@2001 Gdp (part 6)

New Caledonia
chief of state: President of France Jacques CHIRAC
(since 17 May 1995), represented by High Commissioner Daniel
CONSTANTIN (since 3 July 2002)
head of government: President of the Government Pierre FROGIER
(since 5 April 2001)
cabinet: Consultative Committee
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; high commissioner appointed by the French president on the
advice of the French Ministry of Interior; president of the
government elected by the members of the Territorial Congress; note
- last election held 28 November 2002 when Pierre FROGIER was
reelected

New Zealand
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor General Dame Silvia CARTWRIGHT (since
4 April 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Helen CLARK (since 10 December
1999) and Deputy Prime Minister Michael CULLEN (since NA July 2002)
cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor general on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; deputy
prime minister appointed by the governor general

Nicaragua
chief of state: President Enrique BOLANOS Geyer (since 10
January 2002); Vice President Jose RIZO Castellon (since 10 January
2002); note - the president is both chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Enrique BOLANOS Geyer (since 10
January 2002); Vice President Jose RIZO Castellon (since 10 January
2002); note - the president is both chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 4 November
2001 (next to be held by November 2006)
election results: Enrique BOLANOS Geyer (PLC) elected president -
56.3%, Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (FSLN) 42.3%, Alberto SABORIO (PC)
1.4%; Jose RIZO Castellon elected vice president

Niger
chief of state: President TANDJA Mamadou (since 22 December
1999); note - the president is both chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President TANDJA Mamadou (since 22 December
1999); note - the president is both chief of state and head of
government; Prime Minister Hama AMADOU (since 31 December 1999) was
appointed by the president and shares some executive
responsibilities with the president
cabinet: 23-member Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
last held 24 November 1999 (next to be held NA 2004); prime minister
appointed by the president
election results: TANDJA Mamadou elected president; percent of vote
- TANDJA Mamadou 59.9%, Mahamadou ISSOUFOU 40.1%

Nigeria
chief of state: President Olusegun OBASANJO (since 29 May
1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Olusegun OBASANJO (since 29 May 1999);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Federal Executive Council
elections: president is elected by popular vote for no more than two
four-year terms; election last held 19 April 2003 (next to be held
NA 2007)
election results: Olusegun OBASANJO elected president; percent of
vote - Olusegun OBASANJO (PDP) 61.9%, Muhammadu BUHARI (ANPP) 31.2%,
Chukwuemeka Odumegwu OJUKWU (APGA) 3.3%, other 3.6%

Niue
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); the
UK and New Zealand are represented by New Zealand High Commissioner
John BRYAN (since NA May 2000)
head of government: Premier Young VIVIAN (since 1 May 2002)
cabinet: Cabinet consists of the premier and three ministers
elections: the monarch is hereditary; premier elected by the
Legislative Assembly for a three-year term; election last held 1 May
2002 (next to be held NA May 2005)
election results: Young VIVIAN elected premier; percent of
Legislative Assembly vote - Young VIVIAN (NPP) 70%, Hunukitama
HUNUKI (AI) 30%

Norfolk Island
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952); the UK and Australia are represented by Administrator Anthony
J. MESSNER (since 4 August 1997)
head of government: Assembly President and Chief Minister Geoffrey
Robert GARDNER (since 5 December 2001)
cabinet: Executive Council is made up of four of the nine members of
the Legislative Assembly; the council devises government policy and
acts as an advisor to the administrator
elections: the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed by the
governor general of Australia; chief minister elected by the
Legislative Assembly for a term of not more than three years;
election last held 29 November 2001 (next to be held by December
2004)
election results: Geoffrey Robert GARDNER elected chief minister;
percent of Legislative Assembly vote - NA%

Northern Mariana Islands
chief of state: President George W. BUSH of
the US (since 20 January 2001); Vice President Richard B. CHENEY
(since 20 January 2001)
head of government: Governor Juan N. BABAUTA (since NA January
2002); Lieutenant Governor Diego T. BENEVENTE (since NA January 2002)
cabinet: NA
elections: US president and vice president elected on the same
ticket for four-year terms; governor and lieutenant governor elected
on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election
last held NA November 2001 (next to be held NA November 2005)
election results: Juan N. BABAUTA elected governor in a four-way
race; percent of vote - Juan N. BABAUTA (Republican Party) 49%

Norway
chief of state: King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991); Heir
Apparent Crown Prince HAAKON MAGNUS, son of the monarch (born 20
July 1973)
head of government: Prime Minister Kjell Magne BONDEVIK (since 19
October 2001)
cabinet: State Council appointed by the monarch with the approval of
Parliament
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following parliamentary
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the
monarch with the approval of the Parliament

Oman
chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Said Al
Said (since 23 July 1970); note - the monarch is both the chief of
state and head of government
head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Said Al
Said (since 23 July 1970); note - the monarch is both the chief of
state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary

Pakistan
note: following a military takeover on 12 October 1999,
Chief of Army Staff and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Committee, General Pervez MUSHARRAF, suspended Pakistan's
constitution and assumed the additional title of Chief Executive;
exercising the powers of the head of the government, he appointed an
eight-member National Security Council to function as Pakistan's
supreme governing body; on 12 May 2000, Pakistan's Supreme Court
unanimously validated the October 1999 coup and granted MUSHARRAF
executive and legislative authority for three years from the coup
date; on 20 June 2001, MUSHARRAF named himself as president and was
sworn in, replacing Mohammad Rafiq TARAR; in a referendum held on 30
April 2002, MUSHARRAF's presidency was extended by five more years
chief of state: President Pervez MUSHARRAF (since 20 June 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Mir Zafarullah Khan JAMALI (since
23 November 2002)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the Prime Minister
elections: the president is elected by Parliament for a five-year
term; note - in a referendum held on 30 April 2002, MUSHARRAF's
presidency was extended by five more years (next to be held NA
2007); the prime minister is selected by the National Assembly for a
four-year term (next to be held NA 2006)
election results: results are for the 10 October 2002 election for
prime minister - Mir Zafarullah Khan JAMALI elected prime minister

Palau
chief of state: President Tommy Esang REMENGESAU, Jr. (since
19 January 2001) and Vice President Sandra PIERANTOZZI (since 19
January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Tommy Esang REMENGESAU, Jr. (since 19
January 2001) and Vice President Sandra PIERANTOZZI (since 19
January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
cabinet: Cabinet
elections: president and vice president elected on separate tickets
by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 7 November
2000 (next to be held NA November 2004)
election results: Tommy Esang REMENGESAU, Jr. elected president;
percent of vote - Tommy Esang REMENGESAU, Jr. 53%, Peter SUGIYAMA
46%; Sandra PIERANTOZZI elected vice president; percent of vote -
Sandra PIERANTOZZI 52%, Alan SEID 45%

Panama
chief of state: President Mireya Elisa MOSCOSO Rodriguez
(since 1 September 1999); First Vice President Arturo Ulises
VALLARINO (since 1 September 1999); Second Vice President Dominador
"Kaiser" Baldonero BAZAN Jimenez (since 1 September 1999); note -
the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Mireya Elisa MOSCOSO Rodriguez (since
1 September 1999); First Vice President Arturo Ulises VALLARINO
(since 1 September 1999); Second Vice President Dominador "Kaiser"
Baldonero BAZAN Jimenez (since 1 September 1999); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice presidents elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 2 May 1999
(next to be held NA May 2004)
election results: Mireya Elisa MOSCOSO Rodriguez elected president;
percent of vote - Mireya Elisa MOSCOSO Rodriguez (PA) 44%, Martin
TORRIJOS (PRD) 37%
note: government coalition - PA, MOLIRENA, Democratic Change,
MORENA, PLN, PS

Papua New Guinea
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Albert KIPALAN
(since 13 November 2003)
head of government: Prime Minister Sir Michael SOMARE (since 2
August 2002); Deputy Prime Minister Andrew BAING (since 15 November
2003)
cabinet: National Executive Council appointed by the governor
general on the recommendation of the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the National Executive Council; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition usually is appointed prime minister by the
governor general

Paraguay
chief of state: President Nicanor DUARTE FRUTOS (since 15
August 2003); Vice President Luis CASTIGLIONI (since 15 August
2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Nicanor DUARTE FRUTOS (since 15 August
2003); Vice President Luis CASTIGLIONI (since 15 August 2003); note
- the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 27 April
2003 (next to be held NA April 2008)
election results: Nicanor DUARTE FRUTOS elected president; percent
of vote - Nicanor DUARTE FRUTOS 37.1%, Julio Cesar Ramon FRANCO
Gomez 23.9%, Pedro Nicolas Maraa FADUL Niella 21.3%, Guillermo
SANCHEZ Guffanti 13.5%, other 4.2%

Peru
chief of state: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique (since 28
July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head
of government; additionally two vice presidents are provided for by
the constitution, First Vice President Raul DIEZ Canseco (since 28
July 2001) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July
2001)
head of government: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique (since 28
July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head
of government; additionally two vice presidents are provided for by
the constitution, First Vice President Raul DIEZ Canseco (since 28
July 2001) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July
2001)
note: Prime Minister Carlos FERRERO Costa (since 15 December 2003)
does not exercise executive power; this power is in the hands of the
president; note - Beatriz MERINO was asked to resign on 12 December
2003 and was replaced by Carlos FERRERO Costa three days later
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
special presidential and congressional elections held 8 April 2001,
with runoff election held 3 June 2001; next to be held 9 April 2006
election results: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique elected
president in runoff election; percent of vote - Alejandro TOLEDO
Manrique 53.1%, Alan GARCIA 46.9%

Philippines
chief of state: President Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO (since
20 January 2001) and Vice President Teofisto GUINGONA (since 20
January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO (since 20
January 2001) and Vice President Teofisto GUINGONA (since 20 January
2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with the consent of the
Commission of Appointments
elections: president and vice president elected on separate tickets
by popular vote for six-year terms; election last held 11 May 1998
(next to be held 16 May 2004)
election results: results of the last presidential election - Joseph
Ejercito ESTRADA elected president; percent of vote - approximately
40%; Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO elected vice president; percent of vote
- 55%; note - on 20 January 2001, Vice President Gloria
MACAPAGAL-ARROYO was sworn in as the constitutional successor to
President Joseph ESTRADA after the Supreme Court declared that
ESTRADA was unable to rule in view of the mass resignations from his
government; according to the Constitution, only in cases of death,
permanent disability, removal from office, or resignation of the
president, can the vice president serve for the unexpired term

Pitcairn Islands
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by UK High Commissioner to New Zealand
and Governor (nonresident) of the Pitcairn Islands Richard FELL
(since NA December 2001); Commissioner (nonresident) Leon SALT
(since NA); serves as liaison between the governor and the Island
Council
head of government: Mayor and Chairman of the Island Council Steve
CHRISTIAN (since 7 December 1999)
cabinet: NA
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; high commissioner and
commissioner appointed by the monarch; island magistrate elected by
popular vote for a three-year term; election last held NA December
1999 (next to be held NA December 2002)
election results: Steve CHRISTIAN elected mayor; percent of vote -
NA%

Poland
chief of state: President Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI (since 23
December 1995)
head of government: Prime Minister Leszek MILLER (SLD) (since 19
October 2001), Deputy Prime Ministers Marek POL (since 19 October
2001), Jerzy HAUSNER (since 11 June 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers responsible to the prime minister and
the Sejm; the prime minister proposes, the president appoints, and
the Sejm approves the Council of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 8 October 2000 (next to be held NA October 2005);
prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
and confirmed by the Sejm
election results: Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI reelected president;
percent of popular vote - Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI 53.9%, Andrzej
OLECHOWSKI 17.3%, Marian KRZAKLEWSKI 15.6%, Lech WALESA 1%

Portugal
chief of state: President Jorge SAMPAIO (since 9 March 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister Jose Manuel DURAO BARROSO (since
6 April 2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
note: there is also a Council of State that acts as a consultative
body to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 14 January 2001 (next to be held NA January
2006); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority
party or leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime
minister by the president
election results: Jorge SAMPAIO reelected president; percent of vote
- Jorge SAMPAIO (Socialist) 55.8%, Joaquim FERREIRA Do Amaral
(Social Democrat) 34.5%, Antonio ABREU (Communist) 5.1%

Puerto Rico
chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US
(since 20 January 2001); Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20
January 2001)
head of government: Governor Sila M. CALDERON (since 2 January 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor with the consent of the
legislature
elections: US president and vice president elected on the same
ticket for four-year terms; governor elected by popular vote for a
four-year term; election last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held
2 November 2004)
election results: Sila M. CALDERON (PPD) elected governor; percent
of vote - 48.6%
note: residents of Puerto Rico do not vote for US president and vice
president

Qatar
chief of state: Amir HAMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani (since 27 June
1995 when, as crown prince, he ousted his father, Amir KHALIFA bin
Hamad Al Thani, in a bloodless coup); Crown Prince JASIM bin Hamad
bin Khalifa Al Thani, third son of the monarch (selected crown
prince by the monarch 22 October 1996); note - Amir HAMAD also holds
the positions of minister of defense and commander-in-chief of the
armed forces
head of government: Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Khalifa Al Thani,
brother of the monarch (since 30 October 1996); Deputy Prime
Minister MUHAMMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani, brother of the monarch
(since 20 January 1998)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary
note: in April 2003, Qatar held nationwide elections for a 29-member
Central Municipal Council (CMC), which has consultative powers aimed
at improving the provision of municipal services; the first election
for the CMC was held in March 1999

Reunion
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17
May 1995), represented by Prefect Gonthier FRIEDERICI (since NA)
head of government: President of the General Council Jean-Luc
POUDROUX (since NA March 1998) and President of the Regional Council
Paul VERGES (since NA March 1993)
cabinet: NA
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the
French Ministry of the Interior; the presidents of the General and
Regional Councils are elected by the members of those councils

Romania
chief of state: President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 December
2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Adrian NASTASE (since 29 December
2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
election last held 26 November 2000, with runoff between the top two
candidates held 10 December 2000 (next to be held NA
November/December 2004); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: percent of vote - Ion ILIESCU 66.84%, Corneliu
Vadim TUDOR 33.16%

Russia
chief of state: President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN
(acting president since 31 December 1999, president since 7 May 2000)
head of government: Premier Mikhail Mikhaylovich KASYANOV (since 7
May 2000); Deputy Premiers Viktor Borisovich KHRISTENKO (since 31
May 1999), Aleksey Leonidovich KUDRIN (since 18 May 2000), Aleksey
Vasilyevich GORDEYEV (since 20 May 2000), Boris Sergeyevich ALESHIN
(since 24 April 2003), Galina Nikolayevna KARELOVA (since 24 April
2003), Vladimir Anatolyevich YAKOVLEV (since 16 June 2003)
cabinet: Ministries of the Government or "Government" composed of
the premier and his deputies, ministers, and selected other
individuals; all are appointed by the president
note: there is also a Presidential Administration (PA) that provides
staff and policy support to the president, drafts presidential
decrees, and coordinates policy among government agencies; a
Security Council also reports directly to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
election last held 26 March 2000 (next to be held March 2004); note
- no vice president; if the president dies in office, cannot
exercise his powers because of ill health, is impeached, or resigns,
the premier succeeds him; the premier serves as acting president
until a new presidential election is held, which must be within
three months; premier appointed by the president with the approval
of the Duma
election results: Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN elected president;
percent of vote - Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN 52.9%, Gennadiy
Andreyevich ZYUGANOV 29.2%, Grigoriy Alekseyevich YAVLINSKIY 5.8%

Rwanda
chief of state: President Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME (FPR) (since
22 April 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Bernard MAKUZA (since 8 March
2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: last held 25 August 2003 (next to be held NA 2008)
election results: Paul KAGAME elected president in first direct
popular vote; Paul KAGAME (RPF) 95.05%, Faustin TWAGIRAMUNGU 3.62%,
Jean-Nepomuscene NAYINZIRA 1.33%

Saint Helena
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952)
head of government: Governor and Commander in Chief Michael CLANCY
(since NA October 2003)
cabinet: Executive Council consists of the governor, two ex officio
officers, and six elected members of the Legislative Council
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor is appointed by
the monarch

Saint Kitts and Nevis
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by Governor General Cuthbert Montraville
SEBASTIAN (since 1 January 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS (since 6 July
1995) and Deputy Prime Minister Sam CONDOR (since 6 July 1995)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general in consultation
with the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the governor general is
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is
usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; deputy
prime minister appointed by the governor general

Saint Lucia
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor General Dr. Perlette LOUISY (since
September 1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Kenneth Davis ANTHONY (since 24
May 1997) and Deputy Prime Minister Mario MICHEL (since 24 May 1997)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the governor general is
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; deputy
prime minister appointed by the governor general

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC
of France (since 17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Claude VALLEIX
(since 9 October 2002)
head of government: President of the General Council Marc
PLANTAGENEST (since NA)
cabinet: NA
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; election last held, first round - 21 April 2002, second round
- 5 May 2002 (next to be held NA 2007); prefect appointed by the
French president on the advice of the French Ministry of Interior;
president of the General Council is elected by the members of the
council

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II
(since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir
Fredrick Nathaniel BALLANTYNE (since 2 September 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Ralph E. GONSALVES (since 29
March 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the governor general is
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party is usually appointed prime minister by
the governor general; deputy prime minister appointed by the
governor general on the advice of the prime minister

Samoa
chief of state: Chief Tanumafili II MALIETOA (cochief of state
from 1 January 1962 until becoming sole chief of state 5 April 1963)
head of government: Prime Minister Sailele Malielegaoi TUILA'EPA
(since 1996); note - TUILA'EPA served as deputy prime minister from
1992 until he assumed the prime ministership in 1996, when former
Prime Minister TOFILAU Eti Alesana resigned in poor health;
TUILA'EPA was confirmed as prime minister after TOFILAU died; the
post of deputy prime minister is currently vacant
cabinet: Cabinet consists of 12 members, appointed by the chief of
state with the prime minister's advice
elections: upon the death of Chief Tanumafili II MALIETOA, a new
chief of state will be elected by the Legislative Assembly to serve
a five-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party is usually appointed prime minister by the chief of
state with the approval of the Legislative Assembly

San Marino
chief of state: cochiefs of state Captain Regent Giovanni
LONFERNINI and Captain Regent Valeria CIAVATTA (for the period 1
October 2003-31 March 2004)
head of government: Secretary of State for Foreign and Political
Affairs Fiorenzo STOLFI (since 17 December 2002)
cabinet: Congress of State elected by the Great and General Council
for a five-year term
elections: cochiefs of state (captains regent) elected by the Great
and General Council for a six-month term; election last held NA
September 2003 (next to be held NA March 2004); secretary of state
for foreign and political affairs elected by the Great and General
Council for a five-year term; election last held 17 December 2002
(next to be held NA June 2007)
election results: Giovanni LONFERNINI and Valeria CIAVATTA elected
captains regent; percent of legislative vote - NA%; Fiorenzo STOLFI
elected secretary of state for foreign and political affairs;
percent of legislative vote - 40%
note: the popularly elected parliament (Grand and General Council)
selects two of its members to serve as the Captains Regent (cochiefs
of state) for a six-month period; they preside over meetings of the
Grand and General Council and its cabinet (Congress of State), which
has 10 other members, all selected by the Grand and General Council;
assisting the captains regent are 10 secretaries of state; the
secretary of state for Foreign Affairs has assumed some of the
prerogatives of a prime minister

Sao Tome and Principe
chief of state: President Fradique DE MENEZES
(since 3 September 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Maria das NEVES (since 7 October
2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
proposal of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 29 July 2001 (next to be held NA July 2006);
prime minister chosen by the National Assembly and approved by the
president
election results: Fradique DE MENEZES elected president in Sao
Tome's third multiparty presidential election; percent of vote - NA%

Saudi Arabia
chief of state: King and Prime Minister FAHD bin Abd
al-Aziz Al Saud (since 13 June 1982); Crown Prince and First Deputy
Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (half-brother to the
monarch, heir to the throne since 13 June 1982, regent from 1
January to 22 February 1996); note - the monarch is both the chief
of state and head of government
head of government: King and Prime Minister FAHD bin Abd al-Aziz Al
Saud (since 13 June 1982); Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime
Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (half-brother to the
monarch, heir to the throne since 13 June 1982, regent from 1
January to 22 February 1996); note - the monarch is both the chief
of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers is appointed by the monarch and
includes many royal family members
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary

Senegal
chief of state: President Abdoulaye WADE (since 1 April 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Idrissa SECK (since 4 November
2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in
consultation with the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
under new constitution; election last held 27 February and 19 March
2000 (next to be held 27 February 2005); prime minister appointed by
the president
election results: Abdoulaye WADE elected president; percent of vote
in the second round of voting - Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 58.49%, Abdou
DIOUF (PS) 41.51%

Serbia and Montenegro
chief of state: President Svetozar MAROVIC
(since 7 March 2003)
head of government: Prime Minister Dragisa PESIC (since 24 July
2001); Deputy Prime Minister Miroljub LABUS (since 25 January 2001)
cabinet: Federal Ministries act as Cabinet
elections: president elected by the Parliament for a four-year term;
election last held 7 March 2003 (next to be held NA 2007); prime
minister appointed by the president
election results: Svetozar MAROVIC elected president by the
Parliament; vote was Svetozar MAROVIC 65, other 47

Seychelles
chief of state: President France Albert RENE (since 5
June 1977); note - the president is both the chief of state and head
of government
head of government: President France Albert RENE (since 5 June
1977); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 31 August-2 September 2001 (next to be held NA
2006)
election results: France Albert RENE reelected president; percent of
vote - France Albert RENE (SPPF) 54.19%, Wavel RAMKALAWAN (UO)
44.95%, Philippe BOULLE 0.86%; note - the first time that
presidential elections have been held separately from legislative
elections

Sierra Leone
chief of state: President Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (since 29
March 1996, reinstated 10 March 1998); note - the president is both
the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (since 29 March
1996, reinstated 10 March 1998); note - the president is both the
chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Ministers of State appointed by the president with the
approval of the House of Representatives; the cabinet is responsible
to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 14 May 2002 (next to be held NA May 2007); note -
president's tenure of office is limited to two five-year terms
election results: Ahmad Tejan KABBAH reelected president; percent of
vote - Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (SLPP) 70.6%, Ernest KOROMA (APC) 22.4%

Singapore
chief of state: President Sellapan Rama (S. R.) NATHAN
(since 1 September 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister GOH Chok Tong (since 28 November
1990) and Deputy Prime Ministers Brig. Gen. (Ret.) LEE Hsien Loong
(since 28 November 1990) and TAN Keng Yam Tony (since 1 August 1995)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president, responsible to
Parliament
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;
election last held 28 August 1999 (next to be held by August 2005);
following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or
the leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime
minister by the president; deputy prime ministers appointed by the
president
election results: Sellapan Rama (S. R.) NATHAN elected president
unopposed

Slovakia
chief of state: President Rudolf SCHUSTER (since 15 June
1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Mikulas DZURINDA (since 30
October 1998); Deputy Prime Minister Pavol RUSKO (since 24 September
2003)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of
the prime minister
elections: president elected by direct, popular vote for a five-year
term; election last held 29 May 1999 (next to be held NA May/June
2004); following National Council elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of a majority coalition is usually
appointed prime minister by the president
election results: Rudolf SCHUSTER elected president in the first
direct, popular election; percent of vote - Rudolf SCHUSTER 57%;
Mikulas DZURINDA reelected prime minister October 2002
note: government coalition - SDKU, SMK, KDH, ANO

Slovenia
chief of state: President Janez DRNOVSEK (since 22 December
2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Anton ROP (since 11 December 2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and
elected by the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 10 November and 1 December 2002 (next to be held
in the fall of 2007); following National Assembly elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition
is usually nominated to become prime minister by the president and
elected by the National Assembly; election last held 6 December 2002
(next National Assembly elections to be held NA October 2004)
election results: Janez DRNOVSEK elected president; percent of vote
- Janez DRNOVSEK 56.5%, Barbara BREZIGAR 43.5%; Anton ROP elected
prime minister; National Assembly vote - 63 to 24

Solomon Islands
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor General Sir John LAPLI (since NA 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Sir Allan KEMAKEZA (since 17
December 2001); Deputy Prime Minister Snyder RINI (since 17 December
2001)
cabinet: Cabinet consists of 20 members appointed by the governor
general on the advice of the prime minister from among the members
of Parliament
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch on the advice of Parliament for up to five
years; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority
party or the leader of a majority coalition is usually elected prime
minister by Parliament; deputy prime minister appointed by the
governor general on the advice of the prime minister from among the
members of Parliament

Somalia
chief of state: ABDIKASSIM Salad Hassan (since 26 August
2000); note - as of December 2002, there was no executive branch in
southern Somalia; Interim President ABDIKASSIM was chosen for a
three-year term by a 245-member National Assembly serving as a
transitional government but has little power and was due to leave
office in August 2003; the political situation, particularly in the
south, with interclan fighting and random banditry, remains fluid
head of government: Prime Minister HASSAN Abshir Farah (since 12
November 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister and sworn in on 20
October 2000; as of 1 January 2002, the Cabinet was in caretaker
status following a no-confidence vote in October 2001 that ousted
HASSAN's predecessor
election results: ABDIKASSIM Salad Hassan was elected president of
an interim government at the Djibouti-sponsored Arta Peace
Conference on 26 August 2000 by a broad representation of Somali
clans that comprised a transitional National Assembly

South Africa
chief of state: President Thabo MBEKI (since 16 June
1999); Executive Deputy President Jacob ZUMA (since 17 June 1999);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Thabo MBEKI (since 16 June 1999);
Executive Deputy President Jacob ZUMA (since 17 June 1999); note -
the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a
five-year term; election last held 2 June 1999 (next scheduled for
sometime between May and July 2004)
election results: Thabo MBEKI elected president; percent of National
Assembly vote - 100% (by acclamation)
note: ANC-IFP is the governing coalition

Spain
chief of state: King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975);
Heir Apparent Prince FELIPE, son of the monarch, born 30 January 1968
head of government: President of the Government Jose Maria AZNAR
Lopez (since 5 May 1996); First Vice President (and Minister of
Economy) Rodrigo RATO Figaredo (since 4 September 2003) and Second
Vice President (and Minister of the Presidency) Javier ARENAS (since
4 September 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers designated by the president
note: there is also a Council of State that is the supreme
consultative organ of the government
elections: the monarch is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition is usually proposed president by the monarch and
elected by the National Assembly; election last held 12 March 2000
(next to be held NA March 2004); vice presidents appointed by the
monarch on the proposal of the president
election results: Jose Maria AZNAR Lopez (PP) elected president;
percent of National Assembly vote - 44.54%; note - the Popular Party
(PP) obtained an absolute majority of seats in both the Congress of
Deputies and the Senate as a result of the March 2000 elections

Sri Lanka
chief of state: President Chandrika Bandaranaike
KUMARATUNGA (since 12 November 1994); note - Ranil WICKREMASINGHE
(since 9 December 2001) is the prime minister; the president is
considered both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA
(since 12 November 1994); note - Ranil WICKREMASINGHE (since 9
December 2001) is the prime minister; the president is considered
both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president in consultation with the
prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;
election last held 21 December 1999 (next to be held NA December
2005)
election results: Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA reelected
president; percent of vote - Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA (PA)
51%, Ranil WICKREMASINGHE (UNP) 42%, other 7%

Sudan
chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Umar Hassan Ahmad al-BASHIR
(since 16 October 1993); First Vice President Ali Uthman Muhammad
TAHA (since 17 February 1998), Second Vice President Moses MACHAR
(since 12 February 2001); note - the president is both the chief of
state and head of government
head of government: President Lt. Gen. Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR
(since 16 October 1993); First Vice President Ali Uthman Muhammad
TAHA (since 17 February 1998), Second Vice President Moses MACHAR
(since 12 February 2001); note - the president is both the chief of
state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - the
National Congress Party or NCP (formerly the National Islamic Front
or NIF) dominates al-BASHIR's cabinet
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 13-23 December 2000 (next to be held NA 2005)
election results: Lt. Gen. Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR reelected
president; percent of vote - Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR 86.5%,
Ja'afar Muhammed NUMAYRI 9.6%, three other candidates received a
combined vote of 3.9%; election widely viewed as rigged; all popular
opposition parties boycotted elections because of a lack of
guarantees for a free and fair election
note: Lt. Gen. al-BASHIR assumed supreme executive power in 1989 and
retained it through several transitional governments in the early
and mid-1990s before being popularly elected for the first time in
March 1996

Suriname
chief of state: President Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN (since
12 August 2000); Vice President Jules Rattankoemar AJODHIA (since 12
August 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN (since 12
August 2000); Vice President Jules Rattankoemar AJODHIA (since 12
August 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president from among
the members of the National Assembly
elections: president and vice president elected by the National
Assembly or, if no presidential or vice presidential candidate
receives a constitutional majority in the National Assembly after
two votes, by the larger People's Assembly (869 representatives from
the national, local, and regional councils), for five-year terms;
election last held 6 May 2000 (next to be held NA May 2005)
note: widespread demonstrations during the summer of 1999 led to the
call for elections a year early
election results: Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN elected president by the
National Assembly; percent of legislative vote - Runaldo Ronald
VENETIAAN 72.5%; Rashied DOEKHIE (NDP) 19.6%; total votes cast -
Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN (New Front) 37 votes, Rashied DOEKHIE (NDP)
10 votes

Svalbard
chief of state: King HARALD V of Norway (since 17 January
1991)
head of government: Governor Morten RUUD (since NA November 1998)
and Assistant Governor Odd Redar HUMLEGAARD (since NA)
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor and assistant
governor responsible to the Polar Department of the Ministry of
Justice

Swaziland
chief of state: King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986)
head of government: Prime Minister Themba DLAMINI (since 14 November
2003)
cabinet: Cabinet recommended by the prime minister and confirmed by
the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister appointed
by the monarch

Sweden
chief of state: King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 19 September
1973); Heir Apparent Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree,
daughter of the monarch (born 14 July 1977)
head of government: Prime Minister Goran PERSSON (since 21 March
1996)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the prime minister is elected by the Parliament; election
last held 15 September 2002 (next to be held NA September 2006)
election results: Goran PERSSON reelected prime minister with 131
out of 349 votes

Switzerland
chief of state: President Pascal COUCHEPIN (since 1
January 2003); Vice President Ruth METZLER (since 1 January 2003);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Pascal COUCHEPIN (since 1 January
2003); Vice President Ruth METZLER (since 1 January 2003); note -
the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Federal Council or Bundesrat (in German), Conseil Federal
(in French), Consiglio Federale (in Italian) elected by the Federal
Assembly usually from among its own members for a four-year term
elections: president and vice president elected by the Federal
Assembly from among the members of the Federal Council for one-year
terms that run concurrently; election last held NA December 2002
(next to be held NA December 2003)
election results: Pascal COUCHEPIN elected president; percent of
Federal Assembly vote - NA%; Ruth METZLER elected vice president;
percent of legislative vote - NA%

Syria
chief of state: President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000);
Vice Presidents Abd al-Halim ibn Said KHADDAM (since 11 March 1984)
and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984)
head of government: Prime Minister Muhammad Naji al-UTRI (since 10
September 2003), Deputy Prime Ministers Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS
(since 11 March 1984), Farouk al-SHARA (since 13 December 2001), Dr.
Muhammad al-HUSAYN (since 13 December 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
referendum/election last held 10 July 2000 - after the death of
President Hafez al-ASAD, father of Bashar al-ASAD - (next to be held
NA 2007); vice presidents appointed by the president; prime minister
and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
election results: Bashar al-ASAD elected president; percent of vote
- Bashar al-ASAD 97.29%
note: Hafiz al-ASAD died on 10 June 2000; on 20 June 2000, the Ba'th
Party nominated Bashar al-ASAD for president and presented his name
to the People's Council on 25 June 2000

Taiwan
chief of state: President CHEN Shui-bian (since 20 May 2000)
and Vice President Annette LU (LU Hsiu-lien) (since 20 May 2000)
head of government: Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) YU
Shyi-kun (since 1 February 2002) and Vice Premier (Vice President of
the Executive Yuan) LIN Hsin-yi (since 1 February 2002)
cabinet: Executive Yuan appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 18 March
2000 (next to be held NA March 2004); premier appointed by the
president; vice premiers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the premier
election results: CHEN Shui-bian elected president; percent of vote
- CHEN Shui-bian (DPP) 39.3%, James SOONG (SOONG Chu-yu) (PFP)
36.84%, LIEN Chan (KMT) 23.1%, HSU Hsin-liang (independent) 0.63%,
LEE Ao (CNP) 0.13%

Tajikistan
chief of state: President Emomali RAHMONOV (since 6
November 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly chairman since 19
November 1992)
head of government: Prime Minister Oqil OQILOV (since 20 January
1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved
by the Supreme Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 6 November 1999 (next to be held NA 2006); prime
minister appointed by the president; Tajikistan held a
constitutional referendum on 22 June 2003 that, among other things,
set a term limit of two seven-year terms for the president
election results: Emomali RAHMONOV elected president; percent of
vote - Emomali RAHMONOV 97%, Davlat USMON 2%

Tanzania
chief of state: President Benjamin William MKAPA (since 23
November 1995); Vice President Dr. Ali Mohammed SHEIN (since 5 July
2001); note - the president is both chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Benjamin William MKAPA (since 23
November 1995); Vice President Dr. Ali Mohammed SHEIN (since 5 July
2001); note - the president is both chief of state and head of
government
note: Zanzibar elects a president who is head of government for
matters internal to Zanzibar; Amani Abeid KARUME was elected to that
office on 29 October 2000
cabinet: Cabinet ministers, including the prime minister, are
appointed by the president from among the members of the National
Assembly
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ballot
by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 29 October
2000 (next to be held NA October 2005); prime minister appointed by
the president
election results: Benjamin William MKAPA reelected president;
percent of vote - Benjamin William MKAPA 71.7%, Ibrahim Haruna
LIPUMBA 16.3%, Augustine Lyatonga MREME 7.8%, John Momose CHEYO 4.2%

Thailand
chief of state: King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet (since 9 June 1946)
head of government: Prime Minister THAKSIN Chinnawat (since 9
February 2001) and Deputy Prime Ministers Gen. (Ret.) CHAWALIT
Yongchaiyut, KON Thappharansi, SUWIT Khunkitti, CHATURON Chaisaeng,
VISHANU Krua-ngam, and PROMMIN Lertsuridej (since 18 February 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
note: there is also a Privy Council
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister is
designated from among the members of the House of Representatives;
following national elections for the House of Representatives, the
leader of the party that can organize a majority coalition usually
is appointed prime minister by the king

Togo
chief of state: President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14
April 1967)
head of government: Prime Minister Koffi SAMA (since 29 June 2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and the
prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 1 June 2003 (next to be held NA June 2008); prime
minister appointed by the president
election results: Gnassingbe EYADEMA reelected president; percent of
vote - Gnassingbe EYADEMA 57.2%, Emmanuel Akitani BOB 34.1%, Yawovi
AGBOYIBO 5.2%, Maurice Dahuku PERE 2.3%, Edem KODJO 1.0%

Tokelau
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
the UK and New Zealand are represented by Administrator Lindsay WATT
(since NA March 1993)
head of government: Aliki Faipule Pio TUIA (since NA 2002)
cabinet: the Council of Faipule, consisting of three elected leaders
- one from each atoll - functions as a cabinet
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed
by the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade in New Zealand; the
head of government is chosen from the Council of Faipule and serves
a one-year term

Tonga
chief of state: King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December
1965)
head of government: Prime Minister Prince Lavaka ata ULUKALALA
(since NA February 2000) and Deputy Prime Minister Tevita TOPOU
(since NA January 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet, appointed by the monarch, consists of 12 members
note: there is also a Privy Council that consists of the monarch,
the Cabinet, and two governors
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and
deputy prime minister appointed for life by the monarch

Trinidad and Tobago
chief of state: President George Maxwell
RICHARDS (since 17 March 2003)
head of government: Prime Minister Patrick MANNING (since 24
December 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed from among the members of Parliament
elections: president elected by an electoral college, which consists
of the members of the Senate and House of Representatives, for a
five-year term; election last held 14 February 2003 (next to be held
NA 2008); the president usually appoints as prime minister the
leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives
election results: George Maxwell RICHARDS elected president; percent
of electoral college vote - 43%

Tunisia
chief of state: President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI (since 7
November 1987)
head of government: Prime Minister Mohamed GHANNOUCHI (since 17
November 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 24 October 1999 (next to be held NA 2004); prime
minister appointed by the president
election results: President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI reelected for a
third term without opposition; percent of vote - Zine El Abidine BEN
ALI nearly 100%

Turkey
chief of state: President Ahmet Necdet SEZER (since 16 May
2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (14 March
2003); note - Abdullah GUL resigned 11 March 2003; Recep Tayyip
ERDOGAN was given a mandate to form a new government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
nomination of the prime minister
note: a National Security Council serves as an advisory body to the
government composed of top military and cabinet officials and
presided over by the president
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a
seven-year term; election last held 5 May 2000 (next to be held NA
May 2007); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by
the president
election results: Ahmed Necdet SEZER elected president on the third
ballot; percent of National Assembly vote - 60%
note: president must have a two-thirds majority of the National
Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third
ballot

Turkmenistan
chief of state: President and Chairman of the Cabinet
of Ministers Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October 1990, when the
first direct presidential election occurred); note - the president
is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President and Chairman of the Cabinet of
Ministers Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October 1990, when the first
direct presidential election occurred); note - the president is both
the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
note: NIYAZOV's term in office was extended indefinitely on 28
December 1999 by the Assembly (Majlis) during a session of the
People's Council (Halk Maslahaty)
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 21 June 1992 (next to be held NA); note -
President NIYAZOV was unanimously approved as president for life by
the Assembly on 28 December 1999); deputy chairmen of the cabinet of
ministers are appointed by the president
election results: Saparmurat NIYAZOV elected president without
opposition; percent of vote - Saparmurat NIYAZOV 99.5%

Turks and Caicos Islands
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1953), represented by Governor Jim POSTON (since 16
December 2002)
head of government: Chief Minister Derek H. TAYLOR (since 31 January
1995)
cabinet: Executive Council consists of three ex officio members and
five appointed by the governor from among the members of the
Legislative Council
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party is appointed chief minister by the governor

Tuvalu
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Faimalaga LUKA (since 9 September
2003)
head of government: Prime Minister Saufatu SOPOANGA (since 2 August
2002)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by
the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; prime
minister and deputy prime minister elected by and from the members
of Parliament; election last held 2 August 2002 (next to be held NA)
election results: Saufatu SOPOANGA elected prime minister;
Parliamentary vote - Saufatu SOPOANGA 8, Amasone KILEI 7

Uganda
chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI
(since seizing power 26 January 1986); note - the president is both
chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since
seizing power 29 January 1986); Prime Minister Apollo NSIBAMBI
(since 5 April 1999); note - the president is both chief of state
and head of government; the prime minister assists the president in
the supervision of the cabinet
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among elected
legislators
elections: president reelected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 12 March 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); note -
first popular election for president since independence in 1962 was
held in 1996; prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI elected president;
percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI 69.3%, Kizza
BESIGYE 27.8%

Ukraine
chief of state: President Leonid D. KUCHMA (since 19 July
1994)
head of government: Prime Minister Viktor YANUKOVYCH (since 21
November 2002); First Deputy Prime Minister Mykola AZAROV (since 26
November 2002)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president and
approved by the Supreme Council
note: there is also a National Security and Defense Council or NSDC
originally created in 1992 as the National Security Council, but
significantly revamped and strengthened under President KUCHMA; the
NSDC staff is tasked with developing national security policy on
domestic and international matters and advising the president; a
Presidential Administration that helps draft presidential edicts and
provides policy support to the president; and a Council of Regions
that serves as an advisory body created by President KUCHMA in
September 1994 that includes chairmen of the Kiev (Kyyiv) and
Sevastopol' municipalities and chairmen of the oblasti
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 31 October and 14 November 1999 (next to be held
NA October 2004); prime minister and deputy prime ministers
appointed by the president and approved by the Supreme Council
election results: Leonid D. KUCHMA elected president; percent of
vote - Leonid KUCHMA 57.7%, Petro SYMONENKO 38.8%

United Arab Emirates
chief of state: President ZAYID bin Sultan Al
Nuhayyan (since 2 December 1971), ruler of Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi)
(since 6 August 1966) and Vice President MAKTUM bin Rashid al-Maktum
(since 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy (Dubai)
head of government: Prime Minister MAKTUM bin Rashid al-Maktum
(since 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy (Dubai); Deputy Prime
Minister SULTAN bin Zayid Al Nuhayyan (since 20 November 1990)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
note: there is also a Federal Supreme Council (FSC) composed of the
seven emirate rulers; the FSC is the highest constitutional
authority in the UAE; establishes general policies and sanctions
federal legislation; meets four times a year; Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi)
and Dubayy (Dubai) rulers have effective veto power
elections: president and vice president elected by the FSC (a group
of seven electors) for five-year terms; election last held 2
December 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); prime minister and deputy
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: ZAYID bin Sultan Al Nuhayyan reelected president;
percent of FSC vote - NA%, but believed to be unanimous; MAKTUM bin
Rashid al-Maktum elected vice president; percent of FSC vote - NA%,
but believed to be unanimous

United Kingdom
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952); Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES (son of the queen, born 14
November 1948)
head of government: Prime Minister Anthony (Tony) BLAIR (since 2 May
1997)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition is usually the prime minister

United States
chief of state: President George W. BUSH (since 20
January 2001) and Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20 January
2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President George W. BUSH (since 20 January 2001)
and Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20 January 2001); note -
the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with Senate approval
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by a college of representatives who are elected directly from each
state; president and vice president serve four-year terms; election
last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held 2 November 2004)
election results: George W. BUSH elected president; percent of
popular vote - George W. BUSH (Republican Party) 48%, Albert A.
GORE, Jr. (Democratic Party) 48%, Ralph NADER (Green Party) 3%,
other 1%

Uruguay
chief of state: President Jorge BATLLE Ibanez (since 1 March
2000) and Vice President Luis HIERRO (since 1 March 2000); note -
the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Jorge BATLLE Ibanez (since 1 March
2000) and Vice President Luis HIERRO (since 1 March 2000); note -
the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president with
parliamentary approval
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 31 October
1999, with runoff election on 28 November 1999 (next to be held NA
2004)
election results: Jorge BATLLE Ibanez elected president; percent of
vote - Jorge BATLLE Ibanez 52% in a runoff against Tabare VAZQUEZ 44%

Uzbekistan
chief of state: President Islom KARIMOV (since 24 March
1990, when he was elected president by the then Supreme Soviet)
head of government: Prime Minister Shavkat MIRZIYAYEV (since 11
December 2003)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president with
approval of the Supreme Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term
(previously was a five-year term, extended by constitutional
amendment in 2002); election last held 9 January 2000 (next to be
held NA December 2007); prime minister and deputy ministers
appointed by the president
election results: Islom KARIMOV reelected president; percent of vote
- Islom KARIMOV 91.9%, Abdulkhafiz JALALOV 4.2%

Vanuatu
chief of state: President Father John BANI (since 25 March
1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Edward Nipake NATAPEI (since 13
April 2001); Deputy Prime Minister Ham LINI (since NA)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister,
responsible to Parliament
elections: president elected for a four-year term by an electoral
college consisting of Parliament and the presidents of the regional
councils for a five-year term; election for president last held 25
March 1999 (next to be held NA 2004); following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is
usually elected prime minister by Parliament from among its members;
election for prime minister last held 2 August 2002 (next to be held
NA 2003)
election results: Father John BANI elected president on second vote
(24 March 1999) after the first (17 March 1999) did not have any
candidate with the required two-thirds majority; percent of
electoral college vote - NA%

Venezuela
chief of state: President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias (since 3
February 1999); Vice President Jose Vicente RANGEL (since 28 April
2002); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias (since 3 February
1999); Vice President Jose Vicente RANGEL (since 28 April 2002);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;
election last held 30 July 2000 (next to be held NA 2006)
election results: Hugo CHAVEZ Frias reelected president; percent of
vote - 60%

Vietnam
chief of state: President Tran Duc LUONG (since 24 September
1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Phan Van KHAI (since 25 September
1997); First Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen Tan DUNG (since 29
September 1997); Deputy Prime Ministers Vu KHOAN (since NA) and Pham
Gia KHIEM (since 29 September 1997)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the proposal of the
prime minister and ratification of the National Assembly
elections: president elected by the National Assembly from among its
members for a five-year term; election last held 25 July 2002 (next
to be held when National Assembly meets following legislative
elections in 2007); prime minister appointed by the president from
among the members of the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers
appointed by the prime minister
election results: Tran Duc LUONG elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote - NA%

Virgin Islands
chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US
(since 20 January 2001); Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (Since 20
January 2001)
head of government: Governor Dr. Charles Wesley TURNBULL (since 5
January 1999) and Lieutenant Governor Vargrave RICHARDS (since NA
January 2003)
cabinet: NA
elections: US president and vice president elected on the same
ticket for four-year terms; governor and lieutenant governor elected
on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election
last held 5 November 2002 (next to be held NA November 2006)
election results: Dr. Charles Wesley TURNBULL reelected governor;
percent of vote - Dr. Charles Wesley TURNBULL (Democrat) 50.5%, John
de JONGH 24.4%

Wallis and Futuna
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France
(since 17 May 1995), represented by High Administrator Christian JOB
(since 6 August 2002)
head of government: President of the Territorial Assembly Patalione
KANIMOA (since NA January 2001)
cabinet: Council of the Territory consists of three kings and three
members appointed by the high administrator on the advice of the
Territorial Assembly
note: there are three traditional kings with limited powers
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; high administrator appointed by the French president on the
advice of the French Ministry of the Interior; the presidents of the
Territorial Government and the Territorial Assembly are elected by
the members of the assembly

Western Sahara
none

Yemen
chief of state: President Field Marshall Ali Abdallah SALIH
(since 22 May 1990, the former president of North Yemen, assumed
office upon the merger of North and South Yemen); Vice President
Maj. Gen. Abd al-Rab Mansur al-HADI (since 3 October 1994)
head of government: Prime Minister Abd al-Qadir BA JAMAL (since 4
April 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
advice of the prime minister
elections: president elected by direct, popular vote for a
seven-year term (recently extended from a five-year term by
constitutional amendment); election last held 23 September 1999
(next to be held NA 2006); vice president appointed by the
president; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by
the president
election results: Ali Abdallah SALIH elected president; percent of
vote - Ali Abdallah SALIH 96.3%, Najib Qahtan AL-SHAABI 3.7%

Zambia
chief of state: President Levy MWANAWASA (since 2 January
2002); Vice President Nevers MUMBA (since May 2003); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Levy MWANAWASA (since 2 January 2002);
Vice President Nevers MUMBA (since May 2003); note - the president
is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members
of the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 27 December 2001 (next to be held NA December
2006); vice president appointed by the president
election results: Levy MWANAWASA elected president; percent of vote
- Levy MWANAWASA 29%, Anderson MAZOKA 27%, Christon TEMBO 13%,
Tilyenji KAUNDA 10%, Godfrey MIYANDA 8%, Benjamin MWILA 5%, Michael
SATA 3%, other 5%

Zimbabwe
chief of state: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE
(since 31 December 1987); Joseph MSIKA (since 23 December 1999);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since
31 December 1987); Joseph MSIKA (since 23 December 1999); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president; responsible to the
House of Assembly
elections: presidential candidates nominated with a nomination paper
signed by at least 10 registered voters (at least one from each
province) and elected by popular vote; election last held 9-11 March
2002 (next to be held NA March 2008); co-vice presidents appointed
by the president
election results: Robert Gabriel MUGABE reelected president; percent
of vote - Robert Gabriel MUGABE 56.2%, Morgan TSVANGIRAI 41.9%

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

@2078 Exports

Afghanistan
$1.2 billion (not including illicit exports) (2001 est.)

Albania
$340 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Algeria
$19.5 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

American Samoa
$345 million (1999)

Andorra
$58 million f.o.b. (1998)

Angola
$8.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Anguilla
$2.6 million (1999)

Antigua and Barbuda
$40 million

Argentina
$25.3 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Armenia
$525 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Aruba
$1.88 billion f.o.b. (including oil reexports) (2002 est.)

Australia
$66.3 billion (2002 est.)

Austria
$70 billion f.o.b. (2001)

Azerbaijan
$2 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Bahamas, The
$560.7 million (2002 est.)

Bahrain
$5.8 billion (2002)

Bangladesh
$6.2 billion (2002)

Barbados
$227 million (2002)

Belarus
$7.7 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Belgium
$162 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Belize
$290 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Benin
$207 million f.o.b. (2002)

Bermuda
$51 million (2000)

Bhutan
$154 million f.o.b. (2000 est.)

Bolivia
$1.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
$1.15 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Botswana
$2.4 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Brazil
$59.4 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

British Virgin Islands
$25.3 million (2002)

Brunei
$3 billion f.o.b. (2000 est.)

Bulgaria
$5.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Burkina Faso
$250 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Burma
$2.7 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Burundi
$26 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Cambodia
$1.38 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Cameroon
$1.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Canada
$260.5 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Cape Verde
$30 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Cayman Islands
$1.2 million (1999)

Central African Republic
$134 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Chad
$197 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Chile
$17.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

China
$325.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Christmas Island
$NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
$NA

Colombia
$12.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Comoros
$16.3 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
$1.2 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
$2.4 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Cook Islands
$9.1 million (2000)

Costa Rica
$5.1 billion (2002)

Cote d'Ivoire
$4.4 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Croatia
$4.9 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Cuba
$1.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Cyprus
Greek Cypriot area: $1.03 billion f.o.b. Turkish Cypriot
area: $46 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Czech Republic
$40.8 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Denmark
$56.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Djibouti
$70 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Dominica
$50 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Dominican Republic
$5.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

East Timor
$8 million (2001 est.)

Ecuador
$4.9 billion (2002 est.)

Egypt
$7 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

El Salvador
$3 billion (2002 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
$2.5 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Eritrea
$20 million f.o.b. (2001)

Estonia
$3.4 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Ethiopia
$433 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
$7.6 million (1995)

Faroe Islands
$418 million f.o.b. (2001)

Fiji
$442 million f.o.b. (2001)

Finland
$40.1 billion f.o.b. (2002)

France
$307.8 billion f.o.b. (2002)

French Guiana
$155 million f.o.b.

French Polynesia
$260 million f.o.b. (2000)

Gabon
$2.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Gambia, The
$138 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Gaza Strip
$603 million f.o.b., includes West Bank

Georgia
$515 million (2002 est.)

Germany
$608 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Ghana
$2.2 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Gibraltar
$81.1 million f.o.b. (1997)

Greece
$12.6 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Greenland
$364 million f.o.b. (2001)

Grenada
$78 million (2000 est.)

Guadeloupe
$140 million f.o.b. (1997)

Guam
$75.7 million f.o.b. (1999 est.)

Guatemala
$2.7 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Guernsey
$NA

Guinea
$835 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
$71 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Guyana
$500 million f.o.b. (2002)

Haiti
$298 million f.o.b. (2002)

Honduras
$1.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Hong Kong
$200.3 billion f.o.b., including reexports (2002 est.)

Hungary
$31.4 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Iceland
$2.3 billion f.o.b. (2002)

India
$44.5 billion f.o.b. (2001)

Indonesia
$52.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Iran
$24.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Iraq
$13 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Ireland
$86.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Israel
$28.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Italy
$259.2 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Jamaica
$1.4 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Japan
$383.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Jersey
$NA

Jordan
$2.5 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Kazakhstan
$10.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Kenya
$2.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Kiribati
$6 million f.o.b. (1998)

Korea, North
$842 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Korea, South
$162.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Kuwait
$16 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
$488 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Laos
$345 million (2002 est.)

Latvia
$2.3 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Lebanon
$1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Lesotho
$422 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Liberia
$110 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Libya
$11.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Liechtenstein
$2.47 billion (1996)

Lithuania
$5.4 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Luxembourg
$10.1 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Macau
$2.36 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of $1.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Madagascar
$700 million f.o.b. (2002)

Malawi
$435 million f.o.b. (201)

Malaysia
$95.2 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Maldives
$110 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Mali
$680 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Malta
$2 billion f.o.b. (2001)

Man, Isle of
$NA

Marshall Islands
$9 million f.o.b. (2000)

Martinique
$250 million f.o.b. (1997)

Mauritania
$355 million f.o.b. (2002)

Mauritius
$1.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Mayotte
$3.44 million f.o.b. (1997)

Mexico
$158.4 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
$22 million (f.o.b.) (FY 99/00 est.)

Moldova
$590 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Monaco
$NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and
rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market
system through customs union with France

Mongolia
$501 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Montserrat
$700,000 (2001)

Morocco
$7.5 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Mozambique
$680 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Namibia
$1.21 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Nauru
$27 million f.o.b. (1995)

Nepal
$720 million f.o.b., but does not include unrecorded border
trade with India (2001 est.)

Netherlands
$243.3 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Netherlands Antilles
$553 million f.o.b. (2002)

New Caledonia
$400 million f.o.b. (2000)

New Zealand
$15 billion (2002 est.)

Nicaragua
$637 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Niger
$293 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Nigeria
$17.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Niue
$137,200 (1999)

Norfolk Island
$1.5 million f.o.b. (FY 91/92)

Northern Mariana Islands
$NA

Norway
$68.2 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Oman
$10.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Pakistan
$9.8 billion f.o.b. (FY02/03 est.)

Palau
$18 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Panama
$5.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Papua New Guinea
$1.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Paraguay
$2 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Peru
$7.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Philippines
$35.1 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Pitcairn Islands
$NA

Poland
$32.4 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Portugal
$25.9 billion f.o.b. (2001)

Puerto Rico
$46.9 billion f.o.b. (2001)

Qatar
$10.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Reunion
$214 million f.o.b. (1997)

Romania
$13.7 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Russia
$104.6 billion (2002 est.)

Rwanda
$68 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Saint Helena
$704,000 f.o.b. (1995)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
$47 million (2001 est.)

Saint Lucia
$68.3 million (2000 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
$12 million f.o.b. (1999)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
$53.7 million (2000 est.)

Samoa
$15.5 million f.o.b. (2001)

San Marino
trade data are included with the statistics for Italy

Sao Tome and Principe
$5.5 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Saudi Arabia
$71 billion f.o.b. (2001)

Senegal
$1.15 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
$2.4 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Seychelles
$235 million f.o.b. (2002)

Sierra Leone
$35 million f.o.b. (2000 est.)

Singapore
$127 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Slovakia
$12.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Slovenia
$10.3 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Solomon Islands
$47 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Somalia
$126 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

South Africa
$31.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Spain
$122.2 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Sri Lanka
$4.6 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Sudan
$1.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Suriname
$445 million f.o.b. (2002)

Svalbard
$NA

Swaziland
$820 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Sweden
$80.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Switzerland
$100.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Syria
$6.2 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Taiwan
$130 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Tajikistan
$710 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Tanzania
$863 million f.o.b. (2001)

Thailand
$67.7 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Togo
$449 million f.o.b. (2002)

Tokelau
$98,000 f.o.b. (1983)

Tonga
$8.9 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
$4.2 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Tunisia
$6.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Turkey
$35.1 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Turkmenistan
$2.97 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
$169.2 million (2000)

Tuvalu
$276,000 f.o.b. (1997)

Uganda
$476 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Ukraine
$18.1 billion (2002 est.)

United Arab Emirates
$44.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

United Kingdom
$286.3 billion f.o.b. (2002)

United States
$687 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Uruguay
$2.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Uzbekistan
$2.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Vanuatu
$22 million f.o.b. (2001)

Venezuela
$28.6 billion f.o.b. (2001)

Vietnam
$16.5 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Virgin Islands
$NA

Wallis and Futuna
$250,000 f.o.b. (1999)

West Bank
$603 million f.o.b., includes Gaza Strip

Western Sahara
$NA

World
$6.6 trillion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Yemen
$3.4 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Zambia
$709 million f.o.b. (2001)

Zimbabwe
$1.57 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

@2079 Debt - external

Afghanistan
NA (1996 est.)

Albania
$784 million (2000)

Algeria
$21.6 billion (2002 est.)

American Samoa
$NA

Andorra
$NA

Angola
$9.9 billion (2002 est.)

Anguilla
$8.8 million (1998)

Antigua and Barbuda
$231 million (1999)

Argentina
$155 billion (2001 est.)

Armenia
$905 million (June 2001)

Aruba
$285 million (1996)

Australia
$176.8 billion (yearend 2002 est.)

Austria
$12.1 billion (2001 est.)

Azerbaijan
$1.4 billion (2002)

Bahamas, The
$371.6 million (2001)

Bahrain
$3.7 billion (2002)

Bangladesh
$16.5 billion (2002)

Barbados
$692 million (2002)

Belarus
$851 million (2001 est.)

Belgium
$28.3 billion (1999 est.)

Belize
$475 million (2001 est.)

Benin
$1.6 billion (2000)

Bermuda
$145 million (FY 99/00)

Bhutan
$245 million (2000)

Bolivia
$5.9 billion (2002 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
$2.8 billion (2001)

Botswana
$360 million (2002)

Brazil
$222.4 billion (2002)

British Virgin Islands
$36.1 million (1997)

Brunei
$0

Bulgaria
$10.3 billion (yearend 2002)

Burkina Faso
$1.3 billion (2000)

Burma
$6.1 billion (2002 est.)

Burundi
$1.14 billion (2001)

Cambodia
$829 million (1999 est.)

Cameroon
$8.6 billion (2002 est.)

Canada
$1.9 billion $NA (2000)

Cape Verde
$325 million (2002)

Cayman Islands
$70 million (1996)

Central African Republic
$881.4 million (2000 est.)

Chad
$1.1 billion (2000 est.)

Chile
$40.4 billion (2002)

China
$149.4 billion (2002 est.)

Christmas Island
$NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
$NA

Colombia
$38.4 billion (2002 est.)

Comoros
$232 million (2000 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
$12.9 billion (2000 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
$5 billion (2000 est.)

Cook Islands
$141 million (1996 est.)

Costa Rica
$4.8 billion (2002 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
$10.3 billion (2002 est.)

Croatia
$16.5 billion (yearend 2002 est.)

Cuba
$12.3 billion (convertible currency); another $15 billion -$20
billion owed to Russia (2002 est.)

Cyprus
Greek Cypriot area: $8 billion; Turkish Cypriot area: $NA
(2002)

Czech Republic
$23.8 billion (2002)

Denmark
$21.7 billion (2000)

Djibouti
$366 million (2002 est.)

Dominica
$161.5 million (2001)

Dominican Republic
$4.8 billion (2002 est.)

East Timor
$NA

Ecuador
$14.4 billion (2002)

Egypt
$30.5 billion (2002 est.)

El Salvador
$5.6 billion (2001 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
$248 million (2000 est.)

Eritrea
$311 million (2000 est.)

Estonia
$3.3 billion (2001 est.)

Ethiopia
$5.3 billion (2001 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
$NA

Faroe Islands
$64 million (1999)

Fiji
$135.9 million (2000)

Finland
$30 billion (December 1993)

France
NA (1998)

French Guiana
$1.2 billion (1988)

French Polynesia
$NA

Gabon
$3.8 billion (2002 est.)

Gambia, The
$476 million (2001 est.)

Gaza Strip
$108 million (includes West Bank) (1997 est.)

Georgia
$1.7 billion (2001)

Germany
$NA

Ghana
$7.2 billion (2002 est.)

Gibraltar
$NA

Greece
$63.4 billion (2002 est.)

Greenland
$25 million (1999)

Grenada
$196 million (2000)

Guadeloupe
$NA

Guam
$NA

Guatemala
$4.9 billion (2002 est.)

Guernsey
$NA

Guinea
$3.4 billion (2000 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
$941.5 million (2000 est.)

Guyana
$1.2 billion (2002)

Haiti
$1.2 billion (1999)

Honduras
$5.4 billion (2002)

Hong Kong
$49.5 billion (2002 est.)

Hungary
$31.5 billion (2002 est.)

Iceland
$2.6 billion (1999)

India
$100.6 billion (2001 est.)

Indonesia
$131 billion (2002 est.)

Iran
$8.7 billion (2002 est.)

Iraq
$120 billion (2002 est.)

Ireland
$11 billion (1998)

Israel
$42.8 billion (2001 est.)

Italy
NA

Jamaica
$5.3 billion (2002 est.)

Japan
$NA

Jersey
none

Jordan
$8.2 billion (2002 est.)

Kazakhstan
$6.6 billion (2002 est.)

Kenya
$5.7 billion (2002 est.)

Kiribati
$10 million (1999 est.)

Korea, North
$12 billion (1996 est.)

Korea, South
$135.2 billion (yearend 2002 est.)

Kuwait
$10.4 billion (2000 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
$1.5 billion (2002 est.)

Laos
$2.53 billion (1999)

Latvia
$3.4 billion (2000 est.)

Lebanon
$9.3 billion (2002 est.)

Lesotho
$735 million (2002)

Liberia
$2.1 billion (2000 est.)

Libya
$4.4 billion (2001 est.)

Liechtenstein
$0 (2001)

Lithuania
$5.8 billion (2002 est.)

Luxembourg
$NA

Macau
$255 million (2000 est.)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
$1.3 billion (2001 est.)

Madagascar
$4.6 billion (2002)

Malawi
$2.9 billion (2002)

Malaysia
$47.5 billion (2002 est.)

Maldives
$281 million (2003 est.)

Mali
$3.3 billion (2000)

Malta
$130 million (1997)

Man, Isle of
$NA

Marshall Islands
$86.5 million (FY 99/00 est.)

Martinique
$180 million (1994)

Mauritania
$2.5 billion (2000)

Mauritius
$2.4 billion (2002 est.)

Mayotte
$NA

Mexico
$150 billion (2000 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
$53.1 million (FY 02/03 est.)

Moldova
$1.3 billion (2002)

Monaco
$NA

Mongolia
$913 million (2001 est.)

Montserrat
$8.9 million (1997)

Morocco
$17.7 billion (2002 est.)

Mozambique
$966 million (2002 est.)

Namibia
$517 million (2002 est.)

Nauru
$33.3 million

Nepal
$2.55 billion (FY 00/01)

Netherlands Antilles
$1.35 billion (1996)

New Caledonia
$79 million (1998 est.)

New Zealand
$33 billion (2002 est.)

Nicaragua
$5.8 billion (2002 est.)

Niger
$1.6 billion (1999 est.)

Nigeria
$29.7 billion (2002 est.)

Niue
$418,000 (2002 est.)

Norfolk Island
$NA

Northern Mariana Islands
$NA

Norway
$0 (Norway is a net external creditor)

Oman
$5.7 billion (2002 est.)

Pakistan
$32.3 billion (2002 est.)

Palau
$0 (FY 99/00)

Panama
$7 billion (2002 est.)

Papua New Guinea
$2.8 billion (2002 est.)

Paraguay
$3.2 billion (2002 est.)

Peru
$29.2 billion (2002 est.)

Philippines
$60.3 billion (2002)

Pitcairn Islands
$NA

Poland
$64 billion (2002)

Portugal
$13.1 billion (1997 est.)

Puerto Rico
$NA

Qatar
$15.4 billion (2002 est.)

Reunion
$NA

Romania
$13.7 billion (2002 est.)

Russia
$153.5 billion (yearend 2002)

Rwanda
$1.3 billion (2000 est.)

Saint Helena
$NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis
$171 million (2001)

Saint Lucia
$214 million (2000)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
$NA

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
$167.2 million (2000)

Samoa
$197 million (2000)

San Marino
$NA

Sao Tome and Principe
$253.8 million (2000)

Saudi Arabia
$25.9 billion (2003 est.)

Senegal
$3.1 billion (2002 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
$9.2 billion (2001 est.)

Seychelles
$170 million (2002 est.)

Sierra Leone
$1.5 billion (2002 est.)

Singapore
$8.2 billion (2002 est.)

Slovakia
$9.6 billion (2002 est.)

Slovenia
$7.9 billion (2001)

Solomon Islands
$137 million (2001 est.)

Somalia
$2.6 billion (2000 est.)

South Africa
$24.7 billion (2002 est.)

Spain
$90 billion (1993 est.)

Sri Lanka
$9.8 billion (2002)

Sudan
$15.8 billion (2002 est.)

Suriname
$321 million (2002 est.)

Swaziland
$320 million (2002 est.)

Sweden
$66.5 billion (1994)

Switzerland
$NA

Syria
$22 billion (2002 est.)

Taiwan
$24.7 billion (2002)

Tajikistan
$1 billion (2002 est.)

Tanzania
$6.8 billion (2002 est.)

Thailand
$62.5 billion (2002 est.)

Togo
$1.4 billion (2000)

Tokelau
$0

Tonga
$57.5 million (June 2001)

Trinidad and Tobago
$2.8 billion (2002 est.)

Tunisia
$13.6 billion (2003 est.)

Turkey
$118.3 billion (Yearend 2001)

Turkmenistan
$2.4 billion to $5 billion (2001 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
$NA

Tuvalu
$NA

Uganda
$2.8 billion (2002 est.)

Ukraine
$14.2 billion (2002)

United Arab Emirates
$18.5 billion (2002 est.)

United Kingdom
$NA

United States
$862 billion (1995 est.)

Uruguay
$11.8 billion (2002 est.)

Uzbekistan
$4.6 billion (2002 est.)

Vanuatu
$68.6 million (2000 est.)

Venezuela
$38.2 billion (2000)

Vietnam
$14.1 billion (2001)

Virgin Islands
$NA

Wallis and Futuna
$NA

West Bank
$108 million (includes Gaza Strip) (1997 est.)

Western Sahara
$NA

World
$2 trillion for less developed countries (2002 est.)

Yemen
$6.2 billion (2002)

Zambia
$5.8 billion (2001)

Zimbabwe
$3.9 billion (2002 est.)

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

@2080 Fiscal year

Afghanistan
21 March - 20 March

Albania
calendar year

Algeria
calendar year

American Samoa
1 October - 30 September

Andorra
calendar year

Angola
calendar year

Anguilla
1 April - 31 March

Antigua and Barbuda
1 April - 31 March

Argentina
calendar year

Armenia
calendar year

Aruba
calendar year

Australia
1 July - 30 June

Austria
calendar year

Azerbaijan
calendar year

Bahamas, The
1 July - 30 June

Bahrain
calendar year

Bangladesh
1 July - 30 June

Barbados
1 April - 31 March

Belarus
calendar year

Belgium
calendar year

Belize
1 April - 31 March

Benin
calendar year

Bermuda
1 April - 31 March

Bhutan
1 July - 30 June

Bolivia
calendar year

Bosnia and Herzegovina
calendar year

Botswana
1 April - 31 March

Brazil
calendar year

British Virgin Islands
1 April - 31 March

Brunei
calendar year

Bulgaria
calendar year

Burkina Faso
calendar year

Burma
1 April - 31 March

Burundi
calendar year

Cambodia
calendar year

Cameroon
1 July - 30 June

Canada
1 April - 31 March

Cape Verde
calendar year

Cayman Islands
1 April - 31 March

Central African Republic
calendar year

Chad
calendar year

Chile
calendar year

China
calendar year

Christmas Island
1 July - 30 June

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1 July - 30 June

Colombia
calendar year

Comoros
calendar year

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
calendar year

Congo, Republic of the
calendar year

Cook Islands
1 April - 31 March

Costa Rica
calendar year

Cote d'Ivoire
calendar year

Croatia
calendar year

Cuba
calendar year

Cyprus
calendar year

Czech Republic
calendar year

Denmark
calendar year

Djibouti
calendar year

Dominica
1 July - 30 June

Dominican Republic
calendar year

East Timor
1 July - 30 June

Ecuador
calendar year

Egypt
1 July - 30 June

El Salvador
calendar year

Equatorial Guinea
1 January - 31 December

Eritrea
calendar year

Estonia
calendar year

Ethiopia
8 July - 7 July

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
1 April - 31 March

Faroe Islands
calendar year

Fiji
calendar year

Finland
calendar year

France
calendar year

French Guiana
calendar year

French Polynesia
calendar year

Gabon
calendar year

Gambia, The
calendar year

Gaza Strip
calendar year

Georgia
calendar year

Germany
calendar year

Ghana
calendar year

Gibraltar
1 July - 30 June

Greece
calendar year

Greenland
calendar year

Grenada
calendar year

Guadeloupe
calendar year

Guam
1 October - 30 September

Guatemala
calendar year

Guernsey
calendar year

Guinea
calendar year

Guinea-Bissau
calendar year

Guyana
calendar year

Haiti
1 October - 30 September

Holy See (Vatican City)
calendar year

Honduras
calendar year

Hong Kong
1 April - 31 March

Hungary
calendar year

Iceland
calendar year

India
1 April - 31 March

Indonesia
calendar year; note - previously was 1 April - 31 March,
but starting with 2001, has been changed to calendar year

Iran
21 March - 20 March

Iraq
calendar year

Ireland
calendar year

Israel
calendar year

Italy
calendar year

Jamaica
1 April - 31 March

Japan
1 April - 31 March

Jersey
1 April - 31 March

Jordan
calendar year

Kazakhstan
calendar year

Kenya
1 July - 30 June

Kiribati
NA

Korea, North
calendar year

Korea, South
calendar year

Kuwait
1 April - 31 March

Kyrgyzstan
calendar year

Laos
1 October - 30 September

Latvia
calendar year

Lebanon
calendar year

Lesotho
1 April - 31 March

Liberia
calendar year

Libya
calendar year

Liechtenstein
calendar year

Lithuania
calendar year

Luxembourg
calendar year

Macau
calendar year

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
calendar year

Madagascar
calendar year

Malawi
1 July - 30 June

Malaysia
calendar year

Maldives
calendar year

Mali
calendar year

Malta
1 April - 31 March

Man, Isle of
1 April - 31 March

Marshall Islands
1 October - 30 September

Martinique
calendar year

Mauritania
calendar year

Mauritius
1 July - 30 June

Mayotte
calendar year

Mexico
calendar year

Micronesia, Federated States of
1 October - 30 September

Moldova
calendar year

Monaco
calendar year

Mongolia
calendar year

Montserrat
1 April - 31 March

Morocco
calendar year

Mozambique
calendar year

Namibia
1 April - 31 March

Nauru
1 July - 30 June

Nepal
16 July - 15 July

Netherlands
calendar year

Netherlands Antilles
calendar year

New Caledonia
calendar year

New Zealand
1 July - 30 June

Nicaragua
calendar year

Niger
calendar year

Nigeria
calendar year

Niue
1 April - 31 March

Norfolk Island
1 July - 30 June

Northern Mariana Islands
1 October - 30 September

Norway
calendar year

Oman
calendar year

Pakistan
1 July - 30 June

Palau
1 October - 30 September

Panama
calendar year

Papua New Guinea
calendar year

Paraguay
calendar year

Peru
calendar year

Philippines
calendar year

Pitcairn Islands
1 April - 31 March

Poland
calendar year

Portugal
calendar year

Puerto Rico
1 July - 30 June

Qatar
1 April - 31 March

Reunion
calendar year

Romania
calendar year

Russia
calendar year

Rwanda
calendar year

Saint Helena
1 April - 31 March

Saint Kitts and Nevis
calendar year

Saint Lucia
1 April - 31 March

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
calendar year

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
calendar year

Samoa
June 1 - May 31

San Marino
calendar year

Sao Tome and Principe
calendar year

Saudi Arabia
calendar year

Senegal
calendar year

Serbia and Montenegro
calendar year

Seychelles
calendar year

Sierra Leone
calendar year

Singapore
1 April - 31 March

Slovakia
calendar year

Slovenia
calendar year

Solomon Islands
calendar year

Somalia
NA

South Africa
1 April - 31 March

Spain
calendar year

Sri Lanka
calendar year

Sudan
calendar year

Suriname
calendar year

Swaziland
1 April - 31 March

Sweden
calendar year

Switzerland
calendar year

Syria
calendar year

Taiwan
1 July - 30 June (up to FY98/99); 1 July 1999 - 31 December
2000 for FY00; calendar year (after FY00)

Tajikistan
calendar year

Tanzania
1 July - 30 June

Thailand
1 October - 30 September

Togo
calendar year

Tokelau
1 April - 31 March

Tonga
1 July - 30 June

Trinidad and Tobago
1 October - 30 September

Tunisia
calendar year

Turkey
calendar year

Turkmenistan
calendar year

Turks and Caicos Islands
calendar year

Tuvalu
calendar year

Uganda
1 July - 30 June

Ukraine
calendar year

United Arab Emirates
calendar year

United Kingdom
1 April - 31 March

United States
1 October - 30 September

Uruguay
calendar year

Uzbekistan
calendar year

Vanuatu
calendar year

Venezuela
calendar year

Vietnam
calendar year

Virgin Islands
1 October - 30 September

Wallis and Futuna
calendar year

West Bank
calendar year (since 1 January 1992)

Western Sahara
calendar year

Yemen
calendar year

Zambia
calendar year

Zimbabwe
1 January - 31 December

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

@2081 Flag description

Afghanistan
three equal vertical bands of black (hoist), red, and
green, with a gold emblem centered on the red band; the emblem
features a temple-like structure encircled by a wreath on the left
and right and by a bold Islamic inscription above

Albania
red with a black two-headed eagle in the center

Algeria
two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white; a
red, five-pointed star within a red crescent centered over the
two-color boundary; the crescent, star, and color green are
traditional symbols of Islam (the state religion)

American Samoa
blue, with a white triangle edged in red that is
based on the outer side and extends to the hoist side; a brown and
white American bald eagle flying toward the hoist side is carrying
two traditional Samoan symbols of authority, a staff and a war club

Andorra
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and
red with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the
coat of arms features a quartered shield; similar to the flags of
Chad and Romania, which do not have a national coat of arms in the
center, and the flag of Moldova, which does bear a national emblem

Angola
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a
centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half
a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle)

Anguilla
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Anguillan coat of arms centered in the outer half
of the flag; the coat of arms depicts three orange dolphins in an
interlocking circular design on a white background with blue wavy
water below

Antigua and Barbuda
red, with an inverted isosceles triangle based
on the top edge of the flag; the triangle contains three horizontal
bands of black (top), light blue, and white, with a yellow rising
sun in the black band

Argentina
three equal horizontal bands of light blue (top), white,
and light blue; centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun
with a human face known as the Sun of May

Armenia
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and orange

Aruba
blue, with two narrow, horizontal, yellow stripes across the
lower portion and a red, four-pointed star outlined in white in the
upper hoist-side corner

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
the flag of Australia is used

Australia
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and a large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side
quadrant known as the Commonwealth Star, representing the federation
of the colonies of Australia in 1901; the star depicts one point for
each of the six original states and one representing all of
Australia's internal and external territories; the remaining half is
a representation of the Southern Cross constellation in white with
one small five-pointed star and four larger, seven-pointed stars

Austria
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red

Azerbaijan
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), red, and
green; a crescent and eight-pointed star in white are centered in
red band

Bahamas, The
three equal horizontal bands of aquamarine (top), gold,
and aquamarine, with a black equilateral triangle based on the hoist
side

Bahrain
red with a white serrated band (five white points) on the
hoist side; the five points represent the five pillars of Islam

Baker Island
the flag of the US is used

Bangladesh
green with a large red disk slightly to the hoist side of
center; the red sun of freedom represents the blood shed to achieve
independence; the green field symbolizes the lush countryside, and
secondarily, the traditional color of Islam

Barbados
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold, and
blue with the head of a black trident centered on the gold band; the
trident head represents independence and a break with the past (the
colonial coat of arms contained a complete trident)

Bassas da India
the flag of France is used

Belarus
red horizontal band (top) and green horizontal band one-half
the width of the red band; a white vertical stripe on the hoist side
bears a Belarusian national ornament in red

Belgium
three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow,
and red; the design was based on the flag of France

Belize
blue with a narrow red stripe along the top and the bottom
edges; centered is a large white disk bearing the coat of arms; the
coat of arms features a shield flanked by two workers in front of a
mahogany tree with the related motto SUB UMBRA FLOREO (I Flourish in
the Shade) on a scroll at the bottom, all encircled by a green
garland

Benin
two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and red with a
vertical green band on the hoist side

Bermuda
red, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Bermudian coat of arms (white and green shield with
a red lion holding a scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship
Sea Venture off Bermuda in 1609) centered on the outer half of the
flag

Bhutan
divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the
upper triangle is yellow and the lower triangle is orange; centered
along the dividing line is a large black and white dragon facing
away from the hoist side

Bolivia
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green
with the coat of arms centered on the yellow band; similar to the
flag of Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star centered in
the yellow band

Bosnia and Herzegovina
a wide medium blue vertical band on the fly
side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top
of the flag; the remainder of the flag is medium blue with seven
full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom
along the hypotenuse of the triangle

Botswana
light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in
the center

Bouvet Island
the flag of Norway is used

Brazil
green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a
blue celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars (one for each
state and the Federal District) arranged in the same pattern as the
night sky over Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial band with
the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress)

British Indian Ocean Territory white with six blue wavy horizontal stripes; the flag of the UK is in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the striped section bears a palm tree and yellow crown centered on the outer half of the flag

British Virgin Islands
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper
hoist-side quadrant and the Virgin Islander coat of arms centered in
the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms depicts a woman flanked
on either side by a vertical column of six oil lamps above a scroll
bearing the Latin word VIGILATE (Be Watchful)

Brunei
yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double
width) and black starting from the upper hoist side; the national
emblem in red is superimposed at the center; the emblem includes a
swallow-tailed flag on top of a winged column within an upturned
crescent above a scroll and flanked by two upraised hands

Bulgaria
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and
red; the national emblem formerly on the hoist side of the white
stripe has been removed - it contained a rampant lion within a
wreath of wheat ears below a red five-pointed star and above a
ribbon bearing the dates 681 (first Bulgarian state established) and
1944 (liberation from Nazi control)

Burkina Faso
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with
a yellow five-pointed star in the center; uses the popular
pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Burma
red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner
bearing, all in white, 14 five-pointed stars encircling a cogwheel
containing a stalk of rice; the 14 stars represent the 14
administrative divisions

Burundi
divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and
bottom) and green panels (hoist side and outer side) with a white
disk superimposed at the center bearing three red six-pointed stars
outlined in green arranged in a triangular design (one star above,
two stars below)

Cambodia
three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width),
and blue with a white three-towered temple representing Angkor Wat
outlined in black in the center of the red band

Cameroon
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and
yellow with a yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band;
uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Canada
two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width),
with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is
centered in the white square; the official colors of Canada are red
and white

Cape Verde
three horizontal bands of light blue (top, double width),
white (with a horizontal red stripe in the middle third), and light
blue; a circle of 10 yellow five-pointed stars is centered on the
hoist end of the red stripe and extends into the upper and lower
blue bands

Cayman Islands
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Caymanian coat of arms centered on the outer half
of the flag; the coat of arms includes a pineapple and turtle above
a shield with three stars (representing the three islands) and a
scroll at the bottom bearing the motto HE HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE
SEAS

Central African Republic
four equal horizontal bands of blue (top),
white, green, and yellow with a vertical red band in center; there
is a yellow five-pointed star on the hoist side of the blue band

Chad
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and
red; similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flags of
Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms
centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France

Chile
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a
blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end
of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the
center representing a guide to progress and honor; blue symbolizes
the sky, white is for the snow-covered Andes, and red stands for the
blood spilled to achieve independence; design was influenced by the
US flag

China
red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller
yellow five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the
middle of the flag) in the upper hoist-side corner

Christmas Island
the flag of Australia is used; note - in early
1986, the Christmas Island Assembly held a design competition for an
island flag, however, the winning design has never been formally
adopted as the official flag of the territory

Clipperton Island
the flag of France is used

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
the flag of Australia is used

Colombia
three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width), blue,
and red; similar to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and bears
the Ecuadorian coat of arms superimposed in the center

Comoros
four equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), white, red, and
blue with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist; centered
within the triangle is a white crescent with the convex side facing
the hoist and four white, five-pointed stars placed vertically in a
line between the points of the crescent; the horizontal bands and
the four stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago -
Mwali, Njazidja, Nzwani, and Mayotte (a territorial collectivity of
France, but claimed by Comoros); the crescent, stars, and color
green are traditional symbols of Islam

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
light blue with a large yellow
five-pointed star in the center and a columnar arrangement of six
small yellow five-pointed stars along the hoist side

Congo, Republic of the
divided diagonally from the lower hoist side
by a yellow band; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the
lower triangle is red; uses the popular pan-African colors of
Ethiopia

Cook Islands
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and a large circle of 15 white five-pointed stars (one for
every island) centered in the outer half of the flag

Coral Sea Islands
the flag of Australia is used

Costa Rica
five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double
width), white, and blue, with the coat of arms in a white elliptical
disk on the hoist side of the red band; above the coat of arms a
light blue ribbon contains the words, AMERICA CENTRAL, and just
below it near the top of the coat of arms is a white ribbon with the
words, REPUBLICA COSTA RICA

Cote d'Ivoire
three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side),
white, and green; similar to the flag of Ireland, which is longer
and has the colors reversed - green (hoist side), white, and orange;
also similar to the flag of Italy, which is green (hoist side),
white, and red; design was based on the flag of France

Croatia
red, white, and blue horizontal bands with Croatian coat of
arms (red and white checkered)

Cuba
five equal horizontal bands of blue (top and bottom)
alternating with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the
hoist side bears a white, five-pointed star in the center; design
influenced by the US flag

Cyprus
white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the
name Cyprus is derived from the Greek word for copper) above two
green crossed olive branches in the center of the flag; the branches
symbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek
and Turkish communities
note: the Turkish Cypriot flag has a horizontal red stripe at the
top and bottom between which is a red crescent and red star on a
white field

Czech Republic
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red
with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side (identical to
the flag of the former Czechoslovakia)

Denmark
red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the
flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side,
and that design element of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) was
subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries of Finland,
Iceland, Norway, and Sweden

Djibouti
two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light
green with a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side
bearing a red five-pointed star in the center

Dominica
green, with a centered cross of three equal bands - the
vertical part is yellow (hoist side), black, and white and the
horizontal part is yellow (top), black, and white; superimposed in
the center of the cross is a red disk bearing a sisserou parrot
encircled by 10 green, five-pointed stars edged in yellow; the 10
stars represent the 10 administrative divisions (parishes)

Dominican Republic
a centered white cross that extends to the edges
divides the flag into four rectangles - the top ones are blue (hoist
side) and red, and the bottom ones are red (hoist side) and blue; a
small coat of arms featuring a shield supported by an olive branch
(left) and a palm branch (right) is at the center of the cross;
above the shield a blue ribbon displays the motto, DIOS, PATRIA,
LIBERTAD (God, Fatherland, Liberty), and below the shield, REPUBLICA
DOMINICANA appears on a red ribbon

East Timor
red, with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist
side) superimposed on a slightly longer yellow arrowhead that
extends to the center of the flag; there is a white star in the
center of the black triangle

Ecuador
three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue,
and red with the coat of arms superimposed at the center of the
flag; similar to the flag of Colombia, which is shorter and does not
bear a coat of arms

Egypt
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black
with the national emblem (a shield superimposed on a golden eagle
facing the hoist side above a scroll bearing the name of the country
in Arabic) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of Yemen,
which has a plain white band; also similar to the flag of Syria,
which has two green stars, and to the flag of Iraq, which has three
green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line
centered in the white band

El Salvador
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and
blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the
coat of arms features a round emblem encircled by the words
REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL; similar to the flag
of Nicaragua, which has a different coat of arms centered in the
white band - it features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA
DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; also similar
to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X
pattern centered in the white band

Equatorial Guinea
three equal horizontal bands of green (top),
white, and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist
side and the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of
arms has six yellow six-pointed stars (representing the mainland and
five offshore islands) above a gray shield bearing a silk-cotton
tree and below which is a scroll with the motto UNIDAD, PAZ,
JUSTICIA (Unity, Peace, Justice)

Eritrea
red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) dividing
the flag into two right triangles; the upper triangle is green, the
lower one is blue; a gold wreath encircling a gold olive branch is
centered on the hoist side of the red triangle

Estonia
pre-1940 flag restored by Supreme Soviet in May 1990 - three
equal horizontal bands of blue (top), black, and white

Ethiopia
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and
red with a yellow pentagram and single yellow rays emanating from
the angles between the points on a light blue disk centered on the
three bands; Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa,
and the three main colors of her flag were so often adopted by other
African countries upon independence that they became known as the
pan-African colors

Europa Island
the flag of France is used

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Falkland Island coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep raising is the major economic activity) above the sailing ship Desire (whose crew discovered the islands) with a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto DESIRE THE RIGHT

Faroe Islands
white with a red cross outlined in blue extending to
the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted
toward the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

Fiji
light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the
flag; the shield depicts a yellow lion above a white field quartered
by the cross of Saint George featuring stalks of sugarcane, a palm
tree, bananas, and a white dove

Finland
white with a blue cross extending to the edges of the flag;
the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the
style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

France
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and
red; known as the French Tricouleur (Tricolor); the design and/or
colors are similar to a number of other flags, including those of
Belgium, Chad, Ireland, Cote d'Ivoire, Luxembourg, and Netherlands;
the official flag for all French dependent areas

French Guiana
the flag of France is used

French Polynesia
two narrow red horizontal bands encase a wide white
band; centered on the white band is a disk with blue and white wave
pattern on the lower half and gold and white ray pattern on the
upper half; a stylized red, blue and white ship rides on the wave
pattern; the French flag is used for official occasions

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
the flag of France is used

Gabon
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and blue

Gambia, The
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue with
white edges, and green

Georgia
maroon field with small rectangle in upper hoist side
corner; rectangle divided horizontally with black on top, white below

Germany
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and gold

Ghana
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green
with a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band;
uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag
of Bolivia, which has a coat of arms centered in the yellow band

Gibraltar
two horizontal bands of white (top, double width) and red
with a three-towered red castle in the center of the white band;
hanging from the castle gate is a gold key centered in the red band

Glorioso Islands
the flag of France is used

Greece
nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white;
there is a blue square in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a
white cross; the cross symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established
religion of the country

Greenland
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a
large disk slightly to the hoist side of center - the top half of
the disk is red, the bottom half is white

Grenada
a rectangle divided diagonally into yellow triangles (top
and bottom) and green triangles (hoist side and outer side), with a
red border around the flag; there are seven yellow, five-pointed
stars with three centered in the top red border, three centered in
the bottom red border, and one on a red disk superimposed at the
center of the flag; there is also a symbolic nutmeg pod on the
hoist-side triangle (Grenada is the world's second-largest producer
of nutmeg, after Indonesia); the seven stars represent the seven
administrative divisions

Guadeloupe
the flag of France is used

Guam
territorial flag is dark blue with a narrow red border on all
four sides; centered is a red-bordered, pointed, vertical ellipse
containing a beach scene, outrigger canoe with sail, and a palm tree
with the word GUAM superimposed in bold red letters; US flag is the
national flag

Guatemala
three equal vertical bands of light blue (hoist side),
white, and light blue with the coat of arms centered in the white
band; the coat of arms includes a green and red quetzal (the
national bird) and a scroll bearing the inscription LIBERTAD 15 DE
SEPTIEMBRE DE 1821 (the original date of independence from Spain)
all superimposed on a pair of crossed rifles and a pair of crossed
swords and framed by a wreath

Guernsey
white with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of
England) extending to the edges of the flag and a yellow equal-armed
cross of William the Conqueror superimposed on the Saint George cross

Guinea
three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and
green; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Guinea-Bissau
two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green
with a vertical red band on the hoist side; there is a black
five-pointed star centered in the red band; uses the popular
pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Guyana
green, with a red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist
side) superimposed on a long, yellow arrowhead; there is a narrow,
black border between the red and yellow, and a narrow, white border
between the yellow and the green

Haiti
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a
centered white rectangle bearing the coat of arms, which contains a
palm tree flanked by flags and two cannons above a scroll bearing
the motto L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE (Union Makes Strength)

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
the flag of Australia is used

Holy See (Vatican City)
two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side)
and white with the crossed keys of Saint Peter and the papal miter
centered in the white band

Honduras
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue
with five blue, five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern centered
in the white band; the stars represent the members of the former
Federal Republic of Central America - Costa Rica, El Salvador,
Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua; similar to the flag of El
Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words
REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white
band; also similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which features a
triangle encircled by the word REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and
AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom, centered in the white band

Hong Kong
red with a stylized, white, five-petal bauhinia flower in
the center

Howland Island
the flag of the US is used

Hungary
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green

Iceland
blue with a red cross outlined in white extending to the
edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the
hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

India
three equal horizontal bands of saffron (subdued orange)
(top), white, and green with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel)
centered in the white band; similar to the flag of Niger, which has
a small orange disk centered in the white band

Indonesia
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar
to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of
Poland, which is white (top) and red

Iran
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red;
the national emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah in
the shape of a tulip, a symbol of martyrdom) in red is centered in
the white band; ALLAH AKBAR (God is Great) in white Arabic script is
repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of the green band and 11
times along the top edge of the red band

Iraq
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black
with three green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in
the white band; the phrase ALLAHU AKBAR (God is Great) in green
Arabic script - Allahu to the right of the middle star and Akbar to
the left of the middle star - was added in January 1991 during the
Persian Gulf crisis; similar to the flag of Syria which has two
stars but no script and the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white
band; also similar to the flag of Egypt which has a symbolic eagle
centered in the white band

Ireland
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and
orange; similar to the flag of Cote d'Ivoire, which is shorter and
has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green;
also similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter and has colors
of green (hoist side), white, and red

Israel
white with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known as
the Magen David (Shield of David) centered between two equal
horizontal blue bands near the top and bottom edges of the flag

Italy
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and
red; similar to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and is green
(hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of the
Cote d'Ivoire, which has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side),
white, and green
note: inspired by the French flag brought to Italy by Napoleon in
1797

Jamaica
diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles -
green (top and bottom) and black (hoist side and outer side)

Jan Mayen
the flag of Norway is used

Japan
white with a large red disk (representing the sun without
rays) in the center

Jarvis Island
the flag of the US is used

Jersey
white with a diagonal red cross extending to the corners of
the flag and in the upper quadrant, surmounted by a yellow crown, a
red shield holding the three lions of England in yellow

Johnston Atoll
the flag of the US is used

Jordan
three equal horizontal bands of black (top, the Abbassid
Caliphate of Islam), white (the Ummayyad Caliphate of Islam), and
green (the Fatimid Caliphate of Islam) with a red isosceles triangle
(representing the Great Arab Revolt of 1916) based on the hoist side
bearing a small white seven-pointed star symbolizing the seven
verses of the opening Sura (Al-Fatiha) of the Holy Koran; the seven
points on the star represent faith in One God, humanity, national
spirit, humility, social justice, virtue, and aspirations

Juan de Nova Island
the flag of France is used

Kazakhstan
sky blue background representing the endless sky and a
gold sun with 32 rays soaring above a golden steppe eagle in the
center; on the hoist side is a "national ornamentation" in gold

Kenya
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green;
the red band is edged in white; a large warrior's shield covering
crossed spears is superimposed at the center

Kingman Reef
the flag of the US is used

Kiribati
the upper half is red with a yellow frigate bird flying
over a yellow rising sun, and the lower half is blue with three
horizontal wavy white stripes to represent the ocean

Korea, North
three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple
width), and blue; the red band is edged in white; on the hoist side
of the red band is a white disk with a red five-pointed star

Korea, South
white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the
center; there is a different black trigram from the ancient I Ching
(Book of Changes) in each corner of the white field

Kuwait
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red
with a black trapezoid based on the hoist side

Kyrgyzstan
red field with a yellow sun in the center having 40 rays
representing the 40 Kyrgyz tribes; on the obverse side the rays run
counterclockwise, on the reverse, clockwise; in the center of the
sun is a red ring crossed by two sets of three lines, a stylized
representation of the roof of the traditional Kyrgyz yurt

Laos
three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double width), and
red with a large white disk centered in the blue band

Latvia
three horizontal bands of maroon (top), white (half-width),
and maroon

Lebanon
three horizontal bands of red (top), white (double width),
and red with a green cedar tree centered in the white band

Lesotho
divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the
upper half is white, bearing the brown silhouette of a large shield
with crossed spear and club; the lower half is a diagonal blue band
with a green triangle in the corner

Liberia
11 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom)
alternating with white; there is a white five-pointed star on a blue
square in the upper hoist-side corner; the design was based on the
US flag

Libya
plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the
state religion)

Liechtenstein
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with
a gold crown on the hoist side of the blue band

Lithuania
three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), green, and
red

Luxembourg
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and
light blue; similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a
darker blue and is shorter; design was based on the flag of France

Macau
light green with a lotus flower above a stylized bridge and
water in white, beneath an arc of five gold, five-pointed stars: one
large in center of arc and four smaller

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
a yellow sun with eight
broadening rays extending to the edges of the red field

Madagascar
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a
vertical white band of the same width on hoist side

Malawi
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green
with a radiant, rising, red sun centered in the black band

Malaysia
14 equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with
white (bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side
corner bearing a yellow crescent and a yellow fourteen-pointed star;
the crescent and the star are traditional symbols of Islam; the
design was based on the flag of the US

Maldives
red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a
vertical white crescent; the closed side of the crescent is on the
hoist side of the flag

Mali
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and
red; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Malta
two equal vertical bands of white (hoist side) and red; in the
upper hoist-side corner is a representation of the George Cross,
edged in red

Man, Isle of
red with the Three Legs of Man emblem (Trinacria), in
the center; the three legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the
knee; in order to have the toes pointing clockwise on both sides of
the flag, a two-sided emblem is used

Marshall Islands
blue with two stripes radiating from the lower
hoist-side corner - orange (top) and white; there is a white star
with four large rays and 20 small rays on the hoist side above the
two stripes

Martinique
a light blue background is divided into four quadrants by
a white cross; in the center of each rectangle is a white snake; the
flag of France is used for official occasions

Mauritania
green with a yellow five-pointed star above a yellow,
horizontal crescent; the closed side of the crescent is down; the
crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam

Mauritius
four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow,
and green

Mayotte
the flag of France is used

Mexico
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and
red; the coat of arms (an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in
its beak) is centered in the white band

Micronesia, Federated States of
light blue with four white
five-pointed stars centered; the stars are arranged in a diamond
pattern

Midway Islands
the flag of the US is used

Moldova
same color scheme as Romania - three equal vertical bands of
blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a
Roman eagle of gold outlined in black with a red beak and talons
carrying a yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its
right talons and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast
is a shield divided horizontally red over blue with a stylized ox
head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined yellow

Monaco
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to
the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which
is white (top) and red

Mongolia
three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and
red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national
emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric
representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang
symbol)

Montserrat
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer
half of the flag; the coat of arms features a woman standing beside
a yellow harp with her arm around a black cross

Morocco
red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known
as Solomon's seal in the center of the flag; green is the
traditional color of Islam

Mozambique
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and
yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the
black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow
five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black
superimposed on an open white book

Namibia
a large blue triangle with a yellow sunburst fills the upper
left section and an equal green triangle (solid) fills the lower
right section; the triangles are separated by a red stripe that is
contrasted by two narrow white-edge borders

Nauru
blue with a narrow, horizontal, yellow stripe across the
center and a large white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the
hoist side; the star indicates the country's location in relation to
the Equator (the yellow stripe) and the 12 points symbolize the 12
original tribes of Nauru

Navassa Island
the flag of the US is used

Nepal
red with a blue border around the unique shape of two
overlapping right triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a
white stylized moon and the larger, lower triangle bears a white
12-pointed sun

Netherlands
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and
blue; similar to the flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue
and is longer; one of the oldest flags in constant use, originating
with William I, Prince of Orange, in the latter half of the 16th
century

Netherlands Antilles
white, with a horizontal blue stripe in the
center superimposed on a vertical red band, also centered; five
white, five-pointed stars are arranged in an oval pattern in the
center of the blue band; the five stars represent the five main
islands of Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten

New Caledonia
the flag of France is used

New Zealand
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant with four red five-pointed stars edged in white centered in
the outer half of the flag; the stars represent the Southern Cross
constellation

Nicaragua
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and
blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the
coat of arms features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE
NICARAGUA on the top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; similar to
the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by
the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in
the white band; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five
blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band

Niger
three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green
with a small orange disk (representing the sun) centered in the
white band; similar to the flag of India, which has a blue spoked
wheel centered in the white band

Nigeria
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and
green

Niue
yellow with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant; the flag of the UK bears five yellow five-pointed stars -
a large one on a blue disk in the center and a smaller one on each
arm of the bold red cross

Norfolk Island
three vertical bands of green (hoist side), white,
and green with a large green Norfolk Island pine tree centered in
the slightly wider white band

Northern Mariana Islands
blue, with a white, five-pointed star
superimposed on the gray silhouette of a latte stone (a traditional
foundation stone used in building) in the center, surrounded by a
wreath

Norway
red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the
edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the
hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

Oman
three horizontal bands of white, red, and green of equal width
with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national
emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed
swords in scabbards) in white is centered near the top of the
vertical band

Pakistan
green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of
religious minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and
star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color
green are traditional symbols of Islam

Palau
light blue with a large yellow disk (representing the moon)
shifted slightly to the hoist side

Palmyra Atoll
the flag of the US is used

Panama
divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are
white (hoist side) with a blue five-pointed star in the center and
plain red; the bottom quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and
white with a red five-pointed star in the center

Papua New Guinea
divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner;
the upper triangle is red with a soaring yellow bird of paradise
centered; the lower triangle is black with five, white, five-pointed
stars of the Southern Cross constellation centered

Paraguay
three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue
with an emblem centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the
emblem is different on each side; the obverse (hoist side at the
left) bears the national coat of arms (a yellow five-pointed star
within a green wreath capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY,
all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side at the right) bears
the seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of Liberty
and the words Paz y Justicia (Peace and Justice) capped by the words
REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles)

Peru
three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red
with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms
features a shield bearing a vicuna, cinchona tree (the source of
quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all
framed by a green wreath

Philippines
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a
white equilateral triangle based on the hoist side; in the center of
the triangle is a yellow sun with eight primary rays (each
containing three individual rays) and in each corner of the triangle
is a small yellow five-pointed star

Pitcairn Islands
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper
hoist-side quadrant and the Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered
on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms is yellow, green,
and light blue with a shield featuring a yellow anchor

Poland
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; similar to
the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white

Portugal
two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and
red (three-fifths) with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the
dividing line

Puerto Rico
five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom)
alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist
side bears a large, white, five-pointed star in the center; design
initially influenced by the US flag, but similar to the Cuban flag,
with the colors of the bands and triangle reversed

Qatar
maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on
the hoist side

Reunion
the flag of France is used

Romania
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and
red; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the
yellow band has been removed; now similar to the flag of Chad, also
resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova

Russia
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red

Rwanda
three horizontal bands of sky blue (top, double width),
yellow, and green, with a golden sun with 24 rays near the fly end
of the blue band

Saint Helena
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Saint Helenian shield centered on the outer half of
the flag; the shield features a rocky coastline and three-masted
sailing ship

Saint Kitts and Nevis
divided diagonally from the lower hoist side
by a broad black band bearing two white, five-pointed stars; the
black band is edged in yellow; the upper triangle is green, the
lower triangle is red

Saint Lucia
blue, with a gold isosceles triangle below a black
arrowhead; the upper edges of the arrowhead have a white border

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
a yellow sailing ship facing the hoist
side rides on a dark blue background with a black wave line under
the ship; on the hoist side, a vertical band is divided into three
parts: the top part (called ikkurina) is red with a green diagonal
cross extending to the corners overlaid by a white cross dividing
the rectangle into four sections; the middle part has a white
background with an ermine pattern; the third part has a red
background with two stylized yellow lions outlined in black, one
above the other; these three heraldic arms represent settlement by
colonists from the Basque Country (top), Brittany, and Normandy; the
flag of France is used for official occasions

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
three vertical bands of blue (hoist
side), gold (double width), and green; the gold band bears three
green diamonds arranged in a V pattern

Samoa
red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant
bearing five white five-pointed stars representing the Southern
Cross constellation

San Marino
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue
with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat
of arms has a shield (featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked
by a wreath, below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word
LIBERTAS (Liberty)

Sao Tome and Principe
three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow
(double width), and green with two black five-pointed stars placed
side by side in the center of the yellow band and a red isosceles
triangle based on the hoist side; uses the popular pan-African
colors of Ethiopia

Saudi Arabia
green with large white Arabic script (that may be
translated as There is no God but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of
God) above a white horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist
side); green is the traditional color of Islam

Senegal
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow,
and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow
band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Serbia and Montenegro
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top),
white, and red

Seychelles
five oblique bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, red,
white, and green (bottom) radiating from the bottom of the hoist side

Sierra Leone
three equal horizontal bands of light green (top),
white, and light blue

Singapore
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near
the hoist side of the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent
(closed portion is toward the hoist side) partially enclosing five
white five-pointed stars arranged in a circle

Slovakia
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red
superimposed with the Slovak cross in a shield centered on the hoist
side; the cross is white centered on a background of red and blue

Slovenia
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red,
with the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav,
Slovenia's highest peak, in white against a blue background at the
center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas and
rivers, and above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an
inverted triangle, which are taken from the coat of arms of the
Counts of Celje, the great Slovene dynastic house of the late 14th
and early 15th centuries); the seal is located in the upper hoist
side of the flag centered in the white and blue bands

Solomon Islands
divided diagonally by a thin yellow stripe from the
lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is blue
with five white five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern; the
lower triangle is green

Somalia
light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the
center; blue field influenced by the flag of the UN

South Africa
two equal width horizontal bands of red (top) and blue
separated by a central green band which splits into a horizontal Y,
the arms of which end at the corners of the hoist side; the Y
embraces a black isosceles triangle from which the arms are
separated by narrow yellow bands; the red and blue bands are
separated from the green band and its arms by narrow white stripes

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
blue, with the flag of
the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the South Georgia and
the South Sandwich Islands coat of arms centered on the outer half
of the flag; the coat of arms features a shield with a golden lion
centered; the shield is supported by a fur seal on the left and a
penguin on the right; a reindeer appears above the shield, and below
it on a scroll is the motto LEO TERRAM PROPRIAM PROTEGAT (Let the
Lion Protect its Own Land)

Spain
three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width),
and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the
yellow band; the coat of arms includes the royal seal framed by the
Pillars of Hercules, which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and
Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar

Sri Lanka
yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has
two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other
panel is a large dark red rectangle with a yellow lion holding a
sword, and there is a yellow bo leaf in each corner; the yellow
field appears as a border around the entire flag and extends between
the two panels

Sudan
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black
with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side

Suriname
five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white,
red (quadruple width), white, and green (double width); there is a
large, yellow, five-pointed star centered in the red band

Svalbard
the flag of Norway is used

Swaziland
three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width),
and blue; the red band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band
is a large black and white shield covering two spears and a staff
decorated with feather tassels, all placed horizontally

Sweden
blue with a golden yellow cross extending to the edges of the
flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in
the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

Switzerland
red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the
center that does not extend to the edges of the flag

Syria
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black,
with two small green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line
centered in the white band; similar to the flag of Yemen, which has
a plain white band, and of Iraq, which has three green stars (plus
an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white
band; also similar to the flag of Egypt, which has a heraldic eagle
centered in the white band

Taiwan
red with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner
bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays

Tajikistan
three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of
white, and green; a gold crown surmounted by seven gold,
five-pointed stars is located in the center of the white stripe

Tanzania
divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the
lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green
and the lower triangle is blue

Thailand
five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double
width), white, and red

Togo
five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom)
alternating with yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red
square in the upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African
colors of Ethiopia

Tokelau
the flag of New Zealand is used

Tonga
red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper
hoist-side corner

Trinidad and Tobago
red with a white-edged black diagonal band from
the upper hoist side to the lower fly side

Tromelin Island
the flag of France is used

Tunisia
red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent
nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are
traditional symbols of Islam

Turkey
red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is
toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just
outside the crescent opening

Turkmenistan
green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist
side, containing five carpet guls (designs used in producing rugs)
stacked above two crossed olive branches similar to the olive
branches on the UN flag; a white crescent moon and five white stars
appear in the upper corner of the field just to the fly side of the
red stripe

Turks and Caicos Islands
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper
hoist-side quadrant and the colonial shield centered on the outer
half of the flag; the shield is yellow and contains a conch shell,
lobster, and cactus

Tuvalu
light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant; the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country
with nine yellow five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands

Uganda
six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red,
black, yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center
and depicts a red-crested crane (the national symbol) facing the
hoist side

Ukraine
two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow
represent grainfields under a blue sky

United Arab Emirates
three equal horizontal bands of green (top),
white, and black with a wider vertical red band on the hoist side

United Kingdom
blue field with the red cross of Saint George (patron
saint of England) edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red
cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland), which is
superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint Andrew (patron
saint of Scotland); properly known as the Union Flag, but commonly
called the Union Jack; the design and colors (especially the Blue
Ensign) have been the basis for a number of other flags including
other Commonwealth countries and their constituent states or
provinces, as well as British overseas territories

United States
thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and
bottom) alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the
upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 small, white, five-pointed stars
arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and
bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars represent
the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies;
known as Old Glory; the design and colors have been the basis for a
number of other flags, including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and
Puerto Rico

Uruguay
nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom)
alternating with blue; there is a white square in the upper
hoist-side corner with a yellow sun bearing a human face known as
the Sun of May and 16 rays alternately triangular and wavy

Uzbekistan
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and
green separated by red fimbriations with a white crescent moon and
12 white stars in the upper hoist-side quadrant

Vanuatu
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a
black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by
a black-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two
points of the Y face the hoist side and enclose the triangle);
centered in the triangle is a boar's tusk encircling two crossed
namele leaves, all in yellow

Venezuela
three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and
red with the coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and
an arc of seven white five-pointed stars centered in the blue band

Vietnam
red with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center

Virgin Islands
white, with a modified US coat of arms in the center
between the large blue initials V and I; the coat of arms shows a
yellow eagle holding an olive branch in one talon and three arrows
in the other with a superimposed shield of vertical red and white
stripes below a blue panel

Wake Island
the flag of the US is used

Wallis and Futuna
a large white modified Maltese cross - shifted a
little off center toward the fly and slightly downward - on a red
background; the flag of France outlined in white on two sides is in
the upper hoist quadrant; the flag of France is used for official
occasions

Yemen
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black;
similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars and of Iraq
which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a
horizontal line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag
of Egypt, which has a heraldic eagle centered in the white band

Zambia
green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist
side), black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer
edge of the flag

Zimbabwe
seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black,
red, yellow, and green with a white isosceles triangle edged in
black with its base on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird
representing the long history of the country is superimposed on a
red five-pointed star in the center of the triangle, which
symbolizes peace; green symbolizes agriculture, yellow - mineral
wealth, red - blood shed to achieve independence, and black stands
for the native people

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

@2085 Highways (km)

Afghanistan
total: 21,000 km
paved: 2,793 km
unpaved: 18,207 km (1999 est.)

Albania
total: 18,000 km
paved: 5,400 km
unpaved: 12,600 km (2000)

Algeria
total: 104,000 km
paved: 71,656 km (including 640 km of expressways)
unpaved: 32,344 km (1999)

American Samoa
total: 350 km
paved: 150 km
unpaved: 200 km

Andorra
total: 269 km
paved: 198 km
unpaved: 71 km (1994)

Angola
total: 51,429 km
paved: 5,349 km
unpaved: 46,080 km (1999)

Anguilla
total: 105 km
paved: 65 km
unpaved: 40 km (1997)

Antigua and Barbuda
total: 250 km (1999 est.)

Argentina
total: 215,471 km
paved: 63,348 km (including 734 km of expressways)
unpaved: 152,123 km (1999)

Armenia
total: 15,918 km
paved: 15,329 km (includes 7,527 km of expressways)
unpaved: 589 km (2000)

Aruba
total: 800 km
paved: 513 km
unpaved: 287 km
note: most coastal roads are paved, while unpaved roads serve large
tracts of the interior (1995)

Australia
total: 811,603 km
paved: 314,090 km (including 18,619 km of expressways)
unpaved: 497,513 km (1999 est.)

Austria
total: 200,000 km
paved: 200,000 km (including 1,633 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2000)

Azerbaijan
total: 24,981 km
paved: 23,057 km
unpaved: 1,924 km (2000)

Bahamas, The
total: 2,693 km
paved: 1,546 km
unpaved: 1,147 km (1999 est.)

Bahrain
total: 3,261 km
paved: 2,531 km
unpaved: 730 km (2000)

Bangladesh
total: 207,486 km
paved: 19,773 km
unpaved: 187,713 km (1999)

Barbados
total: 1,793 km
paved: 1,719 km
unpaved: 74 km (1999)

Belarus
total: 74,385 km
paved: 66,203 km
unpaved: 8,182 km (2000)

Belgium
total: 148,216 km
paved: 116,687 km (including 1,727 km of expressways)
unpaved: 31,529 km (2000)

Belize
total: 2,872 km
paved: 488 km
unpaved: 2,384 km (1999 est.)

Benin
total: 6,787 km
paved: 1,357 km (including 10 km of expressways)
unpaved: 5,430 km (1999 est.)

Bermuda total: 450 km paved: 450 km unpaved: 0 km note: public roads - 209 km; private roads - 241 km (2002)

Bhutan
total: 3,690 km
paved: 2,240 km
unpaved: 1,450 km (1999 est.)

Bolivia
total: 53,790 km
paved: 3,496 km (including 13 km of expressways)
unpaved: 50,294 km (2000 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
total: 21,846 km
paved: 11,424 km
unpaved: 10,422 km (1999 est)

Botswana
total: 10,217 km
paved: 5,619 km
unpaved: 4,598 km (1999)

Brazil
total: 1,724,929 km
paved: 94,871 km
unpaved: 1,630,058 km (2000)

British Indian Ocean Territory
total: NA km
paved: short section of paved road between port and airfield on
Diego Garcia
unpaved: NA km

British Virgin Islands
total: 177 km
paved: 177 km
unpaved: 0 km (2000)

Brunei
total: 2,525 km
paved: 2,525 km
unpaved: 0 km (2000)

Bulgaria
total: 37,286 km
paved: 35,049 km (including 324 km of expressways)
unpaved: 2,237 km (2000)

Burkina Faso
total: 12,506 km
paved: 2,001 km
unpaved: 10,505 km (1999)

Burma
total: 28,200 km
paved: 3,440 km
unpaved: 24,760 km (1996 est.)

Burundi
total: 14,480 km
paved: 1,028 km
unpaved: 13,452 km (1999 est.)

Cambodia
total: 12,323 km
paved: 1,996 km
unpaved: 10,327 km (2000 est)

Cameroon
total: 34,300 km
paved: 4,288 km
unpaved: 30,012 km (1999 est.)

Canada
total: 1.408 million km
paved: 497,306 km (including 16,900 km of expressways)
unpaved: 911,494 km (2002)

Cape Verde
total: 1,100 km
paved: 858 km
unpaved: 242 km (1999 est.)

Cayman Islands total: 785 km paved: 785 km (2000)

Central African Republic
total: 23,810 km
paved: 643 km
unpaved: 23,167 km (1999 est.)

Chad
total: 33,400 km
paved: 267 km
unpaved: 33,133 km (1999 est.)

Chile
total: 79,814 km
paved: 15,484 km (including 294 km of expressways)
unpaved: 64,330 km (2000)

China
total: 1,402,698 km
paved: 314,204 km (with at least 16,314 km of expressways)
unpaved: 1,088,494 km (2000)

Christmas Island
total: 240 km
paved: 30 km
unpaved: 210 km (2000)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
total: 15 km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km (2003)

Colombia
total: 110,000 km
paved: 26,000 km
unpaved: 84,000 km (2000)

Comoros
total: 880 km
paved: 673 km
unpaved: 207 km (1999 est)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the total: 157,000 km (including 30 km of expressways) paved: NA km unpaved: NA km (1999 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
total: 12,800 km
paved: 1,242 km
unpaved: 11,558 km (1999 est.)

Cook Islands
total: 320 km
paved: 33 km
unpaved: 287 km (2000)

Costa Rica
total: 35,892 km
paved: 7,896 km
unpaved: 27,996 km (2000)

Cote d'Ivoire
total: 50,400 km
paved: 4,889 km
unpaved: 45,511 km (1999 est.)

Croatia
total: 28,123 km
paved: 23,792 km (including 410 km of expressways)
unpaved: 4,331 km (2000)

Cuba
total: 60,858 km
paved: 29,820 km (including 638 km of expressway)
unpaved: 31,038 km (1999 est.)

Cyprus
total: 13,491 km
note: Greek Cypriot area: 11,141 km; Turkish Cypriot area: 2,350 km
paved: Greek Cypriot area: 6,428 km; Turkish Cypriot area: 1,370 km
unpaved: Greek Cypriot area: 4,713 km; Turkish Cypriot area: 980 km
(2000/1996)

Czech Republic
total: 55,408 km
paved: 55,408 km (including 499 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2000)

Denmark
total: 71,591 km
paved: 71,591 km (including 880 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2000)

Djibouti
total: 2,890 km
paved: 364 km
unpaved: 2,526 km (1999 est.)

Dominica
total: 780 km
paved: 393 km
unpaved: 387 km (1999 est.)

Dominican Republic
total: 12,600 km
paved: 6,224 km
unpaved: 6,376 km (1999)

East Timor
total: 3,800 km
paved: 428 km
unpaved: 3,372 km (1995)

Ecuador
total: 43,197 km
paved: 8,164 km
unpaved: 35,033 km (2000)

Egypt
total: 64,000 km
paved: 49,984 km
unpaved: 14,016 km (1999 est.)

El Salvador
total: 10,029 km
paved: 1,986 km (including 327 km of expressways)
unpaved: 8,043 km (1999 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
total: 2,880 km (1999 est.)

Eritrea
total: 4,010 km
paved: 874 km
unpaved: 3,136 km (1999 est.)

Estonia
total: 51,411 km
paved: 10,334 km (including 94 km of expressways)
unpaved: 41,077 km (2000)

Ethiopia
total: 31,571 km
paved: 3,789 km
unpaved: 27,782 km (2000)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
total: 440 km
paved: 50 km
unpaved: 390 km (2002)

Faroe Islands
total: 463 km
paved: 454 km
unpaved: 9 km (1999)

Fiji
total: 3,440 km
paved: 1,692 km
unpaved: 1,748 km (1999 est.)

Finland
total: 77,943 km
paved: 50,305 km (including 750 km of expressways)
unpaved: 27,688 km (2001)

France
total: 894,000 km
paved: 894,000 km (including 11,500 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2000)

French Guiana
total: 722 km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km (1996)

French Polynesia
total: 2,590 km
paved: 1,735 km
unpaved: 855 km (1999)

Gabon
total: 8,464 km
paved: 838 km
unpaved: 7,626 km (2000 est.)

Gambia, The
total: 2,700 km
paved: 956 km
unpaved: 1,744 km (1999)

Gaza Strip total: NA km paved: NA km unpaved: NA km note: small, poorly developed road network

Georgia
total: 20,362 km
paved: 19,038 km
unpaved: 1,325 km (2000)

Germany
total: 230,735 km
paved: 230,735 km (including 11,515 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (1999)

Ghana
total: 39,409 km
paved: 11,665 km
unpaved: 27,744 km (1999 est.)

Gibraltar
total: 29 km
paved: 29 km
unpaved: 0 km (2002)

Greece
total: 117,000 km
paved: 107,406 km (including 470 km of expressways)
unpaved: 9,594 km (1999 est.)

Greenland
total: NA (there are no roads between towns) (2003)

Grenada
total: 1,040 km
paved: 638 km
unpaved: 402 km (1999 est.)

Guadeloupe
total: 2,467 km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km (1998)

Guam
total: 885 km
paved: 675 km
unpaved: 210 km
note: there are also 685 km of roads classified non-public,
including roads located on federal government installations

Guatemala
total: 14,118 km
paved: 4,871 km (including 74 km of expressways)
unpaved: 9,247 km (1999)

Guernsey
total: NA km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km

Guinea
total: 30,500 km
paved: 5,033 km
unpaved: 25,467 km (1999 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
total: 4,400 km
paved: 453 km
unpaved: 3,947 km (1999 est.)

Guyana
total: 7,970 km
paved: 590 km
unpaved: 7,380 km (1999 est.)

Haiti
total: 4,160 km
paved: 1,011 km
unpaved: 3,149 km (1999 est.)

Holy See (Vatican City)
none; all city streets

Honduras
total: 13,603 km
paved: 2,775 km
unpaved: 10,828 km (1999 est.)

Hong Kong
total: 1,831 km
paved: 1,831 km
unpaved: 0 km (1999 est.)

Hungary
total: 188,203 km
paved: 81,680 km (including 438 km of expressways)
unpaved: 106,523 km (1999)

Iceland
total: 12,955 km
paved/oiled gravel: 3,863 km
unpaved: 9,092 km (2003)

India
total: 3,319,644 km
paved: 1,517,077 km
unpaved: 1,802,567 km (1999 est.)

Indonesia
total: 342,700 km
paved: 158,670 km
unpaved: 184,030 km (1999 est.)

Iran
total: 167,157 km
paved: 94,109 km (including 890 km of expressways)
unpaved: 73,048 km (1998)

Iraq
total: 45,550 km
paved: 38,399 km
unpaved: 7,151 km (2000 est.)

Ireland
total: 92,500 km
paved: 87,043 km (including 115 km of expressways)
unpaved: 5,457 km (2000 est.)

Israel
total: 16,281 km
paved: 16,281 km (including 56 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2000)

Italy
total: 479,688 km
paved: 479,688 km (including 6,621 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (1999)

Jamaica
total: 18,700 km
paved: 13,109 km
unpaved: 5,591 km (1999 est.)

Japan
total: 1,161,894 km
paved: 534,471 km (including 6,455 km of expressways)
unpaved: 627,423 km (1999)

Jersey
total: 577 km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km

Jordan
total: 7,245 km
paved: 7,245 km
unpaved: 0 km (2000)

Kazakhstan
total: 81,331 km
paved: 77,020 km
unpaved: 4,311 km (2000)

Kenya
total: 63,942 km
paved: 7,737 km
unpaved: 56,205 km (2000)

Kiribati
total: 670 km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km (1999 est.)

Korea, North
total: 31,200 km
paved: 1,997 km
unpaved: 29,203 km (1999 est.)

Korea, South
total: 86,990 km
paved: 64,808 km (including 1,996 km of expressways)
unpaved: 22,182 km (1999 est.)

Kuwait
total: 4,450 km
paved: 3,587 km
unpaved: 863 km (1999 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
total: 18,500 km
paved: 16,854 km (including 140 km of expressways)
unpaved: 1,646 km (1999 est.)

Laos
total: 21,716 km
paved: 9,664 km
unpaved: 12,052 km (1999 est.)

Latvia
total: 73,202 km
paved: 28,256 km
unpaved: 44,946 km (2000)

Lebanon
total: 7,300 km
paved: 6,198 km
unpaved: 1,102 km (1999 est.)

Lesotho
total: 5,940 km
paved: 1,087 km
unpaved: 4,853 km (1999)

Liberia
total: 10,600 km
paved: 657 km
unpaved: 9,943 km (1999 est.)

Libya
total: 83,200 km
paved: 47,590 km
unpaved: 35,610 km (1999 est.)

Liechtenstein
total: 250 km
paved: 250 km
unpaved: 0 km

Lithuania
total: 75,243 km
paved: 68,697 km (including 417 km of expressways)
unpaved: 6,546 km (2000)

Luxembourg
total: 5,189 km
paved: 5,189 km (including 114 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2000)

Macau
total: 271 km
paved: 271 km
unpaved: 0 km (2000)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
total: 8,684 km
paved: 5,540 km (including 133 km of expressways)
unpaved: 3,144 km (1999 est.)

Madagascar
total: 49,827 km
paved: 5,780 km
unpaved: 44,047 km (1999 est.)

Malawi
total: 28,400 km
paved: 5,254 km
unpaved: 23,146 km (1999 est.)

Malaysia
total: 65,877 km
paved: 49,935 km (including 1,192 km of expressways)
unpaved: 15,942 km (1999)

Maldives
total: NA km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km

Mali
total: 15,100 km
paved: 1,827 km
unpaved: 13,273 km (1999 est.)

Malta
total: 2,254 km
paved: 1,972 km
unpaved: 282 km (2000)

Man, Isle of
total: 800 km
paved: 800 km
unpaved: 0 km (1999)

Marshall Islands total: NA km paved: 64.5 km unpaved: NA km note: paved roads on major islands (Majuro, Kwajalein), otherwise stone-, coral-, or laterite-surfaced roads and tracks (2002)

Martinique
total: 2,105 km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km (2000)

Mauritania
total: 7,720 km
paved: 830 km
unpaved: 6,890 km (2000)

Mauritius
total: 1,926 km
paved: 1,868 km (including 44 km of expressways)
unpaved: 58 km (2000)

Mayotte
total: 93 km
paved: 72 km
unpaved: 21 km

Mexico
total: 329,532 km
paved: 108,087 km (including 6,429 km of expressways)
unpaved: 221,445 km (1999 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
total: 240 km
paved: 42 km
unpaved: 198 km (1999 est.)

Midway Islands
total: NA km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km

Moldova
total: 12,657 km
paved: 11,012 km
unpaved: 1,645 km (1999)

Monaco
total: 50 km
paved: 50 km
unpaved: 0 km (1999 est.)

Mongolia
total: 49,250 km
paved: 1,724 km
unpaved: 47,526 km (2000)

Montserrat
total: 227 km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km
note: volcanic eruptions beginning in 1995 destroyed most of the
road system (2003)

Morocco
total: 57,707 km
paved: 32,547 km (including 481 km of expressways)
unpaved: 25,160 km (2000)

Mozambique
total: 30,400 km
paved: 5,685 km
unpaved: 24,715 km (1999 est.)

Namibia
total: 66,467 km
paved: 9,172 km
unpaved: 57,285 km (2000)

Nauru
total: 30 km
paved: 24 km
unpaved: 6 km (1999 est.)

Nepal
total: 13,223 km
paved: 4,073 km
unpaved: 9,150 km (1999 est.)

Netherlands
total: 116,500 km
paved: 104,850 km (including 2,235 km of expressways)
unpaved: 11,650 km (1999)

Netherlands Antilles
total: 600 km
paved: 300 km
unpaved: 300 km

New Caledonia
total: 4,825 km
paved: 2,287 km
unpaved: 2,538 km (1999)

New Zealand
total: 92,053 km
paved: 57,809 km (including at least 190 km of expressways)
unpaved: 34,244 km (2000)

Nicaragua
total: 19,032 km
paved: 2,094 km
unpaved: 16,938 km (2000)

Niger
total: 10,100 km
paved: 798 km
unpaved: 9,302 km (1999 est.)

Nigeria
total: 194,394 km
paved: 60,068 km (including 1,194 km of expressways)
unpaved: 134,326 km (1999 est.)

Niue
total: 234 km
paved: 86 km
unpaved: 148 km (2001)

Norfolk Island
total: 80 km
paved: 53 km
unpaved: 27 km (2001)

Northern Mariana Islands
total: 362 km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km (1991)

Norway
total: 91,454 km
paved: 69,505 km (including 143 km of expressways)
unpaved: 21,949 km (2000)

Oman
total: 34,965 km
paved: 9,673 km (including 550 km of expressways)
unpaved: 25,292 km (2001)

Pakistan
total: 254,410 km
paved: 109,396 km (including 339 km of expressways)
unpaved: 145,014 km (1999)

Palau
total: 61 km
paved: 36 km
unpaved: 25 km

Palmyra Atoll
most of the roads and many causeways built during
World War II are unserviceable and overgrown (2001)

Panama
total: 11,400 km
paved: 3,944 km (including 30 km of expressways)
unpaved: 7,456 km (1999)

Papua New Guinea
total: 19,600 km
paved: 686 km
unpaved: 18,914 km (1999 est.)

Paraguay
total: 29,500 km
paved: 14,986 km
unpaved: 14,514 km (1999 est)

Peru
total: 72,900 km
paved: 9,331 km
unpaved: 63,569 km (1999 est.)

Philippines
total: 201,994 km
paved: 42,419 km
unpaved: 159,575 km (2000)

Pitcairn Islands
total: 6.4 km
paved: 0 km
unpaved: 6.4 km

Poland
total: 364,656 km
paved: 249,060 km (including 358 km of expressways)
unpaved: 115,596 km (2000)

Portugal
total: 68,732 km
paved: 59,110 km (including 1441 km of expressways)
unpaved: 9,622 km (2000)

Puerto Rico
total: 14,400 km
paved: 14,400 km
unpaved: 0 km (1999 est.)

Qatar
total: 1,230 km
paved: 1,107 km
unpaved: 123 km (1999 est.)

Reunion
total: 2,724 km
paved: 1,300 km (including 73 km of four-lane road)
unpaved: 1,424 km (1994)

Romania
total: 198,603 km
paved: 98,308 km (including 113 km of expressways)
unpaved: 100,295 km (2000)

Russia
total: 532,393 km
paved: 358,833 km
unpaved: 173,560 km (2000)

Rwanda
total: 12,000 km
paved: 996 km
unpaved: 11,004 km (1999 est.)

Saint Helena
total: 198 km (Saint Helena 138 km, Ascension 40 km,
Tristan da Cunha 20 km)
paved: 168 km (Saint Helena 118km, Ascension 40 km, Tristan da Cunha
10 km)
unpaved: 30 km (Saint Helena 20 km, Ascension 0 km, Tristan da Cunha
10 km) (2000)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
total: 320 km
paved: 136 km
unpaved: 184 km (1999 est)

Saint Lucia
total: 1,210 km
paved: 63 km
unpaved: 1,147 km (1999 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
total: 114 km
paved: 69 km
unpaved: 45 km

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
total: 1,040 km
paved: 320 km
unpaved: 720 km (1999 est.)

Samoa
total: 790 km
paved: 332 km
unpaved: 458 km (1999 est.)

San Marino
total: 220 km
paved: 220 km
unpaved: 0 km (2001)

Sao Tome and Principe
total: 320 km
paved: 218 km
unpaved: 102 km (1999 est.)

Saudi Arabia
total: 151,470 km
paved: 45,592 km
unpaved: 105,878 km (1999)

Senegal
total: 14,576 km
paved: 4,271 km including 7 km of expressways
unpaved: 10,305 km (2000)

Serbia and Montenegro
total: 49,805 km
paved: 31,029 km (including 560 km of expressways)
unpaved: 18,776 km (2000)

Seychelles
total: 373 km
paved: 315 km
unpaved: 58 km (1997 est.)

Sierra Leone
total: 11,330 km
paved: 895 km
unpaved: 10,435 km (1999)

Singapore
total: 3,066 km
paved: 3,066 km (including 150 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (1999)

Slovakia
total: 42,717 km
paved: 37,036 km (including 296 km of expressways)
unpaved: 5,681 km (2000)

Slovenia
total: 20,177 km
paved: 20,157 km (including 427 km of expressways)
unpaved: 20 km (2000)

Solomon Islands
total: 1,360 km
paved: 34 km
unpaved: 1,326 km (1999 est.)

Somalia
total: 22,100 km
paved: 2,608 km
unpaved: 19,492 km (1999 est.)

South Africa
total: 362,099 km
paved: 73,506 km (including 2,032 km of expressways)
unpaved: 288,593 km (2000)

Spain
total: 663,795 km
paved: 657,157 km (including 10,317 km of expressways)
unpaved: 6,638 km (1999)

Sri Lanka
total: 96,695 km
paved: 91,860 km
unpaved: 4,835 km (1999)

Sudan
total: 11,900 km
paved: 4,320 km
unpaved: 7,580 km (1999 est.)

Suriname
total: 4,492 km
paved: 1,168 km
unpaved: 3,324 km (2000)

Svalbard
total: NA km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km

Swaziland
total: 3,247 km
paved: NA
unpaved: NA (1998)

Sweden
total: 212,402 km
paved: 166,523 km (including 1,499 km of expressways)
unpaved: 45,879 km (2000)

Switzerland
total: 71,011 km
paved: 71,011 km (including 1,638 of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2000)

Syria
total: 43,381 km
paved: 10,021 km (including 877 km of expressways)
unpaved: 33,360 km (1999)

Taiwan
total: 35,931 km
paved: 31,583 km (including 608 km of expressways)
unpaved: 4,348 km (2000)

Tajikistan
total: 27,767 km
paved: NA
unpaved: NA (2000)

Tanzania
total: 88,200 km
paved: 3,704 km
unpaved: 84,496 km (1999 est.)

Thailand
total: 64,600 km
paved: 62,985 km
unpaved: 1,615 km (1999 est.)

Togo
total: 7,520 km
paved: 2,376 km
unpaved: 5,144 km (1999 est.)

Tokelau
total: NA km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km

Tonga
total: 680 km
paved: 184 km
unpaved: 496 km (1999 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
total: 8,320 km
paved: 4,252 km
unpaved: 4,068 km (1999 est.)

Tunisia
total: 18,997 km
paved: 12,310 km (including 142 km of expressways)
unpaved: 6,687 km (2000)

Turkey
total: 385,960 km
paved: 131,226 km (including 1,749 km of expressways)
unpaved: 254,734 km (1999)

Turkmenistan
total: 24,000 km
paved: 19,488 km
unpaved: 4,512 km (1999 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
total: 121 km
paved: 24 km
unpaved: 97 km (2000)

Tuvalu
total: 8 km
paved: 0 km
unpaved: 8 km (1999 est.)

Uganda
total: 27,000 km
paved: 1,809 km
unpaved: 25,191 km (1999 est.)

Ukraine
total: 169,491 km
paved: 163,898 km
unpaved: 5,593 km (2000)

United Arab Emirates
total: 1,088 km
paved: 1,088 km (including 253 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (1999 est.)

United Kingdom
total: 371,913 km
paved: 371,913 km (including 3,358 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (1999)

United States
total: 6,334,859 km
paved: 3,737,567 km (including 89,426 km of expressways)
unpaved: 2,597,292 km (2000)

Uruguay
total: 8,983 km
paved: 8,081 km
unpaved: 902 km (1999 est.)

Uzbekistan
total: 81,600 km
paved: 71,237 km
unpaved: 10,363 km (1999 est.)

Vanuatu
total: 1,070 km
paved: 256 km
unpaved: 814 km (1999 est.)

Venezuela
total: 96,155 km
paved: 32,308 km
unpaved: 63,847 km (1999 est.)

Vietnam
total: 93,300 km
paved: 23,418 km
unpaved: 69,882 km (1999 est.)

Virgin Islands total: 856 km paved: NA km unpaved: NA km note: the only US possession where driving on the left side of the road is practiced (2000)

Wallis and Futuna total: 120 km (Ile Uvea 100 km, Ile Futuna 20 km) paved: 16 km (all on Ile Uvea) unpaved: 104 km (Ile Uvea 84 km, Ile Futuna 20 km)

West Bank
total: 4,500 km
paved: 2,700 km
unpaved: 1,800 km
note: Israelis have developed many highways to service Jewish
settlements (1997 est.)

Western Sahara
total: 6,200 km
paved: 1,350 km
unpaved: 4,850 km (1991 est)

World
total: NA km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km

Yemen
total: 67,000 km
paved: 7,705 km
unpaved: 59,295 km (1999 est.)

Zambia
total: 66,781 km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km (1999 est.)

Zimbabwe
total: 18,338 km
paved: 8,692 km
unpaved: 9,646 km (1999 est.)

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

@2086 Illicit drugs

Afghanistan
world's largest producer of opium; cultivation of opium
poppy - used to make heroin - expanded to 30,750 hectares in 2002,
despite eradication; potential opium production of 1,278 metric
tons; source of hashish; many narcotics-processing labs throughout
the country; drug trade source of instability and some government
groups profit from the trade; 80-90% of the heroin consumed in
Europe comes from Afghan opium; vulnerable to narcotics money
laundering through the hawala system

Albania
increasingly active transshipment point for Southwest Asian
opiates, hashish, and cannabis transiting the Balkan route and - to
a far lesser extent - cocaine from South America destined for
Western Europe; limited opium and growing cannabis production;
ethnic Albanian narcotrafficking organizations active and rapidly
expanding in Europe; vulnerable to money laundering associated with
regional trafficking in narcotics, arms, contraband, and illegal
aliens

Angola
used as a transshipment point for cocaine destined for
Western Europe and other African states

Anguilla
transshipment point for South American narcotics destined
for the US and Europe

Antigua and Barbuda
considered a minor transshipment point for
narcotics bound for the US and Europe; more significant as an
offshore financial center

Argentina
used as a transshipment country for cocaine headed for
Europe and the US; some money-laundering activity, especially in the
Tri-Border Area; domestic consumption of drugs in urban centers is
increasing

Armenia
illicit cultivation of small amount of cannabis for domestic
consumption; used as a transit point for illicit drugs - mostly
opium and hashish - moving from Southwest Asia to Russia and to a
lesser extent the rest of Europe

Aruba
transit point for US- and Europe-bound narcotics with some
accompanying money-laundering activity

Australia
Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit
opiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas of
opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate

Austria
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and South
American cocaine destined for Western Europe

Azerbaijan
limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy,
mostly for CIS consumption; small government eradication program;
transit point for Southwest Asian opiates bound for Russia and to a
lesser extent the rest of Europe

Bahamas, The
transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for
US and Europe; offshore financial center

Bangladesh
transit country for illegal drugs produced in neighboring
countries

Barbados
one of many Caribbean transshipment points for narcotics
bound for Europe and the US; offshore financial center

Belarus
limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for
the domestic market; transshipment point for illicit drugs to and
via Russia, and to the Baltics and Western Europe; lax
money-laundering and banking regulations

Belgium
growing producer of synthetic drugs; transit point for
US-bound ecstasy; source of precursor chemicals for South American
cocaine processors; transshipment point for cocaine, heroin,
hashish, and marijuana entering Western Europe; money laundering
related to trafficking of drugs, automobiles, alcohol, and tobacco

Belize
major transshipment point for cocaine; small-scale illicit
producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; some
money-laundering activity related to offshore sector

Benin
transshipment point for narcotics associated with Nigerian
trafficking organizations and most commonly destined for Western
Europe and the US; vulnerable to money laundering due to a poorly
regulated financial infrastructure

Bolivia
world's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Colombia and
Peru) with an estimated 24,400 hectares under cultivation in June
2002, a 23% increase from June 2001; intermediate coca products and
cocaine exported to or through Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, and
Chile to the US and other international drug markets; eradication
and alternative crop programs under the SANCHEZ DE LOZADA
administration have been unable to keep pace with farmers' attempts
to increase cultivation after significant reductions in 1998 and
1999; money-laundering activity related to narcotics trade,
especially along the borders with Brazil and Paraguay

Bosnia and Herzegovina
minor transit point for marijuana and opiate
trafficking routes to Western Europe; organized crime launders
money, but the lack of a well-developed financial infrastructure
limits the country's utility as a money-laundering center

Brazil
illicit producer of cannabis; minor coca cultivation in the
Amazon region, used for domestic consumption; government has a
large-scale eradication program to control cannabis; important
transshipment country for Colombian and Peruvian cocaine headed for
the US and Europe; also used by traffickers as a way station for
narcotics air transshipments between Peru and Colombia; upsurge in
drug-related violence and weapons smuggling; important market for
Colombian, Bolivian, and Peruvian cocaine; illicit narcotics
proceeds earned in Brazil are often laundered through the financial
system; significant illicit financial activity in the Tri-Border Area

British Virgin Islands
transshipment point for South American
narcotics destined for the US and Europe; large offshore financial
center

Brunei
drug trafficking and illegally importing controlled
substances are serious offenses in Brunei and carry a mandatory
death penalty

Bulgaria
major European transshipment point for Southwest Asian
heroin and, to a lesser degree, South American cocaine for the
European market; limited producer of precursor chemicals; some money
laundering of drug-related proceeds through financial institutions

Burma
world's second largest producer of illicit opium (potential
production in 2002 - 630 metric tons, down 27% due to drought and,
to a lesser extent, eradication; cultivation in 2002 - 77,000
hectares, a 27% decline from 2001); surrender of drug warlord KHUN
SA's Mong Tai Army in January 1996 was hailed by Rangoon as a major
counternarcotics success, but lack of government will and ability to
take on major narcotrafficking groups and lack of serious commitment
against money laundering continues to hinder the overall antidrug
effort; major source of methamphetamine and heroin for regional
consumption

Cambodia
narcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some in
the government, military, and police; possible small-scale opium,
heroin, and amphetamine production; large producer of cannabis for
the international market; vulnerable to money laundering due to its
cash-based economy and porous borders

Canada
illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market;
use of hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large
quantities of high-quality marijuana indoors; transit point for
heroin and cocaine entering the US market; vulnerable to narcotics
money laundering because of its mature financial services sector

Cape Verde
used as a transshipment point for illicit drugs moving
from Latin America and Asia destined for Western Europe; the lack of
a well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a
money-laundering center

Cayman Islands
offshore financial center; vulnerable to drug
transshipment to the US and Europe

Chile
a growing transshipment country for cocaine destined for the
US and Europe; economic prosperity and increasing trade have made
Chile more attractive to traffickers seeking to launder drug
profits, especially through the Iquique Free Trade Zone; imported
precursors passed on to Bolivia; domestic cocaine consumption is
rising

China
major transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden
Triangle; growing domestic drug abuse problem; source country for
chemical precursors and methamphetamine

Colombia
illicit producer of coca, opium poppy, and cannabis;
world's leading coca cultivator (cultivation of coca in 2002 was
144,450 hectares, a 15% decline since 2001); potential production of
opium between 2001 and 2002 declined by 25% to 91 metric tons;
potential production of heroin declined to 11.3 metric tons; the
world's largest processor of coca derivatives into cocaine; supplier
of about 90% of the cocaine to the US market and the great majority
of cocaine to other international drug markets; important supplier
of heroin to the US market; active aerial eradication program; a
significant portion of non-US narcotics proceeds are either
laundered or invested in Colombia through the black market peso
exchange

Congo, Democratic Republic of the illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption; while rampant corruption and inadequate supervision leaves the banking system vulnerable to money laundering, the lack of a well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a money-laundering center

Costa Rica
transshipment country for cocaine and heroin from South
America; illicit production of cannabis on small, scattered plots;
domestic cocaine consumption is rising, particularly crack cocaine

Cote d'Ivoire
illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for local
consumption; transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian
heroin to Europe and occasionally to the US, and for Latin American
cocaine destined for Europe and South Africa; while rampant
corruption and inadequate supervision leave the banking system
vulnerable to money laundering, the lack of a developed financial
system limits the country's utility as a major money-laundering
center

Croatia
transit point along the Balkan route for Southwest Asian
heroin to Western Europe; has been used as a transit point for
maritime shipments of South American cocaine bound for Western Europe

Cuba
territorial waters and air space serve as transshipment zone
for cocaine and heroin bound for the US and Europe; established the
death penalty for certain drug-related crimes in 1999

Cyprus
minor transit point for heroin and hashish via air routes and
container traffic to Europe, especially from Lebanon and Turkey;
some cocaine transits as well; anti-money-laundering laws
strengthened but few convictions

Czech Republic
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and
minor transit point for Latin American cocaine to Western Europe;
producer of synthetic drugs for local and regional markets;
susceptible to money laundering related to drug trafficking,
organized crime

Dominica
transshipment point for narcotics bound for the US and
Europe; minor cannabis producer; anti-money-laundering enforcement
is weak, making the country particularly vulnerable to money
laundering

Dominican Republic
transshipment point for South American drugs
destined for the US and Europe; has become a transshipment point for
ecstasy from the Netherlands and Belgium destined for US and Canada;
substantial money-laundering activity; Colombian narcotics
traffickers favor the Dominican Republic for illicit financial
transactions

East Timor
NA

Ecuador
significant transit country for cocaine originating in
Colombia and Peru; importer of precursor chemicals used in
production of illicit narcotics; dollarization may raise the volume
of money-laundering activity, especially along the border with
Colombia; increased activity on the northern frontier by trafficking
groups and Colombian insurgents

Egypt
transit point for Southwest Asian and Southeast Asian heroin
and opium moving to Europe, Africa, and the US; transit stop for
Nigerian couriers; concern as money-laundering site due to lax
banking regulations

El Salvador
transshipment point for cocaine; small amounts of
marijuana produced for local consumption; domestic cocaine abuse on
the rise

Estonia
transshipment point for opiates and cannabis from Southwest
Asia and the Caucasus via Russia, cocaine from Latin America to
Western Europe and Scandinavia, and synthetic drugs from Western
Europe to Scandinavia; increasing domestic drug abuse problem;
possible precursor manufacturing and/or trafficking

Ethiopia
transit hub for heroin originating in Southwest and
Southeast Asia and destined for Europe and North America as well as
cocaine destined for markets in southern Africa; cultivates qat
(khat) for local use and regional export, principally to Djibouti
and Somalia (legal in all three countries); the lack of a
well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a
money-laundering center

France
transshipment point for and consumer of South American
cocaine, Southwest Asian heroin, and European synthetics

French Guiana
small amount of marijuana grown for local consumption;
minor transshipment point to Europe

Georgia
limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for
domestic consumption; used as transshipment point for opiates via
Central Asia to Western Europe and Russia

Germany
source of precursor chemicals for South American cocaine
processors; transshipment point for and consumer of Southwest Asian
heroin, Latin American cocaine, and European-produced synthetic drugs

Ghana
illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade;
major transit hub for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and, to a
lesser extent, South American cocaine destined for Europe and the
US; widespread crime and corruption have made money laundering a
problem, but the lack of a well-developed financial infrastructure
limits the country's utility as a money-laundering center

Greece
a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis and
heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and
precursor chemicals to the East; some South American cocaine
transits or is consumed in Greece; money laundering related to drug
trafficking and organized crime

Grenada
small-scale cannabis cultivation; lesser transshipment point
for marijuana and cocaine to US

Guatemala
major transit country for cocaine and heroin; minor
producer of illicit opium poppy and cannabis for mostly domestic
consumption; proximity to Mexico makes Guatemala a major staging
area for drugs (cocaine and heroin shipments); money laundering is a
serious problem; corruption is a major problem

Guyana
transshipment point for narcotics from South America -
primarily Venezuela - to Europe and the US; producer of cannabis

Haiti
major Caribbean transshipment point for cocaine en route to
the US and Europe; substantial money-laundering activity; Colombian
narcotics traffickers favor Haiti for illicit financial
transactions; pervasive corruption

Honduras
transshipment point for drugs and narcotics; illicit
producer of cannabis, cultivated on small plots and used principally
for local consumption; corruption is a major problem; some
money-laundering activity

Hong Kong
Makes strenuous law enforcement efforts, but faces serious
challenges in controlling transit of heroin and methamphetamine to
regional and world markets; modern banking system provides a conduit
for money laundering; rising indigenous use of synthetic drugs,
especially among young people

Hungary
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis
and for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited
producer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamine and
methamphetamine; improving, but remains vulnerable to money
laundering related to organized crime and drug trafficking

India
world's largest producer of licit opium for the pharmaceutical
trade, but an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicit
international drug markets; transit point for illicit narcotics
produced in neighboring countries; illicit producer of methaqualone;
vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through the hawala system

Indonesia
illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use;
possible growing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle
heroin

Iran
despite substantial interdiction efforts, Iran remains a key
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin to Europe; domestic
narcotics consumption remains a persistent problem and Iranian press
reports estimate at least 2 million drug users in the country

Ireland
transshipment point for and consumer of hashish from North
Africa to the UK and Netherlands and of European-produced synthetic
drugs; minor transshipment point for heroin and cocaine destined for
Western Europe

Israel
increasingly concerned about cocaine and heroin abuse; drugs
arrive in country from Lebanon and, increasingly, from Jordan

Italy
important gateway for and consumer of Latin American cocaine
and Southwest Asian heroin entering the European market; money
laundering by organized crime and from smuggling

Jamaica
major transshipment point for cocaine from South America to
North America and Europe; illicit cultivation of cannabis;
government has an active manual cannabis eradication program;
corruption is a major concern; substantial money-laundering
activity; Colombian narcotics traffickers favor Jamaica for illicit
financial transactions

Kazakhstan
significant illicit cultivation of cannabis for CIS
markets, as well as limited cultivation of opium poppy and ephedra
(for the drug ephedrine); limited government eradication of illicit
crops; transit point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russia
and the rest of Europe

Kenya
widespread harvesting of small plots of marijuana; transit
country for South Asian heroin destined for Europe and North
America; Indian methaqualone also transits on way to South Africa;
significant potential for money-laundering activity given the
country's status as a regional financial center, massive corruption,
and relatively high levels of narcotics-associated activities

Kyrgyzstan
limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy
for CIS markets; limited government eradication of illicit crops;
transit point for Southwest Asian narcotics bound for Russia and the
rest of Europe

Laos
world's third-largest illicit opium producer (estimated
cultivation in 2002 - 23,200 hectares, a 5% increase over 2001;
estimated potential production in 2002 - 180 metric tons, a 10%
decrease from 2001); potential heroin producer; transshipment point
for heroin and methamphetamine produced in Burma; illicit producer
of cannabis; growing methamphetamine abuse problem

Latvia
transshipment point for opiates and cannabis from Central and
Southwest Asia to Western Europe and Scandinavia and Latin American
cocaine and some synthetics from Western Europe to CIS; money
laundering remains a concern despite changes to banking legislation

Lebanon
cannabis cultivation dramatically reduced to 2,500 hectares
in 2002; opium poppy cultivation minimal; small amounts of Latin
American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin transit country on way
to US and European markets

Liberia
transshipment point for Southeast and Southwest Asian heroin
and South American cocaine for the European and US markets;
corruption, criminal activity, arms-dealing, and diamond trade
provide significant potential for money laundering, but the lack of
well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a
major money-laundering center

Liechtenstein
multilateral organizations engaged in issuing
international guidelines for financial sector oversight found gaps
in Liechtenstein's financial services controls that made it
vulnerable to money laundering, but Liechtenstein has become less
attractive as a haven for illicit funds, based on implementation in
2001 of new anti-money-laundering legislation and improved mutual
legal assistance cooperation with other countries

Lithuania
transshipment point for opiates and other illicit drugs
from Southwest Asia, Latin America, and Western Europe to Western
Europe and Scandinavia; limited production of methamphetamine and
ecstasy; susceptible to money laundering despite changes to banking
legislation

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
major transshipment point
for Southwest Asian heroin and hashish; minor transit point for
South American cocaine destined for Europe; while money laundering
is a problem on a local level due to organized crime activities, the
lack of a well-developed financial infrastructure limits the
country's utility as a money-laundering center

Madagascar
illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild
varieties) used mostly for domestic consumption; transshipment point
for heroin

Malaysia
transit point for some illicit drugs; drug trafficking
prosecuted vigorously and carries severe penalties

Malta
minor transshipment point for hashish from North Africa to
Western Europe

Martinique
transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for
the US and Europe

Mauritius
minor consumer and transshipment point for heroin from
South Asia; small amounts of cannabis produced and consumed locally;
significant offshore financial industry creates potential for money
laundering, but corruption levels are relatively low and the
government appears generally to be committed to regulating its
banking industry

Mexico
illicit cultivation of opium poppy (cultivation in 2001 -
4,400 hectares; potential heroin production - 7 metric tons) and of
cannabis (in 2001 - 4,100 hectares); government eradication efforts
have been key in keeping illicit crop levels low; major supplier of
heroin and largest foreign supplier of marijuana and methamphetamine
to the US market; continues as the primary transshipment country for
US-bound cocaine from South America; major drug syndicates control
majority of drug trafficking throughout the country; growing
producer and distributor of ecstasy; significant money-laundering
center

Moldova
limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for
CIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs from
Southwest Asia via Central Asia to Russia, Western Europe, and
possibly the US; widespread crime and underground economic activity

Montserrat
transshipment point for South American narcotics destined
for the US and Europe

Morocco
illicit producer of hashish; trafficking increasing for both
domestic and international drug markets; shipments of hashish mostly
directed to Western Europe; transit point for cocaine from South
America destined for Western Europe

Mozambique
Southern African transit point for South Asian hashish,
South Asian heroin, and South American cocaine probably destined for
the European and South African markets; producer of cannabis (for
local consumption) and methaqualone (for export to South Africa);
corruption and poor regulatory capability makes the banking system
vulnerable to money laundering, but the lack of a well-developed
financial infrastructure limits the country's utility as a
money-laundering center

Nauru
broad-based money-laundering center

Nepal
illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic and
international drug markets; transit point for opiates from Southeast
Asia to the West

Netherlands
major European producer of illicit amphetamine and other
synthetic drugs; important gateway for cocaine, heroin, and hashish
entering Europe; major source of US-bound ecstasy; large financial
sector vulnerable to money laundering

Netherlands Antilles
transshipment point for South American drugs
bound for the US and Europe; money-laundering center

Nicaragua
transshipment point for cocaine destined for the US and
transshipment point for arms-for-drugs dealing

Nigeria
a transit point for heroin and cocaine intended for
European, East Asian, and North American markets; safehaven for
Nigerian narcotraffickers operating worldwide; major
money-laundering center; massive corruption and criminal activity,
along with unwillingness of the government to address the
deficiencies in its anti-money-laundering regime make money
laundering a major problem

Pakistan
opium poppy cultivation practically eliminated; key transit
point for Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western markets; Afghan
narcotics continue to transit Federally Administered Tribal Areas,
Balochistan Province, and Karachi; financial crimes related to drug
trafficking, terrorism, corruption, and smuggling remain problems

Panama
major cocaine transshipment point and primary money
laundering center for narcotics revenue; money-laundering activity
is especially heavy in the Colon Free Zone; offshore financial
center; negligible signs of coca cultivation; monitoring of
financial transactions is improving; official corruption remains a
major problem

Paraguay
major illicit producer of cannabis, most or all of which is
consumed in South America; transshipment country for Andean cocaine
headed for Brazil, other Southern Cone markets, Europe, and US;
corruption and some money-laundering activity, especially in the
Tri-Border Area

Peru
until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer; emerging
opium producer; cultivation of coca in Peru increased by 8% to
36,600 hectares between 2001 and the end of 2002; much of the
cocaine base is shipped to neighboring Colombia for processing into
cocaine, while finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to
the international drug market; increasing amounts of base and
finished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil and Bolivia for
use in the Southern Cone or transshipped to Europe and Africa

Philippines
exports locally-produced marijuana and hashish to East
Asia, the US, and other Western markets; serves as a transit point
for heroin and crystal methamphetamine

Poland
major illicit producer of amphetamine for the international
market; minor transshipment point for Asian and Latin American
illicit drugs to Western Europe

Portugal
gateway country for Latin American cocaine and Southwest
Asian heroin entering the European market; transshipment point for
hashish from North Africa to Europe; consumer of Southwest Asian
heroin

Romania
major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin
transiting the Balkan route and small amounts of Latin American
cocaine bound for Western Europe

Russia
limited cultivation of illicit cannabis and opium poppy and
producer of methamphetamine, mostly for domestic consumption;
government has active illicit crop eradication program; used as
transshipment point for Asian opiates, cannabis, and Latin American
cocaine bound for growing domestic markets, to a lesser extent
Western and Central Europe, and occasionally to the US; major source
of heroin precursor chemicals; corruption and organized crime are
key concerns; heroin increasingly popular in domestic market

Saint Kitts and Nevis
transshipment point for South American drugs
destined for the US and Europe; some money-laundering activity

Saint Lucia
transit point for South American drugs destined for the
US and Europe

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
transshipment point for South
American drugs destined for the US and Europe; small-scale cannabis
cultivation

Saudi Arabia
death penalty for traffickers; increasing consumption
of heroin, cocaine, and hashish

Senegal
transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin
moving to Europe and North America; illicit cultivator of cannabis

Serbia and Montenegro
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin
moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route; economy vulnerable to
money laundering

Singapore
as a transportation and financial services hub, Singapore
is vulnerable, despite strict laws and enforcement, to be used as a
transit point for Golden Triangle heroin and as a venue for money
laundering

Slovakia
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin bound for
Western Europe; producer of synthetic drugs for regional market

Slovenia
minor transit point for cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin
bound for Western Europe, and for precursor chemicals

South Africa
transshipment center for heroin, hashish, marijuana,
and possibly cocaine; cocaine consumption on the rise; world's
largest market for illicit methaqualone, usually imported illegally
from India through various east African countries; illicit
cultivation of marijuana; attractive venue for money launderers
given the increasing level of organized criminal and narcotics
activity in the region

Spain
key European gateway country for Latin American cocaine and
North African hashish entering the European market; destination and
minor transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin

Suriname
growing transshipment point for South American drugs
destined for Europe and Brazil; transshipment point for
arms-for-drugs dealing

Switzerland
because of more stringent government regulations, used
significantly less as a money-laundering center; transit country for
and consumer of South American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin

Syria
a transit point for opiates and hashish bound for regional and
Western markets

Taiwan
regional transit point for heroin and methamphetamine; major
problem with domestic consumption of methamphetamine and heroin

Tajikistan
major transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for
Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited
illicit cultivation of opium poppy for domestic consumption;
Tajikistan seizes roughly 80 percent of all drugs captured in
Central Asia and stands third world-wide in seizures of opiates
(heroin and raw opium)

Tanzania
growing role in transshipment of Southwest and Southeast
Asian heroin and South American cocaine destined for South African,
European, and US markets and of South Asian methaqualone bound for
Southern Africa; money laundering remains a problem

Thailand
a minor producer of opium, heroin, and marijuana; illicit
transit point for heroin en route to the international drug market
from Burma and Laos; eradication efforts have reduced the area of
cannabis cultivation and shifted some production to neighboring
countries; opium poppy cultivation has been reduced by eradication
efforts; also a drug money-laundering center; minor role in
amphetamine production for regional consumption; increasing
indigenous abuse of methamphetamine

Togo
transit hub for Nigerian heroin and cocaine traffickers; money
laundering not a significant problem

Trinidad and Tobago
transshipment point for South American drugs
destined for the US and Europe; producer of cannabis

Turkey
key transit route for Southwest Asian heroin to Western
Europe and - to a far lesser extent the US - via air, land, and sea
routes; major Turkish, Iranian, and other international trafficking
organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert
imported morphine base into heroin are in remote regions of Turkey
as well as near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over
areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw
concentrate

Turkmenistan
transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian
and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicit
cultivation of opium poppy for domestic consumption; small-scale
government-run eradication of illicit crops; transit point for
heroin precursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan

Turks and Caicos Islands
transshipment point for South American
narcotics destined for the US and Europe

Ukraine
limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for
CIS consumption; some synthetic drug production for export to the
West; limited government eradication program; used as transshipment
point for opiates and other illicit drugs from Africa, Latin
America, and Turkey to Europe and Russia; drug-related money
laundering a minor, but growing, problem; lax anti-money-laundering
regime

United Arab Emirates
the UAE is a drug transshipment point for
traffickers given its proximity to southwest Asian drug producing
countries; the UAE's position as a major financial center makes it
vulnerable to money laundering; anti-money-laundering legislation
was signed into law by the president on 25 January 2002

United Kingdom
gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering
the European market; major consumer of synthetic drugs, producer of
limited amounts of synthetic drugs and synthetic precursor
chemicals; major consumer of Southwest Asian heroin;
money-laundering center

United States
consumer of cocaine shipped from Colombia through
Mexico and the Caribbean; consumer of heroin, marijuana, and
increasingly methamphetamine from Mexico; consumer of high-quality
Southeast Asian heroin; illicit producer of cannabis, marijuana,
depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and methamphetamine;
money-laundering center

Uzbekistan
transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian
and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicit
cultivation of cannabis and small amounts of opium poppy for
domestic consumption; poppy cultivation almost wiped out by
government crop eradication program; transit point for heroin
precursor chemicals bound for Afghanistan

Venezuela
small-scale illicit producer of opium and coca for the
processing of opiates and coca derivatives; however, large
quantities of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana transit the country
from Colombia bound for US and Europe; significant narcotics-related
money-laundering activity, especially along the border with Colombia
and on Margarita Island; active eradication program primarily
targeting opium; increasing signs of drug-related activities by
Colombian insurgents on border

Vietnam
minor producer of opium poppy; probable minor transit point
for Southeast Asian heroin; domestic opium/heroin/methamphetamine
addiction problems

World
cocaine: worldwide, coca is grown on an estimated 205,450
hectares - almost exclusively in South America with 70% in Colombia;
potential cocaine production during 2002 is estimated at 938 metric
tons (or 1,200 metric tons of export quality cocaine at an average
of 78% purity); coca eradication programs continue in Bolivia,
Colombia, and Peru, and 292 metric tons of export quality cocaine
are documented to have been seized in 2002; consumption of export
quality cocaine is estimated to have been 875 metric tons
opiates: cultivation of opium poppy occurred on an estimated 141,213
hectares in 2002 and potentially produced 2,183 metric tons of opium
- which conceivably could be converted to the equivalent of 238
metric tons of pure heroin; opium eradication programs have been
undertaken in Afghanistan, Burma, Colombia, Mexico, Pakistan,
Thailand, and Vietnam, and the annual average for opiates seized
worldwide over the past five years (1998-2002) has been 45 metric
tons of pure heroin equivalent; estimates for average annual
consumption over this time period are 315 metric tons pure heroin
equivalent

Zambia
transshipment point for moderate amounts of methaqualone,
small amounts of heroin, and cocaine bound for Southern Africa and
possibly Europe; a poorly developed financial infrastructure coupled
with a government commitment to combating money laundering make it
an unattractive venue for money launderers

Zimbabwe
transit point for African cannabis and South Asian heroin,
mandrax, and methamphetamines destined for the South African and
European markets

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

@2087 Imports

Afghanistan
$1.3 billion (2001 est.)

Albania
$1.5 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Algeria
$10.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

American Samoa
$452 million (1999)

Andorra
$1.077 billion (1998)

Angola
$4.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Anguilla
$80.9 million (1999)

Antigua and Barbuda
$357 million (2000 est.)

Argentina
$9 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Armenia
$991 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Aruba
$2.21 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Australia
$68 billion (2002 est.)

Austria
$74 billion c.i.f. (2001)

Azerbaijan
$1.8 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Bahamas, The
$1.86 billion (2002 est.)

Bahrain
$4.2 billion (2002)

Bangladesh
$8.5 billion (2002)

Barbados
$987 million (2002)

Belarus
$8.8 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Belgium
$152 billion f.o.b. (2001)

Belize
$430 million c.i.f. (2002 est.)

Benin
$479 million c.i.f. (2002)

Bermuda
$719 million (2000)

Bhutan
$196 million c.i.f. (2000 est.)

Bolivia
$1.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
$2.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Botswana
$1.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Brazil
$46.2 billion f.o.b. (2002)

British Virgin Islands
$187 million (2002 est.)

Brunei
$1.4 billion c.i.f. (2000 est.)

Bulgaria
$6.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Burkina Faso
$525 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Burma
$2.5 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Burundi
$135 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Cambodia
$1.73 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Cameroon
$1.7 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Canada
$229 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Cape Verde
$220 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Cayman Islands
$457.4 million (1999)

Central African Republic
$102 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Chad
$570 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Chile
$15.6 billion f.o.b. (2002)

China
$295.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Christmas Island
$NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
$NA

Colombia
$12.5 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Comoros
$39.8 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
$890 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
$730 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Cook Islands
$50.7 million (2000)

Costa Rica
$6.4 billion (2002)

Cote d'Ivoire
$2.5 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Croatia
$10.7 billion c.i.f. (2002)

Cuba
$4.8 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Cyprus
Greek Cypriot area: $3.9 billion f.o.b.; Turkish Cypriot
area: $301 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Czech Republic
$43.2 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Denmark
$47.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Djibouti
$255 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Dominica
$135 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Dominican Republic
$8.7 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

East Timor
$237 million (2001 est.)

Ecuador
$6 billion (2002 est.)

Egypt
$15.2 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

El Salvador
$4.9 billion (2002)

Equatorial Guinea
$562 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Eritrea
$500 million c.i.f. (2001)

Estonia
$4.4 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Ethiopia
$1.63 billion f.o.b. (2001)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
$24.7 million (1995)

Faroe Islands
$469 million c.i.f. (1999)

Fiji
$642 million c.i.f. (2001)

Finland
$31.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

France
$303.7 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

French Guiana
$625 million c.i.f.

French Polynesia
$1.2 billion f.o.b. (2000)

Gabon
$1.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Gambia, The
$225 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Gaza Strip
$1.9 billion c.i.f., includes West Bank

Georgia
$750 million (2002 est.)

Germany
$487.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Ghana
$2.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Gibraltar
$492 million c.i.f. (1997)

Greece
$31.4 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Greenland
$403 million c.i.f. (2001)

Grenada
$270 million (2000 est.)

Guadeloupe
$1.7 billion c.i.f. (1997)

Guam
$203 million f.o.b. (1999 est.)

Guatemala
$5.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Guernsey
$NA

Guinea
$670 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
$59 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Guyana
$575 million c.i.f. (2002)

Haiti
$1.14 billion c.i.f. (2002)

Honduras
$2.7 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Hong Kong
$208.1 billion (2002 est.)

Hungary
$33.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Iceland
$2.1 billion (2002)

India
$53.8 billion f.o.b. (2001)

Indonesia
$32.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Iran
$21.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Iraq
$7.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Ireland
$48.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Israel
$30.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Italy
$238.2 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Jamaica
$3.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Japan
$292.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Jersey
$NA

Jordan
$4.4 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Kazakhstan
$9.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Kenya
$3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Kiribati
$44 million c.i.f. (1999)

Korea, North
$1.314 billion c.i.f. (2001 est.)

Korea, South
$148.4 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Kuwait
$7.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
$587 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Laos
$555 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Latvia
$3.9 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Lebanon
$6 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Lesotho
$738 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Liberia
$165 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Libya
$6.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Liechtenstein
$917.3 million (1996)

Lithuania
$6.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Luxembourg
$13.25 billion c.i.f. (2002)

Macau
$2.53 billion c.i.f. (2002)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of $1.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Madagascar
$985 million f.o.b. (2002)

Malawi
$505 million f.o.b. (2001)

Malaysia
$76.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Maldives
$395 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Mali
$630 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Malta
$2.8 billion f.o.b. (2001)

Man, Isle of
$NA

Marshall Islands
$54 million f.o.b. (2000)

Martinique
$2 billion c.i.f. (1997)

Mauritania
$360 million f.o.b. (2000)

Mauritius
$1.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Mayotte
$141.3 million f.o.b. (1997)

Mexico
$168.4 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Micronesia, Federated States of
$149 million f.o.b. (FY 99/00 est.)

Moldova
$980 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Monaco
$NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and
rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market
system through customs union with France

Mongolia
$659 million c.i.f. (2002 est.)

Montserrat
$17 million (2001)

Morocco
$10.4 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Mozambique
$1.18 billion c.i.f. (2002 est.)

Namibia
$1.38 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Nauru
$33 million c.i.f. (1995)

Nepal
$1.6 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Netherlands
$201.1 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
$1.43 billion f.o.b. (2002)

New Caledonia
$1 billion f.o.b. (2000)

New Zealand
$12.5 billion (2001 est.)

Nicaragua
$1.7 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Niger
$368 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Nigeria
$13.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Niue
$2.38 million (1999)

Norfolk Island
$17.9 million c.i.f. (FY 91/92)

Northern Mariana Islands
$NA

Norway
$37.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Oman
$5.5 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Pakistan
$11.1 billion f.o.b. (FY02/03 est.)

Palau
$99 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Panama
$6.7 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Papua New Guinea
$1.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Paraguay
$2.4 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Peru
$7.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Philippines
$33.5 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Pitcairn Islands
$NA

Poland
$43.4 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Portugal
$39 billion f.o.b. (2001)

Puerto Rico
$29.1 billion c.i.f. (2001)

Qatar
$3.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Reunion
$2.5 billion c.i.f. (1997)

Romania
$16.7 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Russia
$60.7 billion (2002 est.)

Rwanda
$253 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Saint Helena
$14.434 million c.i.f. (1995)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
$152 million (2001 est.)

Saint Lucia
$319.4 million (2000 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
$55 million f.o.b. (1999)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
$185.6 million (2000 est.)

Samoa
$130.1 million f.o.b. (2001)

San Marino
trade data are included with the statistics for Italy

Sao Tome and Principe
$24.8 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Saudi Arabia
$39.5 billion f.o.b. (2001)

Senegal
$1.46 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
$6.3 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Seychelles
$380 million f.o.b. (2002)

Sierra Leone
$190 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Singapore
$113 billion (2002 est.)

Slovakia
$15.4 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Slovenia
$11.1 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Solomon Islands
$82 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Somalia
$343 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

South Africa
$26.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Spain
$156.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Sri Lanka
$5.4 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Sudan
$1.5 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Suriname
$300 million f.o.b. (2002)

Svalbard
$NA

Swaziland
$938 million f.o.b. (2002)

Sweden
$68.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Switzerland
$94.4 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Syria
$4.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Taiwan
$113 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Tajikistan
$830 million f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Tanzania
$1.67 billion f.o.b. (2001)

Thailand
$58.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Togo
$561 million f.o.b. (2002)

Tokelau
$323,000 c.i.f. (1983)

Tonga
$70 million f.o.b. (2001 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
$3.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Tunisia
$8.7 billion f.o.b. (2002)

Turkey
$50.8 billion c.i.f. (2002 est.)

Turkmenistan
$2.25 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
$175.6 million (2000)

Tuvalu
$7.2 million c.i.f. (1998)

Uganda
$1.14 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Ukraine
$18 billion (2002 est.)

United Arab Emirates
$30.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

United Kingdom
$330.1 billion f.o.b. (2002)

United States
$1.165 trillion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Uruguay
$1.87 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Uzbekistan
$2.5 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Vanuatu
$93 million c.i.f. (2001)

Venezuela
$18.8 billion f.o.b. (2001)

Vietnam
$16.8 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Virgin Islands
$NA

Wallis and Futuna
$300,000 f.o.b. (1999)

West Bank
$1.9 billion c.i.f., includes Gaza Strip

Western Sahara
$NA

World
$6.6 trillion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Yemen
$2.9 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Zambia
$1.123 billion f.o.b. (2001)

Zimbabwe
$1.739 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

@2088 Independence

Afghanistan
19 August 1919 (from UK control over Afghan foreign
affairs)

Albania
28 November 1912 (from Ottoman Empire)

Algeria
5 July 1962 (from France)

American Samoa
none (territory of the US)

Andorra
1278 (was formed under the joint suzerainty of the French
count of Foix and the Spanish bishop of Urgel)

Angola
11 November 1975 (from Portugal)

Anguilla
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Antigua and Barbuda
1 November 1981 (from UK)

Argentina
9 July 1816 (from Spain)

Armenia
21 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Aruba
none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)

Australia
1 January 1901 (federation of UK colonies)

Austria
1156 (from Bavaria)

Azerbaijan
30 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Bahamas, The
10 July 1973 (from UK)

Bahrain
15 August 1971 (from UK)

Bangladesh
16 December 1971 (from West Pakistan); note - 26 March
1971 is the date of independence from West Pakistan, 16 December
1971 is known as Victory Day and commemorates the official creation
of the state of Bangladesh

Barbados
30 November 1966 (from UK)

Belarus
25 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Belgium
4 October 1830 a provisional government declared
independence from the Netherlands; 21 July 1831 the ascension of
King Leopold I to the throne

Belize
21 September 1981 (from UK)

Benin
1 August 1960 (from France)

Bermuda
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Bhutan
8 August 1949 (from India)

Bolivia
6 August 1825 (from Spain)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
1 March 1992 (from Yugoslavia; referendum for
independence was completed 1 March 1992; independence was declared 3
March 1992)

Botswana
30 September 1966 (from UK)

Brazil
7 September 1822 (from Portugal)

British Virgin Islands
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Brunei
1 January 1984 (from UK)

Bulgaria
3 March 1878 (from Ottoman Empire)

Burkina Faso
5 August 1960 (from France)

Burma
4 January 1948 (from UK)

Burundi
1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian
administration)

Cambodia
9 November 1953 (from France)

Cameroon
1 January 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)

Canada
1 July 1867 (from UK)

Cape Verde
5 July 1975 (from Portugal)

Cayman Islands
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Central African Republic
13 August 1960 (from France)

Chad
11 August 1960 (from France)

Chile
18 September 1810 (from Spain)

China
221 BC (unification under the Qin or Ch'in Dynasty 221 BC;
Qing or Ch'ing Dynasty replaced by the Republic on 12 February 1912;
People's Republic established 1 October 1949)

Christmas Island
none (territory of Australia)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
none (territory of Australia)

Colombia
20 July 1810 (from Spain)

Comoros
6 July 1975 (from France)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
30 June 1960 (from Belgium)

Congo, Republic of the
15 August 1960 (from France)

Cook Islands
none (became self-governing in free association with
New Zealand on 4 August 1965 and has the right at any time to move
to full independence by unilateral action)

Costa Rica
15 September 1821 (from Spain)

Cote d'Ivoire
7 August (1960) (from France)

Croatia
25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)

Cuba
20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898; administered by the
US from 1898 to 1902)

Cyprus
16 August 1960 (from UK); note - Turkish Cypriot area
proclaimed self-rule on 13 February 1975

Czech Republic
1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech
Republic and Slovakia)

Denmark
first organized as a unified state in 10th century; in 1849
became a constitutional monarchy

Djibouti
27 June 1977 (from France)

Dominica
3 November 1978 (from UK)

Dominican Republic
27 February 1844 (from Haiti)

East Timor
28 November 1975 (date of proclamation of independence
from Portugal); note - 20 May 2002 is the official date of
international recognition of East Timor's independence from Indonesia

Ecuador
24 May 1822 (from Spain)

Egypt
28 February 1922 (from UK)

El Salvador
15 September 1821 (from Spain)

Equatorial Guinea
12 October 1968 (from Spain)

Eritrea
24 May 1993 (from Ethiopia)

Estonia
regained on 20 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Ethiopia
oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest
in the world - at least 2,000 years

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
none (overseas territory of the
UK; also claimed by Argentina)

Faroe Islands
none (part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing
overseas administrative division of Denmark)

Fiji
10 October 1970 (from UK)

Finland
6 December 1917 (from Russia)

France
486 (unified by Clovis)

French Guiana
none (overseas department of France)

French Polynesia
none (overseas territory of France)

Gabon
17 August 1960 (from France)

Gambia, The
18 February 1965 (from UK)

Georgia
9 April 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Germany
18 January 1871 (German Empire unification); divided into
four zones of occupation (UK, US, USSR, and later, France) in 1945
following World War II; Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West
Germany) proclaimed 23 May 1949 and included the former UK, US, and
French zones; German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany)
proclaimed 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR zone;
unification of West Germany and East Germany took place 3 October
1990; all four powers formally relinquished rights 15 March 1991

Ghana
6 March 1957 (from UK)

Gibraltar
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Greece
1829 (from the Ottoman Empire)

Greenland
none (part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing
overseas administrative division of Denmark since 1979)
note: foreign affairs is the responsibility of Denmark, but
Greenland actively participates in international agreements relating
to Greenland

Grenada
7 February 1974 (from UK)

Guadeloupe
none (overseas department of France)

Guam
none (territory of the US)

Guatemala
15 September 1821 (from Spain)

Guernsey
none (British crown dependency)

Guinea
2 October 1958 (from France)

Guinea-Bissau
24 September 1973 (unilaterally declared by
Guinea-Bissau); 10 September 1974 (recognized by Portugal)

Guyana
26 May 1966 (from UK)

Haiti
1 January 1804 (from France)

Holy See (Vatican City)
11 February 1929 (from Italy)
note: on 11 February 1929, three treaties were signed with Italy
which, among other things, recognized the full sovereignty of the
Vatican and established its territorial extent; however, the origin
of the Papal States, which over the years have varied considerably
in extent, may be traced back to the 8th century

Honduras
15 September 1821 (from Spain)

Hong Kong
none (special administrative region of China)

Hungary
1001 (unification by King Stephen I)

Iceland
1 December 1918 (became a sovereign state under the Danish
Crown); 17 June 1944 (from Denmark)

India
15 August 1947 (from UK)

Indonesia
17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December
1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands)

Iran
1 April 1979 (Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed)

Iraq
3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British
administration)

Ireland
6 December 1921 (from UK by treaty)

Israel
14 May 1948 (from League of Nations mandate under British
administration)

Italy
17 March 1861 (Kingdom of Italy proclaimed; Italy was not
finally unified until 1870)

Jamaica
6 August 1962 (from UK)

Japan
660 BC (traditional founding by Emperor Jimmu)

Jersey
none (British crown dependency)

Jordan
25 May 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under British
administration)

Kazakhstan
16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

Kenya
12 December 1963 (from UK)

Kiribati
12 July 1979 (from UK)

Korea, North
15 August 1945 (from Japan)

Korea, South
15 August 1945 (from Japan)

Kuwait
19 June 1961 (from UK)

Kyrgyzstan
31 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Laos
19 July 1949 (from France)

Latvia
21 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Lebanon
22 November 1943 (from League of Nations mandate under
French administration)

Lesotho
4 October 1966 (from UK)

Liberia
26 July 1847

Libya
24 December 1951 (from Italy)

Liechtenstein
23 January 1719 Imperial Principality of Liechtenstein
established; 12 July 1806 established independence from the Holy
Roman Empire

Lithuania
11 March 1990 (independence declared from Soviet Union); 6
September 1991 (Soviet Union recognizes Lithuania's independence)

Luxembourg
1839 (from the Netherlands)

Macau
none (special administrative region of China)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
8 September 1991
referendum by registered voters endorsing independence (from
Yugoslavia)

Madagascar
26 June 1960 (from France)

Malawi
6 July 1964 (from UK)

Malaysia
31 August 1957 (from UK)

Maldives
26 July 1965 (from UK)

Mali
22 September 1960 (from France)

Malta
21 September 1964 (from UK)

Man, Isle of
none (British crown dependency)

Marshall Islands 21 October 1986 (from the US-administered UN trusteeship)

Martinique
none (overseas department of France)

Mauritania
28 November 1960 (from France)

Mauritius
12 March 1968 (from UK)

Mayotte
none (territorial collectivity of France)

Mexico
16 September 1810 (from Spain)

Micronesia, Federated States of
3 November 1986 (from the
US-administered UN Trusteeship)

Moldova
27 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Monaco
1419 (beginning of the rule by the House of Grimaldi)

Mongolia
11 July 1921 (from China)

Montserrat
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Morocco
2 March 1956 (from France)

Mozambique
25 June 1975 (from Portugal)

Namibia
21 March 1990 (from South African mandate)

Nauru
31 January 1968 (from the Australia-, NZ-, and UK-administered
UN trusteeship)

Nepal
1768 (unified by Prithvi Narayan Shah)

Netherlands
1579 (from Spain); note - the northern provinces of the
Low Country concluded the Union of Utrecht, but it was 1648 before
Spain finally recognized their independence

Netherlands Antilles
none (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)

New Caledonia
none (overseas territory of France); note - a
referendum on independence was held in 1998 but did not pass; a new
referendum is scheduled for 2014

New Zealand
26 September 1907 (from UK)

Nicaragua
15 September 1821 (from Spain)

Niger
3 August 1960 (from France)

Nigeria
1 October 1960 (from UK)

Niue
on 19 October 1974, Niue became a self-governing parliamentary
government in free association with New Zealand

Norfolk Island
none (territory of Australia)

Northern Mariana Islands
none (commonwealth in political union with
the US)

Norway
7 June 1905 Norway declared the union with Sweden dissolved;
26 October 1905 Sweden agreed to the repeal of the union

Oman
1650 (expulsion of the Portuguese)

Pakistan
14 August 1947 (from UK)

Palau
1 October 1994 (from the US-administered UN Trusteeship)

Panama
3 November 1903 (from Colombia; became independent from Spain
28 November 1821)

Papua New Guinea
16 September 1975 (from the Australian-administered
UN trusteeship)

Paraguay
14 May 1811 (from Spain)

Peru
28 July 1821 (from Spain)

Philippines
12 June 1898 (from Spain)

Pitcairn Islands
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Poland
11 November 1918 (independent republic proclaimed)

Portugal
1143 (independent republic proclaimed 5 October 1910)

Puerto Rico
none (commonwealth associated with the US)

Qatar
3 September 1971 (from UK)

Reunion
none (overseas department of France)

Romania
9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from Turkey;
independence recognized 13 July 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin;
kingdom proclaimed 26 March 1881; republic proclaimed 30 December
1947)

Russia
24 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Rwanda
1 July 1962 (from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship)

Saint Helena
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
19 September 1983 (from UK)

Saint Lucia
22 February 1979 (from UK)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon none (territorial collectivity of France; has been under French control since 1763)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
27 October 1979 (from UK)

Samoa
1 January 1962 (from New Zealand-administered UN trusteeship)

San Marino
3 September 301

Sao Tome and Principe
12 July 1975 (from Portugal)

Saudi Arabia
23 September 1932 (Unification of the Kingdom)

Senegal
4 April 1960 (from France); complete independence was
achieved upon dissolution of federation with Mali on 20 August 1960

Serbia and Montenegro
27 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
or FRY formed as self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia or SFRY)

Seychelles
29 June 1976 (from UK)

Sierra Leone
27 April 1961 (from UK)

Singapore
9 August 1965 (from Malaysian Federation)

Slovakia
1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech
Republic and Slovakia)

Slovenia
25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)

Solomon Islands
7 July 1978 (from UK)

Somalia
1 July 1960 (from a merger of British Somaliland, which
became independent from the UK on 26 June 1960, and Italian
Somaliland, which became independent from the Italian-administered
UN trusteeship on 1 July 1960, to form the Somali Republic)

South Africa
31 May 1910 (from UK); note - South Africa became a
republic in 1961 following an October 1960 referendum

Spain
the Iberian peninsula was characterized by a variety of
independent kingdoms prior to the Moslem occupation that began in
the early 8th Century A. D. and lasted nearly seven centuries; the
small Christian redoubts of the north began the reconquest almost
immediately, culminating in the seizure of Granada in 1492; this
event completed the unification of several kingdoms and is
traditionally considered the forging of present-day Spain

Sri Lanka
4 February 1948 (from UK)

Sudan
1 January 1956 (from Egypt and UK)

Suriname
25 November 1975 (from Netherlands)

Svalbard
none (territory of Norway)

Swaziland
6 September 1968 (from UK)

Sweden
6 June 1523 (Gustav VASA elected king)

Switzerland
1 August 1291 (Founding of the Swiss Confederation)

Syria
17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under French
administration)

Tajikistan
9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Tanzania
26 April 1964; Tanganyika became independent 9 December
1961 (from UK-administered UN trusteeship); Zanzibar became
independent 19 December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with
Zanzibar 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and
Zanzibar; renamed United Republic of Tanzania 29 October 1964

Thailand
1238 (traditional founding date; never colonized)

Togo
27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)

Tokelau
none (territory of New Zealand)

Tonga
4 June 1970 (from UK protectorate)

Trinidad and Tobago
31 August 1962 (from UK)

Tunisia
20 March 1956 (from France)

Turkey
29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)

Turkmenistan
27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

Turks and Caicos Islands
none (overseas territory of the UK)

Tuvalu
1 October 1978 (from UK)

Uganda
9 October 1962 (from UK)

Ukraine
24 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

United Arab Emirates
2 December 1971 (from UK)

United Kingdom
England has existed as a unified entity since the
10th century; the union between England and Wales, begun in 1284
with the Statute of Rhuddlan, was not formalized until 1536 with an
Act of Union; in another Act of Union in 1707, England and Scotland
agreed to permanently join as Great Britain; the legislative union
of Great Britain and Ireland was implemented in 1801, with the
adoption of the name the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland; the Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921 formalized a partition of
Ireland; six northern Irish counties remained part of the United
Kingdom as Northern Ireland and the current name of the country, the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, was adopted in
1927

United States
4 July 1776 (from Great Britain)

Uruguay
25 August 1825 (from Brazil)

Uzbekistan
1 September 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Vanuatu
30 July 1980 (from France and UK)

Venezuela
5 July 1811 (from Spain)

Vietnam
2 September 1945 (from France)

Wallis and Futuna
none (overseas territory of France)

Yemen
22 May 1990, Republic of Yemen was established with the merger
of the Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen] and the
Marxist-dominated People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen
(Aden) or South Yemen]; previously North Yemen had become
independent on NA November 1918 (from the Ottoman Empire) and South
Yemen had become independent on 30 November 1967 (from the UK)

Zambia
24 October 1964 (from UK)

Zimbabwe
18 April 1980 (from UK)

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

@2089 Industrial production growth rate (%)

Afghanistan
NA%

Albania
9% (2000 est.)

Algeria
6% (2001 est.)

American Samoa
NA%

Andorra
NA%

Angola
1%

Anguilla
3.1% (1997 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda
6% (1997 est.)

Argentina
1% (2000 est.)

Armenia
15% (2002 est.)

Aruba
NA

Australia
4.3% (2002 est.)

Austria
3.8% (2001 est.)

Azerbaijan
6% (2002 est.)

Bahamas, The
NA%

Bahrain
2% (2000 est.)

Bangladesh
1.8% (2002 est.)

Barbados
-3.2% (2000 est.)

Belarus
2.5% (2002 est.)

Belgium
4.5% (2000 est.)

Belize
4.6% (1999)

Benin
8.3% (2001 est.)

Bermuda
NA%

Bhutan
9.3% (1996 est.)

Bolivia
3.9% (1998)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
7% (2002 est.)

Botswana
2.4% (2001 est.)

Brazil
2.3% (2002 est.)

British Virgin Islands
NA

Brunei
5% (2002 est.)

Bulgaria
2% (2002 est.)

Burkina Faso
14% (2001 est.)

Burma
NA%

Burundi
18% (2001)

Cambodia
16% (2001 est.)

Cameroon
4.2% (1999 est.)

Canada
2.2% (2002 est.)

Cape Verde
NA%

Cayman Islands
NA%

Central African Republic
3% (2002)

Chad
5% (1995)

Chile
-1.5% (2002 est.)

China
12.6% (2002 est.)

Christmas Island
NA%

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA%

Colombia
4% (2001 est.)

Comoros
-2% (1999 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
NA%

Congo, Republic of the
0% (2002 est.)

Cook Islands
1% (2002)

Costa Rica
2.9% (2002 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
15% (1998 est.)

Croatia
2.8% (2002 est.)

Cuba
0.2% (2001 est.)

Cyprus
Greek Cypriot area: -1.4% (2002); Turkish Cypriot area: -0.3%
(2002)

Czech Republic
3.5% (2002)

Denmark
1.4% (2002 est.)

Djibouti
3% (1996 est.)

Dominica
-10% (1997 est.)

Dominican Republic
2% (2001 est.)

East Timor
8.5%

Ecuador
5.1% (2001 est.)

Egypt
2.2% (2002 est.)

El Salvador
3% (2002 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
30% (2002 est.)

Eritrea
NA%

Estonia
5% (2000 est.)

Ethiopia
6.7% (2001 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA%

Faroe Islands
8% (1999 est.)

Fiji
NA%

Finland
5% (2002 est.)

France
-0.3% (2002)

French Guiana
NA%

French Polynesia
NA%

Gabon
1.6% (2002 est.)

Gambia, The
NA%

Gaza Strip
NA%

Georgia
3% (2000)

Germany
-2.1% (2002 est.)

Ghana
3.8% (2000 est.)

Gibraltar
NA%

Greece
7% (2000 est.)

Greenland
NA%

Grenada
0.7% (1997 est.)

Guadeloupe
NA%

Guam
NA%

Guatemala
4.1% (1999)

Guernsey
NA%

Guinea
3.2% (1994)

Guinea-Bissau
2.6% (1997 est.)

Guyana
7.1% (1997 est.)

Haiti
NA

Honduras
4% (1999 est.)

Hong Kong
-9.7% (2002 est.)

Hungary
3.1% (2002 est.)

Iceland
0.2% (2002 est.)

India
6% (2002 est.)

Indonesia
4.9% (2002 est.)

Iran
5.5% excluding oil (2001 est.)

Iraq
NA%

Ireland
6% (2002 est.)

Israel
-1.5% (2002 est.)

Italy
-2.8% (2002)

Jamaica
-2% (2000 est.)

Japan
-1.4% (2002 est.)

Jersey
NA%

Jordan
1% (2002 est.)

Kazakhstan
10% (2002 est.)

Kenya
0.9% (2002 est.)

Kiribati
0.7% (1991 est.)

Korea, North
NA%

Korea, South
6.5% (2002 est.)

Kuwait
-5% (2002 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
6% (2000 est.)

Laos
7.5% (1999 est.)

Latvia
5.7% (2002 est.)

Lebanon
NA%

Lesotho
15.5% (1999)

Liberia
NA%

Libya
NA%

Liechtenstein
NA%

Lithuania
6% (2002 est.)

Luxembourg
0% (2002 est.)

Macau
NA%

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
-5% (2002 est.)

Madagascar
3% (2000 est.)

Malawi
-0.8% (2002 est.)

Malaysia
5% (2002 est.)

Maldives
4.4% (1996 est.)

Mali
NA%

Malta
NA%

Man, Isle of
3.2% (FY 96/97)

Marshall Islands
NA%

Martinique
NA%

Mauritania
2% (2000 est.)

Mauritius
8% (2000 est.)

Mayotte
NA%

Mexico
4.9% (2002 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
NA%

Moldova
9% (2002 est.)

Monaco
NA%

Mongolia
4.1% (2002 est.)

Montserrat
NA%

Morocco
0.5% (1999 est.)

Mozambique
3.4% (2000)

Namibia
NA%

Nauru
NA%

Nepal
8.7% (FY 99/00)

Netherlands
0% (2002 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
NA%

New Caledonia
-0.6% (1996)

New Zealand
3% (2001 est.)

Nicaragua
4.4% (2000 est.)

Niger
NA%

Nigeria
0.4% (2002 est.)

Niue
NA%

Norfolk Island
NA%

Northern Mariana Islands
NA%

Norway
1.2% (2002 est.)

Oman
4% (2000 est.)

Pakistan
2.4% (FY01/02 est.)

Palau
NA%

Panama
0.5% (2002 est.)

Papua New Guinea
NA

Paraguay
0% (2000 est.)

Peru
6.5% (2002 est.)

Philippines
4% (2000 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
NA%

Poland
0.3% (2001)

Portugal
1.5% (2002 est.)

Puerto Rico
NA%

Qatar
NA%

Reunion
NA%

Romania
6% (2002)

Russia
3.7% (2002 est.)

Rwanda
7% (2001 est.)

Saint Helena
NA%

Saint Kitts and Nevis
NA%

Saint Lucia
-8.9% (1997 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
NA%

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
-0.9% (1997 est.)

Samoa
2.8% (2000)

San Marino
6% (1997 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
NA%

Saudi Arabia
1% (1997 est.)

Senegal
8.1% (2002 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
1.7% (2002 est.)

Seychelles
NA%

Sierra Leone
NA%

Singapore
-9.8% (2002 est.)

Slovakia
4.4% (2002 est.)

Slovenia
2.4% (2002)

Solomon Islands
NA%

Somalia
NA%

South Africa
3% (2002 est.)

Spain
1.2% (2002 est.)

Sri Lanka
1.1% (2002)

Sudan
8.5% (1999 est.)

Suriname
6.5% (1994 est.)

Svalbard
NA%

Swaziland
3.7% (FY 95/96)

Sweden
0.9% (2002 est.)

Switzerland
3.2% (2001)

Syria
NA%

Taiwan
6% (2002)

Tajikistan
10.3% (2000 est.)

Tanzania
8.4% (1999 est.)

Thailand
3% (2000 est.)

Togo
NA%

Tokelau
NA%

Tonga
8.6% (FY 98/99)

Trinidad and Tobago
2.6% (2002 est.)

Tunisia
3.5% (2002 est.)

Turkey
8.5% (2002 est.)

Turkmenistan
1% (2002 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
NA%

Tuvalu
NA%

Uganda
6.3% (2002 est.)

Ukraine
6% (2002 est.)

United Arab Emirates
4% (2000)

United Kingdom
-3.4% (2002 est.)

United States
-0.4% (2002 est.)

Uruguay
-12% (2002 est.)

Uzbekistan
3.5% (2000 est.)

Vanuatu
1% (1997 est.)

Venezuela
-5.4% (2002 est.)

Vietnam
10.2% (2002 est.)

Virgin Islands
NA%

Wallis and Futuna
NA%

West Bank
NA%

Western Sahara
NA%

World
3% (2002 est.)

Yemen
4% (2002 est.)

Zambia
5.1% (2001 est.)

Zimbabwe
-3.1% (2002 est.)

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

@2090 Industries

Afghanistan
small-scale production of textiles, soap, furniture,
shoes, fertilizer, cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, coal,
copper

Albania
food processing, textiles and clothing; lumber, oil, cement,
chemicals, mining, basic metals, hydropower

Algeria
petroleum, natural gas, light industries, mining,
electrical, petrochemical, food processing

American Samoa
tuna canneries (largely supplied by foreign fishing
vessels), handicrafts

Andorra
tourism (particularly skiing), cattle raising, timber,
banking

Angola
petroleum; diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, feldspar, bauxite,
uranium, and gold; cement; basic metal products; fish processing;
food processing; brewing; tobacco products; sugar; textiles

Anguilla
tourism, boat building, offshore financial services

Antigua and Barbuda
tourism, construction, light manufacturing
(clothing, alcohol, household appliances)

Argentina
food processing, motor vehicles, consumer durables,
textiles, chemicals and petrochemicals, printing, metallurgy, steel

Armenia
metal-cutting machine tools, forging-pressing machines,
electric motors, tires, knitted wear, hosiery, shoes, silk fabric,
chemicals, trucks, instruments, microelectronics, gem cutting,
jewelry manufacturing, software development, food processing, brandy

Aruba
tourism, transshipment facilities, oil refining

Australia
mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food
processing, chemicals, steel

Austria
construction, machinery, vehicles and parts, food,
chemicals, lumber and wood processing, paper and paperboard,
communications equipment, tourism

Azerbaijan
petroleum and natural gas, petroleum products, oilfield
equipment; steel, iron ore, cement; chemicals and petrochemicals;
textiles

Bahamas, The
tourism, banking, e-commerce, cement, oil refining and
transshipment, salt, rum, aragonite, pharmaceuticals, spiral-welded
steel pipe

Bahrain
petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting,
offshore banking, ship repairing; tourism

Bangladesh
cotton textiles, jute, garments, tea processing, paper
newsprint, cement, chemical fertilizer, light engineering, sugar

Barbados
tourism, sugar, light manufacturing, component assembly for
export

Belarus
metal-cutting machine tools, tractors, trucks, earthmovers,
motorcycles, television sets, chemical fibers, fertilizer, textiles,
radios, refrigerators

Belgium
engineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly,
processed food and beverages, chemicals, basic metals, textiles,
glass, petroleum, coal

Belize
garment production, food processing, tourism, construction

Benin
textiles, food processing, chemical production, construction
materials (2001)

Bermuda
tourism, international business, light manufacturing

Bhutan
cement, wood products, processed fruits, alcoholic beverages,
calcium carbide

Bolivia
mining, smelting, petroleum, food and beverages, tobacco,
handicrafts, clothing

Bosnia and Herzegovina
steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese,
bauxite, vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden
furniture, tank and aircraft assembly, domestic appliances, oil
refining (2001)

Botswana
diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash; livestock
processing; textiles

Brazil
textiles, shoes, chemicals, cement, lumber, iron ore, tin,
steel, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, other machinery and
equipment

British Virgin Islands
tourism, light industry, construction, rum,
concrete block, offshore financial center

Brunei
petroleum, petroleum refining, liquefied natural gas,
construction

Bulgaria
electricity, gas and water; food, beverages and tobacco;
machinery and equipment, base metals, chemical products, coke,
refined petroleum, nuclear fuel

Burkina Faso
cotton lint, beverages, agricultural processing, soap,
cigarettes, textiles, gold

Burma
agricultural processing; knit and woven apparel; wood and wood
products; copper, tin, tungsten, iron; construction materials;
pharmaceuticals; fertilizer

Burundi
light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly
of imported components; public works construction; food processing

Cambodia
tourism, garments, rice milling, fishing, wood and wood
products, rubber, cement, gem mining, textiles

Cameroon
petroleum production and refining, food processing, light
consumer goods, textiles, lumber

Canada
transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and
unprocessed minerals, food products; wood and paper products; fish
products, petroleum and natural gas

Cape Verde
food and beverages, fish processing, shoes and garments,
salt mining, ship repair

Cayman Islands
tourism, banking, insurance and finance,
construction, construction materials, furniture

Central African Republic
diamond mining, logging, brewing, textiles,
footwear, assembly of bicycles and motorcycles

Chad
oil, cotton textiles, meatpacking, beer brewing, natron (sodium
carbonate), soap, cigarettes, construction materials

Chile
copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and
steel, wood and wood products, transport equipment, cement, textiles

China
iron and steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles
and apparel, petroleum, cement, chemical fertilizers, footwear,
toys, food processing, automobiles, consumer electronics,
telecommunications

Christmas Island
tourism, phosphate extraction (near depletion)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
copra products and tourism

Colombia
textiles, food processing, oil, clothing and footwear,
beverages, chemicals, cement; gold, coal, emeralds

Comoros
tourism, perfume distillation

Congo, Democratic Republic of the mining (diamonds, copper, zinc), mineral processing, consumer products (including textiles, footwear, cigarettes, processed foods and beverages), cement

Congo, Republic of the
petroleum extraction, cement, lumber,
brewing, sugar, palm oil, soap, flour, cigarettes

Cook Islands
fruit processing, tourism, fishing, clothing,
handicrafts

Costa Rica
microprocessors, food processing, textiles and clothing,
construction materials, fertilizer, plastic products

Cote d'Ivoire
foodstuffs, beverages; wood products, oil refining,
truck and bus assembly, textiles, fertilizer, building materials,
electricity

Croatia
chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal,
electronics, pig iron and rolled steel products, aluminum, paper,
wood products, construction materials, textiles, shipbuilding,
petroleum and petroleum refining, food and beverages; tourism

Cuba
sugar, petroleum, tobacco, chemicals, construction, services,
nickel, steel, cement, agricultural machinery, biotechnology

Cyprus
food, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metal products,
tourism, wood products

Czech Republic
metallurgy, machinery and equipment, motor vehicles,
glass, armaments

Denmark
food processing, machinery and equipment, textiles and
clothing, chemical products, electronics, construction, furniture
and other wood products, shipbuilding, windmills

Djibouti
construction, agricultural processing

Dominica
soap, coconut oil, tourism, copra, furniture, cement
blocks, shoes

Dominican Republic
tourism, sugar processing, ferronickel and gold
mining, textiles, cement, tobacco

East Timor
printing, soap manufacturing, handicrafts, woven cloth

Ecuador
petroleum, food processing, textiles, metal work, paper
products, wood products, chemicals, plastics, fishing, lumber

Egypt
textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, hydrocarbons,
construction, cement, metals

El Salvador
food processing, beverages, petroleum, chemicals,
fertilizer, textiles, furniture, light metals

Equatorial Guinea
petroleum, fishing, sawmilling, natural gas

Eritrea
food processing, beverages, clothing and textiles

Estonia
engineering, electronics, wood and wood products, textile;
information technology, telecommunications

Ethiopia
food processing, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metals
processing, cement

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
fish and wool processing; tourism

Faroe Islands
fishing, fish processing, shipbuilding, construction,
handicrafts

Fiji
tourism, sugar, clothing, copra, gold, silver, lumber, small
cottage industries

Finland
metal products, electronics, shipbuilding, pulp and paper,
copper refining, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing

France
machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft,
electronics; textiles, food processing; tourism

French Guiana
construction, shrimp processing, forestry products,
rum, gold mining

French Polynesia
tourism, pearls, agricultural processing,
handicrafts, phosphates

Gabon
petroleum extraction and refining; manganese, and gold mining;
chemicals; ship repair; food and beverage; textile; lumbering and
plywood; cement.

Gambia, The
processing peanuts, fish, and hides; tourism; beverages;
agricultural machinery assembly, woodworking, metalworking; clothing

Gaza Strip
generally small family businesses that produce textiles,
soap, olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the
Israelis have established some small-scale modern industries in an
industrial center

Georgia
steel, aircraft, machine tools, electrical appliances,
mining (manganese and copper), chemicals, wood products, wine

Germany
among the world's largest and most technologically advanced
producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery,
vehicles, machine tools, electronics, food and beverages;
shipbuilding; textiles

Ghana
mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, aluminum smelting,
food processing

Gibraltar
tourism, banking and finance, ship repairing, tobacco

Greece
tourism; food and tobacco processing, textiles; chemicals,
metal products; mining, petroleum

Greenland
fish processing (mainly shrimp and Greenland halibut),
handicrafts, hides and skins, small shipyards, mining

Grenada
food and beverages, textiles, light assembly operations,
tourism, construction

Guadeloupe
construction, cement, rum, sugar, tourism

Guam
US military, tourism, construction, transshipment services,
concrete products, printing and publishing, food processing, textiles

Guatemala
sugar, textiles and clothing, furniture, chemicals,
petroleum, metals, rubber, tourism

Guernsey
tourism, banking

Guinea
bauxite, gold, diamonds; alumina refining; light
manufacturing and agricultural processing industries

Guinea-Bissau
agricultural products processing, beer, soft drinks

Guyana
bauxite, sugar, rice milling, timber, textiles, gold mining

Haiti
sugar refining, flour milling, textiles, cement, light
assembly industries based on imported parts

Holy See (Vatican City) printing; production of coins, medals, postage stamps, a small amount of mosaics and staff uniforms; worldwide banking and financial activities

Honduras
sugar, coffee, textiles, clothing, wood products

Hong Kong
textiles, clothing, tourism, banking, shipping,
electronics, plastics, toys, watches, clocks

Hungary
mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods,
textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles

Iceland
fish processing; aluminum smelting, ferrosilicon production,
geothermal power; tourism

India
textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation
equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software

Indonesia
petroleum and natural gas; textiles, apparel, and
footwear; mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood; rubber;
food; tourism

Iran
petroleum, petrochemicals, textiles, cement and other
construction materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining
and vegetable oil production), metal fabricating, armaments

Iraq
petroleum, chemicals, textiles, construction materials, food
processing

Ireland
food products, brewing, textiles, clothing; chemicals,
pharmaceuticals, machinery, transportation equipment, glass and
crystal; software

Israel
high-technology projects (including aviation, communications,
computer-aided design and manufactures, medical electronics), wood
and paper products, potash and phosphates, food, beverages, and
tobacco, caustic soda, cement, diamond cutting

Italy
tourism, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food
processing, textiles, motor vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics

Jamaica
tourism, bauxite, textiles, food processing, light
manufactures, rum, cement, metal, paper, chemical products

Japan
among world's largest and technologically advanced producers
of motor vehicles, electronic equipment, machine tools, steel and
nonferrous metals, ships, chemicals; textiles, processed foods

Jersey
tourism, banking and finance, dairy

Jordan
phosphate mining, pharmaceuticals, petroleum refining,
cement, potash, light manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, tourism

Kazakhstan
oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc,
copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, iron
and steel; tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric
motors, construction materials

Kenya
small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries,
textiles, soap, cigarettes, flour), agricultural products
processing; oil refining, cement; tourism

Kiribati
fishing, handicrafts

Korea, North
military products; machine building, electric power,
chemicals; mining (coal, iron ore, magnesite, graphite, copper,
zinc, lead, and precious metals), metallurgy; textiles, food
processing; tourism

Korea, South
electronics, automobile production, chemicals,
shipbuilding, steel, textiles, clothing, footwear, food processing

Kuwait
petroleum, petrochemicals, desalination, food processing,
construction materials

Kyrgyzstan
small machinery, textiles, food processing, cement,
shoes, sawn logs, refrigerators, furniture, electric motors, gold,
rare earth metals

Laos
tin and gypsum mining, timber, electric power, agricultural
processing, construction, garments, tourism

Latvia
buses, vans, street and railroad cars, synthetic fibers,
agricultural machinery, fertilizers, washing machines, radios,
electronics, pharmaceuticals, processed foods, textiles; note -
dependent on imports for energy and raw materials

Lebanon
banking; food processing; jewelry; cement; textiles; mineral
and chemical products; wood and furniture products; oil refining;
metal fabricating

Lesotho
food, beverages, textiles, apparel assembly, handicrafts;
construction; tourism

Liberia
rubber processing, palm oil processing, timber, diamonds

Libya
petroleum, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement

Liechtenstein
electronics, metal manufacturing, dental products,
ceramics, pharmaceuticals, food products, precision instruments,
tourism, optical instruments

Lithuania
metal-cutting machine tools, electric motors, television
sets, refrigerators and freezers, petroleum refining, shipbuilding
(small ships), furniture making, textiles, food processing,
fertilizers, agricultural machinery, optical equipment, electronic
components, computers, amber

Luxembourg
banking, iron and steel, food processing, chemicals,
metal products, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum

Macau
tourism, gambling, clothing, textiles, electronics, footwear,
toys

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
coal, metallic chromium,
lead, zinc, ferronickel, textiles, wood products, tobacco, food
processing, buses

Madagascar
meat processing, soap, breweries, tanneries, sugar,
textiles, glassware, cement, automobile assembly plant, paper,
petroleum, tourism

Malawi
tobacco, tea, sugar, sawmill products, cement, consumer goods

Malaysia
Peninsular Malaysia - rubber and oil palm processing and
manufacturing, light manufacturing industry, electronics, tin mining
and smelting, logging and processing timber; Sabah - logging,
petroleum production; Sarawak - agriculture processing, petroleum
production and refining, logging

Maldives
fish processing, tourism, shipping, boat building, coconut
processing, garments, woven mats, rope, handicrafts, coral and sand
mining

Mali
food processing; construction; phosphate and gold mining

Malta
tourism; electronics, ship building and repair, construction;
food and beverages, textiles, footwear, clothing, tobacco

Man, Isle of
financial services, light manufacturing, tourism

Marshall Islands
copra, fish, tourism, craft items from shell, wood,
and pearls

Martinique
construction, rum, cement, oil refining, sugar, tourism

Mauritania
fish processing, mining of iron ore and gypsum

Mauritius
food processing (largely sugar milling), textiles,
clothing; chemicals, metal products, transport equipment,
nonelectrical machinery; tourism

Mayotte
newly created lobster and shrimp industry, construction

Mexico
food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel,
petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer
durables, tourism

Micronesia, Federated States of
tourism, construction, fish
processing, specialized aquaculture, craft items from shell, wood,
and pearls

Moldova
food processing, agricultural machinery, foundry equipment,
refrigerators and freezers, washing machines, hosiery, sugar,
vegetable oil, shoes, textiles

Monaco
tourism, construction, small-scale industrial and consumer
products

Mongolia
construction materials, mining (coal, copper, molybdenum,
fluorspar, and gold); oil; food and beverages, processing of animal
products

Montserrat
tourism, rum, textiles, electronic appliances

Morocco
phosphate rock mining and processing, food processing,
leather goods, textiles, construction, tourism

Mozambique
food, beverages, chemicals (fertilizer, soap, paints),
aluminum, petroleum products, textiles, cement, glass, asbestos,
tobacco

Namibia
meatpacking, fish processing, dairy products; mining
(diamond, lead, zinc, tin, silver, tungsten, uranium, copper)

Nauru
phosphate mining, offshore banking, coconut products

Nepal
tourism, carpet, textile; small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed
mills; cigarette; cement and brick production

Netherlands
agroindustries, metal and engineering products,
electrical machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum,
construction, microelectronics, fishing

Netherlands Antilles
tourism (Curacao, Sint Maarten, and Bonaire),
petroleum refining (Curacao), petroleum transshipment facilities
(Curacao and Bonaire), light manufacturing (Curacao)

New Caledonia
nickel mining and smelting

New Zealand
food processing, wood and paper products, textiles,
machinery, transportation equipment, banking and insurance, tourism,
mining

Nicaragua
food processing, chemicals, machinery and metal products,
textiles, clothing, petroleum refining and distribution, beverages,
footwear, wood

Niger
uranium mining, cement, brick, textiles, food processing,
chemicals, slaughterhouses

Nigeria
crude oil, coal, tin, columbite, palm oil, peanuts, cotton,
rubber, wood, hides and skins, textiles, cement and other
construction materials, food products, footwear, chemicals,
fertilizer, printing, ceramics, steel

Niue
tourism, handicrafts, food processing

Norfolk Island
tourism

Northern Mariana Islands
tourism, construction, garments, handicrafts

Norway
petroleum and gas, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and
paper products, metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles, fishing

Oman
crude oil production and refining, natural gas production,
construction, cement, copper

Pakistan
textiles, and apparel, food processing, beverages,
construction materials, paper products, fertilizer, shrimp

Palau
tourism, craft items (from shell, wood, pearls), construction,
garment making

Panama
construction, petroleum refining, brewing, cement and other
construction materials, sugar milling

Papua New Guinea
copra crushing, palm oil processing, plywood
production, wood chip production; mining of gold, silver, and
copper; crude oil production; construction, tourism

Paraguay
sugar, cement, textiles, beverages, wood products

Peru
mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food
processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal
fabrication

Philippines
textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products,
food processing, electronics assembly, petroleum refining, fishing

Pitcairn Islands
postage stamps, handicrafts

Poland
machine building, iron and steel, coal mining, chemicals,
shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles

Portugal
textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork;
metalworking; oil refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine; tourism

Puerto Rico
pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, food products;
tourism

Qatar
crude oil production and refining, fertilizers,
petrochemicals, steel reinforcing bars, cement

Reunion
sugar, rum, cigarettes, handicraft items, flower oil
extraction

Romania
textiles and footwear, light machinery and auto assembly,
mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, food
processing, petroleum refining

Russia
complete range of mining and extractive industries producing
coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building
from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles;
shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications
equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction
equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment;
medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles,
foodstuffs, handicrafts

Rwanda
cement, agricultural products, small-scale beverages, soap,
furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes

Saint Helena
construction, crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy
woodwork), fishing

Saint Kitts and Nevis
sugar processing, tourism, cotton, salt,
copra, clothing, footwear, beverages

Saint Lucia
clothing, assembly of electronic components, beverages,
corrugated cardboard boxes, tourism, lime processing, coconut
processing

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
fish processing and supply base for
fishing fleets; tourism

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
food processing, cement, furniture,
clothing, starch

Samoa
food processing, building materials, auto parts

San Marino
tourism, banking, textiles, electronics, ceramics,
cement, wine

Sao Tome and Principe
light construction, textiles, soap, beer; fish
processing; timber

Saudi Arabia
crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic
petrochemicals, cement, construction, fertilizer, plastics

Senegal
agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining,
fertilizer production, petroleum refining, construction materials

Serbia and Montenegro
machine building (aircraft, trucks, and
automobiles; tanks and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural
machinery); metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc,
chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium); mining (coal, bauxite,
nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone); consumer goods (textiles,
footwear, foodstuffs, appliances); electronics, petroleum products,
chemicals, and pharmaceuticals

Seychelles
fishing; tourism; processing of coconuts and vanilla,
coir (coconut fiber) rope, boat building, printing, furniture;
beverages

Sierra Leone
mining (diamonds); small-scale manufacturing
(beverages, textiles, cigarettes, footwear); petroleum refining

Singapore
electronics, chemicals, financial services, oil drilling
equipment, petroleum refining, rubber processing and rubber
products, processed food and beverages, ship repair, entrepot trade,
biotechnology

Slovakia
metal and metal products; food and beverages; electricity,
gas, coke, oil, nuclear fuel; chemicals and manmade fibers;
machinery; paper and printing; earthenware and ceramics; transport
vehicles; textiles; electrical and optical apparatus; rubber products

Slovenia
ferrous metallurgy and aluminum products, lead and zinc
smelting, electronics (including military electronics), trucks,
electric power equipment, wood products, textiles, chemicals,
machine tools

Solomon Islands
fish (tuna), mining, timber

Somalia
a few light industries, including sugar refining, textiles,
petroleum refining (mostly shut down), wireless communication

South Africa
mining (world's largest producer of platinum, gold,
chromium), automobile assembly, metalworking, machinery, textile,
iron and steel, chemicals, fertilizer, foodstuffs

Spain
textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages,
metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles,
machine tools, tourism

Sri Lanka
rubber processing, tea, coconuts, and other agricultural
commodities; clothing, cement, petroleum refining, textiles, tobacco

Sudan
oil, cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar,
soap distilling, shoes, petroleum refining, pharmaceuticals,
armaments, automobile/light truck assembly

Suriname
bauxite and gold mining, alumina production, oil,
lumbering, food processing, fishing

Swaziland
mining (coal), wood pulp, sugar, soft drink concentrates,
textile and apparel

Sweden
iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and
telephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed
foods, motor vehicles

Switzerland
machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision
instruments

Syria
petroleum, textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco,
phosphate rock mining

Taiwan
electronics, petroleum refining, chemicals, textiles, iron
and steel, machinery, cement, food processing

Tajikistan
aluminum, zinc, lead, chemicals and fertilizers, cement,
vegetable oil, metal-cutting machine tools, refrigerators and
freezers

Tanzania
agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal
twine), diamond and gold mining, oil refining, shoes, cement,
textiles, wood products, fertilizer, salt

Thailand
tourism; textiles and garments, agricultural processing,
beverages, tobacco, cement, light manufacturing, such as jewelry;
electric appliances and components, computers and parts, integrated
circuits, furniture, plastics; world's second-largest tungsten
producer and third-largest tin producer

Togo
phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement; handicrafts,
textiles, beverages

Tokelau
small-scale enterprises for copra production, woodworking,
plaited craft goods; stamps, coins; fishing

Tonga
tourism, fishing

Trinidad and Tobago
petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing,
cement, beverage, cotton textiles

Tunisia
petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore),
tourism, textiles, footwear, agribusiness, beverages

Turkey
textiles, food processing, autos, mining (coal, chromite,
copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper

Turkmenistan
natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food
processing

Turks and Caicos Islands
tourism, offshore financial services

Tuvalu
fishing, tourism, copra

Uganda
sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles, cement

Ukraine
coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals,
machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food processing
(especially sugar)

United Arab Emirates
petroleum, fishing, petrochemicals,
construction materials, some boat building, handicrafts, pearling

United Kingdom
machine tools, electric power equipment, automation
equipment, railroad equipment, shipbuilding, aircraft, motor
vehicles and parts, electronics and communications equipment,
metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper and paper products, food
processing, textiles, clothing, and other consumer goods

United States
leading industrial power in the world, highly
diversified and technologically advanced; petroleum, steel, motor
vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics,
food processing, consumer goods, lumber, mining