Index and Dictionary (part 2)

Chansons of French Canada. Most of the inimitable folk-songs of Quebec came in their original form from France, and have undergone more or less of a transformation in their new environment. A few originated in French Canada. Index: C Chansons de ronde among the habitants, 119-120; at Cartier's house, 123. Bib.: Gagnon, Chansons populaire; McLennan, Songs of old Canada; Burpee, Songs of French Canada; Wood, Footnotes to Canadian Folk-Songs (R. S. C., 1896); Bourinot, Songs of Forest and River in Rose-Belford Monthly, 1877; French Songs of Old Canada, pictured by W. Graham Robertson; Tiersot, French Folk-Songs.

Chapais, Jean Charles (1812-1885). Born in Rivière Oùelle, Quebec. Member of the Executive Council and commissioner of public works, 1864-1867. In 1867 privy councillor and minister of agriculture; and 1869-1873 receiver-general. In 1868 called to the Senate. Index: T Delegate to Quebec Conference, 76; minister of agriculture in first Dominion Cabinet, 129. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Chapais, Joseph Amable Thomas (1858- ). Educated at Laval University. Called to the bar, 1879. Edited Le Courrier du Canada since 1884. Appointed member of Legislative Council of Quebec, 1892, and elected Speaker, 1895; president of the Executive Council, 1896, and minister of colonization, 1897. Index: F His work on Talon referred to, 57. Bib.: Works: Jean Talon, Intendant de la Nouvelle France; Discours et Conférences. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Chapleau, Sir Joseph Adolphe (1840-1898). Studied law and called to the bar, 1861. Elected to Quebec Legislature, 1867, and successively solicitor-general, and provincial secretary, of the province. Premier of Quebec, 1879. Entered Dominion Cabinet, 1882, as secretary of state. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1892; knighted, 1896. Bib.: Works: Léon XIII, Homme d'État; Question des Chemins de Fer. For biog., see J. A. Chapleau: Sa Biographie et Ses Discours; Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.

Chapman, Henry Samuel (1803-1881). Born in England. Came to Canada, 1823, and established at Montreal the Daily Advertiser, the first daily newspaper published in British America, 1833. Connected with several other newspapers. A strong supporter of the Reform party. Removed to England and called to the bar, 1840. Went to New Zealand, where he became a judge. Died in Dunedin, New Zealand. Index: H Attempts to secure Joseph Howe's support for agitation in Lower Canada, 50; Howe's reply, 50.

Charbonnel, Armand François Marie de. Roman Catholic bishop of Toronto, 1850-1860. Died, 1860. Index: R Opposes public schools, 219, 225; Ryerson's letter to, 224-225; referred to in Globe, 226; his letter to Ryerson, 226; his policy, 228; his complaints, 229; drafts Separate School Bill, 230; his pastoral letter, 234; resigns charge of Toronto diocese, 235.

Charest, Dufils. WM Commands party sent to heights of Lévis, 103.

Charles I (1600-1649). King of England; succeeded to the throne, 1625. Index: Ch His instructions to English ambassador at Paris, 215; restores New France and Acadia to France, 221. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Charles II (1630-1685). King of England; succeeded to the throne, 1660. Index: W Annuls charter of London and other towns, 54. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Charles Emmanuel III (1701-1773). King of Sardinia. Succeeded to the throne, 1730. Index: Hd His foreign policy, 5.

Charlesbourg. WM De Pontbriand retires to, 153.

Charlevoix, Pierre-François-Xavier de (1682-1761). First came to Canada in 1705, as an instructor in the Jesuits' College at Quebec. Returned to France in 1709. It was at this time that he gathered the material for his Histoire et Description Generale de la Nouvelle-France. Again visited Canada in 1720 by order of the French government to report as to the best route for an overland expedition in search of the Western Sea. In the course of this journey visited the mission and posts of what was then the extreme western frontier of New France, returning to France in 1723, by way of Mobile. Index: L On the character of the Canadian population, 117; on the character of Frontenac, 144, 145. F On bravery of Canadians and indifferent conduct of French troops, 212; on Lachine massacre, 224, 227; on old age of François Hertel, 235; his account of "flag" incident in siege of Quebec, 295; on character and conduct of Frontenac, 333-336. Ch His opinion of Lescarbot, 37; his description of the French settlements in Canada, 243; his eulogy of Champlain, 276, 277. Bib.: Besides his Histoire du Paraguay and Histoire de l'Isle Espagnole ou de S. Dominique, Charlevoix was the author of La Vie de la Mère Marie de l'Incarnation and of the first general history of Canada, Histoire et Description Generale de la Nouvelle-France. His Voyage dans l'Amerique Septentrionale was translated into English in 1756. Dr. J. G. Shea's translation of the History was published at New York in 6 vols., 1866-1872; and reprinted by F. P. Harper, New York, in 6 vols. An abridged translation of Charlevoix's Journal is found in vol. 3 of French Hist. Coll. of Louisiana. For biog., see J. E. Roy, Essai sur Charlevoix (R. S. C., 1907).

Charlottetown. Capital of Prince Edward Island. Originally founded by the French, about 1750, and then known as Port la Joie. In 1713 it was a fortified post, with a garrison of sixty soldiers. The population numbered 1354 in 1752; and in 1758 it had been increased to over 4000 by the arrival of a large number of Acadians from the mainland. It came under British rule in 1763, and received its present name about 1768. Bib.: Campbell, History of Prince Edward Island.

Charlottetown Conference, 1864. Md Arranged by Tupper, 104; the Canadian proposals, 104; terms of union, 107. H Joseph Howe invited to attend as delegate, but declines, 176-177; Sir Charles Tupper's connection with, 176-177; Nova Scotia delegates, 177; maritime union found impracticable, 178; Sir John Macdonald proposes Confederation, 178. B History of, 161. T Delegates to, 73; history of, 73-75. See Quebec Conference; Macdonald; Tupper. Bib.: Whelan, Union of the British Provinces; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.

Charny-Lauzon. See Lauzon-Charny.

Charron, Jean-François. L Charitable work of, and of his brother, 125; house of charity established by, 245; death of, 246.

Chartier de Lotbinière, Eustache Gaspard Michel. Dr Advised in connection with question of Canadian laws, 63, 68; elected Speaker of the Assembly, 277.

Chartier de Lotbinière, René Louis. L Appointed to Sovereign Council, 166. F Member of the Sovereign Council, 106.

Charton, François. Ch Jesuit, 152; returns to France, 208.

Chastes, Aymar de. Ch Governor of Dieppe, obtains charter for colonization of Canada, 8; suggests that Champlain should visit Canada, 9; death of, 9. F Trading patent granted to, 3; his death, 5.

Château de Ramezay. At Montreal. Index: Hd Purchased for government house, 186; belonged to William Grant, 186. BL Government offices in, during Elgin's governorship, 325.

Château Haldimand. At Quebec. Index: Hd Foundation stone laid by Haldimand, 344; used as school in connection with Laval University until 1892, then pulled down, 344.

Château St. Louis. At Quebec. Commenced by Governor de Montmagny, 1647, and completed by his successor, D'Ailleboust. Demolished, 1694, and rebuilt with new wing. Enlarged, 1723; and in 1808 renovated and again enlarged, by government of Lower Canada. Up to the close of French régime, it was the official residence of the governors of Canada; and after the cession, their British successors continued to occupy the building. It was destroyed by fire, 1834. The Château Frontenac hotel now stands immediately back of the site of the Château St. Louis, which occupied part of what is now Dufferin Terrace. See Habitation de Québec. Index: F Construction begun, 15. Bk Description of, 90; occupied by Sir James Craig, 90. Hd Governor's residence at Quebec, 169, 222, 304, 314; balls at, 223; wing added by Haldimand named in his honour, 344. Bib.: Gagnon, Le Fort el la Château St. Louis; Doughty, Fortress of Quebec; Douglas, Old France in the New World.

Châteaufort, Marc Antoine Bras-de-fer de. F Interim governor after death of Champlain, 27.

Châteauguay. Battle in War of 1812, Oct. 26, 1813. The stream from which the battle took its name, rises in Franklin County, New York, and falls into the St. Lawrence a few miles above Caughnawaga. The scene of the battle was about six miles above the confluence of the English with Châteauguay River. Hampton was in command of the Americans, and De Salaberry commanded the Canadian troops, with Colonel Macdonell in charge of the reserves. Although the former had an overwhelmingly superior force, the result of the battle was in favour of the Canadians; and the contemplated attack on Montreal was abandoned. The battle was won by French-Canadian militia under a French-Canadian commander. See also War of 1812; Salaberry. Bib.: Lucas, Canadian War of 1812; Lighthall, An Account of the Battle of Chateauguay; Macdonell, The Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada; Kingsford, History of Canada.

Chateauneuf, Pierre Antoine de Castaguere, Marquis de (1644-1728). Ch French ambassador in London, instructions to, 214.

Chatel, Aimée. L Member of the Congregation de Notre Dame, 91.

Chatham, William Pitt, first Earl of (1708-1778). The "Great Commoner," who brought England "to a height of prosperity and glory unknown to any former age." He urged continually a conciliatory policy towards America, until it became apparent that the colonists would be satisfied with nothing less than independence. His broad outlook and unerring instinct in the choice of men were chiefly responsible for the triumphs of British policy at home and abroad. Sent Boscawen and Amherst to the capture of Louisbourg, and Wolfe and Saunders to victory at Quebec. Index: Dr Opposes Quebec Act, 65. Bib.: Almon, Anecdotes and Speeches of Chatham; Rosebery, William Pitt; Green, William Pitt, Earl of Chatham; Correspondence of William Pitt with Colonial Governors, ed. by Kimball. See his letters and instructions to Wolfe, Saunders, and Amherst, in Doughty, Siege of Quebec, and Wood, Logs of Conquest of Canada.

Chaumonot, Joseph. Came to Canada, 1639, with Madame de la Peltrie, Marie de l'Incarnation, and Fathers Vimont and Poncet. Accompanied Brébeuf as missionary to the Neutral Nation, whose country was along the north shore of Lake Erie, 1640. Sent to the Onondagas, 1655. Missionary in charge of the Hurons at Old Lorette, where, in 1674, he built the chapel in honour of Our Lady of Loretto. Died, Feb. 21, 1693. Index: L Accompanies mission to Gannentaha, 65; chief promoter of cult of Holy Family, 86. Bib.: Shea, Vie de Chaumonot; Parkman, Jesuits in North America; Campbell, Pioneer Priests of North America.

Chaussegros de Léry, Gaspard (1682-1756). Sent to Canada in 1716 to superintend the fortifications of Quebec, Montreal, and other places in the colony. Prepared a plan of the cathedral at Quebec in 1725; and of the fortifications at Quebec in 1730. Mentioned as having been at Fort St. Frederic in 1742; made a plan of Detroit in 1750. Index: L Makes plans for entrance to Montreal church, 90. WM Criticized by Montcalm, 79. Bib.: Traité de Fortification.

Chaussegros de Léry, Gaspard-Joseph. Son of preceding. Engineer; made a legislative councillor, in 1774.

Chauveau, Pierre Joseph Olivier (1820-1890). Born at Quebec. Educated at Quebec; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada. First entered public life, 1844, defeating John Neilson in Quebec County. Represented the same constituency in the Assembly until 1855. Solicitor-general, in Hincks-Morin ministry, 1851; and provincial secretary, 1853. In 1855 succeeded Dr. Meilleur as chief superintendent of education of Lower Canada. In 1867 elected to the Dominion Parliament, as well as to the Quebec House, and the same year formed a provincial ministry. Resigned, 1873, and the same year Speaker of the Senate, retiring in 1874. Three years later sheriff of Montreal. Index: Md Leader of Quebec government, 141; the appointment revealed Macdonald's judgment, 141-142. C Conservative leader in Quebec, 24; superintendent of public instruction, 24, 37; premier of Quebec, 68; his character, 68. E One of leaders of the opposition in 1847, 45; returned in elections of 1848, 50; Solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 113; provincial secretary in Hincks ministry, 126; and in MacNab-Morin government, 141; votes against secularization of the Clergy Reserves, 164. Bib.: Works: Charles Guérin, Roman de Moeurs Canadiennes; François-Xavier Garneau, Sa Vie et Ses [OE]uvres; L'Instruction Publique au Canada; Souvenirs et Légendes. For biog., see Dent, Can. Por.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Morgan, Cel. Can.

Chauvin, Pierre, Sieur de Tonnetuit. A Huguenot, born at Dieppe. Appointed captain of the garrison at Honfleur, 1589. Obtained trading monopoly for ten years in Canada. Made a trading voyage to Canada, 1600, bringing out a few colonists, whom he landed at Tadoussac. Sailed again the following year, with a larger fleet, but no colonists; and again in 1602. Died, 1603. Index: Ch Attempts to form settlement at Tadoussac, 8; left in charge of Quebec colony, 54. F Obtains patent for exclusive trade in Canada, 2; sails for the St. Lawrence, 3. Bib.: Biggar, Early Trading Companies of New France.

Chedabucto, now known as Guysborough, Nova Scotia. Index: F Frontenac arrives at, 232.

Cheffault. Ch Agent of Company of New France, 244.

Cherououng. Ch Montagnais chief, sent on embassy to Iroquois, 163.

Chesapeake. Bk Affair of, 82-86.

Childers, Hugh Culling Eardley (1827-1896). Entered the House of Commons, 1860; financial secretary, 1865-1866; first lord of the Admiralty and privy councillor, 1868. In 1875 came to Canada on Lord Dufferin's invitation as a commissioner under the Prince Edward Island Land Purchase Act. Secretary of state for war, 1880-1882; chancellor of the exchequer, 1882-1885; and home secretary, 1886. Index: W Commissioner under Land Purchase Act, 136. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Chimeourimou. Ch Montagnais chief, sent on embassy to Iroquois, 163.

Chipman. W Judge of Supreme Court, New Brunswick, 8; one of Maine Boundary commissioners, 8.

Chipman, Ward. W Judge of Supreme Court, New Brunswick, 8; succeeds Saunders as chief justice, 74; resigns, 129. T Resigns as chief justice, 17.

Chippewa Indians. A large tribe, of Algonquian stock, formerly ranging along both shores of Lakes Huron and Superior, and westward as far as North Dakota. First mentioned in the Jesuit Relation of 1640, as living around Sault Ste. Marie. During the eighteenth century, they fought successfully against the Sioux, Foxes, and Iroquois. They numbered in 1764 about 25,000; and at the present time count over 30,000, of whom about one-half are on reservations in Canada. Index: Hd Sioux offer to attack, 148. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of American Indians; Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes; Grant, Sauteux Indians in Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest.

Chisholm, G. C. Sy Sergeant-at-arms of Legislative Assembly, 334.

Chittenden, Thomas (1730-1797). First governor of Vermont, 1778-1797. Index: Hd Claims separation of Vermont from New York, 201; negotiates with Haldimand, 202; General Washington's letter to, 212-213; Ira Allen's proposed treaty with, 214-215. Bib.: Chipman, Thomas Chittenden; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Choiseul, Étienne-François, Duc de (1719-1785). Minister of foreign affairs; signed the treaty of 1759 with Austria; minister of war, 1761. Index: WM French minister, glad to get rid of Canada, 11.

Cholera Epidemic, 1832 and 1834. P Imported by immigrants, 87; government blamed for neglect to provide quarantine, 88; committee formed to inquire into causes, etc., 88-89; one of the grievances in the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 89. See also Epidemics.

Chouageun. See Oswega.

Chouart dit des Groseilliers, Médard. Born in France about 1621. Came to Canada, 1642. After serving the Jesuits for some years as a donné, or lay helper, engaged in the fur trade, and with his brother-in-law Radisson (q.v.) made extensive explorations in the West and North, 1659-1663. With Radisson afterwards went to England and was instrumental in establishing the Hudson's Bay Company, and laying the foundations of its gigantic fur trading monopoly on the shores of Hudson Bay. Bib.: Dionne, Chouart et Radisson (R. S. C., 1893); Sulte, Radisson in the North-West (R. S. C., 1904); Sulte, Découverte du Mississippi (R. S. C., 1903); Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Laut, Pathfinders of the West and Conquest of the Great North-West.

Christian Doctrine, Brothers of the. L Arrival of, in Canada, 125.

Christian Guardian. R Founded at York (Toronto), 1829, 82; Egerton Ryerson, first editor, 82; exponent of Methodist views on religious, educational, and political questions, 82-83; its policy, 94-95; Ryerson's articles in, 96, 97, 98, 100, 109, 110, 134, 137.

Christie, Alexander. MS Chief factor, Hudson's Bay Company, and later governor of Assiniboia, 222. Bib.: Ryerson, Story of my Life.

Christie, David (1818-1880). Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Educated at Edinburgh High School. Came to Canada, 1833, and devoted himself to farming. Took a prominent part in politics as a leader of the Reformers. Sat for Wentworth in the Legislative Assembly, 1851-1854, and for East Brant, 1855-1858. Elected to the Legislative Council, 1858, and held his seat until Confederation. Appointed to the Dominion Senate, 1867; secretary of state, 1873; Speaker of the Senate, 1874-1878. Administrator of Ontario during the illness of the lieutenant-governor, 1875. Died in Paris, Ontario. Index: B A leader of the Clear Grits, 39. E Well-known agriculturist, and a leader of the Clear Grits, 110. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Christie, Robert (1788-1856). Born in Nova Scotia. Repeatedly expelled from the Assembly of Lower Canada; re-elected after the union, and held his seat until 1854. Contributed to Quebec Gazette and Mercury. Index: F Papineau causes his expulsion on four occasions from Assembly, 80; his reconciliation with Papineau, 180; Papineau's letters to, 144, 181-182, 191-193. Mc On Union Act, 405. Bib.: History of the Late Province of Lower Canada, from the Commencement to the Close of its Existence as a Separate Province. For biog. see Morgan, Cel. Can.

Chronicle. Newspaper, published at Halifax. Index: H Published by Wm. Annand, 75; Joseph Howe contributes to, 90-93; letters of Howe in, on Irish question, 75; Jonathan McCully editor, 186; Howe's "Botheration Scheme" articles, 186; action for libel, 188; opposes Confederation, 189; attacks Howe, 209; Howe's letter to editor of, 210-212.

Chronicle and Gazette. Newspaper published at Kingston. Index: Sy Praises Sydenham's policy, 351. BL On the debate on responsible government in the Legislature, 1841, 95; on Draper's speech, 27. Mc Question of government printing, 103.

Chrystler's Farm. Battle in War of 1812-1814, fought Nov. 11th, 1813. The scene of the fight was near the head of the Long Sault Rapids, on the St. Lawrence. Morrison commanded the British troops, about 800 men, and Boyd the Americans, numbering 1800, increased during the fight to 2400. The Americans were driven off the field. Morrison captured 100 men and a gun. The American loss was 300 men; and the British, 200 men. See also War of 1812. Bib.: Lucas, Canadian War of 1812; Kingsford, History of Canada.

Chubb. F Commandant of Fort Pemaquid, fires on Indians while under flag of truce, 331; killed, 332.

Church. Newspaper published at Toronto. Index: BL Quoted on debate on responsible government in 1841, 90; on Bagot's letter to La Fontaine, 125; opposes Baldwin's University Bill, 197; on Rebellion Losses Bill, 319-320. B Controversy with the Banner—opposes responsible government, 6.

Church of England. The first Anglican church in what is now Canada was built at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1750, when Cornwallis was governor of the province. The first see was established in 1787. Dr. Charles Inglis as bishop of Nova Scotia had charge of the whole of British North America. The first service held in Quebec was in the Ursuline Convent, September, 1759. The first Anglican bishop of the diocese of Quebec was Dr. Mountain, appointed in 1793; and in 1839 Dr. John Strachan became first bishop of Toronto. As population grew, the eastern dioceses were subdivided into nine. The see of Rupert's Land, founded 1849, was subsequently divided into Rupert's Land, Moosonee, Saskatchewan, Calgary, Mackenzie River, Qu'Appelle, Athabaska, Keewatin, and Selkirk. In 1859 was established the see of British Columbia, divided later into New Westminster and Caledonia. In 1857 the Church of England Synod was legally constituted; and after that year bishops were elected by the votes of clergy and laity in Canada. The first Church Congress was held, 1883. The General Synod of the Church in the Dominion was established, 1893, and the metropolitans of Canada and Rupert's Land were made archbishops, the first of whom were Dr. J.T. Lewis and Dr. R. Machray. Index: B And the Family Compact, 11; and the Clergy Reserves, 48-49; privileges granted under Act of 1791, 51-52; Durham's estimate of numerical strength, 52-53; recognition of its exclusive claims said by Durham to have been chief cause of Rebellion, 53; E Its claims to the Clergy Reserves under the Constitutional Act, 1791, 145, 150 et seq. R Its relations with mother church in England, 39; advantages in Canada, 39; statistics in Upper Canada, 51. Dr Allowed use of Récollet church at Montreal, 241; Jesuit church transferred to them, 242; first Anglican conference and confirmation held in Récollet church at Quebec, 242, 272. W In New Brunswick, 7. T Controls King's College, 21. Bib.: Hopkins, Canada: An Ency., vol. 2; Cross, The Anglican Episcopate and the American Colonies; Anderson, History of Church of England in the Colonies; Akins, Church of England in North American Colonies; Taylor, The Last Three Bishops Appointed by the Crown; Lowndes, Bishops of the Day; Machray, Life of Archbishop Machray; Mockridge, Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland; Champion, The Anglican Church in Canada; Wynne, The Church in Greater Britain.

Churchill, Fort. See Prince of Wales, Fort.

Churchill River. Rises in La Loche Lake, lat. 56° 10' N., long. 109° 40' W., and after a course of 1000 miles, empties into Hudson Bay. The mouth of the river was discovered by Munk, a Danish navigator, in 1619, but it was not until 1774 that its upper waters were discovered by Joseph Frobisher (q.v.), and explored by Thomas Frobisher and Alexander Henry, the Elder (q.v.), in 1775. The Churchill was formerly known under various names: Danish River, in honour of Munk; English River, so called by Frobisher; and Missinipi, the native name. Bib.: Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

Citizen. Newspaper published at Ottawa. Established, 1844. Index: Mc Newspaper, Mackenzie's obituary in, 517; urges monument to, 518.

Civil Law. Dr Importance of the question to the French population, after 1760,10-11; British authorities at Quebec find difficulty in defining, 11; attempt to enforce English law abandoned, 13; Murray establishes courts, 13; criticisms of the grand jury, 15; confusion of English and French codes, 40-41; dissatisfaction of the French-speaking inhabitants, 41; Masères suggests four plans to Carleton, 41-42; Maurice Morgan sent out to study legal situation, 43; Carleton favours the French civil code, 43; dishonest magistrates and tyrannical bailiffs, 51-54; report of Committee on Administration of Justice, 1769, 54; Ordinance of 1770, 54; French-Canadians petition for their own laws, 61; French law established by Quebec Act, 64; discussed in British Parliament, 65-68; confusion of civil procedure, 225-227. Bib.: Bourinot, Constitutional History of Canada and How Canada is Governed; Ashley, Earlier Constitutional History of Canada; Houston, Canadian Constitutional Documents.

Civil List. Sy Permanent provision for, considered necessary, 120; Sydenham asks for, 204; possible opposition to, 308. S In Upper Canada, under Simcoe, 177.

Civil Secretary. Sy Of the governor, large range of duties undertaken by, in pre-union times, 331.

Clarendon, George William Frederick Villiers, fourth Earl of (1800-1870). Ambassador at Madrid, 1833-1839; lord privy seal, 1839-1841; foreign minister, 1853-1858, 1865-1866, and 1868-1870. Index: Sy Governor-generalship of Canada tendered to, 58. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Clark, George Rogers (1752-1818). American frontier leader. Index: Hd Rebel leader, his cruel treatment of garrison of Vincennes, 168. Bib.: Campaign in the Illinois; English, Conquest of the Country North-West of the Ohio.

Clark, Peter. S Commands boat sent to meet Prince Edward, 183.

Clark, Samuel. T Rector of Gagetown, 5.

Clark, Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas. Bk Command assigned to, on Niagara frontier, 206. Hd Death of his wife, 237.

Clark, Sir William Mortimer (1836- ). Born in Aberdeen, Scotland. Educated at Marischal College, Aberdeen; studied law at the University of Edinburgh, and admitted a writer to the signet, 1859. Came to Toronto, 1859; called to the bar of Ontario, 1869. Engaged largely in financial affairs. Lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1903-1908. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Clarke, Captain. F Killed at Fort Loyal, two daughters taken to Quebec, 303.

Clarke, Sir Alured (1745-1832). Lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada, 1790-1795. Had been governor of Jamaica before coming to Canada; and after leaving the country, filled several high offices in India, finally becoming governor-general. Returned to England, 1802, and made field-marshal, 1830. Index: Dr Appointed lieutenant-governor, 249; administers government in Carleton's absence, 269; gives names to counties, 269. S Appointed lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada in absence of Dorchester, 47; Simcoe's harmonious relations with, 130. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.

Clarke, Jonathan. S Teaches school at Fredericksburg and Matilda, 167.

Claus, Colonel. Bk Command assigned to, on Niagara frontier, 206.

Clay, Henry (1777-1852). American statesman and orator. Index: Bk His confident prediction of conquest of Canada, 215. Bib.: Works, ed. by Colton, 1857; new ed., 1898; Schurz, Life of Henry Clay; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Clayoquot Sound. West coast of Vancouver Island. Index: D Natives of, attack Tonquin, 1811, and massacre crew, 37.

Clear Grits. B Leaders of the party, 39; origin of name, 40; denounced by the Globe, 40; platform, 41; significance of movement, 235. C Clamouring against institutions of Quebec, 25. E Leading members of party, 110; its platform, 111; George Brown becomes recognized leader, 112; influence of party—defection of Rolph and Cameron, 112; attack government on account of Gavazzi riots, 125; unite with Conservatives and Rouges to defeat Hincks government, 127; their strength in 1854, 134; fight for the speakership, 135; obnoxious to French-Canadians, 137; advocate secularization of Clergy Reserves, 161, 163. BL Beginnings of, 335; their programme, 341; Brown's connection with, 342. Md Struggle against religious and racial influence, 46; George Brown first opposes and later becomes leader of, 54. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years; MacKenzie, George Brown.

Clément, Pierre. Dr On causes of failure of West India Company, 149; on galley service, 215. Bib.: Histoire de Colbert; Madame de Montespan et Louis XIV.

Clergy, French-Canadian. Dr Faithful to the British government, 72, 80. Hd Illiterate but highly respected, 42; receive donations for fire sufferers, 44; refuse to believe that Canada would ever be ceded to Britain, 128; Quebec Act and, 174; Haldimand's attitude towards, 180, 181, 182; attempt to get French priests into Seminary, 187; their interest in establishment of public library, 191; alarmed at large numbers of Protestant settlers, 264.

Clergy Reserves. Md Question embitters public life of Upper Canada, 13, 28; nature and history of the dispute, 55-62; secularization of, carried out by MacNab-Morin coalition ministry, 63; Macdonald introduces bill, Oct. 17, 1854, 65; bill passed by Assembly, November 23, and by Legislative Council, Dec. 10, 65; provisions of the bill, 65-66. S Created by Constitutional Act, 12, 156. Dr Created by Constitutional Act, 267. Sy Designed for support of state church, 77; treatment of, in Durham's report, 93; conflict over, 238-244; Sydenham's plan for settlement of questions, 245-246; attitude of Reform party respecting, 246; bill recommended by governor passed and sent home for approval, 248; question settled by Imperial Parliament, 249. BL Set apart by Constitutional Act, 1791, 42; William Morris's connection with, 83; and Upper Canada College, 192; and Ryerson, 240; pressing for settlement, 339; secularization of, advocated by Clear Grits, 342; history of question, 343-349. B Taché advises French-Canadians to oppose secularization of, 48; history of question, 51-60. R Ryerson enters the controversy, 19, 26-27; endowment of established church provided for, in Act of 1791, 34-35; influence of John Strachan, 36-37; dominance of Church of England party, 38-40; extent and value of the Reserves, 47; question comes up in Legislature, 47; claims of Church of Scotland, 48-49; petition and claims referred to select committee of British House of Commons, 1827, 50; Ryerson proposes sale and appropriation of proceeds to general educational purposes, 115; Sir George Arthur proposes division among various religious bodies, 119; Ryerson's attitude towards division, 119-120. E Granted to Protestant clergy by Constitutional Act, 1791,102; Baldwin's attitude towards, 102-103; La Fontaine's attitude towards, 102-103; Canadian Legislature receives power to settle question, 119; settlement delayed, 126, 132; secularization proposed by Sicotte, 126-127; secularization a condition of MacNab-Morin coalitions, 140; history of the question, 145-169; report of select committee, 147; Imperial Act passes, 158-159; its repeal proposed by Price, 161; value of the Reserves, 161—162; provincial Legislature given power to vary or repeal Union Act, and to settle Clergy Reserves, on certain conditions, 167; bill introduced by John A. Macdonald, finally settling question, 168; terms of bill, 168. Mc Created by Constitutional Act, 70; details of, 70; Durham on, 71; Mackenzie's views on, 94-95; grievance report on, 72; Glenelg's position, 283. Bib.: Lindsey, The Clergy Reserves; Hincks's Letters in Montreal Herald, December, 1882; Dent, Last Forty Years; Bradshaw, Self-Government in Canada; Ryerson, Story of my Life; Bethune, Memoir of Bishop Strachan.

Clermont, Chevalier de. F Killed in skirmish on Beauport flats, 294.

Clermont, College of. L Laval studies at, 21.

Clinton, Sir Henry (1738-1795). Sent to America, 1775; served in the South, and with Howe at Philadelphia; succeeded him as commander-in-chief, 1778; Captured Charleston, 1780; succeeded by Sir Guy Carleton, and returned to England, 1782. Index: S Replaced as commander-in-chief by Sir Guy Carleton, 39; secures promotion for Queen's Rangers, 39. Dr Returns to England, 192. Hd In command at New York, 131; succeeded by Dorchester, 188; his efforts to bring Vermont back to allegiance to Britain, 199-200; Haldimand's report to, on Ira Allen's diplomacy, 207; Haldimand's letter to, on the policy of Vermont, 208; and his proposed proclamation to the people of, 211; Haldimand's letter on crisis in spring of 1782, 212; his list of rebels, 280; his emoluments in America, 330. Bib.: Works: Narrative of the Campaign in North America, Rejoinder to Cornwallis's Observations; Observations on Stedman's American War. For biog. see Dict. Am. Biog.; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Clitherow, John (1782-1852). Entered army, 1799; lieutenant-colonel, 1812; served in the Egyptian campaign, 1801; the Hanover campaign, 1805; the Walcheren expedition, 1809, and throughout the Peninsular War. Appointed major-general, 1830; lieutenant-general, 1841. Adminished the government of Canada after the death of Sydenham, 1841. Index: Sy Closes session of 1841, 342; senior military officer at Kingston, 342. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.

Closse, Major. L His piety, 8.

Cloutier, Zacharie. Ch Joiner, accompanies Robert Giffard to Canada, 252.

Club Démocratique. C Their appeal to the public, 26-27.

Cobb, Sylvanus (1709-1762). A native of Plymouth, Mass. Served in the expedition against Louisbourg, 1745. For some years engaged in the coast defence of Nova Scotia. Served at the second siege of Louisbourg under Amherst and Boscawen. Removed to Liverpool, Nova Scotia. Died of the plague at the siege of Havana, 1762. Bib.: Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.

Cobden, Richard (1804-1865). British statesman. Index: Sy A more advanced radical than Sydenham, 20. Bib.: Morley, Life of Richard Cobden; Dict. Nat. Biog.

Cochrane, Thomas (1777-1804). Born in Nova Scotia. A member of the English bar. Chief-justice of the Supreme Court of Prince Edward Island, 1801; judge of the King's Bench of Upper Canada, 1804. Drowned in wreck of the Speedy, while on his way to hold court. Index: Bk Drowned in foundering of the Speedy, 69. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Read, Lives of the Judges.

Cockburn, James (1819-1883). Born in Berwick-on-Tweed, England. Came to Canada, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1846. Practised his profession at Cobourg. Represented West Northumberland in the Assembly, 1861-1867; solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 1864-1867. A delegate to the Quebec Conference. After Confederation sat in the House of Commons for West Northumberland, 1867-1874, and during that time was Speaker of the House. Again elected to the House of Commons, 1878, and retained his seat until 1881, when he retired to accept the chairmanship of the commission on the consolidation of the statutes of Canada. Index: T Solicitor-general, West, delegate to Quebec Conference, 76. E Last Speaker of the House of Commons to exercise privilege of addressing the governor-general on measures of the session, 1869, 130. Bib.: Taylor, Brit. Am.; Rattray, The Scot in British North America; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Cockrel. S Establishes school at Niagara and afterwards at Ancaster, 167.

Coffin, William Foster (1808-1878). Born in Bath, England. Came to Quebec with his father, an army officer, 1813. Returned to England, 1815, and until 1824 was a student at Eton. Came back to Canada, 1830. Called to the bar, 1835. Took part in the suppression of the Rebellion of 1837. Joint sheriff of Montreal, 1840-1851. Appointed commissioner of ordnance lands, 1856, and one of the Intercolonial Railway commissioners, 1868. Held many important offices under the government of Canada and in the militia. Bib.: Works: History of the War of 1812; Three Chapters on a Triple Project; Thoughts on Defence from a Canadian Point of View; Quirks of Diplomacy. For biog., see Morgan, Annual Register, 1878.

Coke, Sir John (1563-1644). Sat in Parliament, 1621-1629; secretary of State, 1625; a commissioner of the treasury, 1635-1636. Index: Ch English Commissioner in matter of Canada, 214. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Colbert, Jean Baptiste (1619-1683). First minister to Louis XIV. Index: F Creates West India Company, 49; disapproves Frontenac's action in summoning "three estates," 67; anti-clerical tendencies, 73; Madame Maintenon's opinion of, 74; advice to Courcelles in relation to ecclesiastical power, 115; asks for particulars as regards effect of liquor traffic, 118; speaks of bishop as aiming at too much power, 119; overthrow of his commercial policy, 151. L Minister of marine and colonies, not favourable to emigration, 80; enjoins Frontenac to act with more moderation, 165; prejudiced against clergy, 170; his despatch on subject of liquor traffic, 170. Bib.: Colby, Canadian Types of the Old Régime; Chambers, Biog. Dict.

Colebrooke, Sir William Macbean George (1787-1870). After serving in the army, and as political agent in the East, became lieutenant-governor of the Bahamas, 1834-1837; governor of the Leeward Islands, 1837; and in 1841 succeeded Sir John Harvey as lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick. Afterwards governor of Barbados and the Windward Islands, 1848-1856. Index: W Appoints son-in-law as provincial secretary, New Brunswick, 76; action resented by members of government, 76-80; his unpopularity, 100-101. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick; Rattray, The Scot in British North America; Dict. Nat. Biog.

Coles, George (1810-1875). T Delegate to Quebec Conference, 77.

Collins, Francis. Mc Reports legislative debates, 106; publishes Canadian Freeman in 1825, 111; convicted of libel, 134; fined and imprisoned, 134. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.

Collver, Jabez. S Presbyterian minister, the first to come to Upper Canada, 165.

Colonial Advocate. Newspaper, published by William Lyon Mackenzie. Index: Mc Newspaper, published at Queenston, May 18, 1824, 85; reviews condition of provinces, 86, 87; topics discussed in, 94-97; reports debates, 102, 103; granted a subsidy for printing, 103; moved to York, January, 1825, 106; House refuses publication of reports in, 108; destruction of, 113; W.J. Rattray on, 116; defendants made to pay £625 damages, 129; criminal prosecution of, 130; second destruction of, 221; last issue, November, 1834, 259. BL Its extravagant language, 12; established by Mackenzie, 13; aids in consolidating Reform party, 13; its office attacked by Tories, 14-15. R Edited by W. L. Mackenzie, 64, 66; attacks Egerton Ryerson, 98.

Colonial Conference, 1894. Opened at Ottawa, June 28, with Mackenzie Bowell in the chair. Delegates present from the Imperial government, New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, Cape Colony, and Canada. Resolutions were passed in favour of an Imperial Customs Union and a Pacific Cable. Conference adjourned, July 11. See also Imperial Conference. Bib.: Proceedings of the Colonial Conference, 1894; Ewart, Kingdom of Canada.

Colonial Empire. Newspaper, published at St. John. Index: T Brings charge against government, 51.

Colonial Gazette. Newspaper, published in London. Index: Sy Publishes article on Poulett Thomson's mission to Canada, 135-141; not entirely confident of his success, 140.

Colonist. Newspaper, published in Toronto. Index: B Edited by Samuel Thompson, 4; George Sheppard, editorial writer on, 135.

Colonization. L Laval's interest in, 77; arrival of colonists from La Rochelle, 1663-1664, 77; system of apprenticeship, 77-78; Sovereign Council asks for men from north of France, 78; Bourdon brings out a ship-load of girls, 79; soldiers of Carignan Regiment come out as colonists, 79; Talon's immigration policy, 80; Colbert's opposition, 80. F Cartier's attempts at, 2; settlement at Port Royal, 6-7; at Quebec, 7-8; and the trading Companies, 19, 28; of Montreal, 33-34; marriageable girls sent out, 57. Ch Character of, in New France, 143-147; by Company of New France, 168-169. D Impetus to, from western side, 2.

Coltman, W. B. A merchant of Quebec, and lieutenant-colonel in the militia. Sent by Governor Sherbrooke, 1816, to Red River, to investigate dispute between the Hudson's Bay and the North West Companies. Index: MS Sent to Red River to investigate troubles, 195; his report, 196.

Columbia. D Hudson's Bay Company, vessel, 183.

Columbia Fur Company. D Organized, 1822, by recruits from the North West Company, 134. See also Astor; Astor Fur Company.

Columbia River. Rises in Upper Columbia Lake, lat. 50° 10', long. 115° 50', and flows into Pacific Ocean. Total length about 1150 miles. Its mouth was discovered by Robert Gray, of Boston, May, 1792, and named by him after his vessel. It was first reached overland by Lewis and Clark, in 1805; and first explored throughout its entire length by David Thompson, of the North West Company, 1807-1811. Its principal branch is the Kootenay. Index: D Carver's "River of Oregon," 19; Russian colony projected at, 44; named by Gray, 57; Fraser raised mistaken for, 59; Lewis and Clark on, 67.

Comfort, Thomas. Mc Aids Mackenzie's escape, 384.

Commerce. Bk In Upper Canada, 50. See also Trade.

Commercial Union. Complete and entire free trade with the United States, first proposed by Ira Gould, before Montreal Board of Trade, February, 1852. (See Montreal Gazette, Feb. 18-22, 1852.) The question was repeatedly discussed in succeeding years, down to 1890, in and out of Parliament, and for a time was adopted by the Liberal party as a trade policy, but abandoned before they came into power in 1896. Index: Md Brought forward by Liberals as an alternative to protection, 261-262; history of the movement, 291-292; the Commercial Union League, 293-298. See also Unrestricted reciprocity; Reciprocity; Zollvrein. Bib.: Canadian Emancipation and Commercial Union; Adam, Handbook of Commercial Union; Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party; Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.

Commissariat Department. S Abuses in, 212.

Company of Canada (Merchant Adventurers of Canada). Organized by David Kirke, and chartered by Charles I, to exploit the fur trade of the St. Lawrence. The restoration of Canada to France in 1632 brought the operations of Kirke, Sir William Alexander, and their associates to an untimely end. Index: Ch Letters patent granted to, 176. Bib.: Douglas, Old France in the New World; Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada.

Company of De Caën. Organized by William de Caën and his nephew Emery, merchants of Rouen. Monopoly granted the company on usual terms as to settlement, missionaries, etc., 1621. Absorbed Champlain's Company, 1622, and the united Companies carried on trade until 1633. Index: Ch Organized, 130-132; rivalry with Company of Rouen, 133-137; amalgamation of two companies, 136-137. Bib.: Biggar, Early Trading Companies of New France; Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Company of New France (Compagnie des Cent-Associés). Established, 1627, by Cardinal Richelieu, on the advice of Isaac de Razilly. A monopoly of fifteen years was granted, with full ownership of the entire valley of the St. Lawrence, in return for which the Company was to take out three hundred colonists every year up to 1643. No serious effort was made to carry out this obligation, although the Company continued to enjoy its monopoly until 1663. Index: L Resigns its charter, 41; renders assistance to missions, 50; succeeded by the West India Company, 145. Ch Established, 169; list of directors, 170; documents relating to, 171; sends out four vessels, 172; equips ships to retake Quebec, 213; terms of grant to, 222; bears expense of Jesuit mission stations, 228; sincerely interested in conversion of savages and progress of colonization, 244; special committee for its financial affairs, 244; appoints Champlain governor, 244. F Created by Cardinal Richelieu, 19; colonists sent out by, 28; cedes some of its rights to colonists, 36; new arrangement works badly, 37; surrenders all its powers to the king, 1663, 49; its failure to fulfil its engagements, 55. E Creates seigniories, 175. Bib.: Biggar, Early Trading Companies of New France; Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Company of Notre Dame de Montreal. L Consecrates the island of Montreal to the Virgin, 85; makes over its rights to the Seminary of St. Sulpice, in 1663, 108, 135; its debts discharged by De Belmont, 135.

Company of Rouen and St. Malo (Champlain's Company). Established at the instance of Champlain, in 1614. The shares were divided among the merchants of Rouen and St. Malo. The terms of their charter required the Company to bring out colonists, but as usual they did not take this obligation very seriously. They did, however, make one notable addition to the population of New France, for in the spring of 1617 they brought out Louis Hébert and his family. Hébert's experience as a colonist was not such as to encourage others to follow his example. The Company's monopoly was cancelled in 1620. Index: Ch Formed by Champlain, 122; its chief members, 122; terms of its charter, 122; pays large salary to the Prince de Condé, 122; Champlain has trouble with 123, 125; the king intervenes on his behalf, 126; colonists to be brought out, 127-129; absorbed by Company of De Caën, 130, 137; conflict with new Company, 133-137. Bib.: Biggar, Early Trading Companies of New France; Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Company of the West Indies (Compagnie des Indes Occidentales). Chartered by Louis XIV, 1664, following the cancellation of the charter of the Company of New France. Its field of operations was enormous, covering the west coast of Africa, the east coast of South America from the Amazon to the Orinoco, Canada, Acadia, and Newfoundland. The Christianization of the native tribes was given as the principal object of the Company, commerce being of only secondary importance. Despite its many privileges, and the readiness with which its stock was subscribed, it did not prosper, and by 1672 was hopelessly in debt. Three years later its charter was revoked, so far as Canada was concerned. Index: L Resigns its charter, 145. E Creates seigniories, 175. Bib.: Douglas, Old France in the New World; Parkman, Old Régime.

Condé, Prince Henri de (1588-1646). Ch Licenses three vessels to trade in St. Lawrence, 78; letter to, in Champlain's Quatrième Voyage, 79; contributes to building of Récollet Convent, 117; source of trouble to the colony, 122; incarcerated for conspiracy, 122; released, and transfers his commission to the Duke of Montmorency, 127. F Lieutenant-general of New France, 12. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Confederation. The first definite step in the movement looking towards the union of the British North American colonies, was the Charlottetown Conference, 1864. Delegates from the three Maritime Provinces met to consider the union of those provinces. At the Conference, delegates from Canada (constituting what are now the provinces of Ontario and Quebec) appeared, and urged the broadening of the discussion to cover all the provinces. Out of this meeting grew the Quebec Conference, of the same year, attended by delegates from Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland; the two latter subsequently withdrew from the movement. The Quebec Conference drew up a series of resolutions, which were made the basis of the final legislation. In 1866 delegates from the provinces met at the Westminster Hotel in London, and framed the British North America Act. The Act was passed by the Imperial Parliament, and received the queen's assent, March, 1867. It was proclaimed throughout the new Dominion of Canada, July 1, 1867. Manitoba was created a province, July 15, 1870. British Columbia joined the union, July 20, 1871; and Prince Edward Island, July 1, 1873. The provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were created Sept. 1, 1905. Index: Mc Mackenzie advocates, 104-105; Robinson reports on, 105. T History of, 59-71, 73-87; defeated in New Brunswick, 89-110; accepted by New Brunswick, 111-125; completion of, 127-132. Md History of the movement, 93; outlined by Durham, 93-95; principle adopted by British American League, 95; and by Legislature of Nova Scotia, 95; advocated by Howe and Haliburton, 96; in speech from throne, 1858, 96; Galt's speech, 96; Cartier, Galt, and Rose confer with Imperial government, 96-97; growth of the movement, 97-100; attitude of Macdonald and George Brown, 100-103; the Charlottetown Conference, 104; Quebec Conference, 104-114; legislative versus federal union, 106-110; resolution of Quebec Conference debated in Parliament, 118-119; passed by Assembly, 120; mission sent to England to confer with home government on this and other questions, 120-121; Imperial government strongly in favour of, 121; supported by Brown in Globe, 123; Monck's impatience over delays, 123-124; Macdonald's reply, 124; Westminster Conference, 125-127; British North America Act passed and receives royal assent, 127; Macdonald's letter to Lord Knutsford, 128-129; opposition to Confederation, 129; negotiations with Newfoundland, 146-147; and Prince Edward Island, 147-149; and British Columbia, 149-150. Sy Favoured at first by Lord Durham, afterwards deemed impracticable, 120. H J. W. Johnstone's speech in favour of, 174; Joseph Howe's attitude towards, 180-182, 185, 186; opposition to, 186-192; abandons opposition, 214-216; advocated by Sir Charles Tupper, 186-189; opposed by Halifax Chronicle, 189. C Cartier's connection with, 55-65; Cartier insists on federal principle, 57-58; Macdonald favours legislative union, 57; Canadian constitution compared with that of the United States, 58-61; weak points of the former, 61-62; its advantages, 62-63; opposed in Quebec, 63-64. E Only feasible solution of difficulties arising out of Union Act, 118. B Ardently championed by George Brown, x, xi; indirectly promoted by United States Civil War, xi; the British American League advocates, 38; McGee on, 129-130; founders of movement, 129; George Brown and, 130-132, 137-138, 139; Reform Conventions of 1857 and 1859 discuss question, 131, 135-138, 208, 217; Galt advocates federal union, 132-133; step towards, 133; question of defence one of forces tending towards, 142; events leading up to, 147-161; the Quebec Conference, 163-166; approval of British government, 167; the debate in Parliament, 169-179, 181-185; Quebec Resolutions passed, 185; the mission to England, 186; the question in the Maritime Provinces, 187-188; attitude of Brown and the Reform party, 199-210; first and greatest step in process of expansion, 264. BL The Toronto Church proposes federal union of all British North American provinces, 125. P Papineau's opposition to, 199. See also Charlottetown Conference; Quebec Conference; Westminster Conference; Macdonald; Tupper; Brown; Howe; Cartier. Bib.: Whelan, Union of the British Provinces; Cauchon, Union of British North American Provinces; Howe, Organization of the Empire; McGee, Two Speeches on Union of the Provinces; Hamilton, Union of the Colonies of British North America; Pope, Confederation Documents; Rawlings, Confederation of the British North American Provinces; Parliamentary Debates on Confederation, 1865; Bourinot, Constitutional History of Canada. References to pamphlet and other material on this subject will be found in Johnson, First Things in Canada.

Congrégation de Notre Dame. F Montreal, established, 29.

Congress, United States. Dr Address of, to French-Canadians, 71, 77; action of, at Philadelphia, 77; sends commission to inquire into military situation of Canada, 135; its action in the Asgill case, 199. Hd Meets at Concord, 102; rumour of French and Spanish treaty with, 124; its designs against Canada, 129, 130, 132, 319; its attitude towards Vermont, 198, 199, 201-209, 211, 214-216; defeat of its troops celebrated in Quebec, 223; its interests, and that of army opposed, 225; passes laws against Loyalists, 252; sends ambassador to Canada, 259; slow to fulfil treaty, 260; addresses Canadians, 276.

Conkling, Senator Roscoe (1829-1888). American statesman. Index: B Favourable to proposed Reciprocity Treaty of 1864, 230-231.

Connecticut. F Takes part in expedition against Montreal, 279.

Connell, Charles. T Resigns as postmaster-general, New Brunswick, 49-51; runs for Carleton County in Confederation interest, 89; member of Mitchell government, 105; elected for Carleton County, 107.

Connolly, William. MS Chief factor, Hudson's Bay Company, 1825, 224; his family, 224. D Succeeds Stuart in New Caledonia, 1824, 99; his native wife, and family, 99.

Conolly, William. Dr Of Stratton Hall, Staffordshire; member of Parliament and privy councillor, 30; his powerful influence exerted on behalf of Guy Carleton and his brother, 30; Wolfe alludes to his death, 1754, as "a deadly blow to the Carletons," 30.

Connor, George Skeffington. Born in Ireland. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Came to Canada, 1832, with William Hume Blake. Settled on a farm near Lake Simcoe. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1842. Sat in the Assembly as a Reformer, 1859-1862; judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1863. Died in Toronto, 1863. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges.

Conseil Souverain. See Sovereign Council.

Conservative Party. B Organized by Sir John A. Macdonald, out of old Tory party, 69; its debt to Canada First Association, 241. Bib.: Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Constitution. Mc Newspaper, Mackenzie starts, 320; destroyed by mob, 321; draft constitution of provisional government published in, 356.

Constitutional Act, 1791. The Act was designed to harmonize the conflicting interests of French and English by dividing Quebec into two provinces,—Upper and Lower Canada,—thereby giving to each a larger control of its own local affairs. It established in each province a Legislative Council, appointed by the crown for life, and a Legislative Assembly, elected by the people. See other constitutional acts: Quebec Act, 1774; Union Act, 1840; British North America Act, 1867. Index: E Racial and political difficulties arising out of, 17, 18; Clergy Reserves granted by, 102, 119, 145, 150, 151, 158. C Its weak points, 6; constitution suspended after Rebellion of 1837, 11; its faults exposed by Durham, 12-13. B Clergy Reserves originate in, 51, 52. Sy A fatal compromise, 68; meant to confer privileges of British constitution, 73; its actual operation, 74-84; greatly increases power of French majority in Lower Canada, 72, 80. S Introduction of, 1; discussion of, 5-9; passed, 10; provisions of, 10-12; its far-reaching effects, 13; put in force by proclamation, 48. R Its terms and how they were applied, 29-35; Clergy Reserves, 46-47; Ryerson's interpretation of, on question of established church, 78; its effect on religious questions, 103. BL Its terms, 6-7; Pitt and Burke on, 6; Grenville on, 7; Simcoe on, 7; its results, 8; intended to obviate racial conflict, 8; makes landed provision for Church of England, 42, 343-344. P Divides Canada into two provinces, 21; its shortcomings, 21-23; abuse of personal power under, 24; constitution suspended, 25; suspension recommended by Sir James Craig, 29; Papineau's eulogy of, in 1820, 34-38. Mc Its objects, 48, 49; debate on the bill, 49, 50; handiwork of Pitt, 51; germ of the federal system, 51; divided Canada into two provinces, 52; created Legislative Assembly, 52; created Legislative Council, 52; created Executive Council, 53; General Simcoe on, 54; Goldwin Smith on, 54; Durham's commentary on, 53, 56; recommends revision of, 57; provisions creating Clergy Reserves, 70; effect on parliamentary rule summarized, 71, 72; Mackenzie declares war against, 72; silent on question of executive responsibility, 80; evils of system of government summarized, 73-75; Durham on evils of, 76, 77. Bib.: Bourinot, Parliamentary Procedure and Government and Manual of the Constitutional History of Canada; Houston, Canadian Constitutional Documents; Dominion Archives Report, 1890; Watson, Constitutional History of Canada; Durham, Report; Bradshaw, Self-Government in Canada; Egerton and Grant, Selected Speeches and Despatches relating to Canadian Constitutional History; Kingsford, History of Canada; Shortt and Doughty, Constitutional Documents of Canada.

Constitutional Associations. Sy Of Quebec and Montreal, their aims, 112; send delegations to Upper Canada and to England to urge union of the provinces, 112.

Constitutional Reform Society. BL Organized in Upper Canada, July 16, 1836. Dr William Baldwin, president, Francis Hincks, secretary, 42; its programme, 42.

Cook, Dr. Henry. T Tilley in his service, 7.

Cook, Captain James (1728-1779). Served in Canada during siege of Quebec, 1759. Discovered New Zealand, 1769, and New South Wales, 1770. In his famous voyage of 1776-1778, explored the north-west coast of America. Returning the following year, murdered by the natives of Owhyhee or Hawaii, in the Sandwich Islands. Index: D At Nootka, 14; motive of his voyage to North-West Coast, 17; his skill, courage, and endurance, 19; search for North-West passage, 19; his voyage of 1778, 20; refits his ship at Nootka, 20; names the Sound, 20; denies existence of Fonte's and De Fuca's channels, 21; discovers and names Prince William's Sound and Cook's Inlet, 21; visits Unalaska, 21; sails through and names Bering Strait, 21; reaches the Arctic, 21; killed by natives, at Sandwich Islands, Feb. 14, 1779, 21; his narrative published, 1784, 21. Bib.: Voyage to the Pacific Ocean. For biog., see Besant, Captain Cook; Laut, Vikings of the Pacific; Dict. Nat. Biog.

Cook River. D Named by Captain Cook, 21; Captain Douglas there in 1788, 27, 28.

Coote's Paradise. Bk Early name of Hamilton, 52. See also Hamilton.

Copenhagen, Battle of (1801). Bk Description of, 25-31; bombardment of, and capture of Danish fleet, 106.

Coppermine River. Rises in a small lake, a little west of long. 110°, and south of lat. 66°, and after a course of 525 miles flows into Coronation Gulf, on the Arctic coast of Canada. It was discovered by Samuel Hearne, 1771; and subsequently visited by Sir John Franklin, 1821; Sir John Richardson, 1848; and later travellers. Index: D Discovered by Hearne, 51. MS Discovered by Samuel Hearne, 3, 31. See Hearne. Bib.: Hearne, Journey from Prince of Wales Fort to the Frozen Ocean; Franklin, Journey to the Polar Sea; Richardson, Arctic Searching Expedition.

Coquart, Claude-Godefroy. Jesuit missionary. Accompanied La Vérendrye on his Western explorations, 1741, but got no farther than Michilimackinac. His letter, quoted by Margry, throws an interesting light on La Vérendrye's explorations.

Coram, Joseph. T Runs for St. John County as Anti-Confederate, 85; a leading Orangeman, 86; defeated in St. John County, 109.

Corbière, Captain. WM Killed in battle of Ste. Foy, 264.

Corlaer. See Schenectady. Index: F Indian name for governors of New York, 253.

Corn Laws. Sy Their repeal advocated by Poulett Thomson, 37, 40, 52. B Their effect on Canadian industries, 15, 31, 32.

Cornwall Canal. BL Construction of, provided for by government in 1841, 98. Bib.: Keefer, Canals of Canada (R. S. C., 1893); Mme. L. N. Rhéaume, Origin of Cornwall and Williamsburg Canal (Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa, Trans.).

Cornwallis, Charles, first Marquis (1738-1805). Served in American Revolutionary War; won victory at Camden over Gates, 1780, and in 1781 defeated Greene at Guildford. In 1781 hemmed in at Yorktown between the American army and the French fleet, and forced to surrender. Governor-general and commander-in-chief of Bengal, 1786-1793. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1798; British plenipotentiary to negotiate peace of Amiens, 1801. Five years later again returned to India as governor-general, and died at Ghazeepore. Index: Bk British plenipotentiary in negotiating peace of Amiens, 30. Dr Surrender at Yorktown, 191. Hd His capitulation, 211-212, 297. Bib.: Cornwallis, Despatches; Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Johnston, Yorktown Campaign; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Cornwallis, Edward. Born, 1812. Member of the British House of Commons for Eyre, 1749. Appointed governor of Nova Scotia, 1749. Sailed from England with 2576 emigrants and on July 2, 1749, reached the harbour of Chebucto, the site of the present city of Halifax. His administration marked by energetic measures against the discontented Acadians. Returned to England, 1752. Elected to the House of Commons for Westminster, 1753; major-general, 1759; subsequently governor of Gibraltar. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.

Corpo, Father. L Dies a martyr, 62.

Correspondent and Advocate. Newspaper. Index: Mc Newspaper, published by Dr. O'Grady, 259.

Corrupt Practices. BL Bill in reference to, introduced, 99; excites great public attention, 99; passed by Assembly, but rejected by Legislative Council, 100.

Corvée. Hd Ancient French custom, 122; used in transporting provisions to upper posts, 140; complaint against Haldimand's use of, 182, 291; MacLean asks for decrease of, 306.

Cosmos, Amor de. D Editor of British Colonist, 271; bitter opponent of Sir James Douglas, 306-307; his character, 306; his tribute to Douglas, 307-308; advocates union of colonies, 308. Bib.: Begg, History of British Columbia.

Costa, Francis. S Naval officer, Upper Canada, 178.

Costigan, John, (1835- ). Represented Victoria in New Brunswick Legislature, 1861-1866; elected to Dominion House of Commons, 1867; interested himself in questions of Roman Catholic schools of New Brunswick, and Irish home-rule. Minister of inland revenue, 1882; secretary of state, 1892; minister of marine and fisheries, 1894. Index: C Demands disallowance of New Brunswick Act abolishing separate schools, 73, 77; demands amendment of constitution to secure separate schools for New Brunswick Roman Catholics, 77. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Côte Ste. Geneviève. WM Slope to the north of Plains of Abraham, 186, 252.

Côteau du Lac. Hd Canal at, 185.

Coton, Father. Ch Jesuit provincial, accepts proposals of Récollets, 151.

Couillard, Guillaume. Ch Early settler, 145.

Couillard, Henry. Ch Captain of the Don de Dieu, 39.

Couillard, Jacques. Ch An interpreter, 144.

Council. See Legislative Council; Executive Council; Sovereign Council.

Council of Assiniboia. Appointed by the Hudson's Bay Company, for the government of the colonists in their territory. The first meeting was held Feb. 12, 1835, with Sir George Simpson as president. Bishop Taché, Alexander Christie, Alexander Ross, Cuthbert Ross, and ten others formed the Council. The Council, among other useful work, organized a volunteer corps for defensive and police purposes; divided the settlements into four districts with a magistrate for each; and made provision for a public building. Index: MS Established by Hudson's Bay Company, 223; its character, 223; Simpson head of, 244. Bib.: Begg, History of the North-West; Bryce, Manitoba; Hargrave, Red River; Ross, Red River Settlement.

County Courts. Sy Act passed establishing, 339.

Courcelles, Daniel de Rémy, Sieur de. Governor of Canada, 1665-1672. His tenure of office marked by an unsuccessful expedition against the Iroquois, and a long and acrimonious dispute with Laval and the Jesuits. The Marquis de Tracy was viceroy over all the French possessions in America during a portion of the governorship of De Courcelles; and Talon was twice intendant of New France during the same period. Index: F Governor of Canada, 50; arrives at Quebec, 51; moves against Iroquois, 52; character, 54; expedition to Cataraqui, 59; recalled, 60. L Appointed governor, 51; stands godfather to converted Iroquois chief, 65; arrival of, 79; his high character, 81; executes justice on certain murderers, 82, 83; leads expedition as far as Cataraqui, 83; plans erection of a fort at that point, 84; returns to France, 143. Bib.: Douglas, Old France in the New World; Parkman, Old Régime; Sulte, Régiment de Carignan (R.S.C., 1902).

Coureurs de bois. WM Described, 17, 18; furnished recruits to militia, 31; summoned to defend the hornwork, 206. Hd Stir up Indians against British, 55. F Created by policy of trading companies, 37; two classes of, 88; Frontenac instructed to repress, 89; twelve captured, 99; one hanged, 100; king's decision respecting, 125; difficulty in enforcing the law, 127; amnesty granted on certain conditions, 127; punishments prescribed for offenders, 128. L Mentioned, 158; decree against, 159. D Their character, 52. Bib.: See General Index, R. S. C.; Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast; Parkman, Old Régime.

Courier. Newspaper published at Brantford. Established, 1834. Index: Mc Newspaper, Mackenzie's obituary in, 515.

Courier, Upper Canada. Mc Publishes doggerel abuse of Assembly, 165.

Courtemanche, De. F Sent to Michilimackinac, 310. WM Goes to island of Orleans to prepare ambuscade, 90; slight success of, 92.

Courts of Justice. Dr Established, 13; not satisfactory to Canadians, 41; reform of, 54.

Courval, De. WM Directs movements of fire rafts, 130.

Couture, Guillaume. Born in Normandy, 1608. Came to Canada, 1640. Two years later, on his way to the Huron country with Father Jogues (q.v.), they were captured by the Iroquois, and carried off to their villages, where they were tortured. Couture escaped a worse fate by being adopted into an Iroquois family. In 1661 accompanied Fathers Dablon and Drouillette (q.v.) on an expedition towards Hudson Bay. Threatened by an Iroquois war-party, however, they got no farther than Lake Necouba, and retreated down the Saguenay to Tadoussac. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime.

Cowlitz. D Hudson's Bay Company vessel, 183.

Cox, Ross. Went to Astoria on the Beaver in 1811-1812 as an employee of the Pacific Fur Company. When Astoria was transferred to the North West Company, joined that Company. Spent five years on the Columbia, and returned to the East overland. His narrative formed one of the principal sources of Irving's Astoria, and is a valuable account of the fur trade on the Pacific coast. Bib.: Adventures on the Columbia River. For biog., see Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

Craig, Sir James (1748-1812). Distinguished himself at Lexington and Bunker Hill, in American Revolutionary War. Appointed governor of Jersey, 1793; and governor of the Cape, 1795. Sent to India two years later; and in 1807 governor-general of Canada, retiring in 1811. Index: PGovernor-general of Canada, 27; his prejudice against French-Canadians, 28; suppresses Le Canadien, and sends its contributors to jail, 28-29; advises that bishop of Quebec be deprived of appointment of parish priests, suspension of constitution of 1791, union of Upper and Lower Canada, and confiscation of Sulpicians' estates, 29, 159; his administration, 30-31. Bk Governor-general and commander-in-chief, 90, 91; distrusts French-Canadians, 91; changes name "Brock's battery" to "King's battery," 94; his hesitation as to issuing arms to French-Canadian militia, 102, 103; gives his reasons, 103; his speech at opening of Legislature conciliatory, 104; cancels commissions of Lieutenant-Colonel J. A. Panet and others, 105; dissolves Assembly, 116; popular with the Anti-Canadian party, 116; calls for reinforcements, 118; uses military labour in road making, 125; dissolves the Assembly, 127; seizes Canadien newspaper and arrests its proprietors, 127; makes other arrests in Montreal district, 128; his proclamation defending British government, 128; sends Ryland to London, 129; expresses very unfavourable opinion of French-Canadians, 129; praises Legislative Council, 130; releases Bédard, 145; breakdown of his health, 147, 155; gives his favourite horse "Alfred" to Brock, 156; leaves Canada, 156; appearance and character, 156. E His shortcomings as a colonial governor, 1, 19. BL His "blundering patriotism" as governor, 17. Bib.: Rattray, The Scot in British North America; Dict. Eng. Hist.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Cramahé, Hector Theophilus. Dr Member of Council, sent by Murray on mission to England, 16; replaces Carleton during his absence from Canada, 59; declines to decide question of an Assembly, 61; lieutenant-governor under Carleton, and member of Council, 90; refuses to receive Arnold's summons for surrender of Quebec, 111; his fear of traitors within the walls, 114; improves fortifications, 117; his careful administration during Carleton's absence, 159. Hd Haldimand solicits good offices of, 111; entertainment given by, 224; personal relations with Haldimand, 313. Bib.: Kingsford, History of Canada.

Cramoisy, Sebastien. Ch One of the Hundred Associates (Company of New France), 171.

Crane, William. W Delegate to England to represent New Brunswick grievances, 41, 45; again sent to England by Assembly, 46; appointed to Council, 69; resigns, 72.

Crawford, Isabella Valancy (1851-1887). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada at age of five. Lived at Peterborough, Ontario. Collected volume of her Poems published, 1905, with biographical and critical introduction by Ethelwyn Wetherald.

Crawford, John Willoughby (1817-1875). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada, 1824; studied law and called to the bar, 1824. Sat in the Legislative Assembly for East Toronto, 1861-1863; represented South Leeds in the House of Commons, 1867-1873; lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1873-1875. Died at Government House, Toronto. Index: B Defeats George Brown in East Toronto, 1861, 141. Bib.: Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada.

Crawford, Colonel. Hd Leader in attack on Moravian Indians, 171.

Crawley, Edmund Albern (1799-1880). Graduated from King's College, Windsor; studied law under James W. Johnstone, and called to the bar, 1882. One of the leaders of the Baptist Church in Nova Scotia; entered the ministry; and became the principal founder of Acadia College. Index: H Halifax lawyer—becomes a Baptist and enters ministry, 77; Dalhousie College refuses to appoint him to professorship, 81. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Hill, Forty Years with the Baptist Ministers and Churches of the Maritime Provinces of Canada.

Credit River. Rises in Caledon Mountains, and enters Lake Ontario, fourteen miles west of Toronto. Index: Bk Tract of land on, purchased by Lieutenant-Governor Hunter from Indians, 65. See also Ryerson.

Cree Indians. An important Algonquian tribe, formerly ranging throughout what are now the provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, and north-eastwards to Hudson Bay. First mentioned in Jesuit Relations, 1640, 1661, and 1667, and in the early journals of the Hudson's Bay Company. They formed an alliance with the Assiniboines, formerly of Siouan stock, and carried their raids against hostile tribes westwards to the Rocky Mountains, and north to the Mackenzie River. In 1776 they numbered about 15,000, but were reduced by smallpox in 1786, and again in 1838. By the end of the nineteenth century they had again regained their former numbers. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of American Indians; Harmon, Journal; Mackenzie, Voyages.

Creek Indians. A confederacy of the Muskhogean family. Known to the English as occupying what are now the states of Alabama and Florida. First visited by the Spaniards, under De Soto, in 1540. As a result of the Creek War, in 1813-1814, they were removed by the American government to Indian Territory, between 1835 and 1840. Index: Hd War with, 69; character of, 70; their raids in Georgia, 91; Gage's opinion of, 98. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.

Creighton, John (1794-1878). Born in Nova Scotia. Called to the bar, 1816, and created Q. C. by royal warrant, 1845. Sat in the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia, 1830-1850. Called to the Legislative Council, 1859, and elected Speaker, 1875.

Crémazie, Octave (1827-1879). His life a peculiarly sad one. Having made a failure of his business as a bookseller in Quebec, went to France, and died there in poverty. One of the founders of the Institut Canadien of Quebec; and contributed for some years to the Soirées Canadiennes and other periodicals. His poetical works published, 1882, under the patronage of the Institut Canadien, with an introduction by Abbé Casgrain. Bib.: [OE]uvres Complètes, Montreal, 1882. For biog., see Casgrain, Biog.; Gagnon, Quelques Notes sur O. Crémazie in Revue Canadienne, vol. 49; also articles in same review by Abbé Casgrain (vol. 31); and by Abbé Degagné (vol. 30).

Crillon, Count Edward de. Bk His connection with the John Henry letters, 186, 187; discovered to be an impostor, 188.

Criminal Law of England. Dr Established by Quebec Act, 64. BL Amendments of 1841 to reduce its severity, 99.

Crisacy, Marquis Antoine de. F Conducts expedition for restoration of Fort Frontenac, 341.

Crooks, Adam (1827-1885). Son of James Crooks; born at West Flamboro, Ontario. Educated at Upper Canada College and the University of Toronto. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1851. Contested West Toronto for the Assembly, 1867, but defeated; elected, 1871; defeated in East Toronto, 1875, but shortly afterwards elected for South Oxford. Attorney-general, 1871-1872; provincial treasurer, 1872-1877, to which was added in 1876 the portfolio of education; minister of education, 1877-1883. Retired on account of ill-health. Died in Hartford, Conn. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.

Crooks, James (1778-1860). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, 1794, and settled at Niagara. Engaged in mercantile life. Commanded a company of militia during the War of 1812-1814. Shortly after the close of the war removed to West Flamboro. Helped in the suppression of the Rebellion of 1837. For twenty-five years a member of the Legislative Councils of Upper Canada and Canada. Died in West Flamboro. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years.

Crosby, Thomas. D Methodist missionary—arrives, 1862, 270; opens school at Nanaimo, 1863, 270; removes to Port Simpson, 1876, 270.

Crown Point. West side of Lake Champlain. Fort Frédéric was built here in 1731; rebuilt, 1734; and strengthened, 1742. It was blown up by Bourlamaque, 1759, to prevent its falling into the hands of the British; and the same year Amherst built a fort about two hundred yards west of the site of Fort Frédéric. This fort was captured, 1775, by Ethan Allen's men; recaptured by Carleton the following year. Under the terms of the treaty of Paris, 1783, Crown Point became American territory. See Arnold; Allen; Abercrombie; Montgomery. Index: Dr Seized by Americans, 82; Arnold in his retreat burns houses at, 156. Hd Haldimand commands battalion of Abercrombie's expedition by way of, 17; fort built by Amherst at, 28; Haldimand asks that pay be allowed for, 90; vessels cruise up the lake to, 125; settlements near, to be destroyed, 137; St. Leger sent to occupy, 211. Bib.: Crockett, History of Lake Champlain; Smith, Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe.

Crow's Nest Pass. Discovered in the latter sixties by a trapper, Michael Phillips, formerly in the employ of the Hudson's Bay Company. The pass took its name from Crow's Nest Mountain, which is named Loge des Corbeaux on one of the maps accompanying Palliser's Report, 1859. The original Cree name, of which these are translations, is Kah-ka-ioo-wut-tshis-tun. Bib.: Dawson, Crow's Nest Pass (Geol. Survey, 1885); McTavish, The Climb of Crow's Nest Mountain in Canadian Alpine Journal, 1907.

Cudlip, John W. T Anti-Confederate candidate in St. John County, 85; defeated in St. John County, 109.

Cumberland, Richard (1732-1811). English dramatist. Index: Hd Asked to select books for the Quebec library, 191. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of (1721-1765). Second son of George II. Commanded British armies in Flanders and Hanover. Index: Hd Interested in raising Swiss and German regiment in America, 9.

Cumberland House. Hudson's Bay Company post. Index: MS Built by Samuel Hearne, on Pine Island Lake, or Sturgeon Lake, in 1774, 4; rival establishment of Montreal traders, 4.

Cunard, Sir Samuel (1787-1865). Born in Halifax. His practical training fitted him for the important rôle he was to fill in the evolution of ocean shipping. Watched closely the early attempts to cross the Atlantic by steam, and when in 1838 the British government invited tenders for carrying the mails between Liverpool, Halifax, and Boston, immediately sailed for England and laid before the Admiralty his carefully-matured plans for a line of steamships. Succeeded in enlisting the support of several big shipping firms in England, and had no difficulty in securing the contract. So originated the Cunard company, which from an initial fleet of four vessels of 1200 tons each and 440 horse-power has grown to its present gigantic proportions. Was one of the owners of the Royal William (q.v.). Made a baronet, 1859. Index: H Establishes steamship line between Halifax and Great Britain, 234; makes New York western terminal of his line, 234. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Johnson, First Things in Canada, under Steam Communication.

Cuoq, Jean-André (1821-1901). Entered the Sulpician order in 1843, and came to Canada two years later. Devoted his life to a minute study of the languages of the Algonquian and Iroquois tribes, and became one of the leading authorities on the subject. Bib.: Works; Jugement Erroné de M. Ernest Renan sur Quelques Langues Sauvages de l'Amérique; Livre des Sept Nations; Etudes Philolgiques sur Quelques Langues Sauvages de l'Amérique; Lexique de la Langue Iroquoise; Lexique de la Langue Algonquine, Anotc-Kekon. For biog., see Trans. R. S. C., 1902, I, 127-128; Morgan, Can. Men.

Curacies, permanent (curés fixes). F Question of, 165, 190.

Currency. The British authorities passed an ordinance in 1764 by which the French Louis d'or and crown were kept in circulation. First step for a revision of the currency was taken, 1795, when an Act was passed fixing standard of values. So-called "army bills" were issued and used between 1812 and 1820. In 1871 an Act was passed by the Dominion Parliament establishing a uniform currency. Index: E Decimal system introduced by La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 86, L In New France, 123. S Act respecting, in Upper Canada, 94-95; insufficient supply of, a great drawback, 111. Bib.: Johnson, First Things in Canada; Weir, Sixty Years in Canada.

Curry, Thomas. One of the first fur traders from Montreal to reach the Saskatchewan, about 1771. Preceded by James Finlay (q.v.). Index: MS Leaves Montreal for western fur country, 3. Bib.: Mackenzie, General History of the Fur Trade in his Voyages to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans; Burpee, Hendry's Journal (R. S. C., 1907); Cocking's Journal (R. S. C., 1908).

Customs. S Arrangement with Lower Canada respecting revenue of, 93. W Maintained in New Brunswick by British government, 16; changes in system, 16-18.

Cuthbert, James Ross. Bk Of Berthier, forms a volunteer company, from inhabitants of his seigniory, 95; an intimate friend of Brock, 95; his zeal appreciated by Sir James Craig, 96. Sy Member of Special Council, opposes union of the Canadas, 193. BL Supports Papineau and popular party, 20. P Seignior of Berthier—supports Papineau in his opposition to proposed union of the Canadas in 1822, 46. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Cuvillier, Augustin. Entered public life in 1815 as member for Huntingdon, which he represented almost continuously up to 1844. Speaker of Assembly, 1841-1844. Died, 1849. Index: BL Nominated by Reformers as Speaker of Legislature, 1841, 86; member for Huntingdon, 86; his political views, 86; carries petition to Imperial government, 86; votes against "Ninety-Two Resolutions," 86; government inclined to accept his nomination, but tactics of Reformers make this impossible, 87; elected Speaker, 88. P Delegate to England to present grievances of French-Canadians, 63; withdraws his support of Papineau, 86; loses his seat in Assembly, 102. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.

Dablon, Claude (1619-1697). Born at Dieppe. Educated at Paris and La Flèche; joined Canadian mission, 1655; accompanied Chaumonot to Onondaga territory, where he remained for three years; then returned to Quebec and remained till 1661, when sent on a mission to Cree tribes in district of Hudson Bay. In 1668 went with Marquette to Algonquian tribes of Lake Superior. In 1770 named superior of Canadian missions and rector of College at Quebec, but did not reach the St. Lawrence till following year; held these positions until August, 1680, and from October, 1686, to 1693. Edited the Relations of 1671 and 1672 and compiled others relating to 1673-1679. Died at Quebec. Index: L One of the founders of the mission at Sault Ste. Marie, 11; dies of plague, 62; accompanies mission to Gannentaha, 65; describes Laval's visit to Prairie de la Madeleine, 74; quoted as to extent of Jesuit missions, 103; laments absence of Laval, 140. Bib.: Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites; Campbell, Pioneer Priests of North America.

Dablon, Simon. Ch Assisted in forming Company of New France, 168.

Dacre, Lieutenant. Dr Sailing-master on Carleton's ship, 154.

Daine. WM Lieutenant-general of police and mayor of Quebec. Signs petition to De Ramezay for capitulation, 224.

Dalhousie, George Ramsay, ninth Earl of (1770-1838). A Scottish peer. Entered the army at an early age and saw service in various parts of the world. From 1812 to 1814 commanded the 7th division of the British army in France and Spain. Received the thanks of Parliament for his services at Waterloo. Raised to the peerage of the United Kingdom as Baron Ramsay. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia in 1816. In 1819 appointed governor-general and commander-in-chief of British North America. Served in this capacity for nine years. From 1829 to 1832 commander-in-chief in the East Indies. Index: P Influence did not extend beyond Quebec, 1; his arrival as governor, 1820, 33; conflict with Papineau, 34, 61; his harsh policy towards French-Canadians, 39; his character, 41; founds Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, 41; erects monument to Wolfe and Montcalm, 41; sides with Council against Assembly, 42; promises remedy for abuses, 43; interview with Papineau, 58; refuses to confirm election of Papineau as Speaker and dissolves Parliament, 61; his speech to Assembly, 61-62; recalled, 64, 70. BL Governor-general, 1820, 19; a "disciplinarian devoid of diplomacy," 19; leaves Canada, 20. Bib.: Kingsford, History of Canada; Rattray, The Scot in British North America; Dict. Eng. Hist.; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Dalhousie College. Located at Halifax. Founded by George Ramsay, ninth Earl of Dalhousie, 1818. Original endowment derived from funds collected at the port of Castine, Maine, during its occupation, 1814, by Sir John Sherbrooke, then lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia. Act of Incorporation passed, 1821. First president elected and classes opened, 1838. University powers conferred, 1841. College closed for some years, owing to lack of funds for its support. Reorganized, 1863. Index: H Founded by the "Castine Fund," 81; taken possession of by Presbyterians, 81. Bib.: Hopkins, Canada: An Ency., vol. 3.

Dallas, A. J. Born in Scotland. Engaged for some years in the China trade. Entered service of Hudson's Bay Company; chief factor at Fort Victoria, Vancouver Island; succeeded Sir George Simpson as governor of Rupert's Land, 1862. Index: D Marries daughter of Sir James Douglas, 103; governor Hudson's Bay Company, at Winnipeg, 103; president of Victoria board of management, 265; moved to Rupert's Land, 265. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

Dallet. L Sulpician, arrival of, 105.

Dalling and Bulwer, William Henry Lytton Earle, Baron (1801-1872). British diplomatist. Index: Mc On the power of agitation, 16. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Dalling's Light Infantry. WM In battle of Ste. Foy, 257, 259.

Dalquier, Colonel. WM Of Béarn regiment, 209; in battle of Ste. Foy, 259, 261, 262.

Daly, Sir Dominick (1798-1868). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada, 1825; provincial secretary for Lower Canada, 1827-1840; provincial secretary of Canada, 1841-1848. Left Canada, and appointed by the Imperial government lieutenant-governor of Tobago, 1851-1854. Afterwards lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island, 1854-1859; and governor of South Australia, 1861-1868. Index: Sy Provincial secretary for Lower Canada, 283. BL Provincial secretary for Lower Canada, 1841, 76; his character, 78; Baldwin's confidence in, 79; retains office under La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 134; remains in office when rest of Cabinet resign, 213; defends Metcalfe, 214; sole adviser, 216; provincial secretary, 247; proposal to throw him overboard, 263. E Remains sole adviser of Lord Metcalfe, 35. Md Constitutes an administration of one, 19. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Davin, The Irishman in Canada.

Daly, John Corry Wilson (1796-1878). Born in Liverpool, England. For some time an assistant surgeon in the navy. Emigrated to the United States, and removed to Hamilton, 1826. Appointed surgeon to the Canada Company, 1827, and settled at Stratford, 1829. Succeeded John Galt as agent of the Canada Company, 1831, and took up his residence at Guelph. In the next year returned to Stratford, where he resided until his death. For many years agent of the Bank of Upper Canada at Stratford.

Daly, Malachy Bowes (1836- ). Son of Sir Dominick Daly; born in Quebec. Educated at St. Mary's College, Oscott, England; studied law and called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1864. Private secretary to various governors of Nova Scotia. Sat in House of Commons for Halifax, 1878-1887; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1890-1900. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Damours, Mathieu. F Member of Sovereign Council, 106; arrested by Frontenac, 139. L Member of Sovereign Council, 158, 166; imprisoned, 167.

Daniel, André. Eldest son of Antoine Daniel, of Dieppe, and brother of Charles. Died in 1637. Index: Ch Sent to London (1629) to demand restoration of New France, 212-213.

Daniel, Antoine (1600-1648). Son of Antoine Daniel, of Dieppe. Entered the Society of Jesus; came to Canada in 1633; and in 1634 accompanied Brébeuf to the Huron country, where they laid the beginnings of that ill-fated mission. In 1636 came to Quebec to open the Seminary, which, from very modest beginnings, has since developed into Laval University. Returned to the Huron mission, and in 1648 murdered by the Iroquois. Index: L Wounded while ministering to the dying, 5. Ch Murdered by the Iroquois, 92; missionary in Cape Breton, 1633, 237. Bib.: Parkman, Jesuits in North America.

Daniel, Charles. Son of Antoine Daniel, of Dieppe. Made a notable voyage to New France in 1629, of which he left a graphic narrative. Arriving at Cape Breton that year, with two armed vessels, found Lord Ochiltree, who had joined Sir William Alexander in his colonization schemes, building a fort near Louisbourg. Seized the colonists and carried them off to France. Index: Ch Captured by the Kirkes, 200. Bib.: Voyage à la Nouvelle-France du Capitaine Charles Daniel. For biog., see Biggar, Early Trading Companies of New France; Parkman, Pioneers of France; Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada.

Daoust, J. B. C One of the Liberal leaders in Lower Canada, 25.

Darache, Captain. Ch A Basque, disregards monopoly granted to De Monts, 40.

Darontal. Ch Huron chief, 103.

Dartmouth, William Legge, second Earl of (1731-1801). Dr Succeeded as secretary of state by Germain, 148.

Daubressy, Captain. WM Carries articles of capitulation of Quebec to Vaudreuil, 234.

Daulac. See Dollard des Ormeaux.

David, Laurent Olivier (1840- ). Educated at St. Therese College; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1864. One of founders, and editor, of L'Opinion Publique, 1870. Represented Montreal East in Quebec Legislature, 1886-1890. Called to the Senate, 1903. Index: C One of the founders of Le Parti National, and its organ, Le National, 30. Bib.: Works: Biographies et Portraits; Les Héros de Chateauguay; Les Patriotes de 1837-1838; Mes Contemporains; Les Deux Papineau; L'Union des Deux Canadas; Le Drapeau de Carillon; Laurier et Son Temps; Le Clerge Canadien: Sa Mission et Son [OE]uvre. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Davidson, John. Sy Made commissioner of crown lands, 333. BL Commissioner of crown lands, proposed to retire him with pension, 125; opposition to, 126; collector of customs, 133.

Davin, Nicholas Flood (1843-1901). Born in Ireland. Studied law and called to the English bar, 1868. Served as war correspondent during Franco-Prussian War. Came to Canada, 1872; joined staff of the Globe, and later, the Mail. Called to the Ontario bar, 1874. Established the Regina Leader, 1883. Represented West Assiniboia in Dominion Parliament, 1887-1900. Index: BL Quoted on Hincks, 121, 131; on Baldwin, 172. Bib.: Works: The Irishman in Canada; Eos, an Epic of the Dawn; Culture and Practical Power; Ireland and the Empire. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men.

Davies, Sir Louis Henry (1845- ). Born in Prince Edward Island. Educated at Prince of Wales College; studied law and called to the bar of Prince Edward Island, 1866. Sat in the Assembly, 1872-1879; premier and attorney-general, 1876. Elected to the House of Commons for Queen's, 1882; minister of marine and fisheries in the Laurier administration, 1896; counsel for Great Britain before the International Fisheries Commission at Halifax, 1877; one of the joint high commissioners on behalf of Great Britain to settle differences between the United States and Canada, 1898; knighted, 1897; appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1902. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Davis, Captain Sylvanus. F Captured at Fort Loyal, 252; a prisoner in Quebec, during siege by Phipps, 294.

Davost, Father. Ch Jesuit missionary in Cape Breton, 237.

Dawson, George Mercer (1849-1901). Son of Sir J. W. Dawson (q.v.). Studied geology and palæontology under Huxley, Ramsay and Etheridge at the Royal School of Mines, London. Geologist and botanist to North American Boundary Commission, 1873-1875. Appointed to staff of Geological Survey, 1875; assistant director, 1883; director, 1895. One of British commissioners in Bering Sea Arbitration, 1892. Bib.: For his numerous reports and papers on geological and allied subjects, see General Indexes to Geological Survey Reports, 1863-1884, and 1885-1906; and Bibliography of the Royal Society (R. S. C., 1894). For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men.

Dawson, Sir John William (1820-1899). Born at Pictou, Nova Scotia. Educated at Edinburgh University. Accompanied Sir Charles Lyell on his geological explorations in Nova Scotia. Appointed superintendent of education for Nova Scotia, 1850. Principal of McGill University, 1855-1893, and mainly instrumental in building up the institution from a small college to one of the first rank. Elected F. G. S., 1854, and F. R. S., 1862; knighted, 1884. First president of Royal Society of Canada. Author of many works on geology and palæontology. Index: T Commissioner to investigate King's College, 48. Bib.: Works: Acadian Geology; Story of the Earth and Man; Science and the Bible; Dawn of Life; Origin of the World; Fossil Men; Change of Life in Geological Times; Chain of Life; Egypt and Syria. For biog., see Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Morgan, Can. Men; Cyc. Am. Biog.; Dawson, Fifty Years' Work in Canada.

Day, Charles Dewey (1806-1884). Born in Bennington, Vermont. Came with his parents to Canada, 1812. Called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1827; created Q.C., 1837. Assisted in the prosecution of the insurgents who had been arrested during the Rebellion of 1837-1838. Appointed solicitor-general and called to the Special Council, 1839. Summoned by Sydenham to the Executive Council, 1840, and subsequently elected to the Assembly for the county of Ottawa. Appointed judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1842; transferred to the Superior Court, 1849; resigned, 1862. Acted as commissioner for the codification of the civil laws of Quebec; as representative of Quebec on the Arbitration Commission appointed under the British North America Act to settle the claims of the provinces; and as chairman of the Royal Commission to investigate the charges against the Macdonald government in connection with the granting of the charter to build the Canadian Pacific Railway. Held the office of chancellor of McGill University from 1857 until his death. Died in England. Index: BL Solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 1841, 76; represents British interests, 78; Baldwin's attitude to, 80; introduces School Bill, 107; elevated to bench, 122. Sy Solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 283. E Judge of Seigniorial Court, 187. Bib.: Taylor, Brit. Am.; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Dean. Bk Private of the 41st, gallant conduct of at Canard bridge, 236; praised by Brock on parade, 258.

Deane, Silas (1737-1789). Delegate from Connecticut to Continental Congress, 1774. Sent to France as secret political agent, 1776. Instrumental in negotiating treaties with France, and bringing Lafayette to America. Index: Dr Advocates canal to complete navigation between Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence, 230, 231. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Dearborn, Henry (1751-1829). Served through War of the Revolution; accompanied Arnold's expedition to Canada. Secretary of war, 1801-1809; appointed major-general, 1812, and assigned to command of northern department in War of 1812; captured York, 1813, and Fort George, same year. Minister to Portugal, 1822-1824. Index: Bk Commanded United States troops in War of 1812, 192; at Plattsburg, 285. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Dease, Peter Warren. D In charge of New Caledonia for Hudson's Bay Company, 285. MS Succeeds William Connolly, 224; chief factor, 1828, 224; his explorations of Arctic coast, 224-225. Bib.: Narrative of Discoveries on the North Coast of America; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

Debartzch, P. D. Engaged in journalism. First elected to the Assembly of Lower Canada, 1810; member of the Legislative Council, 1815. Index: P Accepts Papineau's leadership, 34; urges him to accept mission to England to oppose union of the Canadas, 46; his daughters, 46; withdraws his support of Papineau, 86; interview with O'Callaghan, 146; attacked by Papineau, 169. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.

De Bonne, Judge. Bk Resolution of Assembly excluding, 126.

Debt, Public. Sy Arrangements for, under Union, 115, 193, 204, 205, 206, 207; estimated amount of, 319.

Declaration of Independence. In Upper Canada. Mc July 1837, its history, 330; work of Rolph and O'Grady, 330.

De Grey. See Walsingham.

De Grey and Ripon. See Ripon.

Delagrave, C. E Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 187.

De Lancy's Brigade of Loyalists. Dr Mentioned, 202.

Delaune, Captain. WM Commanded the volunteers who first climbed hill at Le Foulon, 181.

Delaware Indians. A confederacy, of Algonquian stock, occupying the basin of the Delaware River. They were known to the British as Delawares; to the French as Loups; and they called themselves, Lenape. Early in the eighteenth century, the Iroquois brought them into subjection. They crossed the mountains, and formed settlements in eastern Ohio, about the middle of the century. The remnant of the Delawares are now on reservations in Oklahoma, with a few hundred in Canada. Index: Hd Bring prisoners from Wyoming, 149. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.

Delessert, B. Sy Philanthropist and naturalist, 20.

De Lisle, Elizabeth. Bk Mother of Sir Isaac Brock, 6.

Demers, Jérome. P Criticizes Papineau for accepting mission to England, 65-66.

Demers, Joseph. P Urges Papineau to accept mission to England to oppose union of the Canadas, 45.

Demers, Modeste. First Roman Catholic bishop of Vancouver Island, 1847-1871. Index: D Missionary on Vancouver Island prior to 1846, 269; visits upper Fraser, 269; made bishop, 269.

De Mille, James (1833-1880). Born in New Brunswick. Educated at Horton Academy and at Brown University, Rhode Island. Subsequently professor of classics at Acadia College and at Dalhousie College. Bib.: Works: Elements of Rhetoric; Helena's Household; A Tale of Rome in the First Century; Young Dodge Club Series.

Déné Indians. A group of tribes, of Athapaskan stock. The name means men. Morice includes four tribes in the Western Dénés: Sekanais, on the west slope of the Rocky Mountains; Babines, who occupy the shores of the lakes of the same name, and the neighbouring country; Carriers, whose villages extend from Stuart Lake to Alexandria on the Fraser; and Chilcotins, who occupy the valley of the river of the same name. Index: D In New Caledonia, 97. Bib.: Morice, The Western Dénés; Déné Sociology; Notes on the Western Dénés.

Denison, George Taylor (1839- ). Police magistrate at Toronto since 1877. Commanded Governor-General's Bodyguard in Fenian Raid, 1866; and in Riel Rebellion, 1885; in 1877 won the first prize offered by the Czar of Russia for the best History of Cavalry; president of the British Empire League in Canada since 1896. One of the founders of Canada First Party. Index: Md Opposes commercial union, 295. Bib.: Works: Fenian Raid on Fort Erie; Modern Cavalry; History of Cavalry; Soldiering in Canada; Struggle for Imperial Unity. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men.

Dennis, John Stoughton (1820-1885). Born near Toronto. Educated at Victoria College; commissioned as surveyor of public lands, 1842. Assisted in the organization of the Canadian militia, 1855; raised and appointed to the command of the Toronto Field Battery, 1856; brigade-major of the 5th Military District, 1861-1869; saw active service during the Fenian Raid, 1866. Sent to Red River Settlement to organize system of surveys, 1869, but was forced to withdraw. Surveyor-general of Dominion Lands, 1871; deputy-minister of the interior, 1878; retired, 1881; created C. M. G., 1882. Index: C His surveys held responsible for first Riel Rebellion, 69-70. R Surveyor-general, graduate of Victoria College, 144. Bib.: Denison, The Fenian Raid on Fort Erie and Soldiering in Canada. See also Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870.

Denonville, Jacques-René de Brisay, Marquis de. Eleventh governor of New France. Colonel of Dragoons in French army; spent thirty years in military service before coming to Canada, in 1685, as successor to La Barre. Although a capable officer, found himself in a difficult situation owing to the condition to which the country had been brought by the failure of La Barre and the intrigues of the English governor of New York. Adopted a severe policy with the Indians, and was condemned for his treacherous seizure of Iroquois at Fort Frontenac in 1687. The horrible massacre of Lachine was one of the consequences of his maladministration. Succeeded in the government of the colony by Frontenac in 1689. Died in 1710. Index: F Succeeds La Barre as governor, 189; comes out in same ship with Saint Vallier, 191; gives unfavourable account of Canadian people, 192; his piety, 197; asks for more troops, 198; corresponds with Dongan, governor of New York, 198; desirous of constructing a fort at Niagara, 199; proposes to French king to buy colony of New York, 202; instructed to cultivate peaceful relations with English neighbours, 203; sends expedition to Hudson Bay, 205; receives reinforcements, 206; determines to march against Iroquois, 207; crafty policy, 208; complains of French troops, 212; erects fort at Niagara, 213; asks for more troops, 217; receives visit from Big Mouth, 221; in attack by Iroquois on Lachine, orders troops to remain on defensive, 225; recalled, 228; orders Fort Frontenac to be blown up, 228; stimulates Abenaquis to attack New England settlements, 249. L On liquor question, 175; succeeds La Barre as governor, 193; his measures for defence of Canada, 213; seizes certain Indian chiefs, 214; builds fort at Niagara, 216; recalled, 218; conduct in Lachine massacre, 226, 227. Bib.: Girouard, L'Expédition de Marquis de Denonville (R. S. C., 1899); Parkman, Old Régime and Frontenac.

Dent, John Charles (1841-1888). Born in England. Came to Canada at an early age; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada. Went back to England and for a time engaged in newspaper work in London. Returned to America, 1847, and spent three years in Boston; came to Canada again, 1870, and became one of the editors of the Globe. Index: B On the "Double Shuffle," 108. Bib.: Works: Last Forty Years; Upper Canadian Rebellion; Canadian Portrait Gallery. For biog., see MacMurchy, Canadian Literature.

Denys, Charles, Sieur de Fronsac. Ch Settles in Miramichi, 237.

Denys, Nicolas (1598-1688). Born at Tours. Early took to sea and in 1633 became interested in the fisheries of Nova Scotia. A short time after made one of the lieutenants of Acadia under the Company of New France, and settled at Miscou. In 1647 his fort seized by D'Aulnay, who had just been made lieutenant-general of the colony. In 1650 his establishment in Cape Breton captured and he himself taken prisoner. A second attempt to settle in Cape Breton frustrated by Le Borgne. Returned to France in 1653, and received a grant of the islands of the St. Lawrence, including a monopoly of the fur trade, and shortly after became governor of that territory, together with Newfoundland. In 1667 obtained a confirmation of his rights, but in the winter of 1668-1669 his establishment at St. Peters completely destroyed by fire. In 1671 returned to France and engaged in the preparation of his work on Acadia. About 1685 returned to Acadia, but his closing years darkened by the scattering of his vast estates. Died three years later, at the age of 90 years. Index: Ch Abandons Chedabucto and goes to Cape Breton, thence to Miscou and Gaspé, 236. Bib.: Description and Natural History of Acadia, ed. by Ganong. For biog., see Parkman, Old Régime.

De Peyster, Arent Schuyler (1736-1832). Joined the 8th Regiment, 1755, and served with distinction upon the British side in the Revolutionary War. In command at Detroit, and also at Michilimackinac. Retired to Dumfries, Scotland, where he enjoyed the friendship of Robert Burns, and died there. Index: Hd Commander at Detroit, 146; Haldimand's letter to, 158; on the freemasonry of Indians, 161; Haldimand's letter to, on defence of frontier posts, 260; thought Du Calvet should have been hanged, 314. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.

Dequen, Jean. L Jesuit, devotion of, 32; his death, 33.

Derby, Edward George Geoffrey Smith Stanley, fourteenth Earl (1799-1869). Entered Parliament, 1820; Irish secretary, 1830-1833; colonial secretary, 1833-1834 and 1841-1844. Prime minister, 1852, 1858-1859, and 1866-1868. Index: E Induces Elgin to accept governorship of Jamaica, 9; endorses Metcalfe's policy, 37; on an elective Upper House, 121-122. W Receives New Brunswick delegates, 24; on casual and territorial revenue, 25, 27, 29; on King's College Bill, 53, 54; increases New Brunswick Council, 69; cancels Reade's appointment, 80-81; on initiation of money grants, 92; crown lands case, 101. T His government defeated, 63. B Offers governorship to Metcalfe, 18; justifies his policy, 23. BL Restores Hagerman to office, 16; threatens to curtail existing privileges of people of Lower Canada, 21; petition and correspondence as to public affairs in Upper Canada, 30; condemns Bagot's policy, 151; correspondence with Metcalfe, 160-166, 167, 168-169, 176, 186-187, 209-211; defends Metcalfe in House of Commons, and expresses his views on colonial government, 230-234; his confidential letters to Metcalfe, 230; Sullivan's criticism of his views on responsible government, 244; on Metcalfe's resignation, 265. Mc Restores Hagerman to office, 234; colonial secretary, 236; discusses post office, 236. Bib.: Kebbel, Earl of Derby; Dict. Nat. Biog.

Derby. D Formerly Fort Langley—proposed as capital of British Columbia, 246.

De Salaberry. WM Seigniorial manor of, headquarters of Montcalm, 94; council of war meets at, 147.

Desandrouins, Captain. WM His account of massacre at Fort William Henry, 47-50.

Des Barres, William Frederick (1800-1885). Born in Nova Scotia. Educated at Halifax Grammar School; called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1821. Represented Guysborough in the Assembly, 1836-1848; solicitor-general in Uniacke government, 1848; appointed judge of the Supreme Court, 1848; resigned, 1881. Index: H Member of Uniacke government, Nova Scotia, 1848, 110; solicitor-general, 111; commissioner for Halifax-Windsor Railway, 118. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Des Brisay, Alexander C. T Confederate candidate in New Brunswick, elected, 89; attacks government in Assembly, 102.

Deschamps. Ch Surgeon, with the expedition at Port Royal, autopsy performed by, 33.

Deschamps, Isaac (1722-1801). A native of Switzerland; came to Nova Scotia in early life. Elected to the Assembly, 1761; judge of the Court of Common Pleas for King's County, 1761; judge of the Island of St. John, 1768; assistant judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, 1770; chief-justice, 1785. Appointed a member of the Council, 1783. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Desdames. Ch Clerk sent to Gaspé, returns with news of English depredations, 181; returns to France, 209.

Deseille, Father. L Companion of Father Marquette, 62.

Desertions. S Very prevalent, 72; punishments for, 72; causes of, 73. WM From ranks of Canadian militia frequent, 152. Bk Followed by capture, 60; three shot, 63; two shot, 134; from United States regiments of the line to the Canadian side, 281.

Des Groseilliers. See Chouart.

Des Marets, Claude Godet, Sieur de. Ch Son-in-law of Pont-Gravé, arrives at Quebec, 47; accompanies Champlain in expedition against Iroquois, 52; at Cap de la Victoire, 139.

De Soyres, Rev. John. T Conducts funeral service of Sir Leonard Tilley, 146.

Desportes, Pierre. Ch An early settler in Quebec, 145, 146; goes to Gaspé, 181; remains in Quebec during English occupation, 196, 208.

Désquérat, Captain. F Killed at Laprairie, 313.

Des Rivières, Captain. WM Accompanies captured British officers to Quebec, 90.

Dessaules, Louis A. Born 1819. Member of Legislative Council, 1856-1863. Edited Le Pays at Montreal. Index: E Member of Parti Rouge, 108. C One of Liberal leaders in Quebec, 25; protests against Dorion entering Cartier's ministry, 106-107. Bib.: Works: Rouge et Noir; Lectures sur l'Annexion du Canada aux États-Unis; Galilée, Ses Travaux Scientifiques et sa Condamnation; La Guerre Américaine. For biog., see Morgan, Bib. Can.

Destouches. Ch Clerk, appointed by Champlain as his second lieutenant, 155; returns to France, 209.

Detroit. Founded by Antoine de la Motte Cadillac (q.v.) in 1701. The fort remained under Cadillac's command until 1710. A census taken that year shows six settlers cultivating the land, and twenty-nine soldiers, traders, etc., occupying houses within the fort. De la Forest succeeded Cadillac at the fort, 1710. Fort surrendered to the British, 1760. Pontiac laid siege to the fort, 1763, but failed to capture it. Transferred to United States, 1796. Captured by Brock, in War of 1812; restored by treaty of Ghent. Index: S The most important of western fortified posts, 51; Great Britain retains possession of, pending settlement of certain questions, 55, 119; threatened by army under Wayne, 133; handed over to United States, 142; River aux Raisins the boundary of territory dependent on, during British occupation, 145. Dr Defence of by Major Gladwin, 5; retained with other western posts as security for proper treatment of loyalists, 231; handed over to United States, 291. Bk Founded by La Motte Cadillac, its exciting history, 54; Brock determines to attack, 248; its strength and garrison, 249, 250; attacked, 251, 254; Hull surrenders with his whole army, 255; important results of capture, 256. MS Under French régime, 11; in days of North West Company, 12. Hd Company of 8th Regiment sent to, 137; a source of anxiety, 145; De Peyster in command at, 146, 158; reinforcements sent to, 153; Jehu Hay, lieutenant-governor of, in 1784, 158; doubtful subjects settle round, 161; difficulty of navigation to, 163; Haldimand's letter to Henry Hamilton, lieutenant-governor at, on means for recovery of Illinois country, 167; unfortunate expedition from, 168; Haldimand's letter to De Peyster on importance of, 260; boat built at by North West Company, 262; Major Mathews, lieutenant-governor at, in 1787, 332. Bib.: Cadillac Papers (Mich. Pion. & Hist. Coll., vol. 33 et seq.); Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.

Detroit. Brig. See Adams.

Devil's Hole. Bk Near Fort Niagara, massacre of British troops at, 55.

Devos, Frederick. Hd Great-nephew of Haldimand, 312.

Dewart, Edward Hartley (1828-1903). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada with his parents at age of six. Educated at local schools and at the Toronto Normal School. Taught school for a time; entered the ministry of the Methodist Church, 1851; editor of The Christian Guardian, 1869-1894. Bib.: Works: Selections from Canadian Poets; Songs of Life: A Collection of Poems; Essays for the Times. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men.

Dewdney, Edgar (1835- ). Born in Devonshire, England. Came to British Columbia, 1859. Had charge of survey of site of New Westminster, and other engineering works. First elected to provincial Legislature, 1869; returned to Dominion House, 1872. Appointed Indian commissioner for North-West Territories, 1879; and lieutenant-governor of North-West Territories, 1881. Member of Dominion Cabinet as minister of interior, 1888-1892. Appointed lieutenant-governor of British Columbia, 1892. Index: D Builds Dewdney trail, from Hope to Similkameen, 252-253. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Dickey, Robert Barry (1811-1903). Born in Amherst, Nova Scotia. Studied law, and called to the bar of Nova Scotia, and of New Brunswick, 1834. Sat in Legislative Council, Nova Scotia, 1858-1867. Appointed to the Senate, 1867. Took an active part in the negotiations leading up to the building of the Intercolonial Railway, and the Confederation of the provinces. Index: H Delegate from Nova Scotia to Charlottetown Conference, 177. T Delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73; and to Quebec Conference, 77. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Dickson, Walter Hamilton (1806-1884). Born in Niagara. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1830. Served during the Rebellion of 1837 as a cavalry officer. Represented Niagara in the Assembly, 1841-1851; sat in the Legislative Council of Canada, 1855-1867; appointed to the Dominion Senate, 1867.

Dieskau, Jean Armand, Baron de (1701-1777). Of German descent; served with distinction under Marshal Saxe. When it was made known to the court at Versailles that the British had sent two regiments to America under Braddock, the French decided to fit out an expedition on a larger scale, and six regiments embarked for Canada under Dieskau, who was given the rank of general. Immediately after assuming command, prepared to attack the British and marched at the head of a body of men against Johnson. Although his plans appear to have been well laid, his position was betrayed through the action of the Indians. Severely wounded, made prisoner and well cared for by the British. Taken to England, ruined in health and fortune. Liberated at the conclusion of the war in 1763; and returned to France. Index: WM Defeated and taken prisoner at Lake George, 22. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley, Fight with France.

Digby, Robert (1732-1815). Commanded the Dunkirk at Quiberon Bay, 1759; second in command in Rodney's expedition for relief of Gibraltar, 1779; commander-in-chief in North America, 1781. Index: Dr Appointed to chief naval command in America, 194. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Disney, Captain. Dr Accused in connection with Walker affair, 36; tried and acquitted, 38.

Dissenters. S Preponderance of, in Upper Canada, 159, 160. See also Presbyterian; Methodist.

District Courts. Sy Establishment of in Lower Canada, 255.

Doak. W Proprietor of Loyalist newspaper, arrested and released, 75.

Dobson. Bk Brock's faithful servant, 11.

Dodd, E. M. H Solicitor-general and member of Executive and Legislative Councils, Nova Scotia—makes statement as to ministerial responsibility, 76; attempts to reconcile Joseph Howe and his colleagues to the appointment of W. B. Almon to the Executive Council, 87. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Dollard des Ormeaux, Adam. A young officer of the garrison at Montreal, who saved Montreal and the colony from probable destruction by the Iroquois, in 1660. With sixteen companions and a few Indian allies, he intercepted the Iroquois at the Long Sault Rapids, on the Ottawa, and with a heroism seldom equalled in the world's history, this little band gave their lives for their country's sake. The Iroquois, discouraged by such unexpected resistance, abandoned the projected raid on the colony. Index: L His heroic resistance to Iroquois at the Long Sault, 39, 69-72. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime; Jesuit Relations, 1660; Faillon, Histoire de la Colonie Française; Dollier de Casson, Histoire de Montreal. The exploit has inspired several Canadian poems. See Martin, Marguerite; Fréchette, Legende d'un Peuple.

Dollebeau, Father. Ch In charge of mission at Miscou, 235; death of, 235.

Dollier de Casson, Francis (1636-1701). Born in Basse Bretagne. Served with distinction as a cavalry officer under Turenne. Came to Montreal and joined the Sulpicians in 1666. In 1669-1670 carried out with Galinée an important exploration of the Great Lakes. Became superior of the Seminary of Montreal, and later vicar-general of the diocese. Index: L Labours with Galinée on the shores of Lake Erie, 11; gives account of Dollard's exploit, 75; lays foundation stone of Montreal church, 89; on evil effects of sale of liquor to the Indians, 175; at Quebec, 190. F His history of Montreal, 34; depicts evils of liquor traffic, 335. Bib.: Histoire de Montréal. For biog., see Parkman, Old Régime; Exploration of the Great Lakes by Dollier de Casson and de Bréhant de Galinée, ed. by Coyne.

Dolu. Ch Grand almoner of France, intendant, 129; his instructions to Champlain, 132. Bib.: Biggar, Early Trading Companies of New France; Douglas, Old France in the New World.

Domergue, Lieutenant. F Killed at Laprairie, 313.

Don de Dieu. Ch Name of vessel in which Champlain sailed for Quebec in 1608, 39; also one of vessels of Company of New France, 245.

Dongan, Thomas, Earl of Limerick (1634-1715). Colonial governor of New York. Sent to America as governor, 1682. Resigned, 1688. Became Earl of Limerick, 1698. Index: F Governor of New York, correspondence with La Barre, 182; policy with Iroquois, 183; correspondence with Denonville, 199-200; claims right to trade with Lake tribes, 203; demands destruction of Fort Niagara, 218; advice to Indians, 219. L Governor of New York, stirs up Iroquois, 185, 191. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Dict. Nat. Biog.

Dorchester, Guy Carleton, first Baron (1724-1808). Dr Birth and parentage, 29; enters army, 29; lieutenant-colonel, 30; Wolfe's friendship for, 30; military preceptor to Duke of Richmond, 30; Wolfe secures him for quartermaster of Quebec expedition, 31; entrusted with important tasks, 32; wounded at Battle of the Plains, 32; served under Albemarle at siege of Havana, 32; appointed to succeed Murray at Quebec, 32; finds divisions in the country, 33; has difficulty with his Council, 34; forwards petition of Jesuits, 35; issues proclamation relinquishing all fees, 35; his despatch on the subject, 36; has the Walker case on his hands, 37; dismisses Irving and Mabane from the Council, 39; his views in regard to English and French laws, 41, 43; on state of the colony, 44-47; anticipates revolt of American colonies, 50; endeavours to check legal abuses, 51; orders release of small debtors, 52; issues new ordinance respecting administration of justice, 54, 55; opposed to creation of House of Assembly, 55; his return to England, 57; becomes governor-general on Murray's resignation, 1768, 57; absent in England four years, 59; replaced by Cramahé, 59; his report on manufactures of Canada, 59; took important part in framing Quebec Act, 63; his evidence before House of Commons, 67; sails for Canada, 75; his marriage, 75; sends troops to Boston on requisition of General Gage, 78; receives news of Benedict Arnold's attack on St. John's, 83; forwards troops and proceeds to Montreal, 85; calls out militia, 86; returns to Quebec, 89; gives guinea to Canadian soldier, 89; hurries back to Montreal, 91; applies to Gage for two regiments, 92; his despatch explaining fall of St. John's and impossibility of defending Montreal, 103; reaches Quebec, 112; orders all to leave the city who would not help in its defence, 114; his courage and watchfulness, 124; his estimate of the killed in the attack on Quebec, 131; great source of strength to his followers, 133; moves out to attack enemy, who took to flight, 138; makes search in surrounding country for fugitives in distress, 139; makes arrangements to pursue the retreating American army, 144; meets Burgoyne at Quebec, 144-145; his operations successful, 147; Lord George Germain's enmity to, 149; plans to improve the defences of the country, 150-151; re-establishes the Courts of Quebec, 151; defeats the Americans in naval engagement on Lake Champlain, 153-157; refuses to attack Ticonderoga—his reasons, 157-158; retires with army in winter quarters, 159; superseded in charge of next year's campaign by General Burgoyne, 163; his authority limited to Canada, 163; his bitter replies to Germain's despatches, 164-166; indignant at transfer of command to Burgoyne, he resigns, 169; no friction between him and Burgoyne, 174; Burgoyne's testimony, 174; makes forced levy of militia to recruit Burgoyne's army, 178; his correspondence with Hamilton in the West, 179; his appointments to judgeships, 183; objects to appointment of Livius and Owen as judges, 184; his protests against improper appointments, 185; calls out one-third of militia, 187; constitutes committee of Council, 187; his last despatch to Germain, 188; returns to England, 189; sent to America as commander-in-chief and commissioner, 193; arrives at New York, 195; instructed to make pacific representations to Congress, 200; applies for recall on hearing that complete independence is to be granted to the colonies, 203; his anxiety to protect the Loyalists, 206; appoints commissioners for exchange of prisoners, 207; the force under his command, 208; anxious to return home but urged to remain at New York, 212; writes to governor of Nova Scotia on behalf of the Loyalists, 214; his correspondence largely occupied with Loyalist affairs, 218; his last despatch from New York, 219; supports petition of Loyalist widows for pensions, 219; created Baron Dorchester, and accepts governorship of Canada, 221; difficulties of his position, 221; his acquaintance with Haldimand, 222; Shelburne's opinion of value of his influence, 222; his reception at Quebec very cordial, 223; extent of his commission, 224; brings out William Smith as chief-justice, 224; his correspondence with Lord Sydney, 225; appoints committee to consider state of the law, 225, 227; also committees on commerce, police, and education, 226-230; negotiations with Silas Deane on subject of Chambly Canal, 230; anxiety in regard to Indian question in the west, 231; announces intention of visiting Nova Scotia, 235; recognizes necessity for a more popular form of government, 237; visits Loyalists in western Canada, 238; transfers Jesuit church at Montreal to Anglicans, 241; his efforts to increase efficiency of militia, 243, 246; receives propositions from Vermont and Kentucky looking to separation from other American states, 244-247; declines to allow French minister to United States to visit Canada, 248; receives draft of bill for better government of province, 248; thought introduction of parliamentary institutions premature, 258, 259; sends home lists of proposed legislative councillors, 258; not pleased with Simcoe's appointment, 259; urges claims of Sir John Johnson, 259; sails for England, 269; returns to Canada, 271; opens second session of Lower Canada Legislature, 276; calls out militia, 277; fully expects war with United States, 282; his speech to the Miami Indians, 282; speech not approved by home government, 283; expresses desire to resign, 284; gets Alien Act passed, 288; reports improved condition of affairs, 291; wages war on fees and perquisites, 291; surrenders his own fees, 292; opposes holding of appointments by absentees, 292; his relations with Simcoe, 293-296; a believer in centralized power, 294; not being sustained by home government, resigns, 297; points of difference with Simcoe, 302; meets his last Parliament, 303; returns to England, 303; receives addresses of regret, 303; his character, 304; his sympathy with French-Canadians, 305; saves Canada to the Empire, 306; wreck of the frigate in which he sailed, 306; lands at Percé, proceeds to Halifax, and sails from there to England, 306; his death, 307; his descendants, 307. S His connection with the Constitutional Act, 2; not favourable to creation of separate province of Upper Canada, 3; goes to England, 5; orders names of Loyalists who declared themselves before treaty of 1783 to be registered, 70; does not support Simcoe's views in regard to Indian department, 127; controls military operations in Upper Canada, 131; his bold speech to deputation of Indians, 133, 146; recommends Simcoe to fortify post on the Miami, 134; proceedings not approved by home government, 142; his resignation, 142; disapproves of Simcoe's plans for defence of Upper Canada, 206; supersedes purchasing agent appointed by Simcoe, 212; his relations with Simcoe, 228. WM Chief of staff to Wolfe, 75; as governor of Canada, wins affection of Canadians, 75; establishes fortified camp on island of Orleans, 108; lands near Pointe-aux-Trembles and takes a number of prisoners, 125; wounded in battle of the Plains, 199. Sy His Canadian policy, 67, 82. Bk His defence of Quebec and liberal policy towards French-Canadians, 36. E His character as governor, 1. Hd Leases St. Maurice forges, 62; his failure to enlist Canadian militia, 111; governor of Canada, his defence of Quebec, 112, 121; succeeded in military command by Burgoyne, 112; resignation of, 113; Haldimand's opinion of, 119; Captain Schank writes to, 159; pulls down houses during siege, 187; proposal to have him supersede Haldimand at Quebec, 188; Haldimand writes to, 189; raises Loyalist corps, 253; returns to Quebec as governor, with title of Lord Dorchester, 314; his opinion of Dr. Mabane, 315; his relations with Haldimand, 330-332. W Thomas Carleton, a brother of, 5. Bib.: Kingsford, History of Canada; Lucas, History of Canada; Bradley, The Making of Canada; Egerton and Grant, Canadian Constitutional Development; Shortt and Doughty, Documents Relating to Constitutional History of Canada.

Doreil. WM Commissioner of war, goes to France, 62.

Dorion, Sir Antoine Aimé (1818-1891). Educated at Nicolet College. Studied law, and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1842. Represented Montreal in Legislature, 1854-1861. Formed administration with George Brown, 1858. Defeated by Cartier in Montreal, 1861. Provincial secretary in Sandfield Macdonald-Sicotte government, 1862. Succeeded Sicotte as attorney-general, 1863. Minister of justice in Mackenzie government, 1873-1874. Chief-justice of Quebec, 1874-1891. Index: Md Opposes political domination of the priesthood, 45-46; leader of the Rouge party in Quebec, 64, 102; opposes Confederation, 115, 118, 142; moves amendment on Intercolonial route, 152; refuses to act upon Pacific Scandal Commission, 205. C Liberal leader, and disciple of Papineau, 25; his followers, and their revolutionary programme, 26; accepts policy of representation by population, 28; his radicalism keeps him in opposition, 29; offered seat in administration of 1858 by Cartier, and declines, 106-107. E Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81; member of the Parti Rouge, 108; becomes less radical in his views, 134. B Leader of the Rouges—his character—friendly relations with George Brown, 80-81; consulted by Brown as to forming ministry, 101; enters his government, 102, 105, 106; his part in converting George Brown to Confederation, 132; moves resolution favouring union of the Canadas in 1856, 132; pledged to settlement of question, 132; opposed to coalition, 160; his speech against Confederation, 175-178, 207; his motion for adjournment defeated, 185; opposed to Brown entering coalition ministry, 199. Bib.: Taylor, Brit. Am.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party.

Dorion, Jean Baptiste Eric (1826-1866). Brother of preceding. One of founders of L'Avenir, 1848. Sat in the Legislature, 1854-1857, and again in 1861. Index: E Member of Parti Rouge, 108. C A Liberal leader in Lower Canada, 25; nicknamed L'enfant terrible, 25. Bib.: Morgan, Bib. Can.

Dorland, Philip. S Quaker, elected to Assembly, but, unable to take oath, resigns, 81.

Dosquet, Pierre-Herman (1691-1777). Native of Lille, France; came to Canada, 1721; on his return to France, 1725, consecrated bishop of Samos and appointed coadjutor to Bishop Mornay. Later made bishop of Quebec. While in Canada lived in the style of a seignior, much in contrast to the simple life of Laval and of St. Vallier. Died in Paris. Index: L Succeeds Mornay as bishop of Quebec, 12. Bib.: Tetu, Evêques de Québec; Casgrain, L'Habitation de Samos (R. S. C., 1906).

Double Majority. Md Meaning of the term—attitude of public men towards, 78-79; leading plank in platform of the Macdonald-Sicotte government, 89. B Origin and meaning of the principle, 82; advocated by John Sandfield Macdonald, 142; opposed by George Brown, 143; Duke of Newcastle on, 143; and separate school question, 145. BL Beginnings of the system, 258; Hincks's views on, 259; Baldwin opposed to, 352; Turcotte and Hincks on, 352. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years; Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Mackenzie, George Brown.

Double Ministries. Brown-Dorion; Hincks-Morin; La Fontaine-Baldwin; Macdonald-Cartier; Macdonald-Dorion; Macdonald-Sicotte; MacNab-Morin; MacNab-Taché; Sherwood-Daly; Taché-Macdonald. See under names of individual ministers.

"Double Shuffle," 1858. B History of, 107-108. Md An ingenious device resorted to by Macdonald, Cartier, and their colleagues, to avoid the necessity of re-election, 85-87. Bib.: Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Dent, Last Forty Years; Mackenzie, George Brown; Biggar, Sir Oliver Mowat.

Doucett, Joseph. Lieutenant-governor of the Fort of Annapolis, 1717-1726. Member of the governor's Council.

Dougall, John (1808-1886). Born in Paisley, Scotland. Came to Canada, 1826, and took up mercantile pursuits. For a time editor of the Canada Temperance Advocate; founded the Montreal Witness, 1826. Died in Flushing, New York.

Douglas, David (1798-1834). Made extensive botanical collections on the Pacific coast of North America, for the Horticultural Society of London, 1824-1826. Crossed the continent from Fort Vancouver, on the Columbia, to Hudson Bay; met Sir John Franklin there and returned with him to England. Came out again to the Columbia River on a similar mission, 1829, and went from there to the Hawaiian Islands, where he was killed. The gigantic Douglas fir named after him.

Douglas, Sir Howard (1776-1861). Entered the army, 1794; commanded a regiment at Quebec, 1797; served at Corunna and Flushing, 1809. After discharging various military missions, appointed governor of New Brunswick, 1823, holding the position until 1828. Lord high commissioner of the Ionian Islands, 1835-1840. Index: W His efforts on behalf of King's College, New Brunswick, 50-51. T His appearance described, 6. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Douglas, Sir James (1803-1877). MS A man of Imperial mind, 225; highest qualities as administrator, 225; with Dr. McLoughlin, 225; marries daughter of William Connolly, 225; chief factor, 1840, 226; governor of Vancouver Island, 1851, 225; knighted, 225; receives Simpson at Fort St. James, 238. D Visits Etoline, Russian governor, 1842, 45-46; in New Caledonia, 59-60; character, 84-91; dearth of documentary material for his life, 90; born Demerara, Aug. 15, 1803, 91; parentage, 92; educated in Scotland, 92-93; sails for Canada, 1820, and enters service of North West Company, 93; meets John McLoughlin at Fort William, 93; McLoughlin persuades him to join Hudson's Bay Company, 94; accompanies McLoughlin to Columbia department, 94; McLoughlin's friendship for Douglas, 94; his training under McLoughlin, 96; sent to New Caledonia, 96; accompanies William Connolly over mountains, 99; with Connolly at Fort St. James, 100; with John Tod at McLeod Lake, 100; his activities there, 100-102; marries Amelia Connolly, 103; transferred to Fort Vancouver, 1830, 103-110; family life there, 103; eldest daughter marries Dallas, afterwards governor of Hudson's Bay Company at Winnipeg, 103; his work in New Caledonia, 104; his connection with Fort George massacre, 105-109; receives Sir George Simpson at Fort St. James, 109; at Fort Vancouver, 110; revises system of accounting at Fort Vancouver, 121; in charge of York Factory express, 1835, 121; in charge of party that raised British flag above Fort Stikine, 1840, 121-122; builds Fort Durham, 122; sent to dismantle Fort Durham, 122; moves Fort McLoughlin to head of Vancouver Island, 122; sent to treat with Mexican governor, 1840, 126-127; succeeds McLoughlin as manager of Puget Sound Agricultural Company, 132; severs his connection, 1859, on accepting governorship of Vancouver Island and British Columbia, 132; becomes chief trader, 1852, 135; chief factor, 1840, 133; founds Victoria, 1843, 146; examines site for fort on Vancouver Island, 176; commands expedition charged with the building of the fort, 177; selects site, 178; proceeds next to dismantle Forts Taku and McLoughlin, 178; brings Bolduc, first missionary, to Vancouver Island, 178; completes Fort Camosun (Victoria), 179; returns to Fort Vancouver, 180; associated with McLoughlin and Ogden on board of management of western department, 187; succeeds McLoughlin in charge of western department, 1846, 187; succeeds Blanshard as governor of Vancouver Island, 205; dual position of Hudson's Bay Company officer and representative of crown, 207; establishes representative government, 1856, 208-210; his inaugural speech, 211-215; reports gold on Queen Charlotte Island, 220; issues gold-mining licenses, 221; reports gold discoveries on Upper Columbia, etc., 223; difficulties with the miners, 227; visits the camps, 227-228; appointed governor of British Columbia, 229; retires from Hudson's Bay Company, 229-230; full powers of government given him under instructions of colonial secretary, 1858, 231; Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton's opinion of him, 234-235; his administration of the government, 236; appoints provincial officers, 240-241; second visit to the mining camps, 243-245; proposes Queensborough as name of capital of British Columbia, 247; settles Hill's Bar affair, 248; builds roads, 249-253; 257; his resourcefulness, 249-250; plans for a transcontinental road, 253-254; financial problems, 258-262; charged with extravagance, 261; his prejudice in favour of Hudson's Bay Company, 263; defends their policy, 264-265; justice to the natives, 267; recommends church endowments, 270-271; conflict with Assembly over site of public buildings, 272-273; governorship of Vancouver Island ends, 1863,—knighthood,—succeeded by Arthur Kennedy,—retires from governorship of mainland of British Columbia, 1864, 289; advocates union of British Columbia and Vancouver Island, 295; public appreciation of his rule as governor, 304; leaves British Columbia and sails for Europe, 308-309; his personal side, 309; death, Aug. 1, 1877, 310; wife dies, 1891, 310; his character and achievements as man, fur trader, and statesman, 342-354; compared with McLoughlin, 351-353; personal appearance, 350-351. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por.; Cyc. Am. Biog.; Bancroft, History of British Columbia; Begg, History of British Columbia.

Douglas, Captain W. M. D With Meares on North-West Coast, 1788, 27; at Cook River, 27; arrives at Nootka from Cook River with cargo of sea-otter, 28; sails for Sandwich Islands, 28; returns to Nootka, 28; sails from Nootka to Queen Charlotte Islands, 29.

Doutre, Joseph (1825-1886). Born in Beauharnois, Quebec. Called to the bar, 1847. Early became a leader of the Liberal party. One of the founders of Le Pays, besides contributing to other newspapers. As a result of one of his articles, fought a duel with Georges E. Cartier, but without serious consequences. Joined the Institut Canadien at Montreal, and became the president, 1852. Took a leading part in opposition to the Roman Catholic Church in the "Joseph Guibord Case." Counsel for the Dominion government before the Halifax Fisheries Commission. Index: C Liberal leader in Quebec, 25; protests against Dorion entering Cartier's administration, 106-107. Bib.: Works: Les Fiancès de 1812; Le Frère et la Sœur; Les Sauvages du Canada; The Constitution of Canada. For biog., see Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party.

Doutre, R. E Member of the Parti Rouge, 108.

Douville, d'Agneau. Hd Abandons French post at Toronto, 26.

Dow, Dr. T Candidate in York, New Brunswick, 108.

Downshire, Wills Hill, first Marquis of (1718-1793). Secretary of state for colonies, 1768-1772. Index: Dr Approves Carleton's recommendations, 51. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Doyle, Sir Charles Hastings (1805-1883). Served in the army. Commander of the forces in Nova Scotia, 1861-1868; lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 1866-1867; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1867-1870; commander of the forces in British North America, 1870-1874. Index: H Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia; Sir John Macdonald his guest in 1868, 213, Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Doyle, Lawrence O'Connor. H Contributed to The Club in Howe's Nova Scotian, 9; his wit, 35; offered seat in government, 103-104; elected for Halifax, 106; member of Uniacke government, 110. Bib.: Bourinot, Builders of Nova Scotia.

Drake, Sir Francis (1540?-1596). Sailed from Plymouth for the River Plate, 1577; passed through the Straits of Magellan, 1578; plundered Valparaiso, 1579, and explored the western coast of North America the same year; returned to England, 1580, by way of the Cape of Good Hope. Vice-admiral of the fleet in the defeat of the Spanish Armada off Gravelines, 1588. Died on board his own ship off Porto Bello and buried at sea. Index: D On Pacific coast, 7, 8; lays foundation of British naval supremacy, 16; takes possession of Pacific coast for Queen Elizabeth, 62; and the Spaniards, 147. Bib.: Southey, Lives of the Admirals; Corbett, Drake and the Tudor Navy; Payne, Voyages of the Elizabethan Seamen to America; Froude, English Seamen in the Seventeenth Century; Laut, Vikings of the Pacific; Dict. Nat. Biog.

Draper, William Henry (1801-1877). Born in London, England. In his youth ran away to sea and served on an East Indiaman. Came to Canada in 1821 and taught school at Port Hope; subsequently studied law and began practice at York. Elected to Assembly of Upper Canada for city of Toronto in 1836, and made a member of the Executive Council. During the Rebellion of 1837 acted as aide-de-camp to the lieutenant-governor. In March, 1837, became solicitor-general, and in 1840 promoted to office of attorney-general. After the union of the provinces retained in the Executive Council as attorney-general of Upper Canada. It fell to his lot to pilot the ministry through the stormy debates of the first session, and to resist the attacks of Baldwin, Hincks, and their fellow-Reformers. In September, 1842, saw the necessity of resigning and gave way in order that the La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry might be formed. In 1843 appointed to the Legislative Council, where he led the opposition. On the resignation of the La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry in December, 1843, accepted office with Viger, and in the exciting election held in the autumn of 1844 obtained a bare majority for the new ministry. In January, 1845, resigned his seat in the Legislative Council and elected to the Assembly for London. An unsuccessful attempt to secure the support of the French-Canadian Reform section discredited him with the Tories of Upper Canada, and in May, 1847, withdrew from the Cabinet, and shortly afterwards resigned his seat in the Assembly. Appointed puisne judge of the Court of Queen's Bench for Upper Canada, and in 1856 made chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas. In July, 1863, succeeded Archibald McLean as chief justice of Upper Canada, and in 1869 appointed president of the Court of Error and Appeal. Continued to act in this position until his death. Index: Md Joins Metcalfe's administration, 19; seeks seat in Assembly, 23-24; his administration, 24; recommends Macdonald for office of commissioner of crown lands, 26; accepts judgeship and withdraws from public life, 27-28; commissioner to represent Canada before Hudson's Bay Committee, 1857, 83. BL Appointed attorney-general, Upper Canada, 1841, 76; his previous career, 77; his character, 77; Baldwin's attitude to, 80; pledged to support the administration, 81; succeeds in carrying on government, 85; in discussion as to speakership, 88; his public policy, 90; defines his position on question of responsible government, 91-92, 94; his nickname of "Sweet William," 92; his successful policy, 95; difficulties with French-Canadians, 96-97; realizes need for reconstruction of ministry, 115, 122; resigns office, 123; reads Bagot's letter to La Fontaine in the Assembly, 124; his speech in the Assembly, Sept. 13, 1842, 127; resigns, 132; appointed to Legislative Council, 177; opposes transfer of capital to Montreal, 183; opposes Baldwin's University Bill, 197; supports Metcalfe, 212; executive councillor, 216; referred to in George Brown's speech, 224; visits Lower Canada, and reports to Metcalfe on political situation, 236-263; forms ministry, 246; attorney-general for Upper Canada, 247; secures narrow majority in elections, 1844, 250-251; his political dexterity, 253-255; his University Bill, 256; his scheme for obtaining French-Canadian support, 258-235; his policy, 266-267; his government dying, 276; resigns and becomes puisne judge of Court of Queen's Bench, 276; his University Bill, 293; his municipal legislation, 299; his Indemnification Bill of 1845, 307-308. Sy Solicitor-general, introduces Union resolution in Upper Canada Legislative Assembly, 206, 213; brings in bill for settlement of Clergy Reserves question, 245; made attorney-general, 252; appointed to same office under Union, 283. B Becomes Metcalfe's chief adviser, 20; Globe criticizes his attempt to form a coalition, 27. C Forms ministry, 17. E Acknowledges necessity of bringing French-Canadians into Cabinet, 31; forms ministry under Lord Metcalfe, 35; his retirement, 43. R Ryerson's public letters to, 100, 120; in the Metcalfe controversy, 126; presents case for King's College before Legislature, 149; his Provincial University Bill, 153; bill defeated, 155. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Read, Lives of the Judges. For his own writings, see Morgan, Bib. Can.

Dreuilletes, Gabriel (1610-1681). Studied at Jesuit College, Toulouse. In 1643 came to Canada and spent a year in study of Algonquian language. Soon became proficient in that tongue and accompanied wandering bands on their hunting trips. In 1646 went on an expedition to the Abnaki tribes of Maine, who had become interested in Christianity through converts of the Sillery mission. Remained with the Abnaki one year and then removed to district of Tadoussac, where he spent three years among the Montagnais. In 1651 again sent to the Abnaki to form an alliance with the New England colonies against the Iroquois, but in this was unsuccessful. Laboured for twenty years in missions of Sillery, Three Rivers, and other posts. In 1661 had charge of the mission to the Cree tribes, and in 1672 spent some time in the mission of Sault Ste. Marie. Died at Quebec. Index: L One of the founders of the Sault Ste. Marie mission, 11. Bib.: Parkman, Jesuits in North America and La Salle.

Drew, Andrew (1792-1878). Entered the navy, 1806. Took part in many of the most important engagements during the war with France, including the Walcheren expedition. Promoted to lieutenant for gallantry during the fight between the Eurotas and the French frigate Clorinde, 1814. Promoted to commander for his brilliant defence of Cape Coast Castle against the Ashantees, 1824. Retired and settled in Canada. During Rebellion of 1837 offered his services to the government. Conducted the capture of the Caroline, for which he received the thanks of the Upper Canada Parliament and was appointed commander of the provincial marine. A grant by the Assembly to provide seventy-five guineas for the purchase of a sword of honour was not approved by the Legislative Council. Remained in active service in Canada until 1839. Appointed to the command of the Wasp on the West India Station, where he discovered and surveyed a dangerous rock which still bears his name, 1842. Appointed naval storekeeper at the Cape of Good Hope, 1850. Raised to the rank of admiral, 1862. Retired from active service and resided in England until his death. Index: Mc In charge of the expedition which cut out the Caroline, 420-421; thanked by the Upper Canadian Assembly, 423. Bib.: Drew and Woods, The Burning of the Caroline; Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion; Lizars, Humours of '37; Read, Rebellion of 1837. See also Caroline.

Drewe, Rev. Edward. S Accompanies Simcoe as chaplain, 47.

Driscoll, Captain. Bk Letter of, relating to death of Brock, 307.

Drummond, Sir Gordon (1771-1854). Son of Colin Drummond, at one time deputy paymaster-general of the forces in Canada. Born at Quebec. Entered the army, 1789, and rapidly promoted until in 1794 became lieutenant-colonel of the 8th Liverpool Regiment. Saw distinguished service in the Netherlands and in the West Indies; became colonel, 1798, and commanded his regiment during the campaign in Egypt, assisting in capture of Cairo and Alexandria. In 1805 given rank of major-general and took command of a division in Jamaica. In December, 1808, transferred to the staff in Canada, until 1811. Served for a time in Ireland; returned to Canada as second in command to Sir George Prévost, 1813. Took a most prominent part in the War of 1812. From December, 1813, to April, 1815, president and administrator of Upper Canada, and during this period succeeded in turning the tide of victory to the British forces. Defeated the Americans at Niagara, July 28, 1814, and followed this up by occupying Fort Erie in November. In recognition of his splendid services during the war, gazetted a K. C. B. On the departure of Sir George Prévost appointed administrator of Lower Canada, and assumed office Apr. 4, 1815. Had expressed a strong desire to return to England, as it was understood that the appointment was to be only temporary. Accordingly relieved by Major-General Wilson, and departed from Quebec, May 20, 1816. Obtained the rank of lieutenant-general in 1825. In 1827 made a G. C. B. Died in London. Index: Bk Takes command of troops at Montreal, 115; commander of forces in Canada, 157. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812; Rattray, The Scot in British North America.

Drummond, Lewis Thomas (1813-1882). Born in Londonderry, Ireland. Came to Canada with his mother, 1825. Educated at Nicolet College; studied law, and called to the bar, 1836. Elected to the Assembly for Montreal, 1843, but prevented from taking his seat by the dissolution of the Assembly. Defeated in the general election that followed, but in the same year elected for Portneuf. Held office in the La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry as solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 1848-1851, and became attorney-general for Lower Canada in the Hincks-Morin government, 1851. Held office under various administrations until 1856, when he resigned, owing to a dispute over the leadership of the Assembly. Again took office as attorney-general in the short-lived Brown-Dorion administration, 1861, and as commissioner of public works in the Macdonald-Dorion government, 1863. In the same year defeated for re-election and retired from political life. Appointed a judge of the Superior Court for Lower Canada, 1864. Retired, 1873. Died in Montreal. Index: E One of the leaders of the Liberals in Lower Canada in 1851, 109; becomes attorney-general for Lower Canada in Hincks-Morin government, 113; retains same portfolio in reconstructed ministry, 126; and in MacNab-Morin ministry, 141; takes a leading part in settlement of the Seigniorial Tenure, 186. B Enters George Brown's ministry, 102. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Du Bois d'Égriseilles, Abbé J. B. L Devotes his fortune to religious work at Montreal, 135.

Du Calvet, Pierre. Under the French régime engaged in the fur trade, and, having acquired considerable wealth, remained in the colony after the conquest. In 1764 made a magistrate and justice of the peace. Vigorously opposed an ordinance of 1770 regulating the administration of justice, and on several subsequent occasions clashed with the executive authority. Suspected by Haldimand of having been in secret correspondence with the United States, and arrested in September, 1780; from November, 1780, to May, 1783, kept in confinement without the opportunity of a legal trial. In 1784 went to England, where he denounced Haldimand and sought redress before the British ministry. In this connection published an "Appel à la Justice de l'État," setting forth his personal grievances, but concluding with a carefully prepared plan of government, which was considered as the basis for that adopted in the Constitutional Act of 1791. Complaints were not favourably received, and returned to Canada. In March, 1786, left New York for London on board the Shelburne, which is supposed to have been lost with all on board. Index: Hd Arrested on suspicion of treason, 279-280; evidence against, 281; his resentment against Haldimand, 282; being released, enters action against him, 283; his memorial to Lord Sydney, 284-288; his misstatements, 288; supported in his action against Haldimand by Masères, 290; demands a Legislative Assembly and the Habeas Corpus Act, 291; drowned at sea, 292; praised by Fréchette, 292; blames Mabane for ill will of Haldimand, 305; serves writ against Haldimand, 310. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Cyc. Am. Biog.; Shortt and Doughty, Constitutional Documents of Canada. For full titles of his Appel à la Justice de l'État, and The Case of Pierre Du Calvet, see Morgan, Bib. Can. See also Haldimand, Sir Frederick.

Duchesne, Adrien. Ch Surgeon, early settler, 145.

Duchesne, David. Ch Assisted in forming Company of New France, 168.

Duchesneau, Jacques. Intendant of New France, 1675-1682. His commission invested him with the title of president of the Sovereign Council, an office which had hitherto been filled by the governor. As Frontenac, a man of dominant spirit, was then governor, interminable disputes arose between him and the intendant touching questions of precedence. Frontenac lost no opportunity of showing his resentment; and the intendant sided with the bishop in the vexed question of selling brandy to the Indians. Finally the quarrel came to the ears of the king, and both governor and intendant were recalled. Index: L Appointed intendant, 166; disagrees with Frontenac, 167; recalled, 168. F Intendant, 108; his instructions, 109; claims to rank above bishop, 115; causes king's prohibition of trading licenses to be registered in Frontenac's absence, 117; asked to furnish particulars as to ill effects of liquor traffic, 118; censured for interfering in matters beyond his sphere, 120; his recommendations on the coureurs de bois question, 127; dispute with Frontenac as to presidency of the Sovereign Council, 133-140; severely censured in despatch from minister, 134; accuses Frontenac of manufacturing the news he sends to the minister, 142; his son imprisoned for disrespect to Frontenac, 143; recall of, 143; makes report on Acadia, 271. Bib.: Douglas, Old France in New World; Parkman, Frontenac; Roy, Intendants de la Nouvelle-France (R. S. C., 1903).

Duclos, Captain. WM Constructs and commands floating battery Le Diable, 82, 87, 104.

Dudley, Joseph (1647-1720). F Provisional governor of Massachusetts, 264. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Dudouyt, Jean. F Grand-vicar to bishop of Quebec, 111; sent to France by bishop in connection with liquor question, 118; advice to bishop, 171. L Director of seminary, 55; transfers his personal income to seminary, 56; to administer diocese in case of necessity, 134; his mission to France, 171; grand cantor of chapter of Quebec, 197; death of, 219. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac.

Dufferin and Ava, Frederick Temple Hamilton Blackwood, Marquess of (1826-1902). British commissioner to Syria, 1860; under-secretary for India, 1864-1866, and for war, 1865-1867; governor-general of Canada, 1872-1878; ambassador to Russia, 1879; transferred to Constantinople, 1881; viceroy of India, 1884; ambassador to Italy, 1888; ambassador to France, 1891; Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, 1891. Index: D Visits British Columbia in connection with Confederation negotiations, 323. Bib.: Works: Journey from Oxford to Skibbereen; Letters from High Latitudes; Inquiry into State of Ireland; Irish Emigration; Speeches and Addresses, ed. by Milton. For biog., see Leggo, History of the Administration of Lord Dufferin in Canada; Stewart, Canada under Lord Dufferin; Black, The Marquess of Dufferin and Ava; Lyall, The Life of the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava; Dent, Can. Por.; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Dufort, Thomas. Mc Agent of Papineau to Upper Canada, 345; sets out for Michigan, 345; secures assistance in Michigan, 427.

Dugas, Du Gua, or Du Guast, Sieur de Monts. See Monts.

Duggan, Jeremiah. Dr Citizen of Quebec, assists Americans, 120.

Du Lhut, Daniel Greysolon (1640?-1710). Took part in the campaign in Flanders, and present at the battle of Seneffe, 1664. Came to Canada latter year. Left Montreal for the West, 1678, and the following year took possession of the country of the Sioux for France; explored the country about Lake Superior, and gained unusual influence over some of the western tribes; commanded at Fort Frontenac, 1696, and later at Detroit; the city of Duluth named after him. Index: F Explorer, discoveries of, 162; imprisoned on return to Quebec, 163; appointed post commander among north-western tribes, 164; diverts trade from English posts on Hudson Bay to Montreal, 164; under orders from La Barre confiscates goods in La Salle's fort of St. Louis, 179; instructed to rendezvous at Niagara, 181, 186, 187;, fortifies post at outlet of Lake Huron, 202. Bib.: Margry, Découvertes et Établissements des Français; Sieur Du Lhut (Minn. Hist. Coll., vol. 1); McLennan, Death of Duluth (R. S. C., 1903); Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites, vol. 62; Roy, DuLhut (Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 4); Colby, Canadian Types of the Old Régime.

Du Marche. Ch Priest at Miscou, 234.

Dumas, N. E Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 186.

Dumas, Major. WM Commands night expedition to destroy British batteries at Pointe Lévis, 113-115; commands Canadians in battle of the Plains, 192, 195.

Dumay, Captain. Ch Champlain consults with, 133.

Dumont's House. WM Occupied in turn by British and French, 256, 258.

Dumoulin. Ch Murdered by Montagnais Indians, 164.

Duncan, Adam (1731-1804). Entered the navy 1755; commanded the Royal Exchange, 1759-1760; commander-in-chief in the North Sea, 1759-1801; defeated the Dutch off Camperdown, 1797. Raised to the peerage as Viscount Camperdown. Index: Bk Gains victory off Camperdown, 12. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Duncan, Alexander. D Sails for North-West Coast with Colnett, 22; confirms discovery of Portlock and Dixon that Queen Charlotte Islands are not part of mainland, 22.

Duncan, Richard. S Member of Legislative Council, 79.

Duncan, William. D Sent out from England, 1856, by Church of England Missionary Society, 270; establishes native industrial community at Metla Kahtla, 270; dispute with ecclesiastical authorities, and removal to Alaska, 270. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names; Arctander, Apostle of Alaska: the Story of William Duncan.

Duncombe, Charles. Medical doctor. Resided at Burford Plains, near Brantford. Elected to the Legislature, 1824, and re-elected, 1836. After the failure of the Rebellion, escaped to the United States. In 1843 returned to Canada, but remained only for a short time. Mc Complains to Glenelg of Head, 315; deals with York election, 316; his letter referred to a committee, 321; report of the committee, 322; assembles his forces at Brantford, 425; retreats to Scotland village, 425; increased by one thousand, 425; men disperse, 426; amnestied, 474. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.

Dundas, George (1819-1880). Lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island, 1859-1869. Afterwards lieutenant-governor of St. Vincent, West India Islands, where he died.

Dundas, Henry. See Melville.

Dundas Street. Also known as the Governor's Road. Built by Governor Simcoe; connected London with the village of Dundas. Place and road were named after the then secretary for the colonies. Index: S Name given by Simcoe to his military road from Burlington Bay to site of present city of London, 201. BL Its extent, 8.

Dunfermline, James Abercromby, first Baron (1776-1858). Sat in British Parliament, 1807, 1812-1830 and 1832; Speaker of House of Commons, 1835-1839. Index: Sy Governor-generalship of Canada tendered to, 58. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Dunkin, Christopher (1811-1881). Born in London, England. Educated at the Universities of London and Glasgow. Emigrated to America; studied at Harvard University, and for a time tutor of Greek in that institution. Came to Canada about 1836, and engaged in newspaper work. Appointed secretary to the Education Commission, 1838, and subsequently secretary to the Post-office Commission. Assistant-secretary for Lower Canada, 1841-1847; called to the bar, 1846. Unsuccessfully contested the county of Drummond for a seat in the Legislative Assembly, 1844, but elected to represent Drummond and Arthabaska, 1857. Defeated, 1861, but elected for the county of Brome, 1862. Retained his seat until Confederation, when elected by the same county to the House of Commons. At first an opponent of Confederation, but afterwards a strong supporter. Provincial treasurer of Quebec, 1867; entered the Dominion Cabinet as minister of agriculture, 1869. Appointed a judge of the Superior Court of Quebec, 1871; held office until his death. Name associated with the Canada Temperance Act, better known as the "Dunkin Act." Bib.: Dent's Can. Por. and Last Forty Years.

Dunlop, William (1795?-1848). Born in Scotland. Served as a regimental surgeon in War of 1812 and in India. Came to Canada in 1826, with John Galt (q.v.); and took part in the establishment of the Canada Company (q.v.). In Scotland, had been the intimate of John Wilson ("Christopher North," of Blackwood's), Maginn, and Hogg, and had done some literary work, which he continued in Canada. Founded the Toronto Literary Club, 1836. Represented Huron in the Legislature, 1841-1846. Index: BL Attacks proposed reconstruction of ministry, 1842, 132; significance of his nickname of "Tiger," 132. See also Canada Company; Galt; Talbot. Bib.: Statistical Sketches of Upper Canada. For biog., see Lizars, Days of the Canada Company and Humours of '37; Dent, Last Forty Years; Rattray, The Scot in British North America; Morgan, Bib. Can.

Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of (1732-1809). Royal governor of Virginia, appointed 1771. Returned to England after the Revolutionary War, and in 1786 appointed governor of the Bermudas. Index: Hd His letter to Haldimand, 92. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Dunn, John Henry. Came to Canada in 1820, from England. Receiver-general and member of Executive and Legislative Councils of Upper Canada. Died in London, 1854. Index: BL Receiver-general, appointed to Council by Head, 38-39; receiver-general, 1841, 76; a moderate Reformer, 78; Baldwin's confidence in, 78; retains office under La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 134; beaten in Toronto, 1844, 253. Sy Made receiver-general of united province, 283, 332. Mc Appointed executive councillor, 294; resigns, 294. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Dunn, Oscar (1844-1885). Journalist. Index: C His statements as to Cartier's quarrel with Macdonald over terms of British North America Act, 103. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Dunn, Robert. S Presbyterian clergyman, performed marriage services in contravention of the law, 164; second clergyman to settle in Niagara district, 165; drowned in wreck of the Speedy, 165.

Dunn, Thomas (1731-1818). Engaged in mercantile life; came to Canada shortly after the conquest. In 1764 appointed a member of the first Legislative Council of Quebec. A member of the new Council formed under Quebec Act, and one of the five selected by Carleton for the Special Privy Council. On the passing of the Constitutional Act, appointed one of the first executive and legislative councillors of the Lower Province, and during five different periods acted as president of the Legislative Council. On departure of Sir Robert Milnes, in 1805, assumed the administration of the province and continued to act until the arrival of Sir James Craig in October, 1807. Again in 1811, during the interval between the departure of Sir James Craig and the arrival of Sir George Prévost, entrusted with the administration. Index: Dr Appointed judge, 183. Bk Becomes civil administrator with title of president on departure of Sir R.S. Milnes, 69, 73; differences with Brock, 77; confident of loyalty of French-Canadians, 86; calls out one-fifth of militia, 94, 96; becomes administrator again on departure of Craig, 157. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Dunning, John. See Ashburton.

Dunvegan. A trading-post on the left bank of the Peace River, about lat. 56°, and long. 118° 40'. Built by A. R. McLeod for the North West Company about the beginning of the nineteenth century. It was named after the "cold, bleak, rock-built castle of the McLeods of Skye." Daniel Williams Harmon stationed there, 1808-1810, and Simon Fraser visited him there on his way east from exploring the river that bears his name. Bib.: Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.

Du Parc, Jean Godet, Sieur. Ch Comes to Canada, 47; left in charge of colony (1610), 60.

Dupleix, General. WM Abandonment of, by French government, 53.

Duplessis-Bochart, Guillaume Guillemot. Sent to Canada, 1632, by the Company of New France. Led a trading expedition up the Ottawa River, 1636. Killed by the Iroquois at Three Rivers, 1651. Index: Ch Presents pictures to church of Notre-Dame de la Recouvrance, 240; brings out settlers, 252.

Du Plessis Bonneau, Thomas, Sieur. Ch Director of Company of New France, 170.

Duplessis de Ste. Hélène, Mère André. L Her piety, 92.

Duplessis-Mornay. See Mornay.

Duplessis, Pacifique. Came to Canada with Champlain, 1615. Returned to France, 1618. Came again, 1619, and died the same year. Index: Ch Récollet missionary, 85; death of, 117. Bib.: Douglas, Old France in the New World; Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Dupont, Nicolas. F Member of Sovereign Council, 106. L Member of Sovereign Council, 158, 166.

Dupont. Ch Name given by Champlain to the Nicolet River, 52.

Dupont-Gravé. See Pont-Gravé.

Duprat, Captain. WM Brings word of impending attack on left of French position, 138.

Dupuis, Captain. L Heads mission established at Gannentaha, 65, 67.

Dupuy, Claude Thomas. Intendant of New France, 1726-1728. Although a man of some ability, was extremely pretentious and self-opinionated, and became involved in constant quarrels with the governor and the bishop. Bib.: Roy, Intendants de la Nouvelle-France (R. S. C., 1903).

Duquesne de Menneville, Michel Ange, Marquis de. Appointed governor of New France 1752, in succession to La Jonquière. His policy was to intercept communication between New England and the western Indians and thus to restore the Indians to dependence on France. In the spring of 1753 sent a force of a thousand men under Morin to the Ohio district; a fort was built at Presque Isle and another, Fort Le Bœuf, inland on River Le Bœuf. Disease made ravages among the troops, and while 300 were left to garrison the forts, the remainder were compelled to return to Montreal, and Duquesne's plans for a further advance were frustrated. Nevertheless the Indians were brought into submission to the French. Improved the organization of the government of the colony, and through thorough discipline raised the efficiency of the colonial troops. Succeeded in 1755 by the Marquis de Vaudreuil. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley, The Fight for Canada; Fiske, New France and New England.

Durell, Philip. Second-in-command, under Admiral Saunders, before Quebec, 1759. Index: WM Instructed to cruise off St. Lawrence, 75; makes some captures, 78; arrives at Ile-aux-Coudres, and establishes camp, 88; his grandson captured, 90. Bib.: Wood, Logs of the Conquest of Canada and The Fight for Canada; Doughty, Siege of Quebec.

Durham, John George Lambton, Earl of (1792-1840). Entered British Parliament, 1814, for county of Durham, and won recognition as an advanced Reformer. Brought forward plan of parliamentary reform in 1821. Raised to peerage, 1828. Member of Grey's ministry, 1830. Sent to St. Petersburg on special mission, 1833. Ambassador to Russia, 1836. Sent to Canada in 1838 to bring order out of the chaos of the Rebellion. His famous Report followed. His policy in Canada excited much opposition both in Great Britain and Canada. The House of Lords voted disapproval of some of his acts, and he took the extraordinary step of returning to England without either being recalled or obtaining the royal consent. Nevertheless the wisdom of his recommendations has since been abundantly justified. Died at Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, soon after his return. Index: Mc "A man ahead of his time," 6, 7; speech on the Reform Bill, 14, 15; his report on the Constitutional Act, 55; on the position of lieutenant-governor, 56; on the Legislative Council, 57; on the Executive Council, 58, 63, 64; says Reformers are justified in demanding responsible executive, 59, 67, 68, 69; points out powerlessness of Assembly, 60; on the Family Compact, 62, 65; Clergy Reserves one of the chief causes of Rebellion, 71, 72; on evils arising from Constitutional Act, 75, 76; says representative government was guaranteed by Constitutional Act, 76; his report justifies Reformers, 77; Stuart J. Reid on the Report, 78, 79; analogy between Report and "Seventh Report on Grievances," 79, 80; Union Act of 1840 based on Report, 80; recommends responsible government, 81; authorship of Report, 82, 83; on Head's interference in election, 309; on the causes of disaffection, 402; the remedy, 403. Md On representation by population, 71; on federal union, 93-95. T His views on union, 61. C His inquiry and report, 11-12; Poulett Thomson sent out to Canada to give effect to his recommendations, 12; would merge French-Canadians in the Anglo-Saxon race, 12; exposes frauds of Constitution of 1791, 13; in favour of ministerial responsibility, 96. H His report before Nova Scotia Legislature, 53; advocates Intercolonial Railway, 99. P On Papineau's refusal to accept Lord Goderich's offer of control of the revenue, 77; exiles leaders of Rebellion to Bermuda, 138; his action vetoed by Imperial government, 139; vindicates his action in a parting proclamation, 139; on the system of government in Lower Canada, 157; denied access to Canadian documents in Paris archives, 165; his scheme for union of the Canadas arouses opposition of French-Canadians, 170. R Ryerson on, 115; Ryerson supports his recommendations, 117; his Report, 120-122. MS Comes to Canada, 243; his Report, 243; appoints Adam Thom to his staff, 245. Sy His lack of discretion, 57, 89; his Report, 85, 89-97, 345; his Report welcomed by British party in Lower Canada, 95; and Reformers of Upper Canada, 96; criticized in report of the Upper Canada Assembly, 97-100; also in report of committee of Legislative Council, 100-103; quoted against his own Report, 162. B On causes of Rebellion in Lower Canada, 11, 53; his remedy for political discontent, 12, 13; estimates numerical strength of Church of England in Upper Canada, 52-53; his Report quoted, on land grants, 53-54; on representation, 82-83; and Confederation, 129; his plan of legislative union, 263. BL On political situation in Upper Canada, 17; and Lower Canada, 17; in period of reconstruction, 50; sent to Canada, 53; previous career, 53; his arbitrary methods in Canada, 54; attacked in House of Lords, and his ordinance granting amnesty disallowed, 55; his proclamation, 55; his recall, 55; his Report, 55-58; Imperial government acts upon his advice, 59; his recommendations, 66; recommends responsible government, 137, 273; John Stuart Mill on, 149; on the duties of the governor, 161, 163; his Report quoted by Baldwin, 222; and Elgin, 274; eulogized by Draper, 277. E His characteristics as a statesman, 2; his daughter marries Lord Elgin, 14; sound principles laid down in his Report indicated by Lord Elgin, 15; compared with Elgin, 15; sums up nature of conflict in Lower Canada, 18; advocates ultimate domination of English element, 23, 55; his views on representative government, 25-26; on land grants to United Empire Loyalists, 144-145; on Clergy Reserves, 148, 154-155; on American misconstruction of conditions in Canada, 190-191; on economic conditions in Canada in 1838-1839, 191; suggests remedies, 192-193, 194, 195. Bib.: Report on the Affairs of British North America; Haliburton, Reply to the Report of the Earl of Durham; Bradshaw, Self-Government in Canada; Egerton and Grant, Canadian Constitutional Development; Garnett, The Authorship of Lord Durham's Report; Christie, History of Lower Canada; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dict. Eng. Hist.; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por.; Reid, Life and Letters of Lord Durham.

Dutch Colonists. Ch Their relations with the Iroquois, 52. Dr Admixture of, among United Empire Loyalists, 240. Bk Emigration of, from Pennsylvania to Upper Canada, 49.

Duval, Jean. F Executed for conspiracy against Champlain, 8. Ch Locksmith, accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; leads conspiracy to assassinate him, 42; executed, 43. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Duval, Jean François Joseph (1801-1881). Born in Quebec. Studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1823. Represented Quebec in the Assembly, 1830-1834. Appointed to the bench, 1839; judge of the Superior Court, 1852; judge of the Queen's Bench, 1855; chief justice of the Queen's Bench, 1864; retired, 1874. Died in Quebec. Index: E Member of Seigniorial Court, 187. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Du Verger, Father. Ch Promotes Récollet mission to Canada, 83.

Du Vernet. Ch Interpreter, 144.

Du Vignau, Nicolas. Ch His alleged discoveries, 74-77, interpreter, 144. Bib.: Champlain, Voyages; Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Earthquake of 1663. Known in Canadian history as the "Great Earthquake." The most extravagant accounts have come down as to the circumstances attending this earthquake, but it was undoubtedly the most serious disturbance of the earth's crust, in Canadian territory, of which we have any record. It affected chiefly the valley of the St. Lawrence from Montreal to the gulf, a region more susceptible to seismic disturbance than any other in Eastern Canada. Kingsford cites contemporary reports of similar phenomena in 1638 and 1766. Index: F Described by Avaugour, 46-47. L Lalemant's account of, 42-45; Marie de l'Incarnation on, 45; conversions resulting from, 45-46. Bib.: Charlevoix, Histoire de la Nouvelle France; Lalemant, Relation, 1663; Ragueneau, Vie de Catherine de St. Augustin; Marie de l'Incarnation, Lettres; Parkman, Old Régime; Kingsford, History of Canada.

Eastern Townships. Hd Proposition to settle with disbanded Loyalists, 264. Dr Settled by British Americans, 289; mixed population of, 288. Bib.: Day, Pioneers of the Eastern Townships; Day, History of the Eastern Townships; Thomas, History of the Eastern Townships.

Easton, James. Dr American officer, demands surrender of Carleton at Sorel, 113. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Eau, Chevalier d'. F Goes on embassy to Iroquois, 262.

Echemin Indians. A tribe closely resembling the Micmacs of Nova Scotia, and inhabiting in the seventeenth century what is now eastern Maine and New Brunswick. They lived by hunting and fishing. Index: WM Enemies of the English, 16.

Edgar, Sir James David (1841-1899). Studied law, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1864. Elected to House of Commons, 1872. Sent on political mission to British Columbia, in connection with Canadian Pacific Railway. Returned to Parliament, 1884; elected Speaker of the House of Commons, 1896. Index: Md Sent to British Columbia by Mackenzie government, 234. D Sent to Victoria, 1874, as special agent of Dominion government, in connection with Canadian Pacific Railway, 320. Bib.: Works: This Canada of Ours and Other Poems; The White Stone Canoe; Canada and its Capital. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men.

Edmonton. Capital of province of Alberta. Situated on the North Saskatchewan. Occupies site of Edmonton House, of the Hudson's Bay Company, and, at a still earlier date, Fort Augustus, of the North West Company. Later was built by Hughes, and known at one time as Fort des Prairies. Bib.: Cameron, The City on the Saskatchewan.

Edmonton House. MS Built by Hudson's Bay Company, 6.

Education. Md University endowment in Upper Canada, 28-30; Macdonald's connection with separate school question, 82, 84; compulsory education established, 116. W State of, in New Brunswick, 83; Wilmot's interest in, 83; grammar schools, 85-86; college of New Brunswick, 86; Madras System, 86-87; lack of public interest in schools, 88-90; Wilmot's views on education, 90-91. T Improvement in school system, 20; King's College, 20-22. WM Limited to a few, but excellent, 23. R In Upper Canada, 51-59; petitions, 54-55; Common School Bill, 1816,—its provisions, 56-57; Board of Education, 58; provisions of amending Act, 1824, 58; the university question, 133-162; the common school system, 163-213; separate school question, 215-245; grammar or high schools, 247-268. E Gradual improvements in common school system after 1841, 87-89; Mrs. Jamieson on the Upper Canadian schoolmaster, 87; Lord Elgin's interest in educational problems, 88. BL System of common schools provided for in government programme, 1841, 89; Act passed, 105; previous legislation for higher education, 105-106; for elementary schools, 106-107; terms of new Act of 1841, 107-108; school laws of 1843,189-190; Baldwin's University Act, 190; history of the university movement in Upper Canada, 191-197; under second La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 281, 286, 292, 338-339. Sy Demand that Clergy Reserves should be applied to purposes of, 240-242. S Simcoe's efforts in cause of, 166. C In the clerical colleges of Quebec, 3-5; Lord Elgin on, 5; Cartier's work for, in Lower Canada, 114; in Quebec, 37-38. Dr Committee on, appointed, 226; conflicting views on, 227-229. H In Nova Scotia,—Joseph Howe advocates compulsory education, 79; and an undenominational provincial university, 82; again introduces his measure for public schools, 115. B George Brown's views on, 47, 59, 61, 62-64, 75, 121-123, 145; separate school question, 121-123, 144-145. Hd In the early days of British rule, 233-236. See Ryerson, Egerton; Strachan, John; Simcoe, John Graves; Grammar Schools; Universities; Public Schools; Libraries; Manitoba School Question; Separate Schools. Bib.: Canada: An Ency., vols. 2, 3, and 4; Chauveau, L'Instruction Publique; Dawson, Fifty Years' Work in Canada; Hodgins, Documentary History of Education in Upper Canada; Ryerson, Story of my Life; Meilleur, L'Education du Bas-Canada; Millar, Educational System of Ontario; Ross, Universities of Canada; Education in the Canadas (Archives Report, 1899).

Edward VII (1841-1910). Succeeded to throne, 1901. Index: E His visit to Canada in 1860, 7. Md Visits Canada in 1860, and opens Victoria bridge, 87. Bib.: Dict. Eng. Hist.; Morgan, Tour of Prince of Wales through Canada; Gough, The King's Visit to Canada.

Edward and Annie. MS The vessel which brought the Red River settlers from Stornoway to Hudson Bay, 150-151.

Effiat, Duc d'. Ch Second in list of Hundred Associates (Company of New France), 170.

Eldon, John Scott, first Earl (1751-1838). British statesman. Index: Sy Resigns from Cabinet, 16. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Election Frauds. B In Russell County and Quebec City in 1857, 99-100, 106.

Election Laws. BL Bill introduced, 99; rejected by Council, 100; La Fontaine-Baldwin government brings in a broader measure, 144; its terms, 144-145; opposition of Conservative press, 145-146; electoral reform measures, 286.

Elgin, James Bruce, eighth Earl of (1811-1863). E His qualities as a statesman, 3-4; his success in Canada, 4; his lineage, 5-6; his personal character, 6-8; education, 6; his contemporaries at college, 7; enters Parliament, 8; accepts governorship of Jamaica, 9; death of his first wife, 9; his successful administration in Jamaica, 10-12; returns to England, 1846, 13; accepts governor-generalship of Canada, 13; his second marriage, 14; influence of Durham, 15; contrasted with Durham, 15; his arrival in Montreal, 1847, 16, 26, 40, 41; views on the political situation, 41-43; obtains from Imperial government reimbursement of plague expenses, 48; his tour through Upper Canada, 49; on agricultural associations, 50; dissolves Parliament, 50; calls upon La Fontaine and Baldwin to form administration, 52; comments on character of new government, 52-53; his letters to Lord Grey, 54-56; views on the French question, 55-56; his antipathy to Papineau, 56; on economic conditions, 57-58; on annexation sentiment, 58; on inter-imperial trade, 58-59; his course in connection with Rebellion Losses Bill, 71-78; attacked by mob, 74; Imperial government approves his action in signing bill, 78; second visit to Upper Canada, 79; raised to peerage, 80; condemns Annexation Manifesto, 81; on causes of commercial depression, 82; urges reciprocity with United States, 82, 101, 107; vindication of his policy on Rebellion Losses Bill, 83-84; views on education, 88-89; his admiration for Baldwin, 104; on parliamentary representation, 118-119; on an elective Upper House, 120-121; visits England in 1853, 123; tribute from United States minister in London, 123-124; visits Washington and negotiates Reciprocity Treaty, 124; resents John Sandfield Macdonald's rebuke, 129; on the appeal to the country in 1854, 132, 133; opens fifth Parliament, 135; advises repeal of Imperial Act of 1840, 164-165, 167; on the attitude of the Church of England in Canada, 169; his efforts to kill annexation sentiment, 189-190, 194, 195; his efforts to secure reciprocity, 196; visits United States and negotiates treaty, 197; signs treaty June 8, 1854, 198, 201; succeeded as governor-general by Sir Edmund Head, Dec. 19, 1854, 203; parting address from Legislature, 203; his reply, 204-205; his last speech in Quebec, 205-208; returns to England, 209; views on colonial self-defence, 209-212; accepts mission to China, 212; his part in suppressing Indian Mutiny, 213; negotiates treaty of Tientsin, 214; official visit to Japan, 214; negotiates treaty of Yeddo, 214; returns to England, 215; British apathy as to colonies, 215; becomes postmaster-general in Palmerston government, 215; Lord Rector of Glasgow University, 215; his second mission to China, 215; governor-general of India, 216; his tour in Northern India, 218; holds Durbar at Agra, 218; suppresses Nahabu outbreak, 218; illness and death, Nov. 20, 1863, 218-219; his views on Imperial honours, 222; his principles of self-government, 227; on British connection, 229, 231; on the status of a constitutional governor, 231-232; beneficial results of his policy, 233, 235; on colonial self-government, 239-240; on the American political system, 257-258. B On causes of depression in Canada, 32; his far-sighted statesmanship,—views on imperial unity, 33; introduces self-government in Canada, 33; and the Rebellion Losses Bill, 34-38. Md Succeeds Cathcart as governor-general, 26; upholds responsible government, 32-33; gives assent to Rebellion Losses Bill, 36-38; mobbed in Montreal, 38; sober second judgment of the people justifies his action in approving the bill, 41; his action approved by British government, 42; effects Reciprocity Treaty with United States, 45, 98, 216. T Brings about Reciprocity Treaty, 29. BL Mentioned, 75; attitude to responsible government, 138; chosen by Liberal government as governor-general, 272; his character, 272; his grasp of the colonial situation, and attitude towards responsible government, 273; first to apply successfully the principle, 273; liberally interprets his instructions, 274; marries Durham's daughter, 274; a thorough believer in Durham's doctrines, 274; his statesmanlike grasp of the true attitude of the governor, 274-275; enters Montreal, January, 1847, 275; Hincks on, 275-276; Draper on, 277; dissolves Parliament, Dec. 6, 1847, 278; his solution of the Canadian question, 282-283; calls Parliament at Montreal, Feb. 25, 1848, 283; sends for La Fontaine to form ministry, 284; his high opinion of second La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 285; interview with Baldwin and La Fontaine, 285-286; brings session to a close, 286; on commercial depression in Canada, 301; consents to Rebellion Losses Bill, 321; mobbed in Montreal, 305, 322, 324; his attitude towards the bill, 332-334; loyal reception to in Toronto, 338. R Concedes full measure of responsible government, 126. C On education in Quebec, 5; urges Cartier to enter Cabinet, 22; and the Rebellion Losses Bill, 32; his letter to Lord Grey on the state of the country in 1849, 44; most enlightened and most popular governor before Confederation, 98; aids cause of responsible government, 98. H Attends public dinner to Joseph Howe at Toronto 1851, 138; represents British North America at Boston railway celebration, 1851, 250. Mc Assents to Amnesty Act, 480. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Walrond, Letters of Lord Elgin; Wrong, The Earl of Elgin; Le Moine, Le Comte d'Elgin (R. S. C., 1894).

Eliott, G. A. See Heathfield.

Elisa, Francisco. Commanded Spanish expedition to Nootka, 1790. Carried on extensive explorations in 1791, returning to Monterey the following year. Index: D His attempt to explore Juan de Fuca Strait in 1790, 26; sends Fidalgo to examine northern coast same year, 26. Bib.: Bancroft, North-West Coast.

Ellice, Edward (1781-1863). P Seignior of Beauharnois, suggests to colonial secretary union of Upper and Lower Canada, 47; his design revealed, 49; meets Papineau, 53. MS Opposes sale of Red River land to Selkirk by Hudson's Bay Company, 210-212; quoted on Dr. John McLoughlin, 220; before Hudson's Bay Company Committee, 272. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Elliott, Colonel. Bk Indian superintendent at Amherstburg, 151; in charge of Indians in western district, 230.

Elliott. Dr Commissioner for exchange of prisoners, 207.

Elmsley, John (1762-1805). Born in England. Succeeded William Osgoode as chief-justice of Upper Canada, 1796, and again as chief-justice of Lower Canada, 1802. At the same time became a member of the Executive Council. In February, 1803, appointed president of the Legislative Council—a position he held until his death. Index: S Becomes chief-justice, 178. Bk His death, 69. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Read, Lives of the Judges.

Embargo. Bk On United States ships, 83, 108; benefits Canadian trade, 109, 115; disastrous effects of, both in United States and in England, 110, 111; withdrawn, 114.

Emigration. Sy Sydenham's views on, 321; grant by British government in aid of, 322.

Emulous. Bk British ship, prizes taken by, 224.

End, William. W Votes against address of New Brunswick Assembly, 46; referred to by Wilmot, 95; moves amendment in regard to money grants, 97; interrupts Wilmot's speech, 108, 109.

Endemare, Father. Ch Jesuit, goes to Fort Ste. Anne in Cape Breton, 237.

England. Bk At war with republican France, 8; its invasion threatened, 10; mutiny in the fleet and insubordination in the army, 11; isolation of, 23; makes peace of Amiens, 30; declares war with France, 44; threatened by Napoleon, 71; the Berlin Decrees directed against, 81; without an ally in Europe, 82; orders-in-council in reply to Berlin Decrees, 93, 106, 111, 120; intense anxiety in, as to war in Peninsula (1811), 140; prostration of trade, 167; neglect of military protection of Canada (1812), 184; its main force necessarily concentrated on struggle in Europe, 269.

English Colonies. F Goods cheap in, 154; pay better price for furs, 154, 175, 201; political confusion prevailing in, after downfall of James II, 263. WM Colonists sell goods to Indians on more advantageous terms than the French, 21.

English Colonization. WM Egoism the principle of, 17; Parkman on, 20; demoralizing effect of, 20. Bib.: Fiske, New France and New England.

English Law. Hd Introduction of, by the royal proclamation, 59. Dr Sometimes inconsistently invoked by those who in general objected thereto, 40.

English Settlers in Canada. Dr Position taken by, 9; find French laws irksome, 12; Murray's description of, 14, 24, 26; send delegate to England, 16; petition for Murray's recall, 17; described by Carleton, 47; object to Carleton's ordinance of 1770, with respect to administration of justice, 55.

Enos, General Roger (1729-1808). Hd In command of Vermont troops, 211; proposes to settle two Canadian townships, 266. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Epidemics. L Ravages of, 239. See Smallpox.

Equal Rights Association. Formed in Toronto, in 1889, to secure the disallowance of the Jesuits' Estates Act, and generally to oppose what was described as the "political encroachments of ultramontanism." Among the principal founders were D'Alton McCarthy, William E. O'Brien, and Clarke Wallace. Index: Md Grew out of agitation over Jesuits' Estates question, 289.

Erie Indians. A large tribe, of Iroquois stock, inhabiting in the seventeenth century the country between Lake Erie and the Ohio. After a long war, the Eries were practically wiped out by the Iroquois, in 1656, the few survivors being adopted into the Iroquois confederacy. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.

Erie, Lake. Area 10,000 square miles. Discovered by Brébeuf and Chaumonot, 1640. It is possible that the lake may have been first seen by white men at a still earlier date, when the Franciscan friar, La Roche Dallion, visited the Neutral nation, 1626, but there is no direct evidence. The lake is mentioned under its present name in Lalemant's Relation of 1641, as well as in that of Ragueneau, 1648. La Salle's Griffon was the first ship to sail its waters, 1679. First clearly shown on Sanson map of 1650. Bib.: Chaumonot, Vie; Harris, Early Missions; Parkman, Jesuits in North America.

Ermatinger, Francis. D His expedition to Sacramento in 1841, 132. Bib.: Simpson, Journey round the World; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

Erskine, David Montagu, second Baron (1776-1855). Bk British minister at Washington, premature announcement of, with respect to orders-in-council, 120. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Eskimos. American aborigines, formerly occupying practically the entire coast of North America from Newfoundland around to the Aleutian Islands; now confined to the northern coast of the continent, and the Arctic Islands. They call themselves Inuit, meaning "people," the name "Eskimo" having been given them by some of their Indian neighbours. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of American Indians; Reclus, Primitive Folk. See also United States Bureau of Ethnology Reports.

Esquimalt. Naval station, four miles from Victoria, Vancouver Island. Index: D Suggested as site for city, 175; Douglas's spelling of name, 175; H. M. S. Constance arrives there, 184.

Essex. Bk United States frigate, captures British transport, 225.

Estaing, Charles Hector Theodat, Count d' (1729-1794). Hd His proclamation to French-Canadians, 123. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Esten, James C. Palmer (1806-1864). Born in Bermuda. Educated at the Charter House, London; called to the English bar. Came to Canada, 1836, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1838. Served as a volunteer during Rebellion of 1837. Practised his profession at Toronto. Appointed vice-chancellor, 1849. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges.

Etoline, Adolphus Karlovich. Director of the Russian-American colonies, 1841-1845. Index: D Succeeds Kuprianoff as governor of Russian America, 1840, 45; splendour of his establishment, 45; visited by James Douglas, 45.

European and North American Railway. W Wilmot's attitude towards, 127. T Peto, Brassy, and Betts propose to construct, 26; subsidies offered by province, 26; progress of, 44.

Eustache, Sir J. R. Born 1795. Educated at St. Peter's College, Cambridge. Entered the army; served in Upper Canada in command of the 19th Light Dragoons; present at the battle of Lundy's Lane and at the storming of Fort Erie; knighted for distinguished services. Took part in the suppression of the Rebellion of 1837-1838 in Lower Canada; high-sheriff of Kildare, 1848; lieutenant-general, 1859. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.

Eustis, William (1753-1825). Bk United States secretary of war, his confident prediction of conquest of Canada, 215. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Evans, Lieutenant. Dr Case against, in connection with Walker affair, dismissed by grand jury, 38.

Evans, James (1801-1846). Born in Kingston-upon-Hull, England. Emigrated to Canada; opened a school near L'Original, and about 1828 moved to Rice Lake, where he entered the Methodist ministry, and began his life-long Work among the Indians. In 1840 given charge of missionary work in the North-West, with headquarters at Norway House. Had already devoted much time to the study of the native languages, and while at Norway House invented the Cree syllabic characters, a simple, phonetic system, by means of which the Indian was taught to read with surprising facility. At first cast his own type, built his own press, and printed on birchbark. Later obtained more effective materials, and set up catechisms, hymn-books, and portions of the Bible in syllabic. Bib.: Young, The Apostle of the North; McLean, James Evans, Inventor of the Syllabic System; Carroll, James Evans in the Methodist Magazine, October, 1882; Pilling, Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages.

Ewan, John Alexander (1854-1910). Born in Aberdeen, Scotland. Educated in Scotland and in Canada. Assistant editor of the Toronto Globe for many years; war correspondent for that paper during Boer War, 1899-1902. Index: B Witnesses shooting of George Brown by Bennett, 255-256; seizes Bennett, 256.

Examiner. Newspaper published at New York. Index: Mc Published by William Lyon Mackenzie, 470.

Examiner. Newspaper published at Toronto. Index: Sy Advocates responsible government, 107; supports union of provinces as leading thereto, 212; on Clergy Reserves question, 247. E Chief organ of the Clear Grits,—owned by James Lesslie, 110. BL Established by Hincks, July 3, 1838, 58; in the interests of responsible government, 58; excites interest in Oxford County, 69; Hincks explains his political position in, 104; on Hincks, 179-180; Macdougall contributes to, 341. Mc Of Toronto, newspaper, published by Sir Francis Hincks, 483; on the riots, 483; its estimate of Mackenzie, 484, 485.

Executive Council. Mc In Upper Canada; created under Constitutional Act, 53; irritating relations with Assembly, 55, 58; Durham on, 61; real advisers of the governor, 63; responsibility of, demanded by Upper Canada Reformers, 64, 69; Durham's view of effect of irresponsibility of, 65, 66; Sir John Colborne's view of, 279; Lord Glenelg's view of, 286. Dr In Lower Canada, how composed, 269. Sy Its powers and influence, 74-76, 78; practically controlled the governor, 175; necessity for change in, 177; its defects described by Sydenham, 220, 221; changes made in, 334, 335; salaries of, 334. W In New Brunswick, its irresponsibility, 5, 6.

Executive Office. Sy Tenure of, in Canada, 175; Lord John Russell's despatch on, 180-182; press comments on new regulations respecting, 183, 184.

Exhibitions. The first industrial exhibition held in Canada, and probably the first in the world, was that of 1737, promoted by the Intendant Hocquart. It included fruits and grains, woods and furs, and the products of the mines and the fisheries. The exhibition was afterwards sent to France. A provincial exhibition was held in Toronto in 1846; Ottawa had an exhibition in 1878; Montreal in 1880; Halifax in 1881; and St. John in 1883. Since then many other cities and towns have used this means of illustrating the industrial resources of the locality and the country. Bib.: Johnson, First Things in Canada.

Expulsion of Acadians. See Acadians, Expulsion of the.

Extradition with United States. Sy Sydenham takes part in negotiations for, 336.

Eyre, Eustache R. S Fort major, 47.

Faillon, Abbé Michel Étienne (1799-1870). Historian. Index: F Quoted, 4, 9; his description of conduct of Perrot, governor of Montreal, 96, 97. Ch Error in history of, 207. Bib.: Works: Vie de Mme. d'Youville; Vie de Mlle. Mance; Vie de Mlle. Le Ber; Histoire de la Colonie Française en Canada. For biog., see Desmazures, L'Abbé Faillon: Sa Vie et ses [OE]uvres.

Fairchild, Mrs. Hd Haldimand's housekeeper, 314, 328, 329.

Fairfield, John (1797-1847). Sat in Congress, 1835-1839; governor of Maine, 1839-1840, and 1842. Member of the United States Senate, 1843-1847. Index: W His connection with the Aroostook War, 135. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Falconbridge, Sir Glenholme (1846- ). Born at Drummondville, Ontario. Educated at the University of Toronto, graduating 1866. Called to the bar, 1871. Appointed judge of the Queen's Bench, Ontario, 1887; chief-justice, 1900. Knighted, 1909. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Falkland, Lucius Bentinck, Viscount. Governor of Nova Scotia, 1840-1846. Index: H Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 69; his character and policy, 69; invites Howe to join the Council, 69; his administration, 71; calls upon Howe, Uniacke and MacNab to give reasons for their resignation from Executive Council, 87; Howe upsets his theories of government, 89-92; lampooned by Howe, 92-93; conflict for supremacy, 94, 97; Howe makes insulting reference to, in Legislature, 100-101; returns to England, 1846, 102. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.

Family Compact. A group of Tory leaders in Upper Canada, so nicknamed by their political opponents because they held power as a distinct group, allied by bonds of political, social, and religious sympathy. Term also used in other provinces, in connection with somewhat similar conditions. Index: Mc Their loyalty tested, 10; Durham's view of, 62, 65, 66; great influence of, 66; lasting and extensive monopoly of power, 66; decides on Gourlay's destruction, 89; destroys Colonial Advocate, 115; incensed at Lord Goderich's concessions, 230; secures Head's sympathy, 302. Md Its character and aims fiercely debated, 13; opposition to, of Macdonald, Draper, and Morris, 27. Sy Its beginning, 77; its foundations laid by Governor Simcoe, 78; attempt to identify Reform party with Mackenzie's rebellious proceedings, 85; condemned by Durham in his Report, 96; criticisms of Report, 97-104; Sir George Arthur allies himself with, 110; opposed to union of provinces, 130; Sydenham's opinion of, as given by Colonial Gazette, 138; its controlling influence, 177; not a political party, 179; not specially connected by family relationship, 180. B Rebellion in Upper Canada attributed by Durham to ascendancy of, 11. E Fight against, 21; attacked by Hume Blake, 69; Mackenzie ill-used by, 91; selfishness of its members, 92; Bishop Strachan and, 150. BL Its character, 11-12; denounced by W. L. Mackenzie, 13; opposed to union of the Canadas, 61; its restoration hoped for, 113. MS Responsible for Rebellion of 1837, 242. See also Strachan, John; Mackenzie, W. L.; MacNab, Sir Allan Napier; Robinson, Sir John Beverley. Bib.: Kingsford, History of Canada; Durham, Report; Mackenzie, Sketches of Canada; Bradshaw, Self-Government in Canada; Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion; Robinson, Life of Sir John Beverley Robinson.

Famine Creek. L La Barre's expedition halts at, 193.

Fancamp, Baron de. L Presents shrine to Bonsecours chapel, 177.

Fanning, Edmund (1737-1818). Held various offices in the American colonies before the Revolution. Removed to Nova Scotia, and in 1786 governor of Prince Edward Island. Rose to the rank of general in the army, 1808. Index: Dr Commands King's American Regiment, 202; succeeds Patterson as governor of Prince Edward Island, 235. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Farnborough, Sir Thomas Erskine May, first Baron (1815-1886). Born in London. Assistant librarian of the House of Commons, 1831; examiner of petitions for Parliament, 1847-1856; clerk of the House of Commons, 1871-1886; and president of the Statute Law Revision Committee, 1866-1884. Appointed privy councillor, 1885, and created Baron Farnborough, 1886. Index: Mc On difficulties of granting responsible government, 21; responsible government granted in Upper Canada in 1847, 25; principle of, adopted in other colonies about the same time, 25; on effect of responsible government, 490. Bib.: Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George III.

Farrer, Edward (1850- ). Canadian journalist. Index: Md Chief editorial writer of the Globe, 312; his pamphlet on annexation—its terms, 312-313; assumes sole responsibility for, 314. Bib.: Canadian Who's Who.

Fay, Jonas (1737-1818). Hd Vermont emissary, 209. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Fénelon, François de Salignac. L Sulpician, sent on mission to Lake Ontario, 105; his reserve as to his own labours and sacrifices, 109; school for young Indians established by, 125; attacks Frontenac from the pulpit, 160; refuses to furnish copy of his sermon and is cited before the Council, 162; his conduct not approved by his ecclesiastical superiors, 162; nor by the king, 164. F Intermediary between Frontenac and Perrot, 92; indignant at Perrot's arrest, 93; preaches sermon against Frontenac, 93; circulates memorial in Perrot's favour, 96; summoned to Quebec, 98; his conduct before the Council, 101; sent to France, censured, and not allowed to return to Canada, 102, 103. See also Frontenac; Perrot. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac; Garneau, History of Canada.

Fenety, George E. W On Wilmot, 131.

Fenian Raids. The Fenian Brotherhood is said to have been formed about 1858 in Ireland and the United States, the object being to liberate Ireland from its connection with England, and establish a republic. A history of the movement in Ireland will be found in McCarthy's History of our Own Times, and in O'Leary's Recollections of Fenianism. Early in 1866 the American branch of the Brotherhood planned an invasion of Canada. The Canadian militia was called out, but the invasion was postponed. In April, the New Brunswick border was threatened, and troops marched to the defence of St. Andrews and St. Stephen. The Fenians thought better of it. Late in May another party, under one O'Neil, crossed from Buffalo to Fort Erie and advanced to Ridgeway, where they were driven back. In 1870 the same O'Neil led his followers into Quebec, but was again repulsed. In 1871 he made a similar attempt in the West, but a detachment of United States troops from Fort Pembina followed, arrested him, and dispersed his followers. An aftermath of the earlier Fenian Raids was the murder of Thomas D'Arcy McGee (q.v.) in Ottawa, 1868. Index: Md Claims for damages, 166-167; claims withdrawn, 175-177; irritation in Canada, 176; Imperial government assumes responsibility for their settlement, 177; gives Imperial guarantee of loan for public works and defence in Canada, 178, 196. T Influence on Confederation, 98; history of, 99, 105-107; referred to in address in Assembly, 102. BL Feared by Metcalfe in 1843, 186. B Threatened in 1866—influences New Brunswick electorate towards Confederation, 188. C As an argument for retaining British troops in Canada, 92; Cartier's speech on, in House, 1872, 110. Bib.: Somerville, Narrative of the Fenian Invasion of Canada; Campbell, The Fenian Invasions of Canada of 1866 and 1870; Dent, Last Forty Years; Correspondence relating to the Fenian Invasion, Ottawa, 1869; Trials of the Fenian Prisoners at Toronto Who Were Captured at Fort Erie, C. W., in June, 1866, ed. by George R. Gregg, and E. P. Roden; McMicken, Fenian Raid on Manitoba (Manitoba Hist. and Sc. Society, 1888); Hannay, History of New Brunswick; Macdonald, Troublous Times in Canada; Denison, Soldiering in Canada and The Fenian Raid on Fort Erie.

Fer, Jules de. Dr His report on loyalty of French-Canadians, 301.

Feret. Ch Of Dieppe, discovers manuscript of Champlain's Brief Discours, 7.

Ferguson, Adam. R Opposes Sir Charles Metcalfe, 126.

Ferland, John Antony Baptist (1805-1865). Member of faculty of Laval University, 1855-1865. Index: L Quoted as to difficulty of educating young Indians, 63; passage quoted from on Mère de l'Incarnation, 93-95; on enterprise of Talon, 114; on creation of bishopric of Quebec, 133; on advantage of connection of seminary with Foreign Missions, 140; on La Salle, 149; on educational labours of the nuns, 155; praises stand taken by Laval in regard to liquor traffic, 173; on return of Laval in 1688, 220. Bib.: Works: Cours d' Histoire du Canada; Opuscules; La Gaspésie; Joseph-Octave Plessis; Voyage au Labrador. For biog., see Cyc. Am. Biog.; Bibaud, Pan. Can.; Morgan, Cel. Can.

Ferrier, James. B His account of the negotiations between Brown and the government prior to Confederation, 152.

Fidalgo, Salvador. Accompanied Elisa to North-West Coast, 1790; founded a Spanish settlement in Fuca Strait, 1792, and removed the post the same year to Nootka. Still there in 1793 when Vancouver visited the place. Index: D Sent by Elisa to examine northern coast, 1790, 26. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast.

Fidler, Peter (1769-1822). Entered service of Hudson's Bay Company, about 1791. Carried on extensive explorations and surveys in the North-West. Left a series of manuscript journals, covering the records of his explorations for over a quarter of a century. These are said to be in the archives of the Hudson's Bay Company in London. Also left an eccentric will, of which Bryce gives a synopsis. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.

Fiedmont, Jacquot de. WM Engineer, fortifies bridges over River St. Charles, 85-86; opposes capitulation, 225; directs artillery fire against British camp, 230.

Finances of Canada. Sy Sydenham's efforts to rehabilitate, 315-320.

Finlay, Hugh. Dr Deputy postmaster-general, 243; expresses views of the English-speaking people of Quebec in letter to home government, 248. Hd On political situation, 174.

Finlay, James. MS Leaves Montreal for western fur country, 3. Bib.: Mackenzie, History of the Fur-Trade in his Voyages; Hendry's Journal (R. S. C., 1907); Cocking's Journal (R. S. C., 1908).

Finlay, James, Jr. MS Joins XY Company, 14; on Peace River, 1792, 62.

Finlayson, Duncan. MS Chief factor Hudson's Bay Company, 1832, and governor of Assiniboia, 225; Alexander Ross on, 225.

Finlayson, Roderick (1818-1892). D Second in command at Victoria, 1843, 180; chief officer on death of Charles Ross, 1844, 181; his birth, 181; joins Hudson's Bay Company, 1837, 181; his service and character, 181; his narrative, 181; responsible for story of Captain Gordon and the salmon that would not rise to a fly, 183-184; becomes chief accountant of Western department, 188; holds position up to 1862, 188. Bib.: Bancroft, History of British Columbia; Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names.

Fire Rafts. WM Unsuccessful employment of by French at Quebec, 131.

Fireships. WM Ineffectual employment of by French, 98; described by Captain Knox, 99; Montcalm on the cause of their failure, 99.

Fisher, Charles (1808-1880). Born in Fredericton. Educated at King's College and called to the bar, 1833. Contested York for the New Brunswick Assembly, 1834, but defeated. Elected for York, 1837, and continued to hold the seat with slight intervals until after Confederation. Entered the New Brunswick government, 1848, but resigned, 1850, owing to a difference with the lieutenant-governor. Appointed a delegate to the Portland Railway Convention, 1850. Became premier and attorney-general in the first purely Liberal government formed in New Brunswick, 1851. Resigned, 1856; in the following year resumed office and remained at the head of affairs until 1861. Appointed a delegate to the Trade Convention at Detroit, 1865. Again entered the government as attorney-general, 1866. Represented New Brunswick as one of the delegates to the Quebec and Westminster Conferences. Represented York in the first Dominion House of Commons. Appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of his native province, 1868. Died in Fredericton. Index: W Elected for York, 47; defeated in York, 66; opposes address to Metcalfe, 74; his efforts on behalf of responsible government, 91; elected for York, in 1846, 102; moves want of confidence resolution, 103, 105; defeated, 111; supports responsible government, 116; his influence, 117; defeated in 1850, 128; opposes reduction of number of judges, 130. T His character, 12; resigns, 18-19; attacks the government, 30-31; attorney-general in Fisher government, 43; retires from government, 51; re-elected for York, 52; delegate to Quebec Conference, 77; elected as Confederation candidate in York, 95-96; moves amendment to address, 102; attorney-general, 105; defeats Pickard, 108; moves Confederation resolution, 115-116; sent as delegate to England, 120; elected for York to first Dominion Parliament, and moves the address, 131. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Fisheries Question. Md Rights of American fishermen expire with denunciation of Reciprocity Treaty, 166; the fishermen reluctant to abandon former rights, 167; Canada's exclusive right to the inshore fisheries recognized by Britain, 173; reciprocal trade proposed by Canada as equivalent for the fishing rights, but rejected by Americans, 174; latter propose $1,000,000 for rights in perpetuity, 174; Macdonald objects to any such arrangements, 174-175; Americans offer limited reciprocity, 181; acceptable to British commissioners except Macdonald, 181-182; arbitration proposed by United States commissioners, 182; Macdonald's dilemma, 183-185; opposition to treaty in Canada, 185; Halifax Award, 190. E Under the Treaty of 1854, 198-200. Bib.: Isham, Fishery Question, its Origin, History and Present Situation; Bourinot, Fishery Question, its Imperial Importance; Elliott, United States and the North-Eastern Fisheries; Ricci, Fisheries Dispute and Annexation to Canada.

Fitzgerald, Edward. B On agricultural possibilities of North-West Territories. 214.

FitzGibbon, James (1780-1863). Born in Ireland. Joined the Tarbert Fencibles, 1798; served in Holland the following year, and in 1801 present at the battle of Copenhagen. The same year came to Canada with the 49th Regiment, and served under Brock with distinction in the War of 1812. In command of the British at Beaver Dam. In 1822 appointed assistant adjutant-general; and in 1827 clerk of the House of Assembly. Commissioned as colonel of the second West York Regiment 1831, and took an active part in the suppression of the Rebellion of 1837. Returned to England, where in 1850 made a military knight of Windsor. Index: Bk Describes gallant conduct of Savery Brock at Egmont-op-Zee, 18-20; his reminiscences of Brock, 66-67. Sy Made clerk of Legislative Council, 334. Mc Defeats rebels at Montgomery's farm, 379. Bib.: FitzGibbon, A Veteran of 1812; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812; Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion; Read, Rebellion of 1837; Lizars, Humours of '37; Morgan, Cel. Can.

Fitzherbert, Mrs. Hd Haldimand's opinion of, 335.

Fitzmaurice, Lord Edward. Dr On Germain, 170.

Fitzpatrick, Sir Charles (1853- ). Born in Quebec. Educated at Laval University; studied law, and called to bar, 1876; chief counsel for Louis Riel, 1885, and took part in several other famous trials; represented Quebec County in provincial Assembly, 1890-1896; and in House of Commons, 1896-1906; solicitor-general, 1901; minister of justice, 1901-1906; chief justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1906. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Five Nations. Hd Post at Oswego to be established for, 142; allies of the British, 148; their rights respected, 166. See Iroquois.

Flag Incident. L In siege of Quebec, 230. F In siege of Quebec, 295-298.

Fleet, British, before Quebec. WM Placed under general command of Admiral Charles Saunders, 75; ascends the river, 78; anchors at Île-aux-Coudres, 83; anchors in Baie St. Paul, 90; at the entrance to the harbour, 111; a few of its vessels pass the town, 123; several vessels attempt the passage by Quebec, 152; sails for England, 238; reappears in the harbour, 267. Bib.: Wood, Logs of Naval Conquest of Canada and The Fight for Canada; Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Bradley, The Fight with France.

Fleet, French, at Quebec. WM Protection afforded by to Bourlamaque's army, 167.

Fleming, Sir Sandford (1827- ). Born at Kirkaldy, Scotland. Came to Canada, 1845. Chief engineer of the Intercolonial Railway; and of the Canadian Pacific Railway; chancellor of Queen's University since 1880; president of the Royal Society of Canada, 1888-1889. To his initiation and persistent enthusiasm are due the establishment of a system of universal or cosmic time; the laying of the Pacific cable, as part of an inter-imperial telegraph service; and the building of the memorial tower at Halifax to commemorate the opening of the first colonial Legislature. Bib.: Works: The Intercolonial; England and Canada; and numerous historical and scientific papers. See Bibliog. of Royal Society (R. S. C., 1894). For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.; Who's Who; Grant, Ocean to Ocean.

Flibot. Ch Kirke's vessel before Quebec, 188, 196.

Florida. Hd Under British rule, 64-81; Haldimand comes north from, 83, 87; Haldimand's interest in, 90; suggests closing of ports of, 104; his career there, 121; proposed disposition of, 124; Haldimand's property in, 316.

Florida, West. Bk Occupation of, by United States, 139.

Flour-milling. B Stimulated by British preference of, 1843, 32; advantage swept away by free trade measure of 1846, 32; in 1834, 54.

Foley, M. H. B In Taché ministry, 1864, 149; retires with Buchanan and Simpson to make room for Brown, Mowat, and Macdougall, in Coalition ministry, 159. Bib.: Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Foligné, Captain de. WM On rapid construction of Beauport defences, 86; his report of fighting at Lévis, 103; on pitiable condition of Quebec, 160; quoted as to rout of French army, 206; on distress following capture of Quebec, 236.

Fontbonne, Colonel. WM His disposition of the Guienne Regiment, 192; mortally wounded, 199.

Fonte, Bartholomew de. His fictitious voyage of 1640 to the North-West Coast was described in a letter published in the Monthly Miscellany, London, 1708. Index: D His reputed strait, 19; his voyage again credited, 23. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast.

Fontenay, Mareuil. Ch French ambassador in London, instructions to, 214.

Forget, Amédée Emmanuel (1847- ). Born in Ste. Marie de Monnoir, Quebec. Studied law and called to the bar of Quebec, 1871. Secretary to the Manitoba Half-Breed Commission, 1875; clerk of the North-West Council, 1876-1888; Indian commissioner, 1895-1898; lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories, 1898-1905; first lieutenant-governor of Saskatchewan, 1905. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Fornel, Abbé. L His funeral sermon on Bishop Saint-Vallier quoted, 238.

Forsythe, J. Sy Member of Constitutional Association, 112.

Forsyth, Richardson and Co. Fur trading firm, of Montreal. Index: Bk Send Prévost news of declaration of war, 203.

Fort Albany. Hudson's Bay Company post at mouth of Albany River, west coast of James Bay. Established about 1683; captured by Iberville, 1686, and held by the French for seven years. Finally restored to the Company. Index: F Captured by Troyes, 206; captured alternately by French and English, 343, 345. Bib.: Dawson, The Saint Lawrence Basin; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West and Pathfinders of the West.

Fort Albert. See Victoria.

Fort Alexandria. D Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Fraser River in 1821, 98.

Fort Anne. Hd Captured by Major Carleton, 149.

Fort Babine. In Northern British Columbia. Index: D Hudson's Bay Company post, on Babine Lake, built in 1822, 98-99.

Fort Bourbon. On Hudson Bay. Index: L Captured by Iberville, 233. See Fort Nelson.

Fort Camosun. D Hudson's Bay Company post, afterwards city of Victoria, 178.

Fort Chilcotin. D Built by Hudson's Bay Company, outpost of Fort Alexandria, 99.

Fort Chipewyan. Built by North West Company, 1788, on southern shore of Lake Athabaska, near mouth of Athabaska River. Removed, 1820, by Hudson's Bay Company to north shore, where it still stands. Index: MS Built by Roderick Mackenzie, on Lake Athabaska, 24; its situation, 25; its famous library, 26; route to, from Grand Portage, 27; life at the fort, 28; Mackenzie sets forth from, on his journey to Arctic, 32; returns to, 50; McLeod builds new house, 50; Mackenzie winters there, 53; Turner winters there, and determines astronomical position, 57; Governor Simpson at, 1828, 236; William McGillivray in charge of, 236. D Mackenzie at, 53; his point of departure for Arctic journey, 53; and Pacific expedition, 53. Bib.: Mackenzie, History of Fur Trade in his Voyages; Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Willson, The Great Company; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West.

Fort Chippawa. Bk On Niagara River, a mile and a half above the falls, 58; end of carrying-place, and a transport post, 58-59; had a blockhouse enclosed with palisades, 59. Bib.: Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.

Fort Churchill. See Prince of Wales Fort.

Fort Colville. D Distributing point for Upper Columbia and Kootenay, Hudson's Bay Company post, 77; centre of Columbia trade, 77; founded, 1825-1826, 116.

Fort Conolly. In northern British Columbia. Index: D Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Bear Lake, 104.

Fort Crèvecœur. L Established by La Salle in Illinois country, 148; attacked by Iroquois, 149. F Built by La Salle, 160. Bib.: Parkman, La Salle; Sulte, Les Tonty (R. S. C., 1893).

Fort Dearborn (Chicago). Bk Captured by Indians, 266.

Fort Dease. On Dease Lake. Index: D Built by Robert Campbell in 1838, 123-124; burned by natives, 124.

Fort de Chartres. WM On the Mississippi, 22.

Fort Douglas. On Red River, about two miles below mouth of Assiniboine. Index: MS Built by John McLeod, 176, 177; seized by Cuthbert Grant, 182; retaken by the De Meurons, 191. Bib.: Bryce, Five Forts of Winnipeg.

Fort Duquesne. WM At junction of Alleghany and Monongahela Rivers, 22; battle at, 22. Hd Name changed to Fort Pitt by Bouquet, 16; plans for recapture of, 25-26. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe.

Fort Edward. WM General Webb in command at, 45.

Fort Erie. On Niagara River, opposite Buffalo. Index: S Military post in 1782, 51. Bk New fort planned by General Hunter, 59. Bib.: Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.

Fort Essington. On the British Columbia coast. Used by the Hudson's Bay Company as an intermediate post between Fort McLoughlin and Fort Simpson. Index: D Built by Hudson's Bay Company in 1835, 118. Bib.: Bancroft, History of British Columbia.

Fort Fraser. In northern British Columbia. Index: D North West Company post, built on Fraser Lake, 98.

Fort Frontenac. F Erected at Cataraqui, 83; conceded to La Salle, 156; seized by La Barre, 178; restored to La Salle, 179; Dongan demands its destruction, 218; Denonville gives orders for blowing it up, 288; order partially carried out, 234; repaired, 234; rebuilt, 341. WM Protected outlet of Great Lakes, 17. L Récollet mission at, 111. BL Name altered to Kingston by the British, 73. See also Cataraqui; Kingston. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac and La Salle; Sulte, Le Fort de Frontenac (R. S. C., 1901).

Fort Garry. At junction of Red and Assiniboine Rivers, where the city of Winnipeg now stands. Md Wolseley and the expeditionary force arrive there Aug. 24, 1870, 162; murder of Scott, 242. See Winnipeg.

Fort George. Bk Flag of Fort Niagara transferred to, 56; its situation, 56; planned by Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe, 58; mutiny at, 61; silences Fort Niagara, 309. Hd Captured by Major Carleton, 149. Bib.: Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.

Fort George. On Fraser River. Index: D Simon Fraser sets out from, to descend Fraser River, 61; returns to, 61; built on Fraser River, by the North West Company, 98; massacre of Hudson's Bay Company men at, by Indians, 1823, 105-107. Bib.: Bancroft, History of British Columbia.

Fort George. At mouth of Columbia. Index: D Astoria renamed, 149.

Fort Gibraltar. MS Built by North West Company, on site of Winnipeg, 99; begun in 1804, 158; captured by Colin Robertson, 178, and dismantled, 179. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company and Five Forts of Winnipeg.

Fort Glenora. D Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Upper Stikine River, 121.

Fort Grey. Bk American fort opposite Queenston, 300, 305.

Fort Halkett. D Hudson's Bay Company post, built on branch of Liard River, 123.

Fort Hope. On Fraser River. Index: D Hudson's Bay Company post, founded shortly after Fort Yale, 186.

Fort Kamloops (Fort Thompson). D Hudson's Bay Company post, built in 1813, 98.

Fort Kootenay. On Kootenay River, built 1807. Otherwise known as Kootenay House. Index: D Built by David Thompson, 58. Bib.: Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.

Fort Langley. D Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Lower Fraser River, 1827, 116. Bib.: Bancroft, History of British Columbia.

Fort Lawrence. Built in 1750, on Chignecto Bay, three miles south of Beauséjour, where the French shortly after built a rival fort. Fort Lawrence became headquarters of the expedition sent in 1755, under Monckton, to capture Fort Beauséjour. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Hannay, History of Acadia.

Fort Le Bœuf. WM Established communication with Lake Erie, 22.

Fort Liard. D Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Liard River, 123; pillaged by Indians, and traders murdered, 123.

Fort Loyal (Casco Bay). F Captured by Canadians, 252. L Taken by Canadians, 229.

Fort Machault. WM Established communication with Lake Erie, 22, 122.

Fort McLeod. On McLeod Lake, British Columbia. Index: D North West Company post, first permanent trading-post built in British Columbia, west of the mountains, 97-98. Bib.: Morice, Northern Interior of British Columbia.

Fort McLoughlin. On Milbank Sound, British Columbia. Index: D Hudson's Bay Company post, built by Finlayson, Manson, and Anderson, 1833, 117; moved to head of Vancouver Island and renamed Fort Rupert, 122; abandoned, 1843, 178-179. Bib.: Bancroft, History of British Columbia.

Fort Miami. WM On Miami River, 22. Bk Reconstruction of, by order of Lord Dorchester, 53. S Erected by Simcoe at rapids of Miami River, 136; measure strongly objected to by Americans, 137; General Wayne demands evacuation of, which Major Campbell, officer in command, refuses, 139; occupation of not approved by home government, 142.

Fort Mumford. D Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Upper Stikine River, 121.

Fort Nanaimo. East coast Vancouver Island. Index: D Hudson's Bay Company post, built in 1852, 191. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names.

Fort Necessity. WM Battle at, 22.

Fort Nelson. D Hudson's Bay Company post, built on eastern branch of Liard River, 123.

Fort Nelson. See York Factory.

Fort Niagara. WM At mouth of Niagara River, 22; taken by British, 62; capitulates, 146. Hd In command of Captain Pouchot, 25, 36; taken by British, 26; garrison at, 31, 32; shipment of goods to, 124, 136, 150, 163; position of, 145; Indians at, 148, 171, 256; expeditions in its defence, 151, 153; number of refugees at, 152, 250; MacLean in command at, 162, 307, 308; fraud discovered at, 166; Haldimand's refusal to relinquish, 260. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac and Montcalm and Wolfe; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.

Fort Nisqually. At head of Puget Sound. Index: D Hudson's Bay Company post, built in 1833, between Langley and Fort Vancouver, 118.

Fort Ontario (Oswego). Hd Haldimand in command of, 29.

Fort Pemaquid. F Destroyed, 1669, rebuilt, 1692, 328; taken by Iberville, 331.

Fort Pitt. Hd Formerly known as Fort Duquesne, Bouquet's victorious march to, 16; Pouchot's designs on, 26; Bouquet stationed at, 40; Haldimand's interest in, 90. See Fort Duquesne.

Fort Presqu'île. WM Establishes communication with Lake Erie, 22.

Fort Prud'homme. L At junction of Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, 150.

Fort Rupert (Fort Charles). Built by Gillam, at mouth of Rupert River, foot of James Bay, 1667. Index: F Captured by Troyes, 206. L Captured from English, 204. Bib.: Burpee, Search for the Western Sea; Laut, Canada and Conquest of the Great North-West.

Fort Rupert. North end of Vancouver Island. See Fort McLoughlin. Index: D Hudson's Bay Company post, coal mining at, 190. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names.

Fort St. Frederic. See Crown Point. Index: WM At head of Lake Champlain, 17; evacuated by Bourlamaque, 146. Bib.: Garneau, History of Canada.

Fort St. James. On Stuart Lake, northern British Columbia. Index: MS Governor Simpson there in 1828, 237-238. D North West Company post, built on Stuart Lake, 98. Bib.: Morice, Northern Interior of British Columbia.

Fort St. Joseph. Bk Stores despatched to, 202.

Fort St. Louis. On Illinois River, near site of present town of La Salle. Index: F Built by La Salle, 160; seized by La Barre, 179.

Fort St. Louis. Quebec. See Château St. Louis. Index: Ch A school of religion and virtue, 258; erected on Cape Diamond, 157. Bib.: Douglas, Old France in the New World; Gagnon, Fort et Château St. Louis.

Fort St. Pierre. Ch Founded by Nicolas Denys, in Cape Breton, 236. Bib.: Denys, History of Acadia.

Fort Selkirk. D Hudson's Bay Company post, built by Robert Campbell on the Yukon River, 124. Bib.: Campbell, Discovery of the Youcon.

Fort Simpson. At mouth of Liard River. Index: D Built by Hudson's Bay Company, at mouth of Liard River, 125. Bib.: Richardson, Arctic Searching Expedition.

Fort Simpson. On coast of British Columbia, near Alaskan boundary. Index: D Built by Hudson's Bay Company, at mouth of Naas River, 1831, 116; moved forty miles south, 1834, 120. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names (under Port Simpson).

Fort Stanwix. On Mohawk River, near Lake Oneida. Index: Dr Unsuccessful attack on, 173. Hd Abandonment of by rebels, 151.

Fort Stikine. On Stikine River. Index: D Hudson's Bay Company post, handed over by Russians, 121-122; Rae left in charge of, 122.

Fort Taku. D Built by Hudson's Bay Company, on Taku River, 121; known as Fort Durham—erected 1840, 122; abandoned, 1843, 178-179.

Fort Ticonderoga. See Ticonderoga. Index: Dr Fort seized by American rebels, 82. Hd Carleton's raiders penetrate beyond, 149.

Fort Umpqua. D Founded in 1832 by Hudson's Bay Company, on route from Fort Vancouver to San Francisco Bay, 132.

Fort Vancouver. On Columbia River. Index: D Established by Hudson's Bay Company, in 1824, 47; depot of western department, 72; described, 72, 110; built by John McLoughlin, 111, 113; its importance, 111; range of its operations, 111-112; agriculture at, 128; abandoned, 1849, 145. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West.

Fort Vincennes. WM On Wabash River, 22.

Fort Walla Walla. Hudson's Bay Company post, on Columbia River. Index: D Distributing point for Snake River country, 7.

Fort Wayne. Bk Expedition to, under Captain Muir, 274, 275.

Fort William. At mouth of Kaministiquia River, Lake Superior. Index: D Headquarters of North West Company, 59. MS Replaces Grand Portage, 13; named after William MacGillivray, 100; Selkirk at, with the De Meuron soldiers, 189. Bib.: Burpee, Search for the Western Sea; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

Fort William Henry. On Lake George. Index: WM Siege and destruction of, 37, 42-46; ensuing massacre, 47-52. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe.

Fort Yale. D Founded in 1848, by the Hudson's Bay Company, on Fraser River, 186.

Fort Yukon. Built by Alexander Hunter Murray of the Hudson's Bay Company, at the mouth of Porcupine River in 1847. John Bell had descended the Porcupine to its mouth in 1844. Although Fort Yukon was on Russian territory, the Company maintained it until the sale of Alaska to the United States, when they were summarily ejected, 1869. The Company thereupon moved up the Porcupine to the Ramparts, where they built Rampart House, then supposed to be on British territory, but proved to be west of the boundary. The fort was moved twelve miles up the river, and in 1890 was again moved to the eastward. Index: D Built by Murray (not Bell) near mouth of Porcupine River, 125. Bib.: Murray, Journal (Canadian Archives, 1910).

Forts. See also Carillon, Chambly, Crown Point, Frontenac, Kaministiquia, Miami, Michilimackinac, Niagara, St. Johns, Sorel, Three Rivers, Ticonderoga, Western Forts.

Foster, Captain. Dr Captures American post at Cedars, 142; gives up his prisoners under agreement with Arnold, 143.

Foster, George Eulas (1847- ). Born in Carleton County, New Brunswick. Entered political life as member for King's County, New Brunswick, in the Dominion House of Commons, 1882; minister of marine and fisheries, 1885; minister of finance, 1888-1896. Elected for York, New Brunswick, 1896; and for Toronto North, 1904. Index: Md Minister of finance in Macdonald administration—moves amendment to Sir Richard Cartwright's resolution on unrestricted reciprocity, 299. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Foster, S. K. T Candidate for St. John, New Brunswick, defeated, 25.

Fothergill, Charles. Mc Attacks Mackenzie in Upper Canada Gazette, 38; accuses Mackenzie of disloyalty, 99; moves to pay Mackenzie for report of debates, 102, 103; dismissed from position of king's printer, 110. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.

Foucher, Jean. Ch Chief farmer at Cap Tourmente, informs Champlain of destruction of establishment at Tadoussac, 176.

Fouez. See St. Maurice River.

Fournier, Telesphore (1824-1896). Studied law, and called to the bar, 1846; one of principal editorial writers on Le National; elected to the House of Commons for Bellechasse, 1870; minister of inland revenue, in Mackenzie government, 1873; minister of justice, 1874; postmaster-general, 1875. Appointed judge of Supreme Court the latter year; resigned, 1895. Index: C One of the leaders of the Quebec Liberals, 24; a popular speaker, 25; kept in opposition by radical programme, 29. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.

Fox, Charles James (1749-1806). British statesman. Index: Dr Thought Quebec Act should have been introduced in Commons, 66; discusses Constitutional Act in House of Commons, 265. S Discusses Constitutional Bill in House of Commons, 9. Bk Death of, 80. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Russell, Life of Fox; Trevelyan, Early Life of Fox; Egerton and Grant, Canadian Constitutional Development.

France. F Condition of, in 1675-1676, 150, 151. Dr Declares war against Britain, 271; anger in, on conclusion of Jay Treaty, 287; refugees from, permitted to enter Canada, 289; some dangerous characters arrive from, 289; takes revenge on Britain in American Revolution, 269.

Franchère, Gabriel (1786-1856). Born at Montreal. Joined the Pacific Fur Company, organized by John Jacob Astor, and sailed from New York for the mouth of the Columbia, 1810. Returned overland, reaching Montreal in September, 1814. Continuing in the fur trade, established at Sault Ste. Marie in 1834; and later in New York. Bib.: Relation d'un Voyage à la Côte du Nord-Ouest de l'Amérique Septentrionale, trans. by J. V. Huntington. For biog., see Morice, Dict.; Bibaud, Pan. Can.

Franchise Act, 1885. Md Its terms, 258-259; fiercely opposed by Liberals, 259-260; repealed by Laurier administration, 260. Bib.: Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party.

François Xavier, Saint. L Patron saint of Canada, 87.

Franklin, Benjamin (1706-1790). American statesman and philosopher. Index: Dr Heads commission to enquire into affairs in Canada, 135; his report, 136. WM Did not believe British colonies would revolt, 269. Bib.: Autobiography; Complete Works, ed. by Bigelow. For biog., see Cyc. Amer. Biog.; also Larned, Lit. Am. Hist.

Franklin, Sir John (1786-1847). Served at Trafalgar, in the Bellerophon. Headed overland expedition of 1819-1822, from York Factory by way of Great Slave Lake, to the mouth of the Coppermine, and the Arctic coast; and second expedition, 1825-1827, in which he continued his explorations of the northern coast of the continent. Started on third expedition, by sea, 1845, to make North-West Passage. The ships had to be abandoned, and Franklin and all his men perished in the attempt to reach one of the remote northern posts of the Hudson's Bay Company. Bib.: Works: Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea, 1823; Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea. For biog., see Richardson, Arctic Searching Expedition; Rae, Narrative; McClintock, Narrative of the Fate of Sir John Franklin; Osborn, Career, Last Voyage, and Fate of Sir John Franklin; Dict. Nat. Biog.

Franklin, Michael. Born in England. Came to Halifax, 1752. Elected to the Assembly, 1759; appointed to the Council, 1762; lieutenant-governor, 1766. Organized the militia of the province, 1776-1777: largely instrumental in securing the peace of Nova Scotia during the Revolutionary War. Appointed commissioner of Indian affairs. Died, 1782. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Fraser. Dr Appointed judge, 183.

Fraser, Captain. Dr His connection with the Walker case, 19, 36, 38.

Fraser, Duncan Cameron (1845-1910). Born in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia. Educated at Dalhousie University; studied law and called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1873. Appointed to the Legislative Council, 1878, but resigned same year to run for the Assembly. Again called to the Legislative and Executive Councils, 1888. Sat in the House of Commons for Guysborough, 1891-1904; appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, 1904; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1906-1910. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Fraser, John James. T Opposition candidate in York County, 86; opposes Confederation, 87; afterwards governor of New Brunswick, 87; defeated in York, 108. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Fraser, Captain Malcolm. Dr Of Royal Emigrants, 112, 124; with Laws on rear attack on Arnold, 130; in charge at Three Rivers, 144; repulses Thompson's attack, 145. D Grandfather of Dr. John McLoughlin, 94; brings Highland Regiment to Canada, 94; settles on St. Lawrence seigniory, 95. Bib.: Wrong, A Canadian Manor and its Seigneurs.

Fraser, Simon (1776?-1862). Brought to Canada as a child from New York state, his widowed mother settling near Cornwall. Joined the North West Company in 1792, and ten years later became a bourgeois or partner. Served for a time at Grand Portage, and sent to the Athabaska district; in 1805, when the Company decided to carry its operations beyond the Rocky Mountains, put in charge of the new field. After establishing trading-posts in New Caledonia, now northern British Columbia, set out from Fort St. James on Stuart Lake, with Jules Maurice Quesnel, and a party of voyageurs and Indians, upon the exploration of the great river that bears his name. In 1811 promoted to the charge of the Red River department, and offered knighthood as a recognition of his services in the cause of exploration, but declined the honour. Was present at the Seven Oaks affair, when Governor Semple of the Hudson's Bay Company lost his life. Retired from the fur trade about the time of the coalition of the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company. Index: D In service of North West Company, 57; ordered to extend operations of Company west of Rocky Mountains, 59; reaches Fraser River, 1806, 59; builds forts on Stuart Lake and Fraser River, 59; ordered to explore river to the sea, 60; his journey down the Fraser, 60-61; proves Tacouche Tesse not the Columbia, 61; builds Rocky Mountain House and other posts, 97-98; given command of Red River department, 1811, 98; offered and declines knighthood, 98; dies, 1862, at age of 86, 98. MS Sent to explore New Caledonia, 108; crosses Rocky Mountains, 1806, and builds fort on Stuart River, 108; his journey down the Fraser, 108-110; arrested by Selkirk at Fort William, 189. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast; Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest; Morice, Northern Interior of British Columbia; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.

Fraser River. Rises in Rocky Mountains, and flows into Strait of Georgia. Its upper waters discovered by Alexander Mackenzie, 1793; and first explored down to its mouth by Simon Fraser, 1808. The total length of the river is 695 miles. Index: D Mackenzie on, 54; supposed to be the Oregon, 54; native name Tacouche Tesse, 54; mistaken for the Columbia, 59; Simon Fraser on, 60-61; described, 60-61; route of fur-brigades changed to, from the Columbia, 186. MS Mackenzie on, 77-79; Fraser on, 108-109. Bib.: Fraser Journal in Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest.

Fraser's Highlanders. WM Captain of, replies to French sentries in French, 180. Bib.: Kelly, The Fighting Frasers of the Forty-Five and Quebec.

Fréchette, Louis (1839-1908). Practised law, and then journalism. Represented Lévis in the House of Commons, 1874-1878. Chiefly known as a poet. Two of his poems were crowned by the French Academy, 1880, and he was granted the first Montyon prize. Index: Hd His poem on Du Calvet, 292. Bib.: Works: Mes Loisirs; La Voix d'un Exilé; Pêle Mêle; Les Fleurs Boreales; Légende d'un Peuple; Les Feuilles Volantes; Lettres Basile; Originaux et Détra-qués; Lettres sur l'Education. For biog., see Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Can. Men; Taché, Men of the Day; Chapman, Le Lauréat; Sauvalle, Le Lauréat Manqué.

Fredericton. Capital of New Brunswick. Situated on the west bank of the St. John River. Founded by Sir Guy Carleton in 1785, and named by him after the Duke of York. Index: W Popular demonstration at, 46; education in, 85-86. T Abandonment of government house, 138-139. Bib.: Hannay History of New Brunswick.

Fredin, Jean. L House of charity established by, 245.

Free Trade. B Its effect on Canadian invasion, 15, 31-32; recommended by Reform convention of 1857, 217; advocated by George Brown, 47, 233. C Peel's measure (1846) kills Canadian industries, 43-44; Cartier's views on, 115-116. E Protest from Canadian Assembly, 29; discussed in Legislature, 45; effects of, on Canada, 57-58. T Unpopular in New Brunswick, 9.

Freeman. Newspaper published at St. John, New Brunswick. Index: T Edited by T. W. Anglin, 85.

Freemason's Hall, Niagara. S First session of Upper Canada Legislature held in, 83, 96; church services held in, 159.

Fremin, Father Jacques. Ch Jesuit, put in charge of Richibucto mission, 235.

French-Canadians. L Aubert's description of, 118, 119; habits and customs, 120-124. Sy Tenacious of their legal institutions, 69; become disaffected, 70; inconsistency of British policy regarding, 71; Constitutional Act increases their power of resistance, 72, 80; Lord Durham on their aspirations for independent nationality, 94; favour responsible government, but oppose union of the provinces, 117; opposed to improving navigation of St. Lawrence and development of the upper province, 206; regard Sydenham as enemy of their race, 233; Sydenham's estimate of, politically considered, 305. E Resent terms of Union Act, 23-24; resent Durham's views on British domination in Canada, 23; increase of their influence, 31. Dr Murray's description of, 25; Carleton on their military strength, 45, 46; on their rapid increase, 47; his anxiety to win their allegiance, 50; indifferent to representative government, 55, 61; their petition to the king, 61; disappointing conduct of, 78; address king expressing satisfaction with Quebec Act, 78; unwilling to enlist against Americans, 87, 150; British government relies fully on their loyalty, 92; some insult their leaders and insist on being disbanded, 99; tired of American occupation, 150; Carleton's summing up of their attitude, 161; delusion of British government on the subject, 178; petition against any further change in their laws, 246; object to a House of Assembly, 246; Dorchester's consideration for, 260; attempt to enroll them for militia service causes riot, 278; more or less affected by revolutionary principles, 278; their attitude serious, 289; report on their state of feeling by Jules de Fer, 301. B Durham and, 12; dissatisfied with terms of union, 15; Peel's distrust of, 16, 17; George Brown's relations with, 43, 48-49, 70, 71, 78-81, 101-102, 105, 123-127; restive about Confederation, 166. Bk Prosperity of, under British rule, 35; their loyalty recognized by Brock and President Dunn, 1807, 86, 87; distrusted by Sir James Craig, 91, 404; Craig hesitates to issue arms to, 102, 103. Hd Characterized, 42, 220-222; Haldimand's experience of, 51, 52; satisfied with change of sovereignty, 53, 79; corps of, formed, 55-57, 139; object to introduction of English civil law, 59, 60; favoured by Quebec Act, 101; their aversion to military service, 111; costume of, 114, 115, 240; fear of communication with rebels, 119, 134, 136, 140, 174, 297; Estaing's proclamation to, 123; affected by alliance of France with revolted colonies, 126, 127, 128, 140; prisoners in Albany take up arms for Congress, 130; averse to taxation, 173; restricted as to disposal of produce, 177; Haldimand's policy towards, 180; his use of corvées disliked by, 182; gratified by news of British defeats, 189; Baroness de Riedesel's description of, 219-220; their attitude towards Loyalists, 264, 271; continued attempts to undermine their loyalty, 273-282, 283; addressed by Congress, 276; MacLean pleads for, 306; Dorchester's policy with, 314-315. Md Ignorance of national affairs, 347; Macdonald's influence with, 347-348. WM Their unfortunate position, 131; two thousand desert the camp to protect their families, 152; placed on right of Montcalm's battle-line, 192; dislodge British detachment from Borgia's house, 193, 195; in general defeat make brave rally, 201-203; only those in vicinity of Quebec submit to the British, 237. L Père Charlevoix on, 117; Aubert on, 118; Mère de l'Incarnation on, 119; habits, dress, etc., of, 120 et seq. Bib.: Sulte, Histoire des Canadiens-Français; Garneau, Histoire du Canada; Bibaud, Histoire du Canada; Christie, History of Lower Canada; Davidson, Growth of French-Canadian Race; Aubert de Gaspé, Les Anciens Canadiens; Salone, La Colonisation de la Nouvelle France: Étude sur les Origines de la Nation Canadienne Française; Greenough, Canadian Folk-Life; Tanguay, Dictionnaire Généalogique; Sulte, Origin of the French-Canadians (R. S. C., 1905); Nicholson, The French Canadian; Fiske, New France and New England; Lambert, Travels in Canada.

French Colonization. WM Principle of, 17; Parkman on, 19.

French Language. BL Imperial Parliament repeals clause of Union Act making English the sole official language, 287; Elgin reads speech from the throne in French as well as English, 287.

French Priests. Hd Attempts to introduce, 181, 187.

French Revolution. Dr Its effect in the United States, 272, 273; principles of, disseminated in Lower Canada, 279. Sy Effects of, in Britain, 11.

Frobisher, Benjamin. A partner of the North West Company. Index: Hd Petition to Haldimand, 261. Bib.: See the memorials of Benjamin Frobisher and Joseph Frobisher, his brother, on the western fur trade, in Archives Report, 1890, and particularly that of Oct. 4, 1784, giving the early history of the North West Company; also correspondence in Archives Report, 1888.

Frobisher, Benjamin. Probably, according to Masson, a son of Joseph Frobisher. Entered service of North West Company, about 1798. Mentioned as clerk of that Company, in 1804 and 1805, and took a violent part in the troubles between the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies. Captured by Hudson's Bay men in 1819, carried to York Factory and imprisoned; escaped, and in a desperate attempt to make his way back to one of the North West Company posts, died of exhaustion at Cedar Lake. Bib.: Wilcocke, Death of Frobisher in Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest.

Frobisher, Joseph. A partner of the North West Company. Member of the fur-trading firm of McTavish, Frobisher and Company. Built a fort on Red River, and penetrated to the Churchill River, 1774, where, at Frog Portage, he built a post. Gave the name of English River to the Churchill. Accompanied Alexander Henry up the Saskatchewan in 1775. Returned to Montreal, but retained a large interest in the fur trade until 1798, when he retired. Index: Hd His petition to Haldimand, 261. MS Builds trading-post on Sturgeon Lake in 1772, 4. Bib.: Henry, Travels and Adventures, ed. by Bain; Mackenzie, History of the Fur Trade in his Voyages.

Frobisher, Sir Martin (1535?-1594). Navigator. Made three voyages to America in search of the North-West Passage, 1576, 1577, and 1578. Vice-admiral in Drake's expedition to West Indies, 1586; led one of the squadrons against the Spanish Armada; took part in Hawkins's expedition, 1590. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Frobisher, Thomas (1744-1788). Partner of the North West Company. With Joseph Frobisher, Alexander Henry, and Peter Pond, in the North-West, 1775. In that year, explored the Churchill River as far as Isle à la Crosse Lake. Index: MS Builds trading-post at Sturgeon Lake, 1772, 4. Bib.: Henry, Travels and Adventures; Mackenzie, History of the Fur Trade in his Voyages.

Frog Portage. Or Portage de Traite, leading from the Saskatchewan River, by way of Cumberland Lake, the Sturgeon-Weir River, Heron, Pelican, and Woody Lakes, to the Churchill. It was discovered by Joseph Frobisher, who built a temporary trading-post there in 1774. Two years later Thomas Frobisher built a more substantial fort at the same place. He was joined there in that year by Alexander Henry, and plans were matured for intercepting the western Indians on their way down the Churchill to trade at Prince of Wales Fort. Alexander Mackenzie says that the Indians called the portage Athiquisipichigan Ouinigam, or the Portage of the Stretched Frog Skin. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.

Frontenac, Louis de Buade, Comte de Palluau et de (1620-1698). F Particulars respecting his early life scanty, 61; enters army under Prince of Orange at age of fifteen, 62; promoted to rank of maréchal de camp, 62; peace of Westphalia, 1648, releases him from military life, 63; marriage, and birth of son, 63; his wife separates from him, 63; extravagant habits of, 64; commands Venetian troops in defence of Crete against Turks, 64; leaves France for Canada, midsummer of 1762, 65; endeavours to constitute "three estates" and summons an Assembly, 67; action disapproved by king, 67; his instructions regarding the ecclesiastical power, 69; friendly to Sulpicians and Récollets, 74; plans a visit to Cataraqui, 74; conducts an expedition to Cataraqui, 76-84; invites Indians to conference at that place, 79; harangues them and distributes presents, 81, 82; erects fort, 83; expedition not approved by minister, 84; Frontenac defends it, 85; difficulties with Perrot, governor of Montreal, and the Abbé Fénelon, 90-104; captures twelve coureurs de bois, 99; sends Perrot and Fénelon to France with report on case, 102; the king's reply, 103; enemies at court, 110; honour paid to him in church curtailed by Laval, 112; attitude towards ecclesiastical powers, 113; difficulty with bishop over issue of trading permits, involving carrying of liquor to Indians, 116; king prohibits permits, 116; visits Cataraqui (Fort Frontenac), 117; appeals against king's decision, 117; instructed not to meddle with questions of finance, etc., 120; authorized to grant hunting permits, 125; number to be issued restricted, 128; dispute with Intendant Duchesneau as to presidency of Sovereign Council, 133-140; censured by minister for his contentious spirit, 135; again cautioned by king and minister, 136; recalled, 143, 144; asks home government for soldiers, 145; summons conference on Indian question, 146; arranges peace between Senecas and Ottawas, 146; orders strengthening of fortifications of Montreal, 147; relations with Du Lhut, 162; has Récollet confessor, Father Maupassant, 165; alleged disorders in his household, 165; commends Sulpicians, 168; his recall a triumph for clerical opponents, 171; on return to France makes light of La Barre's demand for troops, 173; reappointed governor of Canada, 229; arrives at Chedabucto, 232; arrives at Quebec, 232; goes to Montreal, 233; exaggerates number of killed in Lachine massacre, 227; tries to arrest destruction of Fort Frontenac, 233; organizes raiding parties against English colonies, 234-236; brings out with him from France survivors of Indians captured for the galleys, 237; sends deputation to Iroquois, 237; sends reinforcements to La Durantaye, 241; his address to the Lake tribes, 242; result of his raids on English settlements, 253; improves fortifications of Quebec, 254; his relations with the Sovereign Council, 254-257; goes to Montreal where anxiety prevails, 257; his expedition to Lake Indians successful, 258; dances a war dance, 260; protests to Massachusetts authorities against attack on Pentagouet, 270; gets news at Montreal of approach of expedition against Quebec, 282; replies to Phipps's demand for surrender, 288, 289; recommends attack on Boston by sea, 316; describes ravages of the Abnaki, 317; estimate of military losses in Canada, 318; expresses himself as opposed to large expeditions, 320; orders De Louvigny at Michilimackinac to send down Indians with their furs, 323; firm in negotiations with Iroquois, 325, 338; complaints made against, 333-336; gives theatrical representations at Quebec, 336; question of Tartuffe, 337; restores Fort Frontenac against instructions of minister, 341; directs campaign against Iroquois, 350-353; reports his victory to the king and asks for recognition, 353; receives cross of St. Louis, 354; receives news of peace of Ryswick, 354; corresponds on question of sovereignty over Iroquois with Earl of Bellomont, governor of New York, 355; his last despatch to home government, 357; illness and death, 357-359; his will, 358; no known portrait, 360; funeral sermon and critical annotations thereon, 361. L Governor, erects fort at Cataraqui, 84, 145; takes Récollets under his protection, 112; arrival of, 143; his services and character, 144; supports La Salle, 149; prejudiced against the Jesuits, 157; tries to arrest coureurs de bois, 160; imprisons Perrot, governor of Montreal, 160; takes offence at sermon preached by Abbé Fénelon, 161; previously annoyed by sermon of Jesuit Father, 161; demands copy of Fénelon's sermon, 162; difficulty with De Bernières, 162, 163; censured by the king, 164, 165; quarrels with intendant, 167; recalled, 168; sends unfavourable reports regarding clergy, 170; summons conference on liquor traffic, 172; reappointed governor, 218; arrival of, 228; organizes three detachments to operate against English colonies, 229; his answer to Phipps, 229; attacks the Iroquois, 233; death of, 234. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac; Myrand, Frontenac et ses Amis; Lorin, Le Comte de Frontenac; Legendre, Frontenac; Brady, Frontenac, the Saviour of Canada.

Fulford, Francis (1803-1868). Educated at Oxford; ordained, 1828. Consecrated first Anglican bishop of Montreal, 1850, and sailed for Canada the same year. In 1860 metropolitan of the ecclesiastical province of Canada. Bib.: Taylor, Brit. Am. and Last Three Bishops; Mockridge, The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.

Fuller, Thomas Brock (1810-1884). Born in Kingston. Educated at the Grammar Schools at Hamilton and York and at Chambly Theological Seminary. Ordained priest, 1835; laboured in various parts of Canada; archdeacon of Niagara, 1869; bishop of Niagara, 1875. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Mockridge, The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.

Fundy, Bay of. Explored by De Monts and Champlain in 1604. Probably visited a hundred years earlier by Basque and Breton fishermen, and possibly by the Northmen several centuries before. Known to the Portuguese as Baia Fundo (Deep Bay). Named by De Monts, La Baie Française. The year 1604 witnessed not only the first exploration of which any narrative survives, but also the first European, settlement on the shores of the bay. See also Acadia. Bib.: Champlain, Voyages.

Fur Trade. F Burdensome restrictions on, 38, 154. Ch Short history of, 119 et seq. E Under the French régime, 183. Dr Complicated questions in connection with, 57. Hd Importance attached by Haldimand to, 260-261. S In Upper Canada, 105-107. D Maintained supremacy of British flag in far West, 37; of the Russians, stimulates adventure and exploration, 38; forerunner of civilization, 49. MS Growth of, under North West Company, 7; coureurs de bois and mangeurs de lard, 14, 168; traders were men of intelligence and intellectual tastes, 27; bois-brûlés, 167; predominance of Scottish element, 219; mariage du pays, 263; Canada's debt to, 281-290; names of famous fur-traders given to Canadian rivers, lakes, and towns, 282; fur-trader as pioneer of settlement, 283-284; character of the traders, 288-289; stood for law and order, 289. See also Hudson's Bay Company; North West Company; X Y Company; Pacific Fur Company; Company of New France, etc. Bib.: Mackenzie, History of the Fur Trade in his Voyages; Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest; Biggar, Early Trading Companies of New France; Parkman, Works; Henry, Travels and Adventures; Henry-Thompson Journals, ed. by Coues; Harmon, Journal; Franchère, Narrative; Larpenteur, Forty Years a Fur Trader; Chittenden, History of the American Fur-Trade; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Willson, The Great Company; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea; Begg, History of the North-West.

Gabriel. Ch French vessel seized by English, 222.

Gage, Thomas (1721-1787). Fought under Braddock at Monongahela, 1755, and under Abercrombie at Ticonderoga, 1758. Took part in the campaign for the conquest of Canada, 1759; made military governor of Montreal after its capitulation, 1760. Succeeded Amherst, 1763, as commander-in-chief, with headquarters at New York. Sailed for England, 1773, leaving Haldimand in command. Returned the following year, as governor of Massachusetts. After the battle of Bunker Hill, 1775, recalled. Index: Dr Requests Carleton to send him two regiments, 78. S In command at Boston, 19. Hd At Ticonderoga, 19; his letters to Haldimand, 22, 23; in command at Oswego, 28, 29; at Albany, 31, 33; governor of Montreal after surrender, 40, 41; his opinion of Croix de St. Louis wearers, 52; replaces Amherst at New York, 53, 57, 58, 60, 61, 66, 68, 70, 72, 73, 77, 79-81; visits England on leave of absence, 83; correspondence with Haldimand, 89, 94, 95; resumes chief command in America, 96-98, 121; his position in Boston, 101; intended retirement of, 105; his lack of energy, 108; recall of, 110; Indian policy of, 147; his reply to Washington's complaint as to treatment of prisoners, 249; death of, 335. Bib.: Letters of the Two Commanders-in-Chief, Generals Gage and Washington; Detail and Conduct of the American War, under General Gage. See also Mass. Hist. Soc. Colls., vols. 12, 14, and 34; and Haldimand Papers (Canadian Archives). For biog., see Dict. Nat. Biog.; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Gaillardin, Claud J. C. (1810-1880). F French historian, referred to, 152. Bib.: Histoire de Louis XIV.

Gaillon, Michel. Ch Member of Roberval's expedition, executed, 44.

Galiano, Dionisio. Accompanied Maurelle in 1792 to North-West Coast. Carried out considerable surveys for the Spanish government, partly in conjunction with Vancouver. Index: D Explores North-West Coast with Valdez, 35; meets Vancouver, 35; journal published at Madrid in 1802, 36. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast.

Galinée, René de Bréhant de. A member of a noble family of Brittany; came to Canada in 1668. With his fellow-Sulpician, Dollier de Casson (q.v.), carried out an important exploration in 1669-1670, from Montreal up the St. Lawrence, and around the south shore of Lake Ontario to Burlington Bay; thence to the Grand River, which they descended to Lake Erie, where they wintered. In March, 1670, they continued their journey along the north shore, passed through Lake St. Clair, and coasting the south side of Manitoulin Island, reached Sault Ste. Marie, where they found Marquette and Dablon. They returned to Montreal by way of Lake Nipissing and the Ottawa. Galinée's narrative of the journey was sent home to the king. He himself returned to France in 1671. Index: L With Dollier, plants the cross on shores of Lake Erie, 11; arrives from France as missionary, 105; on Lake Erie, 108; La Salle accompanies him to Niagara, 148. Bib.: Exploration of the Great Lakes, 1669-1670: Galinée's Narrative and Map, ed. by James H. Coyne (Ont. Hist. Soc., 1903).

Gallatin, Albert (1761-1849). American statesman. Bk United States secretary of the treasury, 81, 108. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Adams, Writings of Albert Gallatin; Adams, Life of Gallatin.

Galleran, Guillaume. Ch Récollet priest, 149.

Gallicanism. L Cause of difficulty between the court of France and the pope, 184, 201.

Galt, Sir Alexander Tilloch (1817-1893). Son of John Galt (q.v.). Elected to the Legislature, 1849, for Sherbrooke. Dropped out of public life for several years, but in 1853 again elected for Sherbrooke. Took an active part in the movement leading up to Confederation; a member of several administrations before and after Confederation; high commissioner in Great Britain, 1880-1883. Index: Md Declines task of forming a ministry, 86; becomes minister of finance in Cartier-Macdonald administration, 86; speaks in favour of Confederation, 96; goes to England with Cartier and Rose to secure approval of British government to proposed union, 97; one of commissioners sent to England in 1865 to confer with Imperial government on Confederation, defence, reciprocity, etc., 120-121; minister of finance in first Dominion ministry, 134; resigns, 1867, and succeeded by Rose, 136; introduces high tariff (1859), 218; his protection policy supported by Macdonald, 219; appointed high commissioner, 227. T Makes Confederation a Cabinet question, 63; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 74-75; to Quebec Conference, 76; presented to the queen, 124; minister of finance in first Dominion ministry, 129, 130. B Asked by Sir Edmund Head to form government, declines, 106, 133; favours federal union, 106; takes Cayley's place in Macdonald-Cartier government, 107; advocates in 1858 federal union of all British North American provinces, 132-133; pledges Cartier government to federal union policy, 133; mission to England, 133; his connection with reciprocity negotiations in 1865, 193-196; his connection with negotiations with George Brown as to Confederation, 152, 154-155, 160; goes to England on Confederation mission, 186. C Goes to England with Cartier and Rose in connection with Confederation, 56-57; refuses decoration of C. B., 126-127. Bib.: Works: Canada from 1849 to 1859; Union of the British North American Provinces. For biog., see Taylor, Brit. Am.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Egerton and Grant, Canadian Constitutional Development.

Galt, John (1779-1839). Came to Canada, 1824; returned to England; came out again in 1826, remaining until 1829. Associated, in the Canada Company, with William Dunlop, Thomas Talbot, and Samuel Strickland. Founded towns of Guelph and Goderich. Town of Galt named after him. See Canada Company; Dunlop; Talbot; Strickland. Bib.: Works: Ayrshire Legatees; Annals of the Parish; Sir Andrew Wylie; The Entail; Bogle Corbet; Stanley Buxton; Eken Erskine; The Lost Child; The Member; The Radical; Laurie Todd; Life of Byron; Lives of the Players; Autobiography; Literary Life and Miscellanies. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Lizars, Days of the Canada Company.

Galt. A town in Ontario founded by the Canada Company, about 1827. Named after John Galt. Situated on the Grand River. Bib.: Lizars, Days of the Canada Company.

Gamache, René de Rohault, Marquis de. Ch Endows Jesuit College at Quebec, 228.

Gannentaha. L Mission at, miraculously escapes massacre, 65. Bib.: Parkman, Jesuits in North America.

Garakontié. L Iroquois chief, conversion of, 65; edifying death of, 73.

Garfield, James Abram (1831-1881). Twentieth president of the United States. Index: B Favourable to proposed Reciprocity Treaty of 1864, 230-231. Bib.: Hinsdale, Works of Garfield; Gilmore, Life of Garfield; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Garneau, François-Xavier (1809-1866). Studied law and practised as a notary; afterwards clerk of the Legislative Assembly and city clerk of Quebec; member of the Council of Public Instruction; president of the Institut Canadien. Index: P Condemns Papineau's conduct in rejecting Lord Goderich's offer, 77. E Attacks Hincks for suggesting amendment to Union Act, 123; Hincks's denial, 123. Hd On the evils of English law, 59; on Murray, 60; on Haldimand, 291, 292. Bib.: Histoire du Canada, trans. by Andrew Bell. For biog., see Casgrain, F.-X. Garneau; Morgan, Cel. Can. and Bib. Can.

Garnier, Charles. Accompanied Jogues and Chatelain to the Huron mission, 1636; and, with the former, to the Tobacco Nation, near Nottawassaga Bay, 1639-1640. Returned to the Huron mission, where, in 1649, died a martyr to his faith, slain by an Iroquois hatchet. Index: L Death of, 5. Bib.: Parkman, Jesuits in North America; Lalemant, Relation des Hurons, 1640.

Garnier de Chapouin. Ch Provincial of Récollets, appoints four missionaries for Canada, 85.

Garreau, Leonard. Jesuit father. Index: L Death of, 11.

Garry, Nicholas. The Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company having been amalgamated in 1821, Garry, then a director of the former Company, was sent out to the North-West with Simon McGillivray, in that year, to make the necessary arrangements. Garry's diary of this journey is published in the Royal Society Trans., 1900. Subsequently deputy governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1822-1835. Fort Garry was named after him. Bib.: Bryce, Manitoba and Hudson's Bay Company.

Gaspé. See Aubert de Gaspé.

Gaspereau River. A small tidal stream, flowing into the Basin of Minas. Grand Pré, once a principal settlement of the Acadians, stands upon its banks.

Gates, Sir Thomas (1596-1621). Governor of Virginia. Index: Ch Grant to, by James I of England, 223. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Gaudais-Dupont, Louis. L Comes out as royal commissioner to take over Canada from Company of New France, 41.

Gaufestre, Jean. Ch Récollet, returns to France, 209.

Gavazzi Riots. E Father Gavazzi's lectures, 124; cause riots in Quebec and Montreal, 124-125; Clear Grits attack Hincks and the government for failure to suppress riots, 125. Bib.: Gavazzi, Lectures and Life; Dent, Last Forty Years; Hincks, Reminiscences.

Gazette (Halifax). Established 1752. First newspaper published in what is now the Dominion of Canada. Bib.: Wallis, Hist. Sketch of Can. Journalism in Canada: An Ency., vol. 5.

Gazette (Montreal). Established 1778. Index: C Denounces ministerial responsibility, 97. Hd Establishment of, 276. BL Denounces La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 140. Bk Editor of, arrested by order of the Legislative Assembly, 93. Mc Mackenzie's obituary in, 514. Bib.: Wallis, Hist. Sketch of Can. Journalism in Canada: An Ency., vol. 5.