscount (1729-1814). Brother of George Augustus, Viscount Howe (q.v.), and Admiral Lord Howe. Commanded light infantry under Wolfe at Quebec, 1759. Succeeded Gage as commander-in-chief in America, 1775. Commanded forces at Bunker Hill. Defeated Washington at White Plains, 1776, and at Brandywine, 1777. Recalled, 1778. Became governor of Berwick, and later of Plymouth. Index: Hd Replaces Gage as commander-in-chief, 110; his estimate of Loyalists, 268. Dr Orders reinforcements to Quebec, 92; abandons Boston and occupies New York, 160; his weak conduct of campaign, 160; Germain's neglect to inform him of his plan of campaign, 172. WM Calls for volunteers for first landing at Wolfe's Cove, 176; captures posts at Samos and Sillery, 183. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Rhodes, History of the United States.

Howland, Sir William Pearce (1811-1907). Born at Paulings, New York. Came to Canada in 1830. Represented West York in the Legislature, 1857-1868. Member of Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 1862, as minister of finance; receiver-general, 1863-1864; postmaster-general, 1864-1866; minister of finance, 1866-1867. Minister of inland revenue in first Dominion Cabinet, 1867. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1868; retired, 1873; knighted, 1879. Index: Md Minister of inland revenue in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; defends his political attitude, 137; becomes lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 138; heads syndicate offering to build Canadian Pacific Railway, 237. B Presents address to Elgin, 36; his connection with reciprocity negotiations in 1865, 193-196; defends his action in remaining in coalition ministry after Confederation, 202, 209; becomes lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 202. T Invited to join first Dominion ministry, 128; minister of inland revenue, 129. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Can. Men; Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada.

Howe's Pass. See Howse Pass.

Howse Pass. In Rocky Mountains; source of North Saskatchewan River. Discovered by Duncan McGillivray, 1800. Named after Joseph Howse, of the North West Company. Index: D Its discovery, 58.

Hubert, Jean François. Bishop of Quebec, 1788-1797. Index: Dr Bishop of Quebec, his views on education, 227, 228; recognizes reasonableness of not permitting priests to be brought from France, 257.

Hubou, Guillaume. Ch Early settler, remains in Quebec during English occupation, 196, 208.

Huddy, Captain Joshua. Dr Hanging of, 198.

Hudson, Henry. Made four notable voyages: the first, in 1607, for the Muscovy Company, in search of a north-eastern passage to China; the second, in 1608, for the same Company, and in search of the same passage; the third, in 1609, at the expense of the Dutch East India Company, begun, like the two former, in search of a north-eastern passage, but changed to a quest of a north-western passage; the fourth, in 1610, in search of a north-western passage, the expense borne by three English gentlemen. In his first voyage, explored the coast of Spitzbergen; in the second, part of Nova Zembla; in the third, the Hudson River; and in the last, Hudson Strait and part of the bay. Wintered, 1610-1611, at the foot of James Bay, and on the return voyage was set adrift with eight companions in a small boat, and never again heard of. Bib.: Asher, Henry Hudson, the Navigator; Read, Historical Enquiry concerning Henry Hudson; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West. See also bibliog. list in Asher.

Hudson Bay. Explored by Henry Hudson, 1610, and named after him. Explored by Sir Thomas Button, 1612; Jens Munk, 1619; Foxe and James. 1631. In 1668 the first trading-ship of the Hudson's Bay Company entered the bay, and their first fort was built at the mouth of Rupert River. Index: F English claim to, disputed by France, 204; La Barre instructed to check English encroachments in, 205; expedition under De Troyes captures English forts, 205; Iberville's exploits in, 342-350; English possessions in, restored by peace of Ryswick, 349. L Expedition against English forts in, 204; later exploits of Iberville in, 233. Bib.: Asher, Henry Hudson, the Navigator; Gosch, Expedition of Jens Munk; Christy, Voyages of Foxe and James; Coats, Geography of Hudson's Bay; Robson, Account of Six Years' Residence in Hudson's Bay; Dobbs, Account of Countries Adjoining Hudson's Bay; Gordon, Report on Hudson's Bay Expedition; Wakeham, Second Hudson Bay Expedition; Low, Expedition to Hudson Bay; Berrier, Report on Expedition to Arctic Islands; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company. See also General Indexes to Reports of Geol. Survey; Henry Hudson; Hudson's Bay Company.

Hudson's Bay Company. Organized by a number of English gentlemen, who sent out a trading expedition to Hudson Bay, in the Nonsuch, in 1668. This initial venture proved so successful that two other ships were sent out in 1670; and the same year King Charles granted a charter incorporating them as "The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson's Bay." For many years the operations of the Company were confined to the shores of Hudson Bay, but the pressure of competition eventually forced them inland, and at the height of their power they had established trading-posts from Labrador to the Pacific, and from California almost to the Arctic. In 1821, the rival North West Company (q.v.) was absorbed; and in 1869 the company surrendered to Canada its territorial rights in British North America. Index: F 203; trading done and posts established by, 204; redress claimed by, for losses inflicted by the French, 343. Dr Its territory not included in Canada, 7. B Deputation of Red River settlers sent to England to complain of misgovernment by, 212; Gladstone admits charter of Company not valid, 212; Globe on company's misgovernment of North-West Territories, 213-214; attacked in series of letters in the Globe, signed "Huron," 215-216; Toronto Board of Trade on, 216; George Brown on, 219; Canada takes over North-West Territories, and compensates Company therefor, 220-221. MS Early policy of, 1; attitude of natives to, 2; opposition of Montreal traders (afterwards North West Company), 2, 3; sends Hearne inland, 3; averse to conflict with North West Company, 5; builds posts in Assiniboine and Red River country, 5, 6; absorbs North West Company, 8; policy towards natives, 51; sends George Clarke to explore, 56; his incompetence, 56; then sends Philip Turner, 1791, 56; legal basis of its title, 143-145; Selkirk purchases tract of land in Red River valley, 146; Parliamentary Report of 1857, 212; union of the Companies, 213-214; takes over management of Selkirk colony, 222; establishes Council of Assiniboia, 223; notable leaders after the union of the Companies, 220-223; its influence on side of government, in Rebellion of 1837, 242; its license to trade renewed, 271; the Report of 1857, 271; opposition to further renewal, 271; evidence taken by committee, 272-278; committee's report, 279; defended by Sir George Simpson before Parliamentary committee, 272-278. D Influence upon development of Pacific coast, 4; operations typical of British colonial policy, 11; established in the interior, 12; conserves British interests in Western America, 17, 18; charged with neglecting to search for route to Pacific, 51; absorbs North West Company, 1821, 73, 93; birth of, 73; provisions of its charter, 73-74; its trade and explorations, 74; its organization, 75-76; its Western department, 76-77; trade routes, 77-78; its farms on Puget Sound, etc., 78; grist mills and other enterprises, 78; supplies Russians with flour, etc., 78; opens coal mines on Vancouver Island, 78; influence of these industries on settlement, 79; treatment of Indians, 79-81; trading-posts, 82; brigades and "York boats," 82; famous officers of, 83-86; ambitious designs on Pacific coast and beyond, 114; attempt to establish post on Stikine River, 119-120; permission obtained from Russians to build post on Taku River, 121; operations on Liard and Yukon, 123-125; invades California before 1830, 126; builds post at junction of Sacramento and Jesus Maria rivers, 126; establishes post on San Francisco Bay, 127; sells post and retires from San Francisco Bay, 127; meets competition of American traders and companies, 134-136; attitude towards Oregon settlers, 143-144; license to trade of 1821 renewed in 1838, 191; its provisions, 192; acquires Vancouver Island, 194; attitude towards settlement there, 194-195; quarrels with settlers, 198-199; Report of Committee, 1857, 201-202; license to trade in British Columbia revoked, 1858, 229; relations towards British Columbia government, 1858, 233-234; Douglas's relation towards, 263; defends its policy, 264-265; officers of Company at Victoria, 265; influence with natives, 266-267; builds first Protestant church at Victoria, 1855, 269. C Cartier and MacDougall sent to England by Canadian government in 1869 to negotiate purchase of Company's territories in North-West, 68; Company asks exorbitant price, 68; persuaded by Lord Grey to accept £300,000, 68. Bk Its voyageurs assist in capture of Michilimackinac, 210. Md Its claims investigated, 83; terms upon which it agreed to transfer to the crown its rights to North-West Territories, 156; protest against unauthorized proceedings in Red River Settlement, 157. See North-West Company; X Y Company; Fur Trade; Selkirk. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Willson, Great Company; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea; Bryce, Romantic History of Lord Selkirk's Colonists; Ross, Red River Settlement; Hargrave, Red River; Begg, History of the North-West.

Huet, Paul. Ch Récollet missionary, 87; sails for Canada as assistant commissary, 112; accompanies Champlain to France, 116; returns to Canada, 116; goes to Three Rivers, 149.

Huguenots. Ch Had larger share of trade, 110; proposal to exclude, 110; disagreements with Récollet missionaries, 150; their psalm-singing on board ship objected to, 156; fanaticism of, 224; their doubtful loyalty, 254; not permitted to settle in Canada, 255.

Hugues. L Priest, comes to Canada, 41.

Hull, William (1753-1825). Born in Derby, Conn. Educated at Yale University, and called to the bar, 1775. Served with distinction during the Revolutionary War; major-general of militia in Massachusetts and a member of the federal Senate; appointed governor of Michigan, 1805; commander of the north-western army of the United States, 1812. Surrendered Detroit to General Brock, 1812; tried by court-martial, and sentenced to be shot; sentence commuted. Resided at Newton, Mass., until his death. Index: Bk Marches north, 203; crosses Detroit River and occupies Sandwich, 208, 213; his proclamation to the people of Canada, 213, 217, 235; his baggage and stores captured, 218; his supplies under Major Van Horne captured, 237; re-crosses river to Detroit, 238; summoned to surrender, and refuses, 251; surrenders with his whole army, 255; sent to Montreal as prisoner of war, 261, 265; released on parole, 283; makes bad impression on English officers, 283; court-martialled, sentenced to death, but sentence remitted, 283, 284. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Campbell, Life and Services of General William Hull; Cruikshank, General Hull's Invasion of Canada in 1812 (R. S. C., 1907-1908).

Humbert. W Candidate in St. John County, opposes responsible government, 64.

Hume, Joseph (1777-1855). Born at Montrose, Scotland. Studied medicine; entered the service of the East India Company, 1797; returned to England, 1808. Entered Parliament, 1812, but on account of his independent principles compelled to resign his seat. Again elected, 1818, and continued a member of the House of Commons until his death. A strong Radical in his opinions and effected many useful reforms. Index: BL Correspondence with Mackenzie and Papineau, 229. Mc Lays Mackenzie's petition before the House, 222; presents case against Upper Canadian officials, 231; suggests independence of Canada, 250; his "baneful domination" letter, 262-263; thanked by Mackenzie, 289; predicts civil war, 326; letter to Mackenzie, on the Rebellion, and question of amnesty, 475-479; urges amnesty for Mackenzie, 480. Sy An associate of Sydenham's, 13; proposes reduction of corn duties, 39; his speech on union resolutions in House of Commons, 122. B Attacks Metcalfe's policy, 23. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.

Humphreys, Captain. Bk Captain of Leopard, fires on Chesapeake, 83.

Hundred Associates. See Company of New France.

Hundredth Regiment. Bk Quartered in Quebec and Montreal, 74; disaster to, by shipwreck, 74.

"Hungry Year." S Year 1787, so called from failure of harvest, 65, 69.

Hunt, Thomas Sterry (1826-1892). Born in Norwich, Conn. Came to Canada, 1847, at the invitation of Sir William E. Logan, to accept the position of chemist and mineralogist to the Geological Survey, which he held until 1872. Also occupied the chair of chemistry in Laval University, 1856-1862; and in McGill University, 1862-1868. In 1872 professor of geology in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Author of several scientific works, and a large number of papers contributed to learned societies and scientific periodicals. Died in New York. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Hunter, Peter (1746-1805). Bk Lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada and commander of forces in British North America, 45; calls attention of home government to lack of proper accommodation for provincial government and Legislature, 50; a Scotsman, previously governor of Barbados, 51; death of, 69. Bib.: Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada; Rattray, The Scot in British North America.

Hunter. Bk British sloop, her boats capture United States schooner Cayahoga, with stores of General Hull, 218.

Hunter, Captain of. WM Obtains information as to movements of French provision boats, 172.

Hunters' Lodges. Mc Convention of, 440; attack on Prescott, 442.

Hunting Permits. F Issue of, sanctioned, 125; number to be issued annually limited, 128; issue of, becomes a form of patronage, 129.

Huntington, Herbert. H Appointed to Executive Council, Nova Scotia, 47; sent as delegate to England, to urge concession of responsible government, 51, 56; candidate for speakership, 1843, 75; advocates non-sectarian education, 82; member of Uniacke government, 110; finance minister, 112; acts as Joseph Howe's second in duel, 236. Bib.: Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.

Huntington, Lucius Seth (1827-1886). Born at Compton, Quebec. Studied law, and engaged in journalism, in the Eastern Townships. Elected to the Legislature for Shefford, 1861; solicitor-general, 1863-1864. Advocated independence of Canada. Became president of the Council, in the Mackenzie government, 1874-1875; and postmaster-general, 1875-1878. Defeated for Shefford, 1882, and retired from public life. Died in New York. Index: C Brings charges against government in connection with Pacific Scandal, 53. Md Prefers his charges in the House of Commons, 201-203. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Buckingham and Ross, Alexander Mackenzie; Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party.

Huot, P. G. C One of the leaders of the Quebec Liberals, 24.

Huron Indians. Name applied by the French to a confederacy of four Iroquoian tribes. When French missionaries and explorers first went among them, they occupied the country about Lake Simcoe and Georgian Bay. They had been at enmity with the Iroquois for many years, and had repeatedly ravaged their country. Finally the Iroquois determined to make an end of the Hurons. They invaded their country in force in 1648, and in 1650 had destroyed all their villages, killed most of the inhabitants, and driven the remnant far to the westward. A few of the Hurons escaped to Quebec, and settled at the mission of Lorette. In the seventeenth century their population was estimated at from 20,000 to 35,000. In 1905 there remained a total of 832, in Canada and the United States. Index: F Destruction of, by Iroquois, 26, 35; join Frontenac's expedition to Cataraqui, 79; dread being abandoned to Iroquois, 222. L Extermination of, by the Iroquois, 39; devotion displayed by a band of, 64; desert Dollard at Long Sault, 70; burnt by their enemies, 72. Ch Champlain visits country of, 88; their cultivation of the soil, 89; their language very widely spoken, 90; their mode of life, 94; customs and beliefs, 95-100. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of American Indians; Parkman, Old Régime.

Huron, Lake. Area 23,200 square miles. Discovered by Le Caron, 1615, and first seen by Champlain the same year. The route of missionaries, explorers, and fur traders lay along the north shore of the lake, or the south shore of Manitoulin Island, to Michilimackinac and Sault Ste. Marie, at the western end.

Huskisson, William (1770-1830). British statesman. Index: Sy Criticizes British commercial policy, 12; president of Board of Trade, 15; colonial secretary, 16; resigns, 16; commends Poulett Thomson's speech on Navigation Acts, 17; his proposals in regard to silk industry, 18; death of, 25. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Hutcheson, Major. Hd Haldimand's secretary, 108, 110, 112; in charge of Louis Haldimand, at Boston, 294.

Hutchinson, Richard. T Of Miramichi, member of Smith government, New Brunswick, represents lumber interests, 91, 92.

Hutchinson, Thomas (1711-1780). Hd Governor of Massachusetts, quoted, 84. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d' (1661-1706). Third son of Charles Le Moyne, Sieur de Longueuil. Entered the French navy, returning to Canada in 1683. Three years later accompanied De Troyes in the expedition against the English on Hudson Bay, and took part in the capture of Moose Factory, Fort Rupert, and Albany. Returned to Quebec in 1687; and the following year was again on the bay. In 1689 captured the Hampshire, and brought her to Quebec with her cargo of furs. In 1690 took part in the raid on Schenectady; and the same year captured Fort Severn on Hudson Bay. In 1694 sailed to the bay with a French fleet, and captured Fort Nelson. Two years later captured Pemaquid; and, sailing to Newfoundland, captured St. John's and raided the villages along the coast. In 1697 again sailed to Hudson Bay, defeated a superior fleet, and recaptured Fort Nelson. The following year sailed from Brest in command of an expedition to discover the mouth of the Mississippi and plant a colony there, in both of which he was successful. The remaining years of his life spent in building up the colony of Louisiana. Index: F Accompanies expedition to Hudson Bay, 206; joins war party against Schenectady, 235; arrives from Hudson Bay with two captured vessels, 325; takes Fort Pemaquid, 331; exploits in Hudson Bay, 342-350; sails for France, and returns with two French ships, 343; captures Fort Nelson, 345; sails for France, 346; attacks English settlements in Newfoundland, 346; takes St. John's, 347; in his ship Pelican successfully engages three English vessels, 349; sails for France, 349. L Commands expedition against English in Hudson Bay, 204; his exploits in Newfoundland and Hudson Bay, 232; subsequent services and death of, 233. Bib.: Reed, First Great Canadian; Parkman, Half Century of Conflict; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West; Colby, Canadian Types of the Old Régime; Desmazures, Histoire du Chevalier d'Iberville; Gayarre, History of Louisiana; Margry, Découvertes des Français; Wallace, Louisiana under the French; Martin, History of Louisiana; Bacqueville de la Potherie, Histoire de l'Amérique Septentrionale; Jerémie, Relation du Detroit et de la Baye d'Hudson (Bernard, Recueil de Voiages au Nord). See also bibliography at the end of Reed's work.

Ihonatiria. Ch Jesuit mission to Hurons founded at, 228.

Île à la Crosse. Lake and trading-post. The lake is on the upper waters of the Churchill River, in about long. 108°. Its name is derived from the Indian game of lacrosse, which was very popular there. The first trading-post was built on a peninsula on the western side of the lake by Thomas Frobisher in 1776. Other forts were built there later by the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company, the lake being a strategic point in the western fur trade.

Île-aux-Coudres. On north shore of the St. Lawrence, above Murray Bay. Index: WM Arrival of British advance squadron at, 83; camp established on, 89; capture by Canadians of two British officers on, 89.

Île-aux-Noix. WM Fortified post on Lake Champlain frontier, 146, 158, 233.

Île Jésus. At the junction of the Ottawa and the St. Lawrence. Index: L Seigniory of Beaupré exchanged by Laval for, 58; obtained by Laval in exchange for Island of Orleans, 138.

Île Percé. L Récollet mission at, 111.

Île Royale. A large island in Lake Superior, United States territory. Mentioned in Carver's Travels and other early narratives.

Illinois Indians. Of Algonquian stock. First mentioned in the Jesuit Relation of 1660 as living south-west of Green Bay. They ranged throughout the country between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi, and down the west bank of that river as far as the Des Moines; and have been described by Allouez, Marquette, Hennepin, Rasles, and other early French explorers. Harassed on one side by the Sioux and Foxes, and on the other by the Iroquois, their numbers were reduced from six or eight thousand, at the end of the seventeenth century, to less than two thousand about 1750. The murder of Pontiac by one of their warriors brought upon them a war of extermination. To-day only a handful remain, in Oklahoma. Index: F Allies of the French against the Iroquois, 144. L La Salle forms alliance with, 148. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.

Immaculate Conception. L Church at Quebec placed under patronage of, 85. Ch Church of Notre Dame de la Recouvrance consecrated under name of, 240; feast of, observed by people of Quebec, 240.

Immigration. Mc To colonies in 1820, state of, 88. See also Irish Immigrants.

Imperial Conference. Held in London, 1887. Canada was represented by Sir Alexander Campbell and Sandford Fleming. Among the questions discussed were those of inter-Imperial defence and trade, the Pacific cable, etc. Another conference was held in Ottawa in 1894 (see Colonial Conference, 1894); and another in London in June, 1896, Canada being represented by Sir Mackenzie Bowell and Sandford Fleming. At an adjourned meeting in October, 1896, Sir Donald Smith and Hon. A.G. Jones represented the Dominion, Mr. Fleming being present in an advisory capacity. On the occasion of Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee, 1897, another conference was held in London, Joseph Chamberlain presiding, and the self-governing colonies being represented by their premiers. Again, in 1902, the colonial premiers met in London, under the presidency of Joseph Chamberlain. The London Conference of 1907, presided over by Lord Elgin, discussed various Imperial questions, but was chiefly memorable because of the decision to hold similar meetings every four years, and to provide a permanent bureau at London devoted specifically to the interests of the Empire.

Imperial Federation. Advocated by Thomas Pownall, governor of Massachusetts Bay, in 1764. He proposed a scheme by which "Great Britain may be no more considered as the Kingdom of this Isle alone, with many appendages of provinces, colonies, settlements, and other extraneous parts, but as a grand marine dominion, consisting of our possessions in the Atlantic and in America united into one Empire." Subsequently proposed by Joseph Howe, in 1855, and again in 1863; also by Thomas Chandler Haliburton and other Canadian statesmen and writers. Index: B Elgin's conception of, 33; advocated by Edward Blake, 240. H Joseph Howe a pioneer in the movement for, 174. Bib.: Denison, Struggle for Imperial Unity; Macphail, Essays in Politics; Brassey, Imperial Federation and Colonization; Ewart, Kingdom of Canada, Imperial Federation, etc.; Parkin, Imperial Federation; Young, A Pioneer of Imperial Federation in Canada; Milner, Speeches in Canada; The Empire and the Century; Argyll, Imperial Federation.

Imperial Federation League. Formed in Canada at a meeting in Montreal, in May, 1885. A conference to the same end had been held in London, in July, 1884. The league in Canada changed its name, in 1896, to the British Empire League in Canada, at the suggestion of Sir Charles Tupper. See Denison.

Incarnation, Marie de L'. See Marie de L'Incarnation.

Inches, Dr. T Attends Sir Leonard Tilley in his last illness, 145.

Independence. B George Brown writes Macdonald of widespread sentiment in England in 1864 in favour of British American colonies securing complete autonomy, 167; and the Canada First party, 236, 237, 238, 239; advocated by Goldwin Smith, 238, 239. P Advocated by Papineau, 167. Mc Declaration of, July, 1837, its history, 330; work of Rolph and O'Grady, 330; object of Association of Canadian Refugees, 449.

Indians. Ch Superstitions of, 10, 12; council held to consider best policy to adopt in dealing with them, 108-111; murders committed by, 115; their great esteem for Champlain, 159; difficulty of educating their children, 233. S Their general friendliness to Upper Canada settlers, 62; their good conduct rewarded, 62; lands allotted to on Grand River, 74; schools and churches provided for, 74; Simcoe's estimate of, 75; engagements made with, faithfully kept, 76; their lands encroached upon by Americans, 119; their defeat of expedition under St. Clair, 121; great council of, 122, 124; failure of negotiations with American commissioners, 123-125. WM Generally friendly to France, 17; appearance of, on field of battle, 31; swell army of Montcalm at Fort Carillon, 38; their habits in camp, 39; Christian Indians different from the pagans, 39; attack British boats, 40; general meeting of, called by Montcalm, 40-42; repulse British force on left bank of Montmorency, 129; scalp the wounded after battle, 142; paid well for prisoners, but less amount for scalps, 150; fly from battlefield, 202; form part of Lévis's army, 245; in battle of Ste. Foy, 265. Hd Their lands secured by treaty, 12; allies of the French, 13, 16, 21; help Pouchot at Niagara, 25; Sir William Johnson's following of, 28, 29; irregular traffic with, prohibited, 32, 54; fears of an uprising among, 55; impressed by enlistment of French-Canadians under British flag, 57; in Florida, 66, 71, 73; Haldimand's treatment of, 91-93, 131, 145, 146, 147, 150, 153, 157, 258-259, 266, 347; uncertain allies, 126, 137, 170, 260; rebels try to gain for France, 127-128, 134, 136, 279; indignant at terms of peace between Britain and colonies, 256-257; American cruelty towards, 307. F Menacing attitude of, 17; defrauded by traders, 18, 154; not readily receptive of Christian doctrine, 167. Dr Those with Burgoyne worse than useless, 178; ignored in treaty of peace between Britain and American colonies, 231; their lands invaded by frontiersmen, 233; attacked by American troops, 234; trouble with western tribes, 249, 262, 276. L Violent effects of intoxicating liquor upon, 36, 37; three of the nations sue for peace, 53; conversion of, very precarious, 62; difficult to civilize them, 63, 126; sincere devotion of many, 64. See Abnaki; Algonquian; Cree; Creek; Delaware; Déné; Etchemin; Huron; Illinois; Iroquois; Micmac; Ottawa; Tête de Boule. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of American Indians; Brinton, The American Race; Bancroft, Native Races of the Pacific States; Catlin, Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians; Drake, Aboriginal Races of North America; Lafitau, Mœurs des Sauvages Amériquains; Maclean, Canadian Savage Folk; Morgan, Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines; Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes of the United States.

Indian Department. S In Upper Canada, independent of the governor, 126-127.

Indian Posts in West. Dr Temporary retention of, by Great Britain, 231.

Inflexible. Dr Largest vessel of flotilla on Lake Champlain, 154.

Inglis, Charles (1734-1816). Born in Ireland. Emigrated to America; taught school in Pennsylvania for a time, and then took holy orders. In 1764 became assistant to Dr. Auchmuty, rector of Trinity Church, New York, and in 1777 succeeded him as rector. His sympathies being with the mother country, removed to Nova Scotia after the Revolution, and thence to England. First bishop of Nova Scotia, with jurisdiction over practically all British North America, 1787. One of the notable events of his episcopate was his establishment of King's College, Windsor. In 1793 his huge diocese divided by the creation of the diocese of Quebec, of which Jacob Mountain (q.v.) became first bishop. Index: Dr Appointed bishop of Nova Scotia with jurisdiction over Quebec, 241. Bib.: Mockridge, The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.

Inglis, John. MS Opposes sale by Hudson's Bay Company of land in Red River valley to Selkirk, 146.

Ingraham, Captain. D Explores coast of Queen Charlotte Islands in 1791, 25; describes geography and natural history of the islands and language, manners, and customs of the natives, 25.

Innocent XI, Pope (1611-1689). Benedetto Odescalchi; elected pope, 1676. Index: L Misunderstanding with Louis XIV, 20.

Institut Canadien. A literary and scientific society, founded at Montreal in 1844, and incorporated in 1852. It included among its early members most of the leaders of the more progressive and independent element in Quebec political life, among them A. A. Dorion, Eric Dorion, Joseph Doutre, Rodolphe Laflamme, and Wilfrid Laurier. The success of the parent society led to the founding of similar Instituts throughout the province. Although popular among the laity, these societies encountered the determined opposition of the Roman Catholic Church, led by Bishop Bourget of Montreal. The outside societies yielded to clerical pressure, but the Montreal Institut stood upon its rights. The fight went on for many years, but finally most of the Roman Catholic members dropped out, and the books and papers were transferred to the Fraser Institute. Bib.: Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party.

Intendant. An office created originally by Richelieu, in France, and transferred to New France. The first intendant of Canada was Robert, appointed in 1663, who was succeeded two years later by the ablest occupant of the office, Jean Talon. The intendant was charged with the supervision of practically all the civil affairs of the colony, including the administration of justice, but his most important function, from the point of view of the court, was to act as a virtual spy upon the acts of the governor. Inevitably, harmony was impossible between these two officials, and the history of New France is punctuated with their perpetual quarrels. Index: F Jean Talon appointed as, 51; office revived, 105; Jacques Duchesneau appointed, 108; Jacques de Meulles, 171; Jean Bochart de Champigny, 207. See also under names of individual intendants. Bib.: Roy, Intendants de la Nouvelle France (R. S. C., 1903); Parkman, Old Régime; Munro, The Office of Intendant in New France in The American Historical Review, October, 1906.

Intendant's Palace. Bk In Quebec, completely destroyed in siege of 1775, 90.

Intemperance. S A prevailing vice in Upper Canada, 71, 72. See Liquor question; Brandy question.

Intercolonial Railway. Surveys proposed by the government of Canada in 1863. Three engineers were to be appointed, one by the Imperial government, one by Canada, and one by the Maritime Provinces. They all nominated the same man, Sandford Fleming, by whom the surveys were accordingly carried out. The railway was made a condition of the union of the Maritime Provinces with Canada, and the work of construction was pushed forward, the line being formally opened July 1, 1876. In 1871 the Prince Edward Island Railway was begun, and in 1873 it became a portion of the Intercolonial system. Other extensions and branches were built or acquired, the line finally running from Sydney and Halifax to Montreal. Index: Md Negotiations for, begun, 45, 117; arranged for, by British North America Act, 151; difficulty in selecting route, 152,153; northern route finally adopted, 153. E Project to combine with Grand Trunk, 100; history of negotiations after failure of larger scheme, 100-101. H Recommended in Durham's Report, 118; company formed in London, 118-119; "Robinson Line" surveyed, 119; Joseph Howe's connection with (see under Howe); new route proposed, 141-143; Imperial guarantee refused, 143. BL Brought under consideration, 1849, 287; Hincks on, 332. B Members of British government in 1862 favourable to, except Gladstone, 143; George Brown a convert to the scheme, 166; opposed by Dorion, 175. C Cartier advocates roundabout route, for military and political reasons, 49-50; Major Robinson's report, 49. T Proposal to build through St. John Valley, 26; delegates consult British government, 26; arrangements made with Jackson. 27; British government refuses to guarantee interest, 45; St. John to Shediac line, 46-47; history of, 53-58, 90, 111-112, 116, 119, 122. Bib.: Fleming, The Intercolonial; Fleming, Historical Sketch of the Intercolonial Railway in Canada: An Ency., vol. 2.

Interpreters. Ch Brûle, Marsolet, et al., 144.

Irish Immigrants. E Measures for their relief, 1847-1848, 46-47; bring plague to Canada, 47-48; prominent victims, 48; Elgin persuades British government to reimburse Canada for expenses incurred in relief work. 48-49.

Iroquet. Algonquian chief. Index: Ch Urges Champlain to attack the Iroquois, 48; his son meets Champlain, 51; a leader of the Hurons, 69; chief of the Petite Nation—captures small party of Iroquois, 102; adopts an Iroquois prisoner as his son, 104. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime.

Iroquois. A confederation of tribes, at first five, the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca, to which the Tuscarora was added after 1726, as well as the remnants of many other tribes. They were known to the English colonists as the Five Nations, and later as the Six Nations. They called themselves Oñgwanonsioñni, "we are of the extended lodge." When they first came into contact with Europeans, they occupied the country between Lake Champlain and the Genesee River, and this remained their home territory, but they ranged far and wide, carrying their conquering raids eastwards to the Kennebec, westwards to Lake Michigan, north to the Hudson Bay watershed, and south to the Tennessee. They numbered about 16,000 in 1677, and after dropping to 10,000 in the next century, they returned to their original strength at the opening of the twentieth century. About two-thirds are on reservations in Canada; the remainder in New York. Index: F Champlain joins Hurons and Algonquians in attacking, 9, 10, 14; nearly exterminate Hurons, 26, 35; demand establishment of French colony in their country, 40; their confederacy, of what tribes composed, 41; attack remnant of Hurons on Island of Orleans, 41; checked at Long Sault on the Ottawa by heroism of Dollard and his companions, 44; Governor Courcelles marches against, 52; similar expedition led by Tracy, 53; invited by Frontenac to conference, 79; consent to make a peace including Indian allies of French, 82; under La Barre's administration, seize canoes of French traders, 181; La Barre's expedition against, 183; Denonville's, 207-214; capture of a number of peaceful Iroquois for king's galleys, 215; reprisals, 218, 219; massacre of Lachine, 224; send envoys to meet Frontenac, 238; native eloquence, 239; worsted in skirmish on Ottawa River, 243; Mohawk opinion of Schenectady massacre, 248; ill-treat embassy from Frontenac, 262; renew their attacks, 307; party of, destroyed at Repentigny, 308; three prisoners burnt alive, 309; another party surprised and destroyed, 319; expedition against (Mohawks), 321; peace negotiations, 337; Onondaga orator, Teganissorens (Decanisora), 338; Frontenac's campaign against, 350. Ch Champlain assists his Indian allies against, 49; originally settled on the St. Lawrence, 50; form great confederation of five tribes, 50; attacked by Montaignais, assisted by Champlain, near mouth of Richelieu River, 62; again, by Hurons, assisted by Champlain, on the Oswego River, 102; make an attack near Quebec, 139; embassy sent to, 163. Hd Destroy mission at Three Rivers, 43; in general alliance with British, 148; country of, pillaged by Butler's Rangers, 151. WM Traditional foes of the French, 16. L Destroy Huron mission, 5; converted settlements of, 9; their extermination of the Hurons, 39; heroic resistance offered to, at the Long Sault, 72; depredations committed by, 191; La Barre's expedition against, 193; threatening attitude of, 213; Denonville's expedition against, 215; negotiations with, 216; descend on Lachine, 225; ravage surrounding country, 227; Frontenac marches against, 233. Bk Their lands encroached upon by Americans, 149; attacked by United States troops at Tippecanoe, 174-176; their bitter sense of wrong, 177; obtain grant of land on the Grand River, 189; effect on, of Hull's advance into Canada, 214; greatly impressed by the capture of Detroit, 263. See Senecas; Mohawks; Onondagas; Cayugas; Oneidas. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of American Indians; Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes; Morgan, League of the Iroquois; Colden, History of the Five Nations; McKenzie, The Six Nations Indians in Canada; Hale, Iroquois Book of Rites; Parkman, Old Régime, Jesuits in North America, Frontenac, and Half Century of Conflict; Fiske, New France and New England.

Irving, Jacob Æmilius (1797-1856). Born at Charleston, South Carolina. Entered the army at an early age; severely wounded at Waterloo; presented with freedom of Liverpool for gallant conduct during the French war. Came to Canada, 1834; served during the Rebellion of 1837; appointed first warden for the district of Simcoe; appointed to the Legislative Council of Canada, 1843. Index: BL Appointed to Legislative Council, Upper Canada, 177. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.

Irving, Paulus Æmilius (1714-1796). Served under Wolfe at Quebec; administered government of Canada, 1765; appointed lieutenant-governor of Guernsey, 1771; and afterwards governor of Upnor Castle, Kent. Index: Dr Becomes administrator, 23; protests, as member of Council, against position taken by Carleton, 34; dismissed from Council, 39. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.

Isbister, Alexander K. (1820-1883). Born in the territories of the Hudson's Bay Company; employed by the Company, 1838-1840, in the Mackenzie River district. Went to England, about 1841; educated there, and practised law in London. A half-breed himself, he ably pressed the cause of the Indians and half-breeds upon the attention of the British government. Also gave evidence before the parliamentary Committee of 1857. For some years master of the Stationers' School in England and Dean of the College of Preceptors. Left a large sum of money to found scholarships in connection with the University of Manitoba. Index: B A native of the North-West Territories—his good work on behalf of the Red River Settlement, 212; Brown's high opinion of, 212; suggests annexation by Canada of western territory, 213. Bib.: Report on Hudson's Bay Company, 1857; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

Isis. Dr British war vessel, arrival of, 137.

Isle aux Noix. On the Richelieu River. Index: Hd Fortifications of, 125, 133; Sherwood and Ira Allen in conference at, 204; refugees transported to, 250.

Jack, William Brydone (1819-1886). Born in Scotland. Educated at St. Andrews University. Came to New Brunswick as professor of mathematics at King's College, 1840. When King's College received its charter as University of New Brunswick in 1861, appointed president. Retired from office, 1885.

Jackson. T British Member of Parliament, and capitalist, his company offers to build railways in New Brunswick, 26; visits the province, 27; agreement with government, 27.

Jackson, Francis James (1770-1814). British diplomatist. Index: Bk Succeeds W. Erskine as British minister at Washington, 122. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Jackson, Sir Richard Downes. Served in Peninsular campaign; commander-in-chief of forces in Canada. Administrator, 1841-1842. Died at Montreal. Index: BL Carries on government after Sydenham's death, 113. Sy Commander of forces, appointed administrator for Lower Canada, 194. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.

Jacob, Dr., of Salisbury. Sy Maternal grandfather of Sydenham, 4.

Jacques. Ch English vessel seized by French, 221.

Jacques Cartier River. A tributary of the St. Lawrence, north shore, above Quebec. Index: WM Retreat of French army to, 212, 216, 217; retreat described as disorderly flight, 217.

James Bay. Southern extension of Hudson Bay, discovered in 1610, by Henry Hudson who wintered there, 1610-1611, with the Discovery. The bay was named after Captain Thomas James of Bristol, who explored the west coast in 1631.

Jameson, Anna Brownell (1794-1860). Author. Married Robert Jameson, afterwards vice-chancellor of the Court of Equity of Upper Canada. Index: E On Upper Canadian schoolmasters, 87; compares conditions on both sides of boundary, to the detriment of Canada, 191-192. Bib.: Works: Diary of an Ennuyée; Characteristics of Women; Visits and Sketches; Essays; Sacred and Legendary Art; Legends of the Madonna; History of Our Lord; Early Italian Painters; Sketches in Canada; Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada. For biog., see Dent, Can. Por.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Read, Lives of the Judges.

Jameson, Robert Simpson. A member of the English bar. Reporter in Lord Eldon's Court, 1824. Married Anna Brownell Murphy, 1826. Judge in the Island of Dominica, 1829; retired, 1833, and returned to England. Appointed attorney-general of Upper Canada by the Imperial government, 1833, and took up his residence at York. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1833. Member of the Assembly, 1835-1837. Appointed vice-chancellor of the Court of Equity. Died in Toronto, 1854. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges.

Jamet, Father Denis. Ch Récollet missionary and commissary of the order in Canada, 85; returns to France, where he remains, 111, 112.

Jarvis, F. S. Sy Gentleman usher of black rod, 334.

Jarvis, William. S Recommended by Simcoe as clerk of Council, 46; provincial secretary, 79, 178.

Jarvis, W. B. Mc Loyalists retreat under, 373.

Jay, John (1745-1829). American statesman and jurist. Index: Dr Negotiates treaty with Great Britain, 283, 286. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Jay's Treaty. Between Great Britain and the United States; negotiated Nov. 19, 1794. Provided for the evacuation by Great Britain of the western posts; the settlement by commission of pecuniary claims between the two countries; the appointment of a joint commission to determine the identity of the St. Croix River; and closer commercial relations. Negotiated by John Jay on behalf of the United States, and Lord Grenville representing Great Britain. Index: S Between Britain and the United States, 142. Dr Copies of, circulated in Canada, 290; ratified, 291. Bib.: Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions.

Jefferson, Thomas (1743-1826). Third president of the United States. Index: Dr His hostility to Great Britain, 273, 274, 281; his defeat for the presidency, in 1797, 298. Bk Purchases Louisiana from France, 41, 42; his embargo on United States ships trading to British ports, 85, 108; withdraws embargo, 114; confident of easy conquest of Canada, 259, 285. D His influence in determining policy of United States as to the Pacific coast, 64-66; sends Lewis and Clark overland to Pacific, 66. Bib.: His Works, ed. by Henry A. Washington, were published by order of Congress, in 9 vols., 1853. See also Randolph, Memoirs, Correspondence and Miscellanies of Jefferson. For biog., see Randall, Life of Jefferson; Tucker, Life of Thomas Jefferson; Parton, Life of Thomas Jefferson; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Jemseg. On Jemseg Creek, Queen's County, New Brunswick. Index: F For a time headquarters in Acadia, 270.

Jenkins, William. T Teacher in Gagetown Grammar School, New Brunswick, 5; conducts large school in Quebec, 6; visited by Sir Leonard Tilley in 1858, 6; dies in 1863, 6.

Jersey Volunteers. Dr Loyalists, 202.

Jervis, John. See St. Vincent.

Jesuits' Estates Act. Passed by the Mercier government in Quebec, 1888. Following the suppression of the Society of Jesus by the pope, in 1773, the property of the order in Canada became vested in the crown, and was set apart for purposes of education in the province of Quebec. By the British North America Act, it was vested in the provincial government. The Mercier Act authorized payment of $400,000 as compensation to the Jesuits for the lands confiscated by the crown. An agitation in Ontario for disallowance of the Act, was followed by a formal motion in the Dominion House, by Colonel O'Brien, but only thirteen members voted for disallowance. Index: Md Origin, 286; claimed by Society of Jesus, 286; Act passed by Quebec Legislature authorizing payment for lands Jesuits held before the conquest, 286, 287; motion favouring federal disallowance, proposed, 288, 289; motion defeated, 289; agitation ends by formation of Equal Rights Association and later by the Protestant Protective Association, 289. Dr Proposal to apply revenues of, to educational purposes, 230; General Amherst's claim to, 230. BL Revenue from, 18. Bk Appropriation of property a grievance with French-Canadians, 77. Bib.: Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party; Grant and Hamilton, Principal Grant; Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.

Jesuit Missions. L Zeal of the missionaries compared with that of the Apostles, 61; among the Iroquois, 64-67; wide extension of, 103; to the Algonquians, destroyed by drunkenness, 175. F Pure lives of missionaries produces good effect, 168. See under names of individual missionaries. Bib.: Parkman, Jesuits in North America. See also Jesuits.

Jesuit Relations. The Relations were published in Paris, by the provincial of the order, in small annual volumes. The original narratives were written in Canada, or in one or other of the remote mission fields, by the devoted missionaries, and are invaluable as a record of the condition and character of the various Indian tribes in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Index: Ch Promoted immigration to Canada, 250; describe religious condition of the colony, 256-258; also last days of Champlain, 262, 263. F Parkman on, 30; Rochemonteix on, 30; Marie de l'Incarnation on, 30; their influence in securing support for the missions, 30-31. Bib.: Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, 1610-1791, ed. by Thwaites, Cleveland, 1896-1901, 73 vols.; Relations des Jesuites, Quebec, 1858, 3 vols.

Jesuits. The first missionaries of the order, Lalemant, Masse, and Brébeuf, arrived in Canada in 1625. Work among the Algonquians began that year; and among the Hurons in 1626. The mission to the Iroquois dates from 1642. With the Iroquois mission are particularly associated the names of Jogues, Le Moyne, Ragueneau, Frémin, and De Carheil; and with the mission to the Hurons, those of Brébeuf, Lalemant, Chabanel, Garnier, and Chaumonot. See also under names of individual missionaries. Index: Hd Their mission at Three Rivers, 43; an unworthy member of the order, 48-49; suspected of sympathy with rebels, 130, 181; engage in the ginseng trade, 148; vestibule of their church turned into theatre, 306-307. F Arrival of, 17; return after restoration of Canada to France, 25; Frontenac's attitude towards, 113; their missions, 166. L Their devotion to the cause of missions, 4, 5; recommend Laval as vicar apostolic, 26; re-establish mission in Iroquois country, 73; place church at Quebec under patronage of Immaculate Conception, and St. Louis, 85; works of piety instituted by, 86. Dr Expelled from France, controversy respecting their property in Canada, 23; petition the king for restoration of their property, 35. Ch Récollets decide to ask assistance of, 150; not favoured by the traders, 152; arrival of, at Quebec, 153; their convent robbed by English, 196; embark for Tadousac on board Kirke's ship, 196; sail for France, 206; take charge of Quebec mission on restoration of the country to France, 225; establish their convent of Notre Dame des Anges, 227; their convent at Quebec, 228, 229; give banquet to Emery de Caën, temporary governor, 228; found missions at Three Rivers and in Huron country, 228; also at Miscou and Cape Breton, 229. D As factors in spread of civilization in America, 2-3. Bib.: Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, ed. by Thwaites; Parkman, Jesuits in North America; Rochemonteix, Les Jésuites et la Nouvelle France; Kip, Early Jesuit Missions; Campbell, Pioneer Priests of North America.

Jetté, Sir Louis (1836- ). Studied law, and called to the bar, 1857. Practised in Montreal. Entered public life in 1872 as member for Montreal East, defeating Sir Georges E. Cartier. Appointed puisne judge of Supreme Court of Quebec, 1878; and the same year became professor of civil law in Laval University; later dean of the faculty. Member of the commission for revision of the civil code of Quebec, 1887; and of the Alaskan Boundary Commission. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1898, and for a second term in 1903. Chief-justice of the Superior Court of Quebec, 1909. Index: C One of the founders of Le Parti National, and its organ Le National, 29-30; defeats Cartier in Montreal East, 84. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.

Jews. Bk Resolution of Lower Canada Assembly excluding, 104; further discussion of question, 116.

Joannes. WM Town mayor of Quebec, strikes insubordinate officers, 230; protests against order to propose capitulation, 230, 231; goes to British camp with articles of capitulation, 231, 232.

Jogues, Isaac (1607-1646). Born at Orleans, France. Entered the Society of Jesus, and sailed for Canada in 1636. Set out almost immediately for the Huron mission. From there sent to the Tobacco nation; and in 1641 visited the Chippewas at Sault Ste. Marie, and stood upon the shores of Lake Superior. Went to Quebec the following year, and on the return journey captured by a party of Mohawks and carried off to the Iroquois country. After being repeatedly tortured, escaped at Fort Orange, with the help of the Dutch governor, and sailed for France, arriving at Rennes in 1643. After an interview with the queen regent, Anne of Austria, returned to Canada the following year, and sent as an ambassador to the Mohawks, 1646. Concluded a treaty of peace, and returned to Quebec. Sept. 27 of the same year, again set out for the Iroquois country, this time as a missionary. The attitude of the Indians had changed, and on Oct. 18 he was tomahawked as he entered one of the lodges at Tionnontoguen. Index: Ch Professor in college of Rouen, 207. L Sufferings and death of, 5, 62. Bib.: Campbell, Pioneer Priests of North America; Parkman, Jesuits in North America; Martin, Isaac Jogues; Withrow, Adventures of Isaac Jogues (R. S. C., 1885).

John and Thomas. F Vice-admiral's ship in Phipps's squadron, 281.

Johnson, Guy (1740-1788). Deputy to Sir William Johnson, as superintendent of Indian affairs, and succeeded latter in office after his death. Served under Amherst against the French, in 1759. At the opening of the Revolutionary War, abandoned his home in Amsterdam, New York, and brought his family to Montreal, and later went to England. Returned in 1776, and served in New York. Also with Brant in the Mohawk Valley, two years later. His estates confiscated by the New York Assembly, 1779. Index: Hd His letter to Lord George Germaine, 155; removed from his position of Indian agent, 156. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Johnson, John. T Returned for St. John, 25.

Johnson, John M. (1818-1868). T Solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 32-33; member of Fisher ministry, postmaster-general, 43; attorney-general, delegate to Quebec Conference, 77; elected for Northumberland as Confederation candidate, 107; goes to England as Confederation delegate, 120; his views on County Courts, 125. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Johnson, Sir John (1742-1830). Son of Sir William Johnson (q.v.). Appointed major-general of militia, 1774. Fled to Canada, 1776, and served under St. Leger against Arnold the following year. After the close of the Revolutionary War, became superintendent-general of Indian affairs in British North America. Index: Dr Commissioned to raise regiment, 151; advises Dorchester in regard to Upper Canada, 258; his claims to be first governor of that province, 259; Indian agent in Upper Canada, 302. S Disappointed at not being made governor of Upper Canada, 99; head of Indian department, 127. Hd Made Indian agent, 156; raises King's Royal Regiment of New York, 156; Haldimand's instructions to, in regard to smallpox, 231; his consent necessary to marriage, 237; Haldimand stands sponsor to child of, 296; MacLean's opinion of, 308. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Cyc. Am. Biog.; Myers, The Tories or Loyalists in America.

Johnson, Sir William (1715-1774). Born in Ireland. Came to America, in 1738, to take charge of the estates of his uncle, Sir Peter Warren. Appointed Indian agent in 1744, and obtained unrivalled influence over the Six Nations. In 1755 became superintendent of the affairs of the Six Nations. The same year made major-general and commander-in-chief of the expedition against the French. Defeated Dieskau at Lake George, and received the thanks of Parliament, a baronetcy, and a vote of £5000. Served with Abercrombie in 1758, and in 1759 captured Niagara from the French. Accompanied Amherst to Montreal in 1760. Mainly instrumental in settling and developing the Mohawk Valley. Index: Dr Quiets discontent of Six Nations, 5, 6. Hd Takes possession of Fort Niagara, 26; takes precedence of Haldimand, 27; his influence with Six Nations Indians, 27; his Indians not allowed to attack La Galette, 28; retires for the winter, 29; leaves Oswego for Montreal, under Amherst, 35; his opinion on enlistment of Canadian corps, 57; takes Niagara, 121; his Indian widow, 154; death of, 155; Indians' opinion of, 157; leave granted to, to hold western posts for England, 257. WM Captures Fort Niagara, 146. Bib.: Language, Customs, and Manners of the Six Nations (Phil. Soc. of Phila. Trans., 1772); Correspondence (Doc. Hist. N. Y.); Reid, Story of Old Fort Johnson. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; Stone, Life of Sir William Johnson; Buell, Sir William Johnson; Bradley, The Fight with France; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe and Conspiracy of Pontiac; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Johnson-Clarendon Treaty. Md Attempt to settle Alabama question by, 167; United States Senate refuses to ratify treaty, 167. Bib.: Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions.

Johnston, Hugh. W Appointed to Executive Council, New Brunswick, 1843, 72; resigns, 1845, 76; retires, 1848, 116.

Johnston, Sir W. C Chief-justice of Quebec, 119; his views on French-Canadian cooking, 119.

Johnstone, Chevalier. WM Aide-de-camp to Lévis, 139; his redoubt evacuated, 140; with Montcalm on night preceding battle, 175; his opinion of Bougainville, 177; on brave rally of Canadians, 203; on demoralization of French troops, 207; on Vaudreuil and proposed capitulation, 209; on the flight to Jacques Cartier, 217; on battle of Ste. Foy, 261, 263, 264. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec.

Johnstone, James William (1793-1873). Born in Jamaica. Came to Nova Scotia, studied law in Annapolis, and practised in Kentville and Halifax. Appointed solicitor-general and a member of the governor's Council, and became the recognized leader of the Conservative party in Nova Scotia. Resigned his seat in the Council in 1843 to contest Annapolis for the Assembly, and represented the county until 1864, when appointed judge in Equity. On the death of Howe in 1873 made lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia. Died in England the same year. Index: H Appointed solicitor-general, 1834, 57; becomes member of Executive and Legislative Councils, 1838, 57; leader of party opposed to responsible government, 58; his birth, ancestry, and character, 58; Sir Colin Campbell's chief adviser, 71; obnoxious to the Liberals, 71; opposes Howe's views as to responsibility of ministers to the Assembly, 75; makes public declaration as to dual responsibility of ministers, to the governor and the Legislature, 76; joins the Baptists, 77-78; defends denominational schools, 83; the election of 1843, 85-86; W. B. Almon called to Executive and Legislative Councils, 86-87; secures majority in new Legislature, 87; contest with Howe, 89-90; makes speech against Howe, 98; carries measure for simultaneous polling, 104; resigns with his government, 1848, 107; member of Railway Convention at Portland, 1850, 121; opposes government railways, 144; moves vote of want of confidence, 165, 167; forms new government, 167; his party defeated in elections of 1859, 168; the chief-justiceship, 168; leader of the opposition, 171; becomes attorney-general in 1863, and judge in Equity, 1864, 172; favours Confederation, 174; introduces bill prohibiting sale of intoxicants to Indians, 247-248. T Advocates Confederation in Nova Scotia Assembly, in 1854, 62. Bib.: Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Bourinot, Builders of Nova Scotia; Rattray, The Scot in British North America; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.

Johnstone's Redoubt. WM French position on Beauport shore, 133, 136, 140.

Joint High Commission, British-American, 1898-1899. Met in Quebec, Aug. 23, 1898, and again in Washington, Nov. 10. The meetings continued until Feb. 20, 1899, ending in a disagreement. Canada was represented by Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Sir Richard Cartwright, Sir Louis Davies, and John Charlton; the United States by Gen. J. W. Foster, Hon. George Gray, Hon. C.W. Fairbanks, Hon. John A. Kasson, Hon. N. Dingley, and T. Jefferson Coolidge; and Newfoundland by Sir J. S. Winter and Hon. A. B. Morine. Lord Herschell acted as chairman. Among the questions discussed were reciprocity, the Atlantic fisheries, the Alaskan boundary, the seal fisheries, war vessels on the Great Lakes, the bonding privilege, alien labour laws, and mining rights. Bib.: Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party.

Jolliet, Louis (1645-1700). Born at Quebec; son of a wagon-maker in the employ of the Company of New France. Educated by the Jesuits, and took minor orders, but renounced his clerical vocation to engage in the fur trade. Sent by Talon to discover copper-mines on Lake Superior, and met La Salle on his return journey, 1669, near the site of the city of Hamilton. In 1673 set out with Jacques Marquette (q.v.) to discover the Mississippi. Leaving Michilimackinac on May 17, they coasted the north shore of Lake Michigan, to the foot of Green Bay, ascended Fox River to Lake Winnebago, and descended the Wisconsin to the Mississippi, which they reached a month after leaving Michilimackinac. Descended the great river, passing the mouths of the Illinois, Missouri, Ohio, and Arkansas, and turned back from a village of the Arkansas Indians on July 17; returning to Lake Michigan by way of the Illinois. Jolliet was unfortunate enough to lose the records of his journey at the foot of the Lachine rapids, almost within sight of Montreal. Made a journey to Hudson Bay in 1679; and the following year received a grant of the Island of Anticosti, where he settled with his family. In 1694 explored the coast of Labrador. On his return made royal pilot for the St. Lawrence, and hydrographer of the colony. Index: F Discoverer of Mississippi, 155. WM Descends Mississippi, 19. L Follows course of Mississippi, 11; abandons priestly career and becomes explorer, 59; his exploration of Mississippi, 146; his burial, 147. Bib.: Parkman, La Salle; Faillon, Colonie Française en Canada; Margry, Découvertes et Établissements des Français; Gagnon, Louis Jolliet. See also Marquette.

Jolliet, Zachary. F His December journey from Michilimackinac to Quebec, 240.

Joly de Lotbinière, Sir Henri Gustave (1829-1908). Studied law and called to the bar, 1855. Elected to Assembly for Lotbinière, 1861. Took a prominent part in opposition to Confederation. In 1867 elected for both Dominion and Quebec Houses, and sat in both up to 1874. Led opposition in Assembly until 1878, when he was called upon to form a ministry. His government defeated in 1879, and in 1885 dropped out of public life for a time. Returned for Portneuf in 1896, and became controller of inland revenue; the following year called to the Cabinet as minister of inland revenue. Appointed lieutenant-governor of British Columbia, 1900. Index: Md Liberal leader in Quebec, sustained in provincial election by majority of one, 249; his connection with the Letellier case, 249. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.

Jones, Alfred Gilpin (1824-1906). Born at Weymouth, Nova Scotia, of United Empire Loyalist stock. Built up great shipping industry at Halifax. Entered public life as an opponent of Confederation. Represented Halifax in Dominion House 1867-1872, 1874-1878. Became minister of militia, 1878. Defeated in general election of that year, and again in 1881; elected in 1887, but defeated in 1891. Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia 1900-1906. Index: H Asked by Howe to attend conference with Sir John Rose, on financial situation, 223; his reasons for declining, 224; leader of Anti-Confederate party in Nova Scotia, 224. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Can. Men; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.

Jones, John Paul (1747-1792). Born in Scotland; son of John Paul, of Arbigland; assumed name of Jones. Entered American navy, 1775. Captured the Serapis, 1779. Entered Russian naval service, 1788, with rank of rear-admiral. Died in Paris. Index: Hd Mentioned in Haldimand's correspondence, 245. Bib.: Sherbourne, Life of Paul Jones; Mackenzie, Life of Paul Jones; Hamilton, Life of Paul Jones; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Jones, Jonas (1791-1848). Educated at Cornwall under John Strachan. Served as an officer of militia during the War of 1812-1814, attaining the rank of colonel. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1815. Elected to the Assembly for Leeds and Grenville, 1821, 1825, and again in 1832. A strong supporter of the union of Upper and Lower Canada. Appointed a puisne judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1837. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges.

Jones, Peter. R His visit to England in 1831, 90.

Jonquest, Étienne. Ch Marries Anne Hébert, 113; death of, 117.

Jordan, John. W Member for St. John in New Brunswick Assembly, 105; referred to in Wilmot's speech, 105. T Defeated in St. John County in 1850, 11.

Joseph, Saint. L Chapel dedicated to, in church at Quebec, 84; patron saint of Canada, 87. Ch Jesuit mission in Huron country, 93; French colony placed under patronage of, 150.

Jotard. Hd Editor of Mesplet's publications, 277.

Journal de Québec. C Cauchon writes for, 24; praises Cartier in, 88.

Journal Tenu à l'Armée. WM Quoted, 169; severe criticism of Montcalm, 205; Canadians praised, 196; quoted as to loss on French side, 205.

Juan de Fuca. D His real name Apostolos Velerianos, 9; expedition to North-West Coast, 9; authenticity of his Voyage, 9, 19; his name rescued from oblivion, 23. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names.

Juan de Fuca Strait. Between Vancouver Island and United States mainland. Index: D Its discovery, 9, 14, 19; rediscovered by Kendrick, 25. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names.

Jubilee. Ch Granted by pope, celebrated in Quebec, 1618, 114.

Juchereau, Jean. Ch A settler from La Ferté Vidame, in Thimerais, 252.

Juchereau, Mère. F Reports repulse of some of Phipps's men at Rivière Ouelle, 291; on flag incident, 296; on divine protection of Quebec, 301. L On Laval's patience in trial, 240.

Juchereau de St. Denis. F Wounded in skirmish on Beauport flats, 294.

Judah, Henry Hague (1808-1883). Born in London, England. Came to Canada, and called to the bar, 1829. Represented Champlain in the Assembly, 1843-1844. Appointed one of the Commissioners under the Act abolishing the Seigniorial Tenure, 1854. Index: E Commissioner under Federal Tenure law, 186.

Judges. Bk Bill for exclusion of, passed by Lower Canada Assembly, but thrown out by Council, 104; further discussion of question, 116; instructions from Great Britain regarding, 117, 126; Act of Exclusion passed, 145.

Judicature. E Measures relating to, passed by second La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 86-87; S Act for establishing Superior Court for Upper Canada passed, 92; amended, 94. Sy Bill passed by Special Council, 255. BL Revisions of system, 286, 300-301; terms of the Act, 292, 302-303, 339.

Jurisdiction, Question of. L In New France, 163.

Justices of the Peace. See Magistrates.

Kaministiquia, or Kaministikwia, Fort. At mouth of river of same name, north-west shore of Lake Superior. Built by Zacharie Robutel de La Noüe, in 1717. La Vérendrye wintered there in 1731, while making preparations for his western explorations. The site abandoned in favour of Grand Portage, which became for many years, under both French and British rule, the jumping-off place for the western fur country. Fort William was afterwards built on or near the site of the old French fort.

Kane, Paul (1810-1871). Born in Toronto. Received his first training under Drury, the drawing-master at Upper Canada College. Spent the years 1836-1840 in the United States; and then sailed for Europe, where he studied art in Italy and throughout the continent. Returned to Toronto in 1845, and shortly after set out on a tour of the western territories of the Hudson's Bay Company. Visited many of the tribes, from Lake Superior to the Pacific, and brought back with him in 1848 several hundred sketches, from which he painted a series of oil pictures of Indian life and western scenery. Some years after, published a narrative of this journey, illustrated from his own sketches. Bib.: Wanderings of an Artist among the Indians of North America. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; Cyc. Am. Biog.; MacMurchy, Canadian Literature.

Kaye, John W. BL Quoted on Metcalfe, 156, 158; on La Fontaine and Baldwin, 169-171; on Metcalfe, 176, 186, 236, 237. B Defends Metcalfe's attitude towards political parties in Canada, 24. Bib.: Works: Life and Correspondence of Lord Metcalfe; Administration of East India Company; Lives of Indian Officers; Life of Sir John Malcolm.

Keefer, Thomas Coltrin (1821- ). Born at Thorold, Ontario. Engaged in the enlargement of the Welland Canal, 1841-1845, and then transferred to the Ottawa River works, 1845-1849. Made a survey of the St. Lawrence rapids, 1850; and prepared the report and plans which resulted in the building of the Victoria bridge at Montreal. Instrumental in securing the deepening of the St. Lawrence channel and the adoption of the standard gauge on Canadian railways. Served as Canadian commissioner at the London exhibitions of 1851 and 1862, and the Paris exhibition of 1878, and also on the International Deep Waterways Commission. Author of a number of articles and papers on engineering and public questions. Bib.: Works: Philosophy of Railways; Canals of Canada; Report on Victoria Bridge; Canadian Waterways. See also in Bourinot's bibliography (R. S. C., 1894). For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.

Kempt, Sir James (1764-1854). Commanded brigade in Peninsula, 1812; and division at Waterloo, 1815; governor of Nova Scotia, 1820-1828; and governor of Canada, 1828-1830. Made a privy-councillor, 1830; master-general of ordnance, 1834-1838; general, 1841. Index: BL His efforts at conciliation, 20. P Succeeds Lord Dalhousie as governor, 70; his attitude towards Canadians, 70; his report, 1829, on the political situation in Lower Canada, 71. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Kendrick, Captain John. American seaman. Trading on North-West Coast, 1787-1793. Killed in Sandwich Islands, 1793. Index: D Voyage to North-West Coast in 1787, 23; at Nootka, 24; credited with rediscovery of strait of Juan de Fuca, 25.

Kennebec River. A river of the state of Maine, rising in Moosehead Lake; about 200 miles long. Index: Dr Arnold's march up, 107.

Kennedy, Captain. B Agitates through newspapers and Toronto Board of Trade importance of acquiring and settling North-West Territories, 216; writes Lord Elgin on same subject, 216.

Kennedy, Sir Arthur Edward (1810-1883). Governor of Vancouver Island, 1863-1867. Subsequently governor of Queensland. Died in Brisbane.

Kennedy, William Nassau (1839-1885). Born at Darlington, Ontario. Served as a lieutenant in the Ontario Rifles with the Red River Expedition, 1870. Settled in Winnipeg, and appointed registrar of deeds, 1872. A member of the North-West Council, 1873; mayor of Winnipeg, 1875-1876. Organized the Winnipeg Field Battery and subsequently colonel of the 90th Rifles. Accompanied the Canadian Voyageurs to Egypt, as paymaster of the contingent, 1885. Served through the campaign, but died at London on his way home to Canada.

Kennedy's Regiment. WM On British right, 189.

Kenny, Sir Edward (1800-1891). Born in Kerry County, Ireland. Emigrated to Nova Scotia. Summoned to the Senate at Confederation. Became receiver-general in federal ministry, 1867-1869; president of the Privy Council, 1869-1870. For a time acting lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia. Vacated his seat in the Senate, 1876. Index: Md Receiver-general in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; represents Irish Roman Catholics, 135. T receiver-general in first Dominion Cabinet, 129. H Member of first Dominion Cabinet, 198.

Kent and Strathern, Edward Augustus, Duke of (1767-1820). Fourth son of George III and father of Queen Victoria. Sent to Canada, 1791; served in West Indies, 1794; returned to Canada, 1796; commander-in-chief of forces in British North America, 1799-1800; governor of Gibraltar, 1802-1803; field-marshal, 1805. Index: S Commands 7th Fusiliers in garrison at Quebec, 47; visits Simcoe at Navy Hall, 183; visits Niagara Falls, 183; is entertained by Robert Hamilton at Queenston, 184. Dr Arrival of, 270; popularity of, 275; service at Halifax, 276. MS Stationed in Canada, 98; his friendship for Alexander Mackenzie, 98. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Kent Lodge. Near Quebec. Index: Hd Formerly Montmorency House, Haldimand's summer residence, 345.

Kentucky. Dr Movements on foot in, for separation from other American states, 247, 249.

Kerr. T Elected as Confederation candidate for Northumberland, N. B., 107; moves the address in New Brunswick Assembly, 115.

Kerr, D. S. W Council for Doak and Hill in libel case, 75.

Kerr, W. J. Mc Attempts Mackenzie's assassination, 218; tried and convicted, 220.

Ketchum, Jesse. Mc Elected to the Assembly, 150; delivers rejoinder to governor, 300.

Kicking Horse Pass. Through Rocky Mountains, north of lat. 51°, length 104 miles, and elevation at watershed 5300 feet. This pass is followed by the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It was explored and named by Dr. Hector, of the Palliser expedition, in 1858.

Killaly, H. H. Represented town of London in first Parliament after the union of 1841; chairman of the board of public works, 1841-1844, and 1844-1846. Index: Sy Made president of board of works for united province, 333. BL Commissioner of public works, 1841, 76; a moderate Liberal, 78; remains in office under La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 133, 134. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Killian, Doran. T Recruits Fenian army in New York, 105; his force arrives at Eastport, 105.

King, Dr. Mc Aids Mackenzie's escape, 389.

King, Rev. Wm. B Moving spirit in negro settlement in Upper Canada, 113.

King's American Regiment. Dr Commanded by Fanning, 202.

King's College (New Brunswick). W Charter granted by George IV, 1828, 49; endowed by New Brunswick Legislature, 49; controlled by Church of England, 49-50, 51; proposed amendments to charter, 51-56; amendment bill finally passed, 56; becomes University of New Brunswick, 86; originated in College of New Brunswick and chartered, 1800, 86. T Proposal to convert into agricultural school, 20; cause of its unpopularity, 21, 48; terms of the Act of 1859, 48-49. See New Brunswick, College of; New Brunswick, University of.

King's College (Nova Scotia). An academy opened at Windsor, Nova Scotia, 1788. The following year an Act passed for "the permanent establishment and effectual support of a college at Windsor," and £400 per annum granted towards its maintenance. Under this act, King's College opened in 1790. Received royal charter, 1802. Index: H Founded by Church of England, 81. E Directly under control of Church of England, 93. Bib.: Partridge, University of King's College in Canada: An Ency., vol. 4; Akins, Brief Account of the Origin of King's College; Hind, University of King's College.

King's College (Upper Canada). Granted royal charter, Mar. 15, 1827. Index: Md Proposed government subsidy in connection with university scheme, 29; college and its property secularized, becoming University of Toronto, 30; replaced as Church of England College by University of Trinity College, 30. BL Conceived by Simcoe, land grant made, royal charter granted, Strachan president of, 191-192; opposition to terms of charter, amendments, building erected, teaching begins, 1843, 192-193; its land grant, 194; Baldwin proposes transfer of its property to University of Toronto, 195, 293; Strachan opposes transfer, 195, 196. E Its history and connection with the university question, 93-94. R Strachan secures royal charter, 72; and becomes first president, 73; terms of charter, 73-74; inauguration, 1843, 147; its financial position, 147; council of, charged with control of grammar schools, 248-249. See Toronto University. Bib.: Hopkins, Canada: An Ency., vol. 4; Bethune, Memoir of Bishop Strachan; Robinson, Sir John Beverley Robinson.

King's Printer, Upper Canada. S Louis Roy, first incumbent of office, 172; Roy succeeded by G. Tiffany, 173.

King's Royal Regiment of New York. Hd Raised by Sir John Johnson, 156; Beverley Robinson colonel of, 201; disbanded and receive grants of land, 255.

Kingsford, William (1819-1898). Came to Canada from England in 1837. Qualified as a civil engineer in Montreal, and practised his profession for some years. The author of many pamphlets, in addition to his monumental history, the preparation of which he took up late in life, and completed shortly before his death. Index: L On Dollard's exploit, 75. Bib.: Works: Impressions of the West and South during a Six Weeks' Holiday; Canadian Canals; Canadian Archæology; Early Bibliography of Ontario; History of Canada, 10 vols. For list of Dr. Kingsford's contributions to periodicals, see R. S. C. Trans., 1894, 47-48. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; MacMurchy, Canadian Literature.

Kingston. City of Ontario, founded by United Empire Loyalists, 1783. Index: Md Sir John A. Macdonald's early life in, 2; practises law there, 5; elected alderman of, 10; asked to be Conservative candidate for, 11; elected for, 12; constituency represented by Macdonald, with one short break, throughout his whole public career, 12, 16, 31, 211; its rivalry for seat of government, 39; meeting at, protests against Rebellion Losses Bill, 42; dissatisfied with selection of Ottawa as capital, 85; difficulty over visit of Prince of Wales, 1860, 88; Macdonald defeated in, 1878, 228. S Government of Upper Canada organized at, 79; rejected by Simcoe in favour of York as arsenal for Lake Ontario, 204; Simcoe spends winter of 1794-1795 at, 211; growth of the town, 211. BL Selected by Sydenham as capital, reasons for the choice, 73; its history, 73-75; the legislative building, 85-86; Assembly passes resolution declaring city not suitable as seat of government, 147; reception to Metcalfe, 155; not satisfactory as capital, 180; Harrison member for, 182; serious trouble between Orangemen and Roman Catholics, 187; severe fire of 1812, 298; special powers granted to magistrates of, 298, 300. Sy Chosen as seat of government, 282, 292; accommodation at, for Legislature and government offices, 293. Bk An important military post, 56; differing views of Dorchester and Simcoe respecting, 56; Brock stations deputy quartermaster-general at, 80. See Frontenac; Cataraqui. Bib.: Machar, Old Kingston.

Kinnear. W Solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 1846, 116; joins the government, 116; proposed for judgeship, 130.

Kirby, William (1817-1906). Born in Kingston-upon-Hull, England. Came to Canada, 1832, but educated at Cincinnati, Ohio. Settled at Niagara, Ontario, 1839, where edited and published the Mail for twenty years. Collector of customs at Niagara, 1871-1895. Bib.: Works: The United Empire; Le Chien d'Or; Pontiac; Canadian Idylls; Annals of Niagara. For biog., see MacMurchy, Canadian Literature.

Kirke, Sir David (1596-1655?). Born in Dieppe, son of a Scottish merchant. Went to England, and, with his two brothers, given command of an expedition against the French in Canada, 1627. Appeared before Quebec, but Champlain, who was then in charge, refused to surrender. Returned down the river, met and defeated the French squadron under De Roquemont, in July, 1628, and reappeared before Quebec the following year, when the garrison, reduced to starvation, was forced to surrender. Knighted by Charles I, 1633, and obtained a grant of lands in Newfoundland. Appointed governor of the island; removed by Cromwell; and returned in 1652. Index: Ch Commands expedition against Quebec, 173; acts under authority of Sir William Alexander, 176; his letter to Champlain, 176; sails for Europe, 179; spends several days in Quebec, 204; accused by Champlain of intolerance, 205, 206; learns of treaty of peace between England and France, 207. F Captures Quebec, 21. Bib.: Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada; Parkman, Pioneers of France; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Kirke, Sir Lewis. Born 1599. Accompanied his brother Sir David Kirke on his expeditions to Canada and Newfoundland. Fought on the side of Charles during the Civil War. Commanded a troop of horse at the battle of Edgehill; took part in the siege of Gloucester and in the battle of Newbury; knighted by the king, 1643; made governor of Bridgenorth Castle; heavily fined under Cromwell for his loyalty to Charles. After the Restoration appointed captain and paymaster of the corps of gentleman-at-arms. Index: F Left in charge of Quebec, surrenders it to French on conclusion of peace, 23. Ch Resides in Fort St. Louis after capitulation, 158; demands surrender of Quebec, 188-190; grants articles of capitulation, 191, 192; receives keys of the fort, 195; hoists English flag, 196; his courteous treatment of Champlain, 199; shows religious intolerance, 206. Bib.: Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada; Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Kirke, Thomas. Born 1603. Brother of Sir David and Sir Lewis Kirke. Accompanied them on their expeditions in Canada and Newfoundland. Killed during the Civil War, fighting on the side of Charles. Index: Ch Demands surrender of Quebec, 188-190; signs articles of capitulation, 192; takes Emery de Caën prisoner, 220. Bib.: Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada.

Kirkpatrick, Sir George Airey (1841-1899). Born in Kingston. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin; studied law, and called to the bar, 1865. Sat for Frontenac in Dominion House, 1870-92; Speaker, 1883-1887; member of Privy Council, 1891; lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1892-1897; K. C. M. G., 1897. Bib.: Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada; Morgan, Can. Men.

Kishon (the Fish). F Indian name for governors of Massachusetts, 253.

Knox, Henry (1750-1806). American general, in Revolutionary War. Index: Dr Commissioner on American side for exchange of prisoners, 208. Bib.: Drake, Life and Correspondence of Henry Knox.

Knox, Captain. Served under Wolfe at Quebec. Wrote an account of the campaigns in North America from 1757 to 1769. WM His first impression of Island of Orleans and surrounding country, 91; his description of fireships, 99; as to appearance and demeanour of French troops, 163, 164; on Murray's order that civilians should leave the city, 250. Bib.: An Historical Journal of the Campaigns in North America, 1757-60. See also Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe.

Knox College. Presbyterian Theological College, established, 1844. Index: R Established by Free Church Presbyterians, a secondary school at first, 155. Bib.: Caven, Historical Sketch of Knox College in Canada: An Ency., vol. 4.

Knutsford, Henry Thurston Holland, first Viscount (1825- ). Represented Midhurst in Parliament, 1874-1885, and Hampstead, 1885-1888; secretary of state for the colonies, 1887-1892. Index: Md Macdonald's letter to, on Confederation, 158.

Kondiaronk. F Huron chief, wrecks peace negotiations with Iroquois, 222. L Treachery of, 216; becomes friend of the French, 235. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac.

Kootenay District. In British Columbia. Index: D First explored by David Thompson, 58.

Kuprianoff, Ivan Andreevich. D Succeeds Wrangell in Russian America, 1836, 45.

L'Alouette. Ch One of De Caën's vessels, 156.

L'Ange, Captain. Ch Meets Champlain on his return from the Upper Ottawa, 78.

L'Anticoton. Ch Pamphlet against Jesuits, 153.

L'Avenir. Newspaper, of Montreal. C Organ of Club démocratique, 26, 27. E Organ of the Parti Rouge, 108. BL Organ of the Radicals of Lower Canada,—demands universal suffrage, etc., 343.

Laas, Captain de. WM In battle of Ste. Foy, 263.

La Barre, Joseph Antoine Lefebvre de. Governor of La Guyane in 1665; and in 1682 arrived in Quebec as governor of Canada. His administration marked by hopeless incompetence; recalled, 1685. Index: L Succeeds Frontenac as governor, 168; a feeble administrator, 185; prejudiced at first against the bishop, 188; convokes a special assembly, 190; asks for more troops, 191; his expedition against Iroquois, 193; makes terms of peace, 193; recalled, 193. F Governor, arrival of, 171; summons conference on Indian question, 172; applies for troops, 172; criticized in despatches by intendant, 173, 174; takes to illegitimate trading, 175; disparages discoveries of La Salle, 176; seizes Fort Frontenac and Fort St. Louis, 177, 179; instructed to restore to La Salle all his property, 180; his unwise instruction to Iroquois, 180; decides to make war on Senecas, 181; corresponds with Colonel Dongan, governor of New York, 182; leads expedition, 183; arranges ignominious terms of peace, 186; recalled, 188; unfitness for his position, 189; results of his weak policy, 198, 209. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac and La Salle.

Laberge, C. J. C A Liberal leader in Quebec, 25; on Dorion, 28; kept in opposition by Radical programme, 29.

Labrador. The name has been popularly applied to the whole territory bounded by the Atlantic, Hudson Strait, and Hudson Bay, which includes not only the Labrador coast-strip, but also a portion of the North-West Territories. Also known at one time as New Britain. The name is properly applied to the strip of coast from Cape Chidley to Blanc Sablon, forming a dependency of the colony of Newfoundland. On various theories as to origin of name, see Ganong, Cartography of Gulf of St. Lawrence (R. S. C., 1889). The boundaries have long been in dispute between Newfoundland and Canada, and the territory has several times changed hands. The Labrador coast was first discovered by the Northmen, in the tenth century. Cabot sailed along the coast in 1498, and Corte-Real in 1500. The interior remained practically unexplored till traversed by officers of the Hudson's Bay Company about 1840. There are a few posts of the Hudson's Bay Company on the coast. The southern portion is inhabited by a primitive race of fishermen; in the north are several missions of the Moravian Brethren, first established there in 1764. Index: Dr Canadians petition for its restoration to Canada. Bib.: Cartwright, Sixteen Years on the Coast of Labrador; Hind, Explorations in Interior of Labrador; Packard, The Labrador Coast; Stearns, Labrador; Dawson, Canada and Newfoundland; Grenfell, Labrador; Hubbard, A Woman's Way through Unknown Labrador; Gosling, Labrador, Its Discovery and Development.

Labrèche, L. E Member of the Parti Rouge, 108.

La Caffinière, De. F Commander of squadron sent against New York, 234.

La Canardière. F Former name of Beauport flats, 293. WM French position on Beauport shore, 94, 105, 134.

Lac aux Claies. S Renamed Lake Simcoe in honour of Governor Simcoe's father, 207. See Simcoe.

Lac de Soissons. Ch Name given by Champlain to Lake of Two Mountains, 75.

La Chaise, François d'Aix (1624-1709). Born at the castle of Aix in Forez. Entered Society of Jesus, and provincial of his order when selected by Louis XIV as his confessor in 1675. Retained that difficult position up to the time of his death. Index: L His report on the liquor question, 174; his letter to Laval, 238.

La Chesnaye. See Aubert de la Chesnaye.

La Chesnaye Settlement. F Iroquois raid on, 226. L Ravaged by Iroquois, 228.

Lachine. Said to have been named by La Salle's men, in derision of his dream of a westward passage to China. The land was granted by the Sulpicians to La Salle as a seigniory in 1666; and from here he set forth on his memorable explorations, in 1669. Twenty years later, this was the scene of a terrible massacre by the Iroquois. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Lachine became of importance as the starting-point of the brigades of the fur traders, bound for the far West. Index: L Origin of the name, 148; massacre of, 225. F Description of massacre at, 10, 224, 225. Bib.: Parkman, La Salle and Frontenac; Girouard, Lake St. Louis and Cavelier de la Salle.

Lachine Canal. BL Construction of, provided for by government in 1841, 98. Bib.: Rheaume, Lachine and Origin of its Canal (Women's Can. Hist. Soc. Trans., vol. 2). See also Canals.

Lachine Railway. E Commenced in 1846, 99.

La Colonbière, De. L On zeal and devotion of Laval, 23; preaches Laval's funeral sermon, 40, 265; his account of Laval, 256, 257.

Lacombe, Albert (1827- ). Born at St. Sulpice, Quebec. Ordained priest, 1849, and immediately left for the western field. Laboured among the Crees and other western tribes for many years, and devoted much time to the study of their languages. Vicar-general of the diocese of St. Albert. Bib.: Dictionnaire et Grammaire de la Langue des Cris. See also Pilling, Bibliography of Algonquian Languages.

La Corne de St. Luc, Louis Luc. Stationed at Fort St. Frederic (Crown Point), 1741-1747; at La Présentation in 1752; and the following year sent to take command of the posts west of Lake Superior. In 1758 mentioned at Quebec; and the following year back once more at La Présentation. In 1761, one of the seven survivors of the wreck of L'Auguste. Remained in Canada after the conquest, and in 1775 raised a company of Indians to act against the Americans. Index: Dr Accused in connection with Walker affair, 36; tried and acquitted, 38; member of Council appointed under Quebec Act, 91. WM Unable to cope with Sir William Johnson's army, 146. Hd Repulsed by Haldimand at Fort Ontario, 26; one of the few saved in wreck of L'Auguste, 40. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe and Pontiac.

La Corne, Pierre. Accompanied Joncaire on an embassy to the Indians of Niagara, 1720. Sent to Acadia with De Ramezay, 1747. Took part in the action at Grand Pré. Returned to Quebec, but again sent to Nova Scotia to induce the Acadians to remove from the province. After the failure of the attempt, returned to Quebec, and took an active share in the military expeditions of the next ten years. Distinguished himself at the siege of Quebec, 1759, where he had command of a body of local troops. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Historical Documents relating to the Province of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.

Lacoste, Sir Alexandre (1842- ). Born at Boucherville, Quebec. Educated at Laval University; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1863. A member of the Legislative Council of Quebec, 1882; and in 1884 called to the Senate; appointed Speaker, 1891. Chief-justice of the Court of Appeal of Quebec, 1891-1907. Sworn of the Privy Council, and knighted, 1892. Administrator of Quebec, 1898. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Lacoste, Louis (1798-1878). Born at Boucherville, Quebec. Educated at St. Sulpice College, Montreal, and called to the bar of Lower Canada. Sat in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada, 1834-1838, and in the Legislative Assembly of Canada, 1843-1861. Elected a member of the Legislative Council, 1861. Appointed to the Dominion Senate, 1867.

La Dauversière, Roger de. F One of the founders of Montreal colony, 32.

La Durantaye. See Morel de la Durantaye.

Lady Maria. Dr British vessel on Lake Champlain, 154.

La Famine. F La Barre's army encamps at, 184.

Lafayette, Marie Jean Paul Joseph Roche Yves Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de (1757-1834). Sailed for America in 1777, with a number of other French officers, and appointed by Congress a major-general. Met Washington at Philadelphia, and a close friendship sprang up between the two. Wounded at Brandywine. Given command of a division of Washington's army. In 1778 appointed to the command of an expedition against Canada, which ended in a fiasco. Served with distinction at Monmouth, and later in Virginia. Secured from France an auxiliary force of 6000 men to assist the Americans. After the close of the war, commanded a division of the French army in the war against Austria, 1792, but removed by the Jacobins, and fled to Belgium. Captured, and imprisoned by the Austrians, and not set free until 1797. After Waterloo, sat in the Chamber of Deputies, 1818-1824; visited the United States in the latter year; and in 1830 instrumental in placing Louis Philippe on the throne. Index: Hd His letter to Canadians, 128; Pillon's treasonable correspondence with, 278. Bib.: Mémoires, etc., de Lafayette; La Bédollière, Vie Politique du Lafayette; Cloquet, Souvenirs de la Vie Privée du Lafayette. See also Cyc. Am. Biog., with further bibliog.

Lafitau, Joseph-François. Jesuit missionary in Canada for many years. Afterwards returned to France, where he became a professor of belles-lettres. Chiefly remembered because of his invaluable work on the manners and customs of the Indian tribes of Canada in the early years of the eighteenth century. Bib.: Mœurs des Sauvages Amériquains.

Laflamme, Rodolphe (1827-1893). Born in Montreal. Entered public life as member for Jacques-Cartier in Dominion House, 1872; minister of inland revenue, 1876; resigned with the government, 1878. Index: E Member of Parti Rouge, 108. C Liberal leader in Quebec, 25, 20; protests against Dorion entering Cartier's administration, 106-107. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years.

La Flèche, College of. L Laval studies at, 19, 20.

La Flèque. Ch One of De Caën's vessels, 156.

La Fontaine, Sir Louis-Hippolyte, Bart. (1807-1864). BL His name associated with responsible government, ix; espouses cause of Reformers in Lower Canada, 46; no sympathy with Rebellion, 47; his birth and parentage, 47; education—practises law in Montreal—his marriage, 47; in politics, 47-48; arrested for complicity in Rebellion, but released, 49; on the union, 57; opposes union of the provinces, 61; offered and refuses solicitor-generalship, 61; meets Hincks, 63; defeated in Terrebonne, 70; favours ministerial responsibility, 70-71; reconciled to the union, 71; his refusal to accept office leaves French-Canadians without representation in executive, 1841, 78, 79; elected for York,116-117; Bagot's letter to, offering attorney-generalship of Lower Canada, 123-124; declines appointment, 125; referred to in Draper's speech, 127; his speech in reply to Draper, 128; takes office, 132; attorney-general for Lower Canada, 133; re-elected in York, 134; attitude of Tories, 139; significance of his alliance with Baldwin, 142-143; personal appearance, 147-148; attacked by London Times, 150; relations with Metcalfe, 164-176; Kaye's description of, 169; Hincks' comments on Kaye, 170; interview with Higginson, 172-173; his published memorandum, 173-176; his work in the Assembly, 178-179; seconds resolution to remove capital to Montreal, 182; his act for securing independence of Legislative Assembly, 184; reorganization of judicial system of Lower Canada, 184-185; resigns office, 1843, 199; interview with Metcalfe, 201; draws up official statement of reasons for resignation of ministers, 201-205; Metcalfe's statement, 205-209; announces resignation in Assembly, 213; returns to practise law in Montreal, 217; Wakefield on, 219; his health proposed at Toronto banquet, 221; Viger's criticism of, 236; Draper on, 236; resigns as Queen's Counsel, 250; elected in Terrebonne, 251; his proposed resolution on use of French in the Legislature, 255; Draper's overtures to, 258-263; his contention for responsible government, 273; seconds Baldwin's amendment to address on responsible government, 277; his speech, 277; elected, 1848, for both Montreal and Terrebonne, 279; forms with Baldwin the second La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 281, 284; interview with Elgin, 285-286; re-elected, 286; secures a pardon for Papineau, 288; attacked by Papineau, 289; his reply, 290-292; his bill amending judicial system of Lower Canada, and the general law of amnesty, 302-303; his bill for redistributing seats in the Legislature is defeated, 303; the Rebellion Losses Bill, 303, 305-334; his political views, 339, 340; relations with George Brown, 342; opposition of Papineau and the Radicals, 342, 343; not in favour of secularization of Clergy Reserves, 348; his views on Seigniorial Tenure, 350-351, 353; votes against Mackenzie's motion for abolishing the Court of Chancery, 352; his letter to Baldwin, 353; his retirement from public life, 354; banquet in his honour at Montreal, 1851, 354; his farewell speech, 354-357; his resignation, 357; appointed chief-justice, of Lower Canada, and created a baronet, 358; his second marriage, 358; his death at Montreal, Feb. 26, 1864, 358; value of his political work, 239-260. B Brought into Cabinet by Bagot, 16; dispute with Metcalfe, 19; his wise leadership, 24; introduces resolutions on Rebellion Losses questions, 35; disintegration of old Reform party hastened by his retirement, 262. E Denounces Union Act, 24; accepts the union and turns it to the advantage of his compatriots, 32; conflict with Metcalfe, 33-34; as opposition leader, 44-45; returned in 1848, 50; his plans thwarted by Papineau, 51, 108; forms administration with Baldwin, 52, 53; his resolution on Rebellion Losses Bill, 67-68; takes part in the debate, 69-70; mob attacks his house and burns his library, 74; second attack by mob, 76-77; his retirement, 1851, and dissolution of government, 85; his part in the establishment of the parliamentary system, 90; his attitude towards Clergy Reserves question, 102, 103, 162-164; his resignation, 104, 107; practises law, 105; becomes chief justice of Court of Appeals of Lower Canada, 105; receives baronetcy, 105; his rank as statesman and jurist, 105; his death, 105, 220; his conservative influence, 138; his views on Seigniorial Tenure question, 185, 187; as a constructive statesman, 236. C Sides against the government, 6; statesmanlike attitude towards Union of 1841, 16; forms alliance with Baldwin, 16, 97; forms ministry, 16; resigns, 17; called to power again in 1846, 18; standing as a statesman, 23; his party splits in two, 25-26; protests against Union Act of 1840, 96; his fight for ministerial responsibility, 97; long lease of power, 99; wins constitutional battle, 100; his retirement from politics, 132. P Refuses seat in Draper ministry, 72; joins Papineau's party, 78; supports him in his violent attitude towards government, 86; at meeting of Constitutional Committee, 88; his character, 109; ridiculed by the Mercury, 123; relations with Papineau in 1847 and after, 167-180; split in Liberal party causes retirement, 179-180; his farewell speech, 179. R Forms opposition party with Baldwin, Hincks, and others, 122. Mc Addresses revolutionary meetings, 328. Md Given seat in administration by Bagot, 18; resigns, 1843, 18; attacked by extreme Reformers, 22; forms administration with Baldwin, 30; elevated to the bench, 46-47. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; David, Biographie et Portraits; Hincks, Reminiscences.

La Forest. F Left in charge of Port Nelson, 346.

La Franchise, Sieur de. Ch Letter from in Champlain's first narrative, 14.

La Galissonnière, Rolland-Michel Barren, Comte de. Came to New France as administrator of the government until the arrival of the governor, Marquis de la Jonquière. Returned to France, 1749; the same year appointed one of the commissioners on behalf of the French government, to settle the boundaries of Acadia. Head of the department of nautical charts at Paris. Commanded the French fleet at Minorca, 1756, and defeated the British under Admiral Byng. Died in Nemours, France, 1756. Is said to have furnished money and supplies to the Abbe de la Loutre to enable him to carry on his work in Acadia. Index: WM Foresaw danger from British colonies, 21. Bib.: Mémoire sur les Colonies de la France dans l'Amerique Septentrionale. For biog., see Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins; Tyrrell, Papers in Nova Scotia Documents.

La Grange-Trianon, Mlle. de. F Becomes wife of Frontenac, 63.

Laguide, Madeleine. F Niece of Talon, wife of François Perrot, 97.

La Hontan, Louis Armand de Lom d'Arce, Baron de (1666-1715). Arrived in Canada in 1683; spent some time at Quebec, and also travelled extensively in the West. Embodied the result of his Canadian experiences in a volume of travels, which, especially his extraordinary story of the Rivière Longue, has been the subject of much controversy. Visited Newfoundland in 1692 and 1693; and afterwards travelled in Portugal, Spain, and Holland. Index: F On treatment of captured Indians at Fort Frontenac, 216; on interview between Frontenac and Denonville, 233; declines to go on embassy to Iroquois, 261; his account of attack on Quebec by Phipps, 285. Bib.: Nouveaux Voyages dans l'Amérique Septentrionale, La Haye, 1703. Published in English, London, 1735. For other editions, see Thwaites's edition of the Voyages, Chicago, 1905. See also Roy, Le Baron de Lahontan (R. S. C., 1894).

Laird, David (1833- ). Born at New Glasgow, Prince Edward Island. Represented Queens County, in House of Commons, 1873-1876; became minister of the interior, 1873; and in 1876 appointed lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories. Succeeded by Edgar Dewdney in 1881. Appointed Indian commissioner for the western provinces and territories, 1898. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who; Rattray, The Scot in British North America.

Lajoie, Antoine Gerin (1824-1882). Born in Yamachiche, Quebec. Educated at Nicolet College, and while there wrote the song Le Canadien Errant. Studied law and called to the bar, 1848. One of the founders of the Institut Canadien, 1849. Took up journalism and was editor of La Minerve, 1845-1852. Appointed a French translator to the Canadian Assembly, and later made assistant to the librarian of Parliament. Retired from the public service, 1880. Bib.: Works: Cathéchisme Politique, ou Elements du Droit Public et Constitutionne du Canada; Jean Renard.

La Jonquière, Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel, Marquis de. Rear-admiral under d'Anville in the disastrous expedition against Acadia, 1746. Commanded another expedition with a similar purpose, 1747, which was defeated by Anson and Warren. Captured and held for a time in England as prisoner of war. Governor of Canada, 1749-1752. His administration marked by nothing that would further the welfare of the colony; but rather by a determined effort to enrich himself at the expense of the country. Bib.: Parkman, Half-Century of Conflict and Montcalm and Wolfe.

Lake Champlain. See Champlain, Lake.

Lake George. South of Lake Champlain. This beautiful lake was known to the Indians as Horicon, and to the French as Lac St. Sacrament. The outlet of the lake, after circling through the forest and passing over a series of leaps in the falls of Ticonderoga, flows nearly two miles and enters Lake Champlain just above Fort George. Lying on the recognized thoroughfare, north and south, this lake has been the scene of many memorable conflicts, in the Indian and colonial wars. Index: Ch Champlain's expedition against Iroquois arrives at, 53. WM Battle at, 22; commanded by Fort William Henry, 43. Bib.: Reid, Lake George and Lake Champlain; Smith, Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony.

Lake of the Woods. On the international boundary, west of Lake Superior. Probably discovered by Jacques De Noyon, about the year 1688. Fort St. Charles was built by La Vérendrye, on the western shore of the lake, in 1732. His son Jean, with the Jesuit missionary Aulneau, and a number of voyageurs, were murdered by the Sioux on an island in the lake, in 1736. In addition to its present name, which is a translation of the name given it by the French, Lac des Bois, it has also borne several other names, Lac des Sioux, Lac des Isles, Lake of the Sandhills, etc.

Lalemant, Charles. First superior of Jesuit missions in Canada; arrived at Quebec from France in 1625, with Enemond Massé and Jean de Brébeuf. They were the guests of the Récollets for two years, until their own home on the banks of the St. Charles was built. Lalemant's Relation of 1625 affords a graphic picture of the life of the little settlement at Quebec, and the early beginnings of the Jesuit missions. Index: Ch Jesuit, director of missions, 152; his letter to Provincial of Récollets, 154; wrecked off Canseau Island, 200; professor in College of Rouen, 207; conducts seminary for young Indians, 229; first parish priest, 238; administers last rites to Champlain, 261, 263. Bib.: Douglas, Quebec in Seventeenth Century; Relation, 1625; Le Clercq, Établissement de la Foy; Parkman, Jesuits in North America.

Lalemant, Gabriel (1610-1649). Jesuit missionary; laboured with Brébeuf at the mission of St. Ignace, among the Hurons, where he was killed by the Iroquois in 1649. A Parisian by birth, and his family belonged to the class of gens de robe. Index: L Sufferings and death of, 5, 62; mentioned, 16. Bib.: Ragueneau, Relations des Hurons, 1649; Parkman, Jesuits in North America.

Lalemant, Jérôme (1593-1673). Superior of Jesuit missions in Canada, 1645-1650, and 1659-1665. A missionary to the Hurons until 1645, when called to Quebec to assume the office of superior. Sailed for France in 1650, and returned in 1659 to resume the office of superior. Appointed grand vicar, and his name suggested for bishop of Quebec. Index: L His opinion of Laval, 35; his exaggerated account of the earthquake, 42-45. Bib.: Journal des Jesuites; Parkman, Jesuits in North America; Douglas, Old France in the New World.

La Loutre, Louis Joseph de. Sent to Canada by the Society of Foreign Missions at Paris, 1737. Missionary to the Micmac Indians, 1740. Vicar-general of Acadia under the bishop of Quebec. A determined enemy of British supremacy in Acadia. After the fall of Fort Beauséjour, escaped and fled to Quebec. The following year embarked for France, but on the voyage was taken prisoner by a British vessel and kept in confinement for eight years. Returned to France when peace concluded in 1663. Died in obscurity. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Richard, Acadia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins. See also Acadians, Expulsion of the.

Lambert, Captain. Bk Commander of Iphigénie, and subsequently of Java, 123; his death, 123.

Lamberville, John de (1633-1714). Jesuit missionary to the Onondagas; forced to leave his mission in 1687, because of Denonville's expedition against the Iroquois. Remained at Cataraqui as chaplain for a time, and at Denonville's request returned to the Onondagas to arrange a treaty of peace. Succeeded in this mission, and resumed his ministry at Cataraqui. In 1688 carried to Montreal, suffering from a severe attack of scurvy. The following year returned to France, as procurator of the mission. Died in Paris. Index: F Jesuit father, missionary to the Iroquois, 144, 188, 208. L Describes the death of Garakontié, 73, 74; his position imperilled, by action of governor and intendant, 215. Bib.: Campbell, Pioneer Priests of North America; Parkman, Frontenac and Jesuits in North America.

Le Milletière, Dubois de. WM Perishes with his men on fireship, 98.

La Minerve. Montreal newspaper, established 1826. Index: P Morin's seditious articles in, 101; denounces every one opposed to Papineau, 122-123. BL Praises policy of La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 142; discusses debate in Imperial Parliament on colonial government, 232; La Fontaine's speech in reply to Papineau, printed in, 292. C Praises Cartier, 88.

Lamontagne. Ch Interpreter, 144.

La Montagne. A settlement near Montreal. Index: L Settlement of Christian Indians at, 9, 74.

Lamotte. WM Chief of the Follis-Avoines, 41.

La Motte, Pierre de St. Paul, Sieur de. Came to Canada with the Carignan Regiment, 1665. Built Fort Ste. Anne, at the northern extremity of Lake Champlain, 1666. Two years later took the place of Zacharie Dupuis as commandant at Montreal. Returned to France, 1670. Index: L Foundation stone of the parish church of Montreal laid on his behalf by Philippe de Carion, 88.

La Motte Cadillac, Antoine de. Son of Jean de La Motte, Sieur de Cadillac, de Launay et de Montet. Served for a time in the army, and about 1683 came to Canada in search of fortune or adventure. Married Marie-Thérèse Guyon at Quebec in 1687; stationed for several years at Port Royal; returned to Quebec, and sent by Frontenac in 1694 to command the post at Michilimackinac. In 1701 built a post at Detroit, went to Quebec in 1709, sailed for France, and in 1713 sent out to Louisiana as governor. Index: F Post commander at Michilimackinac, 340. Bib.: Cadillac Papers (Michigan Hist. Papers, 1903); Sulte, Les Tonty (R. S. C., 1893); Roy, Le Baron de Lahontan (R. S. C., 1894); Verreau, Quelques Notes sur Antoine de Lamothe de Cadillac; Parkman, Old Régime and Frontenac.

La Mouche. L Nephew of Huron chief, deserts to the Iroquois at Long Sault, 71.

Lampman, Archibald (1861-1899). Educated at Trinity University, Toronto, graduating in 1882; appointed to a clerkship in the post-office department at Ottawa the following year, and remained there up to the time of his death. Put the best of himself into his poems, in which he interpreted with rare discernment and charm the spirit of the woods and fields of his native country. Bib.: Works: Among the Millet; Lyrics of Earth; Poems, ed. by Duncan Campbell Scott, with biog. sketch. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; MacMurchy, Canadian Literature.

Lancaster, Joseph (1778-1838). Founded the Lancasterian system of education. In 1798 began teaching poor children on the Madras system; and gradually introduced improvements. In 1818 came to America, and at one time conducted a school in Montreal. Published several books on his system of education. Index: W Founder of Madras system of national schools, 86. See also Madras schools. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Landry, Pierre Armand (1846- ). Born in Dorchester, New Brunswick. Educated at St. Joseph's College, Memramcook; studied law and called to the bar of New Brunswick, 1870. Member of the Assembly, 1878-1883; elected to the House of Commons, 1883; appointed judge of the County Court, 1890; puisne judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, 1893. Index: Md His motion of regret that sentence of death passed upon Riel not commuted, 280-281. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Lands, Public. Mc Evils of methods of granting, 74; list of grants in first thirty-five years, 74. Bk Grants made near Niagara to previously disloyal persons, 64. W Dissatisfaction over management of, in New Brunswick, and movement to bring under provincial control, 18-30, 38, 48. T Improper sales of, 51-52. S Land boards attempt to check speculation, 102; discontinued, 104; grants of, dealt with by Executive Council after discontinuance of boards, 101-103, 104; grants of, made to officers of the government, 215.

Langelier, François Charles Stanislas (1838- ). Born at Ste. Rosalie, Quebec. Educated at Laval University; studied law and called to the bar, 1861. Joined the staff of Laval, and became dean of the law faculty, and member of the council. Entered public life in 1871; returned for Montmagny, 1873, and for Portneuf, 1878, in Legislature; sat for Megantic, 1884; and for Quebec Centre, 1887, in Dominion House. Held the offices of commissioner of crown lands, and provincial treasurer, in the Quebec government, 1878-1879. Index: C One of the founders of Le Parti National and its organ Le National, 30. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Langevin, Sir Hector Louis (1826-1906). Born at Quebec. Entered Parliament in 1867, as member for Dorchester; subsequently represented, successively, Charlévoix, and Three Rivers. Appointed secretary of state, 1867; minister of public works, 1869; postmaster-general, 1878; and again minister of public works, 1879; resigned 1891. Index: Md Secretary of state in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; his organizing ability and great local influence, 140; announces death of Sir John A. Macdonald, 325-326. T Delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 74-75; to Quebec Conference, 76; member of first Dominion ministry, 129. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.

Langhorn, John. S Second Church of England clergyman to arrive in Upper Canada, 158.

Langlade. See Mouet de Moras de Langlade.

Langlois, Françoise. Ch Wife of Pierre Desportes, 146.

Langlois, Marguerite. Ch Wife of Abraham Martin, 146.

Langlois, Noël. Ch Settler from Normandy, 252.

Langoissieux, Pierre. Ch Récollet, assumes monastic habit, 149; returns to France, 209.

Languedoc. WM Battalion of regular troops, 29, 105, 118, 192.

La Noüe. See Robutel.

Lanjuère, de. L Life of Olier by, 135.

Lansdowne, Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, fifth Marquis of. Born in 1845. Educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford; succeeded to marquisate, 1866. After holding minor offices in the government, became under-secretary for war in 1872, and in 1880 under-secretary for India. In 1883 appointed governor-general of Canada; and at the end of his term, 1888, went to India as viceroy. On his return, became secretary for war in 1895, and in 1900 foreign secretary. Since the death of the Duke of Devonshire, has been the leader of the Conservatives in the House of Lords. Bib.: Who's Who.

Lapause, De. WM Sent to erect defences at fords of Montmorency, 112; accompanies Lévis to the West, 147; in battle of Ste. Foy, 257, 261.

La Peltrie, Marie Madeleine de (née de Chauvigny). Daughter of the Seigneur de Vaubougon, in Normandy; married early in life, and while still young was left a widow with a large fortune. Filled with religious zeal, devoted herself and her fortune to the founding of the Ursuline convent in Canada. In 1639 sailed for Quebec, and with her companions began there the important work of ministering to the sick and educating Indian girls. With tireless energy, carried on the work for thirty-two years, dying in November, 1671, a few months before her lifelong friend and co-worker, Marie de l'Incarnation (q.v.). Index: F Arrival of, at Quebec, 28; accompanies Maisonneuve to Montreal, 33. L Her piety, 92; Ursuline convent established by, 125; death of, 153; appearance and character, 153, 154. Bib.: Douglas, Old France in the New World; Parkman, Jesuits in North America and Old Régime.

La Pérouse, Jean François de Galaup, Comte de (1741-1788). French admiral. D Explores North-West Coast in 1788, 25. Bib.: Voyage autour du Monde; Marcel, Vie de La Pérouse.

La Perrière. WM Commanded to evacuate Johnstone's redoubt, 140.

La Place, Jacques de. Ch Jesuit missionary at Miscou, 234.

La Potherie. See Bacqueville.

Laprairie. On south shore of St. Lawrence, above Montreal. Index: F Attack on, by war party under John Schuyler, 281; serious encounter at, between Canadian forces and party under Peter Schuyler, 312.

La Rabeyre, De. L French officer, put to death by Iroquois, 227.

La Ralde, Raymond de. Ch Accompanies De Caën to Quebec, 138; returns to France, 141; appointed admiral of Company's fleet, 154.

La Riborde, Gabriel de. Récollet missionary; arrived from France in 1670, and sent to Cataraqui as chaplain to the garrison. Was in the West with La Salle and Hennepin, in 1679-1680. Index: L With Tonti and Membré at Fort Crèvecœur, 149; murdered by the Illinois, 150. Bib.: Parkman, La Salle.

La Rochebeaucour, De. WM Second aide-de-camp to Montcalm, 2; forms cavalry corps, 87; commands Bougainville's cavalry, 222; brings provisions into Quebec, 232.

La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, François Alexandre Frédéric, Duc de (1747-1827). Chiefly remembered because of his valuable and entertaining Travels, "full of keen, fair-minded observation regarding every variety of detail of life in America as this exiled French nobleman found it, told in a readable style, not without an occasional touch of humour." Exiled from France in 1768; returned, for several years, and went into retirement until after Waterloo. Made a peer of France at the Restoration. Index: Dr Not allowed to visit Lower Canada, 290. S Visitor to Upper Canada, 56; his observations, 71, 73, 74; describes opening of Legislature, 92, 93; high opinion of Simcoe's secretary, 178; describes Colonel Smith's house, 179; on scarcity of servants, 182; entertained by Simcoe at Navy Hall, 187, 230; on Simcoe's household, 187; Simcoe objects to some of his remarks, 188; on Simcoe's military talent, 225. Bib.: Works: Voyage dans les États-Unis d'Amerique fait en 1795-97; État des Pauvres en Angleterre; Le Bonheur du Peuple.

La Rochelle. French seaport, on the Atlantic, long a stronghold of the Huguenots. Index: Ch Merchants of, contraband traders, 140.

La Rouette. Ch Pilot, accompanies Champlain in his expedition against the Iroquois, 52.

La Salle, Jean Baptiste de (1651-1719). Abbé; canon of Rheims. Index: L Founder (1684) of the order of Christian Brothers, 125.

La Salle, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de (1643-1687). Sailed for Canada in the spring of 1666; granted by the Sulpicians the seigniory of Lachine, from which, in 1669, he set out with Dollier de Casson and Galinée upon the first of those explorations towards the west and south for which he was to become famous. Meeting Jolliet at the western end of Lake Ontario, Dollier de Casson and Galinée decided to make their way to the upper lakes, while La Salle turned south and explored the Ohio. His later explorations have been the subject of long controversy—the point in dispute being whether he explored the Mississippi before or after Marquette and Jolliet. In any event, he first descended the river to its mouth, 1681-1682. Upon his return, sailed for France, and in 1684 set out with four ships to establish a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi. This unfortunate expedition culminated in the murder of La Salle by his own men. Index: F Sent to invite Indians to conference, 79; first commandant of Fort Frontenac (Cataraqui), 86; reports Perrot's defiant proceedings to Frontenac, 92; his views on sale of liquor to Indians, 123; obtains grant of Fort Frontenac from the king, 156; obtains exclusive right of trading in Mississippi region, 158; difficulties encountered by, 159, 161; relations with Frontenac, 162; discoveries disparaged by La Barre and also by the king, 176; financial affairs, 178; his forts and other property seized by La Barre, restored to him, 179; king takes him under his special protection, 180. L Sells liquor to Indians, 116; obtains letters of nobility, and concession at Fort Frontenac (Cataraqui), 145; birth and character, 147; explorations, 148-153; goes to France, 151; misfortunes and death of, 152; reports sermon of Abbé Fénelon, 160. WM Discovers mouth of Mississippi, 19. Bib.: Memoir, in French, Hist. Coll. of Louisiana, 2d Ser., vol. 2; letters and other documents, in Margry, Découvertes; Shea, Voyages up and down Mississippi; Parkman, La Salle; Winsor, Nar. and Crit. Hist.; Falconer, Discovery of Mississippi; Griffin, Discovery of Mississippi; Sparks, La Salle in Lib. of Am. Biog.; Gravier, Découvertes; Harrisse, Notes pour Servir; Joutel, Journal Historique; Chesnel, Histoire de Cavelier de la Salle; Guénin, Cavelier de la Salle; Sulte, La Morte de la Salle; Girouard, Lake St. Louis and Cavelier de la Salle.

La Sarre Regiment. WM One battalion of, sent to Canada, 12, 29; in battle of the Plains, 192; in battle of Ste. Foy, 259, 261.

Lascelles' Regiment. WM In centre under Murray, 189; in battle of Ste. Foy, 259.

La Taille. Ch Accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41.

La Terrière, Pierre de Sales. Came to Canada from France, 1766; appointed agent at Quebec for the St. Maurice forges, 1771; his place of business in front of the lower town market, facing the church of Notre Dame; in 1775 appointed inspector of works, and removed to the forges, on the banks of the St. Maurice, a few miles above Three Rivers. Left an interesting account of the works, in his Mémoires de Laterrière. Implicated in the American invasion of 1776, and arrested. Index: Hd Inspector of St. Maurice forges, 48; arrest of, 277; dislike of Haldimand, 277; suspected of supplying Americans with petards and cannon-balls from St. Maurice forges, 277-278; his defence of Du Calvet, 284-287; his description of Haldimand, 293. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada.

La Terrière de Sales. Represented Saguenay in Assembly, 1844-1854; appointed to Legislative Council, 1856. Index: E Votes against secularization of Clergy Reserves, 164.

La Tesserie, De. L Member of the Sovereign Council, 158.

Latour, Abbé Bertrand de. L On the humility of Laval, 33; on the evils flowing from the sale of liquor to the Indians, 36; on mental characteristics of Canadian children, 100; on the virtues of Laval, 187. Bib.: Mémoire sur la Vie de Laval.

La Tour, Charles Amador de. Son of Claude de la Tour. Came to Acadia in 1610 with his father. Driven out of Port Royal by the English; built a post near Cape Sable, on what is now known as Port Latour. In 1632, when Acadia was restored to France, Razilly came out with Charnisay to strengthen the colony. Razilly died in 1636, and a bitter conflict followed between Charnisay and La Tour, both of whom claimed to represent the king in Acadia. Charnisay had rebuilt Port Royal, and La Tour occupied a fort at the mouth of the St. John. The outcome of the quarrel was an order for the arrest of La Tour. Charnisay attacked La Tour's fort, but was driven off. When he blockaded the harbour, La Tour escaped to Boston, returned with English ships, and drove Charnisay to the shelter of Port Royal. The latter's opportunity came, however, later. He attacked the fort during La Tour's absence. La Tour's wife made a gallant defence, and Charnisay succeeded in the end only by resorting to treachery. He carried Madame La Tour to Port Royal, where she died in 1645. Some years later, after the death of Charnisay, La Tour brought this curious drama to a conclusion by marrying the widow of his rival. He had already obtained restitution from the king, who made him governor of Acadia; and some years later showed his powers of persuasion by obtaining a generous grant of land from Cromwell, who had, in 1654, taken possession of the colony. Died about 1666. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime; Hannay, History of Acadia; Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada.

La Tour, Claude de. A Huguenot gentleman; came to Port Royal in 1610 with Poutrincourt; in 1614 had a trading-post on the Penobscot. Sailed for France in 1627, and on his return the following year, with supplies for the defence of Acadia, captured by Kirke and carried to England. There married one of the queen's French maids of honour, and was persuaded to throw in his lot with the English. Promised to win over his son Charles (q.v.), but the latter scornfully refused to change his allegiance. Afterwards built a fort at the mouth of the St. John, for the French, to whom he had once more transferred his services. Index: Ch Captured by Kirke, 177. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime; Hannay, History of Acadia; Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada.

Lattaignant, Gabriel de. Ch Assists in forming Company of New France, 168; made a director, 170.

L'Auberivière, François Louis de Pourroy de. Roman Catholic bishop of Quebec, 1739-1740, succeeding Dosquet. Died at Quebec, 1740. Index: L bishop of Quebec, 12.

Laurier, Sir Wilfrid (1841- ). Born at St. Lin, Quebec. Studied law at McGill University, and called to the bar, 1864. Entered public life in 1871 as member for Drummond and Arthabaska in the Quebec Assembly; three years later returned to the House of Commons for the same constituency. Entered the Mackenzie Cabinet, 1877, as minister of inland revenue. In 1887 leader of the opposition; and in 1896, upon the defeat of the Tupper government, called upon to form an administration, himself taking the office of president of the Council. Received the honour of G. C. M. G. in 1897, and the same year called to the Imperial Privy Council. Index: Mc Justifies Upper Canada Rebellion, 30, 31. Md His administration repeals Franchise Act of 1885, 260; succeeds Blake as leader of Liberal party, 1887, 261, 263; lukewarm towards policy of commercial union, 296; his reply to Macdonald's appeal to the electorate, 1891, 311; finally disposes of unrestricted reciprocity, 317; his speech in Parliament on death of Macdonald, 326-329. C On the Quebec radicals, 27-28; one of the founders of Le Parti National and its organ Le National, 30; on Cartier, 116-117. Bib.: Discours sur le libéralisme politique; Barthe, Discours de Laurier, depuis 1871 à 1890. For biog., see Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party; Fréchette, Wilfrid Laurier; Moreau, Sir Wilfrid Laurier; David, Laurier et son Temps; Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.

Lausaunne. Hd The resort of savants, 3.

Lauzon, Jean de. Born, 1582. Governor of New France, 1651-1656; had already been associated with the interests of the colony by reason of his position as president of the Company of New France, and had used his office to acquire the island of Montreal and Point Lévis opposite Quebec. His administration as governor made odious not only by a long series of public mistakes, but by his too obvious intention of using the office to enrich himself and his sons. Returned to France in 1656; and mentioned in contemporary narratives as late as 1660. Index: Ch Intendant of Company of New France, 170; objects to return of Récollets, 225. F Governor, 38; returns to France, 42. Bib.: Douglas, Old France in the New World; Parkman, Old Régime.

Lauzon-Charny, Charles de. Son of Jean de Lauzon, and administrator of New France after the departure of his father in 1656. During his father's governorship, had been invested with the high-sounding but empty title of Grand Maître des Eaux et Forêts de la Nouvelle France. Returned to France in 1656; entered the church; and returned in 1659 with Laval, who made him a member of the Ecclesiastical Council. Index: L Director of Seminary, 55; grand vicar, accompanies Laval to France, 134. Bib.: Douglas, Old France in the New World.

Laval, Anne Charlotte. L Only sister of Bishop Laval, 19.

Laval, Charles François Guy (Fanchon). L Nephew of Laval, educated by him at Quebec, 140.

Laval-Montmorency, François de (1623-1708). L Appointed apostolic vicar with title of bishop of Petræa in partibus, 7; opposes liquor traffic, 10; founds Seminary at Quebec, 10; created bishop of Quebec, 12; not fully appreciated in his lifetime, 15; his noble birth, 17; his devotion to St. François Xavier and St. François d'Assisi, 18; a scholar at College of La Flèche, 19; inherits patrimony of Montigny, and called for a time Abbé de Montigny, 19; yields patrimony to his younger brother, Jean-Louis, 19, 21; admitted to congregation of the Holy Virgin, 20; receives tonsure at nine years of age and made canon of Evreux at fifteen, 20; leaves La Flèche at nineteen and goes to the College of Clermont at Paris, 21; death of his two elder brothers, 21; his mother desires him to marry, 21; appointed archdeacon of cathedral of Evreux, 22; his zealous performance of his duties, 23; goes to Rome in expectation of an appointment as one of three bishops for Asia, 23; resigns his archdeaconry, 23; becomes inmate of Hermitage of de Bérnières at Caen, 24, 25; recommended by Jesuits as vicar apostolic for Canada, 26; consecrated as such by papal nuncio, 26; arrives at Quebec, June 16, 1659, 26; his authority questioned, 27; demands written recognition of his authority, 28; suspends the Abbé de Queylus, 28; manner and personal appearance, 28, 29; attention to the sick, 33; his different places of residence in Quebec, 33; friction with Governor D'Argenson, 34; his efforts to prevent sale of brandy to the Indians, 36-39; sails for France, obtains recall of D'Avaugour, and military reinforcements for colony, 39; his influence in the creation of the Sovereign Council, 40; returns to Canada, 41; founds Seminary, 47, 48; his regulations therefor approved by the king, 50; obtains authority to collect tithes, 50; receives flattering letters from the king and Colbert, with gift of money, 52; resides at Seminary, 55; opposed to permanent livings for clergy, 55; his personal income transferred to the Seminary, 56; imposes on himself many privations, 56; affiliates Seminary with Foreign Missions of Paris, 57; acquires seigniory of Beaupré and exchanges it for Île Jésus, 58; baptizes Iroquois chief, 65; visits various settlements of Christian Indians, 74; bears testimony to the high character of De Tracy, 81; describes church at Quebec in letter to Pope, 84; approves of works of piety instituted by Jesuits, 86; encourages devotion to the Holy Family, 86; his visits to Montreal, 87; his wise views, 98; watches over instruction of youth, 99; establishes boarding school at St. Joachim, 100; encourages Brotherhood of Ste. Anne, 101; builds first sanctuary of Ste. Anne at Beaupré, 101; makes pilgrimage to Beaupré, 101; his instructions to missionaries, 105-107; receives Récollets with benevolence, 111; his zeal for primary education, 124; appointed bishop, 129, 136; his letter to the Propaganda, 131; has manager appointed for his abbey of Lestrées, 138; rents it to Berthelot, 138; exchanges Island of Orleans for Île Jésus, 138; visits his family in France, 139; family troubles, 139; renews connection of Seminary with Foreign Missions of Paris, 140; returns to Canada, 141, 169; sails for France in connection with liquor traffic question, 173; erects parish of Notre Dame de Montreal, 175; joins it to Seminary of St. Sulpice, 175; his interest in chapel of Bonsecours, 178; bows to king's decision on tithes question, 181; returns to Canada, 184; resists attempt to connect his diocese with archbishopric of Paris, 184; bestows all his property on the Seminary of Quebec, 185; letter to the king, 187; visits parishes and missions, 189, 190; illness, 190; letter to king as to need for reinforcements, 192; establishes chapter of diocese, 197; sails for France, 198; resigns as bishop in favour of Saint-Vallier, 200; returns to Canada, 202, 220; physical suffering, 205; letter to Saint-Vallier, 206; disagreement with Saint-Vallier on the subject of the Seminary, 208; his return to Canada delayed, 211; returns, 219, 220; receives his successor, 221; his conduct during siege of Quebec, 231; his grief over the policy adopted in regard to the Seminary, 235; his escape from burning building, 240; his labours in extreme age, 244; his admiration of the Charron brothers, 247; his habits and practices described by Brother Houssart, 251-256; by De la Colombière, 256, 257; his death, 263; miraculous cures attributed to, 264; burial in cathedral and subsequent transfer of remains to Seminary, 265, 266. F Arrival of, as vicar apostolic and bishop of Petræa in partibus, 43; sends De Queylus back to France, 43; disagrees with Governor D'Argenson, 45; also with D'Avaugour, 46; sails for France, 1662, 46; procures recall of D'Avaugour and appointment of Mézy, 48; returns to Quebec, September, 1663, 48; establishes Quebec Seminary, 48; and Lesser Seminary, 49; quarrels with Mézy, 50; sails for France to settle question of bishopric, May, 1672, 70; made bishop of Quebec, and returns to Canada, 1675, 71; establishes Ecclesiastical Court, 111; curtails honours paid to governor in church, 112; king's instructions on the subject, 113; Frontenac's estimate of bishop's revenue, 114; objects to trading permits issued by governor, as involving selling of liquor to Indians, 116; gains the king over to his views, 116; sends grand-vicar to France to uphold his policy, 118; goes to France to press his views, 1678, 125; effect of his elevation to rank of bishop, 164; not favourable to permanent curacies, 165, 190; rejects offer of Récollets to serve the parishes without any fixed provision for their support, 165; determines to resign, 190; goes to France, 1684, 191; chooses Saint-Vallier as his successor, 191; describes Canada as "the country of miracles," 301. Bib.: Têtu, Esquisse Biographique de Laval; Esquisse de la Vie, etc., de Laval; Parkman, Old Régime; Gosselin, François de Montmorency-Laval; Colby, Canadian Types of the Old Régime; Le Vénérable François de Montmorency-Laval; Douglas, Old France in the New World; Dent, Can. Por.

Laval, Guy de. L Ancestor of Bishop Laval, 17.

Laval, Henri de. L His letter to his brother the bishop, 139; second letter, 141.

Laval, Hugues de. L Father of Bishop Laval, 17.

Laval, Jean-Louis. L Brother of Bishop Laval, 19; bad conduct of, 139.

Laval University. Founded, 1668, as the Quebec Seminary, and granted a royal charter in 1852, at the instance of Lord Elgin, then governor-general. Index: L Its origin traced to Quebec Seminary, 99. See also Quebec Seminary. Bib.: Hamel, Sketch of Laval University in Canada: An Ency., vol. 4; Roy, L'Université Laval et les Fêtes du Cinquantenaire.

Lavalette. Ch A Basque, fishes on Acadian coast as early as 1565, 59.

La Vallée, de. Ch Godfather of young Hurons, 233.

La Valtrie, Séraphin Marganne, Sieur de (1643-1693). A native of St. Benoit de Paris. Obtained a lieutenancy in the Lignières Regiment; took service under De Tracy, 1664, and came to Canada the following year. Granted the seigniory of Lavaltrie in 1672; sent to the western posts as commandant, and replaced by La Durantaye, 1683; accompanied Denonville on his expedition against the Iroquois, 1687. Killed, 1693. Index: F Seignior, commands militia; in 1687 in attack on Iroquois, 209; killed by Iroquois in 1693, 323. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac.

Laverdière, Charles Honoré (1826-1873). Educated at Laval University. Studied for the church and ordained priest. Joined the faculty of Laval, and became university librarian. Ch On question of Champlain's tomb, 261-262. Bib.: Edited the Works and Voyages of Champlain; and completed Ferland's Cours d'Histoire du Canada; author of Histoire du Canada; Samuel de Champlain; edited, with Abbé Casgrain, the Journal des Jesuites, 1645-1668.

La Vérendrye, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de (1685-1749). Son of René Gaultier, Sieur de Varennes, governor of Three Rivers. Served in the New England campaign of 1704, and the following year in Newfoundland. In 1707 with the army in Flanders, and wounded at Malplaquet in 1709. Returning to Canada, engaged in the fur trade, for some years on the St. Maurice, and 1727-1728 on Lake Nipigon. There conceived the idea of exploring the unknown country beyond Lake Superior, to discover the Western Sea, a project to which he devoted the remainder of his life. Left Montreal for the West in 1731; built forts on Rainy Lake and Lake of the Woods, and in the succeeding years penetrated to Lake Winnipeg, Red River, and the Assiniboine. In 1738 made a journey to the Mandan villages on the Missouri; and the following year one of his sons penetrated to the Saskatchewan. In 1742, unable to go himself, sent two of his sons far to the south-west. They hoped, as he had always hoped, to reach at last the Western Sea, but were baffled by hostile tribes and the barrier of the Rocky Mountains. In 1743 returned finally to Montreal, broken in health and heavily in debt. Six years later died there. His sons begged to be allowed to continue his western explorations, but hostile influences made this impossible. WM Discoverer of the Rocky Mountains, 19. L Carries explorations as far as the Rocky Mountains, 11. MS Leads the way inland from Lake Superior, 3; his search for Western Sea, 40; his reply to charge of making money in fur trade, 281. Bib.: Prud'homme, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de La Vérendrye (R. S. C., 1905); Laut, Pathfinders of the West; Parkman, Half Century of Conflict; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea. See also his journals in Canadian Archives Report, 1889; Richard's Summary (Can. Arch., 1904); and Margry, Découvertes et Établissements des Français. His Journals are now being edited for the Champlain Society, Toronto.

La Vigne, Captain de. Ch Sails for France with Champlain, 141.

Laviolette. Hd Three Rivers founded by, in 1634, 43-44.

Law. Dr Confusion and abuse in administration of, 51-55.

Law, Captain John. S First sergeant at arms of the Upper Canada Assembly, 85; a retired officer of the Queen's Rangers, 85.

Law, John. R Headmaster of Gore district Grammar School, Upper Canada, 4; Egerton Ryerson studies under, 5.

Lawrence, Charles. Entered the army as ensign, 1727; captain, 1742; and major, 1747. Accompanied Warburton's Infantry to Nova Scotia, and engaged in the French wars at Cobequid, 1749-1750; brigadier-general under Amherst at the siege of Louisbourg, 1758. Nine years earlier had been appointed a member of the Council of Nova Scotia; administered the government on the retirement of Governor Hopson, 1753; lieutenant-governor, 1754; and governor, 1756. The first Assembly met under his governorship, 1758. Responsible for the expulsion of the Acadians. Died at Halifax, Oct. 19, 1760. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Akins, History of Halifax; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Hannay, History of Acadia; Richard, Acadia. See also Acadians, Expulsion of the.

Lawrence, Joseph W. T Supports Tilley in 1850, 10.

Laws, Captain. Dr Sent with seventy men to attack Arnold in rear, 129; completes discomfiture of enemy, 131. Hd Effects arrest of Du Calvet, 285.

Le Baillif. Ch Under clerk at Tadoussac, 133; placed in charge of storehouse by Kirke, 195; a bad character, 202-204.

Le Baillif, George. Ch Récollet missionary, 87; goes to France, as delegate from colony, 136.

Lebel, J. G. E Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 187.

Le Ber, Jeanne, daughter of Jacques Le Ber, of Montreal. Index: L Birth, baptism, and virtues of, 91; mortifications practised by, 92.

Le Ber, Pierre. L House of charity established by, 245.

Le Ber de Senneville, Jacques (1633-1706). One of the principal merchants of Montreal; married in 1658 Jeanne, sister of Charles Le Moyne. In 1673 engaged with Aubert de la Chesnaye in the fur trade at Cataraqui, and aroused the hostility of Governor Perrot of Montreal, who was also interested in the fur trade. In 1675 sold out his rights at Cataraqui to La Salle; and four years later acquired the seigniory of Senneville. Mentioned in 1691 as in a fur-trading partnership with Frontenac. Index: F Imprisoned by Perrot, 92; La Barre's dealings with, 175. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac.

Le Borgne de Belle Isle, Emmanuel. Ch Takes Fort St. Pierre, 236.

Le Brun de Duplessis, Jean-Baptiste. Born at Corbie, in Picardy, about 1730. Came to Canada about 1755 and joined the Béarn Regiment; practised as a notary in Quebec for many years. Died there some time after 1796. See R. S. C., Trans., 1900, I, 129-130. Index: Dr Carleton's account of, 68.

Le Canadien. Newspaper, published at Quebec. Index: BL On the political situation in 1842, 116. C First French newspaper in Quebec, 95; suppressed by Governor Craig, 95. P Established in 1806 by Bédard, Panet, and other French-Canadian leaders, 28; suppressed by Sir James Craig, 29.

Le Caron, Joseph. Ch Récollet missionary, 85; goes to country of the Hurons, 88; with Champlain visits the Tionnontates or Petuneux, 106; meets Father d'Olbeau at Three Rivers, 107; sails for France, 111; becomes commissary of the Récollets, in Canada, 112; performs first marriage ceremony in Canada, 113; proceeds to Huron country, 149; returns to France, 208; death of, 226. L Missionary labours of, 3. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Le Chausseur. F Secretary to Frontenac, 139.

Le Clercq, Chrestien. Récollet missionary in Canada, and historian of his order. Index: F On great need for Récollet order in Canada, 72; on Schenectady massacre, 247; on "flag" incident in siege of Quebec, 296. Ch Quoted, 112, 114; praises virtue of early Canadian settlers, 258. Bib.: Établissement de la Foy dans la Nouvelle France, trans. by Shea, under the title First Establishment of the Faith; Nouvelle Relation de la Gaspesie, trans. for the Champlain Society by Ganong, under the title New Relation of Gaspesia. Both these translations give in the introductions biographical details of the author as far as known.

Lecompte-Dupré, J. B. Dr Colonel of Quebec militia, 246.

Le Diable. WM Name given to floating battery, 87, 104.

Le Du. S French priest, deported, 190.

Lee. W Receiver-general, New Brunswick, 69.

Le Faucheur. Ch One of the men landed by Kirke on St. Pierre Island, 174.

Le Foulon. Now known as Wolfe's Cove. Index: WM Guard of 100 men at, 160; Wolfe carefully examines from the river, 168; learns that it is poorly guarded, 171; effects landing at, 181.

Le Gardeur de Repentigny, Jean Baptiste (1632-1709). Son of Pierre Le Gardeur (q.v.). His father brought him to Canada at the age of four years. Resided in Montreal, 1642-1643; and in 1656 married Marguerite, daughter of Jean Nicolet, the explorer. In 1663 elected mayor of Quebec, but promptly resigned under official pressure, the policy of the government being opposed to anything approaching popular government. Raised a company of volunteers at Quebec in 1665, and accompanied the regulars to Three Rivers, which they were just in time to save from an Iroquois attack. In 1687 accompanied Denonville on his expedition against the Iroquois. Index: F Goes to France on behalf of Montreal colonists, 36. Ch Acts as godfather to young Hurons, 233. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac.

Le Gardeur de Repentigny, Pierre. Arrived at Quebec from Normandy with his wife and family, 1636. Obtained a grant of land from the Company of New France, and engaged in the fur trade. In 1644 went to France to secure concessions for the Company of Habitants, which he had been instrumental in organizing. In 1647 granted the seigniories of Cournoyer and Repentigny, but did not live long to enjoy them, as he died the following year on his way to France. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac.

Le Gardeur de Tilly, Charles (1611-1695). Brother of Pierre Le Gardeur de Repentigny; a native of Normandy; came to Canada in 1636; and in 1648 made governor of Three Rivers. Married the same year Geneviève Juchereau. In 1660 granted the fief of St. Michel by the Company of New France; and transferred it to the Seminary in 1668. In 1673 acted for the governor, Frontenac, during his absence at Cataraqui, but afterwards fell into his bad graces. Index: L Member of Sovereign Council, 158, 166; temporarily banished from Quebec, 167. F Member of Sovereign Council, 106. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac.

Legendre, Lucas. Ch Purchases supplies for De Monts's second expedition to Quebec, 56.

Legislative Assembly. Mc Composition of, under Constitutional Act, 53; Goldwin Smith on, 54; irritation between, and Executive Council, 54, 55; Lord Durham on, 56, 58, 59, 60; true principle of government, 61, 63. S First of Upper Canada, list of members and their counties, 80; opening of, at Niagara, 82.

Legislative Council. Mc Created by Constitutional Act, 52; Lord Durham criticizes and suggests revision, 57; attitude of Lower Canada Reformers to, 69; rejects three hundred and twenty-five bills in eight years, 73; Sir John Colborne on, 268; collision with Assembly, 276; should be elective, 277; Glenelg insists that it shall be non-elective, 324. Sy Its constitution, 77, 175; its activity under Constitutional Act, 80; in Lower Canada English-speaking element dominant in, 81; demand that it should be made elective, 84; Sydenham's description of, 220; enlarged by Sir George Arthur with good results, 220; members opposed to union record their dissent, 231; S Suspicious of later Loyalist emigration, 57. Dr Appointed under Quebec Act, first meeting of, 90; how composed, 269; its power of veto, 277; its sympathies with governor and against people, 277. Hd Its welcome to Haldimand, 117-118; composition of, 175; statement made regarding power of, 188; sees Haldimand depart, 309; changes in membership of, at change of governor, 314.

Legislative Union. Md Strongly favoured by Macdonald; opposed by Maritime Provinces and Lower Canada, 107-109, 245.

L'Huillier, Raoul. Ch Director of Company of New France, 170.

Leisler, Jacob. F Seizes government of New York, 266.

Le Jeune, Paul. Superior of Jesuits in Canada. Came to Canada in 1632, and went on a mission to the Algonquians the following year; succeeded by Vimont as superior, 1639; appointed to the governor's Council, 1640; returned to France the same year; proposed for bishop of Quebec. Index: L Bishopric of Quebec offered to, 25. F Preaches funeral sermon on Champlain, 27. Ch Celebrates mass in house of Mme. Hébert, 148; his letter on education of Indian children, 230, 231; describes first service in church, 239; preaches funeral sermon over Champlain, 261; advises Mme. Champlain, 264. Bib.: Relations, 1632-1640; Parkman, Jesuits in North America; Douglas, Old France in the New World.

Lelièvre, S. E Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 186.

Lemaire. L Servant in the Seminary, Laval's account of, 250.

Lemaistre, Simon. Ch Director of Company of New France, 170.

Lemaître. L Sulpician, comes out in St. André, 31; his attentions to those suffering from the plague, 32; dies a martyr, 91.

Le Marchant, Sir John Gaspard (1803-1874). H Becomes governor of Nova Scotia, 1852, 143; his connection with the Foreign Enlistment Act, 149-152. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Lemoyne, Mme. Jacques. L Land bought from, for church at Montreal, 88.

Le Moyne, Paul, Sieur de Maricourt (1663-1704). Son of Charles Le Moyne, Sieur de Longueuil. Born in Montreal. Accompanied De Troyes and Iberville on the expedition against the Hudson Bay forts, Moose Factory, Rupert, and Albany, in 1686; and left in charge of the captured posts when the leaders returned to Quebec. Again served with Iberville on the bay in 1689, in the capture of the Hampshire. The following year brought a party of voyageurs to help in the defence of Quebec against Admiral Phipps. Once more with his brother Iberville on Hudson Bay, in 1694, and took part in the capture of Fort Nelson. Inherited much of his father's remarkable influence over the Iroquois, and negotiated an important treaty with them about the beginning of the eighteenth century. Index: F Accompanies expedition to Hudson Bay, 206; arrives at Quebec, during siege by Phipps, 292; with his brother, Iberville, in Hudson Bay, 343. L Takes part in expedition to Hudson Bay, 204. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West. See also Iberville.

Lemoyne, Simon. Ch Jesuit, professor in College of Rouen, 207.

Le Moyne de Ste. Hélène, Jacques (1659-1690). Son of Charles Le Moyne, and brother of Iberville, Bienville, and other members of this noted family. Trained, like Iberville, for the navy; returned to Canada, and in 1686 accompanied De Troyes on the Hudson Bay expedition. Took part in the raid on Schenectady in 1690; and mortally wounded during the siege of Quebec by Phipps. Index: F Accompanies expedition to Hudson Bay, 208; commands in war party against Schenectady, 235; mortally wounded in skirmish on Beauport flats, 299. L Takes part in expedition to Hudson Bay, 204; killed in siege of Quebec, 231. Bib.: See Iberville.

Le Moyne de Serigny, Joseph (1668-1734). Son of Charles Le Moyne, and brother of Iberville, Bienville, and St. Hélène. Accompanied Iberville to Hudson Bay, 1690, and left in command of Fort Albany after its capture. Again in the bay with Iberville in 1694 and in 1697. Given command of Fort Nelson the latter year. Joined Iberville in Louisiana in 1700, and associated with him in the development of the colony. Reached high rank in the navy, and was governor of Rochefort at the time of his death. Index: F Goes to France on affairs of Hudson Bay, 345. Bib.: See Iberville.

Le Moyne. See Bienville; Iberville; Longueuil.

Le National. Newspaper published at Montreal. Index: C Founded as organ of Le Parti National, in 1872, 30.

Leonard, Samuel. T English schoolmaster, 5.

Leopard and Chesapeake. Bk Affair of, 82-86.

Leroux, Laurent (1758-1855). Western fur trader. Index: MS Builds post on Great Slave Lake, 18; sends Sutherland and the "English Chief" to northern tribes, 18; with Mackenzie at Chipewyan, 33; Mackenzie's return, 48; post on Great Slave Lake, 49; sent to Beaver Indians, 49. Bib.: Morice, Dict. Hist. des Canadiens de l'Ouest; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.

Le Roy, Marguerite. Ch Mother of Champlain, 1.

Le Sage, Captain. WM Repulses landing of English, 107.

Lesage, Marguerite. Ch Wife of Nicolas Rivert, 146.

Lescarbot, Marc. Born at Vervins, near Laon, France, about 1570. Studied law and called to the bar in 1599. The previous year delivered two Latin orations before the papal legate sent by Clement VIII to arrange the terms of the treaty of Vervins. Through Poutrincourt (q.v.), who had been one of his clients, induced to sail for Port Royal, 1606; and spent twelve months in the New World, returning to France in 1607. While at Port Royal, took an active part in the work of building, gardening, etc., spent much of his time hunting and fishing; and in the evening read and composed many of the poems afterwards included in his Muses de la Nouvelle France. On his return, set to work to prepare his account of Acadia. Spent the years 1612 to 1614 in Switzerland; married in 1619. Beyond this year, nothing is known of his life. Index: Ch Arrival of, at Port Royal, 35; useful in the colony, 37; returns to France, 37. Bib.: Histoire de la Nouvelle France, Paris, 1609; 2nd ed., 1611; reprinted 1612; 3rd ed., 1618; reprint of 1612 issue, 1866. In 1907 the Champlain Society, Toronto, published a new edition, with an English translation and notes by W. L. Grant, and an introduction by H. P. Biggar. See also Demarsy, Notes sur Marc Lescarbot; Parkman, Pioneers of France; Hannay, History of Acadia.

Le Sire. Ch Clerk in De Caën's company, 138.

Leslie, Alexander (1740?-1794). British general. Index: Dr In command at Charleston, S. C., 197; embarks his force with large number of refugees, 204; joins Carleton at New York, 205.

Leslie, James. BL Victim of election frauds in 1841—elected for Verchères, 1842, 116; president of Executive Council, 1848, 284; a radical, 284; given seat in Legislative Council, 285; at farewell banquet to La Fontaine, 354. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Lesseps, Ferdinand de (1805-1894). Eminent French engineer. Index: Ch Undertakes Panama Canal, 6. Bib.: Chambers, Biog. Dict.

Leslie, James (1802-1885). Born in Dundee, Scotland. Came to Canada, 1820, settling first at Kingston, and afterwards at Toronto. A member of the first city council of Toronto. Arrested and imprisoned in connection with the Rebellion of 1837. Purchased the Examiner, 1844, and conducted it for ten years. One of the founders of the Clear Grit party. Index: E Proprietor of the Toronto Examiner, and a leader of the Clear Grits, 110-111. Mc President of Canadian Alliance Society, 258; delivers rejoinder to governor, 300; refuses to sign "declaration of independence," 331. B Leader of the Clear Grits, 39. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion and Last Forty Years.

Lestrées, Abbey of. L Bestowed by king on diocese of Quebec, 136.

Le Sueur, Jean de St. Sauveur. Ch Comes to Quebec, 252; Godfather to young Hurons, 223.

Le Tardif, Olivier. Born in Normandy, 1601. Came to Canada, 1620, and employed as an interpreter at Quebec. Married Louise Couillard, 1637. Index: Ch Interpreter, 144; remains in Quebec during English occupation, 208.

Letellier de St. Just, Luc (1820-1881). Born at Rivière Ouelle, Quebec. Called to the Senate for the division of Grandville, 1867; a member of the ministry, 1873; and in 1876 appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec; dismissed from office, 1879. Index: Md Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 247; quarrels with and dismisses the provincial ministry, 247-248; Macdonald brings the matter before Parliament, 248-249; his dismissal on the advice of the Dominion Cabinet, 249-250; his death, 250; political reasons for his dismissal, 251. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party; Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.

Le Testu, Captain. Ch Member of court to try Duval for conspiracy, 43.

Le Valois, Father. L Recommends Saint-Vallier to succeed Laval, 199.

Lévis, Gaston-François, Chevalier de (1720-1787). Entered French army in 1735; named second in command to Montcalm, 1756; sailed for Canada the same year. On the death of Montcalm at Quebec, succeeded to the command of the French forces, and won the battle of Ste. Foy, 1760. After the capitulation, returned to France, and served under Condé against Prince Ferdinand. Created a marshal, 1783, and the following year a duke and peer of France. Index: WM Second in command to Montcalm, 2; his birth and descent, 8; military service 9, 10; character, 11; at battle of Carillon, 55, 60; confidence of Montcalm in, 85; persuades Montcalm to extend line of defence to Montmorency River, 105; his great activity, 110, 118, 126; his bravery, 137; praises courage of troops, both regulars and Canadians, 143; congratulated by Vaudreuil on victory at Montmorency, 144; sent to defend western frontiers, 147; his absence from principal scene of conflict has disastrous results, 147; sends encouraging news from Montreal, 157; his presence and counsel much desired by Montcalm, 165; his absence on eve of battle greatly felt by Montcalm, 195; Montcalm bequeaths his papers to, 219; arrives at Jacques Cartier and takes command, 227; disapproves of retreat, 227; marches army back in hope of relieving Quebec, 229; his regret for death of Montcalm, 233; hears of capitulation of Quebec, 234; decides to march on Quebec in the spring, 241; his efforts to supply needs of his army, 242; occupies Ste. Foy, 256-266; takes possession of General Hospital, 265; arrival of British fleet compels him to retire, 267; surrender at Montreal, 268; his high military qualities, 268. L French general, burning of his flags by, 12. Hd Defeats Murray, 34; his final struggle, 36-37; surrenders, 38; account of having burned French flags, 39; not forgotten, 122. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, The Fight for Canada; Bradley, Fight with France; Collection des Manuscrits du Maréchal de Lévis, ed. by Casgrain.

Lévis, Heights of. Opposite Quebec. Index: WM Skirmishing on, 102.