← The 2003 CIA World Factbook, Volume 2
@2001 Gdp (part 5)
Yemen
$2.3 billion to be disbursed 2003-07 (2003-07 disbursements)
Zambia
$651 million (2000 est.)
Zimbabwe
$178 million (2000 est.)
This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003
@2065 Currency
Afghanistan
afghani (AFA)
Albania
lek (ALL)
Algeria
Algerian dinar (DZD)
American Samoa
US dollar (USD)
Andorra
euro (EUR)
Angola
kwanza (AOA)
Anguilla
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Antigua and Barbuda
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Argentina
Argentine peso (ARS)
Armenia
dram (AMD)
Aruba
Aruban guilder/florin (AWG)
Australia
Australian dollar (AUD)
Austria
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by the financial institutions
of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani manat (AZM)
Bahamas, The
Bahamian dollar (BSD)
Bahrain
Bahraini dinar (BHD)
Bangladesh
taka (BDT)
Barbados
Barbadian dollar (BBD)
Belarus
Belarusian ruble (BYB/BYR)
Belgium
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Belize
Belizean dollar (BZD)
Benin
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Bermuda
Bermudian dollar (BMD)
Bhutan
ngultrum (BTN); Indian rupee (INR)
Bolivia
boliviano (BOB)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
marka (BAM)
Botswana
pula (BWP)
Brazil
real (BRL)
British Virgin Islands
US dollar (USD)
Brunei
Bruneian dollar (BND)
Bulgaria
lev (BGL)
Burkina Faso
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Burma
kyat (MMK)
Burundi
Burundi franc (BIF)
Cambodia
riel (KHR)
Cameroon
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note -
responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Canada
Canadian dollar (CAD)
Cape Verde
Cape Verdean escudo (CVE)
Cayman Islands
Caymanian dollar (KYD)
Central African Republic
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc
(XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central
African States
Chad
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible
authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Chile
Chilean peso (CLP)
China
yuan (CNY)
note:: also referred to as the Renminbi (RMB)
Christmas Island
Australian dollar (AUD)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Australian dollar (AUD)
Colombia
Colombian peso (COP)
Comoros
Comoran franc (KMF)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congolese franc (CDF)
Congo, Republic of the
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF);
note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African
States
Cook Islands
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Costa Rica
Costa Rican colon (CRC)
Cote d'Ivoire
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Croatia
kuna (HRK)
Cuba
Cuban peso (CUP)
Cyprus
Greek Cypriot area: Cypriot pound (CYP); Turkish Cypriot
area: Turkish lira (TRL)
Czech Republic
Czech koruna (CZK)
Denmark
Danish krone (DKK)
Djibouti
Djiboutian franc (DJF)
Dominica
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Dominican Republic
Dominican peso (DOP)
East Timor
US dollar (USD)
Ecuador
US dollar (USD)
Egypt
Egyptian pound (EGP)
El Salvador
US dollar (USD)
Equatorial Guinea
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note
- responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Eritrea
nakfa (ERN)
Estonia
Estonian kroon (EEK)
Ethiopia
birr (ETB)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Falkland pound (FKP)
Faroe Islands
Danish krone (DKK)
Fiji
Fijian dollar (FJD)
Finland
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
France
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
French Guiana
euro (EUR); French franc (FRF)
French Polynesia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF); note -
may adopt the euro in 2003
Gabon
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note -
responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Gambia, The
dalasi (GMD)
Gaza Strip
new Israeli shekel (ILS)
Georgia
lari (GEL)
Germany
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Ghana
cedi (GHC)
Gibraltar
Gibraltar pound (GIP)
Greece
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Greenland
Danish krone (DKK)
Grenada
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Guadeloupe
euro (EUR); French franc (FRF)
Guam
US dollar (USD)
Guatemala
quetzal (GTQ), US dollar (USD), others allowed
Guernsey
British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Guernsey pound
Guinea
Guinean franc (GNF)
Guinea-Bissau
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African
States; previously the Guinea-Bissau peso (GWP) was used
Guyana
Guyanese dollar (GYD)
Haiti
gourde (HTG)
Holy See (Vatican City)
euro (EUR)
Honduras
lempira (HNL)
Hong Kong
Hong Kong dollar (HKD)
Hungary
forint (HUF)
Iceland
Icelandic krona (ISK)
India
Indian rupee (INR)
Indonesia
Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
Iran
Iranian rial (IRR)
Iraq
Iraqi dinar (IQD)
Ireland
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Israel
new Israeli shekel (ILS); note - NIS is the currency
abbreviation; ILS is the International Organization for
Standarization (ISO) code for the NIS
Italy
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Jamaica
Jamaican dollar (JMD)
Japan
yen (JPY)
Jersey
British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Jersey pound
Jordan
Jordanian dinar (JOD)
Kazakhstan
tenge (KZT)
Kenya
Kenyan shilling (KES)
Kiribati
Australian dollar (AUD)
Korea, North
North Korean won (KPW)
Korea, South
South Korean won (KRW)
Kuwait
Kuwaiti dinar (KD)
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstani som (KGS)
Laos
kip (LAK)
Latvia
Latvian lat (LVL)
Lebanon
Lebanese pound (LBP)
Lesotho
loti (LSL); South African rand (ZAR)
Liberia
Liberian dollar (LRD)
Libya
Libyan dinar (LYD)
Liechtenstein
Swiss franc (CHF)
Lithuania
litas (LTL)
Luxembourg
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Macau
pataca (MOP)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonian denar (MKD)
Madagascar
Malagasy franc (MGF)
Malawi
Malawian kwacha (MWK)
Malaysia
ringgit (MYR)
Maldives
rufiyaa (MVR)
Mali
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible
authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Malta
Maltese lira (MTL)
Man, Isle of
British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Manx pound
Marshall Islands
US dollar (USD)
Martinique
euro (EUR)
Mauritania
ouguiya (MRO)
Mauritius
Mauritian rupee (MUR)
Mayotte
euro (EUR)
Mexico
Mexican peso (MXN)
Micronesia, Federated States of
US dollar (USD)
Moldova
Moldovan leu (MDL)
Monaco
euro (EUR)
Mongolia
togrog/tugrik (MNT)
Montserrat
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Morocco
Moroccan dirham (MAD)
Mozambique
metical (MZM)
Namibia
Namibian dollar (NAD); South African rand (ZAR)
Nauru
Australian dollar (AUD)
Nepal
Nepalese rupee (NPR)
Netherlands
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Netherlands Antilles
Netherlands Antillean guilder (ANG)
New Caledonia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF); note -
may adopt the euro in 2003
New Zealand
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Nicaragua
gold cordoba (NIO)
Niger
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Nigeria
naira (NGN)
Niue
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Norfolk Island
Australian dollar (AUD)
Northern Mariana Islands
US dollar (USD)
Norway
Norwegian krone (NOK)
Oman
Omani rial (OMR)
Pakistan
Pakistani rupee (PKR)
Palau
US dollar (USD)
Panama
balboa (PAB); US dollar (USD)
Papua New Guinea
kina (PGK)
Paraguay
guarani (PYG)
Peru
nuevo sol (PEN)
Philippines
Philippine peso (PHP)
Pitcairn Islands
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Poland
zloty (PLN)
Portugal
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Puerto Rico
US dollar (USD)
Qatar
Qatari rial (QAR)
Reunion
euro (EUR)
Romania
leu (ROL)
Russia
Russian ruble (RUR)
Rwanda
Rwandan franc (RWF)
Saint Helena
Saint Helenian pound (SHP)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Saint Lucia
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
euro (EUR)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Samoa
tala (SAT)
San Marino
euro (EUR)
Sao Tome and Principe
dobra (STD)
Saudi Arabia
Saudi riyal (SAR)
Senegal
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Serbia and Montenegro
new Yugoslav dinar (YUM); note - in Montenegro
the euro is legal tender; in Kosovo both the euro and the Yugoslav
dinar are legal (2002)
Seychelles
Seychelles rupee (SCR)
Sierra Leone
leone (SLL)
Singapore
Singapore dollar (SGD)
Slovakia
Slovak koruna (SKK)
Slovenia
tolar (SIT)
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands dollar (SBD)
Somalia
Somali shilling (SOS)
South Africa
rand (ZAR)
Spain
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by the financial institutions
of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions with the member countries
Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan rupee (LKR)
Sudan
Sudanese dinar (SDD)
Suriname
Surinamese guilder (SRG)
Svalbard
Norwegian krone (NOK)
Swaziland
lilangeni (SZL)
Sweden
Swedish krona (SEK)
Switzerland
Swiss franc (CHF)
Syria
Syrian pound (SYP)
Taiwan
new Taiwan dollar (TWD)
Tajikistan
somoni
Tanzania
Tanzanian shilling (TZS)
Thailand
baht (THB)
Togo
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible
authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Tokelau
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Tonga
pa'anga (TOP)
Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TTD)
Tunisia
Tunisian dinar (TND)
Turkey
Turkish lira (TRL)
Turkmenistan
Turkmen manat (TMM)
Turks and Caicos Islands
US dollar (USD)
Tuvalu
Australian dollar (AUD); note - there is also a Tuvaluan
dollar
Uganda
Ugandan shilling (UGX)
Ukraine
hryvnia (UAH)
United Arab Emirates
Emirati dirham (AED)
United Kingdom
British pound (GBP)
United States
US dollar (USD)
Uruguay
Uruguayan peso (UYU)
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani sum (UZS)
Vanuatu
vatu (VUV)
Venezuela
bolivar (VEB)
Vietnam
dong (VND)
Virgin Islands
US dollar (USD)
Wallis and Futuna
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF); note
- may adopt the euro in 2003
West Bank
new Israeli shekel (ILS); Jordanian dinar (JOD)
Western Sahara
Moroccan dirham (MAD)
Yemen
Yemeni rial (YER)
Zambia
Zambian kwacha (ZMK)
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwean dollar (ZWD)
This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003
@2066 Death rate (deaths/1,000 population)
Afghanistan
17.15 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Albania
6.48 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Algeria
5.09 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
American Samoa
4.38 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Andorra
5.74 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Angola
25.83 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Anguilla
5.42 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Antigua and Barbuda
5.64 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Argentina
7.58 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Armenia
10.16 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Aruba
6.38 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Australia
7.31 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Austria
9.69 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Azerbaijan
9.68 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Bahamas, The
8.68 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Bahrain
3.99 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Bangladesh
8.63 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Barbados
9.02 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Belarus
14.05 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Belgium
10.07 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Belize
6.05 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Benin
13.65 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Bermuda
7.46 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Bhutan
13.47 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Bolivia
7.91 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
8.21 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Botswana
31 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Brazil
6.13 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
British Virgin Islands
4.46 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Brunei
3.39 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Bulgaria
14.34 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Burkina Faso
18.76 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Burma
12.17 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Burundi
17.8 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Cambodia
9.26 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Cameroon
15.3 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Canada
7.61 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Cape Verde
6.86 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Cayman Islands
4.7 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Central African Republic
19.73 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Chad
16.38 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Chile
5.63 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
China
6.74 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Christmas Island
NA deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Colombia
5.63 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Comoros
8.86 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 14.87 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Congo, Republic of the
14.2 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Cook Islands
NA deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Costa Rica
4.31 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire
18.41 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Croatia
11.25 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Cuba
7.38 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Cyprus
7.63 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Czech Republic
10.74 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Denmark
10.72 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Djibouti
19.45 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Dominica
6.99 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Dominican Republic
6.88 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
East Timor
6.41 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Ecuador
5.29 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Egypt
5.35 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
El Salvador
6.01 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Equatorial Guinea
12.54 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Eritrea
13.23 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Estonia
13.42 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Ethiopia
20.17 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA deaths/1,000 population
Faroe Islands
8.7 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Fiji
5.7 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Finland
9.82 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
France
9.05 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
French Guiana
4.8 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
French Polynesia
4.53 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Gabon
11.17 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Gambia, The
12.35 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Gaza Strip
4.03 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Georgia
14.71 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Germany
10.34 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Ghana
10.53 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Gibraltar
8.93 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Greece
9.86 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Greenland
7.66 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Grenada
7.46 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Guadeloupe
6.04 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Guam
4.29 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Guatemala
6.78 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Guernsey
9.84 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Guinea
15.7 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Guinea-Bissau
16.62 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Guyana
9.27 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Haiti
13.36 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Honduras
6.44 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Hong Kong
6.19 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Hungary
13 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Iceland
6.95 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
India
8.49 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Indonesia
6.26 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Iran
5.54 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Iraq
5.84 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Ireland
7.94 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Israel
6.2 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Italy
10.12 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Jamaica
5.42 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Japan
8.55 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Jersey
9.17 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Jordan
2.62 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Kazakhstan
10.78 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Kenya
16.01 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Kiribati
8.63 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Korea, North
6.93 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Korea, South
6.03 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Kuwait
2.45 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Kyrgyzstan
9.1 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Laos
12.39 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Latvia
14.7 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Lebanon
6.32 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Lesotho
24.58 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Liberia
17.84 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Libya
3.49 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Liechtenstein
6.85 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Lithuania
12.89 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Luxembourg
8.78 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Macau
3.85 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of 7.78 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Madagascar
11.88 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Malawi
22.64 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Malaysia
5.12 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Maldives
7.65 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Mali
19.21 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Malta
7.8 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Man, Isle of
11.49 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Marshall Islands
5.03 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Martinique
6.41 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Mauritania
13.04 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Mauritius
6.81 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Mayotte
8.34 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Mexico
4.97 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Micronesia, Federated States of 5.1 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Moldova
12.7 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Monaco
12.82 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Mongolia
7.18 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Montserrat
7.34 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Morocco
5.78 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Mozambique
30.04 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Namibia
19.17 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Nauru
7.08 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Nepal
9.84 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Netherlands
8.66 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Netherlands Antilles
6.4 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
New Caledonia
5.63 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
New Zealand
7.54 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Nicaragua
4.69 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Niger
21.71 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Nigeria
13.76 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Niue
NA deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Norfolk Island
NA deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Northern Mariana Islands
2.44 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Norway
9.72 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Oman
3.97 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Pakistan
8.79 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Palau
7 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Panama
6.25 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Papua New Guinea
7.63 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Paraguay
4.64 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Peru
5.69 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Philippines
5.6 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Pitcairn Islands
NA deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Poland
9.96 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Portugal
10.21 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Puerto Rico
7.68 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Qatar
4.43 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Reunion
5.49 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Romania
12.25 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Russia
13.99 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Rwanda
21.72 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Saint Helena
6.24 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
8.85 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Saint Lucia
5.24 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
6.74 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6.08 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Samoa
6.41 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
San Marino
7.86 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Sao Tome and Principe
7.11 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Saudi Arabia
5.79 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Senegal
10.88 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Serbia and Montenegro
10.62 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Seychelles
6.49 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Sierra Leone
20.66 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Singapore
4.31 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Slovakia
9.22 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Slovenia
10.15 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Solomon Islands
4.12 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Somalia
17.64 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
South Africa
18.42 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Spain
9.48 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Sri Lanka
6.46 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Sudan
9.59 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Suriname
6.83 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Svalbard
NA deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Swaziland
21.08 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Sweden
10.58 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Switzerland
8.82 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Syria
5.04 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Taiwan
6.2 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Tajikistan
8.46 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Tanzania
17.38 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Thailand
6.86 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Togo
11.51 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Tokelau
NA deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Tonga
5.54 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Trinidad and Tobago
8.71 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Tunisia
5.02 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Turkey
5.95 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Turkmenistan
8.87 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands
4.34 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Tuvalu
7.34 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Uganda
16.95 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Ukraine
16.39 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
United Arab Emirates
4.02 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
United Kingdom
10.21 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
United States
8.44 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Uruguay
8.97 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Uzbekistan
7.97 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Vanuatu
8.13 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Venezuela
4.9 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Vietnam
6.19 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Virgin Islands
5.68 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Wallis and Futuna
NA deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
West Bank
4.16 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Western Sahara
NA deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
World
8.83 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Yemen
9.04 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Zambia
24.3 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Zimbabwe
22.02 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003
@2067 Military expenditures - dollar figure
Afghanistan
$525.2 million (FY02)
Albania
$56.5 million (FY02)
Algeria
$1.87 billion (FY99)
Angola
$222.7 million (FY02)
Antigua and Barbuda
$NA
Argentina
$4.3 billion (FY99)
Armenia
$135 million (FY01)
Australia
$11.39 billion (FY02)
Austria
$1.497 billion (FY01/02)
Azerbaijan
$121 million (FY99)
Bahamas, The
$20 million (FY95/96)
Bahrain
$526.2 million (FY01)
Bangladesh
$559 million (FY96)
Barbados
$NA
Belarus
$176.1 million (FY02)
Belgium
$3.077 billion (FY01/02)
Belize
$7.7 million (FY00/01)
Benin
$80.8 million (FY02)
Bermuda
$4.028 million (January 2002)
Bhutan
$9.3 million (FY02)
Bolivia
$147 million (FY99)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
$234.3 million (FY02)
Botswana
$207.3 million (FY02)
Brazil
$13.408 billion (FY99)
Brunei
$329.7 million (FY02)
Bulgaria
$356 million (FY02)
Burkina Faso
$45.83 million (FY02)
Burma
$39 million (FY97)
Burundi
$42.13 million (FY02)
Cambodia
$112 million (FY01 est.)
Cameroon
$118.6 million (FY00)
Canada
$7.861 billion (FY01/02)
Cape Verde
$9.3 million (FY02)
Central African Republic
$13.43 million (FY02)
Chad
$40.74 million (FY02)
Chile
$2.5 billion (FY99)
China
$55.91 billion (FY02)
Colombia
$3.3 billion (FY01)
Comoros
$6 million (FY02)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
$250 million (FY97)
Congo, Republic of the
$84 million (FY01)
Costa Rica
$69 million (FY99)
Cote d'Ivoire
$143.5 million (FY02)
Croatia
$520 million (2002 est.)
Cuba
$NA
Cyprus
$384 million (FY02)
Czech Republic
$1,190.2 million (FY01)
Denmark
$2.47 billion (FY99/00)
Djibouti
$26.53 million (FY02)
Dominica
$NA
Dominican Republic
$180 million (FY98)
East Timor
$4.4 million (FY03)
Ecuador
$720 million (FY98)
Egypt
$4.04 billion (FY99)
El Salvador
$112 million (FY99)
Equatorial Guinea
$30 million (FY02)
Eritrea
$95.75 million (FY02)
Estonia
$155 million (2002 est.)
Ethiopia
$800 million (FY00)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
$NA
Faroe Islands
$NA
Fiji
$39.21 million (FY02)
Finland
$1.8 billion (FY98/99)
France
$46.5 billion (2000)
French Guiana
$NA
Gabon
$81.9 million (FY02)
Gambia, The
$1.2 million (FY02)
Gaza Strip
$NA
Georgia
$23 million (FY00)
Germany
$38.8 billion (2002)
Ghana
$36.01 million (FY02)
Greece
$6.12 billion (FY99/00 est.)
Grenada
$NA
Guatemala
$120 million (FY99)
Guinea
$154 million (FY02)
Guinea-Bissau
$5.6 million (FY02)
Guyana
$NA
Haiti
$50 million (FY00)
Honduras
$35 million (FY99)
Hungary
$1.08 billion (2002 est.)
Iceland
$0
India
$11.52 billion (FY02)
Indonesia
$1 billion (FY98)
Iran
$9.7 billion (FY00)
Iraq
$1.3 billion (FY00)
Ireland
$700 million (FY00/01)
Israel
$8.97 billion (FY02)
Italy
$20.2 billion (2002)
Jamaica
$30 million (FY95/96 est.)
Japan
$39.52 billion (FY02)
Jordan
$757.5 million (FY01)
Kazakhstan
$221.8 million (Ministry of Defense expenditures) (FY02)
Kenya
$185.2 million (FY02)
Kiribati
$NA
Korea, North
$5,217.4 million (FY02)
Korea, South
$13,094.3 million (FY02)
Kuwait
$1,967.3 million (FY01)
note: Kuwait is changing its fiscal year; the above figure is for
July-March 2001; future budget years will be April-March annually
Kyrgyzstan
$19.2 million (FY01)
Laos
$55 million (FY98)
Latvia
$87 million (FY01)
Lebanon
$541 million (2002)
Lesotho
$34 million (1999)
Liberia
$7.8 million (FY02)
Libya
$1.3 billion (FY99)
Lithuania
$230.8 million (FY01)
Luxembourg
$147.8 million (FY01/02)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of $200 million (FY01/02 est.)
Madagascar
$52.3 million (FY02)
Malawi
$13.01 million (FY02)
Malaysia
$1.69 billion (FY00 est.)
Maldives
$34.46 million (FY02)
Mali
$419.7 million (FY02)
Malta
$60 million (2000 est.)
Marshall Islands
$NA
Mauritania
$37.11 million (FY02)
Mauritius
$9.712 million (FY02)
Mexico
$4 billion (FY99)
Moldova
$6.4 million (FY02)
Mongolia
$23.1 million (FY02)
Morocco
$1.4 billion (FY99/00)
Mozambique
$35.1 million (2000 est.)
Namibia
$73.1 million (FY02)
Nauru
$NA
Nepal
$57.22 million (FY02)
Netherlands
$6.5 billion (FY00/01 est.)
New Caledonia
$192.3 million (FY96)
New Zealand
$605.7 million (FY02)
Nicaragua
$26 million (FY98)
Niger
$20.54 million (FY02)
Nigeria
$417.9 million (FY02)
Norway
$3.113 billion (FY98/99)
Oman
$2.424 billion (FY01)
Pakistan
$2.964 billion (FY02)
Palau
$NA
Panama
$128 million (FY99)
Papua New Guinea
$40.21 million (FY02)
Paraguay
$125 million (FY98)
Peru
$1 billion (FY01)
Philippines
$995 million (FY98)
Poland
$3.5 billion (2002)
Portugal
$1.286 billion (FY99/00)
Qatar
$723 million (FY00)
Romania
$985 million (2002)
Russia
$NA
Rwanda
$59.57 million (FY02)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
$NA
Saint Lucia
$NA
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
$NA
Samoa
$NA
San Marino
$700,000 (FY00/01)
Sao Tome and Principe
$400,000 (FY01)
Saudi Arabia
$18.3 billion (FY00)
Senegal
$68.6 million (FY02)
Serbia and Montenegro
$654 million (2002)
Seychelles
$12.8 million (FY02)
Sierra Leone
$10.26 million (FY02)
Singapore
$4.47 billion (FY01 est.)
Slovakia
$406 million (2002)
Slovenia
$370 million (FY00)
Solomon Islands
$NA
Somalia
$17.1 million (FY02)
South Africa
$1.746 billion (FY02)
Spain
$8.6 billion (2002)
Sri Lanka
$719 million (FY98)
Sudan
$581 million (2001 est.)
Suriname
$NA
Swaziland
$20 million (FY01)
Sweden
$4.395 billion (FY01)
Switzerland
$2.548 billion (FY01)
Syria
$858 million (FY00 est.); note - based on official budget data
that may understate actual spending
Taiwan
$7.574 billion (FY02)
Tajikistan
$35.4 million (FY01)
Tanzania
$19.68 million (FY02)
Thailand
$1.775 billion (FY00)
Togo
$23.72 million (FY02)
Tonga
$NA
Trinidad and Tobago
$90 million (1999)
Tunisia
$356 million (FY99)
Turkey
$8.1 billion (2002 est.)
Turkmenistan
$90 million (FY99)
Tuvalu
$NA
Uganda
$124.7 million (FY02)
Ukraine
$617.9 million (FY02)
United Arab Emirates
$1.6 billion (FY00)
United Kingdom
$31.7 billion (2002)
United States
$276.7 billion (FY99 est.)
Uruguay
$250 million (1999)
Uzbekistan
$200 million (FY97)
Vanuatu
$NA
Venezuela
$934 million (FY99)
Vietnam
$650 million (FY98)
West Bank
$NA
Western Sahara
$NA
World
aggregate real expenditure on arms worldwide in 1999 remained
at approximately the 1998 level, about three-quarters of a trillion
dollars (1999 est.)
Yemen
$482.5 million (FY01)
Zambia
$33.46 million (FY02)
Zimbabwe
$625.1 million (FY02)
This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003
@2068 Dependent areas
Australia
Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos
(Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald
Islands, Norfolk Island
France
Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French
Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands,
Juan de Nova Island, New Caledonia, Tromelin Island, Wallis and
Futuna
note: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica
Netherlands
Aruba, Netherlands Antilles
New Zealand
Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau
Norway
Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard
United Kingdom
Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory,
British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar,
Guernsey, Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint
Helena, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and
Caicos Islands
United States
American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island,
Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa
Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin
Islands, Wake Island
note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administered
the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, but recently entered
into a new political relationship with all four political units: the
Northern Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with
the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau concluded a Compact of
Free Association with the US (effective 1 October 1994); the
Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact of Free Association
with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the
Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US
(effective 21 October 1986)
This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003
@2070 Disputes - international
Afghanistan
thousands of Afghan refugees still reside in Iran and
Pakistan; isolating terrain and close ties among Pashtuns in
Pakistan make cross-border activities difficult to control;
prolonged regional drought strains water-sharing arrangements for
Amu Darya and Helmand River states
Albania
the Albanian Government calls for the protection of the
rights of ethnic Albanians outside its borders in the Kosovo region
of Serbia and Montenegro, and in the northern Former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia, while continuing to seek regional
cooperation; some outside ethnic Albanian groups voice union with
Albania
Algeria
Libya claims about 32,000 sq km in a dormant dispute still
reflected on its maps in southeastern Algeria; armed bandits based
in Mali attack southern Algerian towns; border with Morocco remains
closed over mutual claims of harboring militants, arms smuggling;
Algeria supports the exiled Sahrawi Polisario Front and rejects
Moroccan administration of Western Sahara
American Samoa
none
Andorra
none; border is undemarcated in sections but is not in
dispute (a few French farmers still remain upset about the transfer
of 35 hectares of land to Andorra)
Angola
gives shelter to thousands of refugees from the Democratic
Republic of the Congo while thousands of Angolan refugees still
remain in neighboring states as a consequence of the protracted
civil wars in both states
Anguilla
none
Antarctica
Antarctic Treaty freezes claims (see Antarctic Treaty
Summary in Government type entry); sections (some overlapping)
claimed by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and UK;
the US and most other states do not recognize the territorial claims
of other states and have made no claims themselves (the US and
Russia reserve the right to do so); no claims have been made in the
sector between 90 degrees west and 150 degrees west; several states
with land claims in Antarctica have expressed their intention to
submit data to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental
Shelf to extend their continental shelf claims to adjoining undersea
ridges
Antigua and Barbuda
none
Arctic Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Argentina
claims UK-administered Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in its
constitution, but in 1995 ceded the right to settle the dispute by
force; Beagle Channel islands dispute resolved through Papal
mediation in 1984, but armed incidents persist since 1992 oil
discovery; territorial claim in Antarctica partially overlaps UK and
Chilean claims (see Antarctic disputes); unruly region at
convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money
laundering, smuggling, arms and drug trafficking, and harbors
Islamist militants; uncontested dispute between Brazil and Uruguay
over Braziliera Island in the Quarai/Cuareim leaves the tripoint
with Argentina in question
Armenia
Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in
Nagorno-Karabakh and militarily occupies 16% of Azerbaijan -
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) continues
to mediate dispute; border with Turkey remains closed over
Nagorno-Karabakh dispute; traditional demands regarding former
Armenian lands in Turkey have subsided; ethnic Armenian groups in
Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy, closer ties with
Armenia
Aruba
none
Ashmore and Cartier Islands nationalist group in Indonesia reportedly seeks to populate reefs to assert claims; Australia has moved to close reefs to Indonesian traditional fishing and to create a national park while prospecting for hydrocarbons in the vicinity
Atlantic Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Australia
maritime delimitation and resource sharing agreements
signed with East Timor resolve dispute over "Timor Gap" hydrocarbon
reserves; no agreement reached on dividing Timor Sea with Indonesia
(see Ashmore and Cartier Islands disputes); Australia asserts a
territorial claim to Antarctica and to its continental shelf (see
Antarctica)
Austria
minor disputes with Czech Republic and Slovenia continue
over nuclear power plants and post-World War II treatment of
German-speaking minorities
Azerbaijan
Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in
Nagorno-Karabakh and militarily occupies about one-sixth of
Azerbaijan - Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
(OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and
Russia ratify Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on
equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on an even one-fifth
allocation and challenges Azerbaijan's hydrocarbon exploration in
disputed waters; ICJ decision expected to resolve dispute with
Turkmenistan over sovereignty of certain Caspian oilfields
Bahamas, The
have not been able to agree on a maritime boundary with
the US
Bahrain
none
Baker Island
none
Bangladesh
discussions with India remain stalled to delimit a small
section of river boundary, demarcate and fence the porous land
boundary, exchange 162 miniscule enclaves, allocate divided
villages, and stop illegal cross-border trade and violence;
Bangladesh protests India's attempts to fence off high-traffic
sections of the porous boundary; dispute with India over New
Moore/South Talpatty Island in the Bay of Bengal prevents maritime
boundary delimitation; Burmese Muslim refugees strain Bangladesh's
meager resources
Barbados
none
Bassas da India
claimed by Madagascar
Belarus
1997 boundary treaty with Ukraine remains unratified over
unresolved financial claims, preventing demarcation and encouraging
illegal border crossing; boundaries with Latvia and Lithuania remain
undemarcated despite European Union financial support
Belgium
none
Belize
Guatemala has claimed half of southern Belize; Guatemalan
squatters continue to settle along the border despite a 2000
agreement; OAS brokered a Differendum in 2002 that created a small
adjustment to land boundary, a large Guatemalan maritime corridor in
the Caribbean, a joint ecological park for disputed Sapodilla Cays,
and a substantial US-UK financial package, but agreement was not
brought to a popular referendum
Benin
two villages are in dispute along the border with Burkina
Faso; much of Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with Nigeria,
remains undemarcated, but states accept 2001 arbitration over
disputed Niger River islands; several villages along the Okpara
River are in dispute with Nigeria; in 2001, Benin claimed Togo moved
the boundary stones - joint commission presently resurveying the
boundary
Bermuda
none
Bhutan
approximately 100,000 Bhutanese refugees living in Nepal, 90%
of whom reside in seven UN Office of the High Commissioner for
Refugees camps, place decades-long strains on Nepal
Bolivia
continues to press Chile and Peru to restore the Atacama
corridor ceded to Chile in 1884; Chile demands water rights to
Bolivia's Rio Lauca and Silala Spring
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia and
Montenegro have delimited about half of their boundary, but sections
along the Drina River remain in dispute; discussions continue with
Croatia on problem sections of the Una River and villages at the
base of Mount Pljesevica
Botswana
established a commission with Namibia to resolve small
residual disputes along the Caprivi Strip, including the Situngu
marshlands along the Linyanti River; downstream Botswana residents
protest Namibia's planned construction of the Okavango hydroelectric
dam on Popa Falls; dormant dispute remains where Botswana, Namibia,
Zambia, and Zimbabwe boundaries converge
Bouvet Island
none
Brazil
unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay
borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and drug
trafficking, and harbors Islamist militants; uncontested dispute
with Uruguay over certain islands in the Quarai/Cuareim and
Invernada boundary streams and the resulting tripoint with Argentina
British Indian Ocean Territory Mauritius and Seychelles claim the Chagos Archipelago and its former inhabitants, who reside chiefly in Mauritius, but in 2001 were granted UK citizenship and the right to repatriation since eviction in 1965; repatriation is complicated by the US military lease of Diego Garcia, the largest island in the chain
British Virgin Islands
none
Brunei
Involved in dispute over the Spratly Islands with China,
Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam; Brunei established an
exclusive economic fishing zone encompassing Louisa Reef in southern
Spratly Islands in 1984 but makes no public territorial claim to the
offshore reefs; claimants in November 2002 signed the "Declaration
on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea", a mechanism to
ease tension but which fell short of a legally binding "code of
conduct"
Bulgaria
joint boundary commission is rectifying boundary with
Romania based on shifts in Danube since last delimitation in 1920
Burkina Faso
two villages are in dispute along the border with
Benin; Burkina Faso border regions have become a staging area for
Liberia and Cote d'Ivoire rebels and an asylum for refugees caught
in regional fighting; the Ivorian Government accuses Burkina Faso of
supporting Ivorian rebels
Burma
despite continuing border committee talks, significant
differences remain with Thailand over boundary alignment and the
handling of ethnic rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border
activities
Burundi
Tutsi, Hutu, and other conflicting ethnic groups, associated
political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces
continue fighting in the Great Lakes region, transcending the
boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and
Uganda to gain control over populated and natural resource areas;
government heads pledge to end conflict, but localized violence
continues despite UN peacekeeping efforts
Cambodia
completed boundary demarcation with Thailand; accuses
Vietnam of moving and destroying boundary markers and encroachments,
initiating border incidents; accuses Thailand of preventing access
to Preah Vihear temple ruins awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in
1962; maritime boundary with Vietnam hampered by dispute over
offshore islands
Cameroon
ICJ ruled in 2002 on the Cameroon-Nigeria land and maritime
boundary by awarding the potentially petroleum-rich Bakassi
Peninsula and offshore region to Cameroon; Nigeria rejected cession
of the peninsula, but the parties have formed a Joint Border
Commission to resolve differences bilaterally and have commenced
with demarcation in less-contested sections of the boundary; Lake
Chad Commission continues to urge signatories Cameroon, Chad, Niger,
and Nigeria to ratify delimitation treaty over the lake region,
which remains the site of armed clashes among local populations and
militias; Nigeria agreed to ratify the treaty and relinquish
sovereignty of disputed lands to Cameroon by December 2003
Canada
managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon
Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and around the
disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; uncontested dispute
with Denmark over Hans Island sovereignty in the Kennedy Channel
between Ellesmere Island and Greenland
Cape Verde
none
Cayman Islands
none
Central African Republic
internal political instabilities with
fighting and violence overlap into Chad and CAR, leaving refugees
and rebel groups in both countries; violent ethnic skirmishes
persist along the border with Sudan
Chad
internal political instabilities with fighting and violence
overlap into Chad and Central African Republic, leaving refugees and
rebel groups in both countries; Chadian Aozou rebels reside in
southern Libya; Lake Chad Commission continues to urge signatories
Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria to ratify delimitation treaty
over lake region, which remains the site of armed clashes among
local populations and militias; Chad rejects Nigerian request to
redemarcate boundary, the site of continuing cross-border incidents
Chile
Bolivia continues to press Chile and Peru to restore the
Atacama corridor ceded to Chile in 1884; dispute with Peru over the
economic zone delimited by the maritime boundary; Chile demands
water rights to Bolivia's Rio Lauca and Silala Spring; Beagle
Channel islands dispute resolved through Papal mediation in 1984,
but armed incidents persist since 1992 oil discovery; territorial
claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps
Argentine and British claims
China
involved in complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with
Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei;
claimants in November 2002 signed the "Declaration on the Conduct of
Parties in the South China Sea", a mechanism to ease tension but
which fell short of a legally binding "code of conduct"; much of the
rugged, militarized boundary with India is in dispute, but the two
sides have participated in more than 13 rounds of joint working
group sessions on this issue; India objects to Pakistan ceding lands
to China in 1965 boundary agreement that India believes are part of
disputed Kashmir; China, as well as Taiwan, claims
Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) islands;
negotiations with Tajikistan resolved the longstanding boundary
dispute; China and Kazakhstan have resolved their border dispute and
are working to delimit their large open borders to control
population migration, illegal activities, and trade; Kyrgyzstan's
constitutional court rules that 1,270 sq km ceded to China in 2000
delimitation agreement were legally transferred; certain islands in
Yalu and Tumen rivers are in uncontested dispute with North Korea
and a section of boundary around Mount Paektu is indefinite - China
objects to illegal migration of North Koreans into northern China;
China continues to seek a mutually acceptable solution to the
disputed alluvial islands with Russia at the confluence of the Amur
and Ussuri rivers and a small island on the Argun river as part of
the 2001 Treaty of Good Neighborliness, Friendship, and Cooperation;
boundary agreements signed in 2002 with Tajikistan cedes 1,000 sq km
of Pamir Mountain range to China in return for China's relinquishing
claims to 28,000 sq km; demarcation of land boundary with Vietnam
continues but maritime boundary and joint fishing zone agreement
remains unratified; China occupies Paracel Islands also claimed by
Vietnam and Taiwan
Christmas Island
none
Clipperton Island
none
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
none
Colombia
Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in 1999 and
against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over disputed maritime boundary
involving 50,000 sq km in the Caribbean Sea, including the
Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank;
maritime boundary dispute with Venezuela in the Gulf of Venezuela;
Colombian drug activities penetrate Peruvian border area
Comoros
claims French-administered Mayotte
Congo, Democratic Republic of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is in the grip of a civil war that has drawn in military forces from neighboring states, with Uganda and Rwanda supporting the rebel movements that occupy much of the eastern portion of the state - Tutsi, Hutu, Lendu, Hema and other conflicting ethnic groups, political rebels, and various government forces continue fighting in Great Lakes region, transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda - heads of the Great Lakes states pledge to end conflict, but localized violence continues despite UN peacekeeping efforts; most of the Congo River boundary with the Republic of the Congo is indefinite (no agreement has been reached on the division of the river or its islands, except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area)
Congo, Republic of the
most of the Congo River boundary with the
Democratic Republic of the Congo is indefinite (no agreement has
been reached on the division of the river or its islands, except in
the Stanley Pool/Pool Malebo area)
Cook Islands
none
Coral Sea Islands
none
Costa Rica
legal dispute over navigational rights of Rio San Juan on
border with Nicaragua
Cote d'Ivoire
rebel fighting extended to neighboring states and has
driven out nationals and foreign workers to nearby countries; the
Ivorian Government accuses Burkina Faso and Liberia of supporting
Ivorian rebels
Croatia
discussions continue with Bosnia and Herzegovina on sections
of the Una River and villages at the base of Mount Pljesevica;
parliamentarians are far from ratifying the Croatia-Slovenia land
and maritime boundary agreement, which would have ceded most of
Pirin Bay and maritime access to Slovenia and several villages to
Croatia; in late 2002, Croatia and Serbia and Montenegro adopted an
interim agreement to settle the disputed Prevlaka Peninsula,
allowing the withdrawal of the UN monitoring mission (UNMOP), but
discussions could be complicated by the inability of Serbia and
Montenegro to come to an agreement on the economic aspects of the
new federal union; Croatia and Italy continue to debate bilateral
property and ethnic minority rights issues stemming from border
changes after the Second World War
Cuba
US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutual
agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease
Cyprus
hostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de facto
autonomous areas, a Greek Cypriot area controlled by the
internationally recognized Cypriot Government and a Turkish-Cypriot
area, separated by a UN buffer zone; UN deadline on sides accepting
a federation plan for reunification have expired, diminishing
chances of Turkish-Cypriot participation in EU membership in 2004
Czech Republic
Liechtenstein's royal family claims restitution for
1,600 sq km of land in the Czech Republic confiscated in 1918;
individual Sudeten German claims for restitution of property
confiscated in connection with their expulsion after World War II;
Austria has minor dispute with Czech Republic over the Temelin
nuclear power plant and post-World War II treatment of
German-speaking minorities
Denmark
Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark,
Iceland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary
agreement in the Rockall area); dispute with Iceland over the Faroe
Islands' fisheries median line boundary within 200 NM; disputes with
Iceland, the UK, and Ireland over the Faroe Islands continental
shelf boundary outside 200 NM; Faroese are considering proposals for
full independence; uncontested dispute with Canada over Hans Island
sovereignty in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and
Greenland
Djibouti
Djibouti maintains economic ties and border accords with
"Somaliland" leadership while maintaining some political ties to
various factions in Somalia including the Somali Transitional
National Government in Mogadishu
Dominica
protests Venezuela's claim to give full effect to Aves
Island, which creates a Venezuelan EEZ/continental shelf extending
over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea
Dominican Republic
despite efforts to control illegal migration,
destitute Haitians continue to cross into the Dominican Republic
East Timor
East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee meets regularly
to survey and delimit the land boundary; some East Timor refugees
delay return from camps in Indonesia; maritime delimitation and
resource-sharing agreements signed with Australia resolved dispute
over "Timor Gap" hydrocarbon reserves, but maritime agreement with
Indonesia awaits further discussions
Ecuador
none
Egypt
Egypt and Sudan retain claims to administer the triangular
areas that extend north and south of the 1899 Treaty boundary along
the 22nd Parallel, but have withdrawn their military presence -
Egypt is economically developing the "Hala'ib triangle" north of the
Treaty line
El Salvador
in 1992, the ICJ ruled on the delimitation of "bolsones"
(disputed areas) along the El Salvador-Honduras boundary, but they
remain largely undemarcated; in 2002, El Salvador filed an
application to the ICJ to revise the decision on a section of
bolsones; the ICJ also advised a tripartite resolution to a maritime
boundary in the Golfo de Fonseca with consideration of Honduran
access to the Pacific; El Salvador claims tiny Conejo Island, not
mentioned by the ICJ, off Honduras in the Golfo de Fonseca
Equatorial Guinea
in 2002, ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement
of Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf
of Guinea, but states have not yet agreed to abide by the decision;
creation of a maritime boundary in hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay with
Gabon is hampered by dispute over small islets on Mbane/Mbagne bank,
administered and occupied by Gabon since the 1970s
Eritrea
Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002 independent
boundary commission delimitation decision, but demarcation,
scheduled to begin in 2003, has been hampered by technical delays
and Ethiopian concerns that the decision ignored "human geography"
and awarded Badme, the focus of the 1998-2000 war, to Eritrea,
demarcation of the boundary has been postponed indefinately; UN
Peacekeeping Mission to Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) monitors a 25
km wide Temporary Security Zone in Eritrea until the demarcation;
Sudan accuses Eritrea of supporting Sudanese rebel groups; Eritrea
protests Yemeni fishing around the Hanish Islands awarded to Eritrea
by the ICJ in 1999
Estonia
Russia continues to reject signing and ratifying the joint
December 1996 technical border agreement with Estonia
Ethiopia
Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002 independent
boundary commission delimitation decision, but demarcation,
scheduled to begin in 2003, has been hampered by technical delays
and Ethiopian concerns that the decision ignored "human geography"
and awarded Badme, the focus of the 1998-2000 war, to Eritrea,
demarcation of the boundary has been postponed indefinately;
Ethiopia maintains only an administrative line and no international
border with the Oromo region of southern Somalia and maintains
alliances with local clans in opposition to the Transitional
National Government in Mogadishu; "Somaliland" secessionists provide
port facilities and trade ties to land-locked Ethiopia; efforts to
demarcate the porous boundary with Sudan have been delayed by civil
war there
Europa Island
claimed by Madagascar
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
claimed by Argentina whose forces
briefly occupied it in 1982, but now declares it will no longer seek
settlement by force
Faroe Islands
Faroese are considering proposals for full
independence; Denmark dispute with Iceland over the Faroe Islands
fisheries median line boundary of 200 NM; Denmark disputes with
Iceland, the UK, and Ireland over the Faroe Islands continental
shelf boundary outside 200 NM
Fiji
none
Finland
none
France
Madagascar claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso
Islands, and Juan de Nova Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius
claims Tromelin Island; territorial dispute between Suriname and
French Guiana; territorial claim in Antarctica (Adelie Land);
Matthew and Hunter Islands, east of New Caledonia, claimed by France
and Vanuatu
French Guiana
Suriname claims area between Riviere Litani and
Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa)
French Polynesia
none
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
"Adelie Land" claim in
Antarctica is not recognized by the US
Gabon
creation of a maritime boundary in hydrocarbon-rich Corisco
Bay with Equatorial Guinea is hampered by dispute over small islets
on Mbane/Mbagne bank, administered and occupied by Gabon since the
1970s
Gambia, The
none
Gaza Strip
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with
current status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement
- permanent status to be determined through further negotiation
Georgia
boundary with Russia has been largely delimited, but not
demarcated with several small, strategic segments remaining in
dispute and OSCE observers monitoring volatile areas such as the
Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Argun Gorge in Abkhazia;
Meshkheti Turks scattered throughout the former Soviet Union seek to
return to Georgia; ethnic Armenian groups in Javakheti region of
Georgia seek greater autonomy, closer ties with Armenia
Germany
none
Ghana
Ghana has received many refugees and returning nationals
escaping rebel fighting in Cote d'Ivoire
Gibraltar
Gibraltar residents vote overwhelmingly in referendum
against "total shared sovereignty" arrangement worked out between
Spain and UK to change 300-year rule over colony
Glorioso Islands
claimed by Madagascar
Greece
Greece and Turkey have resumed discussions to resolve their
complex maritime, air, territorial, and boundary disputes in the
Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Turkey; dispute with The Former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia over its name
Greenland
uncontested dispute between Canada and Denmark over Hans
Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland
Grenada
none
Guadeloupe
none
Guam
none
Guatemala
Guatemalan squatters continue to settle in Belize border
region; OAS brokered Differendum in 2002 creating small adjustment
to land boundary, large Guatemalan maritime corridor in Caribbean,
joint ecological park for disputed Sapodilla Cays, and substantial
US-UK financial package, but agreement was not brought to popular
referendum leaving Guatemalan claim to southern half of Belize intact
Guernsey
none
Guinea
domestic fighting among disparate rebel groups in Guinea,
Liberia, and Sierra Leone have created skirmishes, deaths, and
refugees in border areas
Guinea-Bissau
separatist war in Senegal's Casamance region results
in refugees and cross-border raids, arms smuggling and other illegal
activities, and political instability in Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
all of the area west of the Essequibo (river) claimed by
Venezuela; Suriname claims area between New (Upper Courantyne) and
Courantyne/Kutari [Koetari] rivers (all headwaters of the
Courantyne); territorial sea boundary with Suriname is in dispute
Haiti
despite efforts to control illegal migration, destitute
Haitians continue to cross into Dominican Republic; claims
US-administered Navassa Island
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
none
Holy See (Vatican City)
none
Honduras
in 1992, ICJ ruled on the delimitation of "bolsones"
(disputed areas) along the El Salvador-Honduras border, but they
still remain largely undemarcated; in 2002, El Salvador filed an
application to the ICJ to revise the decision on a section of
bolsones; the ICJ also advised a tripartite resolution to a maritime
boundary in the Golfo de Fonseca with consideration of Honduran
access to the Pacific; El Salvador claims tiny Conejo Island, not
mentioned by the ICJ, off Honduras in the Golfo de Fonseca; Honduras
claims Sapodilla Cays off the coast of Belize but agreed to creation
of a joint ecological park and Guatemalan corridor in the Caribbean
in the 2002 Belize-Guatemala Differendum; Nicaragua filed a claim
against Honduras in 1999 and against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ
over a complex maritime dispute in the Caribbean Sea
Hong Kong
none
Howland Island
none
Hungary
Hungary has yet to amend status law extending special social
and cultural benefits to ethnic Hungarians in neighboring states,
who protest the law
Iceland
Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark,
Iceland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary
agreement in the Rockall area); dispute with Denmark over the Faroe
Islands' fisheries median line boundary within 200 NM; disputes with
Denmark, the UK, and Ireland over the Faroe Islands continental
shelf boundary outside 200 NM
India
much of the rugged, militarized boundary with China is in
dispute, but the two sides have participated in more than 13 rounds
of joint working group sessions on this issue; India objects to
Pakistan ceding lands to China in 1965 boundary agreement that India
believes are part of disputed Kashmir; with Pakistan, armed
stand-off over the status and sovereignty of Kashmir continues;
disputes with Pakistan over Indus River water sharing and the
terminus of the Rann of Kutch, which prevents maritime boundary
delimitation; Joint Border Committee with Nepal continues to work on
resolution of disputed boundary sections; dispute with Bangladesh
over New Moore/South Talpatty Island in the Bay of Bengal prevents
maritime boundary delimitation
Indian Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Indonesia
East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet
regularly to survey and delimit land boundary; East Timor refugees
delay return from camps in Indonesia; maritime delimitations with
Australia and East Timor await further discussions; ICJ awarded
Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002; Indonesian
secessionists, squatters and illegal migrants create repatriation
problems for Papua New Guinea
Iran
Iran protests Afghanistan's limiting flow of dammed waters on
Helmand River tributaries in response to prolonged drought in
region; thousands of Afghan refugees still reside in Iran; despite
restored diplomatic relations in 1990, disputes with Iraq over
maritime and land boundaries, navigation channel, and other issues
from eight-year war persist; UAE engage direct talks and Arab League
support to resolve disputes over Iran's occupation of Tunb Islands
and Abu Musa Island; Iran insists on division of the Caspian Sea
into five equal sectors, while other littoral states have generally
agreed to equidistant seabed boundaries - Iran has threatened
Azerbaijanian hydrocarbon exploration in disputed waters
Iraq
despite restored diplomatic relations in 1990, disputes with
Iran over maritime and land boundaries, navigation channel, and
other issues from eight-year war persist; land and Shatt al Arab
boundary demarcation put an end to claims to Kuwait and to Bubiyan
and Warbah islands, but no maritime boundary exists with Kuwait in
the Persian Gulf; Iraq protests Turkey's hydrological projects to
regulate the Tigris and Euphrates rivers upstream
Ireland
disputes with Iceland, Denmark, and the UK over the Faroe
Islands continental shelf boundary outside 200 NM
Israel
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current
status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement -
permanent status to be determined through further negotiation; Golan
Heights is Israeli-occupied (Lebanon claims the Shab'a Farms area of
Golan Heights)
Italy
Croatia and Italy continue to debate bilateral property and
ethnic minority rights issues stemming from border changes after the
Second World War
Jamaica
none
Jan Mayen
none
Japan
islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan, and the Habomai
group occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by
Russia, claimed by Japan; Liancourt Rocks (Take-shima/Tok-do)
disputed with South Korea; Senkaku Islands (Diaoyu Tai) claimed by
China and Taiwan
Jarvis Island
none
Jersey
none
Johnston Atoll
none
Jordan
none
Juan de Nova Island
claimed by Madagascar
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan and China have resolved their border dispute
and are working to delimit their large open borders to control
population migration, illegal activities, and trade; delimitation of
boundary with Russia is scheduled for completion in 2003 -
delimitations with Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are complete with
demarcations underway - delimitation with Kyrgyzstan is largely
complete; equidistant seabed treaties have been signed with
Azerbaijan and Russia in the Caspian Sea but no resolution has been
made on dividing the water column among any of the littoral states;
no resolution of Caspian seabed boundary with Turkmenistan
Kenya
Kenya's administrative boundary still extends into the Sudan,
creating the "Ilemi triangle"
Kingman Reef
none
Kiribati
none
Korea, North
with China, certain islands in Yalu and Tumen rivers
are in uncontested dispute; a section of boundary around Paektu-san
(mountain) is indefinite; China objects to illegal migration of
North Koreans into northern China; Military Demarcation Line within
the 4-km wide Demilitarized Zone has separated North from South
Korea since 1953
Korea, South
Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide
Demilitarized Zone has separated North from South Korea since 1953;
Liancourt Rocks (Take-shima/Tok-do) are disputed with Japan
Kuwait
the Kuwait 1994 land and Khawr 'Abd Allah channel boundary
demarcation ended Iraqi claims to Kuwait and Bubiyan and Warbah
islands; Kuwait and Saudi Arabia are negotiating maritime boundary
with Iran
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan's constitutional court has ruled that 1,270 sq
km ceded to China in a 2000 delimitation agreement were legally
transferred; delimitation with Kazakhstan is largely complete with
only minor disputed areas; disputes in Isfara Valley delay
completion of delimitation with Tajikistan; serious disputes with
Uzbekistan around Uzbek enclaves mar progress on delimitation efforts
Laos
demarcation of boundaries with Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam
is nearing completion, but with Thailand several areas including
Mekong River islets remain in dispute; ongoing disputes with
Thailand and Vietnam over squatters
Latvia
the Russian Duma refuses to ratify boundary delimitation
treaty with Latvia; the Latvian Parliament has not ratified its 1998
maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to concerns
over oil exploration rights
Lebanon
Syrian troops in central and eastern Lebanon since October
1976; Lebanese Government claims Shab'a Farms area of
Israeli-occupied Golan Heights
Lesotho
none
Liberia
rebels and refugees contribute to border instabilities with
Sierra Leone, Cote d'Ivoire, and Guinea; the Ivorian Government
accuses Liberia of supporting Ivorian rebels
Libya
Libya has claimed more than 32,000 sq km in southeastern
Algeria and about 25,000 sq km in Niger in currently dormant
disputes; various Chadian rebels from the Aozou region reside in
southern Libya
Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein's royal family claims restitution for
1,600 sq km of land in the Czech Republic confiscated in 1918
Lithuania
in May 2003, the Russian Parliament ratified a 1997 land
and maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, which had ratified the
treaty in 1999, legalizing limits of former Soviet republic borders;
the Latvian Parliament has not ratified its 1998 maritime boundary
treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to concerns over oil
exploration rights; discussions are still ongoing among Russia,
Lithuania, and the EU concerning a simplified transit document for
residents of the Kaliningrad coastal exclave to transit through
Lithuania to Russia
Luxembourg
none
Macau
none
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
the Albanian government
calls for the protection of the rights of ethnic Albanians in
F.Y.R.O.M. while continuing to seek regional cooperation; ethnic
Albanians in Kosovo continue to protest 2000 F.Y.R.O.M.-Serbia and
Montenegro boundary treaty, which transfers small tracts of land to
F.Y.R.O.M.; dispute with Greece over country's name persists
Madagascar
claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands,
and Juan de Nova Island (all administered by France)
Malawi
dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake
Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant
Malaysia
involved in complex dispute over Spratly Islands with
China, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam and possibly Brunei; claimants
in November 2002 signed the "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties
in the South China Sea," a mechanism to ease tension but which fell
short of a legally binding "code of conduct"; disputes over
deliveries of fresh water to Singapore, Singapore's land reclamation
on Johor, maritime boundaries, and Singapore-occupied Pedra Branca
Island/Pulau Batu Putih persist - parties agree to ICJ arbitration
on island dispute within three years; ICJ awarded Ligitan and
Sipadan islands off the coast of Sabah, also claimed by Indonesia
and Philippines, to Malaysia; a small section of the
Malaysia-Thailand boundary in the Kolok River remains in dispute
Maldives
none
Mali
armed bandits based in Mali attack southern Algerian towns
Malta
none
Man, Isle of
none
Marshall Islands
claims US territory of Wake Island
Martinique
none
Mauritania
Mauritanian claims to Western Sahara have been dormant in
recent years
Mauritius
Mauritius claims the Chagos Archipelago (UK-administered
British Indian Ocean Territory), and its former inhabitants, who
reside chiefly in Mauritius, but were granted UK citizenship and the
right to repatriation in 2001; claims French-administered Tromelin
Island
Mayotte
claimed by Comoros
Mexico
prolonged regional drought in the border region with the US
has strained water-sharing arrangements
Micronesia, Federated States of
none
Midway Islands
none
Moldova
difficulties with the Transnistria region complicate border
crossing and customs with Ukraine, facilitating smuggling, arms
transfers, and other illegal activities
Monaco
none
Mongolia
none
Montserrat
none
Morocco
claims and administers Western Sahara, but sovereignty
remains unresolved - UN-administered cease-fire has remained in
effect since September 1991, but attempts to hold a referendum have
failed and parties thus far have rejected other proposals; Morocco
protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta,
Melilla, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, the islands of Penon de
Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; Morocco also
rejected Spain's unilateral designation of a median line from the
Canary Islands in 2002 to set limits to undersea resource
exploration and refugee interdiction; Morocco allowed Spanish
fishermen to fish temporarily off the coast of Western Sahara after
an oil spill soiled Spanish fishing grounds
Mozambique
none
Namibia
commission established with Botswana to resolve small
residual disputes along the Caprivi Strip, including the Situngu
marshlands along the Linyanti River; Botswana residents protest
Namibia's planned construction of the Okavango hydroelectric dam on
Popa Falls; managed dispute with South Africa over the location of
the boundary in the Orange River; dormant dispute remains where
Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe boundaries converge; Angolan
rebels and refugees still reside in Namibia
Nauru
none
Navassa Island
claimed by Haiti
Nepal
joint border commission continues to work on small disputed
sections of boundary with India; India has instituted a stricter
border regime to restrict transit of Maoist insurgents
Netherlands
none
Netherlands Antilles
none
New Caledonia
Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia
claimed by France and Vanuatu
New Zealand
territorial claim in Antarctica (Ross Dependency)
Nicaragua
territorial disputes with Colombia over the Archipelago de
San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank region; with respect
to the maritime boundary question in the Golfo de Fonseca, the ICJ
referred to the line determined by the 1900 Honduras-Nicaragua Mixed
Boundary Commission and advised that some tripartite resolution
among El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua likely would be required;
legal dispute over navigational rights of San Juan River on border
with Costa Rica
Niger
Libya claims about 25,000 sq km in a currently dormant
dispute; much of Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with
Nigeria, remains undemarcated but states accept 2001 arbitration
over disputed Niger River islands; Lake Chad Commission continues to
urge signatories Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria to ratify
delimitation treaty over the lake region, which remains the site of
armed clashes among local populations and militias
Nigeria
ICJ ruled in 2002 on the Cameroon-Nigeria land and maritime
boundary by awarding the potentially petroleum-rich Bakassi
Peninsula and offshore region to Cameroon; Nigeria rejected the
cession of the peninsula but the parties formed a Joint Border
Commission to peaceably resolve the dispute and commence with
demarcation in other less-contested sections of the boundary;
several villages along the Okpara River are in dispute with Benin;
Lake Chad Commission continues to urge signatories Cameroon, Chad,
Niger, and Nigeria to ratify delimitation treaty over lake region,
which remains the site of armed clashes among local populations and
militias; Nigeria agreed to ratify the treaty and relinquish
sovereignty of disputed lands to Cameroon by December 2003
Niue
none
Norfolk Island
none
Northern Mariana Islands
none
Norway
Norway asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud
Land and its continental shelf); despite recent discussions, Russia
and Norway continue to dispute their maritime limits in the Barents
Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits
within the Svalbard Treaty zone
Oman
boundary agreement signed and ratified with UAE in 2003 for
entire border, including Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al Madhah
enclaves
Pacific Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Pakistan
thousands of Afghan refugees still reside in Pakistan;
isolating terrain and close ties among Pashtuns in Pakistan make
cross-border activities difficult to control; armed stand-off with
India over the status and sovereignty of Kashmir continues - India
objects to Pakistan ceding lands to China in 1965 boundary agreement
that India believes are part of disputed Kashmir; disputes with
India over Indus River water sharing and the terminus of the Rann of
Kutch, which prevents maritime boundary delimitation
Palau
none
Palmyra Atoll
none
Panama
none
Papua New Guinea
Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal
migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea
Paracel Islands
occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam
Paraguay
unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay
borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and drug
trafficking, and harbors Islamist militants
Peru
Bolivia continues to press Chile and Peru to restore the
Atacama corridor ceded to Chile in 1884
Philippines
involved in complex dispute over Spratly Islands with
China, Malaysia, Taiwan, Vietnam and possibly Brunei; claimants in
November 2002 signed the "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in
the South China Sea", a mechanism to ease tension but which fell
short of a legally binding "code of conduct"; Sultanate of Sulu
granted Philippines Government power of attorney to pursue its
sovereignty claim over Malaysia's Sabah State but Malaysia rejects
claim
Pitcairn Islands
none
Poland
small boundary changes made with Slovakia in 2003
Portugal
Portugal has periodically reasserted claims to territories
around the town of Olivenza, Spain
Puerto Rico
none
Qatar
none
Reunion
none
Romania
has not resolved claims to Ukrainian-administered Zmyinyy
(Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary despite ongoing talks
based on 1997 friendship treaty to find a solution in two years;
joint boundary commission is rectifying boundary with Bulgaria based
on shifts in Danube since last delimitation in 1920; Hungary has yet
to amend status law extending special social and cultural benefits
to ethnic Hungarians in Romania, who protest the law
Russia
China continues to seek a mutually acceptable solution to the
disputed alluvial islands at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri
rivers and a small island on the Argun River as part of the 2001
Treaty of Good Neighborliness, Friendship, and Cooperation; the
islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group
identified by the Russians as the "Southern Kurils" and by Japan as
the "Northern Territories" occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now
administered by Russia, claimed by Japan; boundary with Georgia has
been largely delimited but not demarcated with several small,
strategic segments remaining in dispute and OSCE observers
monitoring volatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti
region and the Argun Gorge in Abkhazia; equidistant seabed treaties
have been signed with Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan in the Caspian Sea
but no resolution on dividing the water column among any of the
littoral states; Russia and Norway dispute their maritime limits in
the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's
territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone; Russia continues
to reject signing and ratifying the joint 1996 technical border
agreement with Estonia; the Russian Parliament refuses to consider
ratification of the boundary treaties with Estonia and Latvia, but
in May 2003, ratified land and maritime boundary treaty with
Lithuania, which ratified the 1997 treaty in 1999, legalizing limits
of former Soviet republic borders; discussions are still ongoing
among Russia, Lithuania and the EU concerning a simplified transit
document for residents of the Kaliningrad coastal exclave to transit
through Lithuania to Russia; land delimitation with Ukraine is
ratified, but maritime regime of the Sea of Azov and Kerch Strait is
unresolved; delimitation with Kazakhstan is scheduled for completion
in 2003; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Maritime Boundary
Agreement with the US in the Bering Sea
Rwanda
Tutsi, Hutu, and other conflicting ethnic groups, associated
political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces
continue fighting in Great Lakes region, transcending the boundaries
of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda to
gain control over populated areas and natural resources - government
heads pledge to end conflicts, but localized violence continues
despite UN peacekeeping efforts
Saint Helena
none
Saint Kitts and Nevis
protests Venezuela's claim to give full effect
to Aves Island, which creates a Venezuelan EEZ/continental shelf
extending over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea
Saint Lucia
protests Venezuela's claim to give full effect to Aves
Island, which creates a Venezuelan EEZ/continental shelf extending
over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
none
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
protests Venezuela's claim to give
full effect to Aves Island, which creates a Venezuelan
EEZ/continental shelf extending over a large portion of the
Caribbean Sea
Samoa
none; note - some EEZ demarcations, including the one with
American Samoa, are undefined
San Marino
none
Sao Tome and Principe
none
Saudi Arabia
nomadic groups on border region with Yemen resist
demarcation of boundary; Kuwait and Saudi Arabia have been
negotiating a long-contested maritime boundary with Iran; because
the treaties have not been made public, the exact alignment of the
boundary with the UAE is still unknown and labeled approximate
Senegal
separatist war in Casamance region results in refugees and
cross-border raids, arms smuggling, other illegal activities, and
political instability in Guinea-Bissau
Serbia and Montenegro
the Albanian government calls for the
protection of the rights of ethnic Albanians outside its borders in
the Kosovo region of Serbia and Montenegro while continuing to seek
regional cooperation; several ethnic Albanian groups in Kosovo voice
union with Albania; has delimited about half of the boundary with
Bosnia and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in
dispute; in late 2002, Serbia and Montenegro and Croatia adopted an
interim agreement to settle the disputed Prevlaka Peninsula,
allowing the withdrawal of the UN monitoring mission (UNMOP), but
discussions could be complicated by the inability of Serbia and
Montenegro to come to an agreement on the economic aspects of the
new federal union
Seychelles
claims the Chagos Archipelago (UK-administered British
Indian Ocean Territory)
Sierra Leone
large UN peacekeeping presence ended civil war but
rebel gang fighting, ethnic rivalries, illegal diamond trading,
corruption, and refugees spill over into neighboring states beset
with their own civil disorder, refugees, and violence
Singapore
disputes with Malaysia over deliveries of fresh water to
Singapore, Singapore's land reclamation works on Johor, maritime
boundaries, and Singapore-occupied Pedra Branca Island/Pulau Batu
Putih persist - parties agree to ICJ arbitration on island dispute
within three years
Slovakia
small boundary changes made with Poland in 2003; Hungary
has yet to amend status law extending special social and cultural
benefits to ethnic Hungarians in Slovakia, who protest the law
Slovenia
parliamentarians are far from ratifying the
Croatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement, which would
have ceded most of Piran Bay and maritime access to Slovenia and
several villages to Croatia
Solomon Islands
none
Somalia
"Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities to
land-locked Ethiopia and establish commercial ties with regional
states; "Puntland" secessionists clash with "Somaliland"
secessionists to establish territorial limits and clan loyalties,
each seeking support from neighboring states; Ethiopia maintains
only an administrative line with the Oromo region of southern
Somalia and maintains alliances with local Somali clans opposed to
the unrecognized Transitional National Government in Mogadishu
South Africa
managed dispute with Namibia over the location of the
boundary in the Orange River
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
briefly occupied by
military force in 1982 - claimed by Argentina in constitution but
declares it will no longer seek settlement by force
Southern Ocean
Antarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarctica
entry), but Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and UK
assert claims (some overlapping), including the continental shelf in
the Southern Ocean; several states have expressed an interest in
extending those continental shelf claims under the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS) to include undersea ridges;
the US and most other states do not recognize the land or maritime
claims of other states and have made no claims themselves (the US
and Russia have reserved the right to do so); no formal claims have
been made in the sector between 90 degrees west and 150 degrees west
Spain
Gibraltar residents vote overwhelmingly in referendum against
"total shared sovereignty" arrangement worked out between Spain and
UK to change 300-year rule over colony; Morocco protests Spain's
control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and Penon de
Velez de la Gomera, the islands of Penon de Alhucemas and Islas
Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; Morocco also rejected Spain's
unilateral designation of a median line from the Canary Islands in
2002 to set limits to undersea resource exploration and refugee
interdiction; Morocco allowed Spanish fishermen to fish temporarily
off the coast of Western Sahara after an oil spill soiled Spanish
fishing grounds; Portugal has periodically reasserted claims to
territories around the town of Olivenza, Spain
Spratly Islands
all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China,
Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and the
Philippines; in 1984, Brunei established an exclusive fishing zone
that encompasses Louisa Reef in the southern Spratly Islands but has
not publicly claimed the island; claimants in November 2002 signed
the "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea",
a mechanism to ease tension but which fell short of a legally
binding "code of conduct"
Sri Lanka
none
Sudan
the north-south civil war has drawn Sudan's neighbors into the
fighting, sheltering refugees, and infiltration by rebel groups -
Kenya and Uganda have acted as mediators; Sudan accuses Eritrea of
supporting Sudanese rebel groups; efforts to demarcate the porous
boundary with Ethiopia have been delayed by fighting in Sudan;
Kenya's administrative boundary still extends into the Sudan,
creating the "Ilemi triangle"; Egypt and Sudan retain claims to
administer the triangular areas that extend north and south of the
1899 Treaty boundary along the 22nd Parallel, but have withdrawn
their military presence; Egypt is economically developing the
"Hala'ib triangle"
Suriname
area disputed by French Guiana between Riviere Litani and
Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa); area disputed by
Guyana between New (Upper Courantyne) and Courantyne/Koetari
[Kutari] rivers (all headwaters of the Courantyne); territorial sea
boundary with Guyana is in dispute
Svalbard
despite recent discussions, Russia and Norway dispute their
maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights
beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone
Swaziland
none
Sweden
none
Switzerland
none
Syria
Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied; Lebanon claims Shaba'a
farms in Golan Heights; Syrian troops have been stationed in Lebanon
since October 1976; Syria protests Turkish hydrological projects
regulating upper Euphrates waters; Turkey is quick to rebuff any
perceived Syrian claim to Hatay province
Taiwan
involved in complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with
China, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei;
claimants in November 2002 signed the "Declaration on the Conduct of
Parties in the South China Sea", a mechanism to ease tension but
which fell short of a legally binding "code of conduct"; Paracel
Islands occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam; claims
Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu Tai), as
does China
Tajikistan
prolonged regional drought creates water-sharing
difficulties for Amu Darya river states; boundary agreements signed
in 2002 cede 1,000 sq km of Pamir Mountain range to China in return
for China relinquishing claims to 28,000 sq km of Tajikistani lands;
negotiations with China resolved the longstanding boundary dispute;
talks have begun with Uzbekistan to demine and delimit border;
disputes in Isfara Valley delay completion of delimitation with
Kyrgyzstan
Tanzania
disputes with Malawi over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake
Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant
Thailand
completion of boundary demarcation with Cambodia hampered
by accusations of moving and destroying boundary markers,
encroachments, initiating border incidents, and sealing off Preah
Vihear temple ruins, awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962;
demarcation complete except for a 1 kilometer segment at the mouth
of the Kolok River in dispute with Malaysia; demarcation with Laos
complete except for certain Mekong River islets and complaints of
Thai squatters; despite continuing border committee talks,
significant differences remain with Burma over boundary alignment
and the handling of ethnic rebels, refugees, and illegal
cross-border activities
Togo
in 2001 Benin claimed Togo moved boundary monuments - joint
commission presently resurveying the boundary
Tokelau
none
Tonga
none
Trinidad and Tobago
none
Tromelin Island
claimed by Mauritius
Tunisia
none
Turkey
complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greece
in the Aegean Sea; Cyprus question remains with Greece; Syria and
Iraq protest Turkish hydrological projects to control upper
Euphrates waters; Turkey is quick to rebuff any perceived Syrian
claim to Hatay province; border with Armenia remains closed over
Nagorno-Karabakh
Turkmenistan
prolonged regional drought creates water-sharing
difficulties for Amu Darya river states; Turkmenistan has not
committed to follow either Iran or the other littoral states in the
division of the Caspian Sea seabed and water column; ICJ decision
expected to resolve dispute with Azerbaijan over sovereignty over
Caspian oilfields; demarcation of land boundary with Kazakhstan is
underway - maritime boundary not resolved
Turks and Caicos Islands
none
Tuvalu
none
Uganda
Tutsi, Hutu, and other ethnic groups, associated political
rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces continue fighting
in the Great Lakes region, transcending the boundaries of Burundi,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda to gain control
over populated areas and natural resources; government heads pledge
to end conflict, but localized violence continues despite UN
peacekeeping efforts; conflict in Sudan has extended rebel forces
and refugees into Uganda
Ukraine
1997 boundary treaty with Belarus remains unratified over
unresolved financial claims, preventing demarcation and encouraging
illegal cross-border activities; land delimitation of boundary with
Russia is complete, but maritime regime of the Sea of Azov and Kerch
Strait remains unresolved; difficulties in the Transnistria region
of Moldova complicate border crossing and customs, facilitating
smuggling, arms transfers, and other illegal activities; has not
resolved Romanian claims to Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy (Snake)
Island and Black Sea maritime boundary despite ongoing talks based
on 1997 friendship treaty to find a solution in two years
United Arab Emirates
because the treaties have not been made public,
the exact alignment of the boundary with Saudi Arabia is still
unknown and labeled approximate; boundary agreement signed and
ratified with Oman in 2003 for entire border, including Oman's
Musandam Peninsula and Al Madhah enclaves; UAE engage direct talks
and Arab League support to resolve disputes over Iran's occupation
of Lesser and Greater Tunb islands and Abu Musa island
United Kingdom
Gibraltar residents vote overwhelmingly in referendum
against "total shared sovereignty" arrangement worked out between
Spain and UK to change 300-year rule over colony; Mauritius and
Seychelles claim the Chagos Archipelago (British Indian Ocean
Territory) and its former inhabitants, who reside chiefly in
Mauritius, but in 2001 were granted UK citizenship and the right to
repatriation since eviction in 1965; Argentina claims the Falkland
Islands (Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich
Islands; Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark and
Iceland; territorial claim in Antarctica (British Antarctic
Territory) overlaps Argentine claim and partially overlaps Chilean
claim; disputes with Iceland, Denmark, and Ireland over the Faroe
Islands continental shelf boundary outside 200 NM
United States
prolonged drought in the Mexico border region has
strained water-sharing arrangements; 1990 Maritime Boundary
Agreement in the Bering Sea awaits Russian Duma ratification;
maritime boundary disputes with Canada at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort
Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and around the disputed Machias Seal
Island and North Rock; The Bahamas have not been able to agree on a
maritime boundary; US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased from
Cuba and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can
terminate the lease; Haiti claims Navassa Island; US has made no
territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do
so) and does not recognize the claims of any other state; Marshall
Islands claims Wake Island
Uruguay
uncontested dispute with Brazil over certain islands in the
Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada streams and the resulting tripoint with
Argentina
Uzbekistan
prolonged regional drought creates water-sharing
difficulties for Amu Darya river states; delimitation with
Kazakhstan complete with demarcation underway; serious disputes with
Kyrgyzstan around Uzbek enclaves mar progress on delimitation
efforts; talks have begun with Tajikistan to determine and delimit
border
Vanuatu
Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia claimed by
Vanuatu and France
Venezuela
claims all of Guyana west of the Essequibo River; maritime
boundary dispute with Colombia in the Gulf of Venezuela and the
Caribbean Sea; US, France and the Netherlands recognize Venezuela's
claim to give full effect to Aves Island, which creates a Venezuelan
EEZ/continental shelf extending over a large portion of the
Caribbean Sea; Dominica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines protest the claim and other states'
recognition of it
Vietnam
demarcation of the land boundary with China continues, but
maritime boundary and joint fishing zone agreement remains
unratified; Cambodia and Laos protest Vietnamese squatters and armed
encroachments along border; China occupies Paracel Islands also
claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; involved in a complex dispute over
Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and
possibly Brunei; claimants in November 2002 signed the "Declaration
on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea", a mechanism to
ease tension but which fell short of a legally binding "code of
conduct"
Virgin Islands
none
Wake Island
claimed by Marshall Islands
Wallis and Futuna
none
West Bank
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current
status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement -
permanent status to be determined through further negotiation
Western Sahara
Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, but
sovereignty remains unresolved; UN-administered cease-fire has
remained in effect since September 1991, but attempts to hold a
referendum have failed and parties have rejected other proposals;
Mauritanian claims to Western Sahara have been dormant in recent
years; Morocco allowed Spanish fishermen to fish temporarily off the
coast of Western Sahara after an oil spill soiled Spanish fishing
grounds
World
Globally, there are over 250,000 km of international land
boundaries that separate the world's 192 independent states, along
with 70 dependencies, areas of special sovereignty, and other
miscellaneous entities. Maritime states have claimed limits and have
so far established over 130 maritime boundaries and joint
development zones to allocate ocean resources and to provide for
their national security at sea. On land, ethnicity, culture, race,
religion, and language have divided states into separate political
entities as much as history, physical terrain, political fiat, or
conquest, resulting in sometimes arbitrary and imposed boundaries.
All of these factors have contributed to a wide array of boundary,
borderland, and territorial disagreements that vary in intensity
from unresolved or dormant to outright war. Territorial disputes may
evolve from historical and/or cultural animosities, or they may be
brought on by resource competition. Ethnic clashes continue to be
responsible for territorial fragmentation around the world.
Undemarcated, indefinite, porous, and unmanaged boundaries encourage
illegal cross-border activities, uncontrolled migration, and
political confrontation over boundary allocations. Other sources of
contention include the use of water and mineral (especially
petroleum) resources, fisheries, dams, and nuclear power plants.
Many islands or island groups are also disputed, including those at
sea and in streams. Nonetheless, many nations are actively
cooperating to clarify, delineate, and demarcate their international
borders. The tragic aspect of international discord is the impact on
the sustenance and welfare of populations caught in the conflict. It
is frequently left to members of the world community to cope with
enormous refugee situations, and the resultant hunger, disease, and
impoverishment that they create.
Yemen
Eritrea protests Yemeni fishing around the Hanish islands
awarded to Eritrea by the ICJ in 1999; nomadic groups in border
region with Saudi Arabia resist demarcation of boundary
Zambia
dormant dispute remains where Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and
Zimbabwe boundaries converge
Zimbabwe
dormant dispute remains where Botswana, Namibia, Zambia,
and Zimbabwe boundaries converge
This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003
@2075 Ethnic groups (%)
Afghanistan
Pashtun 44%, Tajik 25%, Hazara 10%, minor ethnic groups
(Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others) 13%, Uzbek 8%
Albania
Albanian 95%, Greek 3%, other 2% (Vlach, Gypsy, Serb, and
Bulgarian) (1989 est.)
note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from
1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization)
Algeria
Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%
American Samoa
Samoan (Polynesian) 89%, Caucasian 2%, Tongan 4%,
other 5%
Andorra
Spanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other
6% (1998)
Angola
Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed
European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%
Anguilla
black (predominant), mulatto, white
Antigua and Barbuda
black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian
Argentina
white (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%, mestizo,
Amerindian, or other nonwhite groups 3%
Armenia
Armenian 93%, Azeri 1%, Russian 2%, other (mostly Yezidi
Kurds) 4% (2002)
note: as of the end of 1993, virtually all Azeris had emigrated from
Armenia
Aruba
mixed white/Caribbean Amerindian 80%
Australia
Caucasian 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1%
Austria
German 88%, non-nationals 9.3% (includes Croatians,
Slovenes, Hungarians, Czechs, Slovaks, Roma), naturalized 2%
(includes those who have lived in Austria at least three generations)
Azerbaijan
Azeri 90%, Dagestani 3.2%, Russian 2.5%, Armenian 2%,
other 2.3% (1998 est.)
note: almost all Armenians live in the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh
region
Bahamas, The
black 85%, white 12%, Asian and Hispanic 3%
Bahrain
Bahraini 63%, Asian 19%, other Arab 10%, Iranian 8%
Bangladesh
Bengali 98%, tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims (1998)
Barbados
black 90%, white 4%, Asian and mixed 6%
Belarus
Belarusian 81.2%, Russian 11.4%, Polish, Ukrainian, and
other 7.4%
Belgium
Fleming 58%, Walloon 31%, mixed or other 11%
Belize
mestizo 48.7%, Creole 24.9%, Maya 10.6%, Garifuna 6.1%, other
9.7%
Benin
African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja,
Yoruba, Bariba), Europeans 5,500
Bermuda
black 58%, white 36%, other 6%
Bhutan
Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35% (includes Lhotsampas—one of
several Nepalese ethnic groups), indigenous or migrant tribes 15%
Bolivia
Quechua 30%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry)
30%, Aymara 25%, white 15%
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serb 37.1%, Bosniak 48%, Croat 14.3%, other
0.6% (2000)
note: Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid
confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam
Botswana
Tswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other,
including Kgalagadi and white 7%
Brazil
white (includes Portuguese, German, Italian, Spanish, Polish)
55%, mixed white and black 38%, black 6%, other (includes Japanese,
Arab, Amerindian) 1%
British Virgin Islands
black 83%, white, Indian, Asian and mixed
Brunei
Malay 67%, Chinese 15%, indigenous 6%, other 12%
Bulgaria
Bulgarian 83.6%, Turk 9.5%, Roma 4.6%, other 2.3%
(including Macedonian, Armenian, Tatar, Circassian) (1998)
Burkina Faso
Mossi over 40%, Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande,
Fulani
Burma
Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian
2%, Mon 2%, other 5%
Burundi
Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%,
Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000
Cambodia
Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%
Cameroon
Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%,
Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, other
African 13%, non-African less than 1%
Canada
British Isles origin 28%, French origin 23%, other European
15%, Amerindian 2%, other, mostly Asian, African, Arab 6%, mixed
background 26%
Cape Verde
Creole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%
Cayman Islands
mixed 40%, white 20%, black 20%, expatriates of
various ethnic groups 20%
Central African Republic
Baya 33%, Banda 27%, Mandjia 13%, Sara 10%,
Mboum 7%, M'Baka 4%, Yakoma 4%, other 2%
Chad
200 distinct groups; in the north and center: Arabs, Gorane
(Toubou, Daza, Kreda), Zaghawa, Kanembou, Ouaddai, Baguirmi,
Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Hausa, Boulala, and Maba, most of whom are
Muslim; in the south: Sara (Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye), Moundang,
Moussei, Massa, most of whom are Christian or animist; about 1,000
French citizens live in Chad
Chile
white and white-Amerindian 95%, Amerindian 3%, other 2%
China
Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao,
Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%
Christmas Island
Chinese 70%, European 20%, Malay 10%
note: no indigenous population (2001)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Europeans, Cocos Malays
Colombia
mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed
black-Amerindian 3%, Amerindian 1%
Comoros
Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
over 200 African ethnic groups of
which the majority are Bantu; the four largest tribes - Mongo, Luba,
Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about
45% of the population
Congo, Republic of the
Kongo 48%, Sangha 20%, M'Bochi 12%, Teke 17%,
Europeans and other 3%
note: Europeans estimated at 8,500, mostly French, before the 1997
civil war; may be half that in 1998, following the widespread
destruction of foreign businesses in 1997
Cook Islands
Polynesian (full blood) 81.3%, Polynesian and European
7.7%, Polynesian and non-European 7.7%, European 2.4%, other 0.9%
Costa Rica
white (including mestizo) 94%, black 3%, Amerindian 1%,
Chinese 1%, other 1%
Cote d'Ivoire
Akan 42.1%, Voltaiques or Gur 17.6%, Northern Mandes
16.5%, Krous 11%, Southern Mandes 10%, other 2.8% (includes 130,000
Lebanese and 20,000 French) (1998)
Croatia
Croat 89.6%, Serb 4.5%, Bosniak 0.5%, Hungarian 0.4%,
Slovene 0.3%, Czech 0.2%, Roma 0.2%, Albanian 0.1%, Montenegrin
0.1%, others 4.1% (2001)
Cuba
mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%
Cyprus
Greek 85.2%, Turkish 11.6%, other 3.2% (2000)
Czech Republic
Czech 81.2%, Moravian 13.2%, Slovak 3.1%, Polish
0.6%, German 0.5%, Silesian 0.4%, Roma 0.3%, Hungarian 0.2%, other
0.5% (1991)
Denmark
Scandinavian, Inuit, Faroese, German, Turkish, Iranian,
Somali
Djibouti
Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian
5%
Dominica
black, mixed black and European, European, Syrian, Carib
Amerindian
Dominican Republic
white 16%, black 11%, mixed 73%
East Timor
Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian), Papuan, small Chinese
minority
Ecuador
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%,
Spanish and others 7%, black 3%
Egypt
Eastern Hamitic stock (Egyptians, Bedouins, and Berbers) 99%,
Greek, Nubian, Armenian, other European (primarily Italian and
French) 1%
El Salvador
mestizo 90%, Amerindian 1%, white 9%
Equatorial Guinea
Bioko (primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos), Rio Muni
(primarily Fang), Europeans less than 1,000, mostly Spanish
Eritrea
ethnic Tigrinya 50%, Tigre and Kunama 40%, Afar 4%, Saho
(Red Sea coast dwellers) 3%, other 3%
Estonia
Estonian 65.3%, Russian 28.1%, Ukrainian 2.5%, Belarusian
1.5%, Finn 1%, other 1.6% (1998)
Ethiopia
Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigre 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%,
Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1%
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
British
Faroe Islands
Scandinavian
Fiji
Fijian 51% (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesian
admixture), Indian 44%, European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas
Chinese, and other 5% (1998 est.)
Finland
Finn 93%, Swede 6%, Sami 0.11%, Roma 0.12%, Tatar 0.02%
France
Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African,
Indochinese, Basque minorities
French Guiana
black or mulatto 66%, white 12%, East Indian, Chinese,
Amerindian 12%, other 10%
French Polynesia
Polynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%,
metropolitan French 4%
Gabon
Bantu tribes including four major tribal groupings (Fang,
Bapounou, Nzebi, Obamba), other Africans and Europeans 154,000,
including 10,700 French and 11,000 persons of dual nationality
Gambia, The
African 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola
10%, Serahuli 9%, other 4%), non-African 1%
Gaza Strip
Palestinian Arab and other 99.4%, Jewish 0.6%
Georgia
Georgian 70.1%, Armenian 8.1%, Russian 6.3%, Azeri 5.7%,
Ossetian 3%, Abkhaz 1.8%, other 5%
Germany
German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of
Serbo-Croatian, Italian, Russian, Greek, Polish, Spanish)
Ghana
black African 98.5% (major tribes - Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba
16%, Ewe 13%, Ga 8%, Gurma 3%, Yoruba 1%), European and other 1.5%
(1998)
Gibraltar
Spanish, Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese
Greece
Greek 98%, other 2%
note: the Greek Government states there are no ethnic divisions in
Greece
Greenland
Greenlander 88% (Inuit and Greenland-born whites), Danish
and others 12% (January 2000)
Grenada
black 82%, mixed black and European 13%, European and East
Indian 5% , and trace of Arawak/Carib Amerindian
Guadeloupe
black or mulatto 90%, white 5%, East Indian, Lebanese,
Chinese less than 5%
Guam
Chamorro 37%, Filipino 26%, white 10%, Chinese, Japanese,
Korean, and other 27%
Guatemala
Mestizo (mixed Amerindian-Spanish or assimilated
Amerindian - in local Spanish called Ladino), approximately 55%,
Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian, approximately 43%, whites
and others 2%
Guernsey
UK and Norman-French descent
Guinea
Peuhl 40%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, smaller ethnic groups 10%
Guinea-Bissau
African 99% (Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca 14%,
Mandinga 13%, Papel 7%), European and mulatto less than 1%
Guyana
East Indian 50%, black 36%, Amerindian 7%, white, Chinese,
and mixed 7%
Haiti
black 95%, mulatto and white 5%
Holy See (Vatican City)
Italians, Swiss, other
Honduras
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European) 90%, Amerindian 7%,
black 2%, white 1%
Hong Kong
Chinese 95%, other 5%
Hungary
Hungarian 89.9%, Roma 4%, German 2.6%, Serb 2%, Slovak 0.8%,
Romanian 0.7%
Iceland
homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts 94%,
population of foreign origin 6%
India
Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)
Indonesia
Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays
7.5%, other 26%
Iran
Persian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%,
Arab 3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%
Iraq
Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5%
Ireland
Celtic, English
Israel
Jewish 80.1% (Europe/America-born 32.1%, Israel-born 20.8%,
Africa-born 14.6%, Asia-born 12.6%), non-Jewish 19.9% (mostly Arab)
(1996 est.)
Italy
Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and
Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and
Greek-Italians in the south)
Jamaica
black 90.9%, East Indian 1.3%, white 0.2%, Chinese 0.2%,
mixed 7.3%, other 0.1%
Japan
Japanese 99%, others 1% (Korean 511,262, Chinese 244,241,
Brazilian 182,232, Filipino 89,851, other 237,914) (2000)
Jersey
UK and Norman-French descent
Jordan
Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%
Kazakhstan
Kazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%, Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek
2.5%, German 2.4%, Uighur 1.4%, other 6.6% (1999 census)
Kenya
Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii
6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, and
Arab) 1%
Kiribati
predominantly Micronesian with some Polynesian
Korea, North
racially homogeneous; there is a small Chinese
community and a few ethnic Japanese
Korea, South
homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)
Kuwait
Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%,
other 7%
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyz 52.4%, Russian 18%, Uzbek 12.9%, Ukrainian 2.5%,
German 2.4%, other 11.8%
Laos
Lao Loum (lowland) 68%, Lao Theung (upland) 22%, Lao Soung
(highland) including the Hmong ("Meo") and the Yao (Mien) 9%, ethnic
Vietnamese/Chinese 1%
Latvia
Latvian 57.7%, Russian 29.6%, Belarusian 4.1%, Ukrainian
2.7%, Polish 2.5%, Lithuanian 1.4%, other 2%
Lebanon
Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%
Lesotho
Sotho 99.7%, Europeans, Asians, and other 0.3%,
Liberia
indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio,
Kru, Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, Dei, Bella,
Mandingo, and Mende), Americo-Liberians 2.5% (descendants of
immigrants from the US who had been slaves), Congo People 2.5%
(descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean who had been slaves)
Libya
Berber and Arab 97%, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians,
Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, Tunisians
Liechtenstein
Alemannic 86%, Italian, Turkish, and other 14%
Lithuania
Lithuanian 80.6%, Russian 8.7%, Polish 7%, Belarusian
1.6%, other 2.1%
Luxembourg
Celtic base (with French and German blend), Portuguese,
Italian, Slavs (from Montenegro, Albania, and Kososvo) and European
(guest and resident workers)
Macau
Chinese 95%, Macanese (mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry),
Portuguese, other
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonian 64.2%,
Albanian 25.2%, Turkish 3.8%, Roma 2.7%, Serb 1.8%, other 2.3% (1994)
Madagascar
Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers
(mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry -
Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian,
Creole, Comoran
Malawi
Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuka, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni,
Ngonde, Asian, European
Malaysia
Malay and other indigenous 58%, Chinese 24%, Indian 8%,
others 10% (2000)
Maldives
South Indians, Sinhalese, Arabs
Mali
Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%,
Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%
Malta
Maltese (descendants of ancient Carthaginians and Phoenicians,
with strong elements of Italian and other Mediterranean stock)
Man, Isle of
Manx (Norse-Celtic descent), Briton
Marshall Islands
Micronesian
Martinique
African and African-white-Indian mixture 90%, white 5%,
East Indian, Chinese less than 5%
Mauritania
mixed Maur/black 40%, Maur 30%, black 30%
Mauritius
Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%,
Franco-Mauritian 2%
Mayotte
NA
Mexico
mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly
Amerindian 30%, white 9%, other 1%
Micronesia, Federated States of
nine ethnic Micronesian and
Polynesian groups
Moldova
Moldovan/Romanian 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13%,
Jewish 1.5%, Bulgarian 2%, Gagauz and other 5.2% (1989 est.)
note: internal disputes with ethnic Slavs in the Transnistrian region
Monaco
French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%
Mongolia
Mongol (predominantly Khalkha) 85%, Turkic (of which Kazakh
is the largest group) 7%, Tungusic 4.6%, other (including Chinese
and Russian) 3.4% (1998)
Montserrat
black, white
Morocco
Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%
Mozambique
indigenous tribal groups 99.66% (Shangaan, Chokwe,
Manyika, Sena, Makua, and others), Europeans 0.06%, Euro-Africans
0.2%, Indians 0.08%
Namibia
black 87.5%, white 6%, mixed 6.5%
note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9%
to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups are: Herero 7%, Damara
7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5%
Nauru
Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European
8%
Nepal
Brahman, Chetri, Newar, Gurung, Magar, Tamang, Rai, Limbu,
Sherpa, Tharu, and others (1995)
Netherlands
Dutch 83%, other 17% (of which 9% are non-western origin
mainly Turks, Moroccans, Antilleans, Surinamese and Indonesians)
(1999 est.)
Netherlands Antilles
mixed black 85%, Carib Amerindian, white, East
Asian
New Caledonia
Melanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%,
Polynesian 3.8%, Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3%
New Zealand
New Zealand European 74.5%, Maori 9.7%, other European
4.6%, Pacific Islander 3.8%, Asian and others 7.4%
Nicaragua
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 69%, white 17%, black
9%, Amerindian 5%
Niger
Hausa 56%, Djerma 22%, Fula 8.5%, Tuareg 8%, Beri Beri
(Kanouri) 4.3%, Arab, Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%, about 1,200
French expatriates
Nigeria
Nigeria, which is Africa's most populous country, is
composed of more than 250 ethnic groups; the following are the most
populous and politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba
21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5%
Niue
Polynesian (with some 200 Europeans, Samoans, and Tongans)
Norfolk Island
descendants of the Bounty mutineers, Australian, New
Zealander, Polynesians
Northern Mariana Islands
Chamorro, Carolinians and other
Micronesians, Caucasian, Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, Korean
Norway
Norwegian, Sami 20,000
Oman
Arab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan,
Bangladeshi), African
Pakistan
Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir
(immigrants from India at the time of partition and their
descendants)
Palau
Palauan (Micronesian with Malayan and Melanesian admixtures)
70%, Asian (mainly Filipinos, followed by Chinese, Taiwanese, and
Vietnamese) 28%, white 2% (2000 est.)
Panama
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 70%, Amerindian and
mixed (West Indian) 14%, white 10%, Amerindian 6%
Papua New Guinea
Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian
Paraguay
mestizo (mixed Spanish and Amerindian) 95%
Peru
Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white
15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%
Philippines
Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese 1.5%,
other 3%
Pitcairn Islands
descendants of the Bounty mutineers and their
Tahitian wives
Poland
Polish 97.6%, German 1.3%, Ukrainian 0.6%, Belarusian 0.5%
(1990 est.)
Portugal
homogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black African
descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less
than 100,000; since 1990 East Europeans have entered Portugal
Puerto Rico
white (mostly Spanish origin) 80.5%, black 8%,
Amerindian 0.4%, Asian 0.2%, mixed and other 10.9%
Qatar
Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%
Reunion
French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, Indian
Romania
Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%, Roma 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%,
German 0.3%, Russian 0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002)
Russia
Russian 81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash 1.2%,
Bashkir 0.9%, Belarusian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1% (1989)
Rwanda
Hutu 84%, Tutsi 15%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%
Saint Helena
African descent 50%, white 25%, Chinese 25%
Saint Kitts and Nevis predominantly black; some British, Portuguese, and Lebanese
Saint Lucia
black 90%, mixed 6%, East Indian 3%, white 1%
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Basques and Bretons (French fishermen)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
black 66%, mixed 19%, East Indian
6%, Carib Amerindian 2%, other 7%
Samoa
Samoan 92.6%, Euronesians 7% (persons of European and
Polynesian blood), Europeans 0.4%
San Marino
Sammarinese, Italian
Sao Tome and Principe
mestico, angolares (descendants of Angolan
slaves), forros (descendants of freed slaves), servicais (contract
laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children
of servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)
Saudi Arabia
Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%
Senegal
Wolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%, Mandinka
3%, Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%
Serbia and Montenegro
Serb 62.6%, Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%,
Hungarian 3.3%, other 12.6% (1991)
Seychelles
mixed French, African, Indian, Chinese, and Arab
Sierra Leone
20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%,
other 30%), Creole (Krio) 10% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves
who were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century),
refugees from Liberia's recent civil war, small numbers of
Europeans, Lebanese, Pakistanis, and Indians
Singapore
Chinese 76.7%, Malay 14%, Indian 7.9%, other 1.4%
Slovakia
Slovak 85.7%, Hungarian 10.6%, Roma 1.6% (the 1992 census
figures underreport the Gypsy/Romany community, which is about
500,000), Czech, Moravian, Silesian 1.1%, Ruthenian and Ukrainian
0.6%, German 0.1%, Polish 0.1%, other 0.2% (1996)
Slovenia
Slovene 88%, Croat 3%, Serb 2%, Bosniak 1%, Yugoslav 0.6%,
Hungarian 0.4%, other 5% (1991)
Solomon Islands
Melanesian 93%, Polynesian 4%, Micronesian 1.5%,
European 0.8%, Chinese 0.3%, other 0.4%
Somalia
Somali 85%, Bantu and other non-Somali 15% (including Arabs
30,000)
South Africa
black 75.2%, white 13.6%, Colored 8.6%, Indian 2.6%
Spain
composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types
Sri Lanka
Sinhalese 74%, Tamil 18%, Moor 7%, Burgher, Malay, and
Vedda 1%
Sudan
black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1%
Suriname
Hindustani (also known locally as "East Indians"; their
ancestors emigrated from northern India in the latter part of the
19th century) 37%, Creole (mixed white and black) 31%, Javanese 15%,
"Maroons" (their African ancestors were brought to the country in
the 17th and 18th centuries as slaves and escaped to the interior)
10%, Amerindian 2%, Chinese 2%, white 1%, other 2%
Svalbard
Norwegian 55.4%, Russian and Ukrainian 44.3%, other 0.3%
(1998)
Swaziland
African 97%, European 3%
Sweden
indigenous population: Swedes and Finnish and Sami
minorities; foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns,
Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks
Switzerland
German 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other
6%
Syria
Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%
Taiwan
Taiwanese (including Hakka) 84%, mainland Chinese 14%,
aborigine 2%
Tajikistan
Tajik 64.9%, Uzbek 25%, Russian 3.5% (declining because
of emigration), other 6.6%
Tanzania
mainland - native African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu
consisting of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian,
European, and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, native African, mixed Arab and
native African
Thailand
Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%
Togo
native African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe,
Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%
Tokelau
Polynesian
Tonga
Polynesian, Europeans about 300
Trinidad and Tobago
black 39.5%, East Indian (a local term -
primarily immigrants from northern India) 40.3%, mixed 18.4%, white
0.6%, Chinese and other 1.2%
Tunisia
Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%
Turkey
Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (estimated)
Turkmenistan
Turkmen 77%, Uzbek 9.2%, Russian 6.7%, Kazakh 2%, other
5.1% (1995)
Turks and Caicos Islands
black 90%, mixed, European, or north
American 10%
Tuvalu
Polynesian 96%, Micronesian 4%
Uganda
Baganda 17%, Ankole 8%, Basoga 8%, Iteso 8%, Bakiga 7%, Langi
6%, Rwanda 6%, Bagisu 5%, Acholi 4%, Lugbara 4%, Batoro 3%, Bunyoro
3%, Alur 2%, Bagwere 2%, Bakonjo 2%, Jopodhola 2%, Karamojong 2%,
Rundi 2%, non-African (European, Asian, Arab) 1%, other 8%
Ukraine
Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan
0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian
0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001)
United Arab Emirates
Emirati 19%, other Arab and Iranian 23%, South
Asian 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians)
8% (1982)
note: less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)
United Kingdom
English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh 1.9%,
Ulster 1.8%, West Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other 2.8%
United States
white 77.1%, black 12.9%, Asian 4.2%, Amerindian and
Alaska native 1.5%, native Hawaiian and other Pacific islander 0.3%,
other 4% (2000)
note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the US
Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean a person of Latin American
descent (including persons of Cuban, Mexican, or Puerto Rican
origin) living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group
(white, black, Asian, etc.)
Uruguay
white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian, practically
nonexistent
Uzbekistan
Uzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak
2.5%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.)
Vanuatu
indigenous Melanesian 98%, French, Vietnamese, Chinese,
other Pacific Islanders
Venezuela
Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African,
indigenous people
Vietnam
Vietnamese 85%-90%, Chinese, Hmong, Thai, Khmer, Cham,
mountain groups
Virgin Islands
black 78%, white 10%, other 12%
note: West Indian 81% (49% born in the Virgin Islands and 32% born
elsewhere in the West Indies), US mainland 13%, Puerto Rican 4%,
other 2%
Wallis and Futuna
Polynesian
West Bank
Palestinian Arab and other 83%, Jewish 17%
Western Sahara
Arab, Berber
Yemen
predominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians, Europeans
Zambia
African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%
Zimbabwe
African 98% (Shona 82%, Ndebele 14%, other 2%), mixed and
Asian 1%, white less than 1%
This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003
@2076 Exchange rates
Afghanistan
afghanis per US dollar - 3,000 (October-December 2002),
3,000 (2001), 3,000 (2000), 3,000 (1999), 3,000 (1998), note: before
2002 the market rate varied widely from the official rate; in 2002
the afghani was revalued and the currency stabilized
Albania
leke per US dollar - NA (2002), 143.49 (2001), 143.71
(2000), 137.69 (1999), 150.63 (1998)
Algeria
Algerian dinars per US dollar - 79.68 (2002), 77.22 (2001),
75.26 (2000), 66.57 (1999), 58.74 (1998)
American Samoa
the US dollar is used
Andorra
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000),
0.94 (1999)
Angola
kwanza per US dollar - 43.53 (2002), 22.06 (2001), 10.04
(2000), 2.79 (1999), 0.39 (1998); note - in December 1999 the kwanza
was revalued with six zeroes dropped off the old value
Anguilla
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate
since 1976)
Antigua and Barbuda
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7
(2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999), 2.7 (1998) (fixed rate
since 1976)
Argentina
Argentine pesos per US dollar - 3.06 (2002), 1 (2001), 1
(2000), 1 (1999), 1 (1998)
Armenia
drams per US dollar - NA (2002), 555.08 (2001), 539.53
(2000), 535.06 (1999), 504.92 (1998)
Aruba
Aruban guilders/florins per US dollar - 1.79 (2002), 1.79
(2001), 1.79 (2000), 1.79 (1999), 1.79 (1998)
Australia
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.84 (2002), 1.93
(2001), 1.72 (2000), 1.55 (1999), 1.59 (1998)
Austria
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000),
0.94 (1999), 12.38 (1998)
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani manats per US dollar - 4,860.82 (2002),
4,656.58 (2001), 4,474.15 (2000), 4,120.17 (1999), 3,869 (1998)
Bahamas, The
Bahamian dollars per US dollar - 1 (2002), 1 (2001), 1
(2000), 1 (1999), 1 (1998)
Bahrain
Bahraini dinars per US dollar - 0.38 (2002), 0.38 (2001),
0.38 (2000), 0.38 (1999), 0.38 (1998)
Bangladesh
taka per US dollar - 57.89 (2002), 55.81 (2001), 52.14
(2000), 49.09 (1999), 46.91 (1998)
Barbados
Barbadian dollars per US dollar - 2 (2002), 2 (2001), 2
(2000), 2 (1999), 2 (1998)
Belarus
Belarusian rubles per US dollar - NA (2002), 1,390 (2001),
876.75 (2000), 248.8 (1999), 46.13 (1998)
Belgium
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000),
0.94 (1999), 36.3 (1998)
Belize
Belizean dollars per US dollar - 2 (2002), 2 (2001), 2
(2000), 2 (1999), 2 (1998)
Benin
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999), 589.95
(1998)
Bermuda
Bermudian dollar per US dollar - 1.0000 (fixed rate pegged
to the US dollar)
Bhutan
ngultrum per US dollar - 48.61 (2002), 47.19 (2001), 44.94
(2000), 43.06 (1999), 41.26 (1998)
Bolivia
bolivianos per US dollar - 7.17 (2002), 6.61 (2001), 6.18
(2000), 5.81 (1999), 5.51 (1998)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
marka per US dollar - NA (2002), 2.19 (2001),
2.12 (2000), 1.84 (1999), 1.76 (1998)
Botswana
pulas per US dollar - 6.33 (2002), 5.84 (2001), 5.1 (2000),
4.62 (1999), 4.23 (1998)
Brazil
reals per US dollar - 2.92 (2002), 2.36 (2001), 1.83 (2000),
1.81 (1999), 1.16 (1998)
note: from October 1994 through 14 January 1999, the official rate
was determined by a managed float; since 15 January 1999, the
official rate floats independently with respect to the US dollar
British Virgin Islands
the US dollar is used
Brunei
Bruneian dollars per US dollar - 1.79 (2002), 1.79 (2001),
1.72 (2000), 1.69 (1999), 1.67 (1998)
Bulgaria
leva per US dollar - 2.08 (2002), 2.18 (2001), 2.12 (2000),
1.84 (1999), 1.76 (1998)
note: on 5 July 1999, the lev was redenominated; the post-5 July
1999 lev is equal to 1,000 of the pre-5 July 1999 lev
Burkina Faso
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999),
589.95 (1998)
Burma
kyats per US dollar - 6.64 (2002), 6.75 (2001), 6.52 (2000),
6.29 (1999), 6.34 (1998)
Burundi
Burundi francs per US dollar - NA (2002), 830.35 (2001),
720.67 (2000), 563.56 (1999), 447.77 (1998)
Cambodia
riels per US dollar - 3,912.08 (2002), 3,916.33 (2001),
3,840.75 (2000), 3,807.83 (1999), 3,744.42 (1998)
Cameroon
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar
- 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999), 589.95
(1998)
Canada
Canadian dollars per US dollar - 1.57 (2002), 1.55 (2001),
1.49 (2000), 1.49 (1999), 1.48 (1998)
Cape Verde
Cape Verdean escudos (CVE) per US dollar - NA (2002),
123.21 (2001), 115.88 (2000), 102.7 (1999), 98.16 (1998)
Cayman Islands
Caymanian dollars per US dollar - 0.82 (29 October
2001), 0.83 (3 November 1995), 0.85 (22 November 1993)
Central African Republic
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs
(XAF) per US dollar - 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000),
615.7 (1999), 589.95 (1998)
Chad
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -
696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999), 589.95
(1998)
Chile
Chilean pesos per US dollar - 688.95 (2002), 634.94 (2001),
535.47 (2000), 508.78 (1999), 460.29 (1998)
China
yuan per US dollar - 8.28 (2002), 8.28 (2001), 8.28 (2000),
8.28 (1999), 8.28 (1998)
Christmas Island
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.9354 (2002),
1.9320 (2001), 1.7173(2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.9354
(2002), 1.9320 (2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998),
1.3439 (1997)
Colombia
Colombian pesos per US dollar - 2,504.24 (2002), 2,299.63
(2001), 2,087.9 (2000), 1,756.23 (1999), 1,426.04 (1998)
Comoros
Comoran francs (KMF) per US dollar - 522.74 (2002), 549.78
(2001), 533.98 (2000), 461.78 (1999), 442.46 (1998)
note: prior to January 1999, the official rate was pegged to the
French franc at 75 Comoran francs per French franc; since 1 January
1999, the Comoran franc is pegged to the euro at a rate of 491.9677
Comoran francs per euro
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congolese francs per US dollar -
346.49 (2002), 206.62 (2001), 21.82 (2000), 4.02 (1999), 1.61 (1998)
Congo, Republic of the
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF)
per US dollar - 697 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7
(1999), 589.95 (1998)
Cook Islands
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.3535 (January
2002), 2.3776 (2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8632 (1998),
1.5083 (1997)
Costa Rica
Costa Rican colones per US dollar - 359.82 (2002), 328.87
(2001), 308.19 (2000), 285.69 (1999), 257.23 (1998)
Cote d'Ivoire
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999),
589.95 (1998)
Croatia
kuna per US dollar - 7.87 (2002), 8.34 (2001), 8.28 (2000),
7.11 (1999), 6.36 (1998)
Cuba
Cuban pesos per US dollar - 1.0000 (nonconvertible, official
rate, for international transactions, pegged to the US dollar);
convertible peso sold for domestic use at a rate of 1.00 US dollar
per 27 pesos by the Government of Cuba (2002)
Cyprus
Cypriot pounds per US dollar - 0.61 (2002), 0.64 (2001), 0.62
(2000), 0.54 (1999), 0.52 (1998), Turkish lira per US dollar NA
(2002), 1,225,590 (2001), 625,218 (2000), 418,783 (1999), 260,724
(1998)
Czech Republic
koruny per US dollar - 32.74 (2002), 38.04 (2001),
38.6 (2000), 34.57 (1999), 32.28 (1998)
Denmark
Danish kroner per US dollar - 7.89 (2002), 8.32 (2001), 8.08
(2000), 6.98 (1999), 6.7 (1998)
Djibouti
Djiboutian francs per US dollar - 177.72 (2002), 177.72
(2001), 177.72 (2000), 177.72 (1999), 177.72 (1998)
Dominica
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2002), 2.7
(2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999), 2.7 (1998)
Dominican Republic
Dominican pesos per US dollar - 18.61 (2002),
16.95 (2001), 16.42 (2000), 16.03 (1999), 15.27 (1998)
East Timor
see US dollar
Ecuador
sucres per US dollar - 25,000 (2002), 25,000 (2001),
24,988.4 (2000), 11,786.8 (1999), 5,446.57 (1998)
Egypt
Egyptian pounds per US dollar - 4.5 (2002), 3.97 (2001), 3.47
(2000), 3.4 (1999), 3.39 (1998)
El Salvador
8.75 the US dollar is the legal tender
Equatorial Guinea
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per
US dollar - 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7
(1999), 589.95 (1998)
Eritrea
nakfa (ERN) per US dollar - 9.5 (January 2000), 7.6 (January
1999), 7.2 (March 1998 est.)
Estonia
krooni per US dollar - 16.61 (2002), 17.56 (2001), 16.97
(2000), 14.68 (1999), 14.07 (1998)
Ethiopia
birr per US dollar - NA (2002), 8.46 (2001), 8.22 (2000),
7.94 (1999), 7.12 (1998)
note: since 24 October 2001 exchange rates are determined on a daily
basis via interbank transactions regulated by the Central Bank
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Falkland pounds per US dollar -
0.67 (2002), 0.69 (2001), 0.66 (2000), 0.62 (1999), 0.6 (1998); note
- the Falkland pound is at par with the British pound
Faroe Islands
Danish kroner per US dollar - 7.89 (2002), 8.32
(2001), 8.08 (2000), 6.98 (1999), 6.7 (1998)
Fiji
Fijian dollars per US dollar - 2.19 (2002), 2.28 (2001), 2.13
(2000), 1.97 (1999), 1.99 (1998)
Finland
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000),
0.94 (1999)
France
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000),
0.94 (1999)
French Guiana
Euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09
(2000), 0.94 (1999)
French Polynesia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US
dollar - 126.41 (2002), 133.26 (2001), 129.44 (2000), 111.93 (1999),
107.25 (1998)
note: pegged at the rate of 119.25 XPF to the euro
Gabon
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -
696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999), 589.95
(1998)
Gambia, The
dalasi per US dollar - NA (2002), 15.69 (2001), 12.79
(2000), 11.4 (1999), 10.64 (1998)
Gaza Strip
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.7378 (2002), 4.2057
(2001), 4.0773 (2000), 4.1397 (1999), 3.8001 (1998), 3.4494 (1997)
Georgia
lari per US dollar - 2.2 (2002), 2.07 (2001), 1.98 (2000),
2.02 (1999), 1.39 (1998)
Germany
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000),
0.94 (1999), 1.76 (1998)
Ghana
cedis per US dollar - NA (2002), 7,170.76 (2001), 5,455.06
(2000), 2,669.3 (1999), 2,314.15 (1998)
Gibraltar
Gibraltar pounds per US dollar - 0.6661 (2002), 0.6944
(2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998); note - the
Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound
Greece
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 365.4 (2000),
305.65 (1999), 295.53 (1998)
note: in January 2001, the drachma became a participating currency
within the Eurosystem, and the euro market rate became applicable to
all transactions
Greenland
Danish kroner per US dollar - 7.8947 (2002), 8.323 (2001),
8.083 (2000), 6.976 (1999), 6.701 (1998)
Grenada
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2002), 2.7
(2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999), 2.7 (1998)
Guadeloupe
euros per US dollar - 1.06 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001),
1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995
(1998)
Guam
the US dollar is used
Guatemala
quetzales per US dollar - 7.82 (2002), 7.86 (2001), 7.76
(2000), 7.39 (1999), 6.39 (1998)
Guernsey
Guernsey pounds per US dollar - 0.6661 (2002), 0.6944
(2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998); note - the
Guernsey pound is at par with the British pound
Guinea
Guinean francs per US dollar - NA (2002), 1,950.56 (2001),
1,746.87 (2000), 1,387.4 (1999), 1,236.83 (1998)
Guinea-Bissau
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999),
589.95 (1998)
note: as of 1 May 1997, Guinea-Bissau adopted the XOF franc as the
national currency; since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc is pegged to
the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro
Guyana
Guyanese dollars per US dollar - NA (2002), 187.32 (2001),
182.43 (2000), 178 (1999), 150.52 (1998)
Haiti
gourdes per US dollar - 29.25 (2002), 24.43 (2001), 21.17
(2000), 16.94 (1999), 16.77 (1998)
Holy See (Vatican City)
euros per US dollar - 1.06 1.1324 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)
Honduras
lempiras per US dollar - 16.43 (2002), 15.47 (2001), 14.84
(2000), 14.21 (1999), 13.39 (1998)
Hong Kong
Hong Kong dollars per US dollar - 7.8 (2002), 7.8 (2001),
7.79 (2000), 7.76 (1999), 7.75 (1998)
Hungary
forints per US dollar - 257.89 (2002), 286.49 (2001), 282.18
(2000), 237.15 (1999), 214.4 (1998)
Iceland
Icelandic kronur per US dollar - 91.66 (2002), 97.42 (2001),
78.62 (2000), 72.34 (1999), 70.96 (1998)
India
Indian rupees per US dollar - 48.61 (2002), 47.19 (2001),
44.94 (2000), 43.06 (1999), 41.26 (1998)
Indonesia
Indonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 9,311.19 (2002),
10,260.8 (2001), 8,421.77 (2000), 7,855.15 (1999), 10,013.6 (1998)
Iran
rials per US dollar 6,906.96 (2002), 1,753.56 (2001), 1,764.43
(2000), 1,752.93 (1999), 1,751.86 (1998)
note: from 1997 to 2001, Iran had a multi-exchange-rate system; one
of these rates, the official floating exchange rate, by which most
essential goods were imported, averaged 1,750 rials per US dollar;
in March 2002, the multi-exchange-rate system was converged into one
rate at about 7,900 rials per US dollar
Iraq
Iraqi dinars per US dollar - 0.31 (2002), 0.31 (2001), 0.31
(2000), 0.31 (1999), 0.31 (1998), note: fixed official rate since
1982; market rate subject to wide fluctuations
Ireland
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000),
0.94 (1999), 0.7 (1998)
Israel
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.74 (2002), 4.21 (2001),
4.08 (2000), 4.14 (1999), 3.8 (1998)
Italy
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000),
0.94 (1999)
Jamaica
Jamaican dollars per US dollar - 48.42 (2002), 46 (2001),
42.7 (2000), 39.04 (1999), 36.55 (1998)
Japan
yen per US dollar - 125.39 (2002), 121.53 (2001), 107.77
(2000), 113.91 (1999), 130.91 (1998)
Jersey
Jersey pounds per US dollar - 0.6661 (2002), 0.6944 (2001),
0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998); the Jersey pound is at
par with the British pound
Jordan
Jordanian dinars per US dollar - 0.71 (2002), 0.71 (2001),
0.71 (2000), 0.71 (1999), 0.71 (1998)
Kazakhstan
tenge per US dollar - 153.28 (2002), 146.74 (2001),
142.13 (2000), 119.52 (1999), 78.3 (1998)
Kenya
Kenyan shillings per US dollar - 78.75 (2002), 78.56 (2001),
76.18 (2000), 70.33 (1999), 60.37 (1998)
Kiribati
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.84 (2002), 1.93
(2001), 1.72 (2000), 1.55 (1999), 1.59 (1998)
Korea, North
official: North Korean won per US dollar - 150
(December 2002), 2.15 (December 2001), 2.15 (May 1994), 2.13 (May
1992), 2.14 (September 1991), 2.1 (January 1990); market: North
Korean won per US dollar - 300-600 (December 2002), 200 (December
2001)
Korea, South
South Korean won per US dollar - 1,251.09 (2002),
1,290.99 (2001), 1,130.96 (2000), 1,188.82 (1999), 1,401.44 (1998)
Kuwait
Kuwaiti dinars per US dollar - 0.3 (2002), 0.31 (2001), 0.31
(2000), 0.3 (1999), 0.3 (1998)
Kyrgyzstan
soms per US dollar - 46.94 (2002), 48.38 (2001), 47.7
(2000), 39.01 (1999), 20.84 (1998)
Laos
kips per US dollar - 7,562 (2002), 8,954.58 (2001), 7,887.64
(2000), 7,102.02 (1999), 3,298.33 (1998)
Latvia
lati per US dollar - 0.62 (2002), 0.63 (2001), 0.61 (2000),
0.59 (1999), 0.59 (1998)
Lebanon
Lebanese pounds per US dollar - 1,507.5 (2002), 1,507.5
(2001), 1,507.5 (2000), 1,507.84 (1999), 1,516.13 (1998)
Lesotho
maloti per US dollar - 10.54 (2002), 8.61 (2001), 6.94
(2000), 6.11 (1999), 5.53 (1998)
Liberia
Liberian dollars per US dollar - NA (2002), 48.58 (2001),
40.95 (2000), 41.9 (1999), 41.51 (1998)
note: until December 1997, rates were based on a fixed relationship
with the US dollar; beginning in January 1998, rates are market
determined
Libya
Libyan dinars per US dollar - 1.2 (2003), 0.6 (2002), 0.51
(2001), 0.5 (2000), 0.39 (1999)
Liechtenstein
Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.5586 (2002), 1.6876
(2001), 1.6888 (2000), 1.5022 (1999), 1.4498 (1998)
Lithuania
litai per US dollar - 3.68 (2002), 4 (2001), 4 (2000), 4
(1999), 4 (1998)
Luxembourg
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09
(2000), 0.94 (1999)
Macau
patacas per US dollar - 8.03 (2002), 8.03 (2001), 8.03 (2000),
7.99 (1999), 7.98 (1998)
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonian denars per US
dollar - 64.35 (2002), 68.04 (2001), 65.9 (2000), 56.9 (1999), 54.46
(1998)
Madagascar
Malagasy francs per US dollar - 6,831.96 (2002), 6,588.49
(2001), 6,767.48 (2000), 6,283.77 (1999), 5,441.4 (1998)
Malawi
Malawian kwachas per US dollar - 76.69 (2002), 72.2 (2001),
59.54 (2000), 44.09 (1999), 31.07 (1998)
Malaysia
ringgits per US dollar - 3.8 (2002), 3.8 (2001), 3.8
(2000), 3.8 (1999), 3.92 (1998)
Maldives
rufiyaa per US dollar - 12.8 (2002), 12.24 (2001), 11.77
(2000), 11.77 (1999), 11.77 (1998)
Mali
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999), 589.95
(1998)
Malta
Maltese liri per US dollar - 0.43 (2002), 0.45 (2001), 0.44
(2000), 0.4 (1999), 0.39 (1998)
Man, Isle of
Manx pounds per US dollar - 0.6661 (2002), 0.6944
(2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998); the Manx pound
is at par with the British pound
Marshall Islands
the US dollar is the legal tender
Martinique
euros per US dollar - 1.06 euros per US dollar - 1.0626
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs
per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998)
Mauritania
ouguiyas per US dollar - ouguiyas per US dollar - 254.350
(December 2001), 238.923 (2000), 209.514 (1999), 188.476 (1998),
151.853 (1997), 137.222 (1996)
Mauritius
Mauritian rupees per US dollar - 29.96 (2002), 29.13
(2001), 26.25 (2000), 25.19 (1999), 23.99 (1998)
Mayotte
euros per US dollar - 1.06 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001),
1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995
(1998), 5.8367 (1997)
Mexico
Mexican pesos per US dollar - 9.66 (2002), 9.34 (2001), 9.46
(2000), 9.56 (1999), 9.14 (1998)
Micronesia, Federated States of
the US dollar is used 1
Moldova
lei per US dollar - NA (2002), 12.87 (2001), 12.43 (2000),
10.52 (1999), 5.37 (1998)
Monaco
euros per US dollar - 1.06 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001),
1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995
(1998)
Mongolia
togrogs/tugriks per US dollar - 1,134 (2002), 1,097.7
(2001), 1,076.67 (2000), 1,021.87 (1999), 840.83 (1998)
Montserrat
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate
since 1976)
Morocco
Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 11.02 (2002), 11.3 (2001),
10.63 (2000), 9.8 (1999), 9.6 (1998)
Mozambique
meticais per US dollar - 23,678 (2002), 20,703.6 (2001),
15,447.1 (2000), 13,028.6 (1999), 12,110.2 (1998)
note: effective October 2000, the exchange rate is determined as the
weighted average of buying and selling exchange rates of all
transactions of commercial banks and stock exchanges with the public
Namibia
Namibian dollars per US dollar - 10.54 (2002), 8.61 (2001),
6.94 (2000), 6.11 (1999), 5.53 (1998)
Nauru
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.2641 (2002) 1.9320
(2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998)
Nepal
Nepalese rupees per US dollar - 77.88 (2002), 74.95 (2001),
71.09 (2000), 68.24 (1999), 65.98 (1998)
Netherlands
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09
(2000), 0.94 (1999)
Netherlands Antilles
Netherlands Antillean guilders per US dollar -
1.79 (2002), 1.79 (2001), 1.79 (2000), 1.79 (1999), 1.79 (1998)
New Caledonia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US
dollar - 135.04 (January 2002), 133.26 (2001), 129.44 (2000), 111.93
(1999), 107.25 (1998)
New Zealand
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.16 (2002), 2.38
(2001), 2.2 (2000), 1.89 (1999), 1.87 (1998)
Nicaragua
gold cordobas per US dollar - 14.25 (2002), 13.37 (2001),
12.68 (2000), 11.81 (1999), 10.58 (1998)
Niger
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999), 589.95
(1998)
Nigeria
nairas per US dollar - NA (2002), 111.23 (2001), 101.7
(2000), 92.34 (1999), 21.89 (1998)
Niue
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.162 (2002), 2.3776
(2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8629 (1998)
Norfolk Island
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.8406 (2002),
1.9320 (2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998)
Northern Mariana Islands
the US dollar is used
Norway
Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 7.98 (2002), 8.99 (2001),
8.8 (2000), 7.8 (1999), 7.55 (1998)
Oman
Omani rials per US dollar - 0.38 (2002), 0.38 (2001), 0.38
(2000), 0.38 (1999), 0.38 (1998)
Pakistan
Pakistani rupees per US dollar - 59.72 (2002), 61.93
(2001), 53.65 (2000), 49.12 (1999), 44.94 (1998)
Palau
the US dollar is used
Panama
balboas per US dollar - 1 (2002), 1 (2001), 1 (2000), 1
(1999), 1 (1998)
Papua New Guinea
kina per US dollar - 3.8 (2002), 3.39 (2001), 2.78
(2000), 2.57 (1999), 2.07 (1998)
Paraguay
guarani per US dollar - 5,720.44 (2002), 4,105.92 (2001),
3,486.35 (2000), 3,119.07 (1999), 2,726.49 (1998)
Peru
nuevo sol per US dollar - 3.52 (2002), 3.51 (2001), 3.49
(2000), 3.38 (1999), 2.93 (1998)
Philippines
Philippine pesos per US dollar - 51.67 (2002), 50.99
(2001), 44.19 (2000), 39.09 (1999), 40.89 (1998)
Pitcairn Islands
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.162 (2002),
2.3776 (2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8629 (1998), 1.5083
(1997)
Poland
zlotych per US dollar - 3.99 (2002), 4.09 (2001), 4.35
(2000), 3.97 (1999), 3.48 (1998)
note: zlotych is the plural form of zloty
Portugal
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09
(2000), 0.94 (1999)
Puerto Rico
the US dollar is used
Qatar
Qatari rials per US dollar - 3.64 (2002), 3.64 (2001), 3.64
(2000), 3.64 (1999), 3.64 (1998)
Reunion
euros per US dollar - 1.06 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001),
1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995
(1998)
Romania
lei per US dollar - 33,055.4 (2002), 29,060.8 (2001),
21,708.7 (2000), 15,332.8 (1999), 8,875.58 (1998)
Russia
Russian rubles per US dollar - 31.27 (2002), 29.17 (2001),
28.13 (2000), 24.62 (1999), 9.71 (1998)
note: the post-1 January 1998 ruble is equal to 1,000 of the pre-1
January 1998 rubles
Rwanda
Rwandan francs per US dollar - 475.37 (2002), 442.99 (2001),
389.7 (2000), 333.94 (1999), 312.31 (1998)
Saint Helena
Saint Helenian pounds per US dollar - 0.6661 (2002),
0.6944 (2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998),
Saint Kitts and Nevis
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7
(2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999), 2.7 (1998)
Saint Lucia
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2002), 2.7
(2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999), 2.7 (1998)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
euros per US dollar - 1.06 1.0626 (2001),
1.08540 (2000), 0.93863 (1999)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
East Caribbean dollars per US
dollar - 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999), 2.7 (1998)
Samoa
tala per US dollar - 3.37 (2002), 3.48 (2001), 3.29 (2000),
3.01 (1999), 2.95 (1998)
San Marino
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09
(2000), 0.94 (1999)
Sao Tome and Principe
dobras per US dollar - NA (2002), 8,842.11
(2001), 7,978.17 (2000), 7,118.96 (1999), 6,883.24 (1998)
Saudi Arabia
Saudi riyals per US dollar - 3.75 (2002), 3.75 (2001),
3.75 (2000), 3.75 (1999), 3.75 (1998)
Senegal
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999), 589.95
(1998)
Serbia and Montenegro
new Yugoslav dinars per US dollar - official
rate: 65 (2002), 10.0 (December 1998); black market rate: 14.5
(December 1998)
Seychelles
Seychelles rupees per US dollar - 5.48 (2002), 5.86
(2001), 5.71 (2000), 5.34 (1999), 5.26 (1998)
Sierra Leone
leones per US dollar - 2,099.03 (2002), 1,986.15
(2001), 2,092.12 (2000), 1,804.19 (1999), 1,563.62 (1998)
Singapore
Singapore dollars per US dollar - 1.79 (2002), 1.79
(2001), 1.72 (2000), 1.69 (1999), 1.67 (1998)
Slovakia
koruny per US dollar - 45.33 (2002), 48.35 (2001), 46.04
(2000), 41.36 (1999), 35.23 (1998)
Slovenia
tolars per US dollar - 240.25 (2002), 242.75 (2001), 222.66
(2000), 181.77 (1999), 166.13 (1998)
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands dollars per US dollar - NA (2002),
NA (2001), 5.09 (2000), 4.84 (1999), 4.82 (1998)
Somalia
Somali shillings per US dollar - 11,000 (November 2000),
2,620 (January 1999), 7,500 (November 1997 est.), 7,000 (January
1996 est.), 5,000 (1 January 1995)
note: the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared independent
country not recognized by any foreign government, issues its own
currency, the Somaliland shilling
South Africa
rand per US dollar - 10.54 (2002), 8.61 (2001), 6.94
(2000), 6.11 (1999), 5.53 (1998)
Spain
euros per US dollar - 1.06 (2002), 1.12 (2001), 1.09 (2000),
0.94 (1999)
Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan rupees per US dollar - 95.66 (2002), 89.38
(2001), 77.01 (2000), 70.64 (1999), 64.45 (1998)
Sudan
Sudanese dinars per US dollar - 263.31 (2002), 258.7 (2001),
257.12 (2000), 252.55 (1999), 200.8 (1998)
Suriname
Surinamese guilders per US dollar - 2,346.75 (2002),
2,178.5 (2001), 1,322.47 (2000), 859.44 (1999), 401 (1998)
note: during 1998, the exchange rate splintered into four distinct
rates; in January 1999 the government floated the guilder, but
subsequently fixed it when the black-market rate plunged; the
government currently allows trading within a band of SRG 500 around
the official rate
Svalbard
Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 7.9838 (2002), 8.9917
(2001), 8.8018 (2000), 7.7992 (1999), 7.5451 (1998)
Swaziland
emalangeni per US dollar - 10.54 (2002), 8.61 (2001), 6.94
(2000), 6.11 (1999), 5.53 (1998)
Sweden
Swedish kronor per US dollar - 9.74 (2002), 10.33 (2001),
9.16 (2000), 8.26 (1999), 7.95 (1998)
Switzerland
Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.56 (2002), 1.69 (2001),
1.69 (2000), 1.5 (1999), 1.45 (1998)
Syria
Syrian pounds per US dollar - (Official rate): 11.23 (2002),
11.23 (2001), 11.23 (2000), 11.23 (1999), 11.23 (1998), (Free market
rate): 49.65 (2001), 49.4 (2000), 51.7 (1999), 52 (1998)
Taiwan
34.88 (2002), 34.74 (2001), 33.09 (2000), 31.6 (1999)
Tajikistan
Tajikistani somoni per US dollar - 2.7 (2002), 2.37
(2001), 2.08 (2000), 1.24 (1999), 0.78 (1998)
note: the new unit of exchange was introduced on 30 October 2000,
with one somoni equal to 1,000 of the old Tajikistani rubles
Tanzania
Tanzanian shillings per US dollar - NA (2002), 876.41
(2001), 800.41 (2000), 744.76 (1999), 664.67 (1998)
Thailand
baht per US dollar - 42.96 (2002), 44.43 (2001), 40.11
(2000), 37.81 (1999), 41.36 (1998)
Togo
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999), 589.95
(1998)
Tokelau
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.154 (2002), 2.3776
(2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8632 (1998), 1.5083 (1997)
Tonga
pa'anga per US dollar NA (2002), 2.12 (2001), 1.76 (2000), 1.6
(1999), 1.49 (1998)
Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago dollars per US dollar - 6.24
(2002), 6.23 (2001), 6.3 (2000), 6.3 (1999), 6.3 (1998)
Tunisia
Tunisian dinars per US dollar - 1.42 (2002), 1.44 (2001),
1.37 (2000), 1.19 (1999), 1.14 (1998)
Turkey
NA (2002), 1,225,590 (2001), 625,218 (2000), 418,783 (1999),
260,724 (1998), 151,865 (1997)
Turkmenistan
Turkmen manats per US dollar - 5,200 (2002), 5,200
(2001), 5,200 (2000), 5,200 (1999), 4,890.17 (1998); note - the
official exchange rate has not varied for the last four years; the
unofficial rate has fluctuated slightly, hovering around 21,000
manats to the dollar
Turks and Caicos Islands
the US dollar is used
Tuvalu
Tuvaluan dollars or Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.8406
(2002), 1.9320 (2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998)
Uganda
Ugandan shillings per US dollar - 1,797.55 (2002), 1,755.66
(2001), 1,644.48 (2000), 1,454.83 (1999), 1,240.31 (1998)
Ukraine
hryvnia per US dollar - 5.33 (2002), 5.37 (2001), 5.44
(2000), 4.13 (1999), 2.45 (1998)
United Arab Emirates
Emirati dirhams per US dollar - 3.67 (2002),
3.67 (2001), 3.67 (2000), 3.67 (1999), 3.67 (1998)
United Kingdom
British pounds per US dollar - 0.67 (2002), 0.69
(2001), 0.66 (2000), 0.62 (1999), 0.6 (1998)
United States
British pounds per US dollar - 0.6661 (2002), 0.6944
(2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), Canadian
dollars per US dollar - 1.5693 (2002), 1.5488 (2001), 1.4851 (2000),
1.4857 (1999), 1.4835 (1998), Japanese yen per US dollar - 125.39
(2002), 121.53 (2001), 107.77 (2000), 113.91 (1999), 130.91 (1998),
euros per US dollar - 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.08540 (2000),
0.93863 (1999)
note: financial institutions in France, Italy, and Germany and eight
other European countries started using the euro on 1 January 1999
with the euro replacing the local currency in consenting countries
for all transactions in 2002
Uruguay
Uruguayan pesos per US dollar - 21.26 (2002), 13.32 (2001),
12.1 (2000), 11.34 (1999), 10.47 (1998)
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani sums per US dollar - 970 (2002), 325 (2001),
236.61 (2000), 124.63 (1999), 94.49 (1998)
Vanuatu
vatu per US dollar - 139.2 (2002), 145.31 (2001), 137.64
(2000), 129.08 (1999), 127.52 (1998)
Venezuela
bolivares per US dollar - 1,160.44 (2002), 723.67 (2001),
679.96 (2000), 605.72 (1999), 547.56 (1998)
Vietnam
dong per US dollar - 15,325.8 (2002), 14,725.2 (2001),
14,167.7 (2000), 13,943.2 (1999), 13,268 (1998)
Virgin Islands
the US dollar is used
Wallis and Futuna
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per
US dollar - 126.41 (2002), 133.26 (2001), 129.43 (2000), 111.93
(1999), 107.25 (1998)
West Bank
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.7378 (2002), 4.2057
(2001), 4.0773 (2000), 4.1397 (1999), 3.8001 (1998), 3.4494 (1997);
Jordanian dinars per US dollar - fixed rate of 0.7090 (from 1996)
Western Sahara
Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 11.584 (2002),
11.303 (2001), 10.626 (2000), 9.804 (1999), 9.604 (1998), 9.527
(1997)
Yemen
Yemeni rials per US dollar - NA (2002), 168.67 (2001), 161.72
(2000), 155.72 (1999), 135.88 (1998)
Zambia
Zambian kwacha per US dollar - NA (2002), 3,610.93 (2001),
3,110.84 (2000), 2,388.02 (1999), 1,862.07 (1998)
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwean dollars per US dollar - 55 (2002), 55.05 (2001),
44.42 (2000), 38.3 (1999), 23.68 (1998)
This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003
@2077 Executive branch
Afghanistan
note: following the Taliban's refusal to hand over Usama
bin LADIN to the US for his suspected involvement in the 11
September 2001 terrorist attacks in the US, a US-led international
coalition was formed; after several weeks of aerial bombardment by
coalition forces and military action on the ground, including Afghan
opposition forces, the Taliban was ousted from power on 17 November
2001; in December 2001, a number of prominent Afghans met under UN
auspices in Bonn, Germany, to decide on a plan for governing the
country; as a result, the Afghan Interim Authority (AIA) - made up
of 30 members, headed by a chairman - was inaugurated on 22 December
2001 with a six-month mandate to be followed by a two-year
Transitional Authority (TA), after which elections are to be held;
the structure of the follow-on TA was announced on 10 June 2002,
when the Loya Jirga (Grand Assembly) convened establishing the
Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (TISA), which has 18
months to hold a Loya Jirga to adopt a constitution and 24 months to
hold nationwide elections
chief of state: President of the TISA, Hamid KARZAI (since 10 June
2002); note - presently the president and head of government
head of government: President of the TISA, Hamid KARZAI (since 10
June 2002); note - presently the president and head of government
cabinet: the 30-member TISA
elections: nationwide elections are to be held by June 2004,
according to the Bonn Agreement
Albania
chief of state: President of the Republic Alfred MOISIU
(since 24 July 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Fatos NANO (since 31 July 2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and
approved by the president
elections: president elected by the People's Assembly for a
five-year term; election last held 24 June 2002 (next to be held NA
June 2007); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Alfred MOISIU elected president; People's Assembly
vote by number - total votes 116, for 97, against 19
Algeria
chief of state: President Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (since 28
April 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Ahmed OUYAHIA (since 9 May 2003)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 15 April 1999 (next to be held NA April 2004);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA elected president; percent of
vote - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA over 70%; note - his six opposing
candidates withdrew on the eve of the election citing electoral fraud
American Samoa
chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US
(since 20 January 2001) and Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since
20 January 2001)
head of government: Governor Togiola TULAFONO (since 7 April 2003)
following the death of Governor Tauese P. SUNIA on 26 March 2003;
TULAFONO had been the Lieutenant Governor
cabinet: NA
elections: US president and vice president elected on the same
ticket for four-year terms; governor and lieutenant governor elected
on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election
last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2004)
election results: Tauese P. SUNIA reelected governor; percent of
vote - Tauese P. SUNIA (Democrat) 50.7%, Lealaifuaneva Peter REID
(independent) 47.8%
note: Togiola TULAFONO became acting governor 26 March 2003 upon the
death of Governor Tauese P. SUNIA
Andorra
chief of state: French Coprince Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May
1995), represented by Philippe MASSONI (since 26 July 2002); Spanish
Coprince Episcopal Monsignor Joan Enric VIVES SICILIA (since 12 May
2003), represented by Nemesi MARQUES OSTE (since NA)
head of government: Executive Council President Marc FORNE MOLNE
(since 21 December 1994)
cabinet: Executive Council or Govern designated by the Executive
Council president
elections: Executive Council president elected by the General
Council and formally appointed by the coprinces for a four-year
term; election last held 4 March 2001 (next to be held NA 2005)
election results: Marc FORNE Molne elected executive council
president; percent of General Council vote - NA%
Angola
chief of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21
September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21
September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and
head of government; Fernando de Piedade Dias DOS SANTOS was
appointed Prime Minister on 6 December 2002, but this is not a
position of real power
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by universal ballot for a NA-year term;
President DOS SANTOS originally elected (in 1979) without opposition
under a one-party system and stood for reelection in Angola's first
multiparty elections 29-30 September 1992 (next to be held NA)
election results: DOS SANTOS 49.6%, Jonas SAVIMBI 40.1%, making a
run-off election necessary; the run-off was not held and SAVIMBI's
National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)
repudiated the results of the first election; the civil war resumed
Anguilla
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
represented by Governor Peter JOHNSTONE (since NA February 2000)
head of government: Chief Minister Osbourne FLEMING (since 3 March
2000)
cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from among the
elected members of the House of Assembly
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed chief minister by the governor
Antigua and Barbuda
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by Governor General James B. CARLISLE
(since NA 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Lester Bryant BIRD (since 8 March
1994); Deputy Prime Minister Robin YEARWOOD
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the governor general on
the advice of the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general chosen
by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister; following
legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the
leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister
by the governor general
Argentina
chief of state: President Nestor KIRCHNER (since 25 May
2003); note - declared winner of a runoff election by default after
Carlos Saul MENEM withdrew his candidacy on the eve of the election;
Vice President Daniel SCIOLI (since 25 May 2003); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Nestor KIRCHNER (since 25 May 2003);
note - declared winner of a runoff election by default after Carlos
Saul MENEM withdrew his candidacy on the eve of the election; Vice
President Daniel SCIOLI (since 25 May 2003); note - the president is
both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms; the last election held was the
presidential primary election of 27 April 2003 (next election to be
held NA 2007); a runoff election slated for 25 May 2003 between the
two candidates receiving the highest votes in the primary was
awarded to KIRCHNER by default after MENEM withdrew his candidacy on
the eve of the election
election results: results of the presidential primary of 27 April
2003: Carlos Saul MENEM 24.3%, Nestor KIRCHNER 22%, Ricardo Lopez
MURPHY 16.4%, Adolfo Rodriguez SAA 14.4%, Elisa CARRIO 14.2%, other
8.7%; the subsequent runoff election slated for 25 May 2003 was
awarded to KIRCHNER by default after MENEM withdrew his candidacy on
the eve of the election
Armenia
chief of state: President Robert KOCHARIAN (since 30 March
1998)
head of government: Prime Minister Andranik MARKARYAN (since 12 May
2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 19 February and 5 March 2003 (next to be held NA
2008); prime minister appointed by the president; the prime minister
and Council of Ministers must resign if the National Assembly
refuses to accept their program
election results: Robert KOCHARIAN reelected president; percent of
vote - Robert KOCHARIAN 67.5%, Stepan DEMIRCHYAN 32.5%
Aruba
chief of state: Queen BEATRIX of the Netherlands (since 30
April 1980), represented by Governor General Olindo KOOLMAN (since 1
January 1992)
head of government: Prime Minister Nelson O. ODUBER (since 30
October 2001); Deputy Prime Minister Fredis REFUNJOL
cabinet: Council of Ministers (elected by the Staten)
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed for
a six-year term by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime
minister elected by the Staten for four-year terms; election last
held 28 September 2001 (next to be held by December 2005)
election results: Nelson O. ODUBER elected prime minister; percent
of legislative vote - NA%
Australia
chief of state: Queen of Australia ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by Governor General Maj. Gen. (Ret.)
Michael JEFFREY (since 11 August 2003)
head of government: Prime Minister John Winston HOWARD (since 11
March 1996); Deputy Prime Minister John ANDERSON Deputy Prime
Minister John ANDERSON (since 20 July 1999)
cabinet: Parliament nominates and selects, from among its members, a
list of candidates to serve as government ministers; from this list,
the governor general swears in the final selections for the Cabinet
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime
minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or leader of a majority coalition is sworn in as
prime minister by the governor general
note: government coalition - Liberal Party and National Party
Austria
chief of state: President Thomas KLESTIL (since 8 July 1992)
head of government: Chancellor Wolfgang SCHUESSEL (OeVP)(since 4
February 2000); Vice Chancellor Hubert GORBACH (since 21 October
2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the advice
of the chancellor
elections: president elected by direct popular vote for a six-year
term; presidential election last held 19 April 1998 (next to be held
in the spring of 2004); chancellor traditionally chosen by the
president from the plurality party in the National Council; vice
chancellor chosen by the president on the advice of the chancellor
election results: Thomas KLESTIL reelected president; percent of
vote - Thomas KLESTIL 63%, Gertraud KNOLL 14%, Heide SCHMIDT 11%,
Richard LUGNER 10%, Karl NOWAK 2%
note: government coalition - OeVP and FPOe
Azerbaijan
chief of state: President Ilham ALIYEV (since 31 October
2003)
head of government: Prime Minister Artur RASIZADE (since 4 November
2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Abbas ABBASOV (since 10 November
2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and
confirmed by the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote to a five-year term;
election last held 15 October 2003 (next to be held NA October
2008); prime minister and first deputy prime ministers appointed by
the president and confirmed by the National Assembly
election results: Ilham ALIYEV elected president; percent of vote -
Ilham ALIYEV 76.8%, Isa GAMBAROV 14%
Bahamas, The
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor General Ivy DUMONT (since NA May 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Perry CHRISTIE (since 3 May 2002)
and Deputy Prime Minister Cynthia PRATT (since 7 May 2002)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the prime
minister's recommendation
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; the
prime minister recommends the deputy prime minister
Bahrain
chief of state: King HAMAD bin Isa Al Khalifa (since 6 March
1999); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad (son of the
monarch, born 21 October 1969)
head of government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al Khalifa
(since NA 1971)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister
appointed by the monarch
Bangladesh
chief of state: President Iajuddin AHMED (since 6
September 2002); note - the president's duties are normally
ceremonial, but with the 13th amendment to the constitution
("Caretaker Government Amendment"), the president's role becomes
significant at times when Parliament is dissolved and a caretaker
government is installed - at presidential direction - to supervise
the elections
head of government: Prime Minister Khaleda ZIA (since 10 October
2001)
cabinet: Cabinet selected by the prime minister and appointed by the
president
elections: president elected by National Parliament for a five-year
term; election scheduled for 16 September 2002 was not held since
Iajuddin AHMED was the only presidential candidate; he was sworn in
on 6 September 2002 (next election to be held by NA 2007); following
legislative elections, the leader of the party that wins the most
seats is usually appointed prime minister by the president
election results: Iajuddin AHMED declared by the Election Commission
elected unopposed as president; percent of National Parliament vote
- NA%
Barbados
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Sir Clifford Straughn HUSBANDS
(since 1 June 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister Owen Seymour ARTHUR (since 6
September 1994); Deputy Prime Minister Mia MOTTLEY (since 26 May
2003)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; the
prime minister recommends the deputy prime minister
Belarus
chief of state: President Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20
July 1994)
head of government: Prime Minister Sergei SIDORSKY (acting; since 10
July 2003); Deputy Prime Ministers Andrei KOBYAKOV (since 13 March
2000), Sergei SIDORSKY (since 24 September 2001), Vladimir DRAZHIN
(since 24 September 2001), Roman VNUCHKO (since 10 July 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
first election took place 23 June and 10 July 1994; according to the
1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in 1999,
however LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via a November 1996
referendum; new election held 9 September 2001 (next election to be
held by September 2006); prime minister and deputy prime ministers
appointed by the president
election results: Aleksandr LUKASHENKO reelected president; percent
of vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO 75.6%, Vladimir GONCHARIK 15.4%
Belgium
chief of state: King ALBERT II (since 9 August 1993); Heir
Apparent Prince PHILIPPE, son of the monarch
head of government: Prime Minister Guy VERHOFSTADT (since 13 July
1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch and approved
by Parliament
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the
monarch and then approved by Parliament
note: government coalition - VLD, MR, PS, SP, AGALEV, and ECOLO
Belize
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Sir Colville YOUNG, Sr. (since 17
November 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Said Wilbert MUSA (since 28
August 1998); Deputy Prime Minister John BRICENO (since 1 September
1998)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; prime
minister recommends the deputy prime minister
Benin
chief of state: President Mathieu KEREKOU (since 4 April
1996); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Mathieu KEREKOU (since 4 April 1996);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president reelected by popular vote for a five-year term;
runoff election held 22 March 2001 (next to be held NA March 2006)
election results: Mathieu KEREKOU reelected president; percent of
vote - Mathieu KEREKOU 84.1%, Bruno AMOUSSOU 15.9%
note: the four top-ranking contenders following the first-round
presidential elections were: Mathieu KEREKOU (incumbent) 45.4%,
Nicephore SOGOLO (former president) 27.1%, Adrien HOUNGBEDJI
(National Assembly Speaker) 12.6%, and Bruno AMOUSSOU (Minister of
State) 8.6%; the second-round balloting, originally scheduled for 18
March 2001, was postponed four days because both SOGOLO and
HOUNGBEDJI withdrew alleging electoral fraud; this left KEREKOU to
run against his own Minister of State, AMOUSSOU, in what was termed
a "friendly match"
Bermuda
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor Sir John VEREKER (since NA April 2002)
head of government: Premier Alex SCOTT (since 24 July 2003)
cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the premier, appointed by the governor
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed premier by the governor
Bhutan
chief of state: King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July
1972)
head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Lyonpo
Jigme Y. THINLEY (since 30 August 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog) nominated by the
monarch, approved by the National Assembly; members serve fixed,
five-year terms; note - there is also a Royal Advisory Council
(Lodoi Tsokde), members nominated by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary, but democratic reforms
in July 1998 grant the National Assembly authority to remove the
monarch with two-thirds vote
Bolivia
chief of state: President Carlos Diego MESA Gisbert (since
17 October 2003); Vice President (vacant); note - the president is
both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Carlos Diego MESA Gisbert (since 17
October 2003); Vice President (vacant); note - the president is both
the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 30 June 2002
(next to be held NA June 2007)
election results: as a result of no candidate winning a majority in
the 30 June 2002 election, Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA Bustamante was
chosen president by Congress; Congressional votes - Gonzalo SANCHEZ
DE LOZADA Bustamante 84, Evo MORALES 43; note - following the
resignation of the elected president on 17 October 2003, Vice
President Carlos Diego MESA Gisbert assumed the presidency
Bosnia and Herzegovina
chief of state: Chairman of the Presidency
Dragan COVIC (chairman since 27 June 2003; presidency member since 5
October 2002 - Croat) other members of the three-member rotating
(every eight months) presidency: Sulejman TIHIC (since 5 October
2002 - Bosniak) and Borislav PARAVAC (since 10 April 2003 - Serb);
note - Mirko SAROVIC resigned 2 April 2003
head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Adnan
TERZIC (since 20 December 2002),
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman;
approved by the National House of Representatives
elections: the three members of the presidency (one Bosniak, one
Croat, one Serb) are elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
the member with the most votes becomes the chairman unless he or she
was the incumbent chairman at the time of the election, but the
chairmanship rotates every eight months; election last held 5
October 2002 (next to be held NA 2006); the chairman of the Council
of Ministers is appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the
National House of Representatives
election results: percent of vote - Mirko SAROVIC with 35.5% of the
Serb vote was elected chairman of the collective presidency for the
first eight months; Dragan COVIC received 61.5% of the Croat vote;
Sulejman TIHIC received 37% of the Bosniak vote
note: President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Niko
LOZANCIC (since 27 January 2003); Vice Presidents Sahbaz DZIHANOVIC
(since NA 2003) and Desnica RADIVOJEVIC (since NA 2003); President
of the Republika Srpska: Dragan COVIC (since 28 November 2002)
Botswana
chief of state: President Festus MOGAE (since 1 April 1998)
and Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998); note -
the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Festus MOGAE (since 1 April 1998) and
Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a
five-year term; election last held 16 October 1999 (next to be held
NA October 2004); vice president appointed by the president
election results: Festus MOGAE elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote - 54.3%
Brazil
chief of state: President Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (since 1
January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (since 1
January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 6 October
2002 (next to be held NA October 2006); runoff election held 27
October 2002
election results: in runoff election 27 October 2002, Luiz Inacio
LULA DA SILVA (PT) was elected with 61.3% of the vote; Jose SERRA
(PSDB) 38.7%
British Indian Ocean Territory
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II
(since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Commissioner Alan HUCKLE (since 2001);
Administrator Louise SAVILL (since NA); note - both reside in the UK
cabinet: NA
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; commissioner and
administrator appointed by the monarch
British Virgin Islands
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by Governor Tom MACAN (since 14 October
2002)
head of government: Chief Minister Orlando SMITH (since 17 June 2003)
cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from members of
the Legislative Council
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed chief minister by the governor
Brunei
chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL
Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chief
of state and head of government
head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah
(since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chief of
state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Cabinet Ministers appointed and presided over by
the monarch; deals with executive matters; note - there is also a
Religious Council (members appointed by the monarch) that advises on
religious matters, a Privy Council (members appointed by the
monarch) that deals with constitutional matters, and the Council of
Succession (members appointed by the monarch) that determines the
succession to the throne if the need arises
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary
Bulgaria
chief of state: President Georgi PURVANOV (since 22 January
2002); Vice President Angel MARIN (since 22 January 2002)
head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime
Minister) Simeon SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA (since 24 July 2001); Deputy
Prime Ministers Nikolay VASILEV (since 24 July 2001), and Lidiya
SHULEVA (since 24 July 2001), Plamen PANAYOTOV (since 17 July 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the National Assembly
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 11 November
and 18 November 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); chairman of the
Council of Ministers (prime minister) nominated by the president;
deputy prime ministers nominated by the prime minister
election results: Georgi PURVANOV elected president; percent of vote
- Georgi PURVANOV 54.13%, Petar STOYANOV 45.87%
Burkina Faso
chief of state: President Blaise COMPAORE (since 15
October 1987)
head of government: Prime Minister Ernest Paramanga YONLI (since 6
November 2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 15 November 1998 (next to be held NA 2005); in
April 2000, the constitution was amended reducing the presidential
term from seven to five years, enforceable as of 2005, and allowing
the president to be reelected only once; it is unclear whether this
amendment will be applied retroactively or not; prime minister
appointed by the president with the consent of the legislature
election results: Blaise COMPAORE reelected president with 87.5%
percent of the vote
note: President COMPAORE faces an increasingly well-coordinated
opposition; recent charges against a former member of his
Presidential Guard in the 1998 assassination of a newspaper editor
signify an attempt to defuse chronic areas of dissatisfaction
Burma
chief of state: Chairman of the State Peace and Development
Council Sr. Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992)
head of government: Chairman of the State Peace and Development
Council Sr. Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992); note - the
appointed Prime Minister, Gen. KNIN NYUNT (since 25 August 2003), is
not the head of government
cabinet: State Peace and Development Council (SPDC); military junta,
so named 15 November 1997, which initially assumed power 18
September 1988 under the name State Law and Order Restoration
Council; the SPDC oversees the cabinet
elections: none
Burundi
chief of state: President Domitien NDAYIZEYE (since 30 April
2003); note - NDAYIZEYE, a Hutu, was sworn in as president for the
second half of the three-year transitional government inaugurated on
1 November 2001; Vice President Alphonse KADEGE (since 30 April
2003); note - from the Tutsi minority
head of government: President Domitien NDAYIZEYE (since 30 April
2003); note - NDAYIZEYE, a Hutu, was sworn in as president for the
second half of the three-year transitional government inaugurated on
1 November 2001; Vice President Alphonse KADEGE (since 30 April
2003); note - from the Tutsi minority
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by president
elections: NA; current president assumed power on 30 April 2003 as
part of the transitional government established by the 2000 Arusha
Accord
Cambodia
chief of state: King Norodom SIHANOUK (reinstated 24
September 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 30 November 1998)
and Deputy Prime Ministers SAR KHENG (since 1993) and TOL LAH (since
1998)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is chosen by a Royal Throne Council;
following legislative elections, a member of the majority party or
majority coalition is named prime minister by the Chairman of the
National Assembly and appointed by the king
Cameroon
chief of state: President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982)
head of government: Prime Minister Peter Mafany MUSONGE (since 19
September 1996)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from proposals submitted
by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 12 October 1997 (next to be held NA October
2004); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: President Paul BIYA reelected; percent of vote -
Paul BIYA 92.6%; note - supporters of the opposition candidates
boycotted the elections, making a comparison of vote shares
relatively meaningless
Canada
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Adrienne CLARKSON (since 7 October
1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Paul MARTIN (since 12 December
2003); Deputy Prime Minister Anne MCLELLAN (since 12 December 2003)
cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister from among
the members of his own party sitting in Parliament
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a
five-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition in the House
of Commons is automatically designated prime minister by the
governor general
Cape Verde
chief of state: President Pedro PIRES (since 22 March
2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Jose Maria Pereira NEVES (since 1
February 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 11 and 25 February 2001 (next to be held NA
February 2006); prime minister nominated by the National Assembly
and appointed by the president
election results: Pedro PIRES elected president; percent of vote -
Pedro PIRES (PAICV) 49.43%, Carlos VIEGA (MPD) 49.42%; note - the
election was won by only twelve votes
Cayman Islands
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952); Governor Bruce DINWIDDY (since 29 May 2002)
head of government: Chief Secretary W. McKeeva BUSH (since NA
December 2001)
cabinet: Executive Council (three members appointed by the governor,
four members elected by the Legislative Assembly)
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the governor is
appointed by the monarch; the chief secretary is appointed by the
governor
Central African Republic
chief of state: President Francois BOZIZE
(since 15 March 2003 coup)
head of government: Prime Minister Abel GOUMBA (since NA March 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: NA; current president assumed power following a coup on
15 March 2003 in which former President Ange-Felix PATASSE was
overthrown (President BOZIZE has stated that elections will be held
by NA 2004); prime minister appointed by the president
Chad
chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY (since 4
December 1990)
head of government: Prime Minister Moussa Faki MAHAMAT (since NA
July 2003)
cabinet: Council of State, members appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote to serve five-year
term; if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the
two candidates receiving the most votes must stand for a second
round of voting; last held 20 May 2001 (next to be held NA 2006);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY reelected president; percent
of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 63%, Ngarlegy YORONGAR 16%, Saleh
KEBZABO 7%
note: government coalition - MPS, UNDR, and URD
Chile
chief of state: President Ricardo LAGOS Escobar (since 11
March 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Ricardo LAGOS Escobar (since 11 March
2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;
election last held 12 December 1999, with runoff election held 16
January 2000 (next to be held NA December 2005)
election results: Ricardo LAGOS Escobar elected president; percent
of vote - Ricardo LAGOS Escobar 51.32%, Joaquin LAVIN 48.68%
China
chief of state: President HU Jintao (since 15 March 2003) and
Vice President ZENG Qinghong (since 15 March 2003)
head of government: Premier WEN Jiabao (since 16 March 2003); Vice
Premiers HUANG Ju (since 17 March 2003), WU Yi (17 March 2003), ZENG
Peiyan (since 17 March 2003), and HUI Liangyu (since 17 March 2003)
cabinet: State Council appointed by the National People's Congress
(NPC)
elections: president and vice president elected by the National
People's Congress for five-year terms; elections last held 15-17
March 2003 (next to be held mid-March 2008); premier nominated by
the president, confirmed by the National People's Congress
election results: HU Jintao elected president by the Tenth National
People's Congress with a total of 2,937 votes (4 delegates voted
against him, 4 abstained, and 38 did not vote); ZENG Qinghong
elected vice president by the Tenth National People's Congress with
a total of 2,578 votes (177 delegates voted against him, 190
abstained, and 38 did not vote); 2 seats were vacant
Christmas Island
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by the Australian governor general
head of government: Administrator William Leonard TAYLOR (since 4
February 1999)
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed
by the governor general of Australia and represents the monarch and
Australia
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by the Australian governor general
head of government: Administrator (nonresident) William Leonard
TAYLOR (since 4 February 1999)
cabinet: NA
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed
by the governor general of Australia and represents the monarch and
Australia
Colombia
chief of state: President Alvaro URIBE Velez (since 7
August 2002); Vice President Francisco SANTOS (since 7 August 2002);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Alvaro URIBE Velez (since 7 August
2002); Vice President Francisco SANTOS (since 7 August 2002); note -
the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet consists of a coalition of the two dominant parties
- the PL and PSC - and independents
elections: president and vice president elected by popular vote for
a four-year term; election last held 26 May 2002 (next to be held NA
May 2006)
election results: President Alvaro URIBE Velez received 53% of the
vote; Vice President Francisco SANTOS was elected on the same ticket
Comoros
chief of state: President AZALI Assoumani (since 26 May
2002); note - following a 1999 coup AZALI was appointed president;
in January 2002 he resigned his position to run in the 14 April 2002
presidential elections; Prime Minister Hamada Madi BOLERO was
appointed interim president until replaced again by AZALI in May
2002 when BOLERO was appointed Minister of External Defense and
Territorial Security; the president is both the chief of state and
the head of government
head of government: President AZALI Assoumani (since 26 May 2002);
note - following a 1999 coup AZALI was appointed president; in
January 2002 he resigned his position to run in the 14 April 2002
presidential elections; Prime Minister Hamada Madi BOLERO was
appointed interim president until replaced again by AZALI in May
2002 when BOLERO was appointed Minister of External Defense and
Territorial Security; the president is both the chief of state and
the head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: as defined by the 2001 constitution, the presidency
rotates every four years among the elected presidents from the three
main islands in the Union; election last held 14 April 2002 (next to
be held NA April 2007); prime minister appointed by the president;
note - AZALI has not appointed a Prime Minister since he was sworn
into office in May 2002
election results: President AZALI Assoumani elected president with
75% of the vote
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
chief of state: President Joseph
KABILA (since 26 January 2001); note - following the assassination
of his father, Laurent Desire KABILA, on 16 January 2001, Joseph
KABILA succeeded to the presidency; the president is both the chief
of state and head of government
head of government: President Joseph KABILA (since 26 January 2001);
note - following the assassination of his father, Laurent Desire
KABILA, on 16 January 2001, Joseph KABILA succeeded to the
presidency; the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: National Executive Council, appointed by the president
elections: prior to the overthrow of MOBUTU Sese Seko, the president
was elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last
held 29 July 1984 (next was scheduled to be held in May 1997);
formerly, there was also a prime minister who was elected by the
High Council of the Republic; note - a Transitional Government is
drafting a new constitution with free elections scheduled to be held
in NA 2005
election results: results of the last election were: MOBUTU Sese
Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga reelected president in 1984 without
opposition
note: Joseph KABILA succeeded his father, Laurent Desire KABILA,
following the latter's assassination in January 2001, negotiations
with rebel leaders led to the establishment of a Transitional
Government in July 2003 with free elections scheduled to be held in
NA 2005
Congo, Republic of the
chief of state: President Denis
SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 25 October 1997, following the civil war in
which he toppled elected president Pascal LISSOUBA); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 25 October
1997, following the civil war in which he toppled elected president
Pascal LISSOUBA); note - the president is both the chief of state
and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term
(eligible for a second seven-year term); election last held 10 March
2002 (next to be held NA 2009)
election results: Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO reelected president; percent
of vote - Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO 89.4%, Joseph Kignoumbi Kia MBOUNGOU
2.7%
Cook Islands
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Frederick GOODWIN (since NA); New Zealand High
Commissioner Kurt MEYER (since NA), representative of New Zealand
head of government: Prime Minister Dr. Robert WOONTON (since 12
February 2002); Deputy Prime Minister Ngamau MUNOKOA (since 5
November 2003)
cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister; collectively
responsible to Parliament
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the UK representative is
appointed by the monarch; the New Zealand high commissioner is
appointed by the New Zealand Government; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition usually becomes prime minister
Coral Sea Islands
administered from Canberra by the Department of
the Environment, Sport, and Territories
Costa Rica
chief of state: President Abel PACHECO (since 8 May
2002); First Vice President Lineth SABORIO (since NA May 2002);
Second Vice President Luis FISHMAN (since NA May 2002); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Abel PACHECO (since 8 May 2002); First
Vice President Lineth SABORIO (since NA May 2002); Second Vice
President Luis FISHMAN (since NA May 2002); note - the president is
both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet selected by the president
elections: president and vice presidents elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 3 February
2002; run-off election held 7 April 2002 (next to be held NA
February 2006)
election results: Abel PACHECO elected president; percent of vote -
Abel PACHECO (PUSC) 58%; Rolando ARAYA (PLN) 42%
Cote d'Ivoire
chief of state: President Laurent GBAGBO (since 26
October 2000); note - took power following a popular overthrow of
the interim leader Gen. Robert GUEI who had claimed a dubious
victory in presidential elections; Gen. GUEI himself had assumed
power on 25 December 1999, following a military coup against the
government of former President Henri Konan BEDIE
head of government: Prime Minister Seydou DIARRA (since 25 January
2003); note - appointed as transitional Prime Minister by President
GBAGBO as part of a French brokered peace plan
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 26 October 2000 (next to be held NA 2005); prime
minister appointed by the president
election results: Laurent GBAGBO elected president; percent of vote
- Laurent GBAGBO 59.4%, Robert GUEI 32.7%, Francis WODIE 5.7%, other
2.2%
Croatia
chief of state: President Stjepan (Stipe) MESIC (since 18
February 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Ivica RACAN (since 27 January
2000); Deputy Prime Ministers Goran GRANIC (since 27 January 2000),
Ante SIMONIC (since 30 July 2002), Zeljka ANTUNOVI (since 27 January
2000), Slavko LINIC (since 27 January 2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and
approved by the House of Representatives
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 7 February 2000 (next to be held NA 2005); prime
minister nominated by the president in line with the balance of
power in the Assembly
election results: Stjepan MESIC elected president; percent of vote -
Stjepan MESIC (HNS) 56%, Drazen BUDISA (HSLS) 44%
note: government coalition - SDP, HSLS, HSS, LP, HNS; a sixth party,
the Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS), withdrew in June 2001
Cuba
chief of state: President of the Council of State and President
of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (prime minister from
February 1959 until 24 February 1976 when office was abolished;
president since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the
Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of
Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President of the Council of State and President
of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (prime minister from
February 1959 until 24 February 1976 when office was abolished;
president since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the
Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of
Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the president of the
Council of State, appointed by the National Assembly; note - there
is also a Council of State whose members are elected by the National
Assembly
elections: president and vice president elected by the National
Assembly; election last held 6 March 2003 (next to be held in 2008)
election results: Fidel CASTRO Ruz reelected president; percent of
legislative vote - 100%; Raul CASTRO Ruz elected vice president;
percent of legislative vote - 100%
Cyprus
chief of state: President Tassos PAPADOPOULOS (since 1 March
2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government; post of vice president is currently vacant; under the
1960 constitution, the post is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot
head of government: President Tassos PAPADOPOULOS (since 1 March
2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government; post of vice president is currently vacant; under the
1960 constitution, the post is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed jointly by the president and
vice president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 16 February 2003 (next to be held NA February
2008)
election results: Tassos PAPADOPOULOS elected president; percent of
vote - Tassos PAPADOPOULOS 51.5%, Glafkos KLIRIDIS 38.8%, Alekos
MARKIDIS 6.6%
note: Rauf R. DENKTASH has been "president" of the Turkish Cypriot
area since 13 February 1975 ("president" elected by popular vote for
a five-year term); elections last held 15 April 2000 (next to be
held NA April 2005); results - Rauf R. DENKTASH reelected president
after the other contender withdrew; Dervis EROGLU has been "prime
minister" of the Turkish Cypriot area since 16 August 1996; there is
a Council of Ministers (cabinet) in the Turkish Cypriot area
Czech Republic
chief of state: President Vaclav KLAUS (since 7 March
2003)
note: the Czech Republic's first president Vaclav HAVEL stepped down
from office on 2 February 2003 having served exactly 10 years;
parliament finally elected a successor on 28 February 2003 after two
inconclusive elections in January 2003
head of government: Prime Minister Vladimir SPIDLA (since 12 July
2002), Deputy Prime Ministers Bohuslav SOBOTKA (since 20 August
2003), Cyril SVOBODA (since July 2002), Stanislav GROSS (since July
2002), Petr MARES (since July 2002)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of
the prime minister
elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term;
last successful election held 28 February 2003 (after earlier
elections held 15 and 24 January 2003 were inconclusive); prime
minister appointed by the president
election results: Vaclav KLAUS elected president on 28 February
2003; Vaclav KLAUS 142 votes, Jan SOKOL 124 votes (third round;
combined votes of both chambers of parliament)
Denmark
chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972);
Heir Apparent Crown Prince FREDERIK, elder son of the monarch (born
26 May 1968)
head of government: Prime Minister Anders Fogh RASMUSSEN (since 27
November 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister and approved by
Parliament
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the monarch
Djibouti
chief of state: President Ismail Omar GUELLEH (since 8 May
1999)
head of government: Prime Minister DILEITA Mohamed Dileita (since 4
March 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers responsible to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;
election last held 9 April 1999 (next to be held NA 2005); prime
minister appointed by the president
election results: Ismail Omar GUELLEH elected president; percent of
vote - Ismail Omar GUELLEH 74.4%, IDRIS Moussa Ahmed 25.6%
Dominica
chief of state: President Nicholas LIVERPOOL (since 10
November 2003)
head of government: Prime Minister Pierre CHARLES (since 1 October
2000); note - assumed post after death of Prime Minister Roosevelt
DOUGLAS
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the advice of the
prime minister
elections: president elected by the House of Assembly for a
five-year term; election last held 1 October 2003 (next to be held
NA October 2008); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Nicholas LIVERPOOL elected president; percent of
legislative vote - NA%
Dominican Republic
chief of state: President Rafael Hipolito MEJIA
Dominguez (since 16 August 2000); Vice President Milagros
ORTIZ-BOSCH (since 16 August 2000); note - the president is both the
chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Rafael Hipolito MEJIA Dominguez (since
16 August 2000); Vice President Milagros ORTIZ-BOSCH (since 16
August 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 16 May 2000
(next to be held NA May 2004)
election results: Raphael Hipolito MEJIA Dominguez elected
president; percent of vote - Rafael Hipolito MEJIA Dominguez (PRD)
49.87%, Danilo MEDINA (PLD) 24.95%, Joaquin BALAGUER (PRSC) 24.6%
East Timor
chief of state: President Jose Alexander GUSMAO (since 20
May 2002); note - the president plays a largely symbolic role but is
able to veto some legislation; he often is referred to as Xanana
GUSMAO
head of government: Prime Minister Mari Bin Amude ALKATIRI (since 20
May 2002)
cabinet: Council of State
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 14 April 2002 (next to be held NA April 2007);
after the first legislative elections, the leader of the majority
party was appointed prime minister by the president, suggesting a
precedent for the future
election results: Jose Alexander GUSMAO elected president; percent
of vote - Jose Alexander GUSMAO 82.7%, Francisco Xavier do AMARAL
17.3%
Ecuador
chief of state: President Lucio GUTIERREZ (since 15 January
2003); Vice President Alfredo PALACIO (since 15 January 2003); note
- the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Lucio GUTIERREZ (since 15 January
2003); Vice President Alfredo PALACIO (since 15 January 2003); note
- the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: the president and vice president are elected on the same
ticket by popular vote for four-year term (no reelection); election
last held 20 October 2002; runoff election held 24 November 2002
(next to be held NA October 2006)
election results: results of the 24 November 2002 runoff election -
Lucio GUTIERREZ elected president; percent of vote - Lucio GUTIERREZ
54.3%; Alvaro NOBOA 45.7%
Egypt
chief of state: President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (since 14
October 1981)
head of government: Prime Minister Atef Mohammed ABEID (since 5
October 1999)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president nominated by the People's Assembly for a
six-year term, the nomination must then be validated by a national,
popular referendum; national referendum last held 26 September 1999
(next to be held NA October 2005); prime minister appointed by the
president
election results: national referendum validated President MUBARAK's
nomination by the People's Assembly to a fourth term
El Salvador
chief of state: President Francisco FLORES Perez (since
1 June 1999); Vice President Carlos QUINTANILLA Schmidt (since 1
June 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head
of government
head of government: President Francisco FLORES Perez (since 1 June
1999); Vice President Carlos QUINTANILLA Schmidt (since 1 June
1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Council of Ministers selected by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 7 March 1999
(next to be held NA March 2004)
election results: Francisco FLORES Perez elected president; percent
of vote - Francisco FLORES (ARENA) 52%, Facundo GUARDADO (FMLN) 29%,
Ruben ZAMORA (CD) 7.5%, other (no individual above 3%) 11.5%
Equatorial Guinea
chief of state: President Brig. Gen. (Ret.)
Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO (since 3 August 1979 when he seized
power in a military coup)
head of government: Prime Minister Candido Muatetema RIVAS (since 26
February 2001); First Deputy Prime Minister Miguel OYONO NDONG
(since NA January 1998); Deputy Prime Minister Demetrio Elo NDONG
NZE FUMU (since NA January 1998)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 15 December 2002 (next to be held NA December
2009); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the
president
election results: Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO reelected president;
percent of vote - Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO 97.1%, Celestino
Bonifacio BACALE 2.2%; elections marred by widespread fraud
Eritrea
chief of state: President ISAIAS Afworki (since 8 June
1993); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government and is head of the State Council and National Assembly
head of government: President ISAIAS Afworki (since 8 June 1993);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government and is head of the State Council and National Assembly
cabinet: State Council is the collective executive authority;
members appointed by the president
elections: president elected by the National Assembly; election last
held 8 June 1993 (next election date uncertain as the National
Assembly did not hold a presidential election in December 2001 as
anticipated)
election results: ISAIAS Afworki elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote - ISAIAS Afworki 95%
Estonia
chief of state: President Arnold RUUTEL (since 8 October
2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Juhan PARTS (since 10 April 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister,
approved by Parliament
elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term; if
he or she does not secure two-thirds of the votes after three rounds
of balloting in the Parliament, then an electoral assembly (made up
of Parliament plus members of local governments) elects the
president, choosing between the two candidates with the largest
percentage of votes; election last held 21 September 2001 (next to
be held in the fall of 2006); prime minister nominated by the
president and approved by Parliament
election results: Arnold RUUTEL elected president on 21 September
2001 by a 367-member electoral assembly that convened following
Parliament's failure in August to elect then-President MERI's
successor; on the second ballot of voting, RUUTEL received 188 votes
to Parliament Speaker Toomas SAVI's 155; the remaining 24 ballots
were either left blank or invalid
Ethiopia
chief of state: President GIRMA Woldegiorgis (since 8
October 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister MELES Zenawi (since NA August
1995)
cabinet: Council of Ministers as provided for in the December 1994
constitution; ministers are selected by the prime minister and
approved by the House of People's Representatives
elections: president elected by the House of People's
Representatives for a six-year term; election last held 8 October
2001 (next to be held NA October 2007); prime minister designated by
the party in power following legislative elections
election results: GIRMA Woldegiorgis elected president; percent of
vote by the House of People's Representatives - 100%
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II
(since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Governor Howard PEARCE (since 3 December 2002);
Chief Executive Chris SIMPKINS (since NA March 2003); Financial
Secretary Derek F. HOWATT (since NA)
cabinet: Executive Council; three members elected by the Legislative
Council, two ex officio members (chief executive and the financial
secretary), and the governor
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch
Faroe Islands
chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark (since
14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Birgit KLEIS,
chief administrative officer (since 1 November 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Anfinn KALLSBERG (since 15 May
1998)
cabinet: Landsstyri appointed by the prime minister
elections: the monarch is hereditary; high commissioner appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
elected prime minister by the Faroese Parliament; election last held
30 April 2002 (next to be held no later than April 2006)
election results: Anfinn KALLSBERG elected prime minister; percent
of parliamentary vote - 52.8%
note: coalition of People's Party, Republican Party, Home Rule
Party, and Center Party
Fiji
chief of state: President Ratu Josefa ILOILOVATU Uluivuda
(since NA 2000); Vice President Jope SENILOLI (since NA 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Laisenia QARASE (since 10
September 2000)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from among the
members of Parliament and is responsible to Parliament; note - there
is also a Presidential Council that advises the president on matters
of national importance and a Great Council of Chiefs, which consists
of the highest ranking members of the traditional chief system
elections: president elected by the Great Council of Chiefs for a
five-year term; prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Ratu Josefa ILOILOVATU Uluivuda elected president
by the Great Council of Chiefs; percent of vote - NA%
Finland
chief of state: President Tarja HALONEN (since 1 March 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Matti VANHANEN (since 24 June
2003) and Deputy Prime Minister Antti KALLIOMAKI (since 17 April
2003); note - former Prime Minister Anneli JAATTEENMAKI resigned
cabinet: Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the
president, responsible to Parliament
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;
election last held 16 January 2000 and 6 February 2000 (next to be
held NA February 2006); prime minister and deputy prime minister
appointed from the majority party by the president after
parliamentary elections
election results: Tarja HALONEN elected president; percent of vote -
Tarja HALONEN (SDP) 51.6%, Esko AHO (Kesk) 48.4%
note: government coalition - KESK, SDP, and SFP
France
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May 1995)
head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Pierre RAFFARIN (since 7 May
2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
suggestion of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(changed from seven-year term in 2001); election last held 21 April
and 5 May 2002 (next to be held, first round NA April 2007, second
round NA May 2007); prime minister nominated by the National
Assembly majority and appointed by the president
election results: Jacques CHIRAC reelected president; percent of
vote, second ballot - Jacques CHIRAC (RPR) 81.96%, Jean-Marie LE PEN
(FN) 18.04%
French Guiana
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France
(since 17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Ange MANCINI (since 31
July 2002)
head of government: President of the General Council Joseph
HO-TEN-YOU (since 26 March 2001); President of the Regional Council
Antoine KARAM (since 22 March 1992)
cabinet: NA
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the
French Ministry of Interior; presidents of the General and Regional
Councils are appointed by the members of those councils
French Polynesia
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France
(since 17 May 1995), represented by High Commissioner of the
Republic Michel MATHIEU (since 24 October 2001)
head of government: President of the Territorial Government of
French Polynesia Gaston FLOSSE (since 4 April 1991); President of
the Territorial Assembly Lucette TAERO (since 17 May 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers; president submits a list of members
of the Territorial Assembly for approval by them to serve as
ministers
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; high commissioner appointed by the French president on the
advice of the French Ministry of Interior; president of the
Territorial Government and the president of the Territorial Assembly
are elected by the members of the assembly
Gabon
chief of state: President El Hadj Omar BONGO (since 2 December
1967)
head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Francois NTOUTOUME-EMANE
(since 23 January 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in
consultation with the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 6 December 1998 (next to be held NA 2005); prime
minister appointed by the president
election results: President El Hadj Omar BONGO reelected; percent of
vote - El Hadj Omar BONGO 66.6%, Pierre MAMBOUNDOU 16.5%, Fr. Paul
M'BA-ABESSOLE 13.4%
Gambia, The
chief of state: President Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH (since
18 October 1996; note - from 1994 to 1996 he was Chairman of the
Junta); Vice President Isatou Njie SAIDY (since 20 March 1997); note
- the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH (since 18
October 1996; note - from 1994 to 1996 was he Chairman of the
Junta); Vice President Isatou Njie SAIDY (since 20 March 1997); note
- the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
the number of terms is not restricted; election last held 18 October
2001 (next to be held NA October 2006)
election results: Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH reelected president; percent
of vote - Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH 52.9%, Ousainou DARBOE 32.7%
Georgia
chief of state: President Nino BURJANADZE (acting president
since 23 November 2003; formerly parliamentary speaker, she assumed
the presidency upon the resignation of Eduard SHEVARDNADZE); note -
the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Nino BURJANADZE (acting president
since 23 November 2003; formerly parliamentary speaker, she assumed
the presidency upon the resignation of Eduard SHEVARDNADZE); note -
the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 9 April 2000 (next to be held 4 January 2004 to
replace Eduard SHEVARDNADZE)
election results: Eduard SHEVARDNADZE reelected president; percent
of vote - Eduard SHEVARDNADZE 80%; note - following the resignation
of Eduard SHEVARDNADZE, Nino BURJANADZE became acting president
Germany
chief of state: President Johannes RAU (since 1 July 1999)
head of government: Chancellor Gerhard SCHROEDER (since 27 October
1998)
cabinet: Cabinet or Bundesminister (Federal Ministers) appointed by
the president on the recommendation of the chancellor
elections: president elected for a five-year term by a Federal
Convention including all members of the Federal Assembly and an
equal number of delegates elected by the state parliaments; election
last held 23 May 1999 (next to be held 23 May 2004); chancellor
elected by an absolute majority of the Federal Assembly for a
four-year term; election last held 22 September 2002 (next to be
held NA September 2006)
election results: Johannes RAU elected president; percent of Federal
Convention vote - 57.6%; Gerhard SCHROEDER elected chancellor;
percent of Federal Assembly vote 50.7%
Ghana
chief of state: President John Agyekum KUFUOR (since 7 January
2001); Vice President Alhaji Aliu MAHAMA (since 7 January 2001);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President John Agyekum KUFUOR (since 7 January
2001); Vice President Alhaji Aliu MAHAMA (since 7 January 2001);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Council of Ministers; president nominates members subject
to approval by Parliament
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 7 and 28
December 2000 (next to be held NA December 2004)
election results: John Agyekum KUFUOR elected president in runoff
election; percent of vote - John KUFUOR 56.4%, John Atta MILLS 43.6%
Gibraltar
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor and Commander-in-Chief Sir Francis
RICHARDS (since 27 May 2003)
head of government: Chief Minister Peter CARUANA (since 17 May 1996)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed from among the 15 elected
members of the House of Assembly by the governor in consultation
with the chief minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed chief minister by the governor
Greece
chief of state: President Konstandinos (Kostis)
STEPHANOPOULOS (since 10 March 1995)
head of government: Prime Minister Konstandinos SIMITIS (since 19
January 1996)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of
the prime minister
elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term;
election last held 8 February 2000 (next to be held by NA February
2005); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Konstandinos STEPHANOPOULOS reelected president;
percent of Parliament vote - 90%
Greenland
chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark (since 14
January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Gunnar MARTENS
(since NA 1995)
head of government: Prime Minister Hans ENOKSEN (since 14 December
2002)
cabinet: Home Rule Government is elected by the Parliament
(Landstinget) on the basis of the strength of parties
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; high commissioner appointed
by the monarch; prime minister is elected by Parliament (usually the
leader of the majority party); election last held 3 December 2002
(next to be held NA December 2006)
election results: Hans ENOKSEN elected prime minister
note: government coalition - Siumut and Inuit Ataqatigiit
Grenada
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Daniel WILLIAMS (since 9 August 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister Keith MITCHELL (since 22 June
1995)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general
Guadeloupe
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since
17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Dominique VIAN (since 6 August
2002)
head of government: President of the General Council Jacques GILLOT
(since 26 March 2001); President of the Regional Council Lucette
MICHAUX-CHEVRY (since 22 March 1992)
cabinet: NA
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the
French Ministry of Interior; the presidents of the General and
Regional Councils are elected by the members of those councils
election results: NA
Guam
chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US (since 20
January 2001); Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20 January
2001)
head of government: Governor Felix P. P. CAMACHO (since 6 January
2003) and Lieutenant Governor Kaleo MOYLAN (since 6 January 2003)
cabinet: executive departments; heads appointed by the governor with
the consent of the Guam legislature
elections: US president and vice president elected on the same
ticket for a four-year term; governor and lieutenant governor
elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year term;
election last held 5 November 2002 (next to be held NA November 2006)
election results: Felix P. P. CAMACHO elected governor; percent of
vote - Felix P. P. CAMACHO (Republican Party) 55.4%, Robert A.
UNDERWOOD (Democratic Party) 44.6%
Guatemala
chief of state: President Alfonso Antonio PORTILLO Cabrera
(since 14 January 2000); Vice President Juan Francisco REYES Lopez
(since 14 January 2000); note - the president is both the chief of
state and head of government
head of government: President Alfonso Antonio PORTILLO Cabrera
(since 14 January 2000); Vice President Juan Francisco REYES Lopez
(since 14 January 2000); note - the president is both the chief of
state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
election last held 7 November 1999; runoff held 26 December 1999
(next to be held NA November 2003)
election results: Alfonso Antonio PORTILLO Cabrera elected
president; percent of vote - Alfonso Antonio PORTILLO Cabrera (FRG)
68%, Oscar BERGER Perdomo (PAN) 32%
Guernsey
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Lieutenant Governor and Commander-in-Chief Lt.
Gen. Sir John FOLEY (since NA 2000) and Bailiff de Vic Graham CAREY
(since NA 1999)
cabinet: Advisory and Finance Committee appointed by the Assembly of
the States
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; lieutenant governor
appointed by the monarch; bailiff appointed by the monarch
Guinea
chief of state: President Lansana CONTE (head of military
government since 5 April 1984, elected president 19 December 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Lamine SIDIME (since 8 March 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
candidate must receive a majority of the votes cast to be elected
president; election last held 14 December 1998 (next to be held NA
December 2003); the prime minister is appointed by the president
election results: Lansana CONTE reelected president; percent of vote
- Lansana CONTE (PUP) 56.1%, Mamadou Boye BA (UPR) 24.6%, Alpha
CONDE (RPG) 16.6%,
Guinea-Bissau
chief of state: President Henrique ROSA (interim;
since 28 September 2003); note - a September 2003 coup overthrough
the elected government of Kumba YALA; General Verissimo Correia
SEABRA served as interim president from 14 to 28 September 2003
head of government: Prime Minister Artur SANHA (since 28 September
2003)
cabinet: NA
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 28 November 1999 and 16 January 2000 (next to be
held NA 2004); prime minister appointed by the president after
consultation with party leaders in the legislature
election results: Kumba YALA elected president; percent of vote,
second ballot - Kumba YALA (PRS) 72%, Malan Bacai SANHA (PAIGC) 28%
note: a bloodless coup led to the dissolution of the elected
government of Kumba YALA in September 2003; General Verissimo
Correia SEABRA served as interim president from 14 September 2003
until stepping aside on 28 September 2003 with the establishment of
a caretaker government
Guyana
chief of state: President Bharrat JAGDEO (since 11 August
1999); note - assumed presidency after resignation of President JAGAN
head of government: Prime Minister Samuel HINDS (since NA December
1997)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president,
responsible to the legislature
elections: president elected by the majority party in the National
Assembly following legislative elections, which must be held at
least every five years; elections last held 19 March 2001 (next to
be held by March 2006); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: President Bharrat JAGDEO reelected; percent of
legislative vote - NA%
Haiti
chief of state: President Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE (since 7
February 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Yvon NEPTUNE (since 4 March
2002); note - former Prime Minister CHERESTAL resigned in January
2002
cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister in consultation with
the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 26 November 2000 (next to be held NA 2005); prime
minister appointed by the president, ratified by the National
Assembly
election results: Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE elected president; percent
of vote - Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE 92%
Holy See (Vatican City)
chief of state: Pope JOHN PAUL II (since 16
October 1978)
head of government: Secretary of State Cardinal Angelo SODANO (since
2 December 1990)
cabinet: Pontifical Commission appointed by the pope
elections: pope elected for life by the College of Cardinals;
election last held 16 October 1978 (next to be held after the death
of the current pope); secretary of state appointed by the pope
election results: Karol WOJTYLA elected pope
Honduras
chief of state: President Ricardo (Joest) MADURO (since 27
January 2002); First Vice President Vicente WILLIAMS Agasse (since
27 January 2002); Second Vice President Armida Villela Maria DE
LOPEZ Contreras (since 27 January 2002); Third Vice President
Alberto DIAZ Lobo (since 27 January 2002); note - the president is
both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Ricardo (Joest) MADURO (since 27
January 2002); First Vice President Vicente WILLIAMS Agasse (since
27 January 2002); Second Vice President Armida Villela Maria DE
LOPEZ Contreras (since 27 January 2002); Third Vice President
Alberto DIAZ Lobo (since 27 January 2002); note - the president is
both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
election last held 25 November 2001 (next to be held NA November
2005)
election results: Ricardo (Joest) MADURO (PN) elected president -
52.2%, Raphael PINEDA Ponce (PL) 44.3%, others 3.5%
Hong Kong
chief of state: President of China HU Jintao (since 15
March 2003)
head of government: Chief Executive TUNG Chee-hwa (since 1 July 1997)
cabinet: Executive Council consists of three ex-officio members and
10 appointed members; ex-officio members are: Chief Secretary Donald
TSANG Yam-kuen (since 1 May 2001), Financial Secretary Antony LEUNG
(since 1 May 2001), and Secretary of Justice Elsie LEUNG (since 1
July 1997)
elections: TUNG Chee-Hwa was elected to a second term in March 2002
by an 800-member election committee dominated by pro-Beijing forces;
the next election is scheduled to be held in 2007
Hungary
chief of state: Ferenc MADL (since 4 August 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Peter MEDGYESSY (since 27 May
2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the National Assembly on
the recommendation of the president
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a
five-year term; election last held 6 June 2000 (next to be held by
June 2005); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the
recommendation of the president
election results: Ferenc MADL elected president; percent of
legislative vote - NA% (but by a simple majority in the third round
of voting); Peter MEDGYESSY elected prime minister; percent of
legislative vote - NA%
note: to be elected, the president must win two-thirds of
legislative vote in the first two rounds or a simple majority in the
third round
Iceland
chief of state: President Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON (since 1
August 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister David ODDSSON (since 30 April
1991)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister and approved by
Parliament
elections: president, which is largely a ceremonial post, elected by
popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 29 June 1996
(next to be held NA June 2004); President GRIMSSON ran unopposed in
June 2000 so there were no elections; prime minister appointed by
the president
election results: Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON ran unopposed in 2000 and
was reelected
India
chief of state: President Abdul KALAM (since 26 July 2002);
Vice President Bhairon Singh SHEKHAWAT (since 12 August 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Atal Bihari VAJPAYEE (since 19
March 1998)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by an electoral college consisting of
elected members of both houses of Parliament and the legislatures of
the states for a five-year term; election last held NA July 2002
(next to be held NA July 2007); vice president elected by both
houses of Parliament for a five-year term; election last held 12
August 2002 (next to be held NA August 2007); prime minister elected
by parliamentary members of the majority party following legislative
elections; election last held NA October 1999 (next to be held NA
October 2004)
election results: Abdul KALAM elected president; percent of
electoral college vote - NA%; Bhairon Singh SHEKHAWAT elected vice
president; percent of Parliament vote - 59.8%; Atal Bihari VAJPAYEE
elected prime minister; percent of vote - NA%
Indonesia
chief of state: President MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri (since 23
July 2001) and Vice President Hamzah HAZ (since 26 July 2001); note
- the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri (since 23 July
2001) and Vice President Hamzah HAZ (since 26 July 2001); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected separately by the
People's Consultative Assembly or MPR for five-year terms; selection
of president last held 23 July 2001; selection of vice president
last held 26 July 2001; next election to be held in July 2004; in
accordance with constitutional changes, the election of the
president and vice president will be by direct vote of the citizenry
election results: MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri elected president, receiving
591 votes in favor (91 abstentions); Hamzah HAZ elected vice
president, receiving 340 votes in favor (237 against)
note: the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan
Rakyat or MPR) includes the House of Representatives (Dewan
Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR) plus 195 indirectly selected members; it
meets every five years to elect the president and vice president and
to approve broad outlines of national policy and also has yearly
meetings to consider constitutional and legislative changes;
constitutional amendments adopted in 2001 and 2002 provide for the
MPR to be restructured in 2004 and to consist entirely of
popularly-elected members who will be in the DPR and the new House
of Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD); the
MPR will no longer formulate national policy
Iran
chief of state: Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI
(since 4 June 1989)
head of government: President (Ali) Mohammad KHATAMI-Ardakani (since
3 August 1997); First Vice President Dr. Mohammad Reza AREF-YAZDI
(since 26 August 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers selected by the president with
legislative approval; the Supreme Leader has some control over
appointments to the more sensitive ministries
elections: leader of the Islamic Revolution appointed for life by
the Assembly of Experts; president elected by popular vote for a
four-year term; election last held 8 June 2001 (next to be held June
2005)
election results: (Ali) Mohammad KHATAMI-Ardakani reelected
president; percent of vote - (Ali) Mohammad KHATAMI-Ardakani 77%
Iraq
chief of state: in transition following April 2003 defeat of
SADDAM Husayn regime by US-led coalition
Ireland
chief of state: President Mary MCALEESE (since 11 November
1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Bertie AHERN (since 26 June 1997)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with previous nomination
by the prime minister and approval of the House of Representatives
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 31 October 1997 (next to be held NA November
2004); prime minister nominated by the House of Representatives and
appointed by the president
election results: Mary MCALEESE elected president; percent of vote -
Mary MCALEESE 44.8%, Mary BANOTTI 29.6%
note: government coalition - Fianna Fail and the Progressive
Democrats
Israel
chief of state: President Moshe KATSAV (since 31 July 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Ariel SHARON (since 7 March 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet selected by prime minister and approved by the
Knesset
elections: president elected by the Knesset for a seven-year term;
election last held 31 July 2000 (next to be held NA 2007); following
legislative elections, the president assigns a Knesset member -
traditionally the leader of the largest party - the task of forming
a governing coalition; election last held 28 January 2003 (next to
be held fall of 2007)
election results: Moshe KATSAV elected president by the 120-member
Knesset with a total of 60 votes, other candidate, Shimon PERES,
received 57 votes (there were three abstentions); Ariel SHARON
continues as prime minister after Likud Party victory in January
2003 Knesset elections; Likud won 38 seats and then formed coalition
government with Shinui, the National Religious Party, and the
National Union
Italy
chief of state: President Carlo Azeglio CIAMPI (since 13 May
1999)
head of government: Prime Minister (referred to in Italy as the
president of the Council of Ministers) Silvio BERLUSCONI (since 10
June 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and
approved by the president
elections: president elected by an electoral college consisting of
both houses of Parliament and 58 regional representatives for a
seven-year term; election last held 13 May 1999 (next to be held NA
May 2006); prime minister appointed by the president and confirmed
by Parliament
election results: Carlo Azeglio CIAMPI elected president; percent of
electoral college vote - 70%
note: a five-party government coalition includes Forza Italia,
National Alliance, Northern League, Democratic Christian Center,
United Christian Democrats
Jamaica
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Sir Howard Felix COOKE (since 1
August 1991)
head of government: Prime Minister Percival James PATTERSON (since
30 March 1992)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime
minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition in the House
of Representatives is appointed prime minister by the governor
general; the deputy prime minister is recommended by the prime
minister
Japan
chief of state: Emperor AKIHITO (since 7 January 1989)
head of government: Prime Minister Junichiro KOIZUMI (since 26 April
2001)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the Diet designates the
prime minister; the constitution requires that the prime minister
must command a parliamentary majority; therefore, following
legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of
a majority coalition in the House of Representatives usually becomes
prime minister
note: following the resignation of Prime Minister Yoshiro MORI,
Junichiro KOIZUMI was elected as the new president of the majority
Liberal Democratic Party and soon thereafter designated by the Diet
to become the next prime minister
Jersey
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief Air
Chief Marshall Sir John CHESHIRE (since 24 January 2001) and Bailiff
Philip Martin BAILHACHE (since NA February 1995)
cabinet: committees appointed by the Assembly of the States
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; lieutenant governor and
bailiff appointed by the monarch
Jordan
chief of state: King ABDALLAH II (since 7 February 1999);
Crown Prince HAMZAH (half brother of the monarch, born 29 March 1980)
head of government: Prime Minister Faisal al-FAYEZ (since 25 October
2003)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister in consultation
with the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister appointed
by the monarch
Kazakhstan
chief of state: President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV
(chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 22 February 1990, elected
president 1 December 1991)
head of government: Prime Minister Daniyal AKHMETOV (since 13 June
2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 10 January 1999, a year before it was previously
scheduled (next to be held NA 2006); note - President NAZARBAYEV's
previous term was extended to 2000 by a nationwide referendum held
30 April 1995; prime minister and first deputy prime minister
appointed by the president
election results: Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV reelected president;
percent of vote - Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV 81.7%, Serikbolsyn
ABDILDIN 12.1%, Gani KASYMOV 4.7%, Engels GABBASSOV 1.5%
note: President NAZARBAYEV expanded his presidential powers by
decree: only he can initiate constitutional amendments, appoint and
dismiss the government, dissolve Parliament, call referenda at his
discretion, and appoint administrative heads of regions and cities
Kenya
chief of state: President Mwai KIBAKI (since 30 December 2002)
and Vice President Moody AWORI (since 25 September 2003); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Mwai KIBAKI (since 30 December 2002)
and Vice President Moody AWORI (since 25 September 2003); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
in addition to receiving the largest number of votes in absolute
terms, the presidential candidate must also win 25% or more of the
vote in at least five of Kenya's seven provinces and one area to
avoid a runoff; election last held 27 December 2002 (next to be held
NA December 2007); vice president appointed by the president
election results: President Mwai KIBAKI elected; percent of vote -
Mwai KIBAKI 63%, Uhuru KENYATTA 30%
Kiribati
chief of state: President Anote TONG (since 10 July 2003);
Vice President NA; note - the president is both the chief of state
and head of government
head of government: President Anote TONG (since 10 July 2003); Vice
President NA; note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
cabinet: 12-member Cabinet appointed by the president from among the
members of the House of Parliament
elections: the House of Parliament chooses the presidential
candidates from among their members and then those candidates
compete in a general election; president is elected by popular vote
for a four-year term; election last held 4 July 2003 (next to be
held not later than July 2007); vice president appointed by the
president
election results: Anote TONG 47.4%, Harry TONG 43.5%, Banuera BERINA
9.1%
Korea, North
chief of state: KIM Chong-il (since NA July 1994); note
- on 3 September 2003, KIM Chong-il was reelected Chairman of the
National Defense Commission, a position accorded the nation's
"highest administrative authority"; KIM Yong-nam was reelected
President of the Supreme People's Assembly Presidium and given the
responsibility of representing the state and receiving diplomatic
credentials
head of government: Premier PAK Pong-chu (since 3 September 2003);
Vice Premiers KWAK Pom-ki (since 5 September 1998), CHON Sung-hun
(since 3 September 2003), NO Tu-chol (since 3 September 2003)
cabinet: Cabinet (Naegak), members, except for the Minister of
People's Armed Forces, are appointed by the Supreme People's Assembly
elections: premier elected by the Supreme People's Assembly;
election last held NA September 1998 (next to be held NA)
election results: HONG Song-nam elected premier; percent of Supreme
People's Assembly vote - NA%
Korea, South
chief of state: President NO Mu-hyun (ROH Moo-hyun)
(since 25 February 2003)
head of government: Prime Minister KO Kun (KOH Kun) (since 27
February 2003); Deputy Prime Ministers KIM Chin-p'yo (KIM Jin-pyo)
(since 27 February 2003) and YUN Tok-hong (since 6 March 2003)
cabinet: State Council appointed by the president on the prime
minister's recommendation
elections: president elected by popular vote for a single five-year
term; election last held 19 December 2002 (next to be held NA
December 2007); prime minister appointed by the president; deputy
prime ministers appointed by the president on the prime minister's
recommendation
election results: results of the 19 December 2002 election - NO
Muh-hyun elected president, took office 25 February 2003; percent of
vote - NO Muh-hyun (MDP) 48.9%; YI Hoe-ch'ang (GNP) 46.6%; other 4.5%
Kuwait
chief of state: Amir JABIR al-Ahmad al-Jabir Al Sabah (since
31 December 1977)
head of government: Prime Minister SABAH al-Ahmad al-Jabir Al Sabah
(since 13 July 2003); First Deputy Prime Minister NAWWAF al-Ahmad Al
Sabah (since 2003); Deputy Prime Ministers JABIR MUBARAK al-Hamad Al
Sabah (since 2001) and Muhammad Dayfallah al-SHARAR (since 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister and
approved by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and
deputy prime ministers appointed by the monarch
Kyrgyzstan
chief of state: President Askar AKAYEV (since 28 October
1990)
head of government: Prime Minister Nikolay TANAYEV (since 22 May
2002); note - Prime Minister Kurmanbek BAKIYEV resigned on 22 May
2002 when five demonstrators were killed in a clash with police in
March of 2002
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president reelected by popular vote for a five-year term;
elections last held 29 October 2000 (next to be held November or
December 2005); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Askar AKAYEV reelected president; percent of vote
- Askar AKAYEV 74%, Omurbek TEKEBAYEV 14%, other candidates 12%;
note - election marred by serious irregularities
Laos
chief of state: President Gen. KHAMTAI Siphandon (since 26
February 1998) and Vice President Lt. Gen. CHOUMMALI Saignason
(since 27 March 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister BOUNGNANG Volachit (since 27
March 2001); First Deputy Prime Minister Maj. Gen. ASANG Laoli
(since NA May 2002), Deputy Prime Minister THONGLOUN Sisolit (since
27 March 2001), and Deputy Prime Minister SOMSAVAT Lengsavat (since
26 February 1998)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved
by the National Assembly
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a
five-year term; election last held 24 February 2002 (next to be held
NA 2007); prime minister appointed by the president with the
approval of the National Assembly for a five-year term
election results: KHAMTAI Siphandon elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote - NA%
Latvia
chief of state: President Vaira VIKE-FREIBERGA (since 8 July
1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Einars REPSE (since 7 November
2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and
appointed by the Parliament
elections: president reelected by Parliament for a four-year term;
election last held 20 June 2003 (next to be held by June 2007);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Vaira VIKE-FREIBERGA reelected president;
parliamentary vote - Vaira VIKE-FREIBERGA 88 of 94 votes cast
Lebanon
chief of state: President Emile LAHUD (since 24 November
1998)
head of government: Prime Minister Rafiq HARIRI (since 23 October
2000); Deputy Prime Minister Issam FARES (since 23 October 2000);
note - HARIRI resigned on 15 April 2003, but was reappointed the
next day
cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister in consultation with
the president and members of the National Assembly
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a six-year
term; election last held 15 October 1998 (next to be held NA 2004);
prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the president
in consultation with the National Assembly; by custom, the president
is a Maronite Christian, the prime minister is a Sunni Muslim, and
the speaker of the legislature is a Shi'a Muslim
election results: Emile LAHUD elected president; National Assembly
vote - 118 votes in favor, 0 against, 10 abstentions
Lesotho
chief of state: King LETSIE III (since 7 February 1996);
note - King LETSIE III formerly occupied the throne from November
1990 to February 1995, while his father was in exile
head of government: Prime Minister Pakalitha MOSISILI (since 23 May
1998)
cabinet: Cabinet
elections: none; according to the constitution, the leader of the
majority party in the Assembly automatically becomes prime minister;
the monarch is hereditary, but, under the terms of the constitution,
which came into effect after the March 1993 election, the monarch is
a "living symbol of national unity" with no executive or legislative
powers; under traditional law the college of chiefs has the power to
determine who is next in the line of succession, who shall serve as
regent in the event that the successor is not of mature age, and may
even depose the monarch
Liberia
chief of state: President Gyude BRYANT (since 14 October
2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Gyude BRYANT (since 14 October 2003);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president and confirmed by the
Senate
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term
(renewable); election last held 19 July 1997 (next to be held NA
2005)
election results: Charles Ghankay TAYLOR elected president; percent
of vote - Charles Ghankay TAYLOR (NPP) 75.3%, Ellen Johnson SIRLEAF
(UP) 9.6%, Alhaji KROMAH (ALCOP) 4%, other 11.1%; note - Taylor
stepped down in August 2003
note:: a UN-brokered cease fire among waring factions and the
Liberian government resulted in the August 2003 resignation of
former president Charles TAYLOR; a jointly agreed upon replacement,
President Gyude BRYANT, assumed office as chairman of the National
Transitional Government on 14 October 2003
Libya
chief of state: Revolutionary Leader Col. Muammar Abu Minyar
al-QADHAFI (since 1 September 1969); note - holds no official title,
but is de facto chief of state
head of government: Secretary of the General People's Committee
(Premier) Mubarak al-SHAMEKH (since 2 March 2000)
cabinet: General People's Committee established by the General
People's Congress
elections: national elections are indirect through a hierarchy of
people's committees; head of government elected by the General
People's Congress; election last held 2 March 2000 (next to be held
NA)
election results: Mubarak al-SHAMEKH elected premier; percent of
General People's Congress vote - NA%
Liechtenstein
chief of state: Prince HANS ADAM II (since 13 November
1989, assumed executive powers 26 August 1984); Heir Apparent Prince
ALOIS, son of the monarch (born 11 June 1968)
head of government: Head of Government Otmar HASLER (since 5 April
2001) and Deputy Head of Government Rita KIEBER-BECK (since 5 April
2001)
cabinet: Cabinet elected by the Parliament, confirmed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party in the Diet is usually
appointed the head of government by the monarch and the leader of
the largest minority party in the Diet is usually appointed the
deputy head of government by the monarch
Lithuania
chief of state: President Rolandas PAKSAS (since 26
February 2003)
head of government: Premier Algirdas Mykolas BRAZAUSKAS (since 3
July 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
nomination of the premier
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 22 December 2002 and 5 January 2003 (next to be
held in late 2007); premier appointed by the president on the
approval of the Parliament
election results: Rolandas PAKSAS elected president; percent of vote
- Rolandas PAKSAS 54.9%, Valdas ADAMKUS 45.1%
Luxembourg
chief of state: Grand Duke HENRI (since 7 October 2000);
Heir Apparent Prince GUILLAUME (son of the monarch, born 11 November
1981)
head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Claude JUNCKER (since 1
January 1995) and Vice Prime Minister Lydie POLFER (since 7 August
1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister and
appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following popular
elections to the Chamber of Deputies, the leader of the majority
party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed
prime minister by the monarch; the deputy prime minister is
appointed by the monarch; they are responsible to the Chamber of
Deputies
note: government coalition - CSV and DP
Macau
chief of state: President of China HU Jintao (since 15 March
2003)
head of government: Chief Executive Edmund HO Hau-wah (since 20
December 1999)
cabinet: Executive Council consists of all five government
secretaries, three legislators, and two businessmen
elections: chief executive chosen by a 200-member selection
committee for up to two five-year terms
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
chief of state: President
Boris TRAJKOVSKI (since 15 December 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Branko CRVENKOVSKI (since 1
November 2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the majority vote of all
the deputies in the Assembly; note - current cabinet formed by the
government coalition parties SDSM, LDP, and DUI (or BDI)
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 14 November 1999 (next to be held NA October
2004); prime minister elected by the Assembly; election last held 1
November 2002 (next to be held NA 2006)
election results: Boris TRAJKOVSKI elected president on second-round
ballot; percent of vote - Boris TRAJKOVSKI 52.4%, Tito PETKOVSKI
46.2%; Branko CRVENKOVSKI elected prime minister by Parliament with
72% of the vote
Madagascar
chief of state: President Marc RAVALOMANANA (since 6 May
2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Jacques SYLLA (27 May 2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 16 December 2001 (next to be held NA November
2006); prime minister appointed by the president from a list of
candidates nominated by the National Assembly
election results: percent of vote - Didier RATSIRAKA (AREMA) 40.89%,
Marc RAVALOMANANA 46.21%; note - on 29 April 2002, the High
Constitutional Court announced RAVALOMANANA the winner by 51.5%
after a recount; RATSIRIKA's prime minister was put under house
arrest on 27 May 2002, and SYLLA was appointed the new prime
minister by President RAVALOMANANA
Malawi
chief of state: President Bakili MULUZI (since 21 May 1994);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Bakili MULUZI (since 21 May 1994);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: 46-member Cabinet named by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 15 June 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)
election results: Bakili MULUZI reelected president; percent of vote
- Bakili MULUZI (UDF) 51.4%, Gwandaguluwe CHAKUAMBA (MCP-AFORD) 44.3%
Malaysia
chief of state: Paramount Ruler Tuanku SYED SIRAJUDDIN ibni
Almarhum Tuanku Syed Putra Jamalullail, the Raja of Perlis (since 12
December 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister ABDULLAH bin Ahmad Badawi (since
31 October 2003); Deputy Prime Minister NA (since 31 October 2003)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from among the
members of Parliament with consent of the paramount ruler
elections: paramount ruler elected by and from the hereditary rulers
of nine of the states for five-year terms; election last held 12
December 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); prime minister designated
from among the members of the House of Representatives; following
legislative elections, the leader of the party that wins a plurality
of seats in the House of Representatives becomes prime minister
election results: Tuanku SYED SIRAJUDDIN ibni Almarhum Tuanku Syed
Putra Jamalullail elected paramount ruler
Maldives
chief of state: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since 11
November 1978); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since 11
November 1978); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president; note -
need not be members of Majlis
elections: president nominated by the Majlis and then the nomination
must be ratified by a national referendum (at least a 51% approval
margin is required); president elected for a five-year term;
election last held 16 October 1998 (next to be held NA October 2003)
election results: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM reelected in
referendum held 17 October 2003; percent of popular vote - Maumoon
Abdul GAYOOM 90.3%
Mali
chief of state: President Amadou Toumani TOURE (since 8 June
2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Ahmed Mohamed Ag HAMANI (since 9
June 2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(two-term limit); election last held 12 May 2002 (next to be held NA
May 2007); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Amadou Toumani TOURE elected president; percent of
vote - Amadou Toumani TOURE 64.4%, Soumaila CISSE 35.6%
Malta
chief of state: President Guido DE MARCO (since 4 April 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Eddie FENECH ADAMI (since 6
September 1998); Deputy Prime Minister Lawrence GONZI (since 4 April
1999)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the advice of the
prime minister
elections: president elected by the House of Representatives for a
five-year term; election last held NA April 1999 (next to be held by
April 2004); following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually
appointed prime minister by the president for a five-year term; the
deputy prime minister is appointed by the president on the advice of
the prime minister
election results: Guido DE MARCO elected president; percent of House
of Representatives vote - 54%
Man, Isle of
chief of state: Lord of Mann Queen ELIZABETH II (since
6 February 1952), represented by Lieutenant Governor Ian MACFADYEN
(since 26 October 2002)
head of government: Chief Minister Richard CORKILL (since 6 December
2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: the monarch is hereditary; lieutenant governor appointed
by the monarch for a five-year term; the Chief Minister is elected
by the Tynwald; election last held 6 December 2001 (next to be held
NA December 2006)
election results: Richard CORKILL elected chief minister by the
Tynwald
Marshall Islands
chief of state: President Kessai Hesa NOTE (since 3
January 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Kessai Hesa NOTE (since 3 January
2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet selected by the president from among the members of
Parliament
elections: president elected by Parliament from among its own
members for a four-year term; election last held 15 November 1999
(next to be held NA November 2003)
election results: Kessai Hesa NOTE elected president; percent of
Parliament vote - 100%
Martinique
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since
17 May 1995); Prefect Michel CADOT (since 21 June 2000)
head of government: President of the General Council Claude LISE
(since 22 March 1992); President of the Regional Council Alfred
MARIE-JEANNE (since NA March 1998)
cabinet: NA
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the
French Ministry of Interior; the presidents of the General and
Regional Councils are elected by the members of those councils
Mauritania
chief of state: President Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA
(since 12 December 1984)
head of government: Prime Minister Sghair Ould M'BARECK (since 6
July 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;
election last held 7 November 2003 (next to be held NA 2009); prime
minister appointed by the president
election results: President Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA reelected
for a third term with 60.8% of the vote
Mauritius
chief of state: President Sir Anerood JUGNAUTH (since 7
October 2003) and Vice President (vacant; a new Vice President will
be determined by assembly elections on NA December 2003)
head of government: Prime Minister Paul BERENGER (since 30 September
2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president and vice president elected by the National
Assembly for five-year terms; election last held 25 February 2002
(next to be held NA 2007); prime minister and deputy prime minister
appointed by the president, responsible to the National Assembly
election results: Karl OFFMANN elected president and Raouf BUNDHUN
elected vice president; percent of vote by the National Assembly -
NA%; note - Karl OFFMANN and Raouf BUNDHUN stepped down on 30
September 2003
Mayotte
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17
May 1995), represented by Prefect Jean-Jacques BROT (since 3 July
2002)
head of government: President of the General Council Younoussa
BAMANA (since NA 1977)
cabinet: NA
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the
French Ministry of the Interior; president of the General Council
elected by the members of the General Council for a six-year term
Mexico
chief of state: President Vicente FOX Quesada (since 1
December 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Vicente FOX Quesada (since 1 December
2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president; note - appointment of
attorney general requires consent of the Senate
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;
election last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held NA July 2006)
election results: Vicente FOX Quesada elected president; percent of
vote - Vicente FOX Quesada (PAN) 42.52%, Francisco LABASTIDA Ochoa
(PRI) 36.1%, Cuauhtemoc CARDENAS Solorzano (PRD) 16.64%, other 4.74%
Micronesia, Federated States of
chief of state: President Joseph J.
URUSEMAL (since 11 May 2003); Vice President Redley KILLION; note -
the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Joseph J. URUSEMAL (since 11 May
2003); Vice President Redley KILLION; note - the president is both
the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet
elections: president and vice president elected by Congress from
among the four senators at large for four-year terms; election last
held 11 May 2003 (next to be held NA May 2007); note - a proposed
constitutional amendment to establish popular elections for
president and vice president failed
election results: Joseph J. URUSEMAL elected president; percent of
Congress vote - NA%; Redley KILLION elected vice president; percent
of Congress vote - NA%
Moldova
chief of state: President Vladimir VORONIN (since 4 April
2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Vasile TARLEV (since 15 April
2001), First Deputy Prime Minister Vasile IOVV (since NA 2002),
Deputy Prime Minister Stefan ODAGIU (since NA 2002)
cabinet: selected by prime minister, subject to approval of
Parliament
elections: president elected by Parliament for a four-year term;
election last held 4 April 2001 (next to be held NA 2005); note -
presidential elections were scheduled for December 2000, but in July
2000, Parliament canceled direct, popular elections; Parliament's
failure to chose a new president in December 2000 led to early
parliamentary elections in February 2001; prime minister designated
by the president, upon consultation with Parliament; note - within
15 days from designation, the prime minister-designate must request
a vote of confidence from the Parliament regarding his/her work
program and entire cabinet; prime minister designated 15 April 2001,
cabinet received a vote of confidence 19 April 2001
election results: Vladimir VORONIN elected president; parliamentary
votes - Vladimir VORONIN 71, Dumitru BRAGHIS 15, Valerian CHRISTEA
3; Vasile TARLEV designated prime minister; parliamentary votes of
confidence - 75 of 101
Monaco
chief of state: Prince RAINIER III (since 9 May 1949); Heir
Apparent Prince ALBERT Alexandre Louis Pierre, son of the monarch
(born 14 March 1958)
head of government: Minister of State Patrick LECLERCQ (since 5
January 2000)
cabinet: Council of Government is under the authority of the monarch
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; minister of state
appointed by the monarch from a list of three French national
candidates presented by the French Government
Mongolia
chief of state: President Natsagiyn BAGABANDI (since 20
June 1997)
head of government: Prime Minister Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR (since 26 July
2000)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the State Great Hural in consultation
with the president
elections: president nominated by parties in the State Great Hural
and elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held
20 May 2001 (next to be held NA May 2005); following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is
usually elected prime minister by the State Great Hural; election
last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held NA 2004)
election results: Natsagiyn BAGABANDI reelected president; percent
of vote - Natsagiyn BAGABANDI (MPRP) 58.13%, Radnaasumbereliyn
GONCHIGDORJ (DP) 36.58%, Luvsandamba DASHNYAM (CWP) 3.54%, other
1.75%; Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR elected prime minister by a vote in the
State Great Hural of 68 to 3
Montserrat
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor Anthony LONGRIGG (since NA May 2001)
head of government: Chief Minister John OSBORNE (since 5 April 2001)
cabinet: Executive Council consists of the governor, the chief
minister, three other ministers, the attorney general, and the
finance secretary
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the
monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority
party usually becomes chief minister
Morocco
chief of state: King MOHAMED VI (since 23 July 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Driss JETTOU (since 9 October
2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister appointed
by the monarch following legislative elections
Mozambique
chief of state: President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO (since
6 November 1986); note - before being popularly elected, CHISSANO
was elected president by Frelimo's Central Committee on 4 November
1986 (reelected by the Committee 30 July 1989)
head of government: Prime Minister Pascoal MOCUMBI (since 17
December 1994)
cabinet: Cabinet
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 3-5 December 1999 (next to be held NA 2004);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO reelected president;
percent of vote - Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO 52.29%, Afonso DHLAKAMA
47.71%
Namibia
chief of state: President Sam Shafishuna NUJOMA (since 21
March 1990)
head of government: Prime Minister Theo-Ben GURIRAB (since 28 August
2002)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members
of the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 30 November-1 December 1999 (next to be held NA
2004)
election results: Sam Shafishuna NUJOMA elected president; percent
of vote - Sam Shafishuna NUJOMA 77%
Nauru
chief of state: President Rene HARRIS (since 8 August 2003)
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Rene HARRIS (since 8 August 2003) note
- the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members
of Parliament
elections: president elected by Parliament for a three-year term;
election last held 29 May 2003 (next to be held NA 2006)
election results: Ludwig SCOTTY elected president 29 May 2003;
Ludwig SCOTTY 10 parliamentary votes, Kinza CLODUMAR 7
note: Ludwig SCOTTY was removed from the presidency in a
no-confidence vote 8 August 2003; Rene HARRIS became president
Nepal
chief of state: King GYANENDRA Bir Bikram Shah (succeeded to
the throne 4 June 2001 following the death of his nephew, King
DIPENDRA Bir Bikram Shah)
head of government: Prime Minister Surya Bahadur THAPA (since 4 June
2003); note - Prime Minister CHAND resigned 30 May 2003
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of
the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority
coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the monarch
note: King BIRENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev died in a bloody shooting at
the royal palace on 1 June 2001 that also claimed the lives of most
of the royal family; King BIRENDRA's son, Crown Price DIPENDRA, is
believed to have been responsible for the shootings before fatally
wounding himself; immediately following the shootings and while
still clinging to life, DIPENDRA was crowned king; he died three
days later and was succeeded by his uncle
Netherlands
chief of state: Queen BEATRIX (since 30 April 1980);
Heir Apparent WILLEM-ALEXANDER (born 27 April 1967), son of the
monarch
head of government: Prime Minister Jan Peter BALKENENDE (since 22
July 2002) and Deputy Prime Ministers Gerrit ZALM (since 27 May
2003) and Thom DE GRAAF (since 27 May 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; following Second
Chamber elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a
majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the
monarch; vice prime ministers appointed by the monarch
note: there is also a Council of State composed of the monarch, heir
apparent, and councilors that provides consultations to the prime
minister on legislative and administrative policy
Netherlands Antilles
chief of state: Queen BEATRIX of the
Netherlands (since 30 April 1980), represented by Governor General
Frits GOEDGEDRAG (since 1 July 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Mirna LOUISA-GODETT (since 11
August 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the Staten
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by
the monarch for a six-year term; following legislative elections,
the leader of the majority party is usually elected prime minister
by the Staten; election last held 18 January 2002 (next to be held
by NA 2006)
note: government coalition - PDB, DP-St. M, FOL, PLKP, PNP