Index and Dictionary (part 1)

Abbott, Sir John Joseph Caldwell (1821-1893). Educated at McGill University; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1847. A candidate for the Legislative Assembly for Argenteuil, 1857, but defeated by Sydney Bellingham. Bellingham subsequently unseated and Abbott declared elected, 1860. Solicitor-general for Lower Canada in Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 1862-1863, and for a few days retained same position in Macdonald-Dorion ministry. From 1867 to 1874 and from 1880 to 1887 represented Argenteuil in House of Commons. May, 1887, admitted to Macdonald ministry as minister without portfolio, and at same time appointed to Senate, where he became leader of Conservative party. On death of Macdonald, became prime minister, June, 1891; held this position until ill health compelled him to resign, November, 1892. A recognized authority on questions of commercial and constitutional law. Framed Insolvent Act of 1864, and Jury Law Consolidation Act of Lower Canada. Index: C Countenances Annexation Movement in 1849, 44-45. BL On the Annexation Manifesto, 336. Md A witness before Pacific Scandal Committee, 204. Bib.: Annual Register, 1893; Terrill, Chronology of Montreal; Thomas, History of Argenteuil and Prescott; Weir, Sixty Years in Canada; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years.

Abbott, Joseph (1789-1863). Born and educated in England. Came to Canada, 1818. Missionary of the Church of England. Wrote The Emigrant, containing information for farmers about Canada.

Abenaquis Indians. See Abnaki.

Abercrombie, James. Entered the army, and obtained a captaincy in the 42nd or 1st Battalion of Royal Highlanders, 1756. Appointed aide-de-camp to Major-General Amherst, 1759, with whom he made the campaigns in Canada of that and the following year. Appointed major of the 78th or 2nd Highland Battalion, 1760, and, in September following, employed by General Amherst in communicating to the Marquis de Vaudreuil the conditions preparatory to the surrender of Montreal, and in obtaining his signature to them. The 78th Regiment having been disbanded in 1763, retired on half-pay. Again entered active service, 1770, as lieutenant-colonel of the 22nd Regiment, then serving in America under the command of Lieutenant-General Gage; killed in the battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec.

Abercromby, James (1706-1781). Entered the army, and obtained commission as major, 1742; lieutenant-colonel, 1744; colonel, 1746. Sent to America with 50th Regiment, 1756; superseded Shirley and Webb in command of the army; and then resigned command to Lord Loudon. In 1757 commanded second brigade against Louisbourg. On Loudon's recall, became commander-in-chief, 1758. Led expedition against Ticonderoga, with Lord Howe as second in command. On Howe's death, the campaign became a dismal failure for the British, Abercromby being outgeneralled at every point by Montcalm. Returned to England, and in 1772 deputy-governor of Stirling Castle. Index: WM Sent to America with reinforcements, 33; commands division intended to operate by way of Lake Champlain, 54; repulsed at Fort Carillon, 55-61. Hd His recall, 21. See also Howe; Rogers; Ticonderoga; Carillon. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Rogers, Journals during the Late War, ed. by Hough.

Abercromby, Sir Ralph (1734-1801). Commanded a brigade in Holland under Duke of York, 1793, and wounded at Nimeguen. Afterwards appointed commander-in-chief of the forces in the West Indies. Held successive commands in Ireland, Scotland, in the expedition to Holland, and, in 1801, appointed to command the expedition against the French in Egypt. Won a brilliant victory near Alexandria, but died of wounds received in the battle. Index: Bk Brock serves under, in Holland, 14. Bib.: Dunfermline, Sir Ralph Abercromby: a Memoir; Dict. Nat. Biog.

Aberdeen, John Campbell Hamilton Gordon, seventh Earl of (1847- ). A baronet of Nova Scotia. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Succeeded to peerage, 1870. Appointed viceroy of Ireland, 1886. Appointed governor-general of Canada, 1893. Again appointed viceroy of Ireland, 1905. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Who's Who.

Abnaki Indians. A tribe of the Algonquian family, inhabiting a portion of what is now the province of New Brunswick. They were early converts of the French missionaries, and made common cause with the French against the English colonists. A number were brought to Canada in the seventeenth century, and formed a settlement on the St. Francis River, a few miles above its junction with the St. Lawrence. The Indian town was destroyed by Robert Rogers in 1759. Index: F Hostile to New England, 240; incited by Governor Denonville, 249; ravages committed by, 316; attack settlement at York, 326; repulsed at Wells, 327; disposed to make peace with New England, 328; French influence in opposite direction prevails, 330; attack settlement of Oyster River, 330; fired on from Fort Pemaquid under flag of truce, 331. L Ravages committed by, on New England settlements, 12; in Acadia, 228. WM Enemies of the English, 16. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac and Montcalm and Wolfe; Pilling, Bibliography of Algonquian Languages; Vetromile, The Abnakis and their History.

Abraham, Plains of. See Plains of Abraham.

Academy of Arts. See Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.

Acadia. The name Acadia or "la Cadie" is found as early as Nov. 8, 1603, in the commission of Henry IV appointing Pierre du Gua, Sieur de Monts, lieutenant-general in La Cadie, extending from the fortieth to the forty-sixth degree of north latitude. The limits were afterwards reduced, and the boundaries of Acadia became a cause of contention between France and England. France claimed that the English possessions were restricted to the peninsula of Nova Scotia, and that the territory now known as New Brunswick had not been ceded to England. The first settlement in Acadia was on the Island of St. Croix in 1604, but the following year it was transferred to Port Royal, and abandoned in 1607. Three years later the Sieur de Poutrincourt established a new settlement at Port Royal, which was destroyed by Argall in 1613. In September, 1621, James I granted the territory of Acadia, under the name of Nova Scotia, to Sir William Alexander. This grant was renewed in July, 1625, by Charles I. A small Scottish settlement was established at Port Royal by the grantee. Acadia was restored to France by the treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye in 1632, and during the same year new settlers were brought from France. Acadia was finally ceded to Great Britain by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713. Index: Ch Its resources and limits, 18; English king indisposed to restore, 213. F Attempt to form settlement in, 6; seized by English under Kirke, 22; subsequent vicissitudes, 268-272; seized under orders from Cromwell, 268; settlers disposed to trade with New England, 270; Port Royal (Annapolis) made capital, 270; visited by Meulles and Saint Vallier, and census taken, 271; Port Royal and other posts captured by Phipps, who establishes government, 274; passes again under French control, 316. Bib.: Champlain, Voyages; Lescarbot, New France; Denys, Acadia; Parkman, Pioneers of France; Rameau de Saint-Père, Une Colonie Feodale; Calnek and Savary, History of the County of Annapolis; Moreau, Histoire de l'Acadie; Hannay, History of Acadia; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia.

Acadia College. Situated at Wolfville, Nova Scotia. Founded by the Nova Scotia Baptist Education Society, 1838. Application made to the Nova Scotia Assembly for incorporation as "The Trustees, Governors and Fellows of the Queen's College." The corporation created with university powers, 1840. At the next meeting of the Legislature its name changed to Acadia College. Power of appointing governors transferred from the Education Society to the Baptist Convention of the Maritime Provinces, 1851. Final changes in the Act of Incorporation, 1891. Index: H Founded by the Baptists, 1838; first known as Queen's College, 81; defended by James W. Johnstone, 83. Bib.: Canada: An Ency., vol. 4.

Acadian. Newspaper published at Halifax. Index: H Formerly Weekly Chronicle, 6; purchased and edited by Joseph Howe, 6; sold by Howe, 6.

Acadians. The first permanent settlers were those who came with De Razilly in 1632, and from these the Acadians of to-day are descended. Other French immigrants were brought by d'Aulnay de Charnisay from 1639 to 1649, and by La Tour and Le Borgne in 1651 and 1658 respectively. There were also small immigrations at divers later dates. The first general nominal census was taken in 1671, and gave a population of 392 souls. In 1686 there were 885 persons in Acadia. Seven years later the inhabitants numbered 1018. When Acadia was ceded to Britain in 1713, the Acadian population was 2500. Although from 1713 to 1745 a number of families had escaped to the new French colonies of Isle Royale and Isle St. Jean (now Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island), still in 1749, when the British settled Halifax, there were about 12,500 Acadians in the province. Another large influx of population to the same colonies, and to the St. John River, took place between 1749 and 1755, yet there remained in the latter year in the peninsula and in the Isthmus of Chignecto some 10,000 inhabitants, of whom nearly 7000 were deported in 1755. The rest escaped to the woods; some went to Miramichi, and later to Baie des Chaleurs; others crossed over to the Isles Royale and St. Jean, and quite a number found their way to St. John River, and from thence to the province of Quebec. The whole population of Acadians in the peninsula, the Isthmus of Chignecto, the St. John River, Isle Royale, and Isle St. Jean, at the time of the expulsion, is computed at 16,000. Bib.: Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Haliburton, Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia; Hannay, History of Acadia; Raymond, St. John River; Gaudet, Acadian Genealogy (Report on Dominion Archives, 1905, vol. 2).

Acadians, Expulsion of the. Governor Lawrence in 1755, with the advice of his Council and of Admirals Boscawen and Mostyn, but apparently without consulting the home government, decided that the Acadians must be deported from Nova Scotia. The reason for this decision was the obstinate refusal of the Acadians to take the oath of allegiance, and the conviction of the governor that the safety of the colony depended upon their expulsion. In September, 1755, all preparations having been made with the utmost secrecy, Monckton at Beauséjour, Winslow at Grand Pré, Murray at Piziquid, and Handfield at Annapolis, seized the inhabitants and held them prisoners until the arrival of the transport and provision ships. These having been delayed, the final embarkation did not take place until late in December. The Acadians were distributed among the British colonies along the Atlantic seaboard. Some hired vessels in 1763, and sailed to Miquelon, and in 1767 and following years returned gradually to their old Acadian home. Others came directly to Nova Scotia in 1766, there being no longer any reason for their exclusion, while others went north to Quebec or south to Louisiana. The present Acadian population in the three Maritime Provinces is over 150,000, and these are the descendants of the few families who escaped deportation, and of those who returned from exile. Index: See references under Acadia. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Richard, Acadia; Casgrain, Un Pélérinage au Pays d'Evangéline; Une Seconde Acadie; Les Sulpiciens et les Prêtres des Missions Etrangères en Acadia; Documents Inédits sur l'Acadie, 1710-1815; Archibald, Expulsion of Acadians (N.S. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1887); Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins; Calnek and Savary, History of the County of Annapolis.

Accommodation. First steamboat on the St. Lawrence. Built by John Molson at Montreal. Arrived at Quebec from Montreal, Nov. 5, 1809, making the run in 36 hours. The vessel measured 85 feet over all, had 16 feet beam, and was equipped with an engine of six-horse power. See also Molson; Steamships. Bib.: Semi-Centennial Report of Montreal Board of Trade, 1893.

Adams. Bk United States brig on Lake Erie, 178; surrendered to British, 256; name changed to Detroit, 274; captured by Americans at Fort Erie, 289; burnt, 290. Bib.: Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.

Adams, John. Came to Nova Scotia from Boston. Appointed member of the Council, 1720. After the death of Lawrence Armstrong, administered the government during 1739 and 1740. Returned to Boston, 1740, as blindness prevented him from attending to his duties.

Addison, Robert. S First chaplain of Upper Canada Assembly, 85, 158; opens a school at Niagara, 167. R Member of Board of Education, Upper Canada, 58.

Adet, Pierre Auguste (1763-1832). Appointed on the 10th thermidor, member of the French Council of Mines. In 1795, went to the United States in the capacity of plenipotentiary. In 1796 presented to the United States Congress the tricolour flag on behalf of the French nation; and the following year, handed to the secretary of state the famous note in which the Directoire, complaining to the American government of breach of neutrality, stated that the republic would give to every neutral flag the same treatment that the latter would get from Great Britain. Index: Dr French minister to United States, intrigues of, 300, 301.

Agniers. See Mohawks.

Agriculture. Societies for improving the conditions of agriculture were founded in Nova Scotia, 1789; in Quebec the same year; and in Upper Canada in 1792. Simcoe in Upper Canada and Dorchester in Quebec did much to further agricultural interests, but Quebec owes most to J. F. Perrault (q.v.), and Nova Scotia to John Young (q.v.). An agricultural school was founded at Ste. Anne de la Pocatière in 1859; the Guelph Agricultural College was established in 1874; the Nova Scotia School of Agriculture, 1885; and the Macdonald College, at Ste. Anne de Bellevue, opened in the fall of 1907. Agricultural Colleges are also in operation in connection with the provincial universities of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Index: F In New France, difficulties in the way of, 87. S Progress of, in Upper Canada, 108, 109; Simcoe's endeavours to promote, 110, 198. E Elgin on, 49-50; department of, established by Hincks-Morin government, 117; charged with founding of model farms and agricultural schools, 117. MS Agricultural experiments of the Red River colony, 1820-1835, 222-223; experimental farm at Red River, 237; Governor Simpson's views, 273-278. D In British Columbia, 256-257, 329-330. B Splendid field for in North-West predicted by Toronto Globe, in 1852, 213-215. See also Farmers; Wheat; Flour-milling; Puget Sound Agricultural Society. Bib.: Canada: An Ency., vol. 5; Johnson, First Things in Canada.

Aguesseau, Henri-François (1668-1751). Studied law; appointed third barrister of the Parliament of Paris, 1690; and attorney-general, 1700. Seventeen years later became chancellor. His opposition to Law's financial scheme brought about his temporary disgrace. Reappointed after the failure of Law's bank, and retired, 1722. Joined the administration again in 1727 as minister of justice, and finally retired, 1750. Index: F On French Parliaments, 153.

Aiguebelle, d'. WM In battle of Ste. Foy, 257.

Aiken, Thomas B. H Contributes to The Club in Howe's Nova Scotian, 10.

Aikins, James Cox (1823-1896). Educated at Victoria College. Elected for Peel County, 1854, and sat in Assembly until 1861. Elected to Legislative Council, 1862; and at Confederation became a member of the Dominion Senate. Secretary of state in Macdonald administration, 1869-1873, and again in 1878-1880; minister of inland revenue, 1880-1882; lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1882-1888; again called to Senate, 1896. Index: R Graduate of Victoria College, 143. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Can. Men.; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.

Ailleboust de Coulonge, Louis d'. Administered settlement of Villemarie during the absence of Maisonneuve. Promoted to governorship of Three Rivers. Became governor of Canada, 1648. Succeeded by Lauzon, 1651. Administered the colony, 1657. Died at Quebec, 1660. Index: F Succeeds Montmagny as governor, 35; interim governor, 42. L His pious administration, 8. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime; Douglas, Old France in the New World.

Aillon, Father de la Roche d'. Ch Récollet interpreter and negotiator with the Kirkes, 188-190; returns to France, 208. Bib.: Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada.

Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of. Signed between Great Britain and France, April 18, 1748. Brought the War of the Austrian Succession to a close. The practical effect of the treaty was to renew the status quo. All former treaties were renewed and all conquests restored. So far as British North America was concerned, the most vital article was that which provided for the restoration to France of Cape Breton. Bib.: Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions.

Alabama Claims. Md Exploits of the Alabama, 98; inflicts injury on Northern shipping, 165; causes irritation in United States, 167; claims referred to Joint Commission, 168-169; personnel of Commission, 169; claims finally submitted to arbitration, 181. See also Washington, Treaty of.

Alaska Boundary Question. Arose out of differences of opinion as to the interpretation of the 1828 Convention between Russia and Great Britain, and particularly as to the boundary of the coast strip. The United States contention was that the boundary should follow a line approximately parallel to the coast and thirty marine miles distant therefrom; the Canadian, that it should follow the summit of the first range, crossing many of the inlets near their mouths. The decision of the Joint Commission of 1903 did not concede the United States claims in full, but gave them an unbroken littoral, substantially what they had contended for. Index: D Effect of Russian occupation, 38; early history of, 119; history of dispute, 340-341. Bib.: Hodgins, British and American Diplomacy Affecting Canada; MacArthur, The Alaska Boundary Award, in the Univ. Mag., December, 1907; Bourinot, Canada under British Rule; Proceedings of the Alaska Boundary Tribunal, Washington, 1904; Ewart, The Kingdom of Canada.

Albanel, Charles. L Explores Hudson Bay, 11.

Alberta. Created a province of the Dominion on Sept. 1, 1905. Includes the former district of Alberta, with the west half of Athabaska, and a strip of Assiniboia and Saskatchewan. Area, 253,540 square miles. The former district or territory of Alberta was named in honour of the Princess Louise. Seat of government, Edmonton. See also North-West Territories.

Alberta, University of. Created by Act of the Legislature of Alberta passed at the first session after provincial autonomy had been granted. First president appointed, 1908. Seat of university at Strathcona, across the Saskatchewan River from Edmonton, the capital of the province.

Albion. Newspaper published at New York. Index: B Peter Brown contributes to, 2; a weekly newspaper, published at New York for British residents of United States, 2. BL On Draper's pronouncement as to responsible government, 94; on Bagot's reception at Montreal, 118; on Hincks's appointment as inspector-general, 120; on the seat of government, 182; on the Metcalfe crisis, 199.

Alexander VII, Pope (1599-1667). Born Fabio Chigi. Elected pope, 1655. Index: L Appoints Laval his vicar apostolic, 7.

Alexander of Rhodes, Father. L Recommends Laval for mission work in India, 23.

Alexander, Sir William. See Stirling, Earl of.

Algonquian Indians. The name is now applied to what is probably the most widely-distributed linguistic stock of North America. In the days of French Canada, it was given to a comparatively small and unimportant tribe, whose home was on the banks of the Ottawa. Index: L Two camps of, destroyed, 9; missions destroyed by drunkenness, 175. Bib.: Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac; Brinton, The Lenape and Their Legends; Pilling, Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages.

Aliens. Dr Dorchester has Act passed in 1794 by Assembly, 288; designed to guard against danger of anti-British sentiment, 288. Mc Act passed in Upper Canada, 1804, 88; designed to guard against sedition, 88-89; terms of British Act of 1790, 140-141; hardships of, 141; Act of 1826, 141-143.

Alix, Marguerite. Ch Mother of Helen Bouillé, 66.

Alix, Simon. Ch Director of Company of New France, 170.

Allan, George William (1822-1901). Born in York, Upper Canada. Educated at Upper Canada College; studied law and called to the bar, 1846. Served in the volunteers during the Rebellion of 1837. Mayor of Toronto, 1855; elected member of the Legislative Council, 1858; appointed to the Senate, 1867; Speaker of the Senate, 1888-1891. From 1877 until his death, chancellor of Trinity University. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Allan, Sir Hugh (1810-1882). Founder of the Allan line of steamships. Came to Canada from Scotland, 1826, and in 1831 entered the shipbuilding firm of James Millar & Co., Montreal, of which he became a partner in 1835. In 1853 his firm began building iron screw steamships, and their first vessel, the Canadian, made its first voyage in 1855. The following year, with a fleet of four vessels, a regular service was opened between Canada and England, with fortnightly sailings. In 1859 the fleet was increased to eight steamers, and a weekly service opened. From these small beginnings, the Allan Line has risen to a foremost place in transatlantic transportation. Index: Md President of the Canadian Pacific Railway Co.—his agreement with American capitalists, 201-202; corrupt bargains with government, 202; denies charges, 205; Macdonald denies corrupt bargain, 207; Cartier's connection with, 207; his Company compelled to abandon railway project, 233. C His Company offers to build transcontinental railway, 53; asked to subscribe to Conservative election fund, 53; his indiscreet letters, 53. H President of Montreal Board of Trade, presides at public dinner to Joseph Howe, 138. D His connection with transcontinental railway project, 321. E His line secures mail subsidy, 115. See also Transportation; Molson; Cunard; Royal William. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Canada: An Ency., vol. 3; Semi-Centennial Report of Montreal Board of Trade, 1893.

Allanshaw, James. W Appointed to Legislative Council, New Brunswick, 69.

Allard, Father Germain. L Récollet missionary, arrival in Canada, 109.

Allcock, Henry. Studied law at Lincoln's Inn, and called to the bar, 1791. In November, 1798, appointed judge of Court of King's Bench for Upper Canada. Elected to Legislative Assembly for constituency of Durham, Simcoe, and E. York, 1800, but unseated by the Assembly, June, 1801. Under the direction of Lieutenant-Governor Hunter, engaged in the preparation of a bill to establish a Court of Equity in the province, and was to have been the first chancellor of the Court. The Court of Equity, however, was not at this time established, and on the removal of Chief-Justice Elmsley to Lower Canada, October, 1802, was appointed chief-justice of Upper Canada, and a member of the Executive and Legislative Councils. On the death of Elmsley, promoted to chief-justice of Lower Canada, July 1, 1805. In August, 1806, took his seat as a member of the Executive Council, and in January, 1807, appointed a member and chairman of the Legislative Council. Died at Quebec, Feb. 22, 1808. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges; Cartwright, Life and Letters of Richard Cartwright.

Allen, Ethan (1737-1789). Index: Dr Seizes Ticonderoga and Crown Point, 83; marches against Montreal, 98; captured with part of his force, 99; put into irons, 100; proposes separate arrangements between Vermont and Canada, 244, 245. Hd His intrigues in connection with political status of Vermont, 197-216; his great duplicity, 209, 213; proposes secret treaty to Haldimand, 214; true to Vermont only, 217. See also Montgomery; Arnold; American Invasion. Bib.: Allen's Captivity: Being a Narrative Containing his Voyages, Travels, etc.; Henry Hall, Ethan Allen; Jared Sparks, American Biography, ser. 1, vol. 1; Cyc. Am. Biog.; Bradley, The Making of Canada.

Allen, Ira (1751-1814). Index: Hd Brother of Ethan—has conference with British emissary, 204; little confidence placed in good faith of, 205, 209; receives documents justifying his mission, 210; proposes secret treaty with Britain, 214; true to Vermont only, 217. Dr His plans for attacking Canada, 299, 300.

Allen, John Campbell. T Solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 1856, 41; opposition candidate in York, 1865, elected, 86; his sterling honesty, 87; attorney-general in Smith government, 91; a Conservative, 91; appointed to the bench, 93, 95; chief justice, 87. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.

Allison, Joseph. H On his death, 1839, Joseph Howe offered his seat in Executive Council, Nova Scotia, but refuses, 72.

Allouez, Father Claude. Came to Quebec, 1657. Left for the West, 1665. Laboured for twenty-five years among the tribes of what are now the states of Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota. Met La Salle in Illinois, 1679. Died in 1690. Index: L Missionary labours of, 11; impresses Indians of Sault Ste. Marie with power of French king, 104. Bib.: Shea, Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley; Griffin, Discovery of the Mississippi.

Allsopp, George. Settled in Quebec, 1761, and became prominent in maintaining the rights of the civil authority as opposed to the military. January, 1766, appointed deputy secretary, clerk of the Council, and registrar of enrolments, but because of his opposition to the government, Murray refused to admit him to office. In April, 1768, Carleton confirmed him in these appointments, which he retained until superseded by George Pownall in 1775. From 1771 to 1776 deputy commissary-general. One of the original members of the Legislative Council, under the Quebec Act. In 1780, when the Legislative Council presented an address to Haldimand opposing the passing of an ordinance amending the judicial system of the province in accordance with royal instructions to the governor, voted against the address and caused a strongly worded protest to be entered in the minutes of the Council. This action resented by members of the Council, and ultimately led to his dismissal by Haldimand, February, 1783. Index: Hd Member of Council suspended for sedition, 1783, 175. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Almon, William Bruce. H A "bitter Tory," 86; called to Executive and Legislative Councils of Nova Scotia, 1843, 86; his appointment leads to resignation of Howe, 87; challenges Howe to a duel, 236. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.

Alwington. Sy Name of governor-general's residence at Kingston, 294.

American Colonies. Dr Their objections to the Quebec Act, 70. Hd Loudon's letter to Pitt regarding taxation of, 11; objections to in colonies, 58; Haldimand's opinion of, 84; feeling in London against taxation of, 86.

American Invasion (1775-1776). Grew out of the belief entertained by the rebellious colonists that the French of Canada could readily be won to their side. As a matter of fact the latter, while for the most part showing no enthusiasm to join Carleton's forces, were still less inclined to coöperate with the invading army under Montgomery and Arnold, or to support the movement for union with the New Englanders. On the other hand, the Americans had a number of English-speaking sympathizers in Montreal—men who had come there from the colonies to the south. This, and its geographical position, made the capture of Montreal an easy matter; but Quebec was a different problem. Here Carleton gathered a small but efficient force of regulars and militia, and successfully held the town against the invading army. Montgomery was killed in the assault, Dec. 31, 1775, and in the spring of 1776 the siege was raised. The invading army hastily retreated to Montreal, and finally was driven out of the country. Index: P Joseph Papineau carries despatch to Carleton, 5. Dr Agitation worked up by American emissaries, 79-80; disaffection in Montreal, 82; seizure of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, 82; Arnold captures vessel on Lake Champlain, 83; defence of St. Johns, 84-85; martial law proclaimed, 86; militia called out, 86-88; the habitants indifferent or disaffected, 88; English-speaking inhabitants of Montreal refuse to serve, 88; Guy Johnson raises Indian levies, 88; measures of defence, 90-93; Congress decides to invade Canada, 95-96; Arnold starts for the Kennebec, 96; Montgomery assumes command, 97; Allen appears before Montreal, is captured and sent to England, 98-99; Montgomery lays siege to St. Johns, 100-101; Chambly captured by the Americans, 101; Preston surrenders at St. Johns, 102; Arnold marches on Quebec, 106-111; Carleton escapes to Quebec, 112-113; organizes the defence, 114-115; progress of the siege, 118-124; Montgomery and Arnold attack the city, 124-126; death of Montgomery, 126; failure of Arnold's attack, 127-132; Franklin's mission to Montreal, 135-136; arrival of the fleet at Quebec with reinforcements, 137; Carleton attacks the Americans, 138-139; evacuation of Canada, 141-147. See also Montgomery; Arnold; Dorchester; Ethan Allen. Bib.: Kingsford, History of Canada; Smith, Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony; Stone, Invasion of Canada; Codman, Arnold's Expedition to Quebec; Lucas, History of Canada; Coffin, The Province of Quebec and the Early American Revolution; Bradley, The Making of Canada.

American Revolution. WM Traced to battle of the Plains, 205. T Loyalists in, 2-3.

Americans. Dr Settled in Canada, disloyalty of, 82, 85; disorderly retreat of, 146.

Amherst, Jeffrey, Baron (1717-1797). Sent to America, 1758, and in co-operation with Admiral Boscawen, captured Louisbourg that year. With General Prideaux and Sir W. Johnson, took Ticonderoga, 1759. Reduced Montreal the following year. Appointed commander-in-chief and governor-general in America, 1761. Raised to peerage, 1776, as Baron Amherst of Holmesdale. Index: WM In command of Louisbourg expedition, 73; commander-in-chief of forces in America, 77; operates against Montreal, 77; his slowness of movement, 97, 122; held in check by Bourlamaque, 131; compels Bourlamaque to evacuate Forts Carillon and Frederic, 146. Hd Replaces Abercromby, 21; wrecks Fort George, 22; his delay at Lake Champlain, 25; praises Haldimand's forbearance at Niagara, 27; builds a strong fort at Crown Point, 28; arrives at Oswego, 34; Montreal surrenders to, 38; takes up quarters at New York, 40; nominal governor of Canada, 41; notifies Haldimand of promotion, 42; approves scheme for smelting old guns, 47; retirement of, 53; letter from Haldimand, 82; recommends Haldimand for New York command, 83; his interest in Louis Haldimand, 88; blind to true situation in America, 103; anxious to see Haldimand on his return to England, 105-106; meets Haldimand at Sydneys, 311; entertainments given by, 324-325; Haldimand on, 326, 332; Haldimand visits, 337, 339. Dr Canada surrendered to, 2; grants religious freedom, 10. See also Louisbourg; Ticonderoga; Crown Point. Bib.: Expedition of British and Provincial Army ... against Ticonderoga and Crown Point; Samuel Waldo, Reduction of Louisbourg (Dominion Archives, 1886); Johnstone, Journal of Louisbourg, 1750-1758 (Coll. de doc. rel. à la Nouvelle France, vol. 3); Dict. of Eng. Hist.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Bradley, The Fight with France; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe.

Amherstburg. A town on the Canadian side of the Detroit River. Index: Bk Fort, village, and naval station, 59; deputy quartermaster-general stationed at, 80; military importance of, 177, 236; garrison of, 202, 235. BL Early municipal government of, 298. Bib.: James, Early History of the Town of Amherstburg.

Amherst's Regiment. WM On British left, at Quebec, 189.

Amiens, Treaty of. Signed between Great Britain and France, March 25, 1802. Brought to an end the war that had lasted since 1793. Among other provisions, the Newfoundland fisheries were restored to the same position held before the war. Index: Bk Preliminaries of peace entered into in London, and treaty signed at Amiens, 30-31. Bib.: Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions; Bowman, Preliminary Stages of the Peace of Amiens.

Amnesty Act, 1838. Mc Enables the government to extend conditional pardon in certain cases to political offenders, 474-475.

Amnesty Act, 1849. E William Lyon Mackenzie takes advantage of, 91. BL Proposed by Elgin, on behalf of Imperial government, as a measure of pardon for those implicated in the Rebellion of 1837-1838, 287; Act passed, 292. Mc Mackenzie takes advantage of, 480. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Amusements in Canada. Hd Contemporary accounts of, in 1781, 221-224.

Anadabijou. Ch Montagnais chief, makes long harangue to Champlain, 10; his relations with Champlain, 50-51.

Anahotaha. L Huron chief, joins Dollard at Long Sault, 69.

Andastes. A once-powerful tribe, who spoke a dialect of the Iroquois, but were at deadly enmity with the Five Nations, by whom, according to Parkman, they were nearly destroyed about the year 1672. Index: Ch Indian tribe of Virginia, 90; adopted into the Hurons and spoke their language, 90.

Andehoua. Ch Indian youth baptized, 233.

Anderson, Captain. Dr British officer killed at Sault au Matelot barrier, 130.

Anderson, A. Caulfield. An officer of the Hudson's Bay Company, employed for many years in the New Caledonia district, under Dr. McLoughlin. Index: D In charge at Alexandria, on the Lower Fraser, 186; explores a road from Kamloops to the Lower Fraser, 186.

Anderson, Anthony. Mc Given command of the rebels, 360; moves on Toronto, 363; takes prisoners, 364; victim of Powell's treachery, 365.

Anderson, David (1814-1885). Born in London, England. Educated at Edinburgh Academy and at Exeter College, Oxford. Vice-principal of St. Bees College, Cumberland, 1841-1847, and incumbent of All Saints', Derby, 1848-1849. Came to the Red River Settlement as bishop of Rupert's Land, 1849. Remained until 1864, when he returned to England. Subsequently vicar of Clifton and chancellor of St. Paul's Cathedral, London. Bib.: Works: Notes on the Flood; Net in the Bay. For biog. see, Mockridge, The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland; Machray, Life of Archbishop Machray.

Andros, Sir Edmund (1637-1713). Appointed governor of New York, 1674; governor of all the New England colonies, 1685. Recalled on account of his extreme unpopularity, 1688. Subsequently governor of Virginia, 1692-1698. Index: F Governor of New England, 263; seized and imprisoned, 266. L His offer respecting liquor traffic, 173. Bib.: Whitmore, Andros Tracts (Prince Soc., 1868-1874); Ferguson, Essays in American History.

Aneda. Ch An Indian chief, 29.

Aneda. An evergreen, used by Jacques Cartier and his men as a remedy against scurvy. Parkman suggests that it was a spruce, or, more probably, an arbor-vitæ. Douglas believes it to have been balsam. Cartier spells the name ameda, and Lescarbot, annedda. Index: Ch Remedy for scurvy, 29; the Iroquois word for spruce tree, 30.

Ange Gardien. A village on the St. Lawrence, north shore, below Quebec. Index: WM Wolfe seriously ill at, 154.

Angers, Auguste Rèal (1838- ). Born in Quebec. Studied law, and called to the bar; made Q.C. 1880, and the same year appointed a puisne judge of the Superior Court of Quebec. Lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1887; resigned and called to the Senate, 1892. Minister of agriculture, 1892-1895; president of the Council, 1896. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Chapais, Angers (Men of the Day).

Anglican Church. See Church of England.

Anglin, Timothy Warren (1822-1886). Born in Ireland. Came to St. John, New Brunswick, 1849. Established Weekly Freeman that year. Elected to New Brunswick Legislature for St. John, 1860. Opposed Confederation. Elected to the House of Commons, 1867, for Gloucester. Elected Speaker, 1874, and again in 1878. Index: C Demands disallowance of New Brunswick Act abolishing separate schools, 73. T Elected for St. John to New Brunswick Assembly on Anti-Confederate ticket, 85; member of Smith government, 91; his influence, 93; differences with colleagues in railway matter, 94; resigns his seat, 1865, 95; defeated for county of St. John, 1866, 109. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.

Angus, Richard Bladworth (1831- ). Born at Bathgate, near Edinburgh. Came to Canada, 1857, and joined the staff of the Bank of Montreal. Rose steadily in the service of the bank, and in 1869 became general manager. President of the Bank of Montreal, 1910; and director of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Index: Md Director of Canadian Pacific Railway syndicate, 236. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Anian, Strait of. Dr. Ruge says that the name arose through a misunderstanding of Marco Polo's book (bk. 3, ch. 5). His Ania "is no doubt the present Anam, but the Dutch cartographers thought that this land was in north-east Asia, and called the strait that was said to separate the continents the Strait of Anian." The name appears for the first time on Gerh. Mercator's famous maritime chart of 1569. Index: D History of search for, 2; De Fuca's voyage to, 9; Carver's River of Oregon, 20. Bib.: Soph. Ruge, Fretum Aniam; Dawson, Canada.

Annand, William (1808-1892). Born in Halifax County. Entered the Nova Scotia Assembly as one of the members for Halifax, 1836; financial secretary in Howe's ministry, 1860-1863. An active opponent of Confederation. Formed the first Anti-Confederate or repeal government in Nova Scotia, 1867; retired in 1874 to accept the position of immigration agent at London, where he died. Index: H Elected to represent Halifax in Nova Scotia Legislature, as Joseph Howe's colleague, 1836, 29; assumes control of Nova Scotian, 74-75; publishes Morning Chronicle, 75; advocates central non-sectarian college for Nova Scotia, 82; becomes financial secretary of province, 169; Wm. Miller brings action against for libel, 188; goes to London, 1866, as Anti-Confederate delegate, 192; becomes head of Nova Scotia government, 202; member of repeal delegation to London, 1868, 204; turns against Howe, 208, 209, 217; receives vote of thanks from Nova Scotia Legislature, 218. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.

Annapolis Royal. When Nicholson, with his fleet and New England troops, captured Port Royal in 1710, he changed the name to Annapolis Royal, in honour of Queen Anne. It was besieged the following year by the Acadians with their Micmac and Penobscot allies, but the New England garrison held the fort. Under treaty of Utrecht, 1713, ceded to England by France. In 1744 Paul Mascarene successfully defended the place against Du Vivier. See also Port Royal. Bib.: Calnek and Savary, History of the County of Annapolis; Nicholson, Journal of the Capture of Annapolis (N. S. Hist. Soc., vol. 1).

Anne, Saint. L Chapel dedicated to, in the church at Quebec, 84; chapels erected to, at Beaupré, 101; relic of, 102.

Annexation to United States. A fitful movement, never reaching serious proportions, and generally the result of temporary or local dissatisfaction with political conditions, or of commercial depression. Goldwin Smith was for many years its prophet. Index: Md Favoured by small wing of Reform party, 23; manifesto issued by business men of Montreal, its causes, 39, 40, 95; opposition to Confederation raises hopes of American party, 118; movement in Nova Scotia, 145; movement in British Columbia, 149; Goldwin Smith, the gloomy prophet of, 293; advocated by Edward Farrer, 312-313. Mc W. L. Mackenzie not in favour of, 10. BL Manifesto of 1849, 336; Sir John Abbott on, 336; advocated by many of the Radicals of Lower Canada, 343. C Advocated by Democratic party in Quebec, 26; said by Elgin to be popular among commercial classes in 1849, 44; countenanced by Sir John Abbott and L. H. Holton, 44-45; what it would mean for Quebec, 64. B Threatened by repeal of Corn Laws in 1846, 31, 32; the Montreal Manifesto, 36-37; sentiment for, charged against Clear Grits, 42; opposition charged with, in Confederation debate, 185; Brown holds that Reciprocity scheme designed to promote, 194; charge of, denied by Canada First party, 237. E Sentiment for, in 1847, 5; Elgin on, 58; Montreal Manifesto, 80-82; advocated by the Parti Rouge, 109; Elgin's efforts to counteract movement, 189-190; Durham on, 192-193; conditions favouring movement, 194-195; repeal of Reciprocity Treaty designed to promote, 202. P Threatened in Ninety-Two Resolutions, 92-93; advocated in 1848, and since Confederation, 96; advocated by Papineau, O'Callaghan, and their friends, 97. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years; Weir, Sixty Years in Canada; Kirby, Counter Manifesto to the Annexationists of Montreal; Denison, The Struggle for Imperial Unity.

Anse des Mères. WM Frigates stationed at, 87; British vessels anchored at, 124.

Anstruther's Regiment. WM In the attack on Quebec, 135; secures Sillery road, 183; detachment keeps Bougainville's corps in check, 189.

Antell. Dr A disaffected Montrealer, 122.

Anticosti. The first mention of the island is in Cartier's narrative of his first voyage, 1534. The following year he again visited the island, which he named Isle de l'Assomption. On the origin of the present Indian name, see W. F. Ganong's note, Royal Society Trans., 1889, II, 51. Placed under jurisdiction of Newfoundland in 1763; transferred to Canada, 1774. Bib.: Huard, Labrador et Anticosti; Guay, Lettres sur l'île Anticosti; Schmitt, Monographie de l'île d'Anticosti; Lewis, Menier and his Island.

Apprenticeship, System of. L Adopted with new-comers, in New France, 78.

Archambault, Louis. C Confirms statements as to Cartier's action in connection with alleged alterations in British North America Act, 103. E Member of Seigniorial Commission, 186.

Archibald, Sir Adams George (1814-1892). Educated at Pictou Academy. Studied law; in 1838 called to the bar of Prince Edward Island; and to that of Nova Scotia in 1839. Elected to the Nova Scotia Assembly for Colchester, 1851. Attorney-general of Nova Scotia, 1860-1863. Delegate to the various Conferences leading up to Confederation. Became secretary of state for the provinces in first Dominion ministry. Lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1870-1872; and of Nova Scotia, 1873-1883. Knighted, 1885. Index: Md. Secretary of state for provinces in first Dominion ministry, 135; succeeds MacDougall as lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories, 161-162. H Becomes solicitor-general and member of Executive Council of Nova Scotia, 1856, 157; attorney-general, 1860, 169; leader of the opposition, 176; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 1864, 177; supports Confederation, 186; goes to England as delegate to complete Confederation, 189; his interview with Joseph Howe, 189; member of first Dominion ministry, 1867, 198; retires from ministry, and succeeded by Howe, 226. C First lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 130. T Delegate from Nova Scotia to Charlottetown Conference, 73; delegate to Quebec Conference, 77; secretary of state in first Dominion ministry, 129. Bib.: Expulsion of Acadians (N. S. Hist. Soc., vol. 5). For biog., see Dent, Can. Por.; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.

Archibald, Samuel George William (1777-1846). Born in Colchester County, Nova Scotia. Studied law and practised in Nova Scotia; obtained a seat in the Legislature; became Speaker, solicitor-general, and afterwards attorney-general of the province. Chief-justice of Prince Edward Island, 1824-1828, remaining Speaker of the Nova Scotia Assembly and solicitor-general, during the whole term of his incumbency of the chief-justiceship. Index: H Contributes to The Club in Howe's Nova Scotian, 10; in House of Assembly, 18; leader of popular party, 35; becomes Speaker, 57; appointed Master of the Rolls, 74. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Archives. Provision was made by the Parliament of Canada, in 1872, for an Archives Branch, and Douglas Brymner was appointed Dominion Archivist. His first report appeared in 1873. The earlier reports were of a preliminary nature, but in 1884 the first of the important series of calendars was included in the report. Abbé Verreau made a special report on historical material in Europe bearing on Canadian history, published in 1874. A report on manuscript material in the colonial archives at Paris, by Edouard Richard, was published as a supplement to the report for 1899. Dr. Brymner died in 1902, and Arthur G. Doughty was appointed Dominion Archivist in 1904. The report for 1905, in 3 vols., represented a new departure; the publication of calendars was abandoned, and replaced by volumes containing series of documents relating to definite subjects, systematically arranged. The archives were moved into a special building in 1907. In 1910 began the issue of a series of publications, containing historical journals and other special material. Provincial archives, of a more or less distinct character, have also been established in the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Alberta. Index: Hd Quoted, 254; Haldimand collection in, 319.

Arctic Archipelago. Embraces the islands lying north of the mainland of Canada. Transferred to the Dominion by an Imperial order-in-council, Sept. 1, 1880. Bib.: Johnson, Canada's Northern Fringe.

Argall, Sir Samuel. Born in Walthamstow, England. A type of the founders of British colonial dominion. Sent, May, 1609, with a small vessel to the new settlement at Jamestown, Va., to trade and fish. The following year took out Lord Delaware to Jamestown, arriving in time to save the colony from starvation. In 1812 carried off Pocahontas to the settlement of Jamestown. Later in the year sent with a vessel of 14 guns to destroy the French settlements on the north coast, regarded as infringing on the Virginia patent. Captured Mount Desert, St. Croix, and Port Royal. On return voyage forced the commandant at New Amsterdam to recognize English suzerainty by hauling down the Dutch flag and running up the English. May, 1617, made deputy governor of Virginia. In 1620 served against the Algerine pirates under Sir Robert Mansell. Knighted in 1622. In 1625 admiral of a squadron cruising after a hostile Dunkirk fleet, and took some prizes. In October, 1625, with the futile expedition against Cadiz under Lord Wimbledon. Died, 1626. Bib.: Argall's own narrative; Parkman, Pioneers of France; Calnek and Savary, History of the County of Annapolis.

Argenson, Pierre de Voyer, Vicomte d' (1626-1710). Succeeded Jean de Lauson as governor of New France, 1658. His governorship marked by personal quarrels with Laval, and a series of humiliating raids throughout the colony by the Iroquois. Recalled in 1661. Index: F Arrives as governor, 43; on Laval, 45. L His opinion of Laval, 29; hostility to Maisonneuve, 176. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime; Douglas, Old France in the New World.

Argyll, John Douglas Sutherland Campbell, ninth Duke of (1845- ). Married H. R. H. Princess Louise, 1871; succeeded to dukedom, 1900. Represented Argyllshire in Parliament, 1868-1878. Governor-general of Canada (as Marquis of Lorne), 1878-1883. Founded Royal Society of Canada, 1881. Index: Md Refers Letellier difficulty to Imperial government, 249-250. Bib.: Works: Memories of Canada and Scotland; Imperial Federation; Canadian Pictures; Passages from the Past. For biog., see Dent, Can. Por.; Who's Who; Collins, Canada under the Administration of Lord Lorne.

Arkansas River. L Reached by Jolliet and Marquette, 146.

Armistice. In War of 1812. Index: Bk Effects of, 261-263, 269, 272; termination of, 270; position of enemy strengthened during its continuance, 272.

Armour, John Douglas (1830-1903). Educated at Upper Canada College and the University of Toronto; studied law and called to the bar, 1853; made Q.C., 1867; Bencher of the Law Society, 1871. Appointed a puisne judge of the Court of Queen's Bench of Ontario, 1877; raised to the chief-justiceship, 1887. Chief-justice of Ontario and president of the Court of Appeal, 1890. Judge of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1902; in the same year represented Canada on the Alaska Boundary Commission. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.

Armstrong, Lawrence. Came to Nova Scotia as lieutenant-colonel of General Philipps's regiment. Appointed to the governor's Council, 1720. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1724; held office until 1739. Served in America for more than thirty years. Committed suicide, 1739. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.

Arnold, Benedict (1741-1801). A druggist at New Haven, Conn. When the War of Independence broke out, in 1775, organized an expedition against British on Lake Champlain. The same year led a body of picked men to Quebec by way of the Kennebec and Chaudière. After the unsuccessful assault on Quebec, was in several small engagements near Montreal; finally driven out of the province. Given command of Philadelphia; took offence at slights put upon him by Congress, and attempted to betray West Point to Clinton. Afterwards commanded a corps of American refugees on the British side; settled for a time in the West Indies; died in London. Index: Dr Captures and abandons Fort St. Johns, 83; his early life, 104; assigned command of expedition against Quebec, 105; constitution of his force, 106; his march through the wilderness, 107-109; assisted by the habitants, 110; crosses St. Lawrence and lands at Wolfe's Cove, 110; sends summons for surrender of Quebec, 111; retires to Pointe aux Trembles, 111; repulsed and wounded in attack on Quebec, 128; surrender of his men, 131; is transferred to Montreal, 132-135; advances to meet Foster, 142; burns château of Senneville, 143; his narrow escape, 147; in command of American ships on Lake Champlain, 155; defeated near Crown Point, 156. S Applies for grant of land in Upper Canada, 104. Hd His repulse at Quebec, 112; the invasion, 127; his "Address to the People of America," 227; commissioners sent to Montreal to confer with, 276; furnishes list of rebels to Clinton, 281. See also Montgomery; Ethan Allen; American Invasion. Bib.: Arnold, Life of Benedict Arnold; Todd, The Real Benedict Arnold; Sparks, American Biography; Codman, Arnold's Expedition to Quebec; Henry, Arnold's Campaign against Quebec; Smith, Arnold's March from Cambridge to Quebec; Jones, The Campaign for the Conquest of Canada in 1776; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Arnoux. WM King's surgeon, Montcalm carried into house of, 218.

Aroostook War, 1839. W Arose out of unsettled boundary question between Maine and New Brunswick, 135. Bib.: Sprague, The North-Eastern Boundary Controversy and the Aroostook War.

Arrangement of 1830. Provided that United States vessels should have access to ports in the British West Indies, in return for a similar privilege granted to British vessels in the ports of the United States.

Arthur. Clergyman. Index: S Teaches school at Niagara, 167-168.

Arthur, Sir George (1784-1854). The last lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 1838-1841. The chief event of his tenure of office was the suppression of the Upper Canadian Rebellion. Had been successively governor of Honduras and Van Diemen's Land previous to his Canadian appointment; and on leaving Canada appointed to the governorship of Bombay. Index: Mc Governor of Upper Canada, 435; disregards clemency petitions, 435; learns of intended attack on Canada, 441; renews reward for Mackenzie's capture, 445; proposes exchange of prisoners and refugees, 463; United States refuses, 463. Bk Organizes military gathering at Queenston Heights, 313. Sy Succeeds Sir F. B. Head, 109; reactionary in his views, 109-110; his attitude towards responsible government, 125-126; cautioned by colonial secretary, 127; instructed to act in harmony with new governor-general, 144; meets him at Montreal, 153; explains his position and views, 156-161; receives governor-general at Toronto, and hands over seal of province, 197. R His efforts to repel American attacks, 117; Ryerson disappointed in, 118; proposes division of Clergy Reserves, 119. See Rebellion of 1837 (Upper Canada). Bib.: Kingsford, History of Canada; Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion; Bradshaw, Self-Government in Canada; Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada.

Asgill, Sir Charles (1762-1823). A lieutenant in Cornwallis's army, 1780. Taken prisoner at Yorktown, condemned to death by the Americans, to avenge death of a Revolutionary officer. Marie Antoinette having been interested in his fate, interceded, and Asgill was released. Afterwards served in the Low Countries and in Ireland. Index: Dr Chosen by lot for retaliatory hanging, 198. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Ashburton, Alexander Baring, Baron (1774-1848). Entered Parliament in 1806. Opposed measures against American commerce. President of board of trade and master of mint, 1834. Raised to peerage, 1835. Commissioner at Washington for settlement of boundary dispute, 1842. Index: BL Settles difficulties between Great Britain and the United States, 118. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Ashburton, John Dunning, First Baron (1731-1783). Index: Dr Opposes Quebec Act in House of Commons, 65. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Ashburton Treaty. Negotiated between Great Britain and the United States, 1842, Lord Ashburton acting for the former and Daniel Webster on behalf of the latter. Provided for the settlement of the international boundary between Maine and Canada. Of the territory in dispute, the United States got about seven-twelfths and Canada five-twelfths. Also provided for the determination of the boundary in the St. Mary River and thence to the Lake of the Woods; for the free navigation of the St. John River; for the suppression of the slave trade, and for the extradition of criminals. Index: Sy Sydenham takes part in negotiations leading to, 336. W Boundary question settled by, 135. T Settlement of, checks projected railway from St. Andrews to Quebec, 53. BL Settlement of, 118. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years; Winsor, Narrative and Critical History, Vol. vii; White, The Ashburton Treaty, in Univ. Mag., October, 1907; The Ashburton Treaty: an Afterword, in Univ. Mag., December, 1908; Houston, Canadian Constitutional Documents; Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions.

Assembly. See House of Assembly.

Assiniboia. One of the provisional districts carved out of the North-West Territories, in 1882. Now included in the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, principally in the latter.

Assiniboine Indians. A tribe of the Siouan family; first mentioned in the Jesuit Relation of 1640. They separated from the parent stock early in the seventeenth century, and moved north and north-west to the region about Lake Winnipeg. Later they spread over the country west of Lake Winnipeg, to the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains. Their population was estimated at 8000 in 1829. One-half this number perished in the smallpox epidemic of 1836. They are now settled on reservations in Alberta, and in Montana. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.

Assiniboine River. Discovered by La Vérendrye in 1736. Fort Rouge was built at the mouth of the river in that year, as well as Fort La Reine, near the present city of Portage la Prairie. From the latter fort, two years later, La Vérendrye set forth on his memorable journey to the Mandan Indians on the Missouri. Before the close of the century, both the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company had trading establishments at various points on the river. First named Rivière St. Charles; afterwards Rivière des Assiliboilles, and Stone Indian River; finally settling in present form. Bib.: Bryce, Assiniboine River and its Forts (R. S. C., 1892); Dawson, Canada and Newfoundland; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea; Hind, Canadian Red River and Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Expeditions.

Association of Canadian Refugees. Mc Formed in 1839, 448; object of, independence of Canada, 449; ended further expeditions against Canada, 449.

Astor, John Jacob (1763-1848). Founder of Astor Fur Company. Index: Bk Sends news of declaration of war in 1812, 204. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Astor Fur Company. Index: D Founds Astoria, 64. See also Pacific Fur Company.

Astoria. Established by Pacific Fur Company, 1811. Turned over to the North West Company, 1813, and renamed Fort George. The scene of Washington Irving's delightful narrative Astoria. The fort stood on the banks of the Columbia River, near its mouth. Index: D Acquired by North West Company, 71, 149; in possession of United States after War of 1812, 133-134; claimed by United States, 150; American flag raised over, 150. Bib.: Franchère, Voyage to the North-West Coast of America; Cox, Adventures on the Columbia River; Ross, Adventures of First Settlers on Columbia River; Henry-Thompson Journals, ed. by Coues; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Bradbury, Travels in the Interior of America in the Years 1809, 1810, and 1811.

Astorians. Name applied to members of the two expeditions fitted out by John Jacob Astor, to found trading establishment at the mouth of the Columbia. One party sailed around the Horn in the Tonquin; the other went overland by way of the Missouri and the Columbia. Index: D Their influence upon development of Pacific coast, 4; their first vessel, the Tonquin, captured by natives and the crew murdered, 1811, 37; the overland expedition, 71. See also Pacific Fur Company; Tonquin.

Atahualpa. D Vessel, attacked by Milbank Sound savages, 1805, 37.

Atalanta. Hd Vessel in which Haldimand embarked for England, 309.

Atalante. WM French frigate, loads stores at Sorel, 243.

Athabaska. One of the provisional districts formed out of the North-West Territories in 1882; area about 122,000 square miles. Now divided between the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta, forming the northern half of each.

Athabaska Lake. First discovered by Peter Pond, about 1778. Ten years later the first trading post on the lake was built by Roderick McKenzie of the North West Company, and named Fort Chipewyan. It was afterwards moved to the north side of the lake. Index: Frobisher's men penetrate to, 5; importance of in fur trade, 21, 24; called Lake of the Hills, 24.

Athabaska Pass. Discovered by David Thompson of the North West Company, in January, 1811. The pass was used thereafter by the traders as a route from the Athabaska to the Columbia. Index: D Discovered by David Thompson, 58.

Athabaska River. Rises in the watershed range of the Rocky Mountains, close to the head waters of the north branch of the North Saskatchewan, and after a course of 765 miles empties into Athabaska Lake. Discovered by Peter Pond in 1778. Index: MS Pond builds post on, 21; named also Elk River and Rivière à la Biche, 21.

Atkins, D. A. S Opens school at Napanee, 167.

Attignaouantans. Ch Huron tribe (the Bears), 88, 91.

Attigninonghacs. Ch Huron tribe devoted to the French, 92.

Aube-Rivière, François Louis de Pourroy de l'. Appointed bishop of Quebec, Aug. 16, 1739. Arrived at Quebec, Aug. 12, 1740, and died of fever on the 20th of the same month. Index: L Bishop of Quebec, 12.

Aubère, Father Joseph. Ch Jesuit missionary, his labours in Acadia, 236.

Aubert, Joseph. Ch Director of the Company of New France, 170.

Aubert de Gaspé, Philippe (1786-1871). French-Canadian writer. Index: L His description of Canadians, 118. Bib.: Works: Les Anciens Canadiens, translated into English by Mrs. Pennie, and by C. G. D. Roberts; Mémoires. For biog., see Casgrain, Biographies Canadiennes; Roy, Étude sur "Les Anciens Canadiens" (R. S. C., 1906).

Aubert de la Chesnaye, Charles (1630-1702). Born at Amiens. Came to Canada, 1655. Chief clerk of the Compagnie des Indes Occidentales, 1665. Engaged in the fur-trade at Cataraqui, 1674. In 1677 obtained a grant of Ile Dupas. In 1679 made a visit to Paris, and in 1683 back again at Cataraqui. In 1696 prepared an important memoir on the commerce of the colony. Index: L His description of Canadians, 117-118; his liberality on occasion of Quebec fire, 186. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime.

Aubert de la Chesnaye, Jacques. F Trader, La Barre's dealings with, 175.

Aubry. WM Force gathered by, and Ligneris, dispersed, 146.

Aubry. Ch Priest of De Monts's expedition, at Ste. Croix, 25.

Auckland, George Eden, Earl of (1784-4849). Index: Sy President of board of trade, when Poulett Thomson was vice-president, 26.

Auguste. Hd Transport ship wrecked in St. Lawrence, 40.

Aulneau, Jean-Pierre. Jesuit missionary, with La Vérendrye in his western explorations. Murdered by Sioux on an island in the Lake of the Woods, May, 1736.

Aumont, Maréchal d'. Ch Champlain serves under, 1.

Austerlitz. Bk Battle of, its significance, 72-73.

Auteuil, Denis Joseph Ruette d'. See Ruette d'Auteuil.

Avaugour, Pierre Dubois, Baron d'. Governor of New France, 1661-1663, succeeding D'Argenson. Index: F Governor, 45; disagrees with clergy on liquor question, 46; describes earthquake, 46. L His attitude on liquor question, 10, 38; recalled, 39; his report on Canada, 40. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime.

Aylesworth, Sir Allen Bristol (1854- ). Born in Newburgh, Ontario. Educated at Newburgh High School and at the University of Toronto; studied law and called to the bar of Ontario, 1878; practised his profession in Toronto; appointed one of the British Commissioners in connection with the settlement of the Alaska boundary, 1903; elected to the House of Commons, 1905; postmaster-general, 1905; minister of justice, 1906; British agent in connection with the Fisheries case before the Hague Tribunal, 1910. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Aylmer, Matthew Whitworth, Baron (1775-1850). Entered the army, 1787; served in the West Indies, in Holland, and in the Peninsula under Wellington. Reached the full rank of general, 1825, and in 1830 became the governor-general of Canada; returned to England, 1835. Index: Bk Present with Brock at battle of Egmont-op-Zee, 17. BL Pays official salaries from the war chest, 21. P His influence did not extend beyond Quebec—hostility towards French-Canadians, 39-40; his conciliatory attitude, 75-76; at open war with the Assembly, 77-78; remonstrates with Assembly, 86; refuses to interfere in factional strife in Montreal, 87; held responsible by Papineau and his friends for cholera epidemic, 88-89; bitterly attacked in the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 95; attacked by Papineau, 100, 105; criticizes the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 106. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict. Nat. Biog.

Aylwin, Thomas Cushing (1806-1871). Born in Quebec city. Studied law and called to the bar, 1828. First entered public life, 1841, as member for Portneuf. After filling the office of solicitor-general in two administrations, raised to the bench, 1848. Index: Sy Opposed to union of provinces, 235. BL Member for Portneuf, his relations with Reform party in Upper Canada, 79; supports Cuvillier for speakership, 1841, 87; his attitude as to debt for public works, 99; denounces government, 130; becomes solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 134; elected for Quebec, 1844, 252; his bitter attack on Metcalfe on his elevation to peerage, 257; solicitor-general, 284. E One of opposition leaders in 1847, 45; returned in 1847 elections, 50; solicitor-general for Lower Canada in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; member of Seigniorial Court, 187. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years.

Babbitt, Samuel. T Master of Madras School, Gagetown, New Brunswick, 5; also clerk of the parish, 5.

Baby, James (1762-1833). Born at Detroit. Educated at Quebec Seminary, and in 1784 travelled in Europe. On his return the following year engaged in the fur trade at Detroit. On the formation of the province of Upper Canada in 1791, appointed a member of the Executive and Legislative Councils. Simcoe made him lieutenant for the county of Kent and judge of the Court of Common Pleas. Commanded the 1st Regiment of Kent militia in the War of 1812. In 1815 succeeded McGill as inspector-general of accounts for Upper Canada. Index: Bk His house occupied by General Hull, 209, 229. S Member of Legislative and Executive Councils, 79. Bib.: Daniel, Nos Gloires Nationales; Morgan, Cel. Can.

Baby, Louis François Georges (1834-1906). Born in Montreal. Studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1857; made a Q.C., 1873. Represented Joliette in Dominion House, 1872-1880; minister of inland revenue, 1878-1880. Appointed puisne judge of Superior Court of Quebec, 1880; transferred to Queen's Bench, 1881. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Can. Men.

Back, Sir George (1796-1878). Entered the navy as midshipman in 1808; accompanied Franklin on his Arctic expeditions of 1818, 1819-1822, and 1824-1827. Promoted lieutenant, 1822, and commander, 1827. In 1833-1835, led an expedition through what is now northern Canada, to the shores of the Arctic, to ascertain the fate of Captain Ross. The expedition resulted in the exploration of Great Fish River, which was renamed Back River in honour of the explorer. In 1836 explored the Arctic coast, between Regent Inlet and Cape Turnagain. Twice granted the gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society; knighted, 1839; promoted admiral, 1857. Bib.: Works: Narrative of the Arctic Land Expedition; Narrative of Expedition in H.M.S. Terror. For biog., see Dict. Nat. Biog.

Badeaux. Dr His account of American invasion, 89.

Badgley, William (1801-1888). Born in Montreal. Studied law and called to the bar, 1823. Member of the Legislative Assembly, 1847-1855; member of the Executive Council for Lower Canada, 1847-1848; appointed attorney-general. Judge of the Superior Court of Lower Canada, 1855-1863; assistant judge of the Court of Queen's Bench for Quebec, 1863-1864; puisne judge of the same Court, 1866-1874. Index: E Made a judge of the Seigniorial Court, 187. S Member of Constitutional Association, 112. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.

Badin, Father. L Companion of Father Marquette, 62.

Bagot, Sir Charles (1781-1843). Born in England. Educated at Rugby and Oxford; entered Parliament, 1807, becoming under-secretary for foreign affairs. Minister plenipotentiary to France, 1814; and to the United States, 1815-1820. Privy councillor, 1815; ambassador to St. Petersburg, 1820; and to the Hague, 1824. Governor-general of Canada, 1841-1843. Died in Kingston soon after retiring from office. Index: Sy Follows Canadian line of policy, 351; finds country tranquil, 355. BL His letter to Lord Stanley on La Fontaine's arrest, 49; succeeds Sydenham, 113; a Tory of the old school, 113; previous career, 113; his policy, 113-114; studies political conditions, 114-115; his popularity in Lower Canada, 115; plans a coalition government, 117; his speech from the throne, 122; anxious to bring Baldwin and La Fontaine into Cabinet, 121; his letter to La Fontaine, 122-124; denounced by Tory press, 140-142; difficulties of his position, 141; his illness, 149; subjected to bitter attacks and censure, 149-152; asks for and obtains his recall, 152; his death, May 19, 1843, 152; denounced even in death, 153; on responsible government, 162, 163, 164; Kaye on, 171; lays corner-stone of King's College, 193. E His political attitude as governor, 30; friendly towards French-Canadians, 30-31. R Supported by Ryerson, 122; favourable attitude towards popular government, 126; question of popular education, 163. B Relations of Peel government with, xii; friendly attitude towards French-Canadians, 16; attacked by Tories for bringing La Fontaine and Baldwin into Cabinet, 16; his action denounced by Peel and Duke of Wellington, 17, 18; recalled at his own request, 18; his death, 18. C Concedes responsible government, 17. Md Succeeds Sydenham, 17; brings Reform leaders into Cabinet, 18; resigns government, 18. Bib.: Richardson, Eight Years in Canada; Kingsford, History of Canada, Dent, Last Forty Years and Can. Por.; Dict. Nat. Biog.

Bagot, Father. L Director of Jesuit college of La Fléche, 20.

Baie de Chaleur. In west coast of Gulf of St. Lawrence, on boundary between Quebec and New Brunswick. Discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1534, described in his narrative, and so named because he found it as warm there as in sunny Spain.

Baie St. Paul. A village in Charlevoix County, sixty miles below Quebec. Index: WM Settlements near burnt by Wolfe's orders, 150.

Bailiffs. Dr Accused of instigating litigation, 53.

Baillie, Thomas. W Commissioner of crown lands for New Brunswick, 1824-1851, 21; his income exceeded that of the lieutenant-governor, 21; his enormous pension, 22; protests against reduction of his salary, 62; surveyor-general, retires, 69; elected to Assembly for York, 103; retires from government and pensioned, 116.

Bailly, Mgr. Dr Coadjutor bishop of Quebec, on education in Canada, 229.

Bailly, François. L Master mason of Montreal church, 88.

Bain, James (1842-1908). Born in London, England. Came to Canada with his parents at early age; educated at the Toronto Academy and the Toronto Grammar School. Spent some years in London engaged in the publishing business. Returned to Canada, 1882; appointed chief librarian of Toronto Public Library, 1883. Index: Bk Discovers list of Brock's books, 135. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.

Baldoon. A settlement near Lake St. Clair in Upper Canada, made by Lord Selkirk, 1803, and named after one of his own estates. Index: MS Highland colonists in Prince Edward Island settled at, 133; Alexander Macdonell in charge of, 133.

Baldoon Street. Built by Selkirk settlers, from Baldoon to Chatham on the River Thames. Index: MS Connected Baldoon and Chatham, 33.

Baldwin, C. T. Born in Ireland. Entered the army; served throughout the Peninsular War; afterwards in the West Indies; for a time in the service of the emperor of Brazil. Emigrated to Canada. Served during the Rebellion of 1837-1838, in command of a regiment of militia. A magistrate, and in political life a follower of Robert Baldwin. Died, 1861. Index: B Presents address to Elgin, 36. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.

Baldwin, Robert (1804-1858). Index: BL Name associated with responsible government, ix; a "man of one idea," ix; his ancestry, 23; born, May 12, 1804, at York, 25; early years, 25; studies law, 25; called to the bar, 1825, 26; political views, 27; in public life, 28; drafts Willis petition, 29; enters the Legislature, 31; defeated in next election, 31; his marriage, 32; appointed to Council by Head, 38; recommended by Colborne for a seat in Legislative Council, 38-39; death of his wife, 39; his letter to Peter Perry, 39; disapproves of an elective Legislative Council, 40; resigns from Council, 41; sails for England, 42; his connection with Rebellion of 1837, 44-45; enters into correspondence with La Fontaine and other Lower Canada leaders, 63; offered by Sydenham solicitor-generalship of Upper Canada, and accepts, 63; made an executive councillor, 64; resigns office, 64; his action condemned, 64; his motives, 64-67; elected in two constituencies, 69; solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 76; his views, 76-77; his letter to Sydenham on personnel of new Cabinet, 78-79; calls meeting of Reform party, 79; commends reconstruction of ministry, 79-80; his resignation, 80; censured by Poulett Scrope, 80; his uncompromising attitude in matter of responsible government, 81; his attitude in the Legislature, 85; his speech on responsible government, 1841, 92-94; supports Neilson's motion against Union Act, 96; sides with French-Canadians on question of public works, 99; opposes Municipal Government Bill, 102; his relations with Hincks, 103; his resolutions on responsible government, 108-110; proposes candidature of La Fontaine in York County, 116; Bagot anxious to bring him into the Cabinet, 121; referred to in Draper's speech, 127; replies to Draper, 128-130; withdraws amendment, 132; becomes attorney-general for Upper Canada, 134; his defeat in Hastings—account of the election, 134-136; beaten in York, 136; elected for Rimouski, 137; attitude of Tories, 139; significance of his alliance with La Fontaine, 142-143; personal appearance, 148; references to in petition to governor, 166, 167; Kaye's description of, 169, 170-171; Davies on, 172; his part in the Assembly, 178-179; moves resolution to remove capital to Montreal, 182; his speech, 183; his bill for the discouragement of secret societies, 185-188; burnt in effigy at Toronto, 187; his University of Toronto Bill, 190-197; resigns office, 199; his interview with Metcalfe, 201; the official statements of La Fontaine and Metcalfe, giving their respective versions of the causes of the ministers' resignation, 201-209; presents to Assembly the reasons for his resignation, 213-214; returns to practise law in Toronto, 217; Wakefield on, 219; heads the agitation against Metcalfe in Upper Canada, 220; guest of honour at Toronto banquet, 220-221; his speech, 221; address before Reform Association, 221-223; speaks at public meetings, 225; address from his constituents of Rimouski, 225; tours Lower Canada, 226; his political views, 229-230; Viger's criticism of, 236; Draper on, 236; his speech in Toronto, May, 1844, 238; attacked by Buchanan, 239-240; criticized by Ryerson, 242, 243, 245-246; resigns as Queen's Counsel, 250; elected in York, 252; his University Bill, 256; moves vote of censure against the governor-general, 256; attacks Metcalfe in the Assembly, 257; referred to in Caron's letter, 260; correspondence with La Fontaine as to Draper's proposals, 261, 262, 263-265; his speech at public dinner given him in November, 1846, 268-269; his tour of Western Canada, 269; on responsible government, 273; moves amendment to address, 277; aids in foundation of Emigration Association, 278; elected in York, 279; in second La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 281-284; proposes Morin for Speaker, 283; interview with Elgin, 285; re-elected, 286; his Municipal Corporations Act and University Act, 292-300; revision of judicial system in Upper Canada, 300-301; his part in Rebellion Losses Bill, 310, 311-312; burned in effigy in Toronto, 318-319; his boarding house in Montreal attacked by the mob, 324; petitions for removal of Navigation Act, 337; his political views, 339-340; his relations with George Brown, 342; his attitude on secularization of Clergy Reserves, 348-349; his resignation, 352-353; MacNab's tribute, 353; defeated in York and retires finally from public life, 357; lives in retirement at "Spadina," 357; made a C.B., 357; offered chief-justiceship of Common Pleas, 357; and nomination for seat in Legislative Council, 358; failing health compels him to decline both offers, 358; his death, Dec. 9, 1858, 358; value of his public work, 359-360. Sy His premature demand for strict party government, 187; consulted by Sydenham in regard to Clergy Reserves question, 247; made solicitor-general, 252; appointed to same office under Union, 283; advises Sydenham as to choice of returning officers and polling places, 290; his defection from Sydenham's government, 294, 296; opposes some of the most beneficial measures of government, 296; loses for a time sympathy of Reformers, 299, 307; Sydenham's remarks upon his manœuvres, 305-307; opposes Sydenham's Bill for local self-government in Upper Canada, 323. R Resigns, 122; forms party with Hincks, La Fontaine, and others, 122; moves resolutions on responsible government, 122-123; in the Metcalfe controversy, 126, 128; his scheme for a provincial university, 149-152; his resignation, 152; his University Bill of 1849, 157-159, 160; secures disallowance of School Bill of 1849, 182. E On responsible government, 28; his political attitude, 30; forms ministry with La Fontaine in 1842, 31; his greatest desire the success of responsible government, 32; his conflict with Metcalfe, 34; in opposition, 45; returned in elections of 1847, 50; on parliamentary government, 51; sent for by Elgin, 52; attorney-general for Upper Canada, 53; remains in office until 1851, 85; sound views on parliamentary practice, 90; his capacity for discreet, practical statesmanship, 93; carries measure for creation of University of Toronto, 93, 94; views on Clergy Reserves, 102-103, 160, 162-163, 164; his resignation and its causes, 103-104, 112; his retirement from politics, 104, 107; and death, 1858, 104, 220; his strong views on Imperial connection, 229-230; his value as a statesman, 236. P Alliance with La Fontaine, 168. C Forms alliance with La Fontaine, 16; called to Council by Bagot, 16; resigns, 17; called to power again, 1846, 18; "great reformer and good man," 97; his influence with La Fontaine's against racial antagonisms, 97; with La Fontaine, 99; wins constitutional battle, 100; circumstances which led to his retirement from politics, 132. B Called to Cabinet by Bagot, 16; dispute with Metcalfe, 19; "father of responsible government," 21; criticized by Ryerson, 22-23; his views obnoxious to Metcalfe, 23; his wise leadership of Reformers, 24; forms administration with La Fontaine, 33; burnt in effigy at Toronto, 36; legislation of his ministry, 39; government defended by George Brown, 42; his retirement, 44, 47, 48; approves of MacNab-Morin coalition, 78; leader of movement for responsible government, 261; disintegration of old Reform party hastened by his retirement, 262. Md Brought into Cabinet by Sir Charles Bagot, 18; resigns, 1843, 18; criticized by extremists in his own party, 22; resigns from La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 46; approves coalition of 1854, 64; cause of his resignation, 78-79. Mc Defends Judge Willis, 133; supported by Mackenzie, 159; elected to the Assembly, 159; on banks in politics, 170; appointed executive councillor, 294; resigns, 294; goes to England, 305; opposed by Head, 305; accompanies flag of truce, 368; retires from Executive Council, 408; Mackenzie defeats government of, 492. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Davin, The Irishman in Canada; Baldwin, Correspondence (Toronto Public Library Mss.).

Baldwin, William Warren. Born in Ireland. Came to Canada 1798, and finally settled in York, now known as Toronto. Represented Norfolk in the Legislature of Upper Canada. Died 1844. Index: BL Comes to Canada 1798, 23; practises medicine at York, 24; opens a classical school, 24, 106; practises law, 25; his marriage, 25; father of Robert Baldwin, 25; purchases "Spadina," 26; political views, 26-27; chairman of public meeting in Willis affair, 28; president of Constitutional Reform Society, 42; member of Legislative Council, 177. Mc Upholds Judge Willis, 132; protests against his removal, 133. Bib.: Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Scadding, Toronto of Old.

Baldwin Reformer. B Origin of the name, 78.

Ball. Dr The maiden name of Dorchester's mother, 29.

Ball. F First given in Canada, 59. See also Amusements.

Ballot. Sy Sydenham an early advocate of, 18.

Bancroft, George (1800-1891). Educated at Harvard University, Cambridge, and in Germany. Secretary of the navy, 1845; ambassador to Great Britain, 1846-1849; and in 1867-1874 minister at the court of Berlin. Index: L On La Salle, 153. Ch On the difficulties encountered by missionaries, 87. Bib.: History of the United States. For biog., see Howe, Life and Letters of George Bancroft; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Bank of Upper Canada. Established 1823 with a capital of $41,364, which had increased in 1859 to $3,126,250. Its headquarters were in Toronto. After a long, prosperous career the bank stopped payment in 1866, the chief cause being the collapse in real estate in Canada West in 1857-1858. Index: Mc Increase of capital vetoed, 215; run on, 340. Bib.: See Banking.

Banking. The first bank established in Canada was the Bank of Montreal, which dates from the year 1817. The Bank of Quebec was established in 1818; and the Bank of Canada the same year. All three were chartered in 1822. A Banking Act was passed in 1841, providing a uniform system of banking. The Act of 1850 prohibited banks other than those incorporated by Parliament or royal charter from issuing notes. It also provided for a deposit with the government to be held as a guarantee; also for bank statistics. Further provisions designed to place banking on a more secure footing were incorporated in the Act of 1871. Further banking legislation was passed in 1881 and in 1890. Index: Sy Sydenham's plans for establishment of bank of issue, 327-329; idea partially adopted by Sir F. Hincks, as finance minister of Dominion, 330. Mc Report of House on system of, 161. Bib.: Johnson, First Things in Canada; Shortt, Early History of Canadian Banking; Breckenridge, Canadian Banking System; Hague, Banking and Commerce; Historical Sketch of Canadian Banking, in Canada: An Ency., vol. 1; History of the Bank of Nova Scotia; McLachlan, The Nova Scotia Treasury Notes; Walker, History of Banking in Canada.

Banner. Newspaper, published at Toronto. Index: B Founded in 1843 by Peter and George Brown, 3, 5; champions government by the people, 5; on disruption of Scottish Church, 6; controversy with the Church, 6-7; defines its political principles, 9; becomes the Globe, 10; Peter Brown writes for, 243.

Baptist Church. Like several other religious denominations in Canada, it had its origin in Nova Scotia. Some Baptists were living in Lunenburg as early as 1753. In 1800 the first Baptist Association was formed at Granville, Nova Scotia, and by 1850 there were Baptist Associations in many parts of the province. In 1828 the Nova Scotia Baptist Educational Society was established. The first church was built in Montreal, 1830; and in 1834 the Baptist Seminary of New Brunswick was founded at Fredericton. In 1852 the Baptist Missionary Society of Canada was established. Since then the Baptists have grown rapidly in all the provinces, and several Baptist colleges and institutions have been established, notably Acadia and McMaster Universities (q.v.). The Baptist Church was organized in British Columbia in 1877. Index: W First founded in Fredericton, 1813, 10; represented by one member in Legislative Council, 69. Bib.: Wells, History of the Baptist Denomination in Canada, in Canada: An Ency., vol. 3; Hill, Forty Years with the Baptist Ministers and Churches of the Maritime Provinces of Canada.

Baranof, Alexander Andrevitch (1747-1819). Governor of Russian America. Had been manager of a glass factory at Irkutsk, Siberia; grew tired of the monotonous though profitable business, and engaged in the fur trade of eastern Siberia. Appointed governor of the principal Russian trading company in America, 1790. Nine years later, the different companies were united, and Baranof moved his headquarters from Kadiak to New Archangel (Sitka), where he built a strong fort, with a shipyard, foundry, churches, and hospitals. Even a library and picture-gallery were afterwards added to this little outpost of Russian civilization. In 1818 sailed for home, and died at sea on the voyage. Index: D His rule at Sitka, 44; his character, 44; his death, 1819, 45, Bib.: Laut, Vikings of the Pacific.

Barbarie, A. W Referred to in Wilmot's speech, 104. T Represents Restigouche in New Brunswick Assembly, 18.

Barclay, Robert H. Born in Scotland. Took part in the battle of Trafalgar. Sent to Canada, and commander of British naval force on Lake Erie in 1813. On Sept. 10, 1813, defeated by the American fleet under Perry. Subsequently court-martialled, but acquitted. Died, 1837. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Cyc. Am. Biog. See also War of 1812.

Barclay, Thomas (1753-1830). Born in New York. In 1775 served in the British army during the American Revolution, and in 1777 became major. At the end of the war moved to Nova Scotia; entered the House of Assembly, and for some time Speaker. Appointed adjutant-general of militia; served as a commissioner under Jay's Treaty; appointed consul-general at New York for the Northern and Eastern states. Index: Bk Declares war to be inevitable, 202. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Barker, T. B. T Founder of business firm of St. John, 8.

Barkley, Charles William (1759-1832). Served in the East India Company; sailed on a trading voyage for sea-otter skins to the North-West Coast, 1787. Brought his bride with him, the first white woman on the North-West Coast. Discovered and named Juan de Fuca Strait the same year, and carried his cargo of furs to China. In 1792 made another voyage to the North-West Coast, again accompanied by his wife, who kept interesting journals of both voyages. Died at North Crescent, Hartford. Barkley Sound, Vancouver Island, discovered and named by him. Index: D His two voyages to North-West Coast, 23; his wife first woman to visit North-West Coast, 23. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names.

Barnsfare, Captain. Dr Commands battery at Près de Ville, 127.

Baronets of Nova Scotia. An order created by James I, in 1625, for the purpose of "advancing the plantation of Nova Scotia." The scheme, which King James had deeply at heart, was designed to assist Sir William Alexander in his ambitious plans of colonization in the New World, by offering a special inducement to men of position in Scotland to take tracts of land in Nova Scotia, and to bring out numbers of colonists to settle upon them. See also Stirling. Bib.: Duncan, Royal Province of New Scotland and her Baronets; Bourinot, Builders of Nova Scotia; Patterson, Sir William Alexander (R. S. C., 1892); Mackenzie, Baronets of Nova Scotia (R. S. C., 1901); Royal Letters, Charters, and Tracts Relating to the Colonisation of Nova Scotia and the Institution of the Order of Knights Baronet of Nova Scotia; Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada.

Barré, Isaac (1726-1802). Born in Ireland. Served under Wolfe against Rochefort in 1757, and at Quebec in 1759, being at Wolfe's side when he fell. Entered Parliament, 1761, and a member until 1790. In 1763-1764 adjutant-general and governor of Stirling; in 1764-1768, vice-treasurer of Ireland and a privy councillor; in 1782, treasurer of the navy. Index: Dr On Quebec Act, 67. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Barren Grounds. The region of northern Canada, lying between the Mackenzie River and Hudson Bay, and from the northern timber-line to the Arctic. First visited by Samuel Hearne in 1770-1772. Late explorers who traversed portions of the country are Franklin, in 1821; Back, in 1833; Dease and Simpson, in 1839; Richardson in 1848; and Anderson in 1855. Within more recent years, Warburton Pike, J. B. Tyrrell, J. W. Tyrrell, D. T. Hanbury and Caspar Whitney have explored parts of the Barren Grounds. Bib.: Hearne, Journey to the Northern Ocean; Franklin, Narrative; Back, Arctic Land Expedition; Simpson, North Coasts of America; Richardson, Arctic Searching Expedition; Anderson, Descent of Great Fish River, in Royal Geog. Soc. Journal, 1856 and 1857; Pike, Barren Grounds; Tyrrell, Across the Sub-Arctics; Hanbury, Northland of Canada; Whitney, On Snowshoes to the Barren Grounds.

Barrington, William Wildman, second Viscount (1717-1793). Entered Parliament, 1740. Lord commissioner of Admiralty, 1746; a privy councillor, 1755; chancellor of the exchequer, 1761; treasurer of the navy, 1762; secretary of war, 1765-1768; joint postmaster-general, 1782. Index: Hd Informs Haldimand he owes promotion to the king, 83; summary sent him of Haldimand's expenses, 107; compliments Haldimand, 113; promises Haldimand pay as inspector-general, 329. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Barron, Commodore (1769-1851). Born in Virginia. In command of the Chesapeake, on board which were some British deserters, 1807. On the refusal of Barron to give them up, the British frigate Leopard attacked and compelled his surrender. Court-martialled and suspended from rank and pay for five years. Fought and killed Commodore Decatur in a duel, 1820. Became senior officer of the navy, 1839. Index: Bk Enlists deserters from British ships on board Chesapeake, 83, 85. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Correspondence between the late Commodore Stephen Decatur and Commodore James Barron.

Barter. L Practised in colony in early days, 122.

Barthe, J. G. Member for Yamaska in Canadian Assembly, 1841-1844. Index: BL Takes part in Rebellion of 1837; afterwards edits L'Avenir du Canada; member for Yamaska; offered and refuses seat in Cabinet, 236.

Basques. A pre-Aryan race, occupying the border-land between France and Spain. Assertions have repeatedly been made that they made voyages to America, and discovered the Gulf of St. Lawrence, before Cartier, and even before Cabot, but these have never been substantiated. All the evidence goes to show that they frequented the Newfoundland fisheries in the sixteenth century, but not earlier. Index: Ch Contraband traders, 140; threaten French on St. Pierre Island, 174. Bib.: Dawson, The St. Lawrence Basin; Reade, The Basques in North America (R.S.C., 1888); Howley, Old Basque Tombstones at Placentia.

Bathurst, Henry, third Earl (1762-1834). Succeeded to the title, 1794. Entered Parliament, 1793; president of the board of trade, 1807; foreign secretary, 1809; and secretary for war and the colonies, 1812. Directed Britain's colonial policy during the important administrations of Prévost, Sherbrooke, and Dalhousie, in Lower Canada, and of Gore and Maitland, in Upper Canada. Lord president of the Council, 1828-1830; one of the original members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 1833. Index: Sy Colonial secretary, his despatch on Clergy Reserves question, 240. Bk His despatch praising Brock and his officers and announcing bestowal of K. C. B. on Brock, 296. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Courts and Cabinets of George IV.

Batiscan. Ch Montagnais chief, 68.

Batoche. Md Storming of rebel camps at, 242. See also Riel Rebellion, 1885.

Battle of the Plains. See Quebec, Siege of, 1759.

Battleford. A town on the North Saskatchewan, at the mouth of the Battle River. In the Rebellion of 1885, it was threatened by Poundmaker's warriors, and relieved by Otter's column. The battle of Cut Knife Creek was fought about thirty-five miles from Battleford. See also Riel Rebellion, 1885.

Bay of Quinte. See Quinte, Bay of.

Bayfield, Henry Wolsey (1795-1885). Born in Hull, England. Entered the navy, 1806. Had a distinguished career in the navy, and served in Canadian waters, 1814. Subsequently assisted in the survey of the upper St. Lawrence, and appointed Admiralty surveyor, 1817. During his tenure of office surveyed Lakes Erie, Huron, and Superior, with their connecting waters, and almost the whole eastern coast of Canada, including Labrador. Made vice-admiral, 1856, and admiral, 1867. Resided for fourteen years in Quebec, when he removed to Charlottetown. Received the thanks of the Parliament of Canada for his services, 1854. Died in Charlottetown.

Baynes, Edward. Born in England. Served in the West Indies, at the Cape, in the East Indies, and in Malta. From 1794 to 1806 aide-de-camp to Sir James Craig, and in 1807 adjutant-general of the forces in Canada. In the War of 1812 served on the Niagara frontier. Died, 1829. Index: Bk Adjutant-general, writes Brock from Quebec, 134, 136, 137, 138, 145; his opinion of the Lower Canada Assembly, 145; notifies Brock that he may have service in Spain, 180; letter to Brock in immediate expectation of war, 205; letter on declaration of war, 208; on improvement in militia, 284. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Beaconsfield, Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of (1805-1881). British statesman. Index: BL On Rebellion Losses Bill, 327, 328, 330. Bib.: Speeches and Letters; O'Connor, Life of Beaconsfield; Monypenny, The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield; Dict. Nat. Biog.

Bayning, Charles Townshend, first Baron (1728-1810). Dr His criticism of Quebec Act, 66, 67. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Bayonne Decree. Bk Made by Napoleon; sequestered all American vessels arriving in France as British property or under British protection, 122.

Bearn Regiment. Established 1595, and served with distinction in a number of European campaigns. Landed at Quebec, June, 1755, with the regiment of Guienne and a portion of the Languedoc battalion, and added to its laurels at Fort Frontenac, Niagara, Oswego, Carillon, Fort William Henry, and Ticonderoga. In 1759, on the Plains of Abraham, it occupied the place of honour, having been placed by Montcalm in the centre of his line. Index: WM Regular French troops, 29; in battle of the Plains, 192; in battle of Ste. Foy, 258. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, The Fight for Canada.

Beauchesne. Ch Clerk, received gifts from Indians, 115.

Beaucour, de. F Brave conduct of, in command of party against Iroquois, 319; superintends improvements in fortifications of Quebec, 326.

Beaudoncourt, Jacques de. L On the brandy question, 39; his account of escape of Gannentaha mission, 66.

Beauharnois, Charles, Marquis de (1670-1749). Entered French navy, 1686, and rose to the rank of admiral in 1748. In 1726 appointed governor of New France, which position he held until 1747. Took a deep interest in Western exploration, and was a firm friend of La Vérendrye. Bib.: Parkman, Half Century of Conflict; Roy, Intendants de la Nouvelle-France (R. S. C., 1903).

Beauharnois, François de (1665-1746). Born in France. Became intendant of New France in 1702 and held the position until 1705. In 1707 granted the barony of Beauville. Appointed intendant de l'armée navale, 1706; intendant of marines, 1710; intendant générale des armées navales, 1739. Bib.: Roy, Intendants de la Nouvelle-France (R. S. C., 1903).

Beaumont. A village in Bellechasse County, on the St. Lawrence. Index: WM Troops landed at, 100; proclamation affixed to church door, 101.

Beauport. A village two miles below Quebec. Index: WM Defended by entrenched camp, 80; headquarters of intendant and commissary of stores, 88; hasty abandonment of camp at, with all its stores, 228.

Beaupré, Seigniory of. L Acquired for Seminary of Quebec, 58; chapels and churches erected to Ste. Anne at, 101, 102; pilgrimages to, 102, 103.

Beauséjour. A fort built by the French in 1750-1751, on Chignecto Bay, three miles from the British Fort Lawrence. A little tidal stream, the Missaguash, ran between—nominally marking the dividing line between British and French territory. The fort was captured by the British under Monckton, in 1755, and renamed Fort Cumberland. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley, Fight with France; Hannay, History of Acadia; Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.

Beaver. D First steamship on the Pacific, 1835, 47; carries party to build Fort Camosun (Victoria), 178; north to Forts Taku and McLoughlin, 178; returns to Victoria, 179; to Fort Vancouver, 180; history of ship, 180-181. Bib.: McCain, History of the S.S. Beaver.

Beaver Club. Founded in Montreal in 1775 by the partners of the North West Company. It opened with nineteen members, and at one time the registry showed ninety-three members, with eleven honorary members. Among them were such famous fur traders and explorers as Alexander Mackenzie and his cousin Roderick, the three Frobishers, Alexander Henry and his nephew of the same name, Simon McTavish, James Finlay, Simon Fraser, John Stuart, and David Thompson. The motto of the club was "Fortitude in Difficulties." No one was admitted who had not made a journey to the North-West and wintered there. The club entertained many distinguished guests, including Sir John Franklin, Lord Selkirk, Washington Irving, and the Earl of Dalhousie. The club was disbanded in 1824 after the union of the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies. An effort to revive it in 1827 proved unsuccessful. Index: MS Founded by the partners of the North West Company, 139; lavish hospitality and boisterous banquets, 139. Bk Famous social club at Montreal, 99. Bib.: Hetherington, Canada's First Social Club, in Univ. Mag., April, 1910.

Beaver Dam, Battle of. In War of 1812. FitzGibbon commanded a detachment of the 49th Regiment, with several hundred Indians. Boerstler, with a party of 600 men, advanced from Fort George by way of Queenston to surprise him, but was ambushed by a body of Indians. FitzGibbon, who had been warned of the approach of Boerstler by Laura Secord, advanced with his men of the 49th and demanded the surrender of the Americans, who, believing themselves surrounded by a superior force, capitulated. The engagement took place June 24, 1813. See also War of 1812. Bib.: Lucas, Canadian War of 1812; Hannay, War of 1812: FitzGibbon, A Veteran of 1812; Curzon, Laura Secord, the Heroine of 1812: Cruikshank, The Fight in the Beechwoods; Thompson, Jubilee History of Thorold.

Beckwith, John A. T Confederate candidate in York, 108.

Becquet, Romain. L Clerk of Ecclesiastical Court, arrested, 163.

Bédard, Elzéar. For some years a member of the Assembly of Lower Canada. Moved the celebrated Ninety-Two Resolutions, 1837. Puisne judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1837; suspended, but afterwards reinstated. Died, 1849. Index: P Moves the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 117; deserts Papineau, 117; appointed judge by Gosford, 117. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Bédard, Pierre Stanislas (1762-1829). Educated at the Seminary of Quebec; studied law, and appointed advocate, 1790. Elected for Northumberland to the first Legislature of Lower Canada, 1792. In 1806, with a number of other French-Canadians in the Assembly, founded Le Canadien, to represent the views of the popular party. In 1810 the paper seized, and Bédard and his associates arrested on a charge of treasonable practices. Released the following year. In 1812 appointed judge of the District Court of Three Rivers. Retired in 1829 on account of ill health. Index: P Leader of French-Canadians in Lower Canada Assembly, 27; opposes property tax, 27; establishes Le Canadien, 28; considered by Sir James Craig a dangerous revolutionist, 28; sent to jail, 29; released and charges withdrawn, 29; moves resolution as to ministerial responsibility, 96. C Claims liberty of the press, 95; sent to jail, 95; released, 96; asks for ministerial responsibility, 96. Bk Arrested, 127; demands trial, 128; released, 145. Bib.: Parent, Pierre Bédard et Ses Deux Fils in Journal d'Instruction Publique, 1859; Christie, History of Lower Canada; De Gaspe, Memoires; Dionne, Pierre Bédard et Ses Fils; Dionne, Pierre Bédard et Son Temps (R. S. C., 1898).

Bedard, Dr. William. T Life-long friend of Sir Leonard Tilley, 145.

Beer, Henry (1835-1886). Born in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. Elected to the Assembly, 1870; a member of the ministry, 1872; Speaker of the Assembly, 1877; mayor of Charlottetown, 1885-1886.

Begbie, Sir Matthew Baillie (1819-1894). Educated at Cambridge; and called to the English bar in 1844. Judge of the colony of British Columbia and judge of the Vice-admiralty Court, 1858-1870. Chief-justice of British Columbia, 1870-1894, and also judge of the Admiralty district of British Columbia, 1891-1894. Knighted, 1875. Index: D First judge in British Columbia—arrives November, 1858, 239; born in Edinburgh, 1819, 239; succeeds to chief-justiceship of British Columbia and Vancouver Island, 239; his services to the colony, 239; his notable journey, 1859, to Upper Fraser, 254; his character, 255. Bib.: Begg, History of British Columbia; Nicolls, Sir Matthew Baillie Begbie.

Begon, Michel, Sieur de la Picardière (1674-1740). Filled the office of inspector-general of marines, in France, 1707-1710. In the latter year appointed intendant of Canada, but did not arrive in Quebec until 1712. Returned to France, 1726, and for some years acted as intendant of justice in Normandy. Bib.: Roy, Intendants de la Nouvelle-France (R. S. C., 1903).

Belcher, Jonathan (1711-1776). Second son of Governor Belcher of Massachusetts. Educated at Harvard University, Cambridge, and in England; called to the English bar. Appointed chief-justice of Nova Scotia, 1754. President of the Council of Nova Scotia and administrator of the government, 1760. Chiefly instrumental in securing for Nova Scotia a representative Assembly. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Belcour, De. WM Brings promise of supplies to Ramezay, 227.

Belette. Dr Captain of armed boat, assists Carleton's escape at Sorel, 113.

Bell, Dr. W Conducts Madras system of schools in New Brunswick, 86.

Bell, Alexander Graham (1847- ). Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Educated at Edinburgh University and London University; came to Canada in 1870. Professor of physiology in Boston University, 1872. Patented his invention of the telephone, 1876; and has also invented the photophone, induction balance, telephone probe, and graphophone. In 1898 appointed regent of the Smithsonian Institution. In 1909-1910 engaged in aeroplane experiments. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Who's Who, 1910; Addresses before Canadian Club of Ottawa, 1910.

Bell, Hugh. H Member of Uniacke administration, Nova Scotia, 1848, 110.

Bell-Smith, Frederic Marlett (1846- ). Born in London, England. Educated there, and came to Canada, 1866. Founder and first president of the Canadian Society of Artists, Montreal, 1867; director of Alma College 1881; member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, 1888; director of the Toronto Art School, 1889-1891. President of the Ontario Society of Artists. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Belleau, Sir Narcisse (1808-1894). Born in the city of Quebec and educated there. In 1852 a member of the Legislative Council, and in 1857-1862 Speaker. Mayor of Quebec, 1860, when King Edward VII, as Prince of Wales, visited Canada, and knighted on the occasion. In 1862 appointed minister of agriculture in the Cartier-Macdonald ministry; and in 1865 premier and receiver-general in a coalition government. Appointed lieutenant-governor of the province of Quebec, 1867; resigned in 1873. Index: B Succeeds Sir E. P. Taché as titular head of coalition government—proposed by J. A. Macdonald, and accepted by George Brown, 191; Macdonald the virtual leader of government, 191. C His connection with British North America Act, 102-103.. Md Nominal head of government, 1865, 123. Bib.: Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Belleville. Town of Ontario on the Bay of Quinte. Founded by Captain Myers in 1790. Index: BL Early municipal government of, 298; riot over Rebellion Losses Bill, 318.

Bellomont, Richard Coote, Earl of (1636-1701). Member of Parliament, 1688-1695; and served in Ireland, 1689. In 1695 appointed governor of New York, and afterwards of Massachusetts. Index: F Corresponds with Frontenac, 355. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Belmont, François Vachon de. Came to Canada from France in 1680, and joined the Seminary of St. Sulpice at Montreal, of which he was superior, 1698-1732. Died the latter year. Left a History of Canada, which was published in the first series of Historical Documents of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. Index: F On number of captives taken at Lachine, 226; on excessive use of brandy, 312; and footnote. L His large donations to religious objects, 135; preaches funeral sermon on Laval at Montreal, 265.

Bénédiction. Ch English vessel seized by French, 221.

Bennett, George. B An employee of the Globe, 256; shoots George Brown, 257; on Brown's death, is tried and found guilty of murder, 258; his mind disordered by misfortunes and intemperance, 258.

Bentham, Jeremy (1748-1832). English writer on jurisprudence and ethics. Index: Sy An associate of Sydenham's, 13. Bib.: Works, ed. by Bowring and Burton, 1843. For biog., see Dict. Nat. Biog.

Bentivoglis. Papal Nuncio. Index: Ch Authorizes establishment of church in Canada, 84.

Bering, Vitus (1681-1741). Born at Horsens, Denmark. Joined the Russian navy in 1704; and in 1725 sent by Peter the Great to explore the waters east of Kamchatka, and examine the American coast. After a three-years' journey overland, reached the eastern coast of Siberia, built vessels there, and in 1728 followed the coast north to the Arctic, proving that Asia and America were not united. In 1733 set out again on the long overland journey, hampered with a huge retinue, and it was not until 1741 that his ships were ready at Petropaulovsk. Sailed to the east, reached and explored the American coast, and was wrecked on what was afterwards known as Bering Island, where he died, Dec. 8, 1741. Index: D His explorations, 39, 40; his death, 1741, 40. Bib.: Lauridsen, Vitus Bering; Muller, Voyages from Asia to America; Laut, Vikings of the Pacific.

Bering Sea Question. Arose out of a dispute as to the seal-fisheries of Bering Sea. Several Canadian sealers were seized by the United States in 1886, on the plea that these waters constituted a mare clausum, or closed sea. Similar seizures were made in 1887 and 1889. Finally the British and United States governments agreed to submit the question to arbitration. The Commission met at Paris in 1893. Lord Hannen and Sir John Thompson represented British interests; the United States was represented by Judge Harlan and Senator Morgan. The other arbitrators were Marquis Visconti Venosta of Italy, Gregora W. Gram of Sweden, and Baron de Courcel of Belgium, who presided. The decision was in favour of Great Britain, and contrary to the claim of the United States to jurisdiction over the waters of the Bering Sea and the seals visiting the coasts and islands of Alaska. Regulations were provided for the better protection of the fisheries; and the United States was required to compensate the Canadian sealers for the unlawful seizure of their vessels. Index: D Influenced by Russian occupation, 38; settled under Paris award, 1897, 283; history of dispute 340-341.

Berkeley, George Cranfield (1753-1818). Entered the navy, 1766; accompanied Cook in survey of coast of Newfoundland and Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1766-1769; and was on the Victory at Ushant, 1778. In 1786 surveyor-general of ordnance, 1786; and vice-admiral on the Halifax station, 1805-1807, during which time occurred the affair between the Chesapeake and the Leopard. Index: Bk Gave instructions in matter of deserters enlisted in Chesapeake, 83; recalled, 85. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Berlin Decrees. Issued by Napoleon, November, 1806, to the following effect: The British Isles were in a state of blockade; intercourse with them was prohibited; all British subjects within French authority were to be held as prisoners of war; all British property, private and public, was declared to be prize of war; also merchandise from Britain; merchants whose property had been captured by British cruisers were to be indemnified from the product of such seizures; no British ships were to be admitted into any port of France, or her allies; every vessel eluding this rule was to be confiscated. The object of the decrees was to close the continent against British commerce. The British government retaliated by issuing an order-in-council, refusing to neutrals the right of trading from one hostile port to another. Index: Bk Directed by Napoleon against commerce of Great Britain, 81, 82, 105, 171, 172. Bib.: Dict. Eng. Hist.; Green, Short History of the English People; Kingsford, History of Canada.

Bernard, Hewitt (1825-1893). Entered the Canadian public service, 1858; deputy-minister of justice, 1867; resigned, 1876. In 1872, created I. C.; and the same year made C. M. G. In 1878 appointed assistant commissioner to France and Spain to negotiate commercial treaties. Aide-de-camp to Lord Monck, 1868, and to Lord Stanley, 1888. Index: T Confidential secretary to the Quebec Conference, 77; acts as secretary to Confederation delegates in London, 121. Bib.: Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.

Bernardin, of Siena, Saint. L On the guidance of Providence, 35-36.

Bernetz, Chevalier de. WM Commands battalion of Royal Roussillon Regiment, 12; second in command of the town (Quebec), 86.

Bernières, Henri de (1635-1700). Born in France. Came to Canada with Laval in 1659. Curé of Quebec, 1660-1687; and grand-vicar of the bishop of Quebec. First superior of the Seminary of Quebec, 1663, holding that position till 1688 and from 1693 to 1697. Index: F Grand-vicar of bishop of Quebec, 111. L Head of retreat at Caën, 24; first superior of Quebec Seminary, 55; transfers his personal income to seminary, 56; administers diocese in Laval's absence, 134; claims ecclesiastical rights, 163; made dean of Chapter, 197; his death, 239. Bib.: Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites; Gosselin, Henri de Bernières.

Bernières, Jean de. L His "Hermitage," 24, 25.

Berry Brigade. WM In battle of Ste. Foy, 257, 258.

Berthelot, François. L Laval's relations with, 138. E His seigniory of St. Laurent made an earldom in 1676, 181.

Berthier, Alexandre (1638-1709). Born in France. Came to Canada in 1665; and in 1666 commandant at Fort St. Jean, and led expeditions against the Iroquois. In 1672 granted the seigniory of Berthier in Bellechasse County, Quebec. Index: F Commands militia in campaign against Iroquois, 209. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France.

Bethune, Alexander Neil (1800-1879). Born in Glengarry, Ontario. In 1823 ordained deacon, and in 1824, priest. In 1847 archdeacon of York (Toronto), and in 1867 consecrated coadjutor bishop of Toronto; succeeded to the bishopric on the death of Bishop Strachan. Bib.: Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Cyc. Am. Biog.; Mockridge, The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.

Bethune, John. Born in Scotland, 1751. Emigrated in his early years to South Carolina, and was chaplain of the loyal militia. In 1786 resided in Montreal; minister of the Presbyterian church there; afterwards appointed to a mission in Glengarry. Index: S Presbyterian minister, reputed author of petition, for repeal of Marriage Act, 161, 162; the first Presbyterian minister to arrive in Upper Canada, 164; received stipend from the government, 164. Bib.: Taylor, Brit. Am.; Macdonell, Sketches Illustrating the Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada.

Betts. T Proposes construction of European and North American Railway, 26, 27.

Beveridge. T Seconds the address in New Brunswick Assembly, 115.

Biard, Pierre (1565-1622). Came to Port Royal in 1611, with Masse—the first of their order in New France. The relations of the Jesuits with Poutrincourt and his son Biencourt were far from cordial; little or no progress was made with the conversion of the Micmacs; and in 1613 Biard sailed with Masse for Mount Desert, with an expedition sent out by Madame de Guercheville. They had hardly begun the new settlement, when Argall swooped down, seized their ship, plundered their property, and carried Biard and some of his companions prisoners to Virginia. Argall brought the Jesuit back with him to Acadia the same year; the vessel in which he sailed was carried out to sea, and after a series of adventures Biard finally reached France and remained there. Bib.: Biard, Relation; Carayon, Première Mission des Jésuites au Canada; Parkman, Pioneers of France.

Bibaud, Michel (1782-1857). Educated at the College of St. Raphael. Index: L Historian, his praise of Talon, 113. P On Papineau, 56. Hd On Haldimand, 291. Bib.: Works: Épîtres, Satires, Chansons Epigrammes, et autre Pièces de Vers; Histoire du Canada et des Canadiens sous la Domination Anglaise. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.

Bidwell, Barnabas. R Election contests, 63.

Bidwell, Marshall Spring (1799-1872). Born in New England. Came to Canada with his father, 1812, and practised law. In 1824-1835 a member of the Upper Canada Assembly; in 1829 elected Speaker of the House, and re-elected, 1835. One of the leaders of the popular party of Upper Canada, and his outspoken sympathy with the Rebellion of 1837-1838 resulted in his banishment. Index: Mc Elected Speaker of the House, 151; defends Mackenzie, 181, 182; moves committee of inquiry, 184; moves Mackenzie's eligibility, 243; discountenances royal veto, 251; again elected Speaker of the House, 261; Head declines to make him judge, 377; defeated for the House, 380; refuses nomination to Convention, 343; gives legal advice to rebels, 343; his part in the Rebellion, 357; accepts voluntary exile, 358. R One of the leaders of the popular party in Upper Canada Assembly, 66, 67. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Upper Canadian Rebellion; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Cyc. Am. Biog.; Davin, The Irishman in Canada.

Biencourt de Poutrincourt, Charles (1583-1638?) Son of Jean de Biencourt. Accompanied his father to Port Royal in 1605. Returned to France in 1610; made vice-admiral in the seas of New France, and, somewhat unwillingly, brought with him to Acadia in 1611 the Jesuits Biard and Masse. While absent from Port Royal, the fort was attacked and burnt by Argall in 1613. Biencourt partially rebuilt Port Royal, and was still there in 1618. Returned to France some time before 1621, and appointed director of the Royal Academy of Paris, which position he held up to the time of his death. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France; Patterson, Last Days of Charles de Biencourt (R.S.C., 1896).

Biencourt de Poutrincourt, Jean de, Baron de Saint Just (1557-1615). Had won distinction as a soldier in the service of France; and in 1604 sailed with De Monts and Champlain to Acadia. Was so charmed with Port Royal that he determined to make it his home. De Monts made him a grant of the lands about Annapolis Basin, which the king confirmed. Went back to France and brought out his family to the new settlement. Accompanied Champlain in his exploration of the Bay of Fundy. Jesuit missionaries were sent out to Port Royal, whom Poutrincourt, although a good Roman Catholic, found far from congenial. Their relations became more and more strained, and when Poutrincourt sailed to France in 1613, the Jesuits succeeded in having him thrown into prison. Regained his liberty and returned to Acadia, but found Port Royal in ashes. Returned to France and fell in the attack on Méry. Index: Ch Goes with De Monts to Acadia, 19; lieutenant of De Monts at Port Royal, 34; joins Champlain in exploration and erects crosses on coast (Massachusetts), 35; returns to France, 37. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime. See also Lescarbot; Champlain; De Monts.

Bienville, Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, sieur de (1680-1768). Son of Charles Le Moyne, and brother of Iberville. Accompanied Iberville to Hudson Bay in 1697, and took part in the capture of Fort Nelson and the defeat of the English fleet. The following year sailed with his brother to the mouth of the Mississippi, where they laid the foundations of the colony of Louisiana. After the death of Iberville, became governor of the colony, and remained there for thirty-five years. Founded the city of New Orleans, and laboured unceasingly to advance the interests of Louisiana. Index: F Joins war party against Schenectady, 235. Bib.: King, Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville; Reed, The First Great Canadian; Margry, Découvertes des Français. See also Iberville.

Bierce. Mc Plans attack on Windsor, 446; lands at Windsor, 447; retreats, 447.

Big Mouth (Grande Gueule). F Onondaga orator, 184, 221.

Biggar, James L. R Graduate of Victoria College, 144.

Bignon. Ch Crown lawyer in proceedings re Champlain's will, 265.

Bigot, François. Born at Bordeaux, Jan. 30, 1703; son of Louis-Amable Bigot. Through his influence at court, obtained several lucrative offices in New France, which he turned to his own personal advantage. Arrived at Louisbourg in 1739. After the capture of Louisbourg in 1745, returned to France, where serious charges of misappropriating public funds had been brought against him, but his influence at court was still powerful enough to extricate him from this scrape, and to secure him the office of intendant of New France, 1748. Sailed for Quebec and arrived the same year. There elaborated a system of peculation, by which every branch of the public service was laid under tribute to enrich himself and his creatures, helping thereby to bring about the final loss of the colony. Returned to France after the conquest of Canada; thrown into the Bastille, and released only to be banished from France. Index: WM Intendant, appearance and character, 32; made profit of famine, 53; gambling habits, 54; reprimanded by minister, 88; hostility to Bougainville, 88; makes his headquarters at Beauport, 88; letter to Bougainville, 165. Hd Disliked, 52. Bib.: Roy, Intendants de la Nouvelle-France (R. S. C., 1903); Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe.

Billings, Elkanah (1820-1876). Born in township of Gloucester, Ontario. Studied law, called to the bar, 1845, and practised in Ottawa. Appointed paleontologist of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1856, and in the same year established the Canadian Naturalist. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Cyc. Am. Biog.; Ami, Brief Biographical Sketch of Elkanah Billings.

Billings, Joseph. Born in England, 1758. Accompanied Captain Cook on his last voyage on the Discovery; and afterwards entered the Russian navy. Commanded an expedition to the north-west boundaries of Asia in 1785, and in 1786-1794 explored the coasts of Siberia and Alaska. Index: D Visits Unalaska, Nodiak, and Prince William Sound, 1790, 26. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Bindon. Dr Montreal merchant, treasonable proceedings of, 84.

Bizard. F Officer of Frontenac, arrested by Perrot, 91.

Blachford, Frederic Rogers, Baron (1811-1889). Born in England. Educated at Eton and Oxford. In 1844 registrar of joint-stock companies and commissioner of lands and emigration; from 1860 to 1871 permanent undersecretary of state for the colonies; and in 1871 made a privy councillor. Index: Md On Macdonald's part in Westminster Conference, 126-127. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Black, John (1817-1879). Born in Scotland. Went to the Red River Settlement as legal adviser to Adam Thom, recorder of Rupert's Land, 1839. Subsequently entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company and rose to the position of chief trader. Went back to Scotland, 1852. Spent some time in Australia, and returned to the Red River Settlement as recorder of Rupert's Land, 1862. Appointed a delegate to Ottawa to present the views of the settlers on the taking over of the country by the Dominion government, 1870. Proceeded to Scotland, where he died. Bib.: Bryce, Manitoba.

Black, John (1818-1882). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to America with his parents and studied for a time at Delaware Academy at Delhi, New York. Came to Canada and completed his theological course at Knox College, Toronto. Ordained to the ministry of the Presbyterian Church and proceeded to the Red River Settlement, 1851. Remained in charge of the church at Kildonan until his death. Bib.: Bryce, John Black: The Apostle of the Red River.

Black, William (1760-1831). Born in England. In 1775 came to Canada and became a Wesleyan Methodist preacher. Founded the Wesleyan Church in Nova Scotia, and became general superintendent of British American Wesleyan missions. Index: W The apostle of Wesleyan Methodism in Maritime Provinces, 137. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Black, William. W President of New Brunswick Assembly, 1831; refuses to furnish information, 19; member of New Brunswick Legislative Council, retires, 72.

Black, William. W Of Halifax, father-in-law of Judge Wilmot, 137.

Blackader, Hugh W. (1808-1863). Descended from Loyalist stock. Began to learn the trade of printer at the age of twelve. Acquired an interest in the Acadian Recorder, 1837, and continued to publish the paper until his death. Closely identified with the Reform movement and a strong supporter of Joseph Howe. Index: H Called upon to prove publication of libel in the Nova Scotian, 24. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Black Rock. Bk Opposite Fort Erie, fortified, 197.

Blackfoot Indians. A Western confederacy, of Siksika stock. First described in the journal of Anthony Hendry, 1754-1755, and again by Matthew Cocking, 1772-1773. They were then known to the Crees as the Archithinue. Cocking also gives the following for the five tribes in the confederacy: Powestic-Athinuewuck or Water-fall Indians; Mithco-Athinuwuck or Bloody Indians; Koskitow-Wathesitock or Black-footed Indians; Pegonow or Muddy-water Indians; and Sassewuck or Woody-country Indians. Their habitat was then, and until comparatively recent times, in the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains, on the upper waters of the Saskatchewan. They are now for the most part on reservations in Alberta. Bib.: Petitot, Traditions Indiennes du Canada Nord-Ouest; Grinnell, Blackfoot Lodge Tales; Hendry Journal (R.S.C., 1908); Cocking Journal (R.S.C., 1909); Franklin, Polar Sea; Catlin, North American Indians.

Blair, Andrew George (1844-1907). Born in Fredericton, New Brunswick. Educated there, and called to the bar, 1866. In 1878 member of the New Brunswick Assembly for York; in 1879 leader of the opposition; and in 1883 premier of the province. In 1896 resigned and became minister of railways and canals in the Dominion government, under Laurier, retiring in 1903. In February, 1904, chairman of the Railway Commission of Canada, resigning in October of the same year. Index: T Premier of New Brunswick during Tilley's governorship, 138. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Who's Who, 1906.

Blair, Adam Johnston Fergusson (1815-1867). Member of the Legislative Assembly of Canada, 1848-1857; appointed to the Legislative Council, 1860; receiver-general, 1863; member of Executive Council and provincial secretary, 1863-1864; president of the Executive Council, 1866. Appointed president of the Privy Council and a member of the first Dominion Cabinet, 1867. Index: Md President of Privy Council in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; agrees to support coalition, 137; his death, 138. B Called upon to form ministry, but fails, 149. T Member first Confederation ministry, 129. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Blake, Edward (1833- ). Born in Adelaide, Ontario. Educated at Upper Canada College and University of Toronto. Called to the bar of Ontario, 1859. From 1867 to 1872 a member of Alexander Mackenzie's Dominion ministry; in 1875-1877 minister of justice and attorney-general; and 1877-1878 president of the Council. From 1878 to 1887 leader of the Liberal opposition in the House of Commons. In 1892 went to Ireland and elected member for South Longford in the British House of Commons; retired, 1907. Index: Md Favours attacks Canadian Pacific Railway scheme, 235; resigns leadership of Ontario Liberals, 1872, 152; attacks government on Redistribution Bill, 274; supports Costigan's Home Rule resolution, 277; contrasted with Macdonald, 277-279; mutual antagonism, 277-279; supports Landry's motion that Riel's sentence should have been commuted, 280; not favourable to commercial union, 296; refuses to run in election of 1891, 315; denounces policy of unrestricted reciprocity, 315-316. B His speech at Aurora advocating Imperial federation, 235, 240. Mc On when rebellion is justified, 26, 27. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Who's Who, 1910; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Ewan, Hon. Edward Blake; Taché, Men.

Blake, William Hume (1809-1870). Born in Ireland. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and emigrated to Canada in his youth. During the Rebellion in 1837, paymaster of the Royal Foresters. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1838. A member of the Legislative Assembly for East York, 1847, and solicitor-general in the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 1848-1849. In 1850 chancellor of Upper Canada, retiring March, 1862. Index: BL Speaks before Reform Association, Toronto, 223; elected for York, 279; solicitor-general, 1848, 284; absent in Europe, 284; on Rebellion Losses Bill, 314-315; quarrel with MacNab, 315; burnt in effigy in Toronto, 318; raised to the bench, 337. E Returned in elections, 1847, 50; solicitor-general for Upper Canadian first La Fontaine-Baldwin Cabinet, 53; father of Edward Blake; attacks Family Compact; bitter conflict with Sir Allan MacNab, 69. B Speaks before Toronto Reform Association, 1811, 21; burnt in effigy, 36; in the fight for responsible government, 261. Md Challenged by John A. Macdonald, 36. Mc Solicitor-general, debate on Rebellion Losses Bill, 489. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por., and Last Forty Years; Read, Lives of the Judges; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Blanchard, Hiram. H Supports Confederation, 186; member of Nova Scotia government, 1867, 198; elected to Legislature, but unseated, 202.

Blanchard, Jotham. H Associated with Joseph Howe in The Club, 10; in House of Assembly, 18.

Blanchet, F. Bk Arrested, 127; discharged, 128.

Blanshard, Richard. Appointed governor of Vancouver Island by Earl Grey; left England, 1849, and reached Victoria in March of the following year by way of Panama. Resigned office in 1850, and in 1851 returned to England. Index: D First governor of Vancouver Island, 1849, 203; relations with the Hudson's Bay Company, 203-204; nominates provincial government and leaves for England, 204. Bib.: Begg, History of British Columbia.

Bleury. P Joins Papineau party, 78.

Bliss, Daniel (1740-1806). Born in Concord, Mass. Educated at Harvard University, Cambridge, graduating in 1774. In 1778 proscribed as a Loyalist, and served with the British army as commissary. At the end of the war, moved to New Brunswick; appointed a member of the provincial Council, and later chief-justice of the Court of Common Pleas. Index: W Becomes member of New Brunswick Council, 4. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Bliss, John Murray (1771-1834). Born in Massachusetts. Came to New Brunswick in 1786; called to the bar; and elected to the House of Assembly for the county of York. Appointed to the bench in 1816; became a member of the king's Council; and in 1824 administrator of the province for one year. Subsequently a judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick. Index: W Judge of New Brunswick Supreme Court, 4. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Bliss, Jonathan (1742-1822). Born in Springfield, Mass. Educated at Harvard University, Cambridge. Emigrated to New Brunswick in 1783. In 1785 elected a member of the provincial Legislature and appointed attorney-general. From 1809 to 1822 chief-justice. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Blue, Archibald (1840- ). Born in Orford, Ontario. From 1867 to 1881 engaged in journalism. In 1882 appointed secretary of the Ontario Bureau of Industries, which he organized. Deputy minister of agriculture, 1884, and director of the Bureau of Mines, 1891. Appointed Dominion census commissioner, 1900. Index: B Witnesses shooting of George Brown by Bennett, 255-256. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Bodega Bay. On the coast of California, lat. 38° 18' 20" N., long. 123° 2' 28". Index: D Russian colony there in 1812, 45.

Boileau, Maître. Ch Lawyer, employed to contest Champlain's will, 265.

Bolduc, Father. D Jesuit missionary—supposed to be first priest on Vancouver Island, 178; at Whidby Island, 179.

Bolton, Colonel. Hd Commander at Niagara, lost in foundering of Ontario, 163.

Bompas, William Carpenter (1853-1906). Born in London, England. Ordained deacon, 1859; priest, 1865; came to Canada latter year and assigned to the Mackenzie River district. In 1874 consecrated bishop of Athabaska. In 1884 transferred to see of Mackenzie River, and in 1891 to that of Selkirk. Author of a number of primers in the Athabaskan and Algonquian languages, as well as in Eskimo. Bib.: Diocese of Mackenzie River; Cody, An Apostle of the North; Machray, Archbishop Machray; Mockridge, Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland. For his native primers, see Pilling, Bibliography of Athabaskan Languages.

Bond, William Bennett (1815-1906). Born in Truro, England. At an early age went to Newfoundland. Removed to Quebec, 1840; the same year admitted deacon, and ordained priest, 1841. For some time engaged as a travelling missionary; assistant to the rector of St. George's Church, Montreal, 1848; rector 1862; archdeacon of Hochelaga, 1871; dean of Montreal, 1874. In 1879 consecrated bishop of Montreal; in 1901 archbishop, and in 1904 primate of all Canada. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.; Who's Who, 1905; Mockridge, Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.

Bonne, Captain de. Born in France, and before coming to Canada served in the regiment of Condé. At the siege of Quebec, 1759, in command of the Quebec and Three Rivers militia, and took part in the battle of the Plains and the battle of Ste. Foy. Index: WM Commands Quebec and Three Rivers militia, 105. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec.

Bonnécamps, Joseph Pierre de (1707-1790). Born in France. Entered the Jesuit order, and came to Canada in 1741, when he was appointed instructor of hydrography at the Seminary of Quebec. Held that position until the fall of Quebec in 1759. In 1765-1766 laboured among the French refugees on the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon.

Bonnerme. Ch Physician, accompanied Champlain to Quebec, 41; death of, 46.

Bonnycastle, Sir Richard Henry (1791-1848). Born in England. Served in Canada in 1812, and engaged in the capture of Fort Castine. During the Rebellion of 1837-1838 commanded the engineers in Canada West, and defended Kingston in 1838; knighted for distinguished service, 1837. Afterwards commander of engineers in Newfoundland. Bib.: The Canadas in 1841. For biog., see Dict. Nat. Biog.

Bonsecours, Chapel of. L United to parish of Montreal, 176; commenced by Sister Bourgeois, 177; held in high honour, 178.

Bontemps, Captain. Ch Brings out settlers, 252.

Books. S Scarcity of, in Upper Canada, 175. See also Libraries.

Borden, Robert Laird (1854- ). Born in Grand Pré, Nova Scotia. Called to the bar, 1878, and practised at Kentville and Halifax; appointed Q.C., 1890. In 1896 elected for the city and county of Halifax to the Dominion Parliament, and for Carleton County, Ontario, 1905. In 1901 succeeded Sir Charles Tupper as leader of the Conservative party. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Borgia's House. WM Wolfe occupies, 189; set on fire by Canadians, 193.

Boscawen, Edward (1711-1761). Born in England. Served at Porto Bello, 1739-1740; at Cartagena, 1741; and in the West Indies, 1747. Commanded on the North American station between 1755 and 1757, and in 1758 commander-in-chief of the fleet at the siege of Louisbourg. In 1759 defeated the French in Lagos Bay, and in 1760 commanded the fleet in Quiberon Bay. Index: WM In command of naval forces at Louisbourg, 73. Bib.: Wood, Logs of the Conquest of Canada; Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Dict. Nat. Biog. See also Louisbourg.

Bossuet, Jacques Benigne (1627-1704). Churchman and orator; bishop of Meaux; took a leading part in the Gallican controversy. Index: L On poverty and liberty, 123. Bib.: Works: Histoire Universelle; Oraisons Funèbres. For biog., see Chambers, Biog. Dict.

Boston. Bk Flags hung there at half-mast on declaration of war against Great Britain, 208. Hd Rebellious sentiment comes to head at, 84; Haldimand doubts wisdom of closing the port, 85; dangerous condition of affairs at, 95-96, 97-98; reception to General Gage, 96; Haldimand's removal to, 103, people of, revile Haldimand, 105; Haldimand's house at, 107; loss at Bunker Hill, 108; Louis Haldimand at, 109; Loyalists leave, 110; Haldimand's rank at, 121. L Americans of, their designs against priests and missionaries, 11.

Boston. D Attacked by natives of Nootka, 1803, and crew murdered, 37.

Botsford, Bliss (1813-1890). Born at Sackville, New Brunswick. Educated at King's College, Fredericton; called to the bar, 1838, and practised at Moncton until 1870. A member of the New Brunswick Assembly, with brief intervals, from 1851 to 1870. In 1865 surveyor-general in the Smith ministry, and a member of the Executive Council, of which he was Speaker from 1867 to 1870. From 1870 to 1890 judge of the County Court. Index: T Surveyor-general in Smith government, 91; adds no strength to the government, 92; represents Westmoreland, 115. Bib.: Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.

Bouchard. L Founder of the Montmorency family, 16.

Boucher de Grosbois et de Boucherville, Pierre (1622-1717). Came to Canada in 1634 with his father; served as a soldier of the little garrison of Quebec in 1641. Four years later settled at Three Rivers, and having made himself familiar with several Indian languages, employed as interpreter. For nearly a quarter of a century served the town of his adoption in various capacities, civil and military. Filled the office of governor of Three Rivers, with short intervals, from 1652 to 1667. Visited France in 1661-1662, received by Louis XIV, and given a patent of nobility, and on his return to Canada brought out a number of colonists. In 1667 retired to his seigniory of Boucherville. Left a brief but interesting history of New France, written in 1663, while he was still governor of Three Rivers, and published the following year. Index: L His opinion of Laval, 29. Bib.: Histoire Veritable et Naturelle des Mœurs et Productions du Pays de la Nouvelle France. Paris, 1664. Reprinted, 1849, 1882, 1883, 1896. The last is in the Trans. of the Royal Society for that year, and is edited by Benjamin Sulte, with biographical and bibliographical notes.

Bouchette, Captain. Dr Conducts Carleton safely to Three Rivers, 113.

Bouchette, Joseph (1774-1841). Entered the naval service, 1791; in command of the forces on Lake Ontario; and served in the Royal Canadian volunteers. In 1813 on active service; and in 1814-1816 in England, where he published his topographical and geographical description of Canada. Employed as surveyor-general in delimiting the boundary line between Canada and the United States, 1817-1818. Bib.: Topographical Description of the Province of Lower Canada; British Dominions in North America.

Bouchette, Robert Shore Milnes. P Exiled to Bermuda for his participation in Rebellion of 1837, 138; commissioner of customs, Ottawa, 149; sides with Papineau, 149; arrested as a rebel, 149; his letter to Colonel Dundas, 150-153.

Boudon, Abbé Henri-Marie. L Succeeds Laval as archdeacon of Evreux, 23.

Boues, Charles de. Ch Vicar-general of Pontoise, contributes to building of Récollet convent, 117; syndic of Canadian missions, 148.

Bougainville, Louis Antoine, Comte de (1729-1811). Born in Paris. Educated for his father's profession of notary; and soon obtained recognition as an advocate in the Parliament of Paris. As a student displayed a remarkable talent for mathematics, and at the age of twenty-two wrote the first volume of a treatise on the Integral Calculus. His mathematical work recognized by the Royal Society in electing him to a fellowship. Joined the army in 1755, and the next year came to Canada as Montcalm's aide-de-camp. Played an important part in the siege of Quebec, and wrote an elaborate journal of the campaign, much of which appears to have been incorporated in Montcalm's Journal, published by Abbé Casgrain. Returned to France in 1760, and after serving in Germany, joined the navy. From 1766 to 1769 made a voyage around the world; served in the West Indies during the Revolutionary War, and commanded the van of the French fleet in the action off Chesapeake Bay. Retired from active service, 1790; nominated by Napoleon to the Senate, and raised to the nobility. Index: WM Aide-de-camp to Montcalm, 1; despatched to France to represent desperate state of colony, 62; commands Grenadiers along Beauport shore, 85; incurs Bigot's hostility, 88; ordered to protect country west of Quebec, 151, 158; interview with Montcalm at Beauport, 160; Vaudreuil writes that safety of colony is in his hands, 161; duped by Wolfe's strategy, 177; criticized by Chevalier Johnstone, 177; his promotion due to court favour, 177; disregards instructions of governor by changing commander at Le Foulon, 178; great reliance placed on him, 178; his failure to reinforce post at the Foulon, 178, 184; his failure to follow British fleet down from Cap Rouge, 184; held responsible for disaster, 210; his delay at Sillery, 211; arrives after battle, 222; his letter to Ramezay, regarding provisions, 226; holds his position at Cap Rouge while rest of army retreats, 229; on march to Quebec, hears of capitulation, 234; replaces Lusignan at Ile-aux-Noix, 245; congratulates Lévis on victory of Ste. Foy, 267. Bib.: Works: Traité du Calcul Intégral; Voyage autour du Monde; Essai Historique sur les Navigations Anciennes et Modernes (Acad. des Sciences Morales et Pol., Vol. I); Notice Historique sur les Sauvages de l'Amerique Septentrionale (ibid., Vol. III). His letters are printed in Doughty, Siege of Quebec; and his manuscript journals are in the Canadian Archives. See also De Kerallain, La Jeunesse de Bougainville; Michaud, Biog. Univ.; Larousse, Grande Dict. Univ.; Casgrain, Montcalm et Lévis; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Wood, The Fight for Canada; Hart, The Fall of New France, 1755-1760.

Boulay, Angelique Louise Talon du. WM Wife of Montcalm, 5; her grief at his departure for Canada, 8.

Boulduc. F Prosecutor of Prévoté, dismissed, 138.

Boullé, Eustache. Ch Brother-in-law of Champlain, 134, 145; appointed by Champlain as his lieutenant, 155; returns to France, 209; converted to Roman Catholicism, receives bequest from his sister, 267.

Boullé, Hélène. Ch Marries Champlain, 66; spends four years in Quebec, 141; returns to France, 141; studies Algonquian language, 263; her life at Quebec, 263-264; enters Ursuline convent, 266; dies, 1654, 266.

Boullé, Nicholas. Ch Champlain's father-in-law, secretary of the king's chamber, 66; pays his daughter's inheritance to Champlain, 67.

Boulton, D'Arcy. Born in England. Came to Canada, 1797, and settled at York, 1803. Called to the bar of Upper Canada by special Act of the Legislature, 1803; solicitor-general, 1805. While on his way to England, 1810, captured by a French privateer, and remained a prisoner in France until 1814. Appointed judge of Assize, 1818. Died in York about 1830. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges; Scadding, Toronto of Old.

Boulton, Henry John. Son of D'Arcy Boulton; born in England, 1790. Studied law and called to the English bar. Emigrated to Canada, 1816, and practised in Upper Canada. In 1818 appointed solicitor-general; attorney-general, 1829; elected to the Assembly for Niagara; removed from attorney-generalship by colonial secretary on account of his independent votes in Assembly, 1833; proceeded to England to vindicate his actions; appointed chief justice of Newfoundland, 1833; removed from office, 1838, and returned to Canada. Represented town of Niagara in Assembly, 1841-1844, and Norfolk County, 1848-1851. Index: Mc Solicitor-general, reprimanded, 152-153; dismissed from office of attorney-general, 232; threatens rebellion, 233; chief justice of Newfoundland, 235. E Responsible for amendment of Union Act, 123. BL Removed from office of attorney-general, 16; in Clergy Reserves debate, 349. Bib.: Short Sketch of Upper Canada. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.

Boundaries of Canada. Dr Not defined by Constitutional Act, 260.

Bouquet, Henry (1719-1765). Born in Switzerland. Served in Holland, Sardinia, and with the Prince of Orange. Was Captain-commandant of the Swiss Guards at the Hague, 1748. Entered the British army; came to America in 1754; with Haldimand and the "Royal Americans"; and held a leading command for several years in the French and Indian wars. Died at Pensacola, Florida. Index: Dr His services in Pontiac's War, 6; death of, 6; Bouquet papers in British Museum, 7. Hd Life-long friend of Haldimand, 5; his early military service, 6; his studious habits, 8; member of Swiss Guards at the Hague, 8; recommended for command in Royal American Regiment, 9; experiences ill-feeling between American colonists and British troops, 12; in Carolina, 13; his letters throw side-lights on the affairs in the colonies, 14-15; popular in military profession, 16; Indian warfare, 16; at Fort Pitt, 16; Haldimand advises him not to leave the service, 40; defeats Indians at Bushy Run, 58; thanked by the king and promoted, 58; death of, 58, 63; Haldimand laments his loss, 62; his tomb, 63; his papers preserved in Canadian Archives, 319; some of his letters missing, 338. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe and Conspiracy of Pontiac; Canadian Archives Report, 1889.

Bourdages. P Assists Papineau in defeating motion for adoption of Lord Goderich's offer, 77. Bk Made colonel of militia by Sir George Prévost, 158.

Bourdon. L Brings out a number of girls as colonists, 79. Ch Industrious settler, 252, 253.

Bourdon, Sister Anne. F On divine protection of Quebec, 301.

Bourdon, Jean (1602-1668). Born in Normandy. Came to Canada, 1634. Engaged for some years as a civil engineer and land surveyor; sent on several embassies to the Iroquois; and in 1657 made a voyage towards Hudson Bay, but prevented by ice from entering the Strait. Mentioned as being at Quebec in 1665.

Bourgard. L On the zeal of the missionaries, 61.

Bourgeoys, Marguerite (1620-1700). Born at Troyes, in Champagne. Entered the convent of the Congregation of Notre Dame at the age of twenty, and while there decided to devote her life to the colony of New France. Arrived in Quebec in September, 1653, and went on immediately to the new settlement of Montreal. In 1657 opened the first school, in a stable granted her by Maisonneuve. In the same year built a wooden chapel in Montreal. Founded the Congrégation do Notre Dame de Montreal in 1659, and in 1686 built the convent. In 1675, with funds obtained from France built the church of Bonsecours. Index: L Establishes school at Ville Marie (Montreal), 9; her services to the sick on board the St. André, 32; her labours in instruction of the young, 91; her educational work, 126; Abbé Verreau on influence exerted by, 127; founds Bonsecours Chapel, 177. F Establishes Congrégation de Notre Dame, 29, 39; impressed on arrival by poverty of country, 39. Bib.: Ransonet, Vie de la Sœur Bourgeoys; Faillon, Vie de la Sœur Bourgeoys; Parkman, Jesuits in North America and Old Régime; Colby, Canadian Types of the Old Régime.

Bourget, Ignace (1799-1885). Born at Point Lévis, Quebec. Ordained in 1822; vicar-general of Montreal, 1836; coadjutor bishop of the diocese, 1837; bishop of Montreal, 1840, and created the first cathedral chapter of that city. Founded several religious orders, colleges, and asylums, among others, in 1864, the institution for the deaf and dumb, Montreal. In 1862 created a Roman count and assistant at the Pontifical Throne. In 1876 archbishop of Martianopolis, in partibus. Index: C His character, 80; dispute with Cartier, 80-83; calls on Cartier, 84. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Bourinot, Sir John George (1837-1902). Born in Sydney, Nova Scotia. Educated at Trinity University, Toronto. Chief official reporter to the Nova Scotia Assembly, 1861-1867, and in 1880 appointed chief clerk of the Dominion House of Commons. For many years honorary secretary of the Royal Society of Canada. Index: BL On Baldwin's University Bill, 293; on Tory opposition to Rebellion Losses Bill, 313, Bib.; Works: Canada under British Rule; Federal Government in Canada; How Canada is Governed; Manual of Constitutional History of Canada; Parliamentary Procedure and Government in Canada; Canada; Builders of Nova Scotia. For biog., see Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.

Bourlamaque, de. Born in France. Governor of Guadaloupe; sent in 1756 with Montcalm to Canada as third in command and colonel of engineers. In command at Ticonderoga in 1759; promoted brigadier-general, and took part in the defence of Quebec. Died, 1764. Index: WM Third in command, 12; holds Amherst in check, 131; evacuates Forts Carillon and Frederic and falls back on Ile-aux-Noix, 146; which he reports himself able to hold till fall, 158; joins army of Lévis on march against Quebec, 245; repairs bridges over Cap Rouge River, 248; occupies position at Lorette and Ste. Foy, 249; in battle of Ste. Foy, 256; wounded, 260. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Wood, The Fight for Canada.

Bouteroue, Claude de. Born in France. Came to Canada to act as intendant during the absence of Talon from 1668 to 1670. Returned to France, 1671, and died there, 1680. Index: L Acts as intendant during Talon's absence, 116. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France.

Bouthillier. Ch Negotiates restoration of Quebec, 220.

Bow River Pass. Through the Bow Range of the Rocky Mountains, head waters of Bow River. Index: D Entered by David Thompson, 1805, 58.

Bowell, Sir Mackenzie (1823- ). Born in England. Came to Canada with his parents, 1833, and engaged in journalistic work. In 1867 elected to the Dominion House of Commons for North Hastings. In 1878 appointed minister of customs, holding that office until 1891; minister of militia, 1892; and minister of trade and commerce, 1892-1894. In 1894 succeeded Sir John Thompson as premier, and resigned office in 1896. Created a K. C. M. G., 1895. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Bowen, Edward (1780-1866). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada in 1797; studied law and called to the bar in 1803. From 1809 to 1812 represented Sorel in the Assembly; and in the latter year appointed to the Court of King's Bench. In 1821 appointed a member of the Legislative Council, and in 1835 elected Speaker. In 1849 chief-justice of the Superior Court for Lower Canada. Index: E Made a judge of the Seigniorial Court, 187. Bib.: Taylor, Brit. Am.

Bowes, Colonel. Bk Of the 6th Regiment, assumes command on death of General Hunter, 69; leaves Canada, 73.

Bowring, Dr. Sy An associate of Sydenham's, 13; trade commissioner to France, 29.

Boyd, Colonel. T Represents Charlotte County in New Brunswick Assembly, 102.

Boyd, John (1828-1893). Born in Ireland. Emigrated to New Brunswick, and engaged in business at St. John. In 1880 called to the Senate, and on Sept. 22, 1893, succeeded Sir S. L. Tilley as lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick. Index: T Succeeds Tilley as lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 138. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Braddock, Edward (1695-1755). Born in Scotland. Entered the army, 1710, and in 1743 major of the Coldstreams. Served in the expedition to L'Orient, 1746; and under the Prince of Orange in Holland, 1746-1748. Colonel of the 14th Foot at Gibraltar, 1753. In 1755 general and commander-in-chief in British North America; and on July 9, 1755, commanded the British expedition against Fort Duquesne, where he was defeated and mortally wounded. Index: WM Death of, at Fort Duquesne, 22. Hd His defeat rouses Pennsylvania Assembly to vote military supplies, 13. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley, The Fight with France.

Bradstreet, Simon (1603-1697). Born in England. Educated at Cambridge; and emigrated to Massachusetts, where he became assistant judge of the Court in 1630. In 1631 one of the founders of Cambridge, Mass.; from 1630 to 1679 assistant governor of Massachusetts; from 1679 to 1686 governor; and from 1689 to 1692 president of the administration of the colony. Index: F Made governor of Massachusetts, 266; on failure of expedition against Quebec, 301. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Bragg's Regiment. WM On British right, 189; in battle of Ste. Foy, 259, 261.

Brandon House. Built by the Hudson's Bay Company, in 1794, on the head waters of the Assiniboine River, about seventeen miles below the present city of Brandon. The buildings were burnt about 1814, and the post abandoned. Index: MS Built by Hudson's Bay Company, 6. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.

Brandy Question. F Condemned by Champlain, 25; subject of dispute between civil and religious authorities, 46, 115; king's instructions regarding, 116, 118, 120; question referred to a meeting of the principal inhabitants, 121; opinions expressed, 122, 123; king's decision thereon, 125; evils depicted, 335. L Sale of liquor to Indians, 7, 36-39, 113; Frontenac's opinion and Colbert's instructions, 170, 171; conference on the subject, 172; Laval's attitude, 173-175; Dollier de Casson's testimony, 175. See also Liquor question. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac and Old Régime.

Brant, Isaac. S Son of Joseph Brant, commits murder, 191; attacks his father and is killed by him in self-defence, 192.

Brant, Joseph (1742-1807). A Mohawk Indian chief, whose native name was Thayendanegea. Educated at an Indian school in Connecticut. Visited England in 1775. In the Revolutionary War sided with the British and rendered valuable service. Revisited England after the war. Translated the Book of Common Prayer and St. Mark's Gospel into the Mohawk tongue (London, 1787). Index: S Mohawk Indian, distrusted by Simcoe, 75, 125; visits Philadelphia and received by Washington as Indian emissary, 121; part taken by, in subsequent negotiations, 124, 125; loss of influence with his own people, 125; his motives and policy, 126, 128, 129; kills his son Isaac in self-defence, 192. Hd Commands scouting parties, 153; made a colonel of Indians on Haldimand's recommendation, 154; did not harm women or children, 154, 170; his success against rebel force under Lockerby, 169; advises reserve for Six Nation Indians, 258; highly esteemed by Haldimand, 300; Allan MacLean's opinion of, 308; visits Haldimand in London, 327. Bib.: Stone, Life of Brant; Cruikshank, Joseph Brant in the American Revolution; Eggleston, Brant and Red Jacket; Ke-che-ah-gah-me-qua, Life of Brant; Dent, Can. Por.

Brant, Molly. Hd Sister of Joseph Brant, her influence with Indians, 154; pensioned, 155.

Brantford. City of Ontario, on the Grand River. Named after Joseph Brant, the Mohawk chieftain. Founded about 1820.

Brassy. T Offers to build European and North American Railway, 25, 27.

Breadalbane, John Campbell, second Marquis of (1796-1862). Represented Okehampton in Parliament, 1820-1826, and Perthshire, 1832. Index: Sy Offers to go to Canada as governor-general, 58. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Brébeuf, Jean de (1593-1649). Born of a noble family of Normandy. Came to Canada, 1625; spent the winter of 1625-1626 among the Algonquins. In the latter year, after a long and difficult journey by way of the Ottawa and Lake Nipissing, reached the villages of the Hurons, on Georgian Bay, where he established the first mission. Returned to Quebec in 1629, and in 1634 re-established the Huron mission. In 1640 made an unsuccessful attempt to establish a mission among the intractable Neutral Nation, north of Lake Erie. Returned to the Huron mission, where, in 1649, he was captured by the Iroquois, and burned at the stake with unmentionable cruelties. His skull is preserved in the Hôtel-Dieu at Quebec. Index: Ch Sails for New France on De Caën's vessel, 152; returns to College of Rouen, 207; returns to Canada, 228; goes to Huron country, 249. L Sufferings and death of, 5, 62. Bib.: Parkman, Jesuits in North America; Ragueneau, Relation des Hurons, 1649; Colby, Canadian Types of the Old Régime.

Breda, Treaty of. Signed between England and France, 1667. Brought to a close the disastrous war with the Dutch. By its terms Nova Scotia was handed over to France. Bib.: Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions.

Brésolles, Sister de. L Her labours in the hospital at Montreal, 91.

Bretonvilliers, De. L Sulpician, makes liberal contribution towards erection of church at Montreal, 88; foundation stone laid on his behalf by M. Dollier de Casson, 89; devotes his fortune to religious work at Montreal, 135; succeeds M. Olier as superior of seminary in France, 162.

Briand, Jean Olivier (1715-1794). Born in France. Ordained priest, 1739; came to Canada, 1741; canon of Quebec Cathedral until 1760. In 1766 appointed bishop of Quebec, and resigned, 1784. Rebuilt the cathedral and palace, destroyed during the siege of Quebec, 1759. Index: L Bishop of Quebec, 12. Dr Appointed Roman Catholic bishop of Quebec, 23.

Bride. Ch English vessel seized by French, 221.

Bright, John (1811-1889). British statesman and orator. Index: T Friendly to Anti-Confederation party, 123. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

British American League. Md Formed in 1849 in Montreal as a reply to the Annexation Manifesto—branches followed throughout the country, 40; its objects, 40-41; largely due to John A. Macdonald's inspiration, 95; Confederation one of its main objects, 95; commercial national policy another, 219. H Howe's correspondence with the president, George Moffatt, 113-115. B Formed in Upper Canada—convention held at Kingston, 1849, 37; its policy, 38; part of Conservative case for Confederation, 38. Bib.: Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.

British Chronicle. Newspaper published in New York. Index: B Established by Peter and George Brown, 4; its objects, 4.

British Columbia. Area 372,630 square miles. Vancouver Island became a crown colony in 1849; ten years later the mainland was organized as a separate colony; in 1866 island and mainland became one; and in 1871 the colony became a province of the Dominion of Canada. Index: D Organic existence since 1859, or including Vancouver Island, since 1849, 1; origin of name, 57; gold-fields, 22; created separate colony, 1858, 229; early government of, 231-235; revenue, 232; roads, etc., 232, 237-238, 249-253; relations with the Hudson's Bay Company, 233; character of early population, 241-243; formal establishment of colony at Fort Langley, 1858, 245-246; Hill's Bar affair, 248-249; plans for transcontinental road, 253-254; population in 1859, 256; agriculture, 256-257; financial problems, 258-262; dissatisfaction with dual governorship, 289; popular grievances, 290-291; views of Douglas, 291-293; Legislative Council, 294-297; union of British Columbia and Vancouver Island, 297-300, 308; British Columbia Legislature meets for first time in Victoria, Dec. 17, 1867, 311; entry into Dominion, 311-316; terms of union, 313-315; first Legislative Assembly after the union, 315; transcontinental railway, 317-328; population, 1900,328; agriculture, 329-330; fisheries, 330-331; lumber, 332-333; minerals, 333-334; industrial problems, 335; oriental labour, 336-337; education, 338-340. Md Opposition to entry into Confederation, 149; difficulties removed, 149; terms of union, 149-150; union completed, July 20, 1871, 150; difficulties over building of Canadian Pacific Railway drive province to verge of secession, 215, 233-234. Bib.: Begg, History of British Columbia; Bancroft, History of British Columbia; Macdonald, British Columbia and Vancouver's Island; Macfie, Vancouver Island and British Columbia; Morice, The History of the Northern Interior of British Columbia; Herring, Among the People of British Columbia; Fitzgerald, The Hudson's Bay Company and Vancouver Island; Mayne, Four Years in British Columbia; Baillie-Grohman, Sport and Life in Western America and British Columbia; Métin, La Colombie Britannique; Indians of British Columbia (R. S. C., 1888); Langevin, Report on British Columbia.

British Law. Sy Attempts to introduce after passage of Quebec Act, 65. S Introduced into Upper Canada, 85.

British Legion. Dr Loyalists commanded by Tarleton, 202.

British Newspapers. Hd Sympathy with rebels expressed in, 190. See also Newspapers.

British North America Act. The constitution of the Dominion; the Act by which the scattered colonies of British North America were united in one Confederation. Drafted at the Quebec Conference, 1864; discussed and passed in the form of resolutions, in the Legislature of Canada, 1865; put in final shape at the Westminster Conference, 1866; passed by the Imperial Parliament, and proclaimed, 1867. The essential feature of this Act, and that which distinguishes it most clearly from the Constitution of the United States, is the provision that all matters not specifically assigned to the provinces belong to the Dominion, the reverse being the case under the United States Constitution. Broadly speaking, the Act gives the Dominion exclusive jurisdiction over the regulation of trade and commerce, the postal service, customs and inland revenue, military and naval service, navigation and shipping, currency and coinage, banking, weights and measures, patents and copyrights, naturalization, Indians. To the provinces it gives exclusive jurisdiction over direct taxation, management and sale of public lands, timber, provincial prisons, hospitals, asylums, etc., municipal institutions, administration of justice, education. Index: Md Conference in London—Macdonald's letter to Tilley, 125-126; the sixty-nine resolutions passed, 126; draft bill drawn up—completed bill submitted to House, and received royal assent, March 29, 1867, 127; royal proclamation fixes July 1 as date upon which it should come into force, 127; opposition develops in Maritime Provinces, 129; provides for Intercolonial Railway, 151; and acquisition of North-West Territories, 156; question of legislative union, 245; federal system introduced by, 250; provincial rights under, 253; the franchise, 258. C Delegation sent to London to see it through Parliament, 67; proposal to amend it in the interests of the New Brunswick Roman Catholics, 77, 82; strained relations of Macdonald and Cartier over terms of, 102-103. H Passed by Imperial Parliament, 192; opposed by Joseph Howe, 192; its repeal sought by Nova Scotia Anti-Confederates, 204. T Quietly received in New Brunswick, 127. Bib.: Bourinot, Constitution of Canada; Houston, Constitutional Documents; Doutre, Constitution of Canada; Munro, Constitution of Canada; Ashley, Constitutional History of Canada; Gooch, Manual of the Constitution of Canada; Howland, The New Empire; Confederation Debates, 1865; Pope, Confederation Documents.

Brock, Daniel De Lisle. Bk Brother of Sir Isaac, becomes chief magistrate of Guernsey, 70.

Brock, Elizabeth. Bk Sister of Sir Isaac, 71.

Brock, Ferdinand. Bk Brother of Sir Isaac, served in Royal Americans, 6; death of, 7, 70.

Brock, Harriet. Bk Married to Sir Thomas Saumarez, 124.

Brock, Sir Hugh. Bk Supposed ancestor of General Brock, 5.

Brock, Irving. Bk Brother of Sir Isaac, 102; an able pamphleteer, 132, 140; estrangement between, and his brother William in connection with latter's failure, 163; reconciliation, 297.

Brock, Sir Isaac (1769-1812). Bk Birth and descent, 6; enters army at age of fifteen, 7; joins 49th Regiment with rank of captain, and is sent to West Indies, 8; returns to England on sick leave, 9; senior lieutenant-colonel of his regiment, 10; takes part in expedition to Holland under Sir Ralph Abercromby, 13; his account of battle of Egmont-op-Zee, 17; quartered in Jersey and visits home in Guernsey, 22; joins expedition to the Baltic, 24; his regiment ordered to Canada, 31; arrives at Quebec, 34; his regiment ordered to Upper Province, 48; his vigorous pursuit of deserters, 60; quells mutiny at Fort George, 61-63; assumes command at the fort, 64; recommends establishment of corps of veterans who on discharge might receive grants of land, 64; impressed by comfortable condition of loyalist settlers, 65; contrasts their character with that of settlers of the later (1793) immigration, 66; takes special interest in Sergeant-Major (afterwards Colonel) James FitzGibbon, 66; quartered in Quebec, 69; made a full colonel and goes to England on leave, 70; returns to Canada, 73; assumes chief military command at Quebec, 73; recommends strengthening of the fortifications of Quebec, 75, 94; differences with President Dunn, 77; leaves control of Indian affairs in Upper Canada to lieutenant-governor, 78; examines accounts of the deputy commissary-general, 78, 79; effects improvements in marine department, 80; tries to make Quebec impregnable, 86; dissatisfied with measures of defence adopted by the civil government, 94; letters to James Cuthbert of Berthier, 95, 98; confident that Canadians would vigorously resist American invasion, 97; leaves Quebec to take command in Montreal, 99; appointed acting brigadier-general 99; his social qualities, 101; returns to Quebec, 115; anxious for service in Europe, 123, 124; considers war with United States (1809) imminent, 124; his opinion of the Lower Canada Assembly, 126; ordered to Upper Canada, 133; his books, 135; literary tastes, 136; application for leave not entertained, 136-138, 155; correspondence with Lieutenant-Governor Gore respecting grant of land to Colonel Vesey, 138; high opinion entertained of, at headquarters, 141; pleasantly entertained by Lieutenant-Governor Gore, 143; anxiety as to management of Indians, 149-152; made major-general, 157; made president and administrator of Upper Canada in absence of Lieutenant-Governor Gore, 159; financial misfortune, 161; letter to his brother Irving, 163-165; his strong family affection, 163; his energy as administrator, 168; his opinion of the Little Belt affair, 173; his endeavours to avert Indian warfare, 176; sends plan of campaign to General Prévost, 177-179; recommends increase of naval force on lakes, 178; offered service in Spain, but does not accept it, 180; his plan for formation of flank companies adopted, 181; speech on opening of Legislature of Upper Canada, 183; measures proposed by, to Legislature, 184; recognizes presence of many persons of doubtful loyalty in the province, 185, 214; disappointed with action of Legislature, 185; urges importance of prompt seizure of Detroit and Michilimackinac, 195; selects Major-General Shaw to protect line between Kingston and Cornwall, 195; his Indian policy, 197; receives news of declaration of war, 203; establishes headquarters at Fort George, 204; instructs Captain Roberts to capture Michilimackinac, 210; commends militia in general order, 212; recognizes the great odds against Canada, 215; sends Colonel Procter to Amherstburg, 215; his proclamation in answer to Hull's, 217; proclamation as president of province, 219, 221; opens the Legislature, 222; hears of capture of Michilimackinac, 223; prorogues Legislature, 229; proceeds to western frontier, 231; meets Tecumseh for the first time, 245; describes him to Lord Liverpool, 247; forms three brigades, 247; decides on attacking Detroit, 248; summons Hull to surrender, 250; attacks, 251-254; his daring in battle, 253; takes Detroit and makes Hull's army prisoners of war, 255, 256; praises his army, 258; his message to his brothers, 260; his proclamation to inhabitants of Michigan territory, 261; armistice concluded by Prévost deranges his plans, 261; arrives at York, and is warmly welcomed, 262; letter to his brothers, 266-268; arrives at Kingston, 268; proposes to attack Sackett's Harbour, but is overruled by Prévost, 270, 271; letter to Prévost asking for reinforcements, 272, 273; replies to objections made by Prévost to Fort Wayne expedition, 275-277; instructed to evacuate Detroit, 277; extreme anxiety not to alienate Indians, 277, 278, 280; health, discipline, and morals of his army, 279; letter to his brother Savery, 280, 281; his force on Niagara frontier, 287; his account of capture of brigs Detroit and Caledonia by Americans, 290-293; rejoicing in England over the victory at Detroit, 295; Brock made K.C.B., 296; Prince Rupert's high opinion of, 297; last despatch to Prévost, 298; in battle at Queenston Heights, 298-304; his death, 304; a national loss, 312; his burial and monument, 312, 313. BL Sydenham ranked with, 112. Bib.: Tupper, Life and Correspondence of Sir Isaac Brock; Read, Life of Brock; Nursey, Isaac Brock; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812; Dent, Can. Por. See also War of 1812.

Brock, John. Bk Brother of Sir Isaac Brock, 15; killed in a duel, 70.

Brock, John. Bk Father of Sir Isaac Brock, 6.

Brock, Mary. Bk Sister of Sir Isaac Brock, 71.

Brock, Savery. Bk Younger brother of Brock, 15; gallant conduct of at Egmont-op-Zee, 17-19; his resemblance to his brother Isaac, 18; with Sir John Moore in Spain, 123; affected by his brother William's failure, 161, 166.

Brock, William. Bk Brother of Sir Isaac, a London merchant, 70; disastrous failure of, 161-164; his letter to his brother Isaac, 165.

Brock, William. Bk Grandfather of Sir Isaac Brock, 5.

Brock's Battery. Bk Name at first given to king's battery in Quebec citadel, 94.

Brockville. Chief town of Leeds County, Ontario, on left bank of St. Lawrence. Formerly known as Elizabethtown. Raided by a detachment of troops from Ogdensburg in 1813. The town assumed its present name shortly after the death of Brock. Index: BL Early municipal government of, 298.

Broglie, Achille Charles Léonce Victor, Duc de (1785-1870). Foreign secretary under Louis-Philippe, 1832-1834, and prime minister, 1835-1836. Lived in retirement after, 1851. Index: Sy Poulett Thomson (Sydenham) meets in Paris, 20. Bib.: Écrits et Discours; Souvenirs.

Brooke, Frances. Hd Her novel of Canadian life, 222. Bib.: History of Emily Montague, London, 1777.

Brouage. Ch In Saintonge, birthplace of Champlain, 1.

Brougham, Henry Peter, Baron (1778-1868). Born in Scotland. Educated at Edinburgh University. Secretary to Lord Rosslyn and Lord St. Vincent on a mission to Portugal. In 1810 entered Parliament; in 1830 received the great seal and elevated to the peerage. In 1828 founded London University, and in 1860 elected chancellor of Edinburgh University. Index: S Secretary to the Portugal Commission, 220. W His sarcastic reference to Glenelg, 42. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Broughton, William Robert (1762-1821). Born in England. Entered the navy, 1774, and served on the American station until 1778. In 1790 explored and surveyed the Columbia River; and in 1794 surveyed the north-west coast of America. Served in Lord Gambier's expedition, 1809; at Mauritius, 1810, and at Java, 1811. Index: D Sails a hundred miles up the Columbia, 24; surveys coast northwards of Cape Mendocino, 34. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Brouillan, De. Born in France. Governor of Placentia, Newfoundland, 1690. Made a chevalier of St. Louis, 1698. In 1701 commandant in Acadia, and governor of that colony, 1702-1705. Died the latter year. Index: F French governor of Placentia, Newfoundland, 346. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France.

Brouse, W. H. R Graduate of Victoria College, 144.

Brown, George (1818-1880). B His place as a Maker of Canada, ix; complains that Upper Canada is inadequately represented and dominated by Lower Canada, ix; an ardent advocate of Confederation, x; relations with John A. Macdonald, x; and with Roman Catholic Church, x; his birth and parentage, 1; character, 1; lifelong opposition to slavery, xi, 1-2; views on Presbyterian Church government, 2; emigrates to America, 2; establishes the British Chronicle at New York, with his father, 4; comes to Canada, 1843, 4, 5; described by Samuel Thompson, 4-5; establishes the Banner at Toronto with his father, 5-6; character of the Banner, 5-7; begins fight for responsible government, 9-10; establishes the Globe, 1844, 20; its objects, 20-21; speech before Toronto Reform Association, 1844, 21-22; refuses to drink toast to Metcalfe, 27-28; presents address to Elgin, 36; his quarrel with the Clear Grits, 40; defeated in Haldimand by W. L. Mackenzie, 40; defines political situation in 1850, 42-43; his reply to Cardinal Wiseman's pastoral letter, 44-45; his political principles, 46-47; takes issue with Hincks's government, 48-49; advocates secularization of Clergy Reserves, 55-57; runs for Kent—his platform, 61; advocates free schools, 62; views on higher education, 62-64; his election for Kent, 64; arouses French-Canadian hostility, 65; attacks Hincks-Morin government, 66-67; increasing power in the Legislature, 69; prodigious industry and capacity for work, 69; attitude towards Lower Canada and Roman Catholic institutions, 70; advocates representation by population, 71; becomes the mouthpiece of Nonconformist sentiment in Upper Canada, 71; tribute of the Cobourg Star, 72-73; pen-picture by James Young, 73-74; growth of the Globe—its declaration of principles, 74-75; in favour of prohibition, 75,76; defeats Malcolm Cameron in Lambton, 77; the alliance with the Rouges, 78-79; his friendship with Dorion, 80-81; presses for representation by population, 84; attacked by Macdonald, 87-91; his interest in prison reform, 91-93; personal charges disproved, 93-97; elected for Toronto, 1857, 99; carries a motion disapproving of selection of Ottawa as capital, 100; government defeated and he forms administration, 101-102; relations with Sir Edmund Head, 103-104; defeated on question of dissolution, 106; the "Double Shuffle," 106-108; his fight against negro slavery, 112-119; relations with Roman Catholics, 121-128; opposes denominational schools, 121-123; and clerical control, 123-128; views on Confederation, 130-132; 137-138; his temporary retirement from public life, 139, 141; defeated in East Toronto, 141; opposes "double majority," 143; sails for England, 1862; interview with Duke of Newcastle, 143; marries Anne Nelson, 144; reception in Toronto on his return, 144; assails Separate School Bill in the Globe, 145; accepts Act of 1863 as a final settlement, 145, 146; his letters on the political crisis, 1864, 150; proposes a federation system of government either for Canada alone, or for all the British North American provinces, 150; the negotiations looking towards Confederation, 151-161; opposes an elective Senate, 164-165; well satisfied with the results of the Quebec Conference, 165-166; convert to Intercolonial Railway scheme, 166; explains the new constitution in Toronto, 166-167; writes Macdonald from England on favourable reception of the Confederation scheme, and deplores almost universal sentiment in England in favour of Canadian independence, 167; his speech in Parliament on Confederation, 171-175; writes of need of haste in putting through Confederation, 182; opposes submission of Confederation scheme to the people, 185; Macdonald's negotiations with, as to formation of new administration, 189-191; accepts Belleau as premier, 191; his interest in reciprocity, 192; differences with his colleagues on reciprocity terms lead to his resignation from Cabinet, 193-197; his connection with Confederation, 199-209; Holton's appeal to, 201; his interest in the North-West Territories and their acquisition by Canada, 211-221; his connection with the Reciprocity Treaty of 1874, 223-233; attacks protectionist budget, 233; hostile to Canada First party, 237-238, 239, 241; his family relations, 243-244; death of his wife, May 6, 1906, 244; his children, 244; writes Holton as to his retirement from public life, 245-246; defines his attitude as a journalist, 246-247; relations with Liberal leaders after his retirement, 247-248; farming on his Bow Park estate near Brantford, 248; appointment to the Senate, December, 1873, 248; the Simpson libel suit, 249-250; attacks Judge Wilson in the Globe, 250-252; sued for contempt of court, 252; his defence, 253; shot by George Bennett, 255-256; his death, May 10, 1880, 258; estimate of his character and public life, 258-265; as a journalist, 265. C Cauchon's antagonism, 24; relations with Quebec Liberals, 28; his policy of representation by population, 28; fights for Protestant and English supremacy, 28; Cartier takes strong stand against his aggressiveness, 68; comes into power with the Reformers, 99. E Arrives in Canada and enters journalism, 111; attacks French-Canadians, 112, 113-114, 137, 225; becomes leader of the Clear Grits, 112; enters Parliament, 113; his influence there, 114; urges representation by population, 117-118; attacks Hincks, 125, 140; distrusted by Liberals, 138; his warm support of Confederation, 225. R Opposes Sir Charles Metcalfe, 126; opposes separate schools, 224, 225-226; conflict with Ryerson over separate schools, 233. BL His speech before Reform Association, Toronto, 1844, 223-224, 225; establishes Globe, March 5, 1844, 223-224; his relations to the Reformers and the Clear Grits, 224, 342; attacks Roman Catholicism, 343. T Makes overtures to government, looking towards Confederation. 69; at Charlottetown Conference, 74, 75; delegate to Quebec Conference, 76; opposes coalition government, 128. Mc Defeated by W. L. Mackenzie, 486; relations with Mackenzie, 487; Haldimand election, 488; Alexander Mackenzie's good offices, 496. Md Macdonald's great antagonist in Canadian public life, 51; pre-eminent as a reformer, 52; comes to Canada from Scotland in 1844, 52; founds the Globe, 52; his character, 52-53; contrasted with Macdonald, 53-54; first opposes Clear Grits, then becomes their leader, 54; attacks racial and religious ideals of Quebec, 54-55; question of Clergy Reserves, 55; his solution of representation by population, 71-72; opposes proposal for elective Legislative Council, 75; his quarrel with Macdonald, 80-81; opposes separate school system, 82; forms ministry with Dorion—the "Short administration," 85; its defeat, 86; his influence declining, 89; opposes Sandfield-Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 89; they join forces, 89; proposes coalition to further Confederation, 92-93; enters Taché ministry, 102; quarrel with Macdonald patched up, for the time, 102; delegate to England in regard to Confederation, defence, reciprocity, etc., 120-121; his entrance into coalition ministry largely due to Lord Monck, 121; resigns from Cabinet, 123; supports Confederation, but resumes old hostility to Macdonald, 123; attempts to break up coalition, 136-137; appointed to Senate by Mackenzie, 138. Bib.: Taylor, Brit. Am.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Mackenzie, Life and Speeches of the Hon. George Brown.

Brown, George Mackenzie (1869- ). Son of George Brown. Born in Canada. Educated at Upper Canada College, Toronto, Merchiston Castle School, Edinburgh, and at Cambridge. Moved to Edinburgh, Scotland, and in 1900 elected to the British House of Commons for Central Edinburgh. Managing trustee of Thomas Nelson & Sons, Edinburgh. Index: B Only son of George Brown, a member of the publishing firm of Thomas Nelson & Sons, 244. Bib.: Who's Who, 1910.

Brown, Henry. WM Lieutenant of Grenadiers, helps to carry Wolfe off the field, 200. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec.

Brown, James. W Represents Charlotte County in New Brunswick Assembly, brings in bill for teachers' training school, 88. T Surveyor-general in Fisher ministry, 32, 33, 43. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Brown, John Gordon (1827-1896). Brother of George Brown. Born in Scotland. Educated in Edinburgh and New York. In 1844 engaged on the Toronto Globe; in 1851 editor, and in 1880 managing director. In 1882 retired from the Globe; appointed registrar of the Surrogate Court of Toronto, 1883. Index: B Consulted by George Brown on political situation, 143; George Brown's brother, 243; enters Globe office—his connection with the newspaper, 244, 245; E.W. Thomson's estimate of, 245; his death, June 9, 1896, 245. Bib.: Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.

Brown, John Storrow. P With Papineau at St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125; preaches rebellion, 126; heads the Patriotes at St. Charles, 128, 133; charged with cowardice, 133; his letter to Dr. Nelson, 133. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada.

Brown, Peter (1784-1863). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to New York in 1838; was owner and editor of the British Chronicle. Removed to Toronto, 1843, and founded the Banner, a Free-Church Presbyterian organ. In 1844 with his son, George Brown, established the Toronto Globe, and contributed to it for some years. Index: B Father of George Brown, 1; his hatred of slavery, 1; emigration to America, 1838, 2; contributes to Albion, 2; publishes The Fame and Glory of England Vindicated, 2; establishes the British Chronicle, New York, 4; removes to Toronto, and with his son establishes the Banner, 5; on committee of Anti-Slavery Society, 113; his work on the Globe, 243-244; his death, 1863, 244. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por.

Brown's Point. Bk On Niagara River, battery at, 299, 301.

Bruey. F Agent of Governor Perrot at Montreal, 97.

Brûlé, Étienne. A famous coureur de bois who accompanied Champlain on his exploration of the Ottawa, in 1615, and subsequently made extensive explorations in the country of the Hurons and the Iroquois (1615-1618). Treacherously murdered near the present town of Penetanguishene by a party of Hurons in 1632. Index: Ch Interpreter, accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; accompanies Champlain to the Ottawa River, 88; at Cap de la Victoire, 139; learns Huron language, 144; sent on mission to Three Rivers, 163; sides with the Kirkes, 194; conduct in the Huron country, 202; his death, 203, 246. Bib.: Champlain, Voyages; Sagard, Voyage du Pays des Hurons; Parkman, Pioneers of France; Butterfield, History of Brûlé's Discoveries and Explorations; Sulte, Étienne Brûlé (R. S. C., 1907).

Brulon, Jean Gauthier de. L Canon and confessor of chapter of Quebec, 197.

Bruyères, Lieutenant-Colonel R. E. Bk Reports on condition of forts in Upper Canada, 157.

Bryce, George (1844- ). Born at Mount Pleasant near Brantford, Ontario. Educated at Toronto University and Knox College. Took part in the skirmish at Ridgeway during the Fenian Raids. In 1871 removed to Manitoba and organized Manitoba College. Professor of English literature in Manitoba College, 1871-1909; and head of the faculty of science and lecturer in biology in Manitoba University, 1891-1904. Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Canada, 1902-1903. President of the Royal Society of Canada, 1909-1910. Index: Md On causes of Riel Rebellion, 158. Bib.: Works: Manitoba; Short History of the Canadian People; Apostle of Red River; Hudson's Bay Company; Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men.; Canadian Who's Who.

Bryce, James (1838- ). Born in Belfast. Educated at the universities of Glasgow and Cambridge. Entered Parliament in 1880. In 1886 under-secretary of state for foreign affairs; in 1892 chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and in 1894 president of the board of trade. Chief secretary for Ireland, 1905-1906, and in 1907 appointed British ambassador at Washington. Index: E On the disadvantages of congressional government, 255-257. Bib.: Works: Holy Roman Empire; American Commonwealth. For biog., see Who's Who, 1910.

Brymner, Douglas (1823-1902). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, 1857. For some time editor of the Presbyterian, and associate editor of the Montreal Daily Herald. In 1872 appointed Dominion Archivist, and held the position up to the time of his death, laying the foundations of the present splendid collection of manuscript material bearing on the history of Canada. Index: Hd His services as Dominion Archivist, 319; his opinion of Haldimand, 320; his translation of Haldimand's diary, 321. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.

Buade, Antoine de. F Grandfather of Frontenac, 61.

Buade, Henri de. F Father of Frontenac, 61.

Buade, Louis de. See Frontenac.

Buchanan, Isaac (1810-1883). Born in Scotland. In 1833 emigrated to Canada and entered into business life. Strongly opposed the Rebellion of 1837. Elected for York to the first Parliament of Canada. In 1864 appointed president of the Council in the Taché-Macdonald ministry, retiring the same year. From 1878 to 1883 a Dominion arbitrator. Index: H Joseph Howe's letter to, 1866, 190. BL On responsible government, 90; in political controversy, 1844, 238; his "Five Letters against the Baldwin Faction," 239-240. B Retires from government with Foley and Simpson, to make room for George Brown, Mowat, and Macdougall, 159. Mc Urges Mackenzie's amnesty, 474; generosity of, 504. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Buchanan, James (1791-1868). Fifteenth President of the United States. Index: E His tribute to Lord Elgin, 123-124. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Buckingham, Richard Plantagenet Grenville, third Duke of (1823-1889). Born in England. Entered Parliament, 1846; lord of the treasury, 1852; and privy councillor, 1866; president of the Council, 1866-1867, and colonial secretary, 1867-1868. Governor of Madras, 1875-1880. Index: Md Referred to by Sir John A. Macdonald in connection with Confederation negotiations, 128-129. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Budé, General de. Hd Haldimand's letters to, 116, 117, 119, 191, 222; Haldimand gives Carleton letter of introduction to, 191; consulted on housekeeping matters by Haldimand, 328; his interest in Mathews, 331; Grenville's plan for placing him in Duke of York's family, 333; mentioned in Haldimand's will, 342.

Bulkeley, Richard. Came to Nova Scotia with Governor Cornwallis, 1749. Appointed secretary of the province, 1759, and continued to hold office under thirteen successive governors, until 1793. Member of the Council of Nova Scotia, 1759. Administrator of Nova Scotia, 1791; judge of the Admiralty Court; brigadier-general of militia. Died, 1800. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.

Buller, Charles (1806-1848). Born in Calcutta. Entered Parliament in 1830; and called to the bar, 1831. In 1838 secretary to Lord Durham and accompanied him on his momentous mission to Canada. In 1846 judge advocate-general, and in 1847 chief poor law commissioner. Index: BL His connection with Durham's Report, 235; on colonial self-government, 235. Sy Lord Durham's chief secretary, 98; object of great dislike to Upper Canada Tories, 98; his speech in House of Commons on union resolutions, 122; advocates responsible government for Canada, 123. Mc Credited with authorship of Lord Durham's Report, 82, 83. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Strachey, Charles Buller: Bradshaw, Self-Government in Canada.

Bullion. Ch Negotiates restoration of Quebec, 220.

Bullion, Mme. de. F Benefactress of Hôtel Dieu at Montreal, 29.

Bulyea, George Headley Vickers. Born in Gagetown, New Brunswick. Educated at University of New Brunswick. For a time principal of the Sunbury County Grammar School. Removed to Qu'Appelle, North-West Territories, 1883. Elected to the North-West Council, 1894; special representative to the Yukon, 1896; commissioner of agriculture and public works in the Territorial government; appointed first lieutenant-governor of Alberta, 1905. Bib.: Canadian Who's Who.

Bunker Hill. Hd Battle of, 108.

Burel, Brother Gilbert. Ch Jesuit, 152; returns to France, 208.

Burgoyne, John (1723-1792). Born in England. Educated at Westminster, and entered the army in 1740. In 1775 served in New England; second in command, 1776, and lieutenant-general, 1777. In the latter year succeeded General Carleton as commander-in-chief of the forces in Canada. After several successful engagements with the Americans, defeated at Saratoga in October, 1777. In 1782 commander-in-chief in Ireland. Index: Dr Arrives with reinforcements, 144; marches up Richelieu, 146; returns to England, 163; returns to Canada, haying been promoted over head of Carleton, 171; his personal charm, 174; his previous career, 175, 176; occupies Ticonderoga, 178; injudicious speech of, 178; his surrender at Saratoga, 180; his defence of himself, 182. Hd A court favourite, supersedes Carleton, 112; his disastrous campaign, 113, 126; Hamilton's expedition compared to his, 168. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Burk, Rev. J. S Censured by Simcoe, 190.

Burke, Edmund (1729-1797). Born in Ireland. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin; and entered Parliament in 1765. In 1771 agent for New York province; and in 1774-1775 strongly opposed war with America. In 1782 paymaster of the forces. One of the leaders in the impeachment of Warren Hastings, 1788-1795. Index: Dr Wants more information on Quebec Act, 67; discusses Constitutional Act in House of Commons, 265. S Supports division of province, 7; his quarrel with Fox, 8, 9. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Burlamaché. Ch Commissioner in dispute between Kirke and De Caën, 217, 218; sent to France in connection with restoration of French possessions, 220. Bib.: Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada.

Burlington Bay Canal. An open cut across a sand-bar at the entrance of Burlington Bay, designed to enable vessels to reach the city of Hamilton from the lake. It was authorized by the Legislature, 1823, and completed, 1832. Enlarged, 1841. Index: BL Provision made for by government in 1841, 98.

Burns. S Presbyterian minister, establishes school at Niagara, 167.

Burns, Edward. S Clerk of Crown and Pleas, 178.

Burns, Robert Easton (1805-1863). Born in Niagara. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1827. Practised at Niagara, St. Catharines, and Hamilton. Appointed judge of the Niagara District, 1836; judge of the Home District, 1844; judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1850. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges.

Burpee, Isaac (1825-1885). Born at Sheffield, New Brunswick. Represented city of St. John in Dominion Parliament, 1872-1885; minister of customs, 1873-1878. Died in New York. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.

Burr, Aaron (1756-1836). Born in New Jersey. In 1775 served in the Revolutionary army, and accompanied Arnold on his expedition to Quebec. In 1791 elected to the Senate, and in 1801 vice-president of the United States. In 1804 killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. Index: Dr Aide-de-camp to Montgomery, 122. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Jenkinson, Aaron Burr; Todd, The True Aaron Burr.

Burton, Sir Francis. P Lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada—meets views of Assembly as to the budget, 60; his action repudiated by Dalhousie, 61; acting governor during absence of Dalhousie in 1825, 70.

Burton, Ralph. Served in the siege of Quebec. On July 29, 1759, in command of thirteen companies of Grenadiers, and on September 2 wounded at the battle of Montmorency. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec after the capture of the city. Index: WM Of the 48th, in action at Montmorency, 142; holds troops in readiness on south shore opposite Wolfe's Cove, 172, 183; commands reserve in battle of Plains, 189; Wolfe's last orders to, 200; in battle of Ste. Foy, 258. Hd Governor of Three Rivers, 41; ordered to West Indies, 42; leaves his family in charge of Haldimand, 51; returns to Three Rivers, 53; replaces Gage at Montreal, 53. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, The Fight for Canada.

Buteux, Jacques (1600-1652). Born in France. In 1634 sent as a missionary to Canada, and arrived at the new settlement of Three Rivers in September. Worked among the Indians there for several years. Superior of the missions from 1639 to 1642, and from 1647 to 1652. Index: Ch Stationed at Three Rivers, 256. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France.

Butler, John. Born in Connecticut. In 1759 served under Sir William Johnson in the Niagara campaign, and in 1760 in the Montreal expedition. During the Revolution served on the British side in New York and in Canada. Appointed superintendent of Indian affairs. Died in Niagara, 1794. Index: Hd Of Rangers, lays waste Wyoming district, 151; value of his services, 154; acts for Guy Johnson, 155; conduct of Indians commanded by, disapproved, 170; cruelties practised upon his Rangers, 172; disbands Rangers and takes up land on Niagara frontier, 256; entertained by Haldimand, 327. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Butterfield, Major. Dr Surrenders post at Cedars to British force, 142.

Buttes-à-Neveu. WM Name given to rising ground extending to city walls, Quebec, 186, 256.

By, John (1781-1836). Born in England. Entered the army in 1799. In 1802 came to Canada; returned to England in 1811; and served in the Peninsular War. In 1826 again came to Canada, and engaged on important military and engineering works until 1832. Constructed the Rideau Canal from Bytown (Ottawa) to Kingston, the first steamer passing through in the spring of 1832. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa, Trans., vol. 1.

Byng, John (1704-1757). Born in England. Entered the navy in 1718. In 1727-1736 stationed at Mahon, Minorca; and in 1747-1748 commanded in the Mediterranean. In 1756 engaged the French at Minorca and after an indecisive battle retreated to Gibraltar, leaving Minorca to its fate. Recalled to England, court-martialled, and shot on March 14, 1757. Index: WM His reserve at Minorca, 33. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Bytown. Former name of the city of Ottawa. Index: Md Chosen by the queen as capital, 85; suggestion came from Sir Edmund Head, 85; opposition to decision in Parliament, 85. BL An all-water route between Montreal and Kingston, 75; favoured by some persons as capital, 1843, 181. E Water communication established with Montreal, 98. See also Ottawa. Bib.: Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa, Trans., vols. 1 and 3.

Cabir-Coubat. Ch Indian name of St. Charles River, 148.

Cables. The first submarine cables in America were those laid between New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, 1851; and between Cape Breton and Newfoundland, 1856. Newfoundland was connected with Ireland by cable in 1858. In 1902 the Pacific Cable was laid, between Canada and New Zealand and Australia. See also Gisborne; Fleming. Bib.: Bright, Submarine Telegraphs; Johnson, The All Red Line.

Cabot, John. Probably a native of Genoa. Became a citizen of Venice, March 28, 1476, and at that time had been a resident of the city for fifteen years. Went to England, and in 1497, under the direct authority of Henry VII, sailed to the westward on a voyage of discovery. Landed on the shores of America, but his exact landfall has been a moot point. It is now generally believed that it was the easternmost cape of Cape Breton. The following year sailed again, but there is no record that he ever returned from this second voyage. Bib.: Beazley, John and Sebastian Cabot; Dawson, The Voyages of the Cabots (R. S. C., 1894, 1896, 1897); Deane, Voyages of the Cabots, in Winsor, Nar. & Cr. Hist. of America, vol. 3; Harrisse, John Cabot, the Discoverer of North America; Weare, Cabot's Discovery of North America; Ober. John and Sebastian Cabot. Cabot, Sebastian (1477?-1557?). Son of John Cabot. His share in the discovery of North America has been the subject of much controversy. From having once been regarded as the sole discoverer, it is now considered doubtful that he had anything to do with the voyages of 1497 and 1498. He was in the service of Spain, and also of England, receiving from Edward VI the title of Grand Pilot of England. Bib.: Biddle, Memoir of Sebastian Cabot; Nicholls, Life of Sebastian Cabot; Tarducci, John and Sebastian Cabot. These are favourable to Sebastian's claims. See references under preceding entry for the other side of the controversy.

Cadboro. D First sea-going vessel on Fraser River, 116; arrives at Victoria from Fort Vancouver, 180; leaves for the Columbia, 180; built 1824, destroyed 1862, 180.

Cadet, Joseph Michel. Began life as a butcher; won the confidence of the intendant Bigot, and as commissary-general seconded him in his infamous schemes for plundering the colony. Index: WM Commissary of stores, 88; makes his headquarters at Beauport, 88; feeds his poultry with grain, while the people starve, 88. See Bigot.

Cadieux. A French coureur de bois, whose tragic death forms the subject of one of the popular chansons of Quebec. His reputed grave is at the foot of Grand Calumet Island, on the Ottawa. Bib.: Le Moine, Legends of the St. Lawrence; Bourinot, The Ottawa Valley in the Canadian Monthly, January, 1875; Gagnon, Chansons Populaires.

Cadillac, Antoine de la Motte. Came to Canada as an officer of the Carignan Regiment. In 1694 appointed to the command of the post at Michilimackinac. In 1701 built a fort at Detroit, and remained in command there until 1710. From 1712-1717 governor of Louisiana. Subsequently appointed governor of Castel Sarassin, in Gascony, his native province. Died there Oct. 16, 1730. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime; Cadillac Papers (Michigan Pion. & Hist. Coll., vol. 33).

Cadot, Jean-Baptiste. Pioneer fur trader in the West. When the French abandoned their fort at Sault Ste. Marie, Cadot remained behind with his native wife and family. Alexander Henry found him there in 1762; in charge of the fort when Carver visited the place five years later. Is said to have been still alive in 1812. Bib.: Henry, Travels and Adventures in Canada; Carver, Travels through the Interior Parts of North America; Morice, Dict.

Caën, Emery de. Ch Nephew of Guillaume, 137; left in command of colony, 141; prohibits psalm-singing by Huguenots on his ships, 156; his character, 182; actively defends colony, 183; captured by Thomas Kirke; returns to France, 185; his ship the Hélène restored to him, 221. F Takes over Quebec from the English, 23. Bib.: Douglas, Quebec in Seventeenth Century; Biggar, Early Trading Companies of New France; Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada.

Caën, Ezechiel de. Ch Brother of Guillaume, 137.

Caën, Guillaume de. Ch Head of Company formed by Montmorency, 131, 132; difficulties with the old Company, 133 et seq.; returns to France, 136; comes out to Canada, and returns to France, 138; arrives with supplies, June, 1624, 140; sails for France, 141; brings out Jesuit fathers, 152; appoints Raymond de la Ralde as admiral of Company's fleet, 155; disposed to overlook murder of a Frenchman by an Indian, 161; his character as given by Theodat-Sagard, 182; Cardinal Richelieu suspicious of, 183; his merchandise seized by Kirke, 183; disagreement with Kirke as to goods seized at Quebec, 217-222. F Head of trading Company, 23. Bib.: Douglas, Quebec in Seventeenth Century; Biggar, Early Trading Companies of New France; Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada.

Cæsar, Sir Julius (1558-1636). Sat in Parliament, 1589-1622; chancellor of the exchequer, 1606; master of the Rolls, 1614-1636. Index: Ch English commissioner in matter of Canada, 214. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Cahaigué. Ch Largest of the Huron villages, 89.

Caire, M. de. WM Engineer, constructs defences on river St. Charles, 86.

Caldwell, Henry. Dr His house occupied by Arnold, 111; commands British militia in siege of Quebec, 115; his house burnt by Arnold, 121. Bib.: Lemoine, The Hon. Henry Caldwell, L.C., at Quebec.

Caldwell, Sir John. Eldest son of Sir James Caldwell, the third baronet. Succeeded his father, 1784. Appointed receiver-general of Lower Canada, and found to have misappropriated the public funds. Made restoration afterwards of the greater part of the amount. Died in England, 1830. Index: P Receiver-general, Lower Canada,—misappropriates public funds, 56; government fails to prosecute him, 57. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada; Morgan, Cel. Can.

Caledonia. Bk Brig belonging to North West Company, 210; captured by Americans at Fort Erie, 289.

Callicum. Indian chief. D His relations with Meares at Nootka, 27.

Callières, Louis-Hector de (1646?-1703). Born at Cherbourg, son of Jacques de Callières, governor of Cherbourg. Entered the army, and became captain of the regiment of Navarre. In 1684 came to Canada as governor of Montreal; and in 1699 appointed governor-general of the colony. Died at Quebec. Index: F Memorandum by, on French claims in Hudson Bay, 204; commands regular troops in attack on Iroquois, 209; sent to France to represent situation of colony, 230; leads eight hundred men from Montreal to defence of Quebec, 292; commands vanguard in attack on Onondagas, 351; commended in despatches, 353; succeeds Frontenac as governor, 362. L Placed in charge of Fort Frontenac (Cataraqui), 214; proceeds to France, 218; succeeds Frontenac as governor, 235; death of, 235. Bib.: Sulte, La Famille de Callières (R. S. C., 1890); Parkman, Half Century of Conflict.

Calvinistic Agents. Ch Fanaticism of, 86.

Camaret, Marie (Mme. Hersault). Ch Cousin of Champlain, contests his will, 265.

Cameron, David. Brought up as a draper; drifted to the West Indies, where he had charge of an estate; and thence to New Caledonia. In 1852 superintendent of the coal mines at Nanaimo. Nominated by Douglas as chief justice of Vancouver Island, 1853, and the appointment confirmed by the colonial office the same year. Succeeded by Needham in 1858. Retired from the bench, 1864. Died at Belmont, Vancouver Island, 1872. Index: D First chief justice of Vancouver Island, 200; charges preferred against, 200. Bib.: Bancroft, History of British Columbia.

Cameron, Duncan. Son of a United Empire Loyalist; born at Schenectady, on the Mohawk. His father brought the family to Canada, and settled in Glengarry. The son entered the service of the North West Company, in 1786, and was for many years in charge of the Nipigon district. In 1814 sent to Red River, to oppose Selkirk's plans. In 1816, before the Seven Oaks affair, seized by Colin Robertson, of the Hudson's Bay Company, carried to York Factory, and sent to England, where he was promptly released. Returned to Canada, settled at Williamstown, and represented Glengarry from 1820 to 1824 in the Assembly of Upper Canada. Index: MS Sent by North West Company to Red River to break up Red River Colony, 173; wins ten colonists from their allegiance to Selkirk, 173; takes them to Upper Canada, 174; captured by Semple and sent to York Factory, and finally to England, 178. Bib.: Bryce, Manitoba and Hudson's Bay Company; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West; Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest. Cameron's Sketch of the Customs, etc., of the Natives in the Nipigon Country, and Nipigon Journal, 1804-1805, are in Masson, vol. 2.

Cameron, James. Mc Attempts to kidnap Mackenzie, 464.

Cameron, John Hillyard (1817-1876). Solicitor-general, Upper Canada, 1846-1848; represented Cornwall in Legislative Assembly, 1846-1847 and 1848-1851; Toronto, 1854; Peel, 1861-1866. Represented Peel in first Dominion Parliament, 1867-1872; Cornwall, 1872-1874; and 1874-1876. Index: E Elected 1848, 50. B Opposes Confederation scheme, his motion for an appeal to the people defeated, 185. BL Defeated in elections of 1848, 279. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.

Cameron, Malcolm (1808-1876). Elected to Assembly of Upper Canada for Lanark, 1836. A persistent opponent of the Family Compact. Appointed inspector of revenue, under Bagot. Held various offices in the La Fontaine-Baldwin and Hincks administrations. In 1863 resigned his seat, to accept appointment as Queen's Printer. Represented South Lanark in Dominion House, 1874-1876. Index: B Opposes George Brown in Kent and Lambton, 1851, 40, 41; a Clear Grit, who had joined Hincks-Morin government, 40-41; defeated by Brown, 77. BL Opens discussion on responsible government, 1841, 90; assistant commissioner of public works, 1848, 284; a bitter opponent of Sir F.B. Head—held minor office under Bagot, radical in his sympathies, 284; his resignation, 337; a leader of the Radicals, 341. E Elected 1847, 50; becomes assistant commissioner of public works, in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; a leading member of Clear Grits, 110; joins Hincks-Morin government, 112; president of the Executive Council, 113; becomes minister of new department of agriculture, 117; postmaster-general, 1853, 126; defeated in Lambton, 134; advocates complete secularization of Clergy Reserves, 163. R Opposes separate schools, 224. Bib.: Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Morgan, Cel. Can.

Cameron, Sir Matthew Crooks (1822-1887). Born in Dundas, Ontario. Educated at the Home District Grammar School, Toronto, and at Upper Canada College; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1849. Sat in the Assembly for North Ontario, 1861-1863 and 1864-1867. Defeated in North Ontario for election to the House of Commons, 1867. Elected to the Ontario Assembly for East Toronto; provincial secretary, 1867-1871; commissioner of crown lands, 1871-1872; leader of the opposition in the Assembly, 1872-1876. Appointed judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1878; chief-justice of the Common Pleas Division of the High Court of Justice, 1884. Index: B Seconds motion to submit Confederation scheme to the people, 185. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Rattray, The Scot in British North America; Read, Lives of the Judges.

Cameronians. Bk 26th Regiment, stationed at Fort Niagara, 57.

Camosun. D Indian village on site of Victoria, B.C., 175; meaning of name, 175.

Campbell, Captain. Dr Accused in connection with Walker affair, 36; tried and acquitted, 38.

Campbell, General. Dr Commissioner for exchange of prisoners, 207.

Campbell, Sir Alexander (1821-1892). Studied law under John A. Macdonald, with whom he later formed a partnership; and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1843. Elected to the Legislative Council, 1858; and Speaker, 1863. Commissioner of crown lands, 1864-1866; postmaster-general in first Dominion ministry, 1867-1873; minister of the interior, 1873; receiver-general, 1878-1879; postmaster-general, 1879-1880; 1880-1881; 1885-1887; minister of militia and defence, 1880; minister of justice, 1881-1885. In 1887 appointed lieutenant-governor of Ontario, an office which he retained up to the time of his death. Index: Md Enters J. A. Macdonald's law office as a student, 6; forms partnership with Macdonald, 10; his letter to Macdonald on the political situation, 31; postmaster-general in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; consults Imperial government as to proposed withdrawal of troops from Canada, Fenian Raids, etc., 168; his attempt to merge the two Canadian Pacific Railway syndicates, 200. T Delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 74; to Quebec Conference, 76; postmaster-general in first Dominion Cabinet, 129. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada.

Campbell, Sir Archibald (1769-1843). Born in Scotland. Entered the army, 1787. Served throughout the Peninsular War, 1808-1814; in 1821 commanded a regiment in India; conducted the Burmese War; and 1826-1829, governor of British Burmah. From 1831 to 1837 lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick. Index: W Lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, correspondence with Goderich on crown lands, 23; with Stanley on same subject, 25; addressed by Assembly on question of revenues, 27; refuses to lay before Assembly his correspondence with colonial secretary, 28; dissolves the Assembly, 29, 31-32; opposed to popular reform, 35; refuses to assent to Civil List Bill, 44-45, 46; resigns, 47. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Campbell, Sir Colin (1776-1847). Served in India, 1801-1804, and afterwards in Denmark and the Peninsula; attached to Wellington's staff at the battle of Waterloo; promoted major-general, 1825; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1834-1840; governor of Ceylon, 1840-1847. Index: H Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 45, 58; antagonizes popular party, 62; his removal asked for at the instance of Joseph Howe, 65-67; defended by James W. Johnstone, 67; succeeded by Lord Falkland, 69. Bib.: Howe, Letters and Speeches; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Chisholm, Speeches and Public Letters of Joseph Howe; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia. See also Joseph Howe.

Campbell, Robert (1808-1894). Entered service of Hudson's Bay Company, 1832, and sent to the Mackenzie River district, 1834. For the next eighteen years, engaged in exploring the upper waters of the Liard and Yukon Rivers, and establishing the fur trade in this region. In 1852 made a remarkable journey on snow-shoes, from Fort Simpson to Crow-wing, Minnesota, about three thousand miles. Made a chief factor, 1867, and retired from the service of the Company, 1871. Index: D Builds Fort Dease, 1838, 123-124; ordered to Mackenzie River department, 1834, 124; crosses to Pacific by Stikine, 124; Fort Dease burned, 124; ascends Liard River to Lake Francis, crosses to Lake Finlayson, and reaches Pelly River, 124; builds post on Lake Francis, and at Pelly Banks, 124; descends Pelly to junction with Lewes, 124; builds Fort Selkirk at mouth of Lewes, 124; descends Yukon to mouth of Porcupine, and returns to Fort Simpson by Porcupine and Mackenzie, 125. MS Ascends Liard River and discovers the Upper Yukon, 111; a Perthshire Highlander, 228; discoverer of Upper Yukon, 228. Bib.: Discovery and Exploration of the Youcon River. For biog., see Bryce, Sketch of the Life and Discoveries of Robert Campbell and Hudson's Bay Company; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.

Campbell, Stewart. H Chosen leader of Anti-Confederation party in Nova Scotia, 187; chairman of Halifax meeting on behalf of Joseph Howe, 194; elected to House of Commons for Guysborough, 1867; supports Confederation, 203. Bib.: Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.

Campbell, Major William. Dr His correspondence with General Wayne, 286. S Placed in command of fort at rapids of Miami, 136; refuses to evacuate fort at summons of General Wayne, 139; his conduct highly approved by Simcoe, 140.

Campbell, Sir William (1758-1834). Born in Scotland. Enlisted as a private in a Highland regiment; came to America during the Revolutionary War; took part in the battle of Yorktown, 1781; after his release determined to remain in America. Studied law and called to the bar of Nova Scotia; practised his profession for nineteen years; elected to the Assembly of Cape Breton; attorney-general. Appointed to a puisne judgeship in Upper Canada, 1811; chief-justice, 1825; retired, 1829; knighted, 1829. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Read, Lives of the Judges.

Camperdown. Bk Naval victory of, 12.

Canada. Discovered by John Cabot in 1497. First settlement made by Jacques Cartier, in 1535, on the banks of the St. Charles. In 1608 Champlain founded the city of Quebec, almost on the spot where Jacques Cartier had wintered; the country ceded to Great Britain by France, by the treaty of Paris, 1763; civil government provided by Quebec Act, 1774; and a measure of responsible government by the Constitutional Act, 1791; invasion by Americans, 1775-1776; War of 1812; Rebellions of 1837-1838, in Upper and Lower Canada; union of Upper and Lower Canada, 1841; Confederation of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, 1867; Manitoba added to the Dominion, 1870; British Columbia, 1871; Prince Edward Island, 1873; provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta created, 1905. Index: Dr Surrender of, 2; under military rule till conclusion of peace, 2; acquisition of, by Britain, hastened American Revolution, 3; ceded by treaty of Paris to Great Britain, 7; its wide extent at that time, 8; French population of, at cession, 9; English-speaking population, 9; petition for restoration of its ancient limits, 61; division of, into two provinces proposed, 248; political possibilities after conquest, 253-257; boundaries of, not defined by Constitutional Act, 260. B Party government—origin of the double ministries, 81-82; election frauds in 1857, 99-100; process of expansion—Confederation and after, 264. E First railway in, 99; early political conditions in, 17-40; difficulties connected with responsible government in, 26; principles of responsible government, 228; her political system contrasted with that of United States, 241 et seq. WM Interests French commanders and their men but little, 11; its vulnerable points, 17; its strong social and political organization gave it an advantage in war, 24; but was unfavourable to internal development, 24. Sy Rapid progress made in Anglicizing previous to passing of Quebec Act, 63; unfortunate change of policy regarding, 64. F Population of, 36, 55, 58, 131, 147, 148; poverty of impresses Sister Bourgeoys, 39; morals of the people, 58, 59; overgoverned, 131; trade, 148; affected by all the vicissitudes of mother country, 150, 151; "farmers" of revenue appointed for, 154; Bishop St. Vallier's first description of country and inhabitants, 192; Governor Denonville's description, 192; St. Vallier's revised opinion, 193; real character of the people, 193-195; state of depression throughout the country, 219, 240; drinking habits of people, 223; described by Laval as the country of miracles, 301; exhaustion of, after departure of New England fleet, 305, 317. See also New France; Cartier, Jacques; Cabot, John; Champlain; Quebec Act; Constitutional Act; Union Act; Upper Canada; Lower Canada; Confederation.

Canada Act. See Constitutional Act.

Canada Company. Founded in London, 1824, by John Gait, as a colonizing scheme. A large tract of land was purchased in what is now western Ontario. Dunlop, Talbot, Strickland, and other pioneers of Upper Canada were associated with Gait in the enterprise. The company is still in existence. Index: E An agency in settlement of Upper Canada, 145; its unpopularity, 145. R Offers to buy Clergy Reserves, 50. B Recommends whiskey to intending immigrants, 75. See also Galt, John; Dunlop, William; Talbot, Thomas. Bib.: Lizars, In the Days of the Canada Company; Strickland, Twenty-seven Years in Canada West; Galt, Autobiography; Jameson, Winter Sketches; Talbot, Six Years in the Canadas; McTaggart, Three Years in Upper Canada; Dunlop, The Backwoodsman.

Canada Corn Act, 1843. C Builds up flour industry in Canada, 43.

Canada First Association. B Platform, 235; criticized by the Globe, 236; suspected of aiming at national independence, 237; Goldwin Smith, leader of party, attacked by Globe, 237; his reply, 238; spirit of the movement, 239; its effect, 240-241; Liberal party injured by hostility to movement, 240-242. Md Formed in Toronto, 1870, 226; its policy, 226. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years; Canada First: A Memorial of the Late William A. Foster; Denison, The Struggle for Imperial Unity.

Canada Trade Act. Passed by Imperial Parliament in 1822, with the object of correcting the injustice to Upper Canada in the apportionment of duties collected. The Quebec Legislature had refused to re-enact the old Acts apportioning a share of duties to Upper Canada, and these Acts were now made permanent. Lower Canada was debarred from imposing new duties on imports by sea without the consent of Upper Canada and the approval of the Imperial Parliament. Bib.: Kingsford, History of Canada.

Canadian Alliance Society. Mc Founded, December, 1834, 258; its objects, 258. BL Founded at York, 16; its political programme, 16.

Canadian Contingents in the Boer War (1899-1902). Consisted of the Royal Canadian Infantry, Canadian Mounted Rifles, Royal Canadian Artillery, and Strathcona's Horse. The first contingent, which sailed for South Africa from Quebec, Oct. 30, 1899, numbered 1141. The second contingent, which sailed from Halifax in January and February, 1900, mustered 1320. These two contingents comprised the official Canadian contribution to the British forces in the war, but Lord Strathcona also raised a contingent at his own expense. This contingent, known as Strathcona's Horse, sailed from Halifax in March, 1900, the force numbering 540 officers and men, and 599 horses. Over 3000 Canadians therefore took part in the war against the Boers. Throughout the operations in South Africa, the Canadians signally distinguished themselves, particularly at the battle of Paardeberg on Feb. 27, 1900, when with the Gordon Highlanders and the Shropshires they led the final attack on Cronje's position. Bib.: Evans, The Canadian Contingents; Marquis, Canada's Sons on Kopje and Veldt; Doyle, The Great Boer War.

Canadian Freeman. Mc Newspaper, published by Collins, in 1825, 111.

Canadian Institute. Founded at Toronto, June 20, 1849, by Sandford Fleming, and Kivas Tully, with several other surveyors, civil engineers, and architects practising in and about Toronto. A royal charter was granted Nov. 4, 1851, in which the objects of the society are declared to be "the encouragement and general advancement of the physical sciences, the arts and the manufactures," etc. Among the early presidents were Sir W. E. Logan, Sir Henry Lefroy, Sir John Beverley Robinson, George W. Allan, W. H. Draper, Sir Daniel Wilson, and Sir Oliver Mowat. The publications of the Institute began with the Canadian Journal, 1852, and have been continued, as Proceedings, Transactions, etc., to the present time. Bib.: The Canadian Journal, 1852-1878; Proceedings, 1879-1890; Transactions, 1890- . A semi-centennial memorial volume, published 1899, contains Early Days of the Canadian Institute by Sir Sandford Fleming.

Canadian Magazines. Among the earliest magazines published in what is now Canada were the Nova Scotia Magazine, Halifax, 1789; the Quebec Magazine, Quebec, 1791-1793; L'Abeille Canadienne, Quebec, 1818-1819; the Canadian Review, 1824-1826; the Bibliothéque Canadienne, Montreal, 1825; Literary Garland, Montreal, 1838; Acadian Magazine, Halifax, 1826; and the Revue Canadienne, 1845. There have been several periodicals bearing the name of Canadian Magazine, the earliest published at Montreal in 1823; a second published at Toronto in 1833; another at Toronto, 1871; and the present periodical of the same name, which dates from 1893. Of the earlier magazines, the Literary Garland and the Revue Canadienne alone lived for any considerable time, the former having been published for over thirteen years, and the latter still survives. Bib.: Hopkins, Canada: An Ency., vol. 5.

Canadian Northern Railway. The first link in this transcontinental railway dates back to 1896, when construction was commenced on the line from Gladstone towards Lake Winnipegosis. Since then the system has been extended east and west, and within a few years will reach from the Atlantic to the Pacific, with numerous branches. Bib.: Historical Sketch of the Canadian Northern Railway in Canadian Annual Review, 1906.

Canadian Pacific Railway. The contract for construction of the railway was signed Oct. 21, 1880, the surveys having already been carried out under the direction of Sandford Fleming. Work was begun on the railway in May, 1881, and the last spike driven by Sir Donald A. Smith (now Lord Strathcona), Nov. 7, 1885. A summary of the evolution of the project will be found in Johnson's First Things in Canada. Index: Md Compact with British Columbia for its construction, 150; the Pacific Scandal, 200-211; difficulties of construction, 232; terms of agreement, 233; Mackenzie government adopts policy of government ownership, 233; Macdonald, on his return to power, reverts to original scheme, 234; contract signed September, 1880, and railway completed in five years, 234; Mackenzie's views as to time needed for completion, 234-235; Blake attacks railway policy, 235; Globe criticizes, and British financiers pessimistic, 235; directors of the syndicate, 236; terms of contract, 236; Howland syndicate, 237; financial difficulties, 237; last spike driven at Craigellachie, Nov. 7, 1885, 238; problems of operation, 238; what the great enterprise means to Canada, 238-239; its military value, 239; conflict with Manitoba as to its monopoly of transportation, 284-285; its effect on Macdonald government, 301. C First charter engineered by Cartier, 51; the railway the crowning work of Confederation, 51; its eastern terminus, 52; the Allan Company and the MacPherson Syndicate, 53; the Pacific Scandal, 53-54; bill in Parliament, 131. B Its building approved by country as a measure of national growth and expansion, 241. D Revolutionizes old conditions of trade in British Columbia, 265; Imperial government asked to guarantee its completion, 315; delays in building, 317, 323; movement for a transcontinental railway, 317-318; negotiations, 318-320; Pacific Scandal, 321; Carnarvon Terms, 320-322; building operations, 324-326; completion, 1885, 326; terminus, 327. Bib.: Hopkins, Canada: An Ency., vol. 2; Parkin, The Great Dominion; Begg, History of the North-West; Fleming, Reports on Canadian Pacific Railway, 1874, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880.

Canadian Sharpshooters. WM In battle of Ste. Foy, 259, 263.

Canadien. Bk Newspaper founded in 1806, appealed to race prejudices, 92; claimed unconstitutional power for Legislative Assembly, 92, 93; on the rights of Parliament, 116; seized and temporarily suppressed by Governor Craig, 127; seizure not approved by British authorities, 147. Bib.: Dionne, Pierre Bédard et Son Temps (R. S. C., 1898).

Canals. The earliest canal in Canada and in North America was that at Lachine, which dates back to the beginning of the eighteenth century. Between 1779 and 1783, lock canals were built by the Royal Engineers, at the Coteau and the Cascades, on the St. Lawrence. In 1798 a boat canal was built at Sault Ste. Marie by the North West Company. A canal to connect the St. Lawrence and Lake Champlain was advocated as early as 1775, by Silas Deane of Connecticut, but was not actually undertaken until 1831. The Welland Canal was commenced in 1824; and the Rideau Canal two years later. These artificial waterways of Canada are controlled by the Department of Railways and Canals, of the Dominion government. Index: Bk First in American continent made in Canada, 48. BL Construction and improvement of, provided for by government in 1841, 98; completion of St. Lawrence canals, 286-287. B Improvement of, advocated by George Brown, 61; extension of, approved by Quebec Conference, 166; enlargement of, suggested by Fish, United States secretary of state, in 1874, 227. S Four made at different points on St. Lawrence, 112. P Opposed by Papineau, 172. See also Waterways; and under names of individual canals, as Lachine; Rideau; Welland, etc. Bib.: Keefer, Canals of Canada (R. S. C., 1893); Waterways of Canada (Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa, Trans., vol. 2); Kingsford, Canadian Canals; Report of Royal Commission on Canals, 1871; Annual Reports on Railways and Canals, Ottawa.

Cânanée. Ch Famous French seaman, joins Champlain at Gaspé, 141; the Turks capture his ship, the Ste. Madeleine, on the coast of Bretagne, and put him to death, 141.

Canard River. A small stream in Essex County, Ontario, falling into the Detroit River. Index: Bk Americans repulsed at, in War of 1812, 237.

Candiac, Chateau of. WM Birthplace of Montcalm, 3; position of, still remains, 5.

Canning, Charles John, Viscount (1812-1862). Postmaster-general, under Aberdeen and Palmerston. Governor-general of India, 1855, and through the period of the Indian Mutiny. Index: E His record in India, 217. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Canning, George (1770-1827). Entered British Parliament, 1793; foreign secretary, 1807; ambassador to Portugal, 1814; president of Board of Control, 1816; succeeded Londonderry as foreign secretary, 1822; prime minister, 1827. A consistent advocate of constitutional principles. Index: Sy Foreign secretary and afterwards prime minister, 16; death of, 16. Bk Secretary of war, 81; deals with matter of Leopard and Chesapeake, 83, 85; disapproves of Walcheren expedition, 118; foreign secretary, 120. Bib.: Canning, Speeches; Stapleton, Political Life of George Canning; Stapleton, George Canning and His Times; Dict. Nat. Biog.

Cannon, Captain. WM Repulses landing of English, 107.

Canterbury, John Henry Thomas Manners-Sutton, Viscount (1814-1877). Born in England. Entered Parliament, 1841; home secretary from 1841 to 1846 in Peel's ministry. From 1854 to 1861, lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick; in 1864-1866 governor of Trinidad; and in 1866-1873 governor of Victoria. Index: T Dissolves New Brunswick Assembly, 38-39. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

"Canvas House." S Purchased by Simcoe from Captain Cook, and used as winter residence at York, 204.

Cap de la Victoire. On St. Lawrence, near mouth of Richelieu. Index: Ch Fur trade carried on at, 119, 139.

Cap du Ciel. Ch French vessel seized by English, 222.

Cap Rouge. On the St. Lawrence, above Quebec. Index: WM Vaudreuil orders posting of two hundred men at, 162; Bougainville's headquarters at, 163; difficulty of crossing the river, 248.

Cape Breton. An island at the eastern extremity of Nova Scotia, now forming part of that province. Discovered by John Cabot in 1497. First settlement made by the French in 1712. Town of Louisbourg built and strongly fortified. It was captured by Pepperrell and Warren in 1745; restored to France by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748; again captured by the British, under Amherst and Boscawen, 1758. Cape Breton was a separate colony of Great Britain, 1784-1820, with Sydney (founded 1785) as its capital. In 1820 it was incorporated with Nova Scotia. Index: Ch Named St. Lawrence Island by Champlain, 236; Jesuit mission at, for benefit of Micmacs, 236; maintained until 1659, 237. See also Louisbourg; Sydney; Nova Scotia. Bib.: Brown, History of Cape Breton; Bourinot, Cape Breton and its Memorials; Grant, Cape Breton, Past and Present.

Cape Diamond, Quebec. Ch Fortified, 157.

Cape St. Vincent. Bk British naval victory of, 10.

Car Brigade. Bk Formed, 196.

Carden, Major. Dr Killed in dispersing Ethan Allen's force, 99.

Cardinal Joseph. P At meeting of Constitutional Committee, 1834, 88.

Carey. Sy Made deputy inspector-general, 333.

Carheil, Étienne de. A Breton, of noble birth. Came to Canada as a Jesuit missionary in 1666. After two years spent at Quebec, left in 1668 for his mission among the Cayugas. Spent a number of years there in a zealous but largely fruitless effort to convert the Indians to Christianity. In 1683 sent to the Hurons at Michilimackinac, and laboured among that tribe for many years. Finally returned to Quebec, where he died. Bib.: Campbell, Pioneer Priests of North America; Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites.

Cariboo Gold-fields. D History of, 284-289.

Carignan-Salières. The first regiment of regular troops sent to America from France. Raised in Savoy by the Prince of Carignan in 1644; employed for some years in the service of the king of France, and after the peace of the Pyrenees, was regularly incorporated in the French army. Fought against the Turks in 1664, and ordered to America the following year. With the original regiment was incorporated the fragment of a regiment of Germans, the whole under the command of Colonel de Salières. The regiment served with distinction in Canada until 1668, when it was ordered home; a large number of officers and men, however, remained in the colony, where they were given generous grants of land. The regiment was reconstructed in France, and under the name of the Regiment of Lorraine existed until 1794. Index: L Gives strength to the colony, 53; discharged soldiers of, become settlers, 77; further detachment of, arrives, 79. E Officers settle on lands along the Richelieu, 178-179, 181. F Sent out, 51; some of the officers settle in Canada and become seigneurs, 57. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime; Susane, Ancienne Infanterie Française, vol. 5.

Carillon, Fort. Hd Repulse of British forces at, 18-21. WM The fort defended by Montcalm with De Lévis and Bourlamaque, 54-55; attacked by the British under Abercromby, 55-60; failure of the attack, 60-61; Bourlamaque evacuates the fort and destroys it, 146. See also Ticonderoga. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe.

Carion, Philippe de. L Lays second foundation stone of church at Montreal, 88. F Officer at Montreal, refuses to recognize Frontenac's order for arrest of coureurs de bois, 91.

Carleton, Christopher. Dr Father of Guy Carleton, 29; his widow marries Rev. Thomas Skelton, 29.

Carleton, Sir Guy. See Dorchester.

Carleton, Lady Maria. Dr Gains social popularity at Quebec, 162; lives to great age, 308; her extreme hauteur, 309.

Carleton, Thomas (1736-1817). Served with Wolfe in 1755; quartermaster-general of the army in Canada, 1775; wounded in the naval battle on Lake Champlain, 1776. Appointed first lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 1784. Returned to England in 1803; the colony was governed by administrators until 1817, when General Smyth was appointed governor. Index: Dr Nephew of Lord Dorchester, 249; lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 249. W First governor of New Brunswick, 5; his Council, 5; opposes reforms in government, 13; grants charter to Fredericton Academy, 86. Hd Devastates country bordering on Lake Champlain, 149; his expedient for obtaining rebel letters, 194; his connection with the Du Calvet case, 280, 281. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Bradley, The Making of Canada.

Carleton Island. Hd Indians of, 148; projects of Americans against, 150; reinforcements sent to, 153; depot for stores established at, great cost of transporting provisions to, 184.

Carling, Sir John (1828- ). Represented town of London in Legislative Assembly, 1857-1867; and continued to sit for the same constituency in the Dominion Parliament. Appointed receiver-general in Cartier-Macdonald ministry, 1862; and commissioner of agriculture and public works in Ontario government, 1867. Entered federal government as postmaster-general, 1882; minister of agriculture, 1885-1892. Called to the Senate, 1891; resigned, 1892; again called, 1896. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.

Carlton House. Two forts of this name were founded by the Hudson's Bay Company. One stood on the banks of the Saskatchewan, above the forks; the other on the upper waters of the Assiniboine. Both were established about the end of the eighteenth century. Index: MS Built by Hudson's Bay Company, 6.

Carnarvon, Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert, fourth Earl of (1831-1890). Colonial secretary, 1866-1867, and as such introduced the British North America Act; colonial secretary again, 1874-1878; chairman of Colonial Defence Commission, 1879-1882. Joined Imperial Federation League, 1884. Index: Md President of Westminster Conference in London, 126; effect of his resignation on Confederation, 128; Macdonald's letter to, on the franchise, 259. T Conference with, on Confederation scheme, 122. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.

Caroline. Mc Steamboat, goes over Niagara Falls, 419; cutting out of, 420; merits of act, 421; international complications, 423. Bib.: Drew and Wood, The Burning of the Caroline; Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.

Caroline Almanac. Mc Mackenzie publishes, 459.

Caron, Sir Joseph Philippe Réné Adolphe (1843-1908). Born in Quebec. Studied law; entered public life in 1873 as member of Dominion House for Quebec County; elected for Rimouski, 1891. Minister of militia and defence, 1880-1892; postmaster-general, 1892. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.

Caron, Réné Édouard (1800-1876). Born in the parish of Ste. Anne, Lower Canada. Educated at the Seminary of Quebec and at St. Pierre College; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1826. Mayor of Quebec, 1833-1837; sat in Assembly, 1834-1836; appointed a member of the Legislative Council of Lower Canada by Lord Gosford, but did not take his seat. Member of the Legislative Council of Canada, 1841; Speaker, 1843-1847 and 1848-1853; member of the La Fontaine-Baldwin government and of the Hincks-Morin government; judge of the Superior Court of Quebec, 1853; afterwards judge of the Court of Queen's Bench and judge of the Seigniorial Court. Index: BL Mayor of Quebec, and member of Legislative Council, 1841, 83; a man of liberal views, 83; member of La Fontaine's ministry, 83; Speaker of Legislative Council—acts as go-between for Draper and La Fontaine, 259-263; president of Legislative Council, 284. E Refuses to enter Draper ministry, 43; becomes president of Council in first La Fontaine-Baldwin Cabinet, 53; leading member of Liberal party in Lower Canada, 109; president of Council in Hincks-Morin government, 113; raised to Bench, 126; judge of Seigniorial Court, 187. Bib.: Turcotte, R. E. Caron; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Dent, Last Forty Years and Can. Por.

Carondelet. S Spanish governor of Louisiana, his proposition to Simcoe to assist in repelling expected French invasion, 134-136.

Carroll, Charles (1737-1832). Represented Maryland in the Congress at Philadelphia, 1776, and signed the Declaration of Independence. Afterwards elected to the Senate of Maryland and the federal Senate. Index: Dr Accompanies Franklin to Canada, 135. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.

Carter, Sir Frederic Bowker Terrington (1819-1900). Born at St. John's, Newfoundland. Studied law and called to the bar of Newfoundland, 1842; appointed Q. C., 1859. Member of the Legislative Assembly, 1855-1878; Speaker, 1861-1865; premier, 1865-1870 and 1874-1878; knighted, 1878; chief-justice of Newfoundland, 1880. Represented Newfoundland at the Quebec Conference, 1864. Index: T Speaker of Newfoundland Assembly, delegate to Quebec Conference, 77. Bib.: Taylor, Brit. Am.; Morgan, Can. Men.

Carter, Sir James (1805-1878). Born in England. Educated at Cambridge; called to the bar, 1832. In 1834 a puisne judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, and in 1851 chief-justice of the province, retiring on a pension in 1865. In 1859 knighted. Spent the latter part of his life in England. Index: W Appointed to New Brunswick Bench and afterwards chief-justice, 74, 130; releases Doak and Hill, 75. T Appointed to New Brunswick Bench, 17, 31; resigns as chief-justice, 1865, 93. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.

Cartier, Sir Georges Étienne (1814-1873). Md Associated with Macdonald in MacNab-Taché ministry, 75; forms administration, 86-88; member of mission to England to confer with British government on Confederation, defence, reciprocity, etc., 120; acquisition of North-West Territories, 156-157; supports demand of Red River for self-government, 160; takes advantage of Macdonald's illness to attempt to forestall the Wolseley expedition, 161-162; leads the House during Macdonald's absence in Washington, 173; defeated in Montreal, his influence weakened in Quebec, 195; his early life and alliance with Macdonald, 266; his splendid work for Confederation and its inadequate recognition, 267; the C. B. replaced by a baronetcy, 267; his defeat in Montreal East, 1872, 268; his death in England in 1873, 268; Macdonald's tribute to, on unveiling of his statue, 268. T Delegate to England in union negotiations, 63; at Charlottetown Conference, 74; at Quebec Conference, 76; presented to the queen, 124; in first Confederation ministry, 129. P A man of action, 1; lacking hi personal magnetism, 2; compared with Papineau, 2; blames Papineau and his friends for expelling Mondelet from Assembly, 72. E On Papineau's responsibility for amendment to Union Act, 122; first elected to Legislature in 1849—government candidate for speakership in 1854, defeated, 135,136; his statue, 226. C Follows Papineau, 1; subsequent loyalty to British constitution, 1; born at St. Antoine, on the Richelieu, 3; a descendant of Jacques Cartier, 3; parentage, 3; education, 3-5; Papineau's influence, 5; studies law with Édouard Rodier, 7; Rodier's influence, 7; the poet of Les Fils de la Liberté, 7; takes part in the Rebellion, 7, 8; his escape and exile, 8-9; returns to Montreal, 9; statesmanlike attitude towards Union Act, 16; takes the field against D. B. Viger, 17; his maiden speech, 17, 19; bitterness against Papineau, 18; enters the Assembly, 1849, for Verchères, 21; a born leader, 21; offered seat in Hincks-Morin ministry, 1851, and again in 1853, 22; enters Cabinet, 1855, 22; his law practice, 22-23; causes of his success as a political leader, 23-24; and clerical influence, 28; helped by Radicalism of Liberals, 29; defeated at general election, 1872, by Le Parti National, 30; member of Executive Council, 1855, 31; alliance with Sir Allan MacNab and John A. Macdonald, 31, 33; urges settlement of Seigniorial Tenure, 32; his political principles, 32-33; defends alliance with Upper Canada Conservatives, 33-34; bitterly attacked in Verchères election, 34; breadth of his political activities, 35; reorganizes system of public instruction, 37-38; protects interests of Protestant minority, 38; establishes judicial districts, 38; codifies the laws, 39; gives civil status to parishes, 39-40; his independence, 40-41; his interest in railways and other means of transportation, 45-50; his connection with Pacific Scandal, 53-54; works for Confederation, 55-56; insists on the federal principle, 57-58; and Confederation, 59-65: delegate to London to see British North America Act through Parliament, 67; guest of the queen, 67; elected practically without opposition, 67; premier of Canada, 1858, 62, 67; advises Lord Monck to intrust Taché with duty of forming Cabinet, 68; purchase of Hudson's Bay Company's territories, 68; his definition of the position of French-Canadians, 69; ignores Bishop Taché's warning as to trouble in North-West, 70; introduces Manitoba Bill, 71; safeguards interests of Roman Catholics in Manitoba as to their schools, 71-73; separate schools in New Brunswick, 73; defends federal policy of non-interference, 74-76; loses support of the Ultramontanes, 79-84; defeated in Montreal East, 84; his illness, 85; resigns upon defeat of Militia Bill, 1862, 87; reorganizes the militia, 1868, 87-88; his speeches on British connection, 92; protests against withdrawal of British troops, 92; his political wisdom, 98; establishes political union of the country, 99-100; secret of his Power, 101; relations towards Macdonald, 101-103; his character and policy, 105-108; his personal appearance, 108; his optimism and humour, 109-110; his conservatism, 111; advice to his fellow-countrymen, 112; views on property, 113-114; his economic creed, 115-116; Sir Wilfrid Laurier on, 116-117; religious views, 117; early home influences, 118-122; his social qualities, 122-124; difficulty over his refusal of the honour of C. B., 124-129; made a baronet, 128; quarrel with Wolseley, 130; his last appearance in Parliament, 131; his health breaks down, 131-132; his death in London, May 23, 1873, 132. B And the "Double Shuffle," 107; called on in 1864 to form ministry, but fails, 149; Brown's motion for constitutional changes, 1864, 150; meeting with Brown, 152; Brown's alliance with, for Confederation, 153; suggested by John A. Macdonald as premier of coalition ministry, 191; asks Brown to reconsider his resignation, 196; his prejudice against the Rouges, 200; compared with Joseph Howe, 204. H Accompanies Sir John Macdonald to Halifax in 1868, 210. Bib.: Author of Speeches on the Militia Bill, and of the popular song, O Canada! Mon Pays, Mes Amours! For biog., see David, Esquisse Biographique; Morgan, Cel. Can.: Taylor, Brit. Am.: Dent. Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Turcotte, Sir G. E. Cartier.

Cartier, Jacques (1491-1557). In 1534, sailing out of St. Malo, made his first voyage to the New World, entering the Gulf of St. Lawrence by way of the Straits of Belle Isle, landing on the Gaspé shore, and coasting around the eastern end of Anticosti. Returned to France. The following year again sailed to the gulf, and entered the river St. Lawrence. Continuing his voyage, passed the mouth of the Saguenay, and landed on the Island of Orleans, which he named Île Bacchus. Brought his little ships into the St. Charles River, upon whose banks stood the Indian village of Stadaconé. After exploring the St. Lawrence as far as the Indian town of Hochelaga (Montreal), returned to Stadaconé, where he wintered. In the spring of 1536 sailed back to France, taking with him the Iroquois chief, Donnacona. In 1541, made a third voyage to Canada. Roberval was to have followed with a number of colonists, but did not actually sail until the spring of 1542. When he reached Newfoundland, he met Cartier on his way home. Roberval's colony proved disastrous, and Cartier undertook a fourth voyage to the New World to rescue the survivors. Index: Ch Names Hare Island, 13; ravages of scurvy among his men, 23; finds a remedy in the plant aneda, 29; Membertou pretends to have met him in 1534, 36; his winter quarters identified by Champlain, 44-45; his Rivière de Fouez identified as the St. Maurice, 52. F His voyages, 1; attempt at colonization, 2. L With his men, receives communion from bishop of St. Malo, 7. C Sir Georges É. Cartier a descendant of the explorer's family, 3. Bib.: For a complete list of the original editions of Cartier's voyages, see Harrisse, Notes pour Servir, etc. Tross, Paris, reprinted them as follows: D'Avezac, Bref Récit et Succinte Narration de la Navigation Faite par le Capitaine Jacques Cartier aux Îles de Canada, etc. (1863); Michelant et Ramé, Voyage de Jacques Cartier au Canada en 1534 (1865); Michelant et Ramé, Relation Originale, du Voyage de Jacques Cartier au Canada en 1534 (1867). The first English version is that of Florio (1580). In 1600 Hakluyt included a more accurate translation in his Principal Navigations. H. B. Stephen's essay, Jacques Cartier and his Voyages to Canada, is accompanied by a new translation of the voyages. The Cartier voyages are discussed in the Trans. R. S. C., by W. F. Ganong (1887), (1889); Paul de Gazes (1884), (1890); Abbé Verreau (1890), (1891), (1897); Archbishop Howley (1894); and in the Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. Trans., Voyages de Découvertes au Canada (1843); Demazieres, Notes sur Jacques Cartier (1862). See also Pope, Jacques Cartier; Winsor, Cartier to Frontenac; Parkman, Pioneers of France; Des Longrais, Jacques Cartier; Dionne, La Nouvelle France de Cartier à Champlain; Dent, Can. Por.

Cartwright, J. S. Sy Opposes union of provinces in Upper Canada Assembly, 207, 211.

Cartwright, Rev. Richard. Sy Assists in funeral service of Lord Sydenham, 344.

Cartwright, Richard (1759-1815). Born at Albany, New York. On the outbreak of hostilities with the mother country came with his parents to Upper Canada. For a time served as secretary to Colonel Butler of the Queen's Rangers, and later engaged in business at Kingston in partnership with Robert Hamilton. Made judge of the Court of Common Pleas for the district, and on the formation of Upper Canada into a separate province appointed to the Legislative Council. Urged to accept a seat in the Executive Council, but repeatedly refused. Created lieutenant of the county of Frontenac by Simcoe, and during the War of 1812 served as colonel of the militia. Occupied a position of great prominence in the political and business life of the province. Index: BL Offered and refuses solicitor-generalship of Upper Canada, 120; his letter of explanation, 121. R His influence on Strachan, 37. Bk Brock's high opinion of, 179. S On later emigration from United States, 57; member of Legislative Council, 79; his report on marriage question, in Upper Canada, 86; accused by Simcoe of republicanism, 97, 98; asserts his loyalty, 98; advises Simcoe in regard to land regulations, 103; describes methods of business in early times, 109. Bib.: Cartwright, Life and Letters of Hon. Richard Cartwright.

Cartwright, Sir Richard John (1835- ). Grandson of the preceding. Born at Kingston. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Entered public life, 1863, as member for Lennox and Addington. Minister of finance in Mackenzie Cabinet, 1873-1878. On the return of the Liberals to power, in 1896, became minister of trade and commerce. Index: Md Favours commercial union, 297; introduces unrestricted reciprocity resolution, 1888, 298-299; his modified resolution of 1889, 299. B His account of pre-confederation scenes in the house, 153-154. C Discussion with Cartier in 1872, on the militia, 110. Bib.: Works: Remarks on the Militia of Canada; Memories of Confederation. For biog., see Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.

Carver, Jonathan (1732-1780). Born at Stillwater, New York. Joined the company of rangers raised by John Burk of Northfield, 1756-1757. After the treaty of Paris, 1763, conceived the idea of exploring the Western territory acquired by England. Between 1766 and 1768, travelled from Michilimackinac to the Mississippi, ascended the Minnesota River, and returned by way of Grand Portage, Lake Superior. Went to England, 1769, to secure government support for his plans of Western exploration, but failed. Died there, Jan. 31, 1780. Index: D His River of Oregon, 19; reference to Oregon, 56-57. Bib.: Travels through the Interior Parts of North America, in the Years 1766, 1767, and 1768. The best edition is the third, published at London, 1781. For a bib. of the various editions, and translations, see Lee, Bibliography of Carver's Travels (Wisconsin State Hist. Soc. Proc., 1909). See also Durrie, Jonathan Carver and "Carver's Grant" (Wisconsin Hist. Soc. Coll., vol. 6); Gregory, Jonathan Carver: His Travels in the North-West (Parkman Club Pub., No. 5); Bourne, Travels of Jonathan Carver in Amer. Hist. Review, 1906; Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac.

Cas Reservé. L In connection with sale of liquor to Indians, 171, 174.

Cascades. On the St. Lawrence River. Hd Improvements in navigation at, 185.

Case, William. R Visits England, 1831, 90; his connection with split in Methodist body, 105.

Casgrain, Henri Raymond (1831-1904). After studying medicine, decided to enter the church, and ordained a priest in 1856. In 1872, owing to an affection of the eyes, compelled to abandon the ministry, and thereafter devoted himself entirely to literature. His first work, Légendes Canadiennes, appeared in 1861; and this was followed by many other publications, in history, biography, and belles-lettres. One of the principal contributors to the Soirées Canadiennes, the Foyer Canadien, and other French-Canadian periodicals. A charter member of the Royal Society of Canada; elected president of that body in 1889. Index: L His pen-portrait of Mme. de la Peltrie, 153-154. Ch On the question of Champlain's tomb, 261-262. Bib.: Among his principal works are: Histoire de la Mère Marie de l'Incarnation; Biographies Canadiennes; Un Pélerinage au Pays d'Evangéline; Montcalm et Lévis. For bib., see R. S. C., 1894, 21. For biog., see Routhier, Éloge historique de H. R. Casgrain (R. S. C., 1904); Morgan, Can. Men.

Cass, Lewis (1782-1866). Served under General Hull in War of 1812. Drew up Hull's flamboyant proclamation to the people of Canada. Opposed surrender of Detroit. Governor of territory of Michigan. Index: Bk On surrender of Detroit, 257. Bib.: Contributed to Historical Sketches of Michigan, 1834. For biog., see McLaughlin, Lewis Cass; Cyc. Am. Biog.

Castillon, Jacques de. Ch Assisted in forming Company of New France, 168; presents pictures to church of Notre Dame de la Recouvrance, 240.

Castle Frank. S Country chalet built for Simcoe near York, 215.

Castle of St. Louis. See Château St. Louis.

Catalogne, Gédéon de. Employed for some years on military and other engineering works in Canada. In 1701 commenced a canal from Lachine to the Little River, with the object of providing a boat channel around the rapids. The work was abandoned, and resumed in 1717, but was again abandoned, owing to the cost of the rock cutting. Accompanied Denonville on his expedition against the Iroquois, in 1687.

Cataraqui. A fort, built by the engineer Raudin in 1673, under Frontenac's orders, the site having been selected by La Salle. The fort stood at the mouth of the Cataraqui, on the site of the present city of Kingston. Here Frontenac held a great Council with representatives of the five Iroquois nations, 1673. On Frontenac's recommendation, Cataraqui was granted to La Salle as a seigniory, upon his repaying the amount the fort had cost the king. Fort Frontenac, as La Salle named it, became the base of his ambitious scheme of western explorations. Index: F Expedition of Courcelles to, 59; of Frontenac, 76-84; fort, afterwards known as Fort Frontenac, erected at, 83. Hd Lands allotted to Loyalists in neighbourhood of, 236, 255; settlers at, 258, 265. S Barracks of, on site of old Fort Frontenac, 51; Loyalist settlements in surrounding country, 58; detail of, 59. See also Kingston; Fort Frontenac; La Salle. Bib.: Machar, Old Kingston; Sulte, Le Fort de Frontenac (R. S. C., 1901); Girouard, L'Expédition du Marquis de Denonville (R. S. C., 1899).

Cathcart, Charles Murray, Earl (1783-1859). Served in Holland, 1799; saw service through Peninsular War; fought at Waterloo; assumed title, 1843; succeeded General Jackson as commander-in-chief of the forces in British North America, 1845; administrator the same year, on the departure of Sir Charles Metcalfe; governor-general, 1846; succeeded by Lord Elgin, 1847. Index: Md Succeeds Metcalfe as governor-general, 25; correspondence with Draper over Macdonald's appointment to Cabinet, 26. BL Becomes administrator, and afterwards governor-general, 265-266; his character and attitude towards political questions in Canada, 266. E Succeeds Metcalfe as governor-general, more interested in problems of defence than in politics, 38; replaced by Elgin, 40; his instructions to Rebellion Losses Commission, 65. B His appointment and character, 28; warns British government of disaffection in Canada, 31. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Morgan, Cel. Can.

Catherine. Ch Champlain sails for France in (1626), 155.

Cauchon, Joseph Édouard (1816-1885). Educated at the Séminaire de Québec; studied law and called to the bar, but turned immediately to journalism. Edited Le Canadien for a time; and in 1842 established the Journal de Québec. Entered public life, 1844, as member for Montmorency, which county he represented continuously until 1872. Entered MacNab government, 1855, as commissioner of crown lands. Became commissioner of public works in Cartier-Macdonald ministry, 1861-1862. Speaker of the Senate, 1868-1872. Accepted presidency of the Council in Mackenzie administration, 1875-1877; minister of inland revenue, 1877. Resigned the same year to accept the lieutenant-governorship of Manitoba, 1877-1882. Index: C As journalist and politician, 24; attitude towards Cartier, 24; his writings, 24; praises Cartier in the Journal de Québec, 88. E Brings up question of Seigniorial Tenure in Parliament, 126; votes against secularization of the Clergy Reserves, 164. Bib.: Works: Remarks on the North-West Territories; Étude sur l'Union Projectée des Provinces Britanniques; L'Union des Provinces de l'Amérique du Nord. For biog., see Revue Canadienne, 1884; Dent, Can. Por.; Taylor, Brit. Am.

Caughnawaga Indians. A community of Iroquois, chiefly drawn from the Oneida and Mohawk, and speaking a modification of the Mohawk tongue. Having been converted by the Jesuit missionaries, they were induced to settle in 1668 at La Prairie, near Montreal. In 1676 they removed to Sault St. Louis, and the majority have remained in that vicinity ever since. About 1755 a new settlement was formed at St. Regis, farther up the St. Lawrence. Many accompanied the fur traders to the west as hunters. In the narratives of the fur trade they are referred to as Iroquois. Index: Hd Their sympathies secured for Congress by Jesuits, 130; village of, burned by Sir John Johnson, 156; their disloyalty, 189. Bib.: Colden, Five Nations; Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.

Caumont. Ch Pont-Gravé's clerk, 121; chief clerk of De Monts's (Rouen) company at Quebec, 133.

Cayahoga. Bk United States schooner carrying Hull's stores and baggage, captured, 218.

Cayet, Victor Palma. Ch His work on French navigation, 15.

Cayley, William. Inspector-general, 1845-1848, and again, 1854-1858. By the Act of 1859, the office was changed to minister of finance. Index: E Inspector-general, 1854, 140; favours division of Clergy Reserves among various denominations, 163. B Galt takes his place in government, 107. Bib.: Finances and Trade of Canada. For biog., see Dent, Last Forty Years.

Cayugas. One of the tribes of the Iroquois confederacy. Parkman gives four forms of the name: Cayugas, Caiyoquos, Goiogoens, Gweugwehonoh. Their fighting strength is given in the Relation of 1660 as 300. At this time, however, they had been weakened by continual warfare. The Cayuga villages stood on the shore of Cayuga Lake, and their territory extended from that lake to the Owasco, both included. The tribe lay between the Senecas on the west and the Onondagas on the east. By the beginning of the nineteenth century they had been crowded off their ancestral lands, and scattered abroad. Some seven hundred are now on the Six Nation reserve, in the Niagara peninsula. The remainder are for the most part in the western United States. Index: Ch Iroquois tribe, 50. See also Iroquois; Senecas; Onondagas; Mohawks; Tuscaroras. Bib.: Pilling, Iroquoian Languages. See also Iroquois.

Cazeau, François. Hd Arrested on charge of treason, 279.

Census. The first census in Canada seems to have been taken in 1640, when the inhabitants numbered 375, distributed as follows: married men, 64; married women (three born in Canada), 64; widower, 1; widows, 4; unmarried men, 35; boys (30 born in Canada), 58; girls (24 born in Canada), 48; nuns, 6; Jesuits, 29; others, 66. Benjamin Sulte finds the population in 1650 to have been 705; and in 1663 about 2500. The census of 1665 gives the total population as 3251. The first census of the Dominion was taken in 1871, when the population was 3,635,024; the census of 1881 gave a total of 4,324,810; of 1891, 4,833,239; of 1901, 5,371,315. See also Acadians. Index: E Provided for by La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 86; placed under Department of Agriculture by Hincks-Morin government, 117. F Of 1666, 55. Bib.: Census of Canada, 1851, 1861, 1871, 1881, 1891, 1901. See also Johnson, First Things in Canada; and General Index, Trans. R. S. C., under Census.

Centurion. WM Admiral Saunders's ship, in action off Beauport shore, 136.

Chabanel, Noél. Jesuit missionary in the Huron country, 1643. Had been a professor of rhetoric in France, before coming to Canada. When the Hurons were driven from their country by the Iroquois, in 1649, he and Garnier led their demoralized flock to the Island of St. Joseph, in Matchadash Bay, an inlet of Georgian Bay. Even here the Iroquois followed them, and attacked the mission of St. Jean, Dec. 7, 1649. Chabanel had left the place a short time before, and so escaped the general massacre. He, however, fell a victim to one of his own Hurons, who confessed that he had murdered the missionary and thrown his body into a river. Index: L Died a martyr, 62. Bib.: Parkman, Jesuits in North America.

Chabot, J. (1807-1860). Born at St. Charles, Bellechasse, Lower Canada. Studied law and practised in Quebec. Sat in the Assembly for Quebec, 1843-1850; for Bellechasse, 1851-1854; and for Quebec, 1854-1856. Became chief commissioner of public works, 1849, and again in 1852; government director of the Grand Trunk, 1854; and Seigniorial Tenure commissioner the same year. Appointed judge of the Superior Court of Lower Canada, 1856. Index: E Commissioner of public works, 1853, 126; and again in coalition ministry, 1854, 141; votes against secularization of the Clergy Reserves, 164; commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 186. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Last Forty Years.

Chalmers, Thomas. R Offered, but declines, charge of educational policy in Upper Canada, 37.

Chamberlain, Joseph (1836- ). British statesman. Mc Justifies Upper Canada Rebellion, 29, 30. Bib.: Who's Who.

Chambers, Captain. Bk Sent to Moraviantown to oppose enemy, 219, 235; in command of 2d Brigade, 247.

Chambly, Jacques de. An officer of the Carignan Regiment; built Fort St. Louis, on the Richelieu, 1665, and given its command. In 1672 the seigniory of Chambly granted to him. Succeeded De Grandfontaine as governor of Acadia; transferred to Grenada; and later to Martinique, where he died. Index: F Appointed governor of Acadia, 90, 269; taken prisoner to Boston and there set at liberty, 269; again governor, 270; governor of Grenada (W. I.), 270. Bib.: Sulte, Régiment de Carignan (R. S. C., 1902).

Chambly. Fort, otherwise known as St. Louis, on the Richelieu. Built by Jacques de Chambly, 1665. Index: F Fort erected at, 51. Dr Captured by Montgomery, 99; abandoned, 146. L Fort erected at, 53. Hd Weak defences of, 134.

Champdoré. Ch Carpenter to De Monts's expedition, 22.

Champlain, Antoine. Ch Father of Samuel Champlain, 1.

Champlain, Samuel (1567?-1635). WM His elevated sentiments, 20. Ch Birth and education, 1; sails to West Indies, Mexico, and Panama in command of Spanish vessel, 3, 4; suggests channel through isthmus, 5; captures English vessels and returns to France, 6; publishes account of travels, 7; obtains pension and made hydrographer to king of France, 8; accepts offer of Aymar de Chastes of Dieppe to go to Canada, 9; arrives at Tadoussac, 10; explores Saguenay, 12; ascends St. Lawrence to Sault St. Louis, anchors at Quebec, and explores Gaspesia, 13; sails for France, 14; submits narrative of his voyages to the king, 14; accompanies De Monts to Acadia, 19; explores country and gives names to places, 19; describes river St. John, 20; discovers a copper mine, 22; makes plan of Ste. Croix Island, 24; explores coast of Norembega, 25; describes Pentagouet (Penobscot) River, 27; further explorations, 30; describes settlement at Port Royal, 32; returns to France, 37; sails for Quebec, 40; resists Basque traders, 40; arrives at Quebec, 41; conspiracy formed against, 42; execution of chief conspirator, 43; explores vicinity of Quebec, 44; illness, 46; fits out expedition against Iroquois, 47; conference with Huron chiefs, 48; his Indian policy, 49-52; encounter with Iroquois on Lake Champlain, 53; sails for France, 54; has audience with the king, 55; consults with De Monts, 56; returns to Canada, 59; arrives at Quebec, 61; proceeds again to attack Iroquois, 61; wounded in encounter near mouth of Richelieu River, 62; returns to Quebec, 63; hears of the assassination of Henry IV, and sails for France, 64; marries Hélène Boullé, 65-67; returns to Canada, 67; arrives at Quebec, 68; makes a clearing at Montreal, 69; names St. Helen's Island after his wife, 69; sails for France, 70; final interview with De Monts, 71; motives for pursuing his work in Canada, 72, 82; becomes lieutenant in Canada of Charles de Bourbon, Comte de Soissons, 73; on death of Soissons, becomes lieutenant of the Prince de Condé and returns to Canada, 73; arrives at Quebec and proceeds to Falls of St. Louis, 74; goes up the Ottawa River, 75; his astrolabe, 76; sails for France, 79; engages the services of missionaries for Canada, 83; brings to Canada three Récollet fathers and one friar, 85; arriving at Quebec, proceeds to Falls of St. Louis, 85; ascends Ottawa River, passes through Lake Nipissing into Georgian Bay and reaches territory of Hurons, 88; proceeds with Hurons on another campaign against Iroquois, 101; wounded in fight with Iroquois, 103; desires to return to Quebec, but is detained by Hurons, 103; settles quarrel between Algonquians and Hurons, 105; returns to Quebec, 106; convokes meeting to consider question of missions, 108; sails for France, 111; returns to Canada (1617), 112; sails for France (1618), 116; returns to Canada (1620), 121; his projects for the advancement of Canada, 124, 125; obtains letter from the king in his favour, 126; his commission renewed by Duc de Montmorency, 129; takes his wife to Canada, 129; receives letters from Montmorency and the king, 130, 131; his difficulties with rival Companies, 132, 136; confirmed as lieutenant of viceroy, 137; salary and trading privileges, 138; publishes ordinances, 139; returns to France with his wife (1624), 141; meets Montmorency, 150; appointed by the Duc de Ventadour as his lieutenant, 152; sails for Canada (1626), 155; arrives at Quebec, 156; fortifies Cape Diamond, 157; reconstructs Fort St. Louis, 158; his treatment of the Indians, 159; tries to make an alliance with Iroquois, 160; his policy towards the Montagnais, 162; imprisons Montagnais suspected of murder, 165; receives three young Montagnais girls to be educated, 165; one of the Hundred Associates (Company of New France), 170; forms establishment at Cap Tourmente, 171; criticizes conduct of Roquemont, 175; summoned by David Kirke to surrender Quebec, 176; his answer, 178; builds mill for grinding pease, 180; sends part of population of Quebec to Gaspé, 181; asserts superiority of his commission over Pont-Grave's, 182; summoned by Kirke to surrender Quebec, 188; capitulates, 190; his action criticized, 192, 193; signs articles of capitulation on board Kirke's ship, 195; delayed several weeks at Tadoussac, 204; his two Indian girls, Esperance and Charité, taken back by the Indians, 205; embarks for France, 206; goes to London and sees French ambassador, 207; shows him map of the country, 211; names given by, to harbours and rivers of New England, 212; crosses over to France, and has interview with the king, 212; returns to Quebec (1633), 228; takes active part in civilization of Micmacs, 237; erects chapel of Notre Dame de la Recouvrance, 238; his bequest to it, 239; appointed governor, by Company of New France (Hundred Associates), 244; his last letter to Cardinal Richelieu, 246; defrays expenses of some families coming to Canada, 250; approves of exclusion of Protestants as settlers, 255; his piety, 258; death, 261; question of his tomb, 261; his will, 265; will set aside, 266; character and fame, 267; monument to, 268, 275; the Father of New France, 269; crossed the Atlantic twenty times, 270; his conduct towards and influence over Indian tribes, 271; his Indian alliances, 272; his writings, 274, 275; eulogies pronounced on, 276-279. F Early career of, 3; sails for St. Lawrence and explores river to Lachine Rapids, 4; explores Baie des Chaleurs, returns to France, 5; accompanies De Monts to Acadia, 7; founder of Quebec, 8; plot against his life, 8; expedition against Iroquois, 9; returns to France and sails again for Canada, 10; returns to France, marries, and sails again for Canada, 11; prospects island of Montreal, 12; returns to France (1611), sails for Canada (1613), again to France, again to Canada (1615), 13; brings out Récollet missionaries, 13; heads another expedition against Iroquois, 14; begins construction of Château St. Louis, 15; surrenders Quebec to English under Kirke, 20; lands in England, 21; urges restitution of Canada, 22; sails for Quebec (1633), 24; death of, 26. L His anxiety for the propagation of the faith, 4; his pious administration, 8. Bib.: Works: [OE]uvres de Champlain (Laverdière), 1870; Voyages (Laverdière), 1870; Voyages (trans. by Otis, with memoir by Slafter), 1878-1882; Grant, Voyages of Samuel de Champlain; Bourne, Champlain's Voyages; Biggar, Works of Samuel de Champlain (Champlain Society, in prep.). For bib. of the original editions, see Harrisse, Notes pour Servir, etc. For biog., see Gravier, Vie de Samuel Champlain; Sedgwick, Samuel de Champlain; Dix, Champlain: the Founder of New France; Verreau, Samuel de Champlain (R. S. C., 1899); Parkman, Pioneers of France; Dent, Can. Por.

Champlain Lake. Discovered by Samuel Champlain, July, 1609. Here took place the first hostile encounter between the French and the Iroquois. The French were the aggressors, and had bitter enough cause to remember the fact throughout the century. In 1666 the Sieur de la Motte built a fort on Île La Motte, which was afterwards abandoned. Fort St. Frederic was built at Crown Point, 1731. It was enlarged and strengthened in 1734, and again in 1742. Lake Champlain became the war thoroughfare, not merely between the Iroquois and French, but between New France and New England. Fort Carillon was built, 1755-1756. With this lake are associated the names of Dieskau and Sir William Johnson, Montcalm and Abercrombie, Ethan Allen and Montgomery. Index: F Champlain reaches, in his expedition against the Iroquois, 9, 10. Hd Canada to be attacked by way of, 34; trouble among the settlers on, 89, 197; guarding against invasion from, 125, 133, 134; Major Carleton on, 149; messengers intercepted on, 129; forts captured by Ethan Allen, 198; Vermont negotiations held upon, 204; fear of rebel approach by, 208, 216; Ethan Allen offers to meet Haldimand upon, 214; Loyalists on shores of, 250. WM Montcalm at, 32, 34; 54-61; forts on, evacuated by Bourlamaque, 146. Dr Armed craft on, captured, 82; Americans evacuate Canada by way of, 146; route of attack on New England, 147; Carleton builds a fleet on, 149; description of the lake, 153; Carleton defeats Arnold on, 154-157. Ch Encounter with Iroquois at southern extremity of, 53. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Crockett, History of Lake Champlain; Smith, Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony; Reid, Lake George and Lake Champlain; Palmer, History of Lake Champlain. See bib. note in Crockett.

Chandler, Edward Barron (1800-1880). Elected to New Brunswick Assembly, 1827, for Westmoreland, which he represented until 1836, when called to Legislative Council. Became executive councillor, 1844. Engaged in negotiations for Intercolonial Railway, 1850-1852; reciprocity, 1854; and Confederation, 1865. Succeeded Tilley as lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 1878. Index: W Sent by New Brunswick Assembly to lay grievances before colonial secretary, 24; becomes member of government, 72; resigns, 76. T Goes to London to secure support for Intercolonial, 26-27; 54; member of Executive Council, 1856, 41; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73; to Quebec Conference, 77; Confederation delegate to England, 120. H Joins Joseph Howe in mission to Toronto on behalf of Intercolonial Railway project, 137; secures support of New Brunswick government, 139; his speech at Amherst on behalf of Howe, 140; accompanies Hincks to England on Intercolonial Railway mission, 142. B Complains at Quebec Conference, that proposed union legislative, not federal, 163. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick; Dent, Can. Por.

Chandler, Samuel. Mc Aids Mackenzie's escape, 397.