IV (part 5)

Clarke, Edward Frederick, M.P.P., Mayor of the City of Toronto, Ontario, was born in the county of Cavan, Ireland, on the 24th April, 1850. His father, Richard Clarke, was a general merchant and flax buyer, favorably known in that capacity throughout the whole north of Ireland. His mother, Ellen Reynolds, the only daughter of the late Charles Reynolds, of Belturbet, county of Cavan, Ireland, is still living, and resides in Toronto. Mr. Clarke came to Canada early in the sixties, and after a short sojourn in Michigan, moved to Toronto, where he has ever since lived. He served his time as a printer in the Globe office, and afterwards, in the practice of his calling, was foreman of the Express, the Sun and the Liberal, and was compositor and proof-reader on the Mail, etc. He took a prominent part in the printers’ strike and attendant labor troubles of 1872, being one of those arrested for alleged intimidation. In 1877 a company was formed for the purchase of the Sentinel, the organ of the Loyal Orange Association. He was chosen manager and editor of the paper, but after a short time he purchased the shares of the stockholders, and became sole proprietor. He has since conducted the Sentinel successfully in connection with a large job printing business. He has for many years taken an active interest in secret societies, especially in the United Workmen, Freemasons and Loyal Orange Association. He is a past master of Rehoboam lodge, No. 65 A. F. & A. M., and at the regular annual meeting of the Loyal Orange Association, held at Belleville, in May, 1887, he was elected to the high office of Deputy-Grand Master of the Order in British America. At the provincial elections of 1886, Mr. Clarke was returned at the head of the poll as one of the city of Toronto’s quota of three representatives to the Legislative Assembly. In December, 1887, he was put forward as the people’s candidate for mayor of his adopted city for 1888, and was elected by a plurality of nearly nine hundred votes in a field of three candidates. He is a Liberal-Conservative in politics, and during the last session of the provincial legislature made a favorable impression as a speaker and debater. He is a fluent, ready speaker, of good address, and well informed upon all public subjects. He was married on 30th December, 1884, to Charlotte Elizabeth, fourth daughter of Dan Scott, of Toronto, and has issue, two daughters. Mr. Clarke is a consistent member of the Reformed Episcopal Church, and, although not a total abstainer, is an advocate of temperance reform.

Carignan, Onesime, Three Rivers, Quebec, was born on October 16th, 1839, at Champlain, district of Three Rivers, Que. His parents, Pierre Carignan and Josephte Turcotte, were well-to-do farmers, who were highly esteemed by their neighbors. The subject of this sketch was sent to the parish school, and at the age of fifteen, commenced his business career by accepting a clerkship in a general store in Champlain. Two years after he went to Three Rivers, where he procured a situation as clerk in a grocery store. In 1863 he entered into partnership with Francis Hamel, but two years after, this partnership was dissolved, and Mr. Carignan entered into business for himself in the house he still occupies. His business has continually increased, until now it is conceded that he has the leading grocery of Three Rivers, doing a wholesale as well as a retail trade. His success is due to economy, good administrative abilities, and constant attendance to the details of a growing business. He has been an alderman of Three Rivers since 1876, and has been acting mayor on more than one occasion. He has also held the position, of president of L’Union St. Joseph since 1885. Mr. Carignan has taken an active part in the public enterprises undertaken in his neighborhood, notably in connection with the Three Rivers Water Works, the St. Maurice Bridges, and the Three Rivers drainage. He has been president of several benevolent and religious societies, has been president and is now treasurer of the Three Rivers Conservative Association. He has always taken an active part in political movements, municipal, provincial and federal. In religion he is a Roman Catholic, an ultramontane. He was married on November 15th, 1864, to Aglaé Lebel, of Quebec.

Archibald, John Sprott, Q.C., D.C.L., Professor of Criminal and Constitutional Law in McGill University, Montreal, was born in the village of Musquodoboit, Halifax county, N.S., on the 8th September, 1843. His father, William G. Archibald, was a native of the same county, and his mother, Nancy Archibald, a cousin of his father, was born in Truro, Nova Scotia. Their ancestors came from Londonderry, Ireland, in 1719. John is the fourth child, in a family of five, and was educated in part in the Presbyterian Seminary, Truro. In 1864 he came to Montreal, and took the arts course in McGill University; graduated B.A. in 1867, and won the Prince of Wales’ gold medal for standing in mental and moral philosophy. He then studied law in the office of the late John A. Perkins, taking in the meanwhile the law course at McGill, graduating B.C.L. in 1870, and receiving the Elizabeth Torrance gold medal for highest general standing in his class. On the 18th of January, 1871, he was admitted to the bar, and since that time has steadily pursued the practice of his profession in Montreal, at first alone and subsequently as a member of the firm of Archibald & McCormick, until the present autumn (1887), when he dissolved his partnership, and formed a firm with the Hon. W. W. Lynch, Q.C., for many years solicitor-general of the province of Quebec, and George G. Foster, B.C.L., under the name of Archibald, Lynch & Foster. It is unnecessary to say that this new firm ranks among the leading law firms practising in Montreal. In the autumn of 1871, Mr. Archibald was appointed lecturer on criminal law in McGill University, and in 1880 he was made professor of criminal and constitutional law in the same institution, a position which he has filled with credit to himself and the college. He prepares himself with great care for his arduous duties, and is a great favourite with the students. In the spring of 1887 he received from his alma mater the degree of Doctor of Civil Law, and, almost concurrently, the distinction of Queen’s counsel from the government of Canada. In 1884 Mr. Archibald was elected alderman for St. Antoine ward, one of the largest and most influential wards in the city of Montreal, which position he still holds, having been re-elected in 1887 by acclamation. In 1885 he was appointed revising officer, under the Franchise Act, for the electoral division of Montreal West, which office he still holds. Mr. Archibald is a member of the Presbyterian church, and in politics a Conservative. On the 13th July, 1871, he was married to Ellen Hutchinson, of Bluevale, Ontario, and has a family of five children.

Haanel, Eugene Emil, F.R., Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry and Physics, Victoria College, Cobourg, Ontario, is a native of Breslau, Silesia, Europe, and was born on the 24th May, 1841. He is a son of Franz Haanel and Ann Herde. His father is a government officer, and occupies the position of secretary of the council in Breslau. The Haanels were originally from Sweden, the great grandfather of Franz Haanel having been forced to leave his native country on account of his politics. Eugene, the subject of this sketch, commenced his studies at four years of age, and graduated at the Gymnasium in his native city in 1858. Soon afterwards he left for the United States, and being in Baltimore when the civil war began between the Northern and Southern states in 1861, he joined the Northern army, and spent three years as a hospital steward, and one year as first lieutenant Co. K., Second Regiment Maryland Veteran Infantry, leaving the army at the close of the war in 1865. He then became a student at the Michigan State University, Ann Arbor, and in 1866 was appointed assistant professor of natural science at Adrian (Michigan) College. The next year he held the same position in Hillsdale College, Michigan; and in 1868 was master professor of the same department in Albion College, Michigan, and occupied the chair for four years. In 1872 Professor Haanel returned to Germany, and on the 7th of June, 1873, took the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Royal University, Breslau. He then left for Canada, to occupy the chair of chemistry and physics in Victoria College, Cobourg. His coming to Cobourg caused the erection of Faraday Hall, in 1876, a brick building, 50 by 100 feet, admirably arranged for the purpose it is intended, and equipped with apparatus selected by the professor himself in the cities of London, Paris, Bonn, Leipzig, Dresden and Berlin. While at the University of Breslau in 1873, for the purpose of graduating, Professor Haanel took for his thesis “The galvanometric method for the determination of the earth’s magnetism and its oscillations,” for which he constructed, in accordance with his original designs, “the galvanic bifilar magnetometer,” which at this day constitutes the principal instrument for observation at the magnetic observatory connected with the University of Breslau. A few years ago it occurred to him that he might remove the difficulty experienced by students in distinguishing the oxyd coating on charcoal of bismuth from the similar one of lead, by converting these coatings into iodides, and his experiments turned out very satisfactory. (See paper read by him “On the application of hydriodic acid as a blowpipe re-agent,” before the Royal Society of Canada, May 25, 1883.) The method adopted then was to touch the coatings with a drop of strong hydriodic acid, and direct the blowpipe flame upon the charcoal just in front of the moistened spot. The heat of the blowpipe flame volatilized the respective iodides, which were deposited again upon the cooler parts of the charcoal, at a greater distance from the assay. The iodide of lead gave a magnificent canary-yellow coating, the bismuth a chocolate brown; cadmium and antimony, when treated in a similar manner, a white and brick-red coating respectively. In the extension of this method to other substances he found that other iodides of very characteristic colours were formed. Many of these were, however, altogether too volatile to be deposited satisfactorily on the charcoal, charcoal being too poor a conductor of heat to lower the temperature of the vapours of the iodides in question sufficiently to permit of their condensation and consequent deposition as coatings. In order to utilise to the fullest extent the value of hydriodic acid as a blowpipe re-agent, it became necessary to adopt a support which, on account of its better conductivity, would condense the various volatile iodides on its surface as coatings. The choice of the kind of support best suited was farther restricted by the following characteristics which a support, to prove entirely practical and satisfactory, should possess. 1. It must be cheap and easily made; 2. The surface of the support must be smooth and white, to bring out the colours of the coatings, uninfluenced by peculiarities of surface or admixture of tint of the support; 3. It must resist the heat of the blowpipe flame; 4. It must be of sufficiently porous texture to absorb the hydriodic acid, and supply it to the assay gradually and constantly during the progress of the operation. After some reflection and experimentation, he finally adopted plaster of Paris casts in the form of narrow thin tablets as the support, and found that it possessed the above-mentioned characteristics in an eminent degree. Though a German, Professor Haanel speaks the English language with eloquence and fluency; he is clear and concise as well as accurate in his enunciation; an attractive lecturer, a successful experimenter, and a laborious and untiring enthusiast at his work. He was married on the 5th of November, 1866, to Julia F. Darling, of Lake Ridge, Michigan, United States, a graduate of Albion College, and they have a family of five children.

Kelly, Thomas Eugene, Joliette, Province of Quebec, was born at Joliette, in 1861. He is a son of Francis Kelly and Mary Collins, his wife. The subject of this sketch was educated at Bryant & Stratton’s Business College, at Montreal, taking the commercial course. He afterwards travelled extensively through the Western States. He is a Roman Catholic in religion, and is unmarried. He is engaged in the manufacturing and wholesale lumber business, being a member of the firm of Kelly Bros., Joliette, Quebec.

Weir, W., Banker, Montreal.—There are few better known faces on the streets of Montreal than that of the above named gentleman, head of the banking firm of W. Weir & Sons, and president of the Banque Ville Marie. Mr. Weir was born at Greenden, near Brechin, Scotland, on the 28th October, 1823, and came to Canada in 1842, Like a good many successful Canadians, he began life as a teacher, having taken charge of a public school before he was twenty years of age. After two years engaged in this honorable but ill remunerated occupation, during which time he devoted himself to the study of the French language, and having further improved his knowledge of that language by a short course at St. Thérèse College, Mr. Weir accepted a bookkeeper’s situation in Montreal, commencing business on his own account in 1849. In 1856 he removed to Toronto, where he remained till 1859, when he returned to Montreal. During his stay in Toronto he published and edited the Canadian Merchants’ Magazine, a monthly periodical, the vigorous style of its editorials soon bringing their author into notice. In 1858 he took the prize of the Upper Canadian Board of Arts for the best essay on the manufactures of Canada, and contributed many articles to the local press on financial and commercial subjects. Among the early promoters of what has since become known as the National Policy, Mr. Weir was a leading spirit. At his suggestion, and largely through his exertions, the great convention of manufacturers was convened at Toronto in 1858. At this convention Mr. Weir was the secretary, and he held the same position in the “Association for the promotion of Canadian Industry” then formed. This society embraced among its members many prominent members of Parliament, and its exertions and influence secured the changes in the tariff of 1858 which gave the first great impulse to Canada’s manufacturing industries. To the present generation, Mr. Weir is best remembered for his successful efforts to effect the removal of the “silver nuisance.” The suspension of specie payments in the United States, in 1862, caused a large influx into Canada of American silver coin, which, passing current in retail transactions and in payment of wages, but not being bankable, caused great loss and inconvenience to the public, who had daily to carry nearly all their receipts to the brokers’ offices, to be sold at a discount for bankable funds. For several years Mr. Weir urged upon the Government the importance of removing the evil, and at his suggestion one million dollars was exported at the public expense, he himself exporting a similar amount by contract with the leading commercial houses. In 1869, he attempted to export two millions more, but the attempt fell through owing to inadequate support. Early in 1870 (the late Hon. Sir Francis Hincks having become finance minister), Mr. Weir succeeded in obtaining the aid of the Government to remove the whole depreciated coin from circulation. He contracted with the Government to effect its removal, and carried through that great work with complete success. Five million dollars were exported between March and July, 1870, at a cost to the Dominion exchequer of $118,000, the Government being recouped by assuming the one and two dollar note circulation, a measure suggested by Mr. Weir to meet the objection on the score of expense. Seventy banks and bank agencies assisted in the work, the shipments being made from every place of importance between Quebec and Sarnia. The coin was purchased at five, five and half, and six per cent discount, for half and quarter dollar pieces, the smaller coins, to extent of $500,000, being exported by Mr. Weir at his own expense, making the total amount exported by him over seven million dollars, or over two hundred waggon loads. Since 1870, Mr. Weir has taken an active part in discussing the leading financial questions of the hour. He assisted in reorganizing the Jacques Cartier Bank, of which he was vice-president when offered the presidency of the Banque Ville Marie, a position he has held for the last six years, during which period the bank has trebled its business and strengthened its position. To the people of Cote St. Antoine and west end of Montreal, he is best known for his services and public spirit in securing the opening up of Western Avenue, destined to be the great western entrance into the city. Mr. Weir married, in 1849, a daughter of the late John Somerville, of Chatham, P.Q., and has five sons living, and one son and one daughter deceased. Three sons are in business; the two youngest are graduates of McGill University, Arthur the youngest being already well known as a talented writer both in prose and verse.

Madill, Frank, M.A., M.P. for North Ontario, Barrister, etc., Beaverton, Ontario, was born in the township of Scott, in the county of Ontario, province of Ontario, November 23rd, 1852. He is youngest son of Henry and Eliza Madill, who came to Canada from Monaghan, Ireland, in 1837, and eventually settled in the township of Scott. Henry Madill is one of the old pioneers, and was for many years a prominent member of the council of that municipality, until his removal to the village of Vroomanton, in same county, a few years ago, where he and his good lady still reside, amidst a large circle of children, grandchildren and friends, universally respected. The subject of this sketch was educated at Uxbridge and Whitby high schools, and the University of Toronto, where he graduated B.A., in 1873, and M.A. in 1876; studied law in the office of the late Hon. John Hilliard Cameron, Q.C., M.P., and was called to the bar of Ontario, Michaelmas Term, 1877, and still practises his profession at Beaverton. During his university course he was one of the university athletes, and held the championship of the university. He was also a prominent member of the university football team,—the champions of the Dominion for four years. He was lieutenant of No. 4 company, 34th battalion, V.M.I., and is now paymaster of the same battalion, with rank of captain. He was first returned to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, 4th June, 1881, and sat until the general election, 1883, at which he was defeated by twenty votes. At the last general election for the House of Commons he was elected for the same riding by a majority of 158, over A. P. Cockburn, ex-M.P. He is a Liberal-Conservative, and Supporter of the government of Right Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald. He was a member of the Grand Lodge of Royal Black Knights, and was at one time D.M. of King Solomon Preceptory, 292, at Toronto. He is a member of the executive committee of the Liberal-Conservative Union of Ontario; is a Freemason, and is an ex-warden of Murray lodge, Beaverton. He has taken an active part in all political contests in the Midland District, but has never taken any active part in municipal matters. He is commodore of the Beaverton Yacht Club, vice-president of the Beaverton Gun Club, and president of the Chicker Lacrosse Club. His travels have been confined to the United States and Canada. He has always belonged to the Presbyterian church of Canada, in connection with the Church of Scotland, known as the “old Kirk,” of which his father is an elder. He was married on the 5th day of May, 1886, to Florrie, eldest daughter of Charles T. Young, of Beaverton, one of the village fathers.

Welton, Daniel Morse, D.D., Professor of Hebrew, Baptist College, Toronto, Ont., was born in Aylesford, Nova Scotia, July 20th, 1831. His father was Sydney Welton, and his mother, Isabel Morse. His ancestors on both the father and mother’s side came from New England at the time of the Revolutionary war. He prepared for college in Horton Collegiate Academy, Nova Scotia; entered Acadia College, Nova Scotia, in 1850, and graduated therefrom in 1855. After occupying the place of tutor in Acadia College for twelve months (1856), he went to Newton Theological Institution, Mass., where he remained a year. In September, 1857, he was ordained to the pastorate of the Windsor Baptist Church, Nova Scotia, which position he filled till October, 1874, when he was called to the chair of Hebrew and Systematic Theology in the Theological Department of Acadia College. He remained here till 1883, with the exception of two years (1876 and 1877) which he spent in Leipzic, Germany, engaged chiefly in Semitic studies under Professor Delitzsch. He received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Leipzic in 1878, his dissertation for the same being “The History of Hebrew Learning in England.” His Semitic studies in Leipzic chiefly embraced the Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Samaritan and Arabic. In 1883, he was appointed to the chair of Hebrew and Old Testament Interpretation in Toronto Baptist College, which he fills at the present time. In 1884 he received the degree of D.D. from Acadia College, his alma mater. In the years 1876, 1877 and 1878 he also visited London, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, and the principal cities of Italy. He was married to Sarah Eliza Messenger, daughter of David and Catherine Messenger, September 23rd, 1857.

Gagnon, Hon. Charles Antoine Ernest, M.P.P., Kamouraska, was born at Rivière Ouelle, Quebec, on the 4th of December, 1846. The family came originally from Vendee, France, and settled in Canada in 1633, being thus one of the oldest Canadian families, having representatives still living. The subject of this sketch is the son of Antoine Gagnon, merchant, of Rivière Ouelle, and a nephew of Senator Pelletier, C.M.G. He was educated at St. Anne’s College, and was very successful in his studies. Taking up the study of law, he was appointed notary public in 1869. In 1870 he married Marie Malvina, third daughter of Francis Gagnon, farmer. Throughout his life, Mr. Gagnon has taken the keenest interest in politics and has done yeoman service to the Liberal party with which he is identified, in numberless contests in both Provincial and Dominion affairs. He also directed considerable attention to municipal affairs, his knowledge of those being recognized by his appointment as secretary of the municipality, and, later, secretary of the Board of School Commissioners. He also fills the office of treasurer of the Fabrique. He was president of the board of liquidators of the late Stadacona Fire and Life Insurance Company of Quebec. In October, 1885, he was appointed president of the Board of Notaries, of the province of Quebec, and this position he still holds. In 1873 he was appointed valuator for the St. Lawrence District of the Intercolonial Railway, which was then under construction, and a year later was appointed receiver of wreck for the district of Kamouraska, holding those offices concurrently until March, 1878, when he resigned to contest Kamouraska in the Liberal interest. He was successful in the contest, as he was in the next election in 1881. He was unseated after this election, each party paying its costs, but was again elected in 1883, and has continued to represent the constituency ever since. He was one of the strongest and ablest supporters of the Joly administration during its short career, and when the Liberal party went into opposition he rapidly came to the front as a leading man in the small but resolute band which opposed the policy and methods of the Conservative government under its successive leaders. When the Nationalist agitation arose, he took the same position as his leader, Mr. Mercier, that the interests of the Dominion demanded that a fair field should be given to the people of Quebec, and that union on the part of those people was the best means of calling attention to their demands. Battling strongly on this line, it was natural that when the Nationalist cause triumphed under Mr. Mercier’s leadership, Mr. Gagnon should be called to a position of honor and responsibility. He was sworn in as Provincial Secretary and member of the Executive Council on 29th June, 1887.

Reid, Rev. Charles Peter, Sherbrooke, Quebec, was born at Cornwall, Ont., on the 14th of August, 1811. He was the eldest son of the late Rev. James Reid, D.D., for fifty years rector of Trinity Church, Freleighsburg. He was educated at the Grammar School founded by the Royal Institution in Montreal, and taught by the late Alex. Scakel, and for a while at the similar school in Quebec, taught by the Rev. R. R. Burrage. He took his Divinity course at the Theological Seminary at Chambly, at which the late Rev. J. Braithwaite, M.A., was the principal. He was admitted to the diaconate by the Right Reverend Dr. Stewart, bishop of Quebec, on the 23rd of June, 1835, and to the priesthood at the first ordination held by the late Right Reverend Dr. Mountain, bishop of Quebec, on the first of Nov., 1836. His first mission after his ordination was Rawdon, in the present diocese of Montreal, where he remained a short time. He removed from Rawdon to St. John’s, as curate to the Rev. D. Baldwin, and missionary at Laprairie. While at St. John’s he was married to Julia Gray, eldest daughter of John Gray of her Majesty’s Customs. He then removed to Compton, where he remained fourteen years, building two churches, and organizing the work of the mission on a secure basis. On the 1st of April, 1854, he was appointed to Sherbrooke, of which place he has been rector for thirty years. During this long ministry the church under his charge has grown into a strong and flourishing one, and he has been identified with every good work which has been accomplished in the town. Not only by active interest, but by liberal donations, he has helped to support various charitable institutions. Bishop’s College, Lennoxville, is specially indebted to him. There are few figures more widely known or more truly beloved throughout the whole District of St. Francis, than that of Dr. Reid. He is spending his ripe old age in Sherbrooke, and, still active in mind and body, is never so happy as when assisting in the services of God’s house or ministering in his old field of labor, to those who have become endeared to him by a life-time of loving intercourse. Dr. Reid has been one of the trustees of Bishop’s College from the foundation, in 1843. He received the honorary degree of M.A., in 1855, and of D.C.L., in 1884. He has been for many years rural dean of the District of St. Francis.

Power, Michael Joseph, was born at Halifax, Nova Scotia, on the 23rd day of February, 1834. He is the son of Michael Power. His mother’s maiden name was Ann Lonergan. Both parents are natives of Waterford, Ireland. Mr. Power received his early education at the Union Academy, in Halifax. He is a prominent representative of the Roman Catholics in that city. Mr. Power has taken an active interest in civic affairs for many years. He was an alderman for six years, representing ward 4. He has also been chairman of the City Board of Works for one term; chairman of the Fire department for eight years; vice-chairman of the Board of School Commissioners for two years; and president of the Charitable Irish Society. He does business at 75 Buckingham street, Halifax. He is the Imperial government army contractor for land transport. In his younger days he took considerable interest in militia affairs, holding various commissions in the 63rd battalion of Rifles, and is now retired with the rank of captain. Mr. Power’s connection with the city council brought him into relations with the Commissioners of Public Gardens, of which body he is vice-chairman. He is also a justice of the peace for Halifax county. At the general election of 1878, Mr. Power, together with Hon. P. C. Hill, then Provincial Secretary and Premier, and Donald Archibald, M.P.P. for several terms, and now high sheriff of the county of Halifax, were the candidates of the Liberal party, running in opposition to Charles J. McDonald, W. D. Harrington and John Pugh. The Conservatives carried the elections and the Liberals were out of power for one term. But in the next elections in 1882, Mr. Power, running with Hon. W. S. Fielding, now Provincial Secretary and Premier, and Jas. G. Foster, against W. D. Harrington, Jonathan Parsons and John Pugh, was elected. Messrs. Fielding and Harrington were also elected, Halifax being represented in that legislature by two Liberals and one Conservative. At the general election of 1886, Mr. Power, Hon. W. S. Fielding and William Roche, jr., defeated John Y. Payzant, W. D. Harrington and James N. Lyons by over 1000 majority. On the assembling of the Local parliament, Mr. Power was elected Speaker of the House. He married on the 20th November, 1860, Ann Sophia, daughter of the late Patrick Kent, a Halifax merchant. In politics Mr. Power is a Liberal.

Paquet, Rev. Benjamin, Priest and Household Prelate to his Holiness Leo XIII., Doctor of Theology, Superior of the Quebec Seminary, and Rector of Laval University, was born at St. Nicholas, county of Levis, in 1832. His father was Etienne Paquet, husbandman, captain of militia, and descendant of an old French family. He was one of the most remarkable citizens of the county of Levis. His mother was Ursule Lambert. He received his education at the Quebec Seminary and Laval University. After having finished his classical course, he gave himself up to theology, to prepare for the priesthood. After having been employed in the active ministry for five years as priest at the Basilica, Quebec, he entered the Seminary of Quebec as professor of belles-lettres about a year. In 1863, he went to Rome to complete his theological studies, with the intention of teaching in the faculty of theology at Laval. He studied at Rome for three years, at the celebrated Roman College, where he took his degrees. He returned to Quebec, and taught moral theology at Laval University for a great number of years. He was afterwards purveyor of Quebec Seminary for five years. During this interval, he built the new Quebec Seminary, one of the most beautiful edifices of the Dominion. After having been director of the Grand Seminary for two years, he was, in 1887, appointed Superior of the Seminary and Rector of Laval University. In 1878, he was appointed secret domestic to his Holiness Pope Pius IX., on account of his eminent services to religion in the cause of Laval University. In 1888, he was given, by Pope Leo XIII., the title of household prelate to his Holiness, which entitles him to take part in the court of honor of his Eminence Cardinal Taschereau. Doctor Paquet has made five trips to Europe in the interests of Laval University, and sojourned in Rome eight years.

Campbell, Sir Alexander, K.C.M.G., Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, residence Toronto. Like several of Canada’s leading statesmen, Sir Alexander Campbell was not born in this country, but he was only two years old when his father, an English physician, came to Canada in the year 1823, and took up his residence at Lachine, in the province of Quebec. Sir Alexander’s birthplace was the village of Hedon, near Kingston-upon-Hull, in Yorkshire, England; and he has ever retained the warmest sentiments of loyalty and attachment to the British empire. Sir Alexander’s parents gave him the best educational advantages the country afforded. They placed him first under the tuition of a Presbyterian clergyman, and afterwards sent him to St. Hyacinthe College, Quebec, and still later to the Royal Grammar School at Kingston, Ontario. He was of a studious turn of mind; and, although he left school at what would now be considered a comparatively early age, he had imbibed all the essential elements of a liberal education. At St. Hyacinthe College he acquired a considerable knowledge of the French language, and a consequent interest in French literature which has accompanied him through life. On occasion he could make a French speech in the Senate; though he rarely exercised the gift, and only perhaps to meet some playful challenge of the French members. He studied the classics also up to a certain point; but above all he acquired a knowledge and command of his own language, and a habit of using words with a peculiar force and directness. The phrase may not always be the smoothest, but it has a quality that tells—something a trifle Cæsarean in its brevity and point. However this is a good opportunity for reminding ourselves of Buffon’s dictum that “le style c’est l’homme.” Mere school education does not give this. A man may learn at school to avoid technical errors of speech; but the style he eventually acquires will be more or less the reflex of his own personality. Mr. Campbell was only seventeen years of age when he entered on the study of the law at Kingston, whither his family had some years previously removed. No stories have reached us of his student days, but he seems to have applied himself earnestly to his work, seeing that he was able, on completing his course and being called to the bar, to form a partnership immediately with John A. (now Sir John) Macdonald, whose reputation even then was rapidly growing. The partnership subsisted for many years under the name of Macdonald and Campbell; and the business, in the hands of these two exceptionally able men, was a lucrative one. Politics, however, soon began to absorb the attention of the senior partner, and the burden of the office work fell upon Mr. Campbell. The experience which the latter thus acquired, aided by his studies, made him one of the soundest lawyers at the bar of Upper Canada; and had he not, while still a comparatively young man, diverged into politics, there is little doubt that he might long since have occupied a distinguished position on the bench. It was in the year 1858 that Mr. Campbell made his début in politics by carrying an election for the Cataraqui division, and taking his seat in the Legislative Council of Old Canada. He very quickly familiarised himself with his new surroundings, and became an efficient and highly esteemed member of the Upper House. No new member probably ever had less crudeness or inexperience to rub off; and no one seemed at all surprised when, in three or four years after his first election, the member for Cataraqui division was placed in the Speaker’s chair. The position was, indeed, one for which, by temperament and character, he was pre-eminently fitted, but not one in which his practical energies could find much scope; and a wider sphere of usefulness was opened up to him, while the administrative strength of the government of 1864 received a great reinforcement when the Speaker of the Council was assigned to the position of Commissioner of Crown Lands. Here his knowledge of law and prompt business methods found ample exercise, and it was admitted on all hands that he filled the office in an admirable manner. From this time forward Mr. Campbell was looked upon as one of the strong men of his party, though one whose strength was shown rather in council than in fight. His was the balanced judgment and sound knowledge of affairs, and one can only regret that the influence he was so fitted to exert, and must at many critical moments have exerted, in favor of sound, safe and honorable methods of party management, could not have asserted itself at all times. A very ugly chapter of Canadian political history might then never have been written. In 1867 the first government of the Dominion was constituted under the leadership of the then newly knighted Sir John A. Macdonald, and Mr. Campbell was sworn in as Postmaster-General. The new position did not call, to the same extent as the previous one, for the exercise of legal acumen, but it involved dealing with large public interests and a very extended patronage. During the period that Mr. Campbell remained at the head of the post office much solid progress was made, in all of which he took a lively interest, and exerted a judicious control. As regards the patronage of the department, it was administered by the Postmaster-General with a constant eye to the good of the service, and occasionally with a wholesome indifference to mere party demands. One of the chief characteristics of Mr. Campbell during his administrative career was that he was never willing to descend to the level of the mere party politician. Some have said that this was due to the fact that his position exempted him from dependence on the popular vote; but we have seen other senators whose high position did not seem to exercise any very elevating effect on their political methods. After a six years’ tenure, exactly, of the Post Office department, Mr. Campbell accepted the portfolio of the newly constituted department of the Interior. Here everything was to create, order had to be called out of a most discouraging chaos; but the new minister was proceeding bravely with his task, when the government of which he was a member met an inglorious defeat over the “Pacific Scandal.” The operations which led to this result had been carried on wholly without Mr. Campbell’s knowledge: he was not indeed the kind of a man to whom the schemes formed at that time for creating an election fund were likely to be confided. He did not, however, like Sir Richard Cartwright, see in the occurrences to which we are referring sufficient reason for separating himself from his party. He probably judged that he could render better service to the country in the ranks of the Conservative party than anywhere else; and he looked forward, doubtless, to the time when that party, rendered wiser by experience, would again be called to control the destinies of the country. From 1873 to 1878 Mr. Campbell acted as leader of the opposition in the Senate, and discharged the duties of the position with the same ability as well as with the same fairness and moderation as when he had represented the government. To act a really factious part was, we may say, almost wholly out of his power: certainly, it would have been foreign to his nature. When the Conservative party returned to office in November, 1878, Mr. Campbell first accepted the position of Receiver-General, but in the spring of 1879 he returned to his old office of Postmaster-General. Thence he passed in the month of January, 1880, to the department of Militia and Defence, which, during a brief term of office, he did not a little to invigorate. The end of the year saw him back in the Post Office department, which he again left in the month of May of the year following (1881), to assume the portfolio of Justice. Meantime (24th May, 1879) he had been created by her Majesty a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George, an honor which his eminent public services had very fully merited. Sir Alexander remained at the head of the department of Justice until the latter part of the year 1885, when he once more returned to the Post Office department, which he finally left in the spring of 1887 to accept the Lieutenant-Governorship of Ontario. His appointment to the latter office was viewed with pleasure and approval, even by his political opponents. On all hands it was felt that in Sir Alexander Campbell her Majesty would have one of the most constitutional of representatives, such a man as she probably would herself have delighted to choose for the position. Before proceeding to Toronto, however, Sir Alexander went to England at the request of the government, to represent Canada at the Colonial conference. That conference was not empowered to enact any measures, or even to concert any scheme, for the modification of the relations existing between Great Britain and the colonies; but it gave an opportunity for a confidential exchange of views between members of the British government and leading representatives of the colonies; and there is little doubt that it has smoothed the way for the future discussion of questions of the greatest moment. As a departmental chief, Sir Alexander Campbell was deservedly popular. He was not, perhaps, the most accessible of men, and his general manner may have been a trifle distant and brief; but it was soon discovered that he had a kind heart and a strong sense of justice. He was not a man to be trifled with; he believed in holding men to their duty; but on the other hand, he was always glad of an opportunity of rewarding faithful service. He had a keen insight into character, and had, consequently, little difficulty in dealing with men on their merits. His confidence was seldom given where it was not deserved, or withheld where it was deserved. He was always ready to form his own independent opinion on any matter properly submitted to him, and having formed his opinion, he knew how to stand by it. No department of the government came amiss to him, for the simple reason that his sound business methods were applicable everywhere. How useful such a man must have been to the cabinet as a whole, and particularly to its leader, may be imagined, but the full details are not likely ever to become known. It will be remembered that while Minister of Justice it became the duty of Sir Alexander to draw up a memorandum explaining and defending the policy of the government in executing Riel. This he did in a manner that for force, conciseness, and logic left nothing to be desired. Perhaps, however, the chief merit of the statement was the strong accent of conviction that pervaded it. It was not a partisan manifesto; it was the fitting utterance of the highest organ of executive justice in the country.

Vidal, Henry Beaufort, Major in the Infantry School Corps. He was born on the 16th of May, 1843, at the town of Chatham, in the county of Kent. He is the only surviving son of the late Alexander Thomas Emeric Vidal, a vice-admiral in the Royal Navy, and for some years a resident in the county of Lambton, and Marie Antoinette, his wife, daughter of the late Henry Veitch, for many years H.B.M’s Consul-General in Madeira. Vice-Admiral Vidal was the youngest, and Captain Vidal, R.N., of Sarnia, the eldest son of Emeric Vidal, who was for many years a flag officer’s secretary in the Royal Navy. He preferred to remain in the service of Britain at the time that the remainder of his family elected to return to France, from which country their forefathers had emigrated on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, being at that time settled at the town of Montauban, in the department of Tarn et Garonne. The subject of this sketch was educated by private tutors and at Trinity College School in Toronto. He was admitted as student-at-law in Easter term, 1860, and was called to the bar of Ontario, Michaelmas term, 1872. He entered the militia of Canada as ensign in the 24th battalion, Lambton, 3rd August, 1860. On the 23rd May, 1862, he joined the British army as ensign, became a lieutenant in the 4th regiment of foot on the 16th of August, 1804, and served with that regiment in the Mediterranean, India, Abyssinia, etc. He was present at the action of Arogie and capture of Magdala. Having retired from the British army, he at once re-entered the Canadian militia, as a captain of the 7th battalion “Fusiliers,” London. In 1882 he became a regimental major in the 12th battalion, from which corps he was transferred to the permanent infantry on its first formation. Major Vidal is a Freemason, a Royal Arch Mason, and is also in the A. & A. Rite. Since his return to Canada he identified himself with the Conservative party, and is in politics a Tory. In religion, he is a member of the Church of England. He has travelled in all the four great continents. He was married in January, 1869, to Kate Allen, who died in 1884, and by whom he had issue (surviving), an only son and daughter. Charles Emeric Kerr, the son, was born on the 6th of February, 1870; educated at Upper Canada College, Toronto, and at the high schools of St. John and Halifax. He matriculated as student in medicine at Bishop’s College, Lennoxville, 1885; entered the militia of Canada at the age of fifteen years and ten months as 2nd lieutenant, 6th Fusiliers, and became lieutenant in June, 1887.

Rogers, Rev. Jabez A., Windsor, Nova Scotia, is the son of David and Rebecca Rogers, and was born at St. John’s, Newfoundland, on the first day of March, 1843. He received his early education at the Wesleyan Academy in St. John’s, and at the Grammar School in Harbour Grace. At the age of sixteen he was converted and united with the Wesleyan Methodist Church, an occasion of great joy in his father’s household—prayer being turned into praise on the happy night when he made his peace with God. The event was the more a subject of heart-felt joy inasmuch as his friends had expected that he was destined for the legal profession, a career in which a man of his brilliant parts and great eloquence would assuredly have attained no mean place. Shortly after his conversion Mr. Rogers felt that he was called to preach the gospel. He still attended the Grammar School at Harbour Grace, devoting his time to the study of the classics and the Greek Testament, under the direction of the scholarly and accomplished Principal, J. J. Roddick. When but seventeen years of age he preached his first sermon, and was appointed a local preacher of the Wesleyan Methodist church. He then entered upon theological studies, with the view of preparing to offer himself as a candidate for the ministry. In his twentieth year he was recommended by the Newfoundland District Meeting to the Methodist Conference of Eastern British America, and was received on probation. This is the first step in the Methodist ministry. In June, 1862, he was appointed as a probationer to Catalina, Trinity Bay, and in 1864 to Exploits Notre Dame Bay, Newfoundland. In June, 1866, he was received into full connection by the Methodist Conference of Eastern British America, and was ordained a minister in full standing in the Centenary Church in St. John, New Brunswick. His first appointment as minister was to Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, for one year, as the assistant of that great light in the Methodist church, the Rev. Matthew Richey, D.D. In the next year, 1867, Rev. Mr. Rogers was appointed to the church in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, where he remained the full itinerary term of three years, and gained a great reputation as a fervid and eloquent preacher. On the Lyceum platform he also occasionally appeared with marked success. A very popular and able lecture of his was delivered in Halifax, Windsor and other places on the subject of “True Greatness.” In more recent years he has lectured on “Moral Warfare,” “The Old Lamp and the New Lights,” and “The Land of the Pharaohs.” In 1870 he was appointed to Brunswick Street Church, the largest of the eight Methodist churches in Halifax. Here he remained three years, or until 1873, when he removed to Wesley Church, Yarmouth. Three years later the exigencies of the itinerary system placed him in Truro. In 1879 he removed to the church in Amherst, and three years later he returned to Wesley Church, Yarmouth. In 1885 he was appointed to the Methodist Church in Windsor, a pulpit which has for many years been filled by the very best men in the ministry. His next field of labour will be Brunswick Street Church in Halifax again, he having received an invitation to that church in 1887. Rev. Mr. Rogers has always been a hard-working man in his chosen sphere, and has from time to time been honored with many of the most honorable offices in the church. From 1876 to 1878 he was Journal secretary, and from 1879 to 1884 secretary of the Nova Scotia Conference of the Methodist Church of Canada. He worthily filled the office of chairman of district from 1879 to 1852, and again from 1884 to 1887. He was a delegate to the General Conferences of 1878, 1882, 1883 and 1886. He was also appointed a member of the Union Committee which met in Toronto in November, 1882, and which formulated the basis for the union of the different branches of the Methodist church. This union, in the face of much opposition and controversy, was consummated in 1883. There were great financial difficulties to be overcome, and old time differences between the Methodist Episcopal church and the Wesleyans had to be smoothed over. In 1884 Rev. Mr. Rogers was elected the first president of the Nova Scotia Conference of the Methodist church. In 1870 he was united in marriage to Jane M., daughter of Rufus S. Black, M.D., of Halifax, N.S., grandson of the Rev. Wm. Black, the founder of Methodism in Nova Scotia. The Black family have, with few exceptions, continued staunch members of the church of their forefathers. Three years ago there was opened at Sackville, N.B., a handsome memorial hall in honor of the Rev. Wm. Black, on which occasion Rev. Mr. Rogers, by appointment, represented the Nova Scotia Conference. Rev. Mr. Rogers has a family of six children living.

Paquet, Hon. Anselme Homere, M.D., St. Cuthbert, province of Quebec, Senator for De la Valliere, was born at St. Cuthbert, on the 29th September, 1830. He is a son of the late Captain T. Paquet and Mary F. Robillard. He received his education at the College of L’Assomption. He is one of the numerous pupils of the “Ecole de Médicine et de Chirurgie de Montréal,” and was licensed as a physician by the provincial medical board on the 10th of May, 1853. In 1863, he entered politics, but was an unsuccessful candidate in March of that year for the Legislative Council. He was, however, elected to the Legislative Assembly in June, 1863, where he sat until Confederation. He was elected for the House of Commons in 1867, and again in 1872, after contests, and by acclamation in January, 1874. He was called to the Senate by Royal proclamation in February, 1875. He was president of the Permanent Building Society of Berthier, one of the originators and directors of La Banque Ville Marie, Montreal, and one of the governors of the Medical College of the Province of Quebec, from 1877 till 1880. He was appointed in 1879, as professor on hygiene in the Medical School, Montreal, affiliated with Victoria University, and is now one of the consulting physicians in Hotel Dieu Hospital, and professor of medical clinics in the same hospital. He was appointed in September, 1887, a member of the provincial commission on hygiene. In religion, Hon. Mr. Paquet is an adherent of the Roman Catholic church, and in politics a Liberal. He was married at L’Assomption, on the 24th September, 1854, to Marie Alp. Henriette Gariépy, fourth daughter of Captain P. Gariépy and Mary Roy.

Kelly, Samuel James, M.D., M.S., Joliette, Quebec province, was born on the 12th of August, 1856, at Joliette. His parents were Francis Kelly and Mary Collins. He received his classical education in his native parish, and prosecuted his medical studies in Quebec and Montreal. Having graduated, he returned to Joliette, where he began the practice of his profession, and has succeeded in building up a good business. In addition to his professional practice, he has an interest in the lumber business of Kelly & Brother, Joliette. He is a member of the Roman Catholic church. He was married on the 29th of November, 1881, to Emmelie Mandehard.

Russell, Willis, Quebec.—While this work was under compilation, the subject of this sketch was somewhat suddenly called to appear before the tribunal of Heaven, after a long and well-spent life of seventy-three years, and with him has passed away one of the oldest and best known landmarks of the ancient capital. A local paper, the Daily Telegraph, of the 17th October, 1887, the day after his deeply lamented death, had the following biographical notice of the deceased gentleman: —

For nearly half a century the name of Willis Russell has been a household word, not only in the city of Quebec, but amongst all who have been in the habit of coming here, on visits of business or of pleasure, and we know of no one whose loss would be more widely felt than his, or more deeply regretted amongst both residents in and visitors to the old rock city. A native of one of the New England states, where he was born in 1814, the late Mr. Russell took up his abode in Quebec over forty-three years ago, and has been an uninterrupted resident of our city ever since, remaining identified all that time with the business in which he lived and died—the maintenance and the management of the principal hostelries of the ancient capital. It would be difficult at this distant date to follow the deceased gentleman very minutely through the early part of his career in this city. Suffice it to say that in 1844 he entered, on his arrival here, upon the business which he made his life work, and that his untiring efforts to make the houses which he controlled the best of their kind in the locality never failed of success. For some time Mr. Russell was proprietor of an hotel known, we believe, as the St. George’s, situated in the old union, building on Place d’Armes, now the property of Mr. D. Morgan, merchant tailor. This was before he became proprietor of the Albion Hotel, on Palace street, which, during his management, extending over a long term of years, was the leading hostelry of the then capital of united Canada. Mr. Russell’s later career as proprietor of the St. Louis Hotel and Russell House is well known to the present generation of Quebecers and to all travellers and tourists in the habit of visiting Quebec. For some years back, there has not been sufficient business in town to keep both houses open during the winter season, but in summer they are frequently crowded to their utmost capacity, and some time back Mr. Russell also became the lessee of the Albion Hotel on Palace street, and sometimes utilised it for the excess of his summer business. Mr. Russell’s success in business was, of course, largely due to the attention which he gave it, and to his admirable adaptability for it. His career is an example to all young men about to start out in business, to first select that particular line to which they feel they can devote their best energy and efforts, and then, so far as they legitimately can, to permit nothing to stand between themselves and success. Mr. Russell’s attention to his business was proverbial, and the comfort of his guests was his first and principal care. With this object in view, he skilfully contrived to have the best possible menu always before them, so that travellers from all parts of the United States and Canada have always been able to claim that the best tables to which they have been accustomed have been those of the St. Louis Hotel. In the matter of gentlemanly and polite attendance the same hotel has always stood deservedly high, the leading officials connected with the management having been always selected from those foremost in the business. In common with all the citizens of Quebec, Mr. Russell has been for some time aware that Quebec is behind the age in the matter of a proper hotel building. He has always been foremost, therefore, in the various efforts that have been made to secure a new hotel for our city. A few years ago it seemed as if success was about to crown Mr. Russell’s efforts in this direction. He had all but completed the formation of a company to build a splendid new house on Dufferin terrace, on the site of the old Normal School. The necessary charter incorporating the Chateau St. Louis Hotel was duly obtained from the local legislature, and large subscriptions of stock were being made by a number of prominent citizens towards the undertaking. Mr. Russell brought on a famous architect from New York to draw the plans of the proposed hotel, and everybody remembers how much they were admired at the time, and how they received the approval of the Princess Louise, who manifested considerable interest in the undertaking. However, after the expenditure of an immense amount of money and time on the subject, Mr. Russell had the mortification of seeing the scheme fall through, in consequence of some difficulty at Ottawa about the land required for the site. It will be observed, all the same, that it was not Mr. Russell’s fault if the city of Quebec was unsuccessful in her attempt to obtain the new hotel. The deceased gentleman has occupied many important positions of trust amongst his fellow-citizens. He was a J.P. for many years past. Realizing its vast promise of success, and the necessity which existed for it, he became one of the most active promoters of the North Shore railway. Years afterwards he was a member of the city council for about six years. He was elected to represent St. Louis ward in the municipal body, and retired from office nearly four years ago. During most of the period in which he occupied a seat at the council board, Mr. Russell was chairman of the fire committee. This was immediately after the last great fire in the suburbs, and Mr. Russell was indefatigable in his efforts to secure a thorough reorganization of the fire department, and the acquisition of additional steam engines and other appliances for fighting the flames. The prolongation of the old Durham terrace to the dimensions of the present Dufferin terrace is also largely due to Mr. Russell’s determined efforts. The deceased gentleman has always been a determined advocate of the proposed Quebec and Levis bridge. In American politics, in his earlier days, he was a great Dan Webster man. Though a naturalized Canadian, he never took a very decided stand in our politics, though he formed many personal friendships amongst our public men. One of his closest friends for the past thirty years has been the esteemed member for Quebec West, Owen Murphy. Another was Colonel Rhodes. Mr. Russell’s active mind was never content to remain fixed alone upon the hotel business, and he speculated largely at different periods in lumber and mines. His mining property was situated principally in the eastern townships, and for some time he was at the head of a number of saw mills and a lumber company at Arthabaskaville. His recreation consisted principally in salmon fishing, and his favorite fishing ground was the Marguerite river, above Tadousac, of which he controlled the right, and where, in company with a number of American capitalists, he formed the St. Marguerite fishing club. The deceased gentleman was the proprietor of the Music Hall (now the Academy of Music), which he purchased some five years ago, and in which he has given at various periods an immense number of the most brilliant public dinners and balls, the sine qua non of a fashionable event of the kind in Quebec being that it should be entrusted to Mr. Russell’s management. Our regretted friend was a member of the congregation of the English Cathedral, and in his last illness received the consolations of religion at the hands of the Revs. Messrs. Petry and Fothergill. Notwithstanding the delicate state of his health for some years past, he attended to business to the very last day, and his death may be considered both sudden and unexpected. He was downstairs in the public office of the St. Louis Hotel on Friday, apparently as well as he had been at any time during the last year, and on Saturday he was dead. It is supposed he must have taken cold, for congestion of the bowels declared itself, and when he felt compelled, by his inflammatory pains on Friday afternoon, to retire to his room, he was destined never to leave it again. He grew rapidly worse during the night, and on Saturday morning it was evident that the end was approaching. All day he continued to sink rapidly, expiring at ten minutes to ten o’clock at night. He was surrounded by his wife and children, and was perfectly conscious to the last. With Mrs. Russell and her children—W. E. Russell and Mrs. H. J. Miller—we sincerely sympathize in this hour of deep affliction. Their sorrow is shared by all our people, who feel that they have lost one of their best, most useful and most patriotic citizens. The rotunda of the St. Louis Hotel without his well-known figure, pleasant countenance, hearty laugh and amusing anecdote, will indeed be sadly changed.

The Morning Chronicle, the leading paper of Quebec, also had an extended notice of the deceased, and the French papers of the city devoted much of their space to praise of his useful life and the expression of regret at his death. His funeral was one of the largest and most imposing ever witnessed in Quebec, and was attended by all classes of the local population, including the ministers of the federal and provincial governments in town at the time, ex-provincial ministers, members of the Dominion parliament and provincial legislature, and leading citizens generally.

Monk, Hon. Samuel Cornwallis, LL.D., Senior Puisné Judge of the Court of Queen’s Bench of the Province of Quebec, Montreal, was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, on 29th July, 1814. His father, Samuel Wentworth Monk, was descended from a family of U. E. loyalists, who left Boston, in Massachusetts, on the breaking out of the revolutionary war, and settled in Nova Scotia. The Monk family was related to the Goulds, Wentworths, Deerings, Apthorps, and the Hon. Edward Cornwallis, at one time governor of Nova Scotia, all of whom were persons of note in those early days. Judge Monk’s great grandfather was attorney-general of Nova Scotia, and his grandfather a judge of that province. One of his granduncles, Sir James Monk, was chief justice of the Court of Queen’s Bench for Montreal. Samuel Cornwallis Monk was educated in Windsor, N.S., and was subsequently prepared for entering Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, but it was thought advisable that he should immediately begin the study of law in Canada, and this he did in 1831, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. He then made an extended tour, which occupied two years, in Europe, and on his return entered into a partnership with Sir John Rose, baronet, now of London, England, who at that time was carrying on an extensive law business in Montreal. In 1854 Mr. Monk was appointed a Queen’s counsel, and for some years represented the attorney-general of Lower Canada in Crown prosecutions. In 1859 he was raised to the bench, and for a period of nine years sat as a puisné judge in the Superior Court of Lower Canada. In 1868 he was promoted to the Queen’s Bench, on the retirement of Justice Aylwin. His reputation as a judge stands high. His natural talents, united to his vast knowledge and graceful elocution, have made him one of the most instructive and agreeable persons to listen to whenever he has a judgment to deliver in the Court of Appeals or a charge to make in the Criminal Court. His knowledge of both the English and French languages is so perfect that it would be impossible for a stranger to tell by his speech to which nationality he belonged. The old French law, which forms the basis of the jurisprudence in the province of Quebec, is so familiar to him that when a case is heard in the Court of Queen’s Bench before him and his associates, after reading the printed factum of both parties, he is generally ready to give his opinion and support it with the most learned arguments. The capabilities of this learned judge, as shown in criminal matters, are always very highly appreciated. When he represented the Crown before the criminal courts as Crown prosecutor, before being elevated to the bench, he met with great success, and his reputation as a criminal lawyer stood very high. Upon the bench he has met the expectations of his admirers by the dignity with which he presides in court, and the vast legal knowledge, combined with the high sense of justice which he displays in discharging his duties. He had the degree of LL.D. conferred upon him a number of years ago by Laval University, Quebec. Judge Monk was married in 1844 to a daughter of the late Hon. P. D. DeBartzch, member of the Legislative Council of Lower Canada. The fruit of this marriage has been five sons and one daughter, the latter having died some years ago.

Taillon, Alphonse Antoine, Sorel, Quebec, was born at Ottawa, on the 17th July, 1847. His parents were John Taillon and Dame Geneviève Lionais. His father was one of the first merchants of Bytown, and took a prominent part in promoting the interests of the future city of Ottawa. Wm. P. Lett, Ottawa’s poet, in his poem, “Recollections of old Bytown,” alludes to him as one of the good, honorable citizens of the time, and a man of genial character. The subject of this sketch received a full commercial course at the College of Ottawa, now the University. He served in the “Chasseurs Canadiens” at St. John’s, Laprairie and St. Armands during the first Fenian raid in 1866; was appointed lieutenant in 1869, and captain in 1870. He entered the Merchants Bank, at Montreal, in 1867, and became manager of the Sorel branch in 1871. The bank closed its branch in 1881, and handed the business over to Mr. Taillon, who continued as a private banker, and is one of the leading business men of the town. He was an alderman and chairman of the Finance Committee in 1883 and 1884, and was elected by a large majority over Senator Guévremont as mayor in 1887. He is president of Richelieu County Conservative Association, and was several times called on to be a candidate for both local and federal parliamentary honors, which he invariably declined. He was president of several local societies, and was the promoter of many public enterprises. He is a Roman Catholic. On the 12th January, 1871, he was married to Josephine de Boucherville, eldest daughter of P. V. de Boucherville, M.D., of Beauharnois. He has had eight children, six of whom are living.

Vallee, Thomas Evariste Arthur, M.D., Quebec, is one of the leaders of the medical profession in that city, and a well-known specialist in insanity and toxicology. He was born in Quebec on the 22nd December, 1849, of the marriage of Prudent Vallée and Henrietta Casault, and was educated at the Quebec Seminary and Laval University, from which last institution he graduated as an M.D. in 1873. He also had the advantage of a three years’ course of medical study in London and Paris. In 1878 his alma mater, Laval University, fittingly recognized his abilities by appointing him one of the professors of its medical faculty. First called to the chair of medical jurisprudence and toxicology, which he filled with distinction, he was, on the death of the late Dr. Alfred Jackson, in 1885, transferred to that of tocology and gynæcology, which he still occupies. In 1879 he was further appointed visiting physician of the Beaufort Insane Asylum, and medical superintendent of the same great institution in 1885. For several years past he has also been visiting physician of the institutions of the Good Shepherd, the Sisters of Charity, the Hotel Dieu and the Lying-in Hospital, at Quebec. In questions of insanity and toxicology, Dr. Vallée is one of the recognized authorities of his native province, and his great skill as an analyst, where death by poisoning is suspected, has frequently been of the most valuable service to its authorities and the cause of justice. Among the causes célèbres in Lower Canadian criminal annals in which it has more recently been called into requisition to assist the administration of the law, may be mentioned more specially the Coats’ case at Sherbrooke, and the Boulet and Lagacé poisoning cases in the Quebec district. In the Boulet case, the prisoner, Mrs. Boulet, was found guilty and sentenced to be hanged, but during the night preceding the execution, and after the gallows had been erected, her sentence was commuted to imprisonment for life, owing to some technical objection raised by the unfortunate woman’s counsel, F. X. Lemieux, M.P.P. (of notoriety also as Riel’s counsel), and to the popular dislike of visiting the last penalty of the law on a woman. As an expert in insanity, Dr. Vallée also figured very prominently before the public in the celebrated Lynam case, which created so much excitement in Montreal a couple of years since. While studying for his profession, in 1871, the subject of this sketch further obtained a diploma from the Quebec military school. A gentleman of literary taste and culture, he was elected president of “L’Institut Canadien de Quebec” in 1878, and filled that office down to 1880. He has travelled extensively in the United States, England, France, Belgium, Italy, Turkey and the East for pleasure and to extend his knowledge of his profession. In religion Dr. Vallée is a Roman Catholic, and on the 30th April, 1878, he married Honorine Chauveau, daughter of the eminent French-Canadian littérateur, educationalist and statesman, Hon. P. J. O. Chauveau, late premier of the province of Quebec, and now sheriff of Montreal.

Walker, Thomas, M.D., St. John, N.B., was born on the 20th March, 1840, at Hampton, in Kings’s County New Brunswick. He is of English extraction and is the eldest son of Rev. William Walker and Anne Walker. He is descended on the paternal side of the house from Elizabeth Yates, who was a sister of the famous Pendrell brothers, who was instrumental in saving King Charles II., after the fatal battle of Worcester. In consideration of these services, a pension was granted to the Pendrell family when the merry monarch came to his own. The pension is still received by the descendants of the Pendrells, though cut up by a failure of male heirs. Though coming of good old royalist stock, the subject of this sketch is a thorough Liberal of the Liberals and opposed the confederation of the provinces. He served his party actively and well in many fights. His early school days were passed at the Grammar School of his native county. He completed his classical course of study at King’s College, Fredericton, from which university he received the degree of B.A. From this college, which was modelled after King’s College, Windsor, N.S., the oldest degree-conferring college in British North America, have gone forth many of the ablest men in the learned professions in the Maritime provinces. It is an unsectarian institution, liberally endowed and supported out of the Provincial treasury. In order to prepare himself for the labors of the medical profession, Dr. Walker crossed the Atlantic in 1859, and spent the following four years in close study at the University of Edinburgh, where he graduated M.D. in August, 1863. In the same year he obtained the license of the Royal College of Surgeons. In July, 1866, Dr. Walker married Mary R., eldest daughter of the late William Jack, Q.C., formerly Advocate-general of New Brunswick, and sister of I. Allan Jack, D.C.L. recorder of the city of St. John, N.B. Of this marriage, have been born seven children. Dr. Walker speedily arose to eminence in his profession, and was president of the New Brunswick Medical Society in 1884 and 1885. He now holds the office of treasurer of the society. He is also a member of the Council of Physicians and Surgeons of New Brunswick. He has never seen any active service in warfare, but holds the position of surgeon in the 62nd, St. John Fusiliers. No troops from New Brunswick were ordered to the front during the late troubles in the North-West. He is a member of the Church of England, holding moderate views in the many divisions of his church. Like most medical men, Dr. Walker is an active member of the Masonic fraternity, which order he joined in 1871. He is N. and E. Commander of the Encampment of St. John Knights Templars, on the registry of the Chapter General of Scotland. Among his other positions of public esteem and influence, Dr. Walker is a commissioner of the St. John Public Hospital.

Shehyn, Hon. Joseph, Provincial Treasurer, Quebec, is politically, commercially and socially one of the conspicuous figures of the hour in the province of Quebec. As the Treasurer of the Province, he is at the head of the most important of its public departments, and, as one of the leading merchants of the port of Quebec, his commercial and social standing is of the highest. With talents rather of the solid than the brilliant order, he is pre-eminently what is termed “a safe man,” and a striking example of the success which attends a well-regulated character—his probity and industry in business being only equalled by his consistency and moderation in politics. Of Irish and French-Canadian parentage, Mr. Shehyn was born in the city of Quebec, in 1829, and was also educated there, partly at the Quebec Seminary, and partly by private tuition. Entering commercial life, he rapidly rose to wealth and distinction, finally becoming a member of the great wholesale dry goods firms of Sterling, McCall & Co., and McCall, Shehyn & Co., of London, Montreal and Quebec. For many years he has been the representative and head of the last named firm at Quebec, where it holds a foremost position in the dry goods importing trade, and does an extensive wholesale business with all parts of the province through its commercial travellers. But it was not until he entered the Quebec Board of Trade that the subject of our sketch began to attract much public attention outside of commercial circles. As a member of that body, his natural taste for figures, his intimate acquaintance with financial questions, his seemingly inexhaustible fund of statistics and the earnest and intelligent lead he always took in all that concerned the trade of Quebec and generally of the St. Lawrence, soon made him a marked man. Elected a member of the Council of the Board of Trade, his name was prominently and constantly before the public as one of the ablest champions of Quebec’s interests. On different important occasions he represented them as a delegate to Ottawa, or defended them before the Board in speeches and published papers with a logic and force which commanded wide-spread notice and respect, and the Board expressed its confidence in him by electing and re-electing him its president until he was compelled to decline further acceptance of the honor, on being called in 1887 to the discharge of still higher public duties, which promised to absorb all his available time from his private business. It was during his presidency of the Board that he contributed to its records an important paper entitled “Railways vs. Canals,” which was considered so valuable that the Board unanimously ordered it to be printed in pamphlet form for the public information. No more powerful argument has yet been adduced against the injustice of saddling the Dominion at large with Montreal’s harbor debt, including the cost of deepening Lake St. Peter, and against the folly generally of expending public money on the improvement of artificial water courses in the face of the overshadowing competition and advantages now-a-days of railways as inland trade carriers. Mr. Shehyn’s services were also warmly appreciated by his fellow citizens of Quebec outside of the Board of Trade. A Liberal in politics, though a moderate man in his views, he was first selected as the party’s candidate for the important division of Quebec East at the general elections for the Legislative Assembly of the province of Quebec in 1875, and was returned by a large majority. At the general elections of 1878, he was re-elected for the same division by a handsome majority, and again at the general elections of 1881 he was elected by acclamation. At the last general elections in October, 1886, opposition to his re-election was deemed futile by his adversaries, and he was accordingly again returned by acclamation. These were the elections which brought the Liberal opposition into power in the province under Hon. H. Mercier, and, in the latter’s assumption of the reins of office as Premier of Quebec, in January, 1887, Mr. Shehyn, as one of the ablest of his lieutenants, and as the financial authority and critic par excellence of his party, was among the first invited to enter his cabinet, which he did to the general satisfaction as Treasurer of the province, when the electors of Quebec East immediately signified their approval by once more electing him by acclamation. During the session of the legislature, which followed in March, the new Treasurer did not disappoint the high estimate formed by the public of his financial abilities. His Budget speech dealt in a masterly manner with a fiscal situation of unusual complication and difficulty, and the remedial measures he proposed not only met with the sanction of the House, but the approbation of all business minds. The result has been eminently satisfactory. Under Mr. Shehyn’s skillful management the finances of the province, which were very seriously embarrassed when he took charge, have steadily improved; new sources of revenue, hitherto undeveloped, have been opened up, the license laws have been more vigorously enforced, as well to the benefit of the public treasury as of public morals; and some long-pending questions in legislation or in dispute, such as the tax on commercial corporations, etc., have been advantageously settled. Method and economy are the prevailing characteristics of his administration, and, as a whole, the province of Quebec has reason to be congratulated upon it. As a member of the Quebec government, Mr. Shehyn also took an important and leading part in the late Inter-Provincial Conference at Quebec, and his princely residence of Bandon Lodge, opposite the parliament buildings, was the home of Premier and Mrs. Mowat, of Ontario, as well as the scene of many of the splendid social festivities on that memorable occasion. In religion, Mr. Shehyn is a Roman Catholic. He has been a member of the commission of the peace for the Quebec district since 1874. On the 16th of August, 1858, he married Marie Zoe Virginie, daughter of Ambroise Verret, of Quebec, and by her has had a large issue of children, six of whom are living; the eldest son, Lieutenant Shehyn, of the 9th battalion of Quebec, served with distinction with his regiment in the Northwest, during the last rebellion. Mrs. Shehyn is one of the leaders of Quebec society, and much of its brilliancy is due to her graceful influence and example.

Maclaren, James, Lumber Manufacturer, Buckingham, province Quebec, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, about the year 1818. His parents came to Canada when he was a young boy and settled in the township of Tarbolton, on the Upper Ottawa. His father, who was a man of education and culture, set to work vigorously to make himself a new home in his adopted country. Among other enterprises, he went into the manufacture of lumber, and had succeeded in erecting a saw mill, when a freshet came and carried away the dam, thereby entailing upon him a heavy pecuniary loss. But nothing daunted by this mishap, he went to work, again constructed the dam, and soon had his mill in running order. James, the subject of our sketch, at this time was a mere lad, but an observing one, and picked up from his father a fund of practical knowledge with regard to mills and dams, which, when he went into the lumbering business on his own account years afterwards, proved of great benefit to him. Mr. Maclaren’s first business as a merchant was at the “Pesche,” in the township of Wakefield, on the Gatineau river, where his sagacity enabled him to select a spot between the hills and the Gatineau river, where there was just land enough for the road, and a store and a dwelling, and where consequently every one going up and down the Gatineau must pass at the very door of his store. He soon built up a large and lucrative business with the farmers and settlers all around; erected grist and other mills, and supplied many jobbers and others engaged in getting out saw logs and timber. About this time he, in company with the late J. M. Currier, leased the extensive saw mills, &c., at the mouth of the Rideau river, near Ottawa, belonging to the late Hon. Thomas McKay, and for years, carried on a large business. Later on Mr. Maclaren purchased these mills and the adjoining property and carried on the business in his own name. About the year 1864, he purchased the large lumbering establishment and extensive lumber limits on the River du Lievre, formerly owned by the late Baxter Bowman, and changed his residence to the village of Buckingham, where he has since resided. He was also largely interested for some years in the saw mills and large lumber business carried on, on the opposite side of the River du Lievre, as well as in the saw mills on the North Nation river. For some years, too, he carried on a square timber business, near Lake Temiscamangue, on the Upper Ottawa. In spite of these varied and important occupations, Mr. Maclaren found time to establish the Bank of Ottawa, of which he has been president since its establishment, and is now its largest stockholder. He is also largely interested in railways, and is the vice-president of the Ontario Central. His business operations are not confined to Canada. At Burlington, Vermont; at Boston, Massachusetts; and in Michigan, he is interested in large and flourishing lumber concerns, whose success is largely due to his great energy, clear-headedness and business sagacity. In religion, Mr. Maclaren is a Presbyterian, and his munificent gift to Knox College, Toronto, testifies to the interest he takes in religious education. He is now a wealthy man, being possessed of property worth millions of dollars. This fortune has all been acquired by hard work, honesty and integrity, and while making his money he has retained the respect and esteem of all who know him. In politics Mr. Maclaren is a Liberal.

Denoncourt, Nazaire Lefebvre, Advocate and Q.C., Three Rivers, Que., was born in the parish of La Pointe du Lac, in the county of St. Maurice, district of Three Rivers, on May 4th, 1834. His father was Joseph Lefebvre Denoncourt, a descendant of Ignace Lefebvre Sieur de Belle Isle, who came to Three Rivers in 1656. His mother was Marie Louise Panneton. The subject of this sketch was sent to Nicolet College and received an excellent classical education. After the usual course of study in law he was called to the bar on 1st September, 1861, and was made a Queen’s counsel on the 11th September, 1880. He has since practised his profession successfully in the city of Three Rivers. He has appeared for the Crown in several cases, was appointed city attorney on May 16th, 1878, and legal adviser of the Hochelaga Bank in 1885; has pleaded before all the courts of the province; and successfully maintained the rights of the local legislature before the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal, to authorize municipalities to levy taxes on the sale of liquors and on commercial travellers. On October 14th, 1862, he married Marie Ann Cecile Garceau, a daughter of Louis Benjamin Garceau, descendent of an Arcadian family. Her mother was Adele Poulin de Courval, one of the ancient and most important families of New France.

McConville, Joseph Norbet Alfred, Advocate, Joliette, Que., was born at Berthier (en haut) Que., on March 1st, 1839. His father, John McConville, who was headmaster of the Berthier Academy from 1833 to 1846, was born at Newry, county Down, Ireland, came to Canada in 1818, was married at Berthier, on January 7th, 1832, and died at St. Paul, Quebec, September, 10th, 1849. His grandfather, Meredith McConville, while living at Portadown, county Down, Ireland, joined the United Irishmen in 1798, and died March 4th, 1838. His grandmother, Mary McCardle, died on Easter Sunday, 1827, in church, having lived to a good old age: her father, who died at the age of 109, was well able to plough two years before. His mother, Mary Magdalen McKie, was born at St. Melanie, Quebec, June 28th, 1813, was married at Berthier, January 7th, 1832, and died at Joliette, April 30th, 1878. Her father, John McKie, surveyor, was born at Alloa, Scotland, 1767, was married at Sorel, Quebec, September 23rd, 1805, and died at St. Melanie, October 11th, 1818. Her mother, Mary Magdalen McKay, was born at St. Cuthbert, Quebec, about 1790, was married at Sorel, September 23rd, 1805, and died at St. Melanie, September 25th, 1817. Angus McKay, one of his mother’s grandparents, was of extraordinary physical strength, married Magdalen Fauteux, at Sorel, August 19th, 1789. The subject of this sketch was educated at L’Assomption College, Quebec, studied law at Drummondville, and was admitted to the bar at Three Rivers, in February, 1865. He was captain and paymaster of No. 1 Joliette Provisional Battalion, from 1872 to 1875. He was secretary-treasurer of the Municipal Council and School Commissioners of Grantham, Windover and Simpson, from 1862 to 1866; town councillor of Joliette from 1872 to 1875; and is now one of the school commissioners of Joliette. He is a shareholder in the St. Jacques Brewery; a shareholder and secretary of the Joliette Lumber Co.; was editor and proprietor, in conjunction with his late brother, (L. Arthur McConville) of the newspaper L’Industrie in 1872-73; and is now shareholder in L’Imprimerie de la Gazette de Joliette. In politics he is a Conservative, and was the defeated candidate at the Dominion general election in 1882, contested the election, but was again defeated at the new election in the fall of the same year. In 1885, he was, however, more successful, being elected a member of the Quebec legislature in September, but was again defeated at the election in October, 1886. In July and August, 1883, he made a foreign tour, visiting in the course of his travels, Londonderry, Dungannon, Portadown, Newry, Drogheda, with the Boyne battle-field, and Dublin, in Ireland; Liverpool, Leicester and London, in England; and Boulogne, Amiens, Paris, Rouen and Dieppe, in France. In religion, he is a Roman Catholic. He was married at Berthier, Que., May 12th, 1874, to Annie Magdalen Kittson, daughter of the late Alexander Kittson, merchant, and Sophie Desantels, born in Berthier, October 12th, 1842, and a niece of Commodore Norman Kittson, of St. Paul’s, Minnesota.

Dunn, Timothy Hibbard, Quebec, is one of the veterans of the Quebec timber trade, and certainly one of the most conspicuous and best respected citizens of the ancient capital, with whose history and commerce he has been closely identified for nearly half a century. He is of Scotch descent, but thoroughly Canadian in sentiment. He was born, like his father (the late Charles Dunn) before him, at Ste. Ursule, near Three Rivers, in the year 1816, and received his education in the common school of his native place. He was early initiated into acquaintanceship with the staple industry of the country, the lumber trade, and in 1841 entered as a clerk in the Quebec office of the great timber firm of Calvin, Cook & Counter, of Kingston, Ontario. Four years later he was admitted to the position of a partner of this house, and was entrusted with the management of the extensive business of its Quebec branch, which was thenceforward carried on under the name of Dunn, Calvin & Co. After the dissolution of the firm in 1850 or thereabouts, Mr. Dunn, whose ability and success had won general confidence and respect, associated himself with the late Thomas Benson, and, in partnership with that gentleman under the name of T. H. Dunn & Co., continued the business at Quebec. Two years later, Mr. Benson went out, and down to 1860 Mr. Dunn remained the sole head of the house, which ranked among the foremost of the Quebec market in making advances to timber manufacturers in the west, and doing business on commission, especially in hardwoods. About 1860 he formed a new partnership with the late William Home, of Quebec, under the name of Dunn & Home, and, among other important ventures of this firm, was the successful building of one of the most difficult sections of the Intercolonial Railway below Quebec. In 1872, the firm of Dunn & Home was dissolved, Mr. Home going out, Mr. Dunn then retired from active business on his well-earned wealth and honors, and his two sons, Logie and Stewart Dunn, assumed control of the old house under the name of Dunn Bros. In 1877 W. A. Griffith, of Quebec, was added to the firm, when its name was changed to Dunn, Griffith & Co. In 1884, Mr. Griffith retired, and ever since the firm has been Dunn & Co. In its fortunes, the subject of our sketch still continues to take a keen paternal interest, notwithstanding his seventy-one years, with unimpaired physical and mental vigor, which is an object of envy to many of his juniors. He can yet be seen any day on “Change,” and no figure is better known on St. Peter street, where the business men of Quebec most do congregate. He is one of the last remaining representatives of the old school who were identified with the ancient capital in its palmier days, and a type of a class of men who, unhappily for its present prosperity, have nearly all passed away. Strange to say, notwithstanding his extensive mercantile connections, Mr. Dunn never crossed the Atlantic, but he has travelled a good deal in North America, and especially in the West. In 1845 he married Margaret Turner, of Sorel, a niece of the late Captain Charles Armstrong, and a cousin of the present ex-chief justice of the Windward Islands, Hon. James Armstrong, now of Sorel, and by her had issue nine children, four sons and five daughters. As already stated, two of the former have succeeded him in the business at Quebec. The other two have boldly struck out in a new field and are now successful farmers in Manitoba. Mr. Dunn has been a widower for the last fourteen years, his wife having died in 1874. He is a member of the Church of England, and has always taken a hearty interest in its affairs. He was one of the founders of St. Mary’s Church and parsonage on the Island of Orleans, where his beautiful summer retreat, “Island Home,” is an object of admiration to every visitor and to the passengers in every vessel passing up and down the St. Lawrence from the harbor of Quebec. In politics he is a Conservative, but has never taken an active part in public affairs, though frequently pressed by his fellow-citizens to do so. He was, however, for many years a conspicuous member of the Quebec Board of Trade and its Council, and a director of the Quebec Bank. He was also a delegate to the first railroad convention held in Boston in 1851. In his younger days he held a commission as captain in the militia, and served under the late Colonel Boucher, of Maskinonge, P.Q. Throughout all the relations of life, Mr. Dunn has been an exemplary citizen, and his long and successful career is only another illustration of the triumph of well-applied industry and honorable dealing with his fellow men.

Steadman, James, Fredericton, N.B., Judge of the County Court for the Counties of York, Sunbury and Queen’s in the province of New Brunswick, was born at Moncton, in the county of Westmoreland, N.B., on the 27th March, 1818. His father was William Steadman, who was born in Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, but settled in Moncton about the first of this century. He married in 1803, Hannah Trites, also of Moncton. Judge Steadman was educated at Moncton. He studied law in the office of the present Judge Botsford, of Westmoreland county, and was admitted an attorney in the month of February, 1844. For the next twenty-four years he practised law at Moncton and then, in the year 1866, removed to the city of Fredericton, where he has continued to reside up to the present time. He was elected to the Provincial legislature in 1854, and, being a prominent man, in May 1860, was sworn in as a member of the Executive Council and Postmaster General of New Brunswick. These offices he held until April, 1865. Judge Steadman, thus has seen the last days of parliamentary life in his native province, days which produced such men as the late Governor L. A. Wilmot, the late Judge Fisher, the late Sir Albert L. Smith, Sir Leonard Tilley, Judges King and Palmer, and many others whose eloquence enlivened the political campaigns and the sessions of the legislature for many years. Between the years 1836 and 1845 the battle of Responsible Government was fought out in New Brunswick. Those were stormy times in all of the provinces of British North America. The visit of Earl Durham to the Canadas, and his famous report upon the lines of which all the later political movements in the provinces have proceeded, gave an extraordinary impetus to the popular wish for a larger measure of political power. In all of the English speaking provinces the Reform party were steadily and fiercely opposed by small governing bodies variously known as “family compacts,” “council of xii,” and other suggestive appellations. Another stormy period in which Judge Steadman was himself a prominent figure, was the era just preceding the Confederation in 1867. As we have said, during these years he was a member of the Executive and Postmaster General. Party spirit ran very high in New Brunswick, and the first time that the question of Confederation was submitted to the people it was lost. In Nova Scotia the people were never asked to sanction the measure until the British North America Act had been passed and the union was consummated. After twenty years the question is still keenly debated in both of the leading Maritime provinces. Judge Steadman is connected with the Baptist denomination. He has for many years been a strong temperance man, having joined the order of Sons of Temperance in March, 1848. In 1865 he was elected Grand Worthy Patriarch, and still maintains his connection with this leading order. In June, 1887, he was appointed judge of the County Court. Judge Steadman has seen his native town of Moncton from the smallest beginning expand into a city of 9000 inhabitants, and become the headquarters of the Intercolonial Railway, with streets lighted by electricity, daily newspapers, an extensive and increasing trade, and all the signs of outward and moral improvement.

Macdonald, Lawrence George, Q.C., St. John’s, province of Quebec, was born at Chateauguay, Que., on July 30th 1831. His parents were born at Fort Howe, N.B. His father, James Macdonald, was a second son of the late Adjutant and Quarter-master, William Macdonald, late of the 104th Regiment of the line, and his mother Eliza Holland, a daughter of Captain E. Holland of the same regiment. Captain Holland served in Egypt and saw the great Napoleon while a prisoner at Elba. Adj. Macdonald took an active part in the war of 1812-14. Mr. James Macdonald was a merchant for many years in Chateauguay, and was actively engaged on the Loyalist side during the rebellion of 1837-38. The subject of this sketch commenced his studies under the Rev. Dr. Black, of Laprairie, afterwards attending two private schools, and finally taking a full classical course at the High School, Montreal. While studying law he continued to take private lessons from the Rev. David Robertson, chaplain to the forces in Canada. After leaving school he studied law in the office of Meredith, Bethune and Dunkin, of Montreal, and four years later was admitted to the bar in December, 1852. In 1854 he removed to St. John’s, where he has since resided. He was appointed a Queen’s counsel under the Joly government in March, 1878, which appointment was afterwards confirmed by the Dominion government. Mr. Macdonald has taken an active part in military affairs, obtaining a first-class certificate on May 12th, 1865, when he was appointed cornet in the St. John’s troop of cavalry, and was sent to the front during the Fenian raids. He was Crown prosecutor for several years in the Court of Queen’s Bench, St. John’s, district of Iberville. At present he is a director of the Richelieu Bridge Co. He is a member of the Episcopalian church, and in politics is a Conservative. He was married at St. John’s, in August, 1856, to Louise Gertrude, second daughter of the late Deputy Commissary-General Lister. Mr. and Mrs. Macdonald have one daughter, who is married to Dr. Robert Howard, of St. John’s, and who has issue four children.

McCaffrey, Charles, Lumber Merchant and Steam Saw Mill Proprietor, Nicolet, province of Quebec, was born at Drummondville, county of Drummond, Quebec. He is the son of Hugh McCaffrey and Rose McEvay. His father, Hugh McCaffrey, served as a soldier In the 27th British Regiment of the line, obtained his discharge at Chambly, and located, together with a number of other discharged soldiers, at Drummondville. The late Colonel Harriette procured lands for them to settle upon, and also obtained supplies from the government for them until they were able to build homes and clear sufficient land to enable them to supply themselves with the necessaries of life. During the time the government furnished the provisions, the commissariat stores were under the charge of Hugh McCaffrey, who was authorized to distribute the provisions to all those entitled to receive the same. The great majority of the new settlers, not being inured to farming life, or clearing the bush land given them by the government, sold out their claims for a nominal sum, and left for other parts. Hugh McCaffrey, however, settled down in his new home, and commenced getting out lumber, which he supplied to Colonel Harriette, who owned a saw mill near by, and his son Charles, the subject of this sketch, has continued in the lumbering business for the past forty years, with fair success. Apart from the regular annual output of sawed lumber, he has shipped hundreds of thousands of tamarac railway ties to Whitehall and Plattsburgh, N.Y., for the Delaware and Hudson Canal Co., and has contracted with the same company to supply a large number during the present season. He received his education partly in the common schools and partly at the hands of private tutors, high schools being at that time few and far between. In politics, he is a Conservative, and wields considerable influence in his locality. He has often been requested to allow himself to be put in nomination for both the Federal and Provincial parliaments, and in municipal and town councils, but has steadily refused to do so, or to accept any public office. He has travelled through several of the States, both east and west, also through the upper and lower provinces in connection with his lumber business. In religion he is a Roman Catholic. He was married in 1860, to Ann McLeod, a native of Campbelltown, N.B., who is of Scotch origin, and Presbyterian in religion. Mr. McCaffrey has resided in Nicolet for twenty-five years, and is much respected by the residents.

Seymour, James, Collector of Inland Revenue, St. Catharines, was born in Limerick, Ireland, in 1824, came to Halifax with his father four years later, and died in St. Catharines on the 9th of January, 1888. Mr. Seymour spent his boyhood in the maritime provinces, and after leaving school learned the business of printer. He then came west and worked in several offices, among others the Toronto Globe and the Hamilton Spectator. In 1856 he purchased from Mr. Giles the St. Catharines Constitution, an influential weekly newspaper, which he continued to publish until he received the appointment of collector of inland revenue, and this office he held until the day of his death. In 1851 he joined St. George’s Masonic lodge, and very soon, through his faithfulness and zeal, became to be looked upon as one of the main pillars of the order. In 1871 he was elected Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Canada, and this position he filled during the term of his election with great credit. He was a member of the Scottish Rite, and a P.G.M.G. of Royal and Oriental Freemasonry 33-96°⁂90°. He was buried with Masonic honors.

Tims, Frank Dillon, Deputy Provincial Auditor of the Province of Quebec, is a prominent figure in official life at Quebec, and few members of the Civil Service enjoy a larger share of the public respect. He is the youngest son of the late William and Catherine Dillon Tims, and was born in Oldcastle, county Meath, Ireland, on 26th December, 1829. The family came to Canada in 1834, and settled in the city of Quebec, where Mr. Tims, sr., died in 1836 and his widow in 1862. An elder brother of the subject of this sketch, Thomas D. Tims, now occupies the important position of Financial Inspector of the Dominion of Canada, at Ottawa, and their sister, the Reverend Mother St. Catherine, who entered the Monastery of the Ursulines at Quebec many years ago, is still living, after having occupied for two consecutive terms, the longest period permitted by the regulations, the high position of Lady Superior. Our subject was educated at the Seminary of Quebec and the Quebec High School, and subsequently studied law with Charles Alleyn, Q.C., subsequently Provincial Secretary of Canada, and now sheriff of Quebec. Seized with the “gold fever” in 1849, he gave up the study of the law, and on the 12th November, 1849, sailed on the barque Rory O’Moore, the first vessel leaving Canada bound for California, by the way of Cape Horn, finally reaching San Francisco after a five and a half months’ voyage. He remained in California, engaged principally in mining, until the fall of 1851, when he started on his homeward journey down the Pacific coast, stopping at San Juan del Sur and Lake Nicaragua for some weeks and then proceeding to Panama, where he crossed the isthmus and took steamer to New York from Chagres in January, 1852. He reached Quebec in February of the same year, and on the 23rd October following, was married at Sherbrooke, to Caroline Dudley, youngest daughter of the late Captain John Fraser, of H.M. 76th regiment, formerly town mayor of Quebec. He next removed to Upper Canada, where he was principally engaged in mercantile pursuits down to 1857, when he went to Illinois, entered the lumber business for some time, and while there in 1859, was licensed to practice as an attorney and counsellor-at-law in that state. Returning to Canada in 1861, he entered the employ of the late Hon. Jas. Skead, senator, then one of the largest lumber producers of the Ottawa district, where he remained in charge of the business until January, 1868, when he was appointed to the Audit branch of the Treasury department of the province of Quebec, and promoted to the office of Deputy Provincial Auditor in 1884, which he still holds. In religion, Mr. Tims is a Roman Catholic. In 1856, he held a commission as lieutenant and adjutant in the Waterloo (Ont.) Militia. He is a past president of the St. Patrick’s Society of Quebec, and has taken a prominent interest in the progress of the Geographical Society of Quebec, of which he has been the secretary for several years. In this last capacity, he was one of the principal promoters of the government exploring expedition, which was sent out within the last few years to endeavor to solve the mystery surrounding Great Lake Mistassini, in north eastern Canada. By his marriage, he has had issue thirteen children, seven of whom are living, four sons and three daughters. Of the former, three are actually settled in the Canadian North-West, at Swift Current and Beaver Lake, near Edmonton, where they are largely engaged in commercial pursuits. One of them, F. F. Tims, had the honor to be the first to erect a building at Regina, the present capital of the province of Assiniboia. During the late rebellion this son rendered valuable public service in freighting for the troops and in provisioning the Battleford contingent and Mounted Police.

Ostigny, Joseph Henry, Manager of the Bank of Hochelaga, at Joliette, Quebec, was born at St. Hilaire, county Rouville, Quebec, on the 5th of January, 1849. His father, Zephirin Ostigny, was an agriculturist, and lived for more than thirty years in the parish of l’Ange Gardien, county Rouville. His mother’s name was Sophie Montplaisir. The subject of this sketch, when fifteen years of age, told his father of his wish to give up farming, and get his livelihood in some other way. For that he required more education, and through the kindness of a father, who sacrificed his own personal interests to promote those of his children, he was sent to school at St. Césaire from 1863 to 1866, and from 1867 to 1869 at the Jacques Cartier Normal School, at Montreal. In the year 1870, he took the course at the Montreal Business College, and was for nearly two years a professor of that institution. When the Bank of Hochelaga commenced operations, April 6th, 1874, he entered it, and since then has worked up to be manager, which position he has held since January 25th, 1885. In religion he is a Roman Catholic. He was married on February 9th, 1886, to Maria Georgiana Athala Piché, daughter of Urgel Piché, broker, of Joliette.

Ratcliffe, John, was born in Lanarkshire, Scotland, on the 9th September, 1813. His father, Daniel Graham Ratcliffe, was a native of Cumberland, England, but removed to Scotland in early manhood, married Elizabeth Latham, a native of Hamilton parish, Lanarkshire, and spent the remainder of his days mostly in Avondale parish. The father was suddenly cut off in the prime of life, leaving a heavy burden to rest upon the shoulders of his son John, the eldest of the family. Before he had completed his twentieth year, in the spring of 1833, he sought the shores of Canada, in the hope of securing a better home and portion for the family. The township of Whitby, county of Ontario, was the part of Upper Canada to which he was directed. He purchased from the government the north half of lot 6, concession 6, where he settled. The following year the family removed to Canada, where they found a home ready for them. On October 31st, 1836, Mr. Ratcliffe married Margaret Hepburn, eldest daughter of John Hepburn, a native of Lanarkshire, who also came to Canada in 1833. To them were born seven sons and three daughters, all of whom are still alive. The subject of this sketch was a man of more than ordinary ability. Not having educational opportunities beyond a few months in the parish school, his pathway was made more difficult, but this loss was largely compensated for by extensive and careful reading. Time for reading was not abundant in the life of a pioneer, but moments were utilised, and to such good advantage that, having the misfortune to break his leg, he was, during the time of enforced rest from work, chosen to teach a school opened in the neighbourhood. When municipal affairs began to demand attention, he was alive to every question that agitated the public, and occupied a seat at the council board for many years, presiding as reeve over its affairs during the greater portion of the time. In the year 1863 he occupied the warden’s chair, thereafter retiring from public municipal life. For many years he was an active justice of the peace, and in the discharge of the magisterial functions won the respect and confidence of the whole community. During the years that East Whitby was without a township hall, his house was the court-room in which most of the petty trials of the township had a hearing. He always counselled a harmonious settlement of difficulties; and many a quarrel was satisfactorily disposed of, without “going to law,” by having the parties meet and talk over the trouble with him. In politics he was a consistent and pronounced Liberal, and for many years held the honorable and responsible position of president of the South Ontario Reform Association. His name was frequently mentioned when a candidate was to be selected, but he always declined the honor. In religion he was a loyal Presbyterian. With all his interest in public affairs, his relation to the church of Christ, and his responsibility to its Head were never allowed to be interfered with. In the year 1856 he was ordained to the eldership of the United Presbyterian church, which office he adorned until called higher. Only ill-health or absence from home ever kept him from his accustomed place in the house of God, or from his class in the Sabbath school. He was a most successful teacher, personally interested in every member of his class, and many were by his instrumentality led to decide for Christ. In his home he was tender and affectionate, yet firm, and his children remember with gratitude his kindly, wise counsel, and, above all, his Christian instruction and personal example. Suddenly, on March 9th, 1878, he was called to his rest and reward.

Torrington, Frederic Herbert, Organist of the Metropolitan Methodist Church, Toronto, Conductor of the Toronto Philharmonic Society and of the great Toronto Musical Festival, 1886, and without doubt the most prominent executive musician in Canada, was born at Dudley, Worcestershire, England, October 20th, 1837. He commenced playing the violin at the early age of seven years, and as he even then showed marked ability, he was placed under competent musical instructors at Birmingham, and articled, after the good old English fashion, to James Fitzgerald, then organist and choirmaster of St. George’s and Mary’s Churches, Kidderminster. At the age of sixteen he became organist and choirmaster of St. Anne’s Church, Bewdley. In 1857 he left England for Montreal, where he was, immediately on his arrival, appointed organist of Great St. James street Methodist Church, a post which he occupied for twelve years. During this period he founded several vocal societies and the Montreal Amateur Musical Union Orchestra, and was for two years bandmaster of the 25th regiment (regulars). Visiting Boston in September, 1868, he gave a performance on the Great Music Hall organ, which was warmly noticed in Dwight’s Journal of Music and the Boston daily press. Shortly after, at the invitation of P. S. Gilmore, he formed the Canadian orchestral contingent for the first great Boston jubilee. A few weeks after the close of the festival, Mr. Torrington accepted the position of organist at King’s Chapel, Boston, and held it for four years. During this period he was one of the regular solo organists at the Music Hall, one of the first violins in the Harvard Symphony Orchestra, a teacher of the piano at the New England Conservatory of Music, and conductor of six vocal societies. On several occasions he was solo organist at the concerts in Henry Ward Beecher’s church, Brooklyn. In 1873 he came to Toronto, and was appointed organist and choirmaster of the Metropolitan Church, and conductor of the Philharmonic Society. This society was, at this time, in its infancy, and in a languishing condition, but Mr. Torrington’s energy and the enthusiastic music-lovers with whom he was able to surround himself enabled him to develop it into the greatest factor in the musical world of Canada, and into one of the greatest societies on the American continent, as will be shown by a glance at the society’s performances in fourteen years:—“Messiah” (4), “Elijah” (5), “Creation” (3), “Lay of the Bell” (2), “Fridolin” (2), “St. Paul” (2), “Stabat Mater” (2), “May Queen” (3), “Hymn of Praise” (2), “Walpurgis Night,” “Naaman” (2), “Spring’s Message,” “Bride of Dunkerron,” “Judas Maccabæus” (2), “Gypsy Life,” “The Last Judgment,” “Acis and Galatea,” “Preciosa,” “Redemption” (2), “Rose Maiden,” march and chorus (Tannhæuser), “March Cortege” (Reine de Saba), “Crusaders,” “Fair Ellen,” “Rose of Sharon,” “Mors et Vita,” “Spectre’s Bride,” “Golden Legend.” To this imposing list of choral works must be added numerous unaccompanied part songs, and the following orchestral works:—Larghetto, Second Symphony (Beethoven), Larghetto, Jupiter Symphony (Mozart), Surprise Symphony (Haydn), Hymn of Praise Symphony (Mendelssohn), the Maritana, Martha, Oberon and Preciosa overtures, Andante, First Symphony (Beethoven), G minor Concerto (Mendelssohn), Beethoven’s Piano Concerto, Beethoven’s Emperor Concerto, Arditi’s L’Ingenue Gavotte, and Delibes’ Valse lente e pizzicati, many of these works being heard for the first time in Canada, and some for the first time on this side of the Atlantic. The influence of the Philharmonic Society is most strikingly reflected in the immense improvement in the condition of church choirs throughout the city, and in the establishment of other flourishing vocal societies. But Mr. Torrington’s greatest work in the cause of music was undoubtedly the initiation and successful performances of the great musical festival of 1886. In this a monster chorus of over nine hundred voices, accompanied by an orchestra of one hundred skilled musicians, sang Handel’s “Israel in Egypt” and Gounod’s “Mors et Vita” with a degree of musical splendor that astonished every auditor. The soloists were of world-wide repute, being Fraulein Lilli Lehmann, Mrs. E. Aline Osgoode, Mrs. Gertrude Luther, Miss Agnes Huntington, Mr. Albert L. King, Mr. Max Heinrich, Mr. D. M. Babcock, Mr. Frederic Archer, Mr. Otto Bendix, Mme. Josephine Chatterton, Herr Henry Jacobsen, and Mr. Fred Warrington. Two miscellaneous concerts were also given in which the soloists and orchestra were assisted by a chorus of over one thousand three hundred school children, in whose training he was ably assisted by E. W. Schuch and A. P. Perrin. Mr. Torrington conducted these performances, which have been unparalleled outside of four or five of the largest American cities. The support and interest of the public were most gratifying, the receipts being $13,561.48, yielding a net profit, after all expenses were paid of $599.19, and entirely obviating the necessity of calling on the immense guarantee fund of $35,000. In the respect of being self-sustaining, the festival was unique, this rarely being the case, even in the largest cities of the United States. The ability of the city to provide such immense choral forces, and to support such an undertaking so liberally, may clearly be traced to the confidence placed in Mr. Torrington by the musical public, and to the great influence exerted by his unwearied efforts to advance and popularise the cause of true and pure music in Toronto. Mr. Torrington has laboured assiduously to organise a permanent orchestra in Toronto, and his efforts have been crowned with success; an efficient orchestra of sixty instrumentalists being now one of the chief musical features of the city, and one of its principal musical educators. Mr. Torrington’s wisdom in introducing the amateur element into this orchestra is shown by the fact that a well-balanced band, which is capable of performing oratorio accompaniments, is now in active life in the city. His labors have extended to Hamilton, where, as conductor of the Hamilton Philharmonic Society, he has produced “The Lay of the Bell,” “Messiah,” “Elijah,” “Hymn of Praise,” “Naaman,” “Rose of Sharon,” “The Three Holy Children,” and “Samson.” As conductor of the University College Glee Club, he has produced Mendelssohn’s music to “Antigone,” and Max Bruch’s “Frithjof.” As a composer, he has produced several church services, hymn tunes, organ voluntaries, secular choruses and songs. Mr. Torrington was brought up a member of the Church of England, but has for many years been connected with the Methodist church as organist. He is a Freemason, being a life member of Ionic lodge, Toronto, and is a fellow and gold medallist of the Society of Science, Letters and Art, London, England. He has also been, for the past five years, director of the musical department of the Ontario Ladies’ College, Whitby.

Owens, John, St. John, New Brunswick, an enterprising ship-builder and shipowner, but better known in these latter days as a public spirited and philanthrophic citizen, was born in St. John, New Brunswick, in the year 1790, and died in his native city in the year 1867. The Owens Art Institution of St. John is the outcome of his bequest “to be applied by his executors for the purpose of establishing a gallery, or school of art, for the instruction of young persons in drawing and other works of art.” The fact of this institution having been created without any outside assistance, and of its being operated with the view to be self-sustaining through voluntary support on its merits alone, warrants some reference to the circumstances which led up to its present efficiency as a thoroughly equipped art educational establishment. Hence, it may be said, the amount left for art purposes proving to be quite inadequate to effect the object as set forth, led the executors to believe the testator intended the amount so left to be merely a nucleus, to be added to by other persons desirous of promoting a love for the fine arts. From the outset the money was much sought after, but the fund remained unapplied, in consequence of all propositions for its use being destitute of the practical and financial accompaniments which the executors deemed absolutely necessary for the accomplishment of the object, in accordance with the terms of the will. A church property, together with a limited endowment fund, formed another bequest, vested in five trustees and their successors, the clergyman officiating in the church to be of either the Methodist, Presbyterian, Baptist, Independent or Episcopal persuasion. By reason of a combination of restrictions and limitations governing the trust, so much difficulty was experienced in its administration that a cessation of the church services took place in the year 1882, with little prospect of their early renewal. In this state of the two interests it became the opinion of the then sole surviving executor, Robert Reed, and the trustees of the church estate, namely, Robert Reed, Francis Jordan, Thomas Jordan, John Hegan, and Andrew D. Robertson, the latter having succeeded John Duncan, deceased, who was Mr. Owens’ business partner for about forty years, under the firm of Owens & Duncan, that if the several trusts were concentrated upon art, that object which the testator had in view might possibly be carried out; whereupon they joined in an application to the legislature to change the trusts, which was done by an act passed in the session of 1884. Immediately thereafter steps were taken, by the same trustees, to remodel the church edifice into what now appears to be a building thoroughly adapted for the purpose of art education, with the view of making the institution as attractive and as useful as possible under the circumstances; thereby hoping to create a more general interest in the fine arts, the trustees have put forth the whole strength of the means at their command, resulting in the gallery walls being covered with high class work, consisting mostly of examples from the brush of English Royal Academicians and other eminent artists of the present and previous two centuries, besides a very full and complete school outfit of casts from the antique, and drawing examples by leading artists, characteristic of the South Kensington schools. In consequence of the funds being thus exhausted, the institution is now solely depending for its income upon its school fees and a charge for admission to the gallery, but its being thus sustained solely on its intrinsic merits, is a problem now in course of solution. If the experiment succeeds in its aims it will prove to be a new departure in the maintenance of educational establishments of a kindred character. The school is in charge of John Hammond, a native of Montreal, who, in addition to being a professional artist of many years’ standing, has, since his connection with the Owens Art Institution, spent two years in European art study, and his works having been repeatedly hung in the annual exhibition of the Royal Academy of London, and the Paris Salon, gives him rank as among the leading artists of the day. In addition to the patronage from the city and outlying districts of New Brunswick, the school has thus far attracted pupils who have registered respectively from Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Ontario, Maine and Massachusetts.

Corning, Thomas Edgar, Barrister, Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, is of English descent. His ancestors came to America in 1640, and settled in Beverley, Massachusetts. His great grandfather removed in 1764, and was one of the first settlers in Yarmouth. His father is Nelson Corning, of Chegoggin, Yarmouth. Mr. Corning was born at Chegoggin on the 11th April, 1842. He received his early education in Acadia College, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, and graduated on the 6th June, 1865. Besides holding the degree of bachelor of arts, he has been elected a scholar and member of the senate of the University of Acadia. This latter event occurred in 1883. Having finished his classical studies, Mr. Corning entered upon the study of the law, and was admitted to the bar on 30th October, 1869. His thoroughness and practical business turn of mind soon secured to him a fair share of the legal business in Yarmouth, and he now enjoys the reputation of being one of the best lawyers in Yarmouth county. He is head of the firm of Corning & Chipman. In politics he is a Liberal-Conservative, but resides in a constituency which has always been intensely Liberal. However, at the general elections in 1882, Mr. Corning was elected as a supporter of the then Liberal-Conservative government led by the Hon. J. S. D. Thompson, now minister of justice at Ottawa. This government resigned shortly after the elections, giving place to the Liberal government first led by the Hon. Mr. Pipes, afterwards by the Hon. Mr. Fielding. In the House of Assembly Mr. Corning took a leading part in all the debates, and carefully considered every question upon its merits, aiming to give an intelligent vote always. Although staunch to his party, his candor and fairness made him popular and respected by the dominant party. On the dissolution of the house, in 1886, he was nominated by his party. But the secession agitation had begun, and the Fielding ministry went to the country with the cry of “Repeal.” To this issue Mr. Corning presented an unwavering opposition, but the popular enthusiasm was too great for him, and he was defeated in June, 1886, by a majority of one thousand. Since then he has continued in private life, but his integrity and ability will, no doubt, before many years bring him again to the fore in political matters. Mr. Corning has never travelled much outside of his native province. He has held the office of treasurer of the municipality of Yarmouth since 1874. Although one of the largest towns in the province, Yarmouth has never been incorporated, and is still managed in the old way. Nine of the county councillors, elected in the limits of the polling district of Yarmouth town, manage its affairs. Mr. Corning married, on the 25th August, 1880, Jane Alden Baxter, daughter of John Baxter, of Yarmouth. He is a Baptist in religion.

Black, J. Burpee, M.D., Windsor, N.S., was born at St. Martin’s, New Brunswick, on the 15th August, 1842. Dr. Black is of Irish extraction, his father, Thomas Henry Black, having been a native of county Armagh, Ireland. His mother’s maiden name was Mary E. Fownes, and resided in St. Martin’s. Dr. Black received his early education in St. Martin’s, and continued his course in St. John, New Brunswick, and at the Mount Allison Wesleyan Academy, Sackville, N.B. His family were Baptists, but, owing probably to his educational associations, Dr. Black has for twenty-five years worshipped with the Methodists, and has for some years been an active member of their church. Having completed his studies at Sackville, where he made the acquaintance of the lady who afterwards became his wife, he studied medicine at Berkshire Medical College, in Massachusetts, and received the degree of M.D., after finishing his course at the University of Philadelphia. He commenced the practice of his profession in the village of Hantsport, Hants county, N.S., but after residing there for five years removed to Windsor, where he has since resided, and has worked up one of the largest practices in Nova Scotia. Hantsport has been in its growth one of the most prosperous villages in Nova Scotia. It owes the greatest part of its success to the business ability, integrity and enterprise of the Hon. Ezra Churchill, who worked his way up from the humblest beginnings to the position of M.P. in Nova Scotia before confederation, and a senator of the Dominion. When he died, at Ottawa, in the spring of 1874, he owned a fleet of upwards of forty ships of various sizes, and his property was estimated at $800,000. He literally made Hantsport, most of the houses there having been erected under his supervision. His daughter, Bessie, was married to Dr. Black at Hantsport, on the 11th May, 1864. They have been blessed with a family of ten children, nine of whom are living, and one, the eldest, is married. Like his father-in-law, Dr. Black has always been a Conservative in politics, and in some campaigns has taken the stump in behalf of his friends. He has also been freely spoken of as a possible candidate for legislative honors. He was elected a member of the town council of the town of Windsor in October, 1882, and held the position until his time of service expired in 1884, when he was elected warden of Windsor without opposition. Windsor became an incorporated town in the year 1878. Previous to this time its affairs had been administered by justices of the peace sitting at quarter sessions. Its public moneys were voted at a town meeting held once a year. The chief officers were the town clerk, the commissioner of streets, and the collector of rates. During Dr. Black’s period of service as councillor the town was supplied with water from a reservoir on Fall Brook, a stream of water running from lakes on the South Mountain, six miles in rear of the town. The actual length of the water mains is about three miles. The cost of this public work, the greatest yet undertaken by the town, was $48,000, and $8,000 has since been expended in extending the system. Debentures paying five per cent in two half-yearly instalments were issued to raise this sum, which was readily procured, and has proved to be excellent stock, the bonds now selling considerably above par. All parts of the town are supplied cheaply and plentifully with excellent water, while the pressure, 86 lbs., is so great that the town has no need of fire engines, the supply from the hydrants being sufficient to quickly extinguish any fire which has yet broken out. Dr. Black was chairman of the water committee, and the works under his management were constructed for a less cost than that estimated by the engineer—a result very rare in public works. Dr. Black has also been interested in most of the new manufacturing enterprises of the town. On the expiry of his first term of service as warden, in 1884, he was re-elected by acclamation, and held the office until he retired in 1885. He is connected with no secret society except the Masonic fraternity. He was made a Mason in Mount Lebanon lodge, R.E., Prince Edward Island, in 1866. He held the office of master of Poyntz lodge, at Hantsport, from 1867 to 1870. In 1873 he became high priest of Hiram Chapter, at Windsor. He was also district deputy grand master of the Nova Scotia Grand Lodge in 1883 and 1885.

Bingay, Thomas Van Buskirk, Yarmouth, N.S., was born in 1814, at Shelburne, Nova Scotia. He comes of an old loyalist family. His mother, Sarah Van Buskirk, was the daughter of Jacob Van Buskirk, who saw stirring times during the American revolution. In the first American war he held the position of major, and during the war of 1812 he was colonel. Later on he became a judge of the old inferior court of Common Pleas, of Nova Scotia, in the list of the judges of which court occur some of the brightest names of Nova Scotians, such as Judge Haliburton (“Sam Slick”), John G. Marshall, and Peleg Wiswell. Jacob Van Buskirk’s father was Abraham Van Buskirk, who was colonel in the 4th battalion of New Jersey Volunteers, and second in command to Brigadier-General Arnold in his expedition to New London (being specially mentioned in his despatches for active exertions), and who, at the close of the revolutionary war, in 1784, settled in Shelburne. Shelburne was then a city of some ten thousand inhabitants, and Abraham Van Buskirk was its first mayor. Mr. Bingay is the eldest son of the late John Bingay, of Shelburne, who for some years represented the county of Shelburne in the provincial parliament, and who was deputy-sheriff of the county of Yarmouth, and subsequently, in 1836, first high sheriff of the county, which office he held until his death, which occurred in 1851. He was educated at Church Point, in Digby county, with the venerable Abbé Sigogne, for many years parish priest of the Acadian district of Clare, in which settlement he exercised great influence, and where his name is still held in great reverence. The abbé was a great friend of T. C. Haliburton whilst that author practised law in Annapolis Royal and represented the county of Annapolis in the House of Assembly. He was not only a very learned man, but also a typical country clergyman, being consulted by his flock on all occasions about affairs of every class. Mr. Bingay subsequently attended school in Halifax. He began to study law in Liverpool, N.S., but completed his term of apprenticeship in Halifax, where he was enrolled as attorney in 1835. In those days, a year elapsed before an aspirant for forensic honours after becoming an attorney, could be admitted to practice at the bar of this province. In 1835, Mr. Bingay became a barrister and began the active duties of his profession in Yarmouth. In 1839, he was appointed judge of probate, and in the next year, master in chancery. He was also a captain of the Yarmouth militia in 1839. In 1852 he left Yarmouth and made a voyage to Australia. On his way home he stopped in California, where his son, Thomas V. B., was born. He returned to Yarmouth in 1857, and has resided there ever since. Mr. Bingay has lived through the most prosperous times of Yarmouth. Has seen the rise, good times, and decadence of one of the most enterprising shipbuilding eras of this province, and has been professionally connected with most of the leading enterprises of his town. His first wife was Lois, daughter of the late Joseph Tooker, by whom he had two sons, who both died in early manhood, and a daughter who died in infancy. His second wife was Margaret J., daughter of the late James Budd Moody, who was a brother of the late Elisha W. B. Moody, and grandson of Col. James Moody, of New Jersey. Col. James Moody, at the close of the American war, settled in Weymouth, N.S. Of this marriage there were eight sons and a daughter, of whom two sons and the daughter died in infancy. Of his sons, the oldest three reside in Yarmouth. These are James Wentworth Bingay, Q.C., revising barrister, and major of Yarmouth county militia; George Bingay, barrister and captain of militia, and Thomas V. B. Bingay, accountant in the Exchange Bank of Yarmouth. All of these are men in first-rate standing. Mr. Bingay and his two oldest sons constitute the legal firm of Thomas V. B. Bingay & Sons. They are the solicitors of the following local corporations, viz.:—The Bank of Yarmouth; The Western Counties Railway Company (James Wentworth Bingay, sec’y.-treasurer); The Mutual Relief Society of Nova Scotia (James Wentworth Bingay, director and trustee); and the Yarmouth Water Company (George Bingay, sec’y.-treas.). Of the latter company George Bingay was one of the three original corporators. From his family antecedents, as well as his professional and social environment, as may be supposed, Mr. Bingay’s sentiments lean strongly towards Conservatism. He is the oldest representative of a family, which for a hundred years, has held a very prominent position in the western counties of Nova Scotia. His ancestors made great sacrifices for British connection. The family are Episcopalians in religion.

Shields, John, of Toronto, was born at Crammond Bridge, nine miles from Edinburgh, Midlothianshire, Scotland, on the 26th day of June, 1842. His father was Alexander Shields, a farmer from Fifeshire, Scotland, and mother, Margaret West. They came to Canada in 1854, and settled in the township of Markham, afterwards removing to the township of the Gore of Toronto. The subject of this sketch commenced his education at Edinburgh, and afterwards attended the Collegiate Institute, Toronto, graduating with prize honours. He then passed a regular examination which enabled him to take a position as head master of a school in the township of Toronto, which occupation he continued at for two years. He then successfully passed the civil service and excise examination, taking a clerkship with John Morrow, who now holds the position of inspector of Inland Revenue, Toronto. At the time excise duty was put on petroleum he was sent to Petrolia and Sarnia by the Dominion government to organize the staff for the Inland Revenue department. After getting this branch of the service in active operation, he resigned in 1872 and commenced the production of oil by sinking a large number of wells on his own account. After a very short time he became one of the largest Canadian oil operators, continuing in this business a number of years. During this time his fellow operators and the citizens generally having seen that his administrative talent would be of great service to the town of Petrolia, they elected him in 1875 to the office of reeve, he being the youngest member ever elected to the county council. This was his first experience in politics, and from that time forth he took an active part in the interests of the Liberal-Conservative party by fighting in that Reform stronghold the Hon. Alexander Mackenzie and his brothers. From oil he gradually began the formation of railway companies, and was largely interested with the late F. C. Cline, in promoting and building the Kingston and Pembroke Railway. About this time, while still reeve of Petrolia, he organized the Erie and Lake Huron Railway, which was afterwards carried out to a successful issue in 1876. He removed again to the city of Toronto, since which time he has been actively engaged in building railways, canals, bridges and other large works of a public character, among which may be mentioned that most difficult engineering undertaking of the Canadian Pacific Railway between Lake Superior and the city of Winnipeg. This part of the line was considered the most inaccessible part of the road between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. He and his confrère finished this difficult task one year before the allotted time, much to the surprise of the government, the officials of the board, and the public generally. This unheard of result showed to great advantage his ability in controlling a large body of men. After finishing the line, he operated the same for traffic purposes for a year, and inaugurated the first through train service, when it was taken over by the company. During this time he saw the opportunity and necessity for a large business in the lumber trade, in which he, with his usual enterprise, at once embarked, and built the first saw-mill and the first house in Brandon, Manitoba. He also built several other extensive saw-mills in various parts of the province. In 1886-7 he rebuilt and enlarged the Welland Canal, and also built a considerable portion of the St. Catharines and Niagara Central Railway, being the sole contractor for that line. In 1887 he commenced to build the Harvard bridge, between the cities of Boston and Cambridge. This bridge will have twenty-six spans, will be over half a mile long, and when completed will doubtless reflect great credit on Mr. Shields as a builder, justifying the confidence his American cousins have placed in him. He also owns and develops large granite quarries on the coast of Maine, particularly at Deer Isle. Mr. Shields is a consistent member of the Church of England, and was first married on the 8th of October, 1870, to Essie Annis Smiley, of St. Catharines, who died on the 20th July, 1881, at Rat Portage, leaving four children to mourn her loss, two sons and two daughters. Mr. Shields afterwards married a second time Matilda Esther Gould, at Rochester, N.Y., on the 5th of November, 1884.

Hale, Hon. John.—The late Hon. John Hale belonged to an ancient and distinguished family, and was a descendant of Nicholas de Hales, of Hales Place, one of whose sons, Sir Robert, treasurer of England, prior of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, temp. Edward III., 1381, was killed by the insurgents in Wat. Tyler’s insurrection; and of Thomas Hale, who, in 1400, held Codicote, the family seat in Hertfordshire, England, as per inscription in the old mansion there, which was pulled down and rebuilt in 1774; and of Richard Hale, of King’s Walden and Stagenhoe, in Hertfordshire, temp. Elizabeth, 1567 and 1588. His father, General John Hale, came to Canada with General Wolfe in 1758, and as colonel commanded the 47th Regiment at the memorable battle on the Plains of Abraham, September 13th, 1759, and was the one chosen by Wolfe, during his dying moments, to carry home the despatches. We give an extract from The Literary Gazette, London, December 11th, 1847: —

For a change of subject we proceed to an original notice of an eminent native of Cleveland, General Hale, a companion of Wolfe at Quebec, from the pen of an affectionate daughter, the eldest representative of the family, which can hardly fail to be interesting to readers: —

“My father, General Hale, was born in 1728. Being intended for the bar, he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, but becoming associated with his brother Bernard, then in the Guards, he finally determined to follow the profession of arms. He obtained a commission in the 47th Regiment (then called Lascelles), and in 1752 was ordered to join in the disastrous struggle in America. The war with France in 1755 caused the attack, in 1758, on Louisbourg and Cape Breton, which were taken by the army under Wolfe. In the spring of 1759 Wolf attacked Quebec, whilst Amherst attacked Montreal, and the battle of September 13th, 1759, decided the fall of the province. My father commanded the 47th on that day. I have heard him state that he remonstrated with Wolfe for wearing a new uniform, as he thereby became conspicuous to the Indian marksmen. My father was dispatched home in the Lowestoke frigate, with the news of that glorious battle and the death of that brave commander, in the arms of victory. For that Service he was rewarded with the sum of £500, and an order to raise the 17th Light Dragoons, which regiment he resigned on being appointed governor of Londonderry and Culmore forts. (This regiment he raised at his own expense.) He married, in 1764, on his return from the Havanna (where he went as military secretary to Lord Albemarle, and received prize money to the amount of £10,000), Mary, second daughter of William Chaloner, Esq. Her dower was the estate of Tockett’s Hall, afterwards called ‘Plantation,’ about a mile north-east of Gisborough, where was an ancient house to which the General added largely and made it his residence.”

Mrs. Hale was sister of Anne, Countess of Harewood, and was one of the celebrated beauties of the day, her portrait having been painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds as “Euphrosyne.” This life-size painting now forms the centre picture in the gallery of the Earl of Harewood. The portrait of her husband, the general, also painted by Sir Joshua, is now in the possession of his great-grandson, Edward John Hale, of Quebec.

“Mrs. Hale died in 1803, and General Hale in 1806, and both are buried in Gisborough Church, leaving issue ten sons and eleven daughters; but of this large family not one is now to be found in the Vale of Gisborough. ‘Plantation’ was purchased in 1809 by Robert Chaloner, Esq., and again added to the Gisborough estate, and the mansion demolished in 1829. In addition to the above, we append the following particulars in a letter to the late Thomas Small, of Gisborough, by the same writer:—‘I have read the copy of your letter to my nephew, George Grote, M.P. (the historian), and as I am now left the eldest member of the Hale family, being sister of the late Mrs. Lewin, whose daughter Mr. Grote married. I cannot but thank you for the faithful history of the late General John Hale. With regard to my father being aide-de-camp to General Wolfe, I think you are incorrect, for Wolfe’s words were, after receiving his mortal wound, “I am aware it is the aide-de-camp’s privilege to carry the despatches home; but I beg as a favor to request that my old friend, Colonel Hale, may have that honour.” Also, General Hale’s portrait is not inserted in that fine print of Wolfe’s death, and why? Because he would not give the printer the sum of £100, which he demanded as the price of placing on a piece of paper what his own country knew so very well, viz.: that he (General Hale) fought in the hottest of the battle of Quebec, whether the printer thought fit to record it or not. In reply to another part of your letter respecting the quantity of land granted to my father, for his services at Quebec, the whole of it merged, through lapse of time, to the Crown, and was never available to my brothers; but my brothers possessed very extensive property there, and such property is termed in Canada, seigniory, or what we should call here a lordship. My eldest brother, Mr. Hale (the Hon. John), died at Quebec last Christmas (1838), at the age of 73 years, leaving the office of receiver-general to his second son, Jeffrey.’”

The Hon. John Hale came to Canada as A.D.C. and military secretary to his Royal Highness, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, in 1793. Returning to England in 1798, he married, in April of that year, at St. George’s, Hanover Square, London, Elizabeth Frances, the talented and highly accomplished daughter of Gen. Wm. Amherst, and sister of Earl Amherst, who was governor-general of India in 1825. In June, 1799, he returned to Quebec as paymaster-general of the forces, which office he held until it was merged into the duties of the commissariat. He was a member of the Legislative Council of Lower Canada. He purchased from the De Lanaudière family the seigniory of St. Anne de la Pérade, where he lived to a ripe old age, at the manor house, on the best of terms with his tenants, amongst whom he introduced many improvements. He returned with his family every winter to Quebec, where he and Mrs. Hale were prominent leaders in the social life of the ancient capital. In 1824 he was appointed receiver-general of the province, which office he held up to the time of his death, the duties being discharged during the infirmities of his last illness by his son, Jeffrey Hale, who retired from the navy and devoted his life to good works, and established in Quebec the first savings bank, the first Protestant Sunday school, and was the founder of the Jeffrey Hale Protestant Hospital. Mrs. Hale died in June, 1826, and Mr. Hale in December, 1838; both are buried in Mt. Hermon cemetery, Quebec. There were twelve children issue of this marriage, eight sons and four daughters. Three died in their infancy. Of the surviving seven the Hon. Edward, of Sherbrooke, was in public life; Jeffrey, captain in the Royal Navy; Bernard, a barrister-at-law, in London; Richard, captain in the 81st regiment; William Amherst, captain in the 52nd regiment, and George Carleton remained at the seigniory of St. Annes after the death of his father. Frances Isabella died unmarried; Mary married Rev. Henry Hotham; and Elizabeth Harriot married Admiral Orlebar. Mr. Hale was of the old school, with the usual liberality and independence of an English gentleman. He had some strong hereditary feelings about the duties of a public officer, which were better securities than the strictest laws and superintendence in those times when offices were frequently sought and obtained through intrigue and popular favor. He neither gave nor asked for favors, but ever prepared to do all that he was authorized to do. Both in public and private life he carried out to the full the family motto, “Vera sequor.”

Trenaman, Thomas, M.D., City Medical Officer, Halifax, N.S., was born in Halifax, July 16th, 1843. He is a son of Samuel and Mary Ann Trenaman, who settled in Nova Scotia from the West of England, about the year 1835. Dr. Trenaman was educated at King’s College, Windsor, N.S. He pursued his preparatory medical studies in the office of Hon. D. McN. Parker, M.D., Halifax, and graduated in 1869 at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York. The degree of doctor in medicine ad eundem, was conferred by the University of King’s College, Windsor, N.S., at its Ericœnia in 1887. From the date of the formation of the 66th Volunteer Battalion of Infantry—the Princess Louise Fusiliers—in 1869, to the spring of 1885, he was one of its surgeons. The pressing nature of professional duties, which were continually increasing, necessitated his retirement, at this date, from active service. In the year 1876 Dr. Trenaman was chosen by acclamation to represent his fellow citizens in the city council for ward two, the one in which he resides, and was for three successive terms, of three years each, returned as alderman for that ward. From 1879 to 1882 he was, a member of the Board of School Commissioners of the city of Halifax, the last year of which he was honored by his brother commissioners in being made chairman of the board. Dr. Trenaman was elected county physician in 1881, and in 1883 was chosen by the city council, city medical officer, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of the previous incumbent. Our subject is also, at this writing, attending physician to the Victoria General Hospital, visiting physician to the Poor’s Asylum, and also to the city prison, as well as being police surgeon and surgeon to the fire department. Dr. Trenaman was initiated into the mysteries of the Masonic craft in St. Andrew’s lodge, No. 1, R.N.S., F. & A. M., in 1871. In 1877 was elected its worshipful master, and at the present time fills the office of district deputy grand master for district No. 1, R.N.S., and is also representative of the Grand Lodge of Connecticut, near the Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia. Dr. Trenaman is a companion of Royal Union Chapter, No. 1, R.A.M. The doctor is also a member of Mystic lodge, No. 18, I.O.O.F., and a patriarch of Halifax Encampment, No. 12, belonging as well to the Manchester Unity of that order, being a member of Prince of Wales lodge, No. 5291, and its surgeon, and that of Lansdowne lodge, No. 6703. Dr. Trenaman is surgeon to the St. George’s Society of Halifax, and is the medical examiner for some of the leading life insurance companies doing business in Halifax. In June, 1881, our subject was elected president of the associated alumni of King’s College, Windsor, and has been continued in that office uninterruptedly since that time. In 1883 he was selected by the Dominion government statistical officer for the registration of mortuary statistics in the city of Halifax. Dr. Trenaman has travelled extensively through Canada and the United States, but has not as yet visited the old world. In religious belief he is a Methodist. In 1871, he married Harriett Helen Robinson, of Windsor, N.S. The doctor is, in the fullest sense of the term, a busy man, yet he finds time, notwithstanding his large and lucrative practice, to take an active interest in everything that pertains to the welfare of his native city. He is an enthusiastic supporter of its clubs for the development of aquatic and field sports, and generally is a citizen of whom Halifax has a right to be proud.

Machin, Henry Turner, Assistant Provincial Treasurer, and Secretary of the Treasury Board, Quebec, is one of the best known and most esteemed citizens of the ancient capital. He is of English and Scotch extraction. His father, the Rev. Thomas Machin, a clergyman of the Church of England, came of an old Gloucestershire family; and his mother, Emily Mackintosh Chisholm Fraser, a daughter of Simon Fraser, of Alvie, Inverness-shire, who was a cousin of the distinguished statesman and historian, Sir James Mackintosh. Mr. Machin was born at Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, England, on the 26th November, 1832, and came to Canada with his parents in 1840, the voyage from Liverpool to New York being made in the steamship Great Western, one of the first two passenger steamships that regularly crossed the Atlantic. He was educated at the Brockville Grammar School, and at Upper Canada College, Toronto. He entered business life in 1849, in the office of the British American Land Company, at Sherbrooke, P.Q., the commissioner of the company at that time being Sir A. T. Galt, and remained in the company’s service until 1860, when he retired from it to engage in commercial business in Portland, Maine. Respected by the whole community, he was, on leaving Sherbrooke, presented with a farewell address, to which the following reference was made at the time by the leading local newspaper:

It affords us a sincere pleasure, which will be shared by the numerous friends and admirers of Mr. Machin, who may peruse it, to insert the following address and reply. Mr. Machin, though a young man, has resided sufficiently long in Sherbrooke to develop those qualities which have secured for him the esteem and confidence of his numerous acquaintances and friends. On Monday last Rev. Mr. Reid, accompanied by several of the most respectable inhabitants, representing the signers of the following document, waited on Mr. Machin, to perform the pleasant duty of presenting him with a flattering, though only just, testimony of the public appreciation of his character. There is a feeling of regret at Mr. Machin’s departure from Sherbrooke, but that feeling is joined to hearty wishes for his future welfare and success. It must be a source of honest and legitimate pride to this gentleman to reflect that last week he was presented by his brother Free Masons with a testimonial of their esteem, and that this week a more general expression of the sentiment is spontaneously given by the public here.

In 1873, Mr. Machin returned to Canada, and in 1874 he was appointed the first inspector of public offices of the province of Quebec. His executive and financial abilities soon pointed him out for preferment, and in October, 1874, he was elevated by the Quebec government to the still more important and responsible position of assistant treasurer of the province, which office he still holds. In his official capacity he has been connected with all the financial operations of the province since 1874, and in 1878 he was sent by the government to New York, where he materially assisted in the successful negotiation of the provincial loan for $3,000,000. He has been chiefly instrumental in bringing the organisation of the treasury department to its present state of efficiency. He has never taken a leading part in politics, but has had the confidence and respect of every administration, whether Conservative or Liberal, that has been in office since his appointment as a deputy minister of the Crown. As one of the founders of the Quebec and Levis Electric Light Company, of which he is a director, the city of Quebec is indebted to his enterprise and spirit for a vast improvement in street and interior lighting, the electric current being generated at the famed Falls of Montmorency, nine miles from the city. Mr. Machin is a member of the Church of England, is a Freemason, and has held a commission in the militia. In 1863, he married Lucy Anne, daughter of the late Hon. Edward Hale, of Sherbrooke, a member of the Legislative Council of Quebec, and grand-daughter of the late Hon. Chief Justice Bowen, of Quebec.

Martin, Joseph, LL.B., Advocate, Quebec, is one of the rising members of the Lower Canadian bar, and a young man of considerable note and influence in the politics of that province. He was born at Champlain, in the Three Rivers district, on the 1st May, 1855, his parents being Zephirin Martin and Sophie Vivier, both French Canadians. He was educated at the Christian Brothers’ Commercial School, Three Rivers, and the De La Salle Institute, Toronto, and studied law at the Montreal branch of the Laval University, where he took his degrees. Admitted to the bar of the province of Quebec, after a brilliant examination, on the 14th January, 1881, he practised law in Montreal till 1882, when he was appointed one of the secretaries to the commission named to revise and consolidate the statutes of the province, and took up his residence in Quebec. A Conservative in politics, he separated from the party represented by the Ottawa government on the question of the North-west rebellion, and the execution of its leader, and took a very active and prominent part in the Riel agitation and the formation of the National party in the province of Quebec, besides contributing in no slight degree by his exertions to the wave of popular opinion which carried the present premier of that province, Hon. H. Mercier, and his friends, into office at the general elections in October, 1886. In January, 1887, on the eve of the general elections for the Dominion, Mr. Martin resigned his position of secretary to the commission, on being chosen as the National-Conservative or Opposition candidate for the important county of Quebec, against the minister of militia, Sir A. P. Caron, and, although almost a complete stranger to the constituency, was only defeated by a very narrow majority. In religion, Mr. Martin has always been a Roman Catholic. On the 9th May, 1883, he married Olierie de Bondy, daughter of Dr. A. Douaire de Bondy, of Sorel, by whom he has had three children.

Mackay, William, M.D., M.P.P., Reserve Mines, C.B., was born on 11th Sep., 1847, at Earltown, in the county of Colchester, Nova Scotia. For a sketch of his parents, John Mackay and Dolina Mackay, see “Paterson’s History of the County of Pictou,” page 278. His father was one of the pioneer settlers in Earltown, and took a prominent and leading part in all the public affairs of the place from the time of settlement there until his death, in 1869. A granite monument from his native hills, Rogart, Sutherlandshire, Scotland, presented to the family by his Grace the Duke of Sutherland, was shortly afterwards erected to commemorate a life largely devoted to advancing the interests and ameliorating the wants of the inhabitants of the neighbourhood in which he lived. His mother is still living and among the few who can recall the incidents relating to the early history, both of church and state in eastern Nova Scotia, her residence being often the temporary home of churchmen and statesmen. The subject of this sketch was educated at Truro, and graduated at Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York, in 1873, and after graduating he practised medicine for one year with his brother, Dr. D. G. Mackay, at Little Glace Bay, Cape Breton. In May, 1874, he was appointed resident physician to the Loway, Emery, and Reserve collieries, in Cape Breton county, In 1879, Dr. D. G. Mackay removing from Little Glace Bay, he received the appointment (in addition to the former) of physician to the Little Glace Bay, Caledonia, and Ontario collieries, and in 1885, was appointed physician to the old Bridgeport mine, in addition to the above. The appointment to the Caledonia mine he has since resigned. He was instrumental in organizing and perfecting a system of quarantining of infectious and contagious diseases for the mining districts which worked so satisfactorily that the municipal council have caused it to apply to the whole county. He has been a member of the board of health of Cape Breton county for the last five years, and is also a member of the provincial medical board. He has been twice elected president of the Cape Breton Medical Society, and is now president of the Nova Scotia Medical Society; he is also a P.M. of Tyrian Youth Lodge, No. 45, R.N.S., A. F. & A. M., and a past high priest of Prince of Wales Chapter No. 10, R.A.M., of Nova Scotia. Dr. Mackay is a Liberal-Conservative in politics, and was elected to represent Cape Breton county in the local legislature of Nova Scotia at the election in June, 1886. A liberal government being in power, and it having been sustained at the election, Dr. Mackay was, at the first meeting of the newly elected legislature, honoured with the position of leader of the opposition. In religion, he is a consistent and honoured member of the Presbyterian church. He was married on November 10th, 1875, to Catherine Campbell Sutherland, youngest daughter of Gilbert Sutherland, of “the Falls,” Colchester county, N.S., by whom he has one son and two daughters.

Carson, Rev. W. Wellington, Pastor of the Dominion Methodist Church, Ottawa, Ontario, was born in the township of Osgoode, county of Carleton, Ontario, on the 7th of January, 1845. He is a son of Thos. and Maria Carson, who came to Canada from Ireland in the year 1833, and who were among the pioneer settlers in that now prosperous part of Ontario. The subject of this sketch attended the Ottawa Grammar School, and the academy in Iroquois, being assistant teacher in the latter previously to commencing a course of theological study. He was called to the ministry of the Methodist church in 1867, and was received into full connection and ordained by the late Rev. W. Morley Punshon, in 1871. After ordination he held the pastorate of the First Methodist Church, Hamilton; Brant Avenue Church, Brantford; the Woodstock Church, and Centenary Methodist Church, Hamilton. He was missionary treasurer of the London conference four years; examiner of ministerial candidates on apologetics and hermeneutics, and also held the office of chairman of district, 1884-5. He has travelled extensively over this continent, and over nearly half the world, including, of course, various parts of Europe, England, and France, all this being done with the view of enlarging his knowledge of mankind, and the religious institutions of other nations. His religions views may be known by his identification with the Methodist church, but his credal beliefs are wider than those of any denomination. His present charge is the Dominion Church, Ottawa, where he is exceedingly popular and, what is better, useful. His congregations are large, and the church prosperous. An intimate friend of the reverend gentleman writes as follows: “I have known Mr. Carson from the time of his commencing his theological studies, and his entrance on the work of the ministry. He is one of the most devoted and studious of the Methodist ministry, not confining himself to the literature of his own sect, but making himself master of most lines of modern thought. His firm and unwavering belief in the verities of Holy Scripture guards him against the reception of every wind of doctrine that blows from this or that point of the compass. In preaching, he is calm at the beginning, energetic as he proceeds, fervent and eloquent in his perorations. Hearing him frequently, it may be added that he is progressive, and capable of grasping the highest and best form of thought, distinct in annunciation, and clear in his modes of expressing his conclusions.”

Reed, Robert, St. John, New Brunswick, was born in the north of Ireland, on the 28th April, 1814. After a shipwreck on the Atlantic in 1820, he arrived with his parents at their original destination, St. John, New Brunswick, in June of the following year. In January, 1830, he became chief clerk in the shipping and steam-boat office of James Whitney, who was then entering upon that fuller development of steam communication on the Bay of Fundy and River St. John for which he afterwards became famous. In 1835 Mr. Reed joined his brother in general business, the partnership continuing until 1886, under the firm of J. and R. Reed. The fact of this name having now, after a successful and creditable career of half a century’s duration, passed from the arena of commercial life with an honorable record for the strictest business integrity, into a mere historical item, warrants more than a passing notice. Hence it may be said the affairs of this house were from the first of a progressive character, reaching to business relations with nearly every important sea-port in the several oceans and seas, and thus their operations as importers, as exporters, as manufacturers and as shipowners became at times among the largest of a New Brunswick character. And in order to show the business habits and precautionary financial arrangements of its members, it may be mentioned that throughout the many commercial panics and business convulsions which occurred during the long period of the firm’s existence, its financial engagements,whether at home or abroad, were in all cases duly met, free from protest. Mr. Reed having had no aspirations towards political distinction, holds no office or title in the gift of any government. His political record is embraced in the following. In 1856 he consented to be one on a ticket formed to run a provincial election in support of a prohibitory liquor law passed the previous session; but the whole party being defeated, a repeal of the law followed. This, and the acceptance, during a temporary residence in England the following year, of a government appointment in connection with the purchase of rails and bridge material for the European and North American Railway, then under construction, embrace his entire association with active political life. But as a private citizen he has ever been noted for a generous public spirit, willing to assist in any movement which he deemed for the interest of the city and province of his adoption. He has travelled much, coupled with observation, consequently his ideas, whether of a private or public character, have always kept pace with the progress of the age. He is president of the Owens Art Institution, of St. John, to the development of which, as a leading art educational establishment, he has, from its inception in 1884, devoted much of his personal attention. His latest effort for the general good is set forth in a prospectus for a first-class hotel, of large capacity, having in view making St. John “a grand central rendezvous and diverging centre” for summer tourists visiting the maritime provinces. For that purpose he proposes the utilization of his private residence, with other and prospective erections within a plot covering eight acres, situate on the summit of an eminence overlooking the city and its surroundings as far as the eye can reach. The scheme appears feasible, and got up with a due regard to existing facts bearing upon its financial success. Its consummation would undoubtedly be a benefit to St. John, and the province generally. Mr. Reed, though well advanced in years, is at this writing still full of energy, and bids fair to yet see many years of usefulness added to his already full and useful life.

Girouard, Theophile, Quebec, is one of the most prominent, enterprising and successful of the French Canadian businessmen of the ancient capital, and its subsidiary districts. Born at Gentilly, Nicolet county, on the 1st December, 1826, of the marriage of Joseph Girouard and a French lady named de Cormier, he is essentially a self-educated and a self-made man, and an admirable specimen of the class of his fellow-countrymen who have done so much of late years to develop the resources of their native province. As a lad, he laboured hard to instruct himself, and thus succeeded in acquiring a good French and English education. As a man, he has, with similar energy and perseverance, striven to make his way in the world, and his efforts have been crowned with equal success. His experience has been varied. In 1849, he was impelled by the gold fever to California, like many other young and enthusiastic spirits of the time, but unlike not a few of them he was fairly successful during his stay of four years there. Returning to Canada, he engaged in the lumber business, in the province of Quebec, and has been connected with it ever since. For a number of years the principal seat of his operations was in the eastern townships, where he also resided; but in 1872 he extended them to the region along the north shore of the St. Lawrence below the Saguenay, where he founded the outpost of Betsiamits for the purpose of manufacturing and shipping lumber, and where he erected extensive saw mills at a cost of $152,000. These mills are supplied with the raw material from 750 square miles of limits, and the establishment employs from two to three hundred men. Mr. Girouard has also been the promoter of some of the largest manufactures in the province. Nor has he been without honours marking the respect and confidence of his fellow citizens. He has been a captain of militia and a justice of the peace, and the important municipality of Stanfold, in the eastern townships, elected him its mayor during seven years. In politics, he was a Conservative down to the time of the Riel affair, when he seceded, joined the Liberal ranks, and became a Nationalist. His travels have been extensive. Including his voyages to and from California, he has crossed the ocean over thirty times, has visited most of Europe, and by a singular coincidence which has happened in the lives of few men, was carried by a gale of wind to latitude 62½° south below Cape Horn, while he went on another occasion as far in the opposite direction as 62½° north during his travels in Sweden and the Gulf of Bothnia. In religion, he has always been a Roman Catholic. On the 9th October, 1861, he married Alexneia Pacand, daughter of Charles Pacand, of Arthabasca, by whom he has had issue five children. His eldest son, Raoul, has distinguished himself as an electrician at Ottawa.

Pacaud, Gaspard, M.P.P., Windsor, Ontario, editor of Le Progress, and M.P.P. for North Essex, was born at St. Norbert d’Arthabaska, province of Quebec, on the 24th June, 1859. He was educated at St. Joseph Grand Seminary, Three Rivers, P.Q., and graduated therefrom in 1880. He then entered the law office of his brother, Ernest Pacaud, well known in Quebec city as a man of ability and learning, but the spirit of activity within him was such as to induce him to forsake the law for the equally honorable and more exciting profession of journalism, and accordingly, in 1881, he became editor of Le Patriote, published in Bay City, Michigan, by another brother, H. A. Pacaud. In 1884 he returned to Canada, and took the editorial chair of Le Progress, published in Windsor by still another brother, Aurèle Pacaud, and has edited this paper ever since. Le Progress is the only French paper published in Western Ontario, and has a high standing among the reform papers of the province. At the last general election Mr. Pacaud was returned by the Reformers of North Essex as their representative in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, and there is no member of that body who tries more to advance the interests of his constituents than he does. A fact which may be taken as strong evidence of the magnetism and personal popularity of Mr. Pacaud is this, that although such a young man—young in years as well as in political life—and although resident but a short time in a county which never before elected a Liberal, yet he defeated Mr. Sol. White, who was so well known as the leader of the Opposition’s first lieutenant. The attention which Mr. Pacaud has given to his parliamentary duties, and the fluency of his speech when he has addressed the house, are evidences to his friends that, although the youngest member of the house, Mr. Pacaud is destined to make his mark, and possibly to rise to a yet higher position in the future. Mr. Pacaud is the son of Philippe Napoléon Pacaud, who so powerfully seconded Papineau, in 1837 and 1838, by putting his life and his immense wealth at the service of the great cause of his fellow countrymen, and is one of five brothers, three of whom are journalists, and two lawyers. Every reader of Canadian history knows the name of Pacaud, the bearers of this name having distinguished themselves in many ways. The Pacaud family, indeed, is well known as one of the oldest and most distinguished in the province of Quebec.

Mowat, Hon. Oliver, Q.C., LL.D., Premier of the province of Ontario, is descended of a stock that has given Canada many of its foremost men in almost every public department in the land, namely, the Canadian-Scotch. His father, John Mowat, was from Canisbay, Caithness-shire, Scotland. He was a soldier who had seen stern service during the Peninsular wars. His wife, Helen Levack, was also a native of Caithness-shire. They came to Canada in 1816, and settled in Kingston, where their son Oliver was born, on July 22, 1820. His education was as good as the schools of that city afforded at that date. At about the age of seventeen he entered the law office of Mr. (now Sir) John A. Macdonald, who, a young man but five years his senior, had just been admitted to the bar, and had settled down to practise his profession. At the outset of his student life young Mowat was called on to serve as a volunteer in the rebellion of 1837. It may well be supposed that the state of parties and affairs in Canada to which his attention was thus early and practically called must have afforded him food for thought, and had much effect in shaping his after course. It is certainly noteworthy, as indicating both mental independence and moral earnestness of no common order, that, born as he was of Conservative parents, surrounded with Conservative influences, and trained in the study of a profession which is more closely related to politics than any other, in the office and under the direct influence of a man whose brilliant talents and personal magnetism have long been and still are the strongest forces on the side of Conservatism in Canada, Oliver Mowat should have chosen that broad-minded, moderate Liberalism, of whose principles he has ever since been so able an exponent, and so steadfast a promoter. He was called to the bar in 1842, and commenced his practice in Kingston, but very soon afterwards came to Toronto, where he has ever since resided. At a time when the line of demarcation between common law and equity was much more clearly drawn than at present, Mr. Mowat chose the latter branch. He rose quickly to eminence at the Chancery bar. In 1856 he was appointed by the government of which Hon. John A. Macdonald was a member, as commissioner for consolidating the Statutes of Canada and of Upper Canada respectively, a position which he held until 1859. In 1857 he was elected to parliament as member for South Oxford, and continued to represent that constituency until 1864. Upon the fall of the Macdonald-Cartier government, in 1867, he was selected, though he had been but one year in the house, to fill the office of provincial secretary in the Brown-Dorion administration. He held the portfolio of postmaster-general in the Coalition government formed by Hon. John Sandfield Macdonald, in 1861, a position which he retained until the defeat of that government, in 1864. He was also a member of the memorable Union Conference which met at Quebec in 1864, and framed the confederation scheme; but his acceptance, a few months later, of the vice-chancellorship of Upper Canada deprived the framers of the Confederation Act of his services in the subsequent deliberations. When the Dual Representation Act compelled the retirement of Messrs. Blake and Mackenzie from the leadership of the Ontario legislature, in 1872, he was called on by the lieutenant-governor, acting no doubt on the advice of the retiring premier, to form an administration. His descent from the bench and re-entrance into political life gave occasion for a good deal of discussion at the time, on the part of those who thought, or affected to think, that the purity of the judicial ermine must be in some way contaminated by the change. The answer, if any is needed, to those who think that the position of head of the Provincial government is one requiring either mental or moral qualifications of a lower order than those of even the chancellor’s bench, is to be found in the record of sixteen years of able, upright, and progressive government of the affairs of Ontario. Those must be wilfully purblind who cannot now see that the judicial temperament and habit, with all of mental training and capacity, and of moral integrity they imply, furnish the very best of qualifications for the responsible and honorable position of virtual ruler of a great province. Sound discretion, marked ability, and sterling integrity have characterised Hon. Mr. Mowat’s career in each division of his professional and official life. As a lawyer, his talents quickly gained recognition, and, reinforced by his clear judgment and scrupulous conscientiousness, soon won for him a high place in the confidence of the profession and of the court in which he practised. Though not fluent, he was energetic, forcible, and convincing as a pleader. His patience was admirable, his industry untiring, his fertility in resources great. He was said to be endowed in large measure with the power of “thinking out” a subject, and was believed to be stronger in ability to go to the bottom of the subject than any of his contemporaries. As a judge, he exhibited qualities of both head and heart which, while they won for him respect and admiration, gained also esteem and friendship in high degree. His great business and executive ability quickly showed itself in the improved conduct and quicker despatch of the business of the court. As the head of the government, his record has long been before the people of Ontario. The mere enumeration of the reforms that have been effected, and the beneficial acts passed during his régime, would occupy more space than we have at our disposal. The judicious settlement of the vexed question of the municipal loan fund; the liberal and salutary provisions of the local Railway Acts; the consolidation of the Provincial Statutes; the local option principle reduced to practice in the Liquor Acts; the General Incorporation Act, by which so much economy of time has been secured in the Legislative Assembly; the well-considered and systematic aid to public charities; the changes by which the education department has been relieved of irresponsible and bureaucratic character, and put in charge of a responsible minister; the progressive legislation in connection with higher education and the University of Toronto; the introduction of the ballot in political and municipal elections; the liberalising of the franchise up to the verge of universal suffrage; all these, and many other legislative reforms wrought under this régime, will be lasting monuments of his statesmanship. Mr. Mowat’s legislation, though uniformly Liberal and progressive, has never been sensational. His opponents have sometimes charged him with timidity. That wise caution that refuses to move blindly under irresponsible pressure, that waits to look on all sides of a question, and goes forward only when the way is made clear, is certainly his. But that cowardly fear of censure which shrinks and hesitates on the brink of what is seen to be right and just, for fear of consequences, cannot be laid to his charge. No really urgent legislation in the interests of Liberalism and progress has been unduly delayed through his fault. The manner in which he has met and vanquished, not only in the local political arena, but in the highest court of the realm, Sir John A. Macdonald, with all the power and prestige of his own high reputation and the Dominion premiership at his back, sufficiently attests his courage in doing what he deems the right. The vindication of provincial rights in the matters of the Boundary, the Rivers and Streams Bills, and the license question, are services rendered by Oliver Mowat which will long be remembered by a grateful province. As leader of the Ontario government, in the house and out, Mr. Mowat’s address and tactics are admirable. Clear-headed and logical in debate; cautious in committing himself, yet, when occasion demands, prompt in decision and firm in action; uniformly courteous and affable, yet ready and keen in retort, and often turning the tables on an opponent most effectively; keeping himself thoroughly informed on all important questions; exhibiting on all occasions a sound judgment, combined with a ready wit, he inspires his colleagues and followers with confidence, and generally holds at bay or discomfits his most eager assailants. In some of these respects, notably in the extent and fulness of his knowledge of the subjects under debate, and in the soundness and acumen of his opinions on juridical and jurisdictional questions, his record compares most favorably with that of his great antagonist, the veteran leader of the Dominion government. To say that he may have sometimes made mistakes in judgment and policy, and that he has not uniformly steered clear of the dangerous reefs which abound in the streams of patronage, is but to admit that he is human and consequently fallible. Hon. Mr. Mowat has always taken a deep interest in social and religious questions. He is a member of the Presbyterian church, and was for many years president of the Evangelical Alliance. Like most men who have wrought earnestly and conscientiously for the public good in any sphere, his philanthropy and integrity are, no doubt, deep-based upon the firm foundation of religious principle. It has been sneeringly insinuated that he has claimed for himself the high honor of being a “Christian politician;” but it is unnecessary to say that the charge is without foundation. It seems to have originated in a perversion of a hypothetical allusion in one of his speeches to what might be considered the duty of a Christian politician, in some specified case. To arrogate to himself the distinctive title was farthest from his thought, and a boast would be as repugnant to his good sense and taste as to the modesty for which he is distinguished. That he is a faithful and devout member of an influential Christian church is a crime which will be readily forgiven him in view of the great services he has rendered to society and the state.

Desaulniers, Denis Benjamin William, Nicolet, Governor of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Province of Quebec, was born on the 5th of December, 1839, at St. Anthony de la Rivière du Loup, near Maskinonge. His father, Antoine Lesieur Desaulniers, was an agriculturist of Rivière du Loup. His mother was Maria Emelie Beland. The Lesieur-Desaulniers were a numerous family, and inhabited a large portion of the parishes of Yamachiche and Rivière du Loup. Our present subject was brought up with his family until the age of thirteen, and in the month of September, 1853, he entered the seminary of Nicolet, where he made his classical course with great success. In the month of May, 1860, he obtained from the Board of Physicians his license for the study of medicine, and studied two years under the patronage of Dr. Alexis Milette. In 1862, in the month of September, he entered the Laval University at Quebec to complete his course, and was the most solid and substantial of all the students of his time. During his last two years he carried off the first “Morin,” this prize having been only twice offered to the pupils whilst pursuing his course. On the 10th October, 1865, he was admitted to the practice of medicine, after a severe examination before the Provincial Board of Physicians, and the same year he established himself in the parish of Rivière du Loup, now Louiseville. A year after, in October, 1866, being equally successful in the practice of his profession as well as literary pursuits, he was called to Nicolet to take charge of the seminary there, the pupils and all connected with this important institution, a post which he still fills. Later, upon the establishment of the convent of the Sœurs de l’Assomption at Nicolet, he was made physician to the institution. In 1886, when L’Hotel Dieu of Nicolet was inaugurated by the Sœurs Grises of St. Hyacinthe, he was again selected as first acting physician to the house. Dr. Desaulniers has been very fortunate in the practice of his profession, but his great specialty has been midwifery. He has closely followed the progress of medicine in its many branches, and therefore is one of the foremost physicians of the day. His unprecedented success in the past promises a brilliant future. On the 31st of August, in the year 1881, he was appointed coroner, in conjunction with Dr. S. Ed. Badeau, for the district of Three Rivers, and occupied this office for two years, when he was obliged to resign to fulfil the requirements of his profession. Seven years after Dr. Desaulniers arrival at Nicolet, the village was raised to a town, and it then became necessary to form a town council, of which he was chosen and elected by a large majority first mayor of Nicolet. Of course he had everything to do, and the greater part of the rules and regulations now in force were passed during his administration. At the completion of his term of office he retired, and gave himself up entirely to the practice of his profession, which had become very extensive. In 1877, he was elected governor of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the province of Quebec for the district of Three Rivers, and has held that position since that date. He was born in the Roman Catholic religion, and has ever remained faithful to his church principles. Dr. Desaulniers married on the 12th January, 1869, Marie Rose de Lima Proulx, second daughter of Hubert Proulx, of Nicolet, and in May, 1879, his wife died, leaving three infant daughters. He was married the second time, on July 13th, 1880, to Marie Célanire Gagnon, widow of late Louis Ludger Richard, and daughter of Antoine Gagnon, agent for the Crown lands at Arthabaskaville. In May, 1884, he again had the misfortune of losing his wife, who left an infant daughter.

King, James, Quebec. Few men engaged in the staple trade of the port of Quebec hold a more conspicuous position or enjoy a larger share of public confidence and respect than the subject of this sketch, not only for his business enterprise and success, but for his integrity in all the relations of life. Mr. King is the Quebec member of the great lumbering and lumber exporting firm of King Brothers and King Brothers & Co., which are among the largest operators in the province, their establishments being scattered all over, from the Eastern townships to Gaspé. In fact, few commercial houses have been or are more powerful contributors to Lower Canadian development. Their chantiers and saw mills at St. Jean Deschaillons, Lyster, Levis, River Ouelle, Cedar Hall, Grand Pabos, and Robertson Station, give employment and support to considerable communities, the products of whose industry, chiefly in the shape of pine and spruce deals, are annually exported to the United Kingdom and the continent of Europe. The firms, of which Mr. King is a leading member, are also largely interested in the important asbestos industry of the province of Quebec, being the proprietors of extensive areas of asbestos-bearing lands in the eastern townships, and notably of the “Hampden” and “Thetford Royal” mines in Thetford, Megantic county; and Mr. King himself is a director and manager of the Asbestos Mining and Manufacturing Company of Canada. He is further largely interested in rural real estate, being the seigneur of the seigniories of St. Jean Déschaillons and Lake Matapedia. He is the youngest son of the late Charles King, of Lyster, Megantic, and was born at St. Antoine de Tilly, in Lotbinière county, P.Q., on the 18th February, 1848. Educated at Lennoxville, he took his degrees of B.A. in 1867, and of M.A. in 1873, at the University of Bishop’s College, and during his university course was a member of the college volunteer corps. In religion he belongs to the Church of England, and has been a lay delegate to the Synod of the diocese of Quebec. In politics he is a Liberal-Conservative, and has frequently been pressed to offer himself for Parliamentary honors, but has hitherto refused to accept nomination at the hands of his party, feeling that his business engagements absorbed too much of his time and attention. Nevertheless he has always taken a strong interest in educational matters. His travels have extended to the United Kingdom and the continent of Europe. He is unmarried, and a member of the Garrison Club, Quebec.

Davidson, Hon. Justice Charles Peers, Montreal, was born at Huntingdon, province of Quebec, where his family had long been prominent in the development of the county, and defence of the frontier. His grandfather, Colonel Davidson, came from Scotland, and was in command of the Huntingdon volunteers, in which his father held a captaincy, and which formed part of the brigade under the command of the late Major-General Campbell. Colonel Davidson, at the commencement of the troubles of 1837 and the following year, was sent for by the commander-in-chief of the British forces in Canada, Sir John Colborne, who requested him to raise a regiment. He accepted, and soon after his return to Huntingdon, succeeded in enrolling about six hundred stalwart men from among the farmers, most of whom were immigrants from the old country. The regiment, which was called “The Huntingdon Frontier Volunteers,” numbered in its ranks many men who afterwards became prominent in political and social life. One company was stationed at Russelltown, a second at Covey Hill, and the third as far as Hemmingford. Colonel Davidson, for the first year, was in command, not only of the regiment, but of the whole district; in the second year, Colonel Campbell, subsequently major-general, assumed command of the district, and the volunteers were enrolled in the brigade which was afterwards under the gallant Sir George Cathcart, then only colonel, who fell at the battle of Inkerman at the head of the 1st Dragoon Guards, which he commanded. One company of this regiment was commanded by Captain Reid, a veteran of Waterloo. In this company also was Sir John Rose, the eminent statesman and financier, now of London, England. The Huntington volunteers did good service, but were only in one action, that of St. Regis. From the foregoing it will be seen that Justice Davidson comes of a military family, his mother, Marion Peers, being the daughter of the late Lieutenant Peers, of Her Majesty’s Dragoon Guards. He went to the Huntington Academy, subsequently attended at Victoria College, Cobourg, and thence passed to McGill University, from which he received the degree of B.A. and M.A. in arts, and B.C.L. and D.C.L. in law, and was for a number of years one of its fellows. Even while a student he studied the public questions of the day, being a welcome contributor to the press, and for a time was assistant editor on the Daily News. Had he followed the profession of journalism, he would have achieved marked success. The press proved a good training school, and those who listened to Justice Davidson’s eloquent speeches gave him a high place among public speakers. He studied with the present Justice Cross, and subsequently entered that gentleman’s law firm as junior partner. Several years ago he was created Queen’s counsel by the Provincial government, but the Supreme Court holding that the provinces were without authority to confer this title, he subsequently received a new patent from the Dominion authorities. He has been a life-long supporter of athletic exercises, having been for sometime president of the Beaver Lacrosse Club, of the Montreal Snow-Shoe Club, and of the Victoria Skating Club. During the Trent affair in 1862, which threatened to involve Great Britain in hostilities with the United States, he was one of the first to enrol himself in the ranks of the newly formed Victoria Rifles, and rose by successive promotions until he became its commanding officer. His bonhommie and dash render him very popular in his regiment, while his pre-eminence in athletic sports and engaging social qualities, make him as popular in society as his legal attainments, quick perceptive faculties, convincing oratory, devoid of florid ornamentation, did among the shrewd practical plutocrats of Montreal. In politics Mr. Davidson was a Conservative, having been president of the Junior Conservative Club for several years. In 1881 he was a candidate for the Quebec parliament for Montreal Centre, but was defeated by George Washington Stephens, a powerful opponent, by ninety-eight votes. He married Alice, daughter of the late Wm. Mattice, of Cornwall, who for a number of years represented Stormont in the parliament of the united Canadas. Mr. Justice Davidson was called to the bench of the Superior Court in June, 1887, upon the death of the late Justice Torrance.

Coursol, Captain Charles Joseph Quesnel, St. John’s, Quebec, was born 17th August, 1856, at Montreal. His parents are Charles J. Coursol, Q.C., M.P., and Helen Taché. The subject of this sketch was educated at the Jesuits’ College, Montreal, taking a full classical course. He received a commission as lieutenant in the Victoria Rifles of Canada in October, 1877; was transferred to the 65th Batt. in November, 1880, and promoted to a captaincy in April, 1881. He served for eighteen months with A Battery, R.C.A., and also several months with H.M. 19th or Princess of Wales’ Own Regiment, then stationed at Halifax. On the 21st December, 1883, he received a commission in the Infantry School Corps, now stationed at St. John’s, Quebec. In religion he is a Roman Catholic. He was married on the 18th October, 1882, to E. F. Pearce Serecold, daughter of the late Captain Pearce Serecold, of H.M. 66th regiment, and Miss Duval, daughter of the Hon. Justice Duval. Captain Coursol is also a grand nephew of the late Hon. F. A. Quesnel of the Legislative Council.

Pim, Richard, Toronto. This gentleman, who was a resident of Toronto for over fifty years, died on the morning of the 14th February, 1888, in the seventy-eighth year of his age. He was a native of Herefordshire, England, and spent part of his early life in Russia, whither his father had gone to erect paper mills of the then most improved description for the Russian government. Upon the death of his father, at Helsingfors, near St. Petersburg, he returned to England, and married Mary Hargrave, grand-daughter of William Lane, a poet of considerable local distinction in Buckinghamshire. He emigrated to Canada in 1834, and during the stirring political events of 1837, served in the militia called out to repress the rebellion of that year, and was on guard below the Falls of Niagara when the American steamer Caroline was cut loose by a British attacking party, and sent burning over the Falls. Mr. Pim led a quiet life, and was well-known in Toronto.

Irvine, Hon. George, Q.C., D.C.L., one of the best known and most eminent members of the Quebec bar, is the eldest son of the late Lieut.-Colonel Irvine, principal A.D.C. to the Governor-General of Canada, and grandson of the Hon. James Irvine, for many years a member of the Executive and Legislative Councils of Lower Canada, and of the Hon. Matthew Bell, of Three Rivers, P.Q., at one time member for St. Maurice in the Legislature of Lower Canada, and afterwards a member of the Legislative Council of that province. He was born at Quebec on the 16th November, 1826, and was educated at Dr. Lundy’s school in that city. Having chosen the law as his profession, he was called to the bar in 1848, after the usual course of study, and rapidly rose to distinction, his services being retained in nearly every important case, especially of a commercial nature. In partnership with the late C. G. Holt, Q.C., afterwards judge of the sessions of the peace for the Quebec district, and subsequently with E. H. Pemberton, he practised his profession with steady success and honor, and in 1867 was created a Q.C. in recognition of his leading position at the Quebec bar. Some years previously to this, in 1863, the electors of Megantic county, P.Q., had marked their appreciation of his abilities and exalted character, by returning him at the general election of that year to represent them in the Canadian House of Assembly, in which he continued to sit until confederation, when he was returned for Megantic to the Commons, and represented that county at Ottawa until the abolition of dual representation and the general election of 1872, when he declined re-election. He also represented the county in the Legislative Assembly of the province of Quebec from confederation until January, 1876, and during this period successively held the important Cabinet offices of solicitor-general and attorney-general of that province in the Chauveau and Ouimet administrations, being regarded as the leader of the English element in those governments, and the special champion of the English-speaking and Protestant minority in Lower Canada. In January, 1876, he resigned his seat in the Legislature, on being appointed one of the railway commissioners for the province, which office he also resigned in 1878, in order to present himself for re-election as a supporter of Mr. Joly’s administration, in which he was offered, but declined, a seat. At the general election of that year, he was again returned to represent Megantic in the Legislative Assembly, and once more at the general election of 1880, when he went with his leader, Mr. Joly, into opposition to the Chapleau and Mousseau governments, until June, 1884, when he resigned his seat on accepting the appointment of judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court at Quebec. Throughout his public career, Mr. Irvine was one of the most conspicuous men in the house and before the country, and the organization and legislation of the province of Quebec, under confederation, still bear the impress of his powerful mind. A gentleman of wonderful tact and suavity of manner, a skilful parliamentarian, and a man of rare executive ability, he wielded an immense influence in the councils of that province, and on public opinion. As a speaker and debater, he was not only remarkable for his ready eloquence, but above all for his clearness, precision and logical force. He was a host in himself, and the side which received his support seldom failed to score a victory. As the representative of the English-speaking minority, he retained the public confidence to the last, as much by the independence and personal purity of his character as by his commanding talents. A Conservative by tradition and instinct, he nevertheless did not hesitate to separate himself from the party in provincial politics when the acts of some of his colleagues in the “Tanneries Land Swap” and other matters brought disgrace upon its escutcheon, and his conduct was not only ratified by his own immediate constituents of Megantic, but warmly approved by his fellow-countrymen generally. During the Joly administration he was the “power-behind the throne,” and afterwards, until his resignation of his seat in the house for good, the most conspicuous figure in the Provincial Opposition, next to the leader himself. Although actually the judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court at Quebec, an Imperial appointment, the subject of this sketch still practises his profession in the other courts, and is generally found engaged in all the more important cases, both civil and criminal. He was formerly professor of commercial law in Morrin College, Quebec, and was also chancellor of the University of Lennoxville, P.Q., from which he received the honorary degree of D.C.L., in 1875. He has also been bâtonnier of the Quebec bar and a vice-president of the Union Bank of Canada, at Quebec, which he helped to found. In religion he is a member of the Church of England, and has always taken a keen and active interest in its affairs. He has travelled a good deal on public and professional business, and has repeatedly crossed to England to plead before the Privy Council in appeals of great importance. Has two brothers living, the elder, Commissary-General Matthew Bell Irvine, C.B., C.M.G., and the younger, Lieut.-Col. Acheson Gosford Irvine, a member of the Council of the North-West Territories, and late Commissioner North-West Mounted Police. He married, in August, 1856, the third daughter of the late Henry Le Mesurier, a well-known merchant of Quebec, and formerly an officer in H.M. 48th regiment, and by her has had issue ten children.

Cadman, James, Civil and Mining Engineer, Quebec, is a good type of the men to whose professional skill and energy the eastern section of the Dominion is indebted for so much of its development by railways within the last twenty years. An Englishman, by birth, he has all the Englishman’s well known doggedness of character, and all the trained engineer’s abiding faith in the invincibility of science and the power of mind over matter. The word “impossible” has long since been erased from his lexicon, as illustrated especially by the great undertaking with which his name has been more prominently connected of late, the construction of the railway from Quebec to Lake St. John through a region of unparalleled difficulty from the engineering point of view. Mr. Cadman was born in Dudley, Worcestershire, England, on the 31st January, 1832, his father’s name being also James Cadman, and his mother’s originally, Sarah Forrest Brown. He received a good plain English education at the Blue Coat School, Dudley, and studied civil and mining engineering under S. H. Blackwell, of Russell’s Hall Colliery, Dudley, of which he was afterwards appointed resident engineer. He subsequently distinguished himself in the same capacity in a number of the other great English collieries and iron works until 1862, when he came to New Brunswick as mining engineer for the New Brunswick Charcoal and Pig Iron Company. In 1867, he became connected as resident engineer with the European and North-American Railway, and in 1868 was appointed assistant engineer of the Intercolonial Railway, in the location and construction of which he took an active part until 1875, when he was retained for the survey of the Newfoundland Railway. On his return from Newfoundland, he was named locating engineer of the North Shore Railway, in which position he continued to act until 1879, when he was raised to the still more prominent and responsible post of chief engineer of the Quebec and Lake St. John Railway, which he still holds with great advantage to the success of that arduous and important enterprise. Mr. Cadman is a member of the Church of England, and a Freemason. He has never taken any part in politics in England or Canada, not even to vote. In his early manhood, he was for three years a member of the South Staffordshire Rifle Volunteers. In 1860, he married Margaret Doughty, a niece of the celebrated mining engineer, John Yardley, of East Worcestershire, by whom he has had a family of five children, three of whom are still living.

Kelly, Francis, J.P., Joliette, Quebec province, is a native of Ireland, having been born in Carlow, Leinster, on the 17th of March, 1819. His parents were James Kelly and Margaret Crosby, both natives of the same place. When he came to Canada he took up his residence in Montreal, where he received a commercial education. In 1845 he removed to New York, where he remained till 1850, and then went to California, and for some time worked in the gold mines. He spent four years travelling through the far west, and also visited Mexico and Cuba. Becoming surfeited with travel, he returned to Canada, and settled in Joliette. Here he began the lumbering business, in which he succeeded, and is now spending the remainder of his days in peace and comfort. In religion Mr. Kelly is a member of the Roman Catholic church; and in politics a Liberal. He was married on the 10th January, 1854, to Mary Collins.

Howe, Henry Aspinwall, T.C.D., M.A., LL.D., Rector of the High School, Montreal, province of Quebec, was born near Guildford, Surrey, England, 8th July, 1815. He is the elder and only surviving one of two sons of the late Captain Aspinwall Howe, formerly of the war office, Somerset House, latterly of her Majesty’s 88th regiment (Connaught Rangers), and Mary, eldest and very beautiful daughter of Charles Wickens, of Turnbridge, Surrey, England. The Howes are a branch of the Aspinwalls, an old county family in Lancashire. The subject of the sketch was educated at Elizabeth College, Guernsey, and Trinity College, Dublin, passing through both with high credit. He resided afterwards for some years in France, where he acquired a complete knowledge of the French language. Soon after leaving college he became private tutor to the youngest son of the Earl of Ellesmere, in whose family he became domesticated, and was indebted both to the Earl and his amiable Countess for their kind consideration and firm friendship. Mr. Aspinwall Howe was not desirous of making teaching his profession, but Lord Ellesmere considering that he was peculiarly fitted for it, persuaded him to accept the head mastership of the Montreal High School, which Lord Colbourne and Professor Pillans, of Edinburgh University, offered him. Thus, in 1848, he came to Montreal as rector of its High School, which office he has held with eminent success since that date, very many of his pupils having attained high and honorable positions in the Dominion, in the Mother Country and elsewhere. On first entering, however, upon his school duties, he had great cause for disappointment. The Board of High School Directors received him with marked kindness, but the school was undisciplined, and, still worse, in a bankrupt state. A regular income with residence had been promised—the former could not be realized from the funds of the school, the latter was a “mistake”—and many years elapsed before the school was prosperous enough to pay its rector a tolerably fair income. This proved a serious loss and trial, and obliged the rector to draw assistance from his resources at home. In the reconstruction of McGill College, some twenty-eight years ago, Dr. Aspinwall Howe, while retaining his position in the High School, occupied also the chair of mathematics and of natural philosophy in McGill College, without remuneration, retiring from these with the title of emeritus professor of three branches, when the university was sufficiently re-established to pay independent professors. He is also a fellow of the University, and has long been matriculation examiner to the medical faculty of McGill College. He has likewise for some years been president of the Board of Examiners for the preliminary examination of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Province of Quebec. Dr. Aspinwall Howe is a prominent member and liberal supporter of St. John the Evangelist Church of England, in Montreal. His moral influence over the many young people who come in contact with him in school and elsewhere is excellent. Dr. Aspinwall Howe is an exception to most highly educated scholars in that his attainments are varied; he excels in classics as well as in mathematics, and has a taste for the arts and for games of skill. He attained a high degree of perfection in drawing; is an accomplished amateur musician, and is well known as a strong player of the royal game of chess. In 1847 he married Louisa, daughter of the late Rev. J. C. Fanshawe, formerly of Franklin Hall, near Exeter, of Coelhaey’s Park, Devon, etc., and of Fanny Delia, daughter of Chancellor Carrington, of Evington, in Devonshire, by whom he had issue as follows:—Louisa Blanche Fanny, married to Hon. Henry, second son of Right Hon. Lord Aylmer; Amelia Egerton; Catharine Maria Fanshawe Coke, deceased; Henry South Leïdebach; Arthur Fanshawe Vernon, deceased; Fanshawe Gardiner, deceased; and others. Mrs. Aspinwall Howe is also Countess Nürenallen de Leïdebach, an honorable recognition given to her branch of the family for valuable service, rendered during the continental troubles of 1814-15.

Guest, Sheriff Geo. Hutchinson, Yarmouth, N.S., was born on 14th July, 1849, at Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, and is the son of Robert and Mary (Utley) Guest. His grandfather, John Guest, was born in Waterford, Ireland, and settled in St. John’s, Newfoundland, in the latter part of the eighteenth century. He was for some years a leading merchant in St. John’s. He married Dorothy Eustace, of Tor Bay. Robert Guest, the father of the sheriff, arrived in Yarmouth, in the year 1827, and became identified with the business of shipping, then, as now, the leading industry of the place. Robert Guest died February, 1867. His wife, Mary Utley, was a daughter of Nathan Utley, and grand-daughter of the Nathan Utley who represented Yarmouth county in the Provincial legislature from 1800 to 1806. Mrs. Guest died in September, 1887. Sheriff Guest was educated at the Yarmouth Academy. He engaged in the shipping business, and is a shipowner. He was a director of the Yarmouth Marine Insurance Association until it ceased to do business. In politics he is a Liberal, and when T. B. Flint resigned the office of high sheriff of the county, in January, 1887, Mr. Guest received the appointment from the local government. He is connected with the Methodist church, holding the position of a trustee of Providence Church. On the 11th of November, 1874, he married M. E. Lovitt, youngest daughter of the late John Lovitt, who was a grandson of Andrew Lovitt, who settled in Yarmouth in 1766. The Lovitts have always been identified with the best interests of Yarmouth. They have been prominently connected with the shipbuilding and other industries, and the county is at present represented in the Dominion House of Commons by one of the family.

Moore, Alvan Head, Magog, Quebec, was born in Hatley, county of Stanstead, province of Quebec, April 20th, 1836. His father, Thomas Moore, was born in Concord, N.H., United States, Dec. 5th, 1787. His mother, Margaret Moore, whose maiden name was Margaret Dickey, was born near Concord, N.H., July 24th, 1795. They were married Dec. 6th, 1812, and came to Canada in the beginning of the present century. They were amongst the early pioneers who settled Stanstead county. His father was on duty during the war of 1812-14 and the rebellion of 1837-8. He held a commission dated August, 1811, as lieutenant in the Eastern Townships Royal Volunteers and ensign in the militia of 1837-8. The subject of this sketch was liberally educated in Canadian academies and United States collegiate institutes, and at the present time is mayor of Magog, postmaster, commissioner of Superior Court, superintendent of the Government Fish Hatchery, justice of the peace for the district of St. Francis, president of the Waterloo & Magog Railway Company, director in the Stanstead, Shefford & Chambly Railroad Company, director in the Magog Textile and Print Company, was for years president of the Stanstead County Agricultural Society, chairman of the school commissioners of Magog, and secretary and treasurer of the above mentioned W. & M. R. Co., which office he resigned in 1887 to take the presidency of the company. He has been connected with and was one of the principal promoters of all the public enterprises of the place, the most important of them being the Waterloo & Magog Railway and Magog Textile and Print Works. He was an active promoter of both schemes, and has a large amount of money invested in them. He is an active politician, and has been engaged in every political contest which has taken place in the county since confederation. Being a protectionist, he is consequently a Conservative. He has been looked upon as the successor of the present member in the House of Commons, but so far has steadily refused to accept any nomination for parliamentary honors. He is and has always been a temperance man and opposed to the license system, and one of the few men of his age who never signed a requisition for a license. The adoption of the Temperance Act of 1878 in the county of Stanstead was largely due to his exertions. He is a Protestant in religion, and in favor of the alliance and amalgamation of all Christian denominations, and the destruction of sectarian walls that serve to divide and weaken the members of the Christian church. He was married August 12th, 1858, to Julia Ann Merry, eldest daughter of the late Ralph Merry, of Magog, who was one of the most prominent and most public-spirited men of his time, and was for many years mayor of Magog. At the time of his death he was president of the Waterloo & Magog Railway Company; vice-president of the Stanstead, Shefford & Chambly Railroad; and one of the early promoters of both schemes. Mrs. Moore was born at Magog, March 13th, 1838, was educated in Canadian and United States academies, and was also for some time a student in the convent at Longueuil, near Montreal. Immediately after their marriage they went to Kentucky, U.S.A., where they lived for nearly two years and engaged in teaching in the Pleasant Green Seminary until it was accidentally burned, Jan. 1, 1860. The war cloud being about ready to burst over the slavery question, they returned to Canada in the spring of 1860. Mr. Moore became associated in that year with his father-in-law (Mr. Merry) in building the Waterloo & Magog Railroad and in mercantile business. They continued in partnership until 1867, when Mr. Merry retired from the firm and Mr. Moore continued, and is now one of the largest and most successful merchants in the eastern townships. They have three children living, Ralph Merry Moore, born in Kentucky; Catharine Louise Moore and Elizabeth Florence Moore, the two last born in Magog, province of Quebec.

Freer, Lieut. Harry Cortlandt, 1st Battalion, South Staffordshire Regt., and Lieutenant and Brevet Captain and Adjutant, B Company, R.S.I., St. John’s, Quebec, was born at Sherbrooke, Quebec, on the 9th of May, 1859. His father, Cortlandt Freer, of the Grand Trunk Railway engineer staff, is a son of Noah Freer, late captain in the Nova Scotia Fencibles, and at one time A.D.C., or military secretary, to Sir George Prevost. His mother, M. A. Sicotte, is the eldest daughter of the Hon. L. V. Sicotte, judge of the Superior Court, St. Hyacinthe. The subject of this sketch was educated at Trinity College School, Port Hope, and afterwards graduated at the Royal Military College, Kingston. He entered the British service, and served a year each in Malta and Ireland. On the breaking out of the Egyptian war he served with the 1st battalion South Staffordshire regiment, and served throughout the campaign of 1882, receiving the Queen’s and Khedive’s medals for his gallantry. After his return to Canada, the Northwest Rebellion of 1885 again called him to active service, and he was appointed A.D.C. to Major-Gen. Sir Frederick Middleton, K.C.M.G., and was present at Batoche. For his gallantry on that occasion he was mentioned in the despatches, and received the medal with clasp. He has been an extensive traveller both in Europe and the East, as well as in our own country, having travelled as far west as British Colombia. In religion he is a member of the Roman Catholic church, and is unmarried.

Montgomery, Donald, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Chief Superintendent of Education for Prince Edward Island, was born at Valleyfield, 3rd May, 1848. His parents came to the island from Scotland in 1840. Mr. Montgomery received his education at Prince of Wales College in Charlottetown, the foremost seat of learning in Prince Edward Island, and at McGill University, Montreal. He progressed rapidly in his chosen profession of teacher, and in 1874 was appointed principal of the Provincial Normal School. This position he held for three years. The progress of education in the island has been very gradual. At the original distribution of the land in 1767, thirty acres were reserved in each township for a schoolmaster, and there the matter rested until 1821, when a national school was opened at the capital. Later on a board of education was appointed for the island and other schools were opened. In 1836 a central academy was established in Charlottetown. In 1837, John McNeil was appointed the first superintendent of schools. At this time the total population of the island was about thirty-five thousand, and there were only fifty-one schools, with a total attendance of 1,533. Means were scanty and the schoolmaster was literally “abroad” most of his time, removing from house to house, as he got his board among the different families of his district. In 1842, there were 121 schools and 4356 pupils. In 1852, a free school act was passed by the Legislature. In 1853, the office of general superintendent for the island, abolished in 1848 (a county superintendent for each county being substituted), was re-established. In 1855, a bill was passed establishing a Normal School, which was opened in 1856. The question as to whether the Bible should be read in the Central Academy and the Normal School was earnestly debated by the people and brought to the notice of the Legislature in 1858. The House decided against the use of the Bible in the schools. In 1861, however, was passed an act admitting the Bible into the schools. The Prince of Wales College was established in the same year. Many of the best men in the island have received their earlier education at this institution, which, however, they frequently supplement by a course at other seats of learning in the Dominion, the United States and Great Britain. In 1878, Mr. Montgomery embarked in politics, and on the 20th September in that year was elected to a seat in the local legislature for his native district of Belfast. This was a bye-election caused by the resignation of William Welsh. At the general election, Mr. Montgomery again offered, and was re-elected in April, 1879. He was a moderate Conservative. He resigned his seat in the House in the summer of that year, and on the 26th September, 1879, was appointed to the position of chief superintendent of education. This position he has continued to hold up to the present time. He is connected with the Presbyterian denomination. He married, on 10th August, 1887, Mary Isabella, daughter of William McPhail, of Orwell. His residence is situated on Prince street, in Charlottetown. A man in the very prime of life and usefulness, Mr. Montgomery occupies a position of the highest importance.

Rivard, Antoine Majorique, M.D., Sheriff for the district of Joliette, was born on the 24th September, 1838, at St. Leon, district of Three Rivers, province of Quebec. He is descended from a family that came from France, and settled at Batiscan, province of Quebec, in 1660. His father was Pierre Celestine Rivard, merchant at St. Leon, and his mother Marie Angèle Caron. He was educated at the Lanigan Academy, Three Rivers, and Nicolet College. He was admitted as a physician and surgeon on October 8th, 1861, and practised at St. Leon until 1865, when he removed to Joliette, where he has since resided. He has been councillor and mayor of the town of Joliette, vice-president of the Agricultural Society, county of Joliette, president of School Commissions, director of La Compagnie Manufacturier de Tabac Canadien de Joliette, secretary of the Medico-Surgical Association of the district of Joliette, and surgeon of the 83rd battalion since 1874. He was a governor of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the province of Quebec from 1877 to 1880, collector of inland revenue from 1880 to 1882, and was made sheriff on the 24th February, 1885. Dr. Rivard was married on the 16th February, 1863, to Marie Corine Asilda Lemaitre Angé, of Rivière du Loup, en haut, and has always been a strict adherent of the Roman Catholic faith. He is an ornament to the profession which he has made the study of his life, and his talents are only second to his indomitable energy and perseverance.

Cartier, Sir George Etienne. This illustrious statesman was born in the village of St. Antoine, in the county of Verchères, on the 6th of September, 1814. It was claimed for him that he was descended from one of the nephews of Jacques Cartier, the adventurous Breton navigator, who showed to France the ocean pathways to a western empire. But George Etienne stood in no need of the dim and flickering lustre reflected from remote family achievement. He made for himself, in the history of his country, a name and a fame which, by right of native ability and resolute and fortunate effort, are permanently his own. His immediate ancestors were of the better class of French Canadians. His grandfather, a successful merchant, was one of the first members chosen for the county of Verchères, when the Constitutional Act of 1791 gave to Lower Canada the right to representative institutions. In Lower Canada, in the early days of George Etienne Cartier, two avocations possessed, and still possess, a strong attraction for the more gifted amongst the younger population. These avocations were the church and the bar. Cartier chose the latter. To qualify himself for his intended profession, he pursued, for eight years, a course of study at the college of St. Sulpice, in the city of Montreal. There is no tradition to show that he was a brilliant student. In this respect he adds another to the number of eminent men who reserved, not for the ideal world of the school-room, but for the actual world of after life, powers and faculties previously unsuspected, because undisplayed. After leaving college he entered upon the study of the law, and in 1835 he began practice in the city of Montreal. The legal profession, crowded at that period, overcrowded at the present time, still affords, to use the simile of Daniel Webster, “room in the upper story.” To that place of vantage Cartier made his way. The explanation of his success is not far to seek. He possessed at that time, and until the end of his life, an industry that never knew cessation, an energy that never faltered, and an ever-present consciousness of his own ability. But, for young Cartier, another pursuit besides law presented imperative claims to attention. This was politics. To him, and to the majority of his countrymen, they seemed to mean political existence, and the preservation of their language and institutions. Cartier had scarcely begun the practice of his profession when he was drawn into the vortex. Louis Joseph Papineau, speaker of the Legislative Assembly since the year 1817, had been flaming, like a portentous meteor, in the troubled sky of Canadian politics. Under his influence, Cartier, like the overwhelming majority of French Canadians, fell. It was no wonder. Papineau was an impetuous leader; he had a popular cause; he appeared to be fighting an unequal battle. To narrate in detail the causes which created a leader out of Papineau, and which attracted to his banner all the more enthusiastic among the French Canadians, would be to fill volumes: to write a history of a country, and not the brief biography of a man. But a few words may serve to convey a faint idea of the political condition of Lower Canada, at the time when Cartier ventured into the perilous pathways of the provincial politics of that epoch. From the conquest of Canada, in 1760, to 1791 (the year of the passing of the Constitutional Act), Canada was a portion of the British empire, but was an alien in respect to British institutions. This Act divided what was known as the Province of Quebec into two new provinces—Upper and Lower Canada. A legislature was, by the Act, established in each province. It consisted of a House of Assembly and a Legislative Council. The people elected the Assembly; the Crown nominated the Council. Herein lay the monstrous defect of the Constitutional Act; the poisonous leaven that corrupted the body politic in Upper and Lower Canada; the pestilent germ that developed into outrageous misgovernment, jeopardy of British connection, and ultimate rebellion. The Upper House, nominated by the Crown, was not only irresponsible to the people, but set their wishes at absolute defiance. The popular Assembly might pass necessary measures; the Council expunged the provisions that made them useful, or trampled them under foot. The oligarchy, which was continually in a minority in the Assembly, but always in a majority in the Council, lorded it over Lower Canada in contemptuous indifference to the wishes of the French Canadian majority. The Governor, who was commissioned to represent the King, was the mere puppet of the oligarchy. While they flattered him they ruled him, and cajoled while they enslaved. Thus, for long and weary years, was enacted the wretched drama of despotism under a constitutional mask. There seemed no sign of relief. The governors and the oligarchy, by their machinations, had gained the ear of the imperial authorities, and tricked them into the belief that to rule in contempt of British institutions was the only means of perpetuating British rule in Upper and Lower Canada. With the intention to act justly, the British government, above all others, seemed, at this period, to be beyond the reach of the warnings of experience; seemed doomed never to know the truths as to the dismal history of colonial misgovernment. The loss of the thirteen colonies had been a lesson taught in vain. Not until the Earl of Durham, in a state paper which eclipses, for ability, conscientiousness, vast industry, and fearless truthfulness, any other of the kind in the diplomatic literature of the British American colonies—not until he laid bare the ulcers and festering wounds on the Canadian body politic, did the imperial authorities learn the truth, and set themselves to prepare a remedy. In the year 1837 the patience and prudence of the French Canadian leaders gave way. The pleading for reform had been scouted as treason; now insurrection was about to take the place of argument. Among the deplorable elements engendered in the long struggle for a better state of things was that of race-hatred. For this dangerous passion, Papineau, often violent in language and unwise in denunciation, was more responsible than his opponents. To this passion, Cartier, even in his hot youth, would not surrender himself. But, when the movement which Papineau for nearly a quarter of a century had fostered, burst away from his control, and leapt from agitation into rebellion, George Etienne Cartier, throwing to the winds considerations of selfishness and prudence, boldly took his life in his hand, and appealed to the arbitrament of the sword. The autumn of 1837 was ominous of coming troubles. The government, even if no other source of information had been at their command, could not fail to perceive in the speeches of the more impetuous of the French Canadian leaders that an appeal to arms was in immediate contemplation. After waiting for a period which to their friends seemed perilously prolonged, the authorities determined at length to grapple with the incipient insurrection. On the 16th of November, 1837, warrants for high treason were issued against the Montreal agitators who were inciting the people to rebellion. Papineau was included in the number, but he had been warned in time. He placed the St. Lawrence between himself and arrest, and made good his way towards the Richelieu river. His arrival in that locality brought to a focus the latent elements of revolt. The disaffected peasantry of the surrounding districts trooped to their headquarters, a village named Debartzch, in the parish of St. Charles. But, in addition to the encampment at St. Charles, there was another and more memorable mustering-place of the “patriots.” This was at St. Denis, on the Chambly river. The leader of the patriots was Dr. Wolfred Nelson, a man whose energy, courage and principles won him the unshaken confidence of the peasantry. At St. Denis we find George Etienne Cartier. A British force under Colonel Gore, a Waterloo veteran, was sent against St. Denis. Accompanying the expedition was a deputy-sheriff armed with a warrant for the arrest of Dr. Wolfred Nelson on a charge of high treason. On the morning of the 23rd of November, 1837, the troops, after twelve hours’ march through the sloughs, mud, and pit-falls of a winter road in Lower Canada, approached the village of St. Denis. A contemporary account thus narrates the result of the attack on the position of the insurgents: —

The necessary orders were given for the troops to advance; an order which was promptly obeyed, notwithstanding the harassing and fatiguing march of the night. Towards the north-eastern entrance of the village of St. Denis there is a large stone house, of three or four stories, which was discovered to be full of armed men, who opened a sharp and galling fire upon the troops. The skirmishing party here consisted of the light company of the 32nd, under Captain Markham. Within a quarter of an hour after the firing commenced, Captain Markham was severely wounded in the leg; and, almost at the same moment, received two dangerous wounds in the neck, which brought him to the ground. In conveying him to the rear, he received another wound, a proof of the dexterity and precision of the fire kept up by the patriots. It was found by Colonel Gore that the infantry, deprived of the assistance of Colonel Wetherall’s force, was inadequate to cope with the terrible fire of the musketry that was kept up and directed against them from the stone house. The field-piece, accordingly, was brought to bear upon this fort of the insurgent army, and injured it considerably, sending many of the inmates to their final account. Notwithstanding, as the ammunition was nearly exhausted, it was deemed prudent to retire, in order to maintain the communication with Sorel, as many of the inhabitants were seen gathering from all directions to the scene of action. About half-past two in the afternoon, the order to fall back was given; and, with the loss of six men killed and ten wounded, a retreat was commenced. The roads were so bad it was impossible to get farther than three miles that night, and Colonel Gore was under the necessity of bivouacking till daylight of Friday morning (24th), when he again commenced his march upon Sorel, which he reached that afternoon.

On the 25th of November, 1837, Lieutenant-Colonel Wetherall and a British force drove the patriots from their position at St. Charles. A few days after this event Colonel Gore, with his command reinforced marched upon St. Denis. But the victory at St. Charles had caused defections in the ranks of Dr. Nelson. He did not wait a second attack, but abandoned his position, and sought to make his escape to the United States. Thus ended the operations on the Richelieu, and with them the rebellion south of the River St. Lawrence. George E. Cartier was with Dr. Nelson in the combat at St. Denis. In after life, a political opponent would sometimes taunt him with cowardice on that occasion. To such reproaches he never replied, and hence there were some persons who suspected that there might be truth in the accusation. But Cartier himself knew better, and could afford to be silent. Ten years or so after St. Denis his conduct was described by Dr. Nelson, who was qualified to speak on the subject. In La Minerve, of Montreal, under date of September 4th, 1848, Dr. Nelson’s “attestation,” dated Montreal, 21st August, 1848, was published in French. “Seeing,” says the Doctor, “that an appeal has been made to me to give my testimony concerning certain events at St. Denis, in 1837, I will do so in the interest of truth and justice. I owe this to my friends, and to the country in general.”

It is true that M. Henri Cartier remarked that it would be well to retreat, seeing the destruction caused by the discharges of the enemy, the want of munitions, and the flight of a number of persons of consequence. I strongly opposed this retreat; but, notwithstanding that, Mr. Henri Cartier vigorously supported us during all the day. M. George Cartier never made allusion to the retreat, and he like his cousin, M. H. Cartier, valiantly and effectively contributed to the success of this struggle. And these gentlemen only left me when I was myself obliged to leave, nine days after this event, when the second expedition of troops moved against St. Denis; resistance then having become impossible, I sent M. George Cartier, towards two o’clock in the afternoon, for some stores to St. Antoine, and he promptly returned with succour, after about an hour’s absence. Mr. George Cartier did not wear a tuque bleu on the day of the battle.

Wolfred Nelson.
Montreal, 21st August, 1848.

The authority of Dr. Wolfred Nelson must be accepted as conclusive evidence respecting the personal courage of Cartier, who, it would seem, acted in the capacity of aide-de-camp to the valiant doctor. Cartier, at this battle, was in the twenty-third year of his age. It was also charged against him by some of his political opponents, that for his participation in the events of 1837, a reward was offered for his head. The present writer has not been able to verify this fact. The name of Cartier does not appear in the lists of those for whose apprehension the governor proclaimed rewards. Some time after the fight at St. Denis, Cartier took refuge in the United States. Although he was unnamed in the proclamations, his course of action was well known to the government. He would have been arrested at the time if it had been possible, and his fate would probably have been like that of his commander at St. Denis—banishment. He returned secretly from the United States to Canada, and remained in hiding for a time. His seclusion, however, was not of very long duration. An intimation from the authorities assured him that on presenting himself in public he would not be arrested. The promise was faithfully kept. The result of Mr. Cartier’s participation in the rebellion of 1837 was that for nearly ten years after its close he took no active part in public life. In 1848, yielding to the pressure of his friends, he was returned to parliament as the representative of his native county of Verchères. He could not have made his entry into public life at a more favorable moment for a man of the liberal tendencies which then dominated him. The governor-general was the Earl of Elgin, the greatest man, with the exception of the Earl of Durham, ever commissioned by the British government to perform the functions of viceroy of Canada. The Lafontaine-Baldwin cabinet, never before or since excelled for ability and administrative talent, swayed the political destinies of the province. A seat in the House of Assembly, for two sessions, in the time of Baldwin and Lafontaine, was in itself a political education. Cartier was an apt learner. In the session of 1850 he showed how well he understood the needs of his native province. In that year Lafontaine proposed, in the House of Assembly, a series of resolutions for the abolition of the Seignorial Tenure. Like every other abuse which has the plea of age for its defence, the Seignorial system found determined advocates. But its opponents were not only more numerous, but had an infinitely better cause. Some great debates arose on this subject, for it was one that went home to the whole body of the French Canadian peasantry. It appealed, also, to the dearest interests of the seigneurs. Cartier was one of those who offered strong opposition to the tenure. As the representative of a purely agricultural county he could take no other course, but the position he assumed was in accordance with his convictions. In his place in the house he boldly stated that that portion of the province which had been settled under the Seignorial Tenure had not made as much progress as the part which had been settled under the Free Tenure. He contended that it was as much the advantage of the seigneur as of the tenant to abolish the Feudal System; and that the proper time for so doing had presented itself. The general opinion of the house was that the session was too far advanced to deal effectively with the question. It was also considered that the seigneurs had not had time enough afforded them to plead their cause. The Hon. Robert Baldwin and Mr. Cartier were in favor of settling the Seignorial question at once, and would have prolonged the session for that purpose; but Mr. Lafontaine refused to consent. He considered that the legal remedies proposed would not lead to a definite settlement of the problem. He had no desire to reform and perpetuate the Tenure; he wished to sweep it out of existence. The Tenure was abolished in the year 1854, by the Hincks-Morin administration. Those two leaders having retired in 1855, Sir Edmund Head, then governor-general, called upon Sir Allan MacNab to form a Cabinet. Sir Allan allied himself with Colonel E. P. Taché; and the latter on the 27th of January, 1855, selected Mr. Cartier as provincial secretary. He was not eager for office. Under the previous administration he had refused the position of commissioner of public works. The Legislature, in 1856, devoted a great deal of attention to the subject of public education. Mr. Cartier entered heartily into the question. He had the principal share in preparing two measures which were adopted by the house. The one provided for the establishment of a Council of Public Instruction for Lower Canada, and for allowing school municipalities to levy their own quotas. The other authorized the establishment of Normal schools in Lower Canada, and erected a permanent fund of $88,000, to be devoted to superior education in that province. Part of this money was made up out of the revenues of the Jesuits’ estates; $20,000 of it came from the Consolidated Fund. A sum of $20,000 was at the same time voted for the purposes of superior education in Upper Canada. The opposition endeavored to alter these two measures. It was contended that the distribution of $88,000 by the superintendent of education, under an Order in Council, would be placing means of corruption in the hands of the government. It was further contended that it was unconstitutional to deprive the House of Assembly of the right to vote, annually, the public moneys. The arguments of the opposition were sound, but were urged in vain, and the government measures were carried. The MacNab-Taché administration, in 1856, fell to pieces. There was weakness within its membership. There was, in addition, the disturbing question of the settlement of the seat of government. The house, at the end of a long and exciting debate, resolved that, after the year 1859, the city of Quebec should be the permanent capital of Canada. A considerable number of the representatives of Upper Canada were discontented with this arrangement. They considered that Quebec was too far removed from the centre of the province. The government, in accordance with the resolution of the house, placed in the estimates the sum of $200,000 for the erection of public buildings. The Hon. Luther Hamilton Holton proposed the following amendment:—“That the conduct of the administration on the subject of the question of the seat of government, and on other questions of public importance, has disappointed the just expectation of the great majority of the people of this province.” The discussion which followed lasted some days. The amendment of Mr. Holton was defeated by a majority of twenty-three. But, among the forty-seven yeas, were thirty-three members from Upper Canada; while, from that province, twenty-seven only voted with the ministry. The vote was followed by the resignation of two members of the government, Messrs. Spence and Morrison. These gentlemen belonged to the Upper Canada section of the ministry. The Hon. John A. Macdonald was the next to secede. He was of opinion that the vote on the question of the capital had weakened the government, and as there was no security that the same votes would not be repeated he thought it best to remain no longer in the Cabinet. The Hon. Mr. Cayley, also from Upper Canada, followed the footsteps of Mr. Macdonald. Sir Allan MacNab was reluctantly forced to resign. The governor-general requested Colonel Taché to form a new administration. He chose for his colleague the Hon. John A. Macdonald, in the stead of Sir Allan MacNab. The new ministry was virtually a continuation of the old one, with two exceptions: Mr. Vankoughnet replaced Sir Allan MacNab in the Upper Canada section; Mr. Terril replaced Mr. Drummond in the Lower Canada section. Mr. Cartier, in passing from one ministry to the other changed his portfolio. He became attorney-general for Lower Canada, in the place of Mr. Drummond. His new office was no sinecure. The session which opened on the 26th of February, 1857, was signalized by a ministerial project which was of far-reaching importance to Lower Canada. This was the codification of the Civil Laws, and of the Laws of Procedure. The measure was the work of Attorney-General Cartier. He expended on it great industry; he made it a labor of love. As he himself observed, the necessity of codification made itself felt the more because the province was settled by people of different races. The knowledge which everyone should possess of the laws of his country could only be attained by codification. The sources whence those laws were derived were so varied that an acquaintance with them demanded great research. Part of the civil laws of Lower Canada had been borrowed from the Roman law; part from a body of jurisprudence known as the Custom of Paris; part was found in the Edicts and Ordonnances, and in the Provincial Statutes. The time was ripe for this great and beneficent work. The peasantry of Lower Canada had been emancipated from the control of the seigneurs. The land laws which had ruled them had been swept away, and an improved system of jurisprudence, suited to the new state of things, was demanded. Mr. Cartier was determined to satisfy this demand. But there were those in parliament who wished to proceed farther than he then wanted to go. The Hon. Mr. Drummond, attorney-general in the late administration, and an able jurist, was of opinion that the laws of both provinces should be assimilated, so that there might be but one code for Canada. The reply of Attorney-General Cartier was to the effect that it was necessary to begin first with the codification, of those laws which Lower Canada imperatively demanded. After this, it would be time to think about accomplishing what was proposed. The measure passed through the House of Assembly and the Legislative Council without opposition. The commissioners appointed by the government to codify the laws began their labors in 1859, and finished them in 1864. Some readers of this sketch will remember the occasion on which, in the Legislative Assembly in the city of Quebec, Attorney-General Cartier rose to move the resolution which would make the Civil Code the law of the land. He addressed the house in French, and with more seriousness and deliberation than marked his ordinary utterances. He spoke with the feeling of a man who is conscious that he is placing the crowning stone on an edifice which has cost him years of labor and anxiety to build. As he finished with the words, “I desire no better epitaph than this—‘He accomplished the Civil Code,’” the house did honour to itself and to him by a hearty burst of applause. The eastern townships of Lower Canada are peopled mainly by an English-speaking population. But the French Canadians, in course of time, found their way into these districts. The result was, that there were two systems of civil law. To remedy this evil, Mr. Cartier prepared and carried through parliament a measure which introduced the French Civil laws into the eastern townships, and rendered uniform the holding of lands. Another most important measure which he succeeded in passing during the session of 1857 was an Act for the Decentralization of Justice. Its object was to cheapen justice, and to render it more easily attainable. “The administration of justice in criminal cases, and in all civil matter where the amount involved was over fifty pounds, was confined to seven places: Quebec, Montreal, Three Rivers, St. Francis, Aylmer, Sherbrooke and Gaspé, in a country exceeding seven hundred or eight hundred miles in length.” The act divided Lower Canada into nineteen judicial districts, adding twelve to those already mentioned. It provided for the erection of courts of justice and prisons in the new districts, increased the number of the judges of the Superior Court to eighteen, and the number of the judges of the Court of Appeal to five. The act provided that there should be four terms of the Court of Appeal in Quebec, and made other regulations respecting procedure and the salaries of the judges. The care and labor which this statute imposed on Mr. Cartier, in originating it, in passing it through the house, and in devising the multifarious machinery necessary to put it into successful operation, were enough to have overcome a man of less mental and physical energy. The majority of the people of Lower Canada welcomed the Act with open arms, and it endeared its author to his French Canadian fellow-countrymen. The parliament of 1857 had not been long in session when the question of the permanent seat of government again came to the front. In the previous session, as we have seen, the Assembly had decided that Quebec should be the capital and had authorized the expenditure of $200,000 for the erection of necessary buildings. But the Legislative Council had refused its assent to the supplies. The question, therefore, in 1857, was practically undecided: and so thought a great many of the members. The ministry decided to overlook the Assembly’s vote last session in favor of Quebec; and resolved to leave the question of the permanent seat of government to the decision of the Queen. The ministry further proposed that a vote of $900,000 should be taken for the erection of new parliamentary and departmental buildings. Attorney-General Cartier was of opinion that many of the members could not have been serious in voting in favor of Quebec; his reason being that they had voted immediately afterwards against the expenditure of the $200,000. Besides, the Legislative Council had refused assent to the supplies. The government would not act unless the two branches of the legislature were in agreement; but it was impossible to have the consent of the Council. The better plan, therefore, in his opinion, was to leave to her Majesty the selection of the future capital of Canada. This proposition was opposed by many members from the lower province. Mr. J. E. Thibaudeau moved an amendment to the effect that it was not expedient to take into consideration the question of the seat of government, because it had been decided the previous session. He contended that the rejection of the supplies by the Legislative Council was not a sufficient ground for annulling the decision of the Legislative Assembly, the more especially as many councillors from Lower Canada were absent when the vote was taken. The amendment was lost. The same fate befell a motion to make Montreal the seat of government. The result was that an address to the Queen, praying her to select the capital, was carried by a majority of nine. Her Majesty selected Ottawa as the seat of government. On the 25th of November, 1857, Colonel Taché the nominal head of the administration, resigned office, and the Hon. John A. Macdonald was called upon to form a new government. He made no change in the Upper Canada section of the cabinet. At his request, Mr. Cartier proceeded to select the ministers for Lower Canada. His object was to combine the two political parties in his native province. Two moderate Liberals, Messrs. Belleau and Sicotte, accepted office under Mr. Cartier. The offer of a portfolio to the Hon. A. A. Dorion was, with the consent of Mr. Cartier, made through Mr. Sicotte. But Mr. Dorion refused the inducement, and remained true to his political allegiance. The Macdonald-Cartier administration was formed on the 26th of November, 1857. Mr. Cartier was the only Lower Canadian minister who belonged to the old cabinet. His colleagues from that province were all new men. On the 28th of July, 1858, Mr. Piché moved an amendment: “That, in the opinion of this chamber, the city of Ottawa ought not to be the seat of the government of this province.” The amendment was carried by a majority of six. The ministry, on account of this vote, tendered their resignation next day, the 29th of July. Sir Edmund Head requested Mr. George Brown to form an administration. This gentleman, as the leader of the Opposition, had for years waged a resolute battle against the party represented by the defeated ministry. Following constitutional precedents, it was the duty of the governor-general to ask Mr. Brown to form a cabinet. It was also his duty to smooth the way for the accomplishment of the object he wished Mr. Brown to accomplish. But the governor, instead of removing obstacles from Mr. Brown’s path, was the first to place them in that gentleman’s way. He would not give to Mr. Brown the promise of a dissolution, but he would consent to a prorogation, if one or two measures were passed, and if a vote of credit were taken for the supplies. Mr. Brown was thus over-weighted from the very beginning. Still, with that political courage which had always characterized him, he undertook the formation of a cabinet. He chose as his colleague, and as leader of the Lower Canada section of the government, the Hon. A. A. Dorion, a gentleman with an untarnished political record. On the 2nd of August, 1858, Mr. Brown had completed his task, and the cabinet took the oath of office. The existence of this administration was brief, in fact the shortest known to our history, it having existed for only two days when it resigned, being defeated on a motion of want of confidence. The governor-general having in vain requested Mr. Galt to form a cabinet, Mr. Cartier became the head of a new Administration. He chose the Hon. John A. Macdonald as the leader of the Upper Canada section. The government was completed on the 6th of August. Then followed what is known as the “Double-Shuffle.” By the Independence of Parliament Act of 1857, it was provided that if a cabinet minister in either house should resign his office, and within a month afterwards accept another, he should not go back to his constituents. Some of the members of the Macdonald-Cartier government, who had entered the Cartier-Macdonald government, took advantage of this law in order to avoid the ordeal of re-election. They accepted, on the 6th of August, in the Cartier-Macdonald cabinet, offices different from those they had held in the Macdonald-Cartier cabinet. But on the 7th of August they discarded their portfolios of the 6th, and resumed those which they had held in the Macdonald-Cartier administration when it resigned on the 29th of July. Mr. Cartier, when he resigned, on the 29th of July, was attorney-general for Lower Canada. On the 6th of August he became inspector-general. On the 7th of August he resumed the office of attorney-general. This constituted the “Double Shuffle.” The action cannot be defended, and he never attempted to defend it. The ministry seemed to be ashamed of the part they had played. Many of their own supporters blamed them. The political conscience of the country seemed to have become sensitive, when it fully realized the extent of the wrong which had been done to constitutional and parliamentary government. The ministry were forced, by public opinion, to repeal the Independence of Parliament Act, under which they had accomplished the “Double-Shuffle.” The Cartier-Macdonald administration, after it had been formed, announced that it would give serious attention to the question of a Federal Union of the Provinces of North America. They further promised that they would approach the imperial authorities on the subject, and also enter into communication with the governments of the Maritime provinces. After the session of 1858, Messrs. Cartier, Galt and Ross visited England in the interest of a Federal Union. To communications from the colonial secretary on the subject of union, the government of the Maritime provinces answered by requesting time for the consideration of the project. The result was that no action was at that time taken. The Cartier-Macdonald government proceeded no farther in the direction of union. On this visit to England, Attorney-General Cartier was, for three days, the guest of the Queen at Windsor Castle. Parliament was opened, in Toronto, in the month of January, 1859. The question of the seat of government again came to the front. The ministry stated that they were obliged to uphold the Queen’s decision in favor of Ottawa. Mr. Sicotte, who had left the cabinet on this question, proposed an amendment to the Address in reply to the Speech from the Throne. He had seceded because he held that, after the vote of the Legislative Assembly at its last session, the government could not abide by the decision of the Queen without violating the principle that the majority should rule. The amendment he now proposed was to the effect that the principles of the Constitution required that the opinion of the majority should be respected; and that, in declaring, during the preceding session, that Ottawa should not be the capital, the house had expressed its views in conformity with the ordinary and constitutional exercise of its privileges. Mr. Langevin seconded the amendment. He was of opinion that Attorney-General Cartier could not make any one believe that Ottawa was the most convenient place for the seat of government. The capital ought not to be fixed before the question of Confederation was decided. Mr. Cartier argued that the conduct of the cabinet in this matter was constitutional. The simple declaration, by the house, that Ottawa ought not to be the capital, did not suffice to set aside the Queen’s decision, and bind the ministry to take account of it. The choice of Ottawa was a good one, because the immediate pressure of public opinion would make itself less felt there than elsewhere. The French-Canadians would find, in Ottawa, a population in part Catholic, and having the same institutions. The result of the debate was a government majority of only five. The Upper Canada Opposition contributed to the victory so narrowly won. Ottawa, sorely pressed, snatched the capital from the other competitors. The session of 1859 was marked by another advantage secured by Mr. Cartier for his native province. This was an Act to amend the Seignorial Act of 1854. The object of his measure was the complete redemption of the Seignorial rights, with one exception. It was stated that the funds provided by the Seignorial Act of 1854 had proved insufficient for the redemption of certain feudal obligations still pressing upon the habitants. For this purpose a new appropriation of between $1,600,000 and $2,000,000 was demanded by Mr. Cartier. With the exception of one member, Mr. Somerville, all the Lower Canada representatives supported this measure. But the Upper Canada Liberals, led by the Hon. George Brown, assailed the proposal with the utmost vigor. They proclaimed that it was nothing more than an attempt to rob Upper Canada. They opposed it in the press, and combated it with unflinching courage on the floor of the house. But in vain: the Lower Canada phalanx voted down all attempts to amend the measure, and with them voted their Upper Canada allies. The end was, that the law was carried by 66 to 28. The session of 1861 was marked by a long and vehement debate on the question of Representation by Population. It was opened by Mr. Ferguson proposing an amendment to the Address. The amendment declared the regret of the house that the governor-general had not been advised to allude to the recent census of the people, which census the house could not but regard as preliminary to legislation upon the great question of Parliamentary Reform, based upon the numbers and wealth of the people, etc. The amendment was voted down by 72 to 38. The Lower Canada phalanx and its Upper Canada allies were again victorious. Mr. Ferguson then proposed a measure in modification of the existing system of representation. The new project was to give to a county of at least 15,000 inhabitants one representative; to a county of 20,000, two representatives. Mr. Cartier, in a strong and uncompromising speech, announced his unalterable opposition to what he styled the unjust pretensions of Upper Canada. He maintained that the upper province had no right under the Union Act, to claim a larger representation than Lower Canada. The union had been consummated with the understanding that the equality of the representation would be maintained. He concluded in protesting that he would never sacrifice the rights of Lower Canada. The government of which he was first minister would not yield Representation by Population, in spite of the efforts of the members from Upper Canada who advocated that measure. It must be admitted that, on this particular question, Mr. Cartier shows to great disadvantage. The lawyer and the sectionalist are seen everywhere: the statesman and the Canadian nowhere. Because the Union Act was silent on the subject of representation, the great upper province must chafe under a galling injustice. Containing 285,000 people more than Lower Canada, this vast number was to remain without a voice to make known their wishes in the councils of the country. In this instance, Mr. Cartier showed himself devoid of that rare element, political equity: the element that distinguishes the statesman from the politician. After a discussion prolonged through several days, the measure of Mr. Ferguson was defeated by a majority of 18. For the motion 49; against it, 67. Upper Canada had 49 representatives who voted for the motion, and a dozen who voted against it. If Mr. Cartier had been a man of ordinary political prescience on this question he would have foreseen, from this vote, that Upper Canada was determined to have her claims satisfied, and that it would not be possible much longer to refuse them. The parliament was prorogued on the 18th of May, 1861. On the 16th of June following, it was dissolved by proclamation. In the general election which followed, Mr. Cartier defeated Mr. Dorion in Montreal East. The seventh parliament of the province of Canada was opened on the 20th of March, 1862. In the debate on the Address, the burning question of Representation by Population again came up. The Hon. William Macdougall, one of its most able and ardent supporters, moved an amendment to the Address. It set forth that, by the recent census, the population of Upper Canada exceeded that of Lower Canada, in February, 1861, by no fewer than 285,427 souls. The amendment expressed the regret of the house that the governor-general had not been advised to recommend some measure for securing to this large population in Upper Canada their rightful share of the parliamentary representation, and their just influence in the government. The Hon. John Hillyard Cameron, though Conservative as he was, raised his eloquent voice in favor of the claims of Upper Canada. But facts, reasoning, justice, pleaded in vain. The Lower Canada majority, to a man, voted down Mr. Macdougall’s proposition; but he was supported by forty-two of the representatives of Upper Canada. Mr. Cartier, this session, failed again to see that the headlong voting of his followers was paralyzing the constitution which, in their common political blindness, they fancied they were perpetuating. But the day of his supremacy was drawing to a close. His colleague, the Hon. John A. Macdonald, brought forward a measure intended to increase the efficiency of the militia. It was based on the suggestions of a special commission, amongst whose members were Mr. Cartier and Mr. Macdonald. The commissioners recommended that an active force of 50,000 men should submit to a drill extending over twenty-eight days in each year; and that a reserve of an equal number should be embodied. The opposition at once began to question the ministry. The Hon. Mr. Galt, the minister of finance, informed them that he would ask for $850,000 to set the new scheme in operation. After this outlay, the annual expenditure would be about $500,000. The French Canadian constituencies took the alarm. They dreaded a conscription which would every year take away so many thousands of needed workers from their homes and farms. They raised their voices against the enormous increase of the provincial liabilities which this new scheme would necessitate. Some of the friends of the government sought in vain to induce them to modify the measure. They defied a vote. On the second reading the vote was taken. The government was beaten by 61 to 54. Mr. Macdonald was supported by a majority of seven votes from Upper Canada; but Mr. Cartier was left in a minority of thirteen. His political power was shattered. On the 21st of May, 1862, he tendered his resignation. The Hon. John Sandfield Macdonald, at the invitation of Lord Monck, succeeded in forming a cabinet. How it was compelled to resign, and how successive cabinets were subjected to a similar ordeal; how the scheme of Confederation was matured, as the only way out of the dead-lock, it will be the province of other sketches to detail. At present, our concern is with Mr. Cartier alone. To those who can remember the political events of 1863 and 1865, it is needless to say that Mr. Cartier succeeded in forcing the scheme of Confederation on Lower Canada. He had managed to array on his side, amongst other influences, those of the Roman Catholic church. Against a scheme thus supported the efforts of the Liberals were directed in vain. The cry of Confederation swept Lower Canada like a hurricane. Under the new system of Confederation, Mr. Cartier was, on the 18th of July, 1867, appointed minister of defence for the Dominion. In August, 1868, he was created a baronet of the United Kingdom. He represented Montreal East in the Quebec Legislature from the union until the general election of 1871, when he was chosen as member for Beauharnois. He remained in the local parliament until the abolition of dual representation. To his credit be it said that the majority of the British population of Lower Canada looked up to him, when he was a member of the Quebec Assembly, as their special champion. This they did, to the setting aside of the timid and trimming representatives of their own nationality. It must be admitted that, from the era of Confederation, the political stature of Sir George Cartier began to grow less. Larger interests than those of Lower Canada usurped the public attention. His province had no grievances to bring into the Confederation. He was still her foremost man, but she needed him no longer as her champion. In the general election of 1872 he suffered the mortification of defeat in Montreal East. He sought political shelter in the distant Manitoba county of Provencher, a region wherein he had never set foot. He was in England when, in 1873, the Pacific Scandal burst, like a thunderclap, upon the people of Canada. That Sir George was deeply implicated in the degrading bargain was only too clear. He died in England, on the 20th of May, 1873. On the 13th of June following, his remains were accorded, in Montreal, the honor of a public funeral. Men of all ranks and nationalities made up the multitudes who escorted his remains to their last resting-place, in the cemetery on the Montreal mountain.

Brown, William.—This gentleman, in conjunction with Thomas Gilmore, started the first printing press in Canada. Nothing is known of them beyond that they came from Philadelphia to Quebec, in 1763, having formed the idea of starting newspapers in Canada; that immeasurable difficulties beset them in their arduous undertaking, not the least of which was that Mr. Brown had to proceed to England to procure the proper materials, such as press, ink and paper, before he could issue his first broadsheet. On his return he opened his printing office, and on the 21st of June, 1764, brought out the first number of the Quebec Gazette. He had only one hundred and fifty subscribers, but, nevertheless, he succeeded in introducing “a new and potent element of civilization.”

Cook, Rev. John, D.D., LL.D., Quebec, for many years minister of St. Andrew’s Church, of that city, but now retired, was born in Sanquhar, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, on the 13th April, 1805, and educated at the universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, where he studied under Dr. Chalmers. Dr. Cook was ordained a clergyman of the Church of Scotland in 1835, and came to Canada in 1836. He has ever since taken a prominent part, first in the affairs of the Presbyterian Church of Canada in connection with the Church of Scotland, and since the general union of Presbyterians, in 1875, in those of the United Church. In 1844, when those who sympathised with the secession from the church in Scotland withdrew from the Canadian church in connection with the Scottish establishment, Dr. Cook was, for the second time, after the departure of the Free Church party, elected moderator of the Synod. He opposed the division of the Canadian church, maintaining that, without regard to the divisions in Scotland, it was the duty of Canadian Presbyterians to remain united in upholding the general interests of Presbyterians in Canada. While steadily laboring to promote the extension of the old branch of the Presbyterian church, Dr. Cook remained consistent to his opinions of 1844, and at the Synod of 1861 proposed a resolution, the effect of which was to promote the union of all the Presbyterians of the province. At the time this failed, but in 1875 the union so manifestly desirable, though long retarded by mutual prejudices, was brought about, and by the general sense of the united church, and in recognition of his exertions to restore union, Dr. Cook was chosen first moderator of the Presbyterian Church of the Dominion. In connection with the church, Dr. Cook was one of the delegates sent home to obtain a Royal charter for the University of Queen’s College, Kingston, of which he was long a trustee, and over which he presided as principal in 1857 and 1858. In 1855, when the clergy of the Church of Scotland in the province, sacrificing their own interests for the benefit of the church, created with the proceeds of their allowances a general endowment fund, Dr. Cook acted for his brethren, and it was through him that the commutation with the government was effected. Both before and since the union, Dr. Cook’s great ability and energy have enabled him to render the greatest services to the church. He has had a large share in all branches of church work, and no clergyman is better known or more respected throughout the dominion. In 1875, Dr. Cook was the spokesman of a delegation from Canada to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, which sought and obtained the approval of the mother church to the then contemplated union. While zealously laboring in ecclesiastical matters, Dr. Cook has been a useful and public-spirited citizen of Quebec, taking part, not only in purely religious affairs, but in many others of a public nature. In 1845, memorable in the history of Quebec for the two great fires by which the suburb of St. Roch and the suburb of St. John were consumed, Dr. Cook, as a member of the relief committee, took an active part in the aid of the sufferers, and the masterly defence of the committee at the close of its labors, in answer to the charges of the London committee, was from his pen. In 1866, when St. Roch and St. Sauveur suburbs were again swept by another disastrous fire, his experience was found very valuable, and he gave it freely, together with active assistance in promoting relief measures. At many public meetings he has eloquently advocated what he deemed to be for the public good. But it is perhaps in the matter of education that Dr. Cook has been most useful in Quebec. The High School, justly regarded as one of the best schools in the country, was established mainly through his exertions in 1843, and for many years, as chairman of the board of directors, he took a warm interest in its struggles and its success. Dr. Cook was named by the late Dr. Morin as principal of the college then about to be established in Quebec with the funds given by him for that purpose, and since 1861 Dr. Cook has filled, as he still does, the office of principal. In 1880, the degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Queen’s University, Kingston; that of D.D. he holds from the University of Glasgow. In 1883, Dr. Cook retired from the active duties of the ministry, amid the hearty regrets of his beloved congregation. Dr. Cook’s preaching accords with the straightforward energy of his character. His sermons are distinguished by close adherence to the special point under consideration, by logical precision and practical earnestness. They contain many passages marked by beauty as well as power. A volume of them has been lately published, which has been reviewed in a very favorable light by both the secular and religious press. We extract the following from a review in the Halifax Presbyterian Witness: —

These doctrinal treatises give us a glimpse of the teaching which has ministered to the people of St. Andrew’s Church, Quebec, for a long period. They bring up before our minds many a quiet Sabbath, and many a solemn and impressive service in that old historic town. These addresses, replete with true and unpretending eloquence, must have been listened to with the breathless attention and stillness of beating hearts. These are evangelical inasmuch as they give prominence to the great facts and dogmas of Christianity. Not to present these in their proper place, connexion and views, is not to present the divine remedy for man’s spiritual disorders, but something else. They do not present the gospel as if it were a system of ethics merely, or even a scheme of moral duties. They do not ignore the fact of sin or the need of regeneration in order to holy obedience. But they are also evangelical in this higher sense, that, while they build upon evangelical fact and evangelical dogma, and assume that the teachings of Christ and the Apostles are divine, they do not merely reiterate, but explain, defend, illustrate and enforce these evangelical elements. There is throughout an endeavor to show the reasonableness of gospel truth—its internal harmony—its conformableness to the fitness of things, and its agreement with the natural impressions of the human mind and the demands of the moral sense. In this respect these sermons are like those of Vinet, F. W. Robertson, and the great preachers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and they are as able and eloquent. Dr. Cook’s discourses are especially adapted for cultivated readers. By such a class they cannot fail to be greatly appreciated. They are calm and elevating treatises upon great gospel themes. The preacher has utterly discarded the traditional sermon mould. Unshackled by pulpit traditions, he handles each subject with the skill of a great orator and teacher. The language is impressive, and the metaphors and illustrations are appropriate. His starting-points are skilfully chosen, and from these he advances, gradually opening up his subject, so that it becomes more and more luminous to the close. Whatever the subject be, it is made to appear reasonable and accordant with those principles upon which men reason and act in common life. Sometimes he states and accentuates an apparent incongruity in morals or religion, and the discourse is then devoted to its solution. It is to be hoped that many persons, and especially many ministers, may be induced to read discourses so full of instruction, so admirable as models of pulpit teaching, and so interesting as a memorial of the pulpit of St. Andrew’s Church, Quebec, and its noble and venerable occupant for so many long and eventful years.

Dr. Cook has a family of five surviving children, all of whom are now grown up to man’s and woman’s estate. One of his daughters is the wife of Andrew Thomson, of Quebec, president of the Union Bank, of that city. Two of his sons—William and Archibald Cook—are eminent members of the Quebec bar, in large practice, and the former is a Q.C. His youngest daughter is the wife of Edward Greenshields, a merchant in Montreal, and a director of the Montreal Bank.

Macdonald, Hon. John, Toronto, Senator of the Dominion of Canada, is one of the most enterprizing and successful of the merchants Canada is proud of. He is a Scotchman by birth, having been born in Perthshire, in December, 1824, and when a mere lad came to this country. He received his educational training, first at the Regimental School of the 93rd Sutherland Highlanders, in which regiment his father served; subsequently at Dalhousie College, Halifax, and then at the Bay street Academy, Toronto, which at that time was conducted by the late Mr. Boyd, father of Chancellor Boyd, of Ontario. In this academy our future senator had the honor of winning the medal for classics. After leaving school, he chose the mercantile profession, and leaving Toronto, entered the employ of C. & J. Macdonald, general merchants at Gananoque, where he served for two years. Returning to Toronto, he took a position in the mercantile house of the late Walter McFarlane, on King street east, who at that time was doing perhaps the largest business in Upper Canada. After working in this establishment for about six years, he was compelled, through failing health, to give up his situation, and seek change of climate. With this end in view, he sailed for Jamaica in 1847, and, after resting for a short time, entered the mercantile house of Nethersoll & Co., the largest on the island. Here Mr. Macdonald remained for somewhat less than a year, when he returned to Toronto. In 1849 he commenced business on his own account, in a shop on Yonge street, near Richmond street, and made the then bold attempt to establish there an exclusively dry goods business. The venture having proved a success, in 1853 he moved to larger premises on Wellington street, not far from his present warehouse, and here was laid the foundation of the present large wholesale importing house of John Macdonald & Co. After a period of nine years of successful business in this warehouse, Mr. Macdonald removed to larger and handsomer premises on the south side of Wellington street, which after a while proved too small for his ever-increasing business, and a few years ago he was compelled to enlarge these premises, which he did by adding another pile of buildings, which now occupies the ground formerly covered by the North American Hotel and the Newbigging House on Front street. These premises were bought at a great outlay of capital. They have a frontage of 100 feet, with 140 feet in depth, and are six stories high. About one hundred men are employed, including the buyers in the British and American markets, and the establishment is, without doubt, the largest of its kind in Canada, and will compare favorably with any of the wholesale houses in the largest cities in the United States. Mr. Macdonald, realizing the idea that the world had claims upon him outside his warehouse, entered public life as member for West Toronto, in the Legislative Assembly of Canada. His opponent on this occasion for parliamentary honors was the Hon. John Beverley Robinson, late lieutenant-governor of Ontario, whom he defeated by a majority of 462 votes, and then sat in parliament until confederation was accomplished. At the next general election he was defeated for the House of Commons by the late Robert Harrison, who afterwards became chief justice of Ontario. In 1875, a vacancy having occurred in Centre Toronto, a constituency established in 1872, Mr. Macdonald was invited to become a candidate, and having consented, he was returned by acclamation. In 1878, however, when the national policy cry was raised, and people imagined they could be made rich by Act of Parliament, Mr. Macdonald was defeated by Robert Hay, by a majority of 490 votes. In politics Mr. Macdonald has always been what may be styled an independent Liberal, discarding party views when they seemed to trammel his settled convictions. He opposed the coalition of 1864, and voted against the confederation of the provinces. This attitude towards party, when its claims conflicted with duty, he clearly defined in his reply to a request asking him to be a candidate in 1875. He promised to give the government a cheerful support, but declined to promise more; and, to the credit of the requisitionists, they conceded to him in advance a perfect freedom of judgment in deciding upon all questions. Mr. Macdonald takes a deep interest in all public questions, and is never afraid to speak out boldly when the occasion demands it. During the exciting debates that took place in the Board of Trade during the fall of 1887, on the question of commercial union with the United States, he was present, and made his voice to be heard. Indeed, he has the honor of being the author of the resolution which carried, and was the means of allaying the political feeling that was beginning to show itself in that important body. The resolution alluded to was as follows: —

That this Board desires to place on record the conviction that the largest possible freedom of commercial intercourse between our own country and the United States, compatible with our relation to Great Britain, is desirable.

That this Board will do everything in its power to bring about the consummation of such a result.

That in its estimation a treaty which ignored any of the interests of our own country or which gave undue prominence to any one to the neglect or to the injury of any other, is one that could not be entertained.

That in our agricultural, mineral, manufacturing, and our diversified mercantile interests, in our fisheries, forests, and other products, we possess in a rare and in an extraordinary degree all the elements which go to make a people great, prosperous and self-reliant.

That these are fitting inducements to any nation to render reciprocity with Canada a thing to be desired, and such as should secure for us a reciprocal treaty with the United States of the broadest and most generous character which, while fully recognising these conditions, would contain guarantees which would prove of mutual and abiding ad vantage to both nations; but that this Board cannot entertain any proposal which would place Great Britain at any disadvantage as compared with the United States, or which would tend in any measure, however small, to weaken the bonds which bind us to the Empire.

Education has claimed some of Mr. Macdonald’s time, and for some years he has been a senator of the Provincial University, Toronto, a visitor of Victoria College, Cobourg, and a member of the High School Board. In all religious and moral movements he has lent his aid, and is always ready to help everything calculated to elevate humanity, by tongue, pen and purse. Mr. Macdonald is a member of the Methodist church, and had it not been that his health failed him when a young man, and on the advice of his physician, he would have studied for the ministry, and to this church he has for many years devoted much time and talents. He has long been a member of the executive committee of its General Conference, and treasurer of the Missionary Society. Outside of his own denomination he has taken a conspicuous part in the work of the Evangelical Alliance, the Bible Society, the Temperance reform, the General Hospital, and the Young Men’s Christian Association, and has been twice elected president at the united convention of Ontario and Quebec. Mr. Macdonald has been a director in several business companies, and was, at the last annual meeting of the Board of Trade, elected a member of its executive council. In 1887 he made the handsome donation of $40,000 towards the erection of a new city hospital, as a memorial of his daughter Amy, who during her lifetime took a very deep interest in this kind of charity. And since then he has also donated a large sum of money to enable his church to carry out its scheme of establishing a university in Toronto. Mr. Macdonald has written two very interesting brochures, “Business Success,” originally a lecture, and a practical address to “The Young Men of his Warehouse,” both of which should be in the hands of young men. In November, 1887, he was chosen a senator of the Dominion, a choice which reflects great credit on Sir John A. Macdonald, and which has been approved of by all political parties. Mr. Macdonald’s career is a striking instance of what energy and perseverance, combined with integrity and uprightness, may accomplish for a young man just starting upon life’s battle.

Gouin, Antoine Nemese, Sorel, Quebec, was born on February 25th, 1821, in the parish of Ste. Anne de la Pérade, Quebec. He is a son of Charles Gouin, merchant, and Marguerite Elizabeth Richer Lafleche, his wife, first cousin to his grace Bishop Lafleche. In 1825, Mr. and Mrs. Gouin removed from Ste. Anne to Sorel, then called the borough of William Henry. The subject of this sketch attended the College of St. Hyacinthe, from 1832 to 1839, and on leaving this seminary of learning entered the office of Cherrier & Mondelet, in Montreal, to study law, and was admitted to the bar in November, 1843. He practised his profession in Montreal for two years, when he removed to Sorel, where he has resided ever since. At the general election in December, 1851, he was elected member of parliament for the county of Richelieu, as a Liberal-Conservative, and, as such, took part in the discussions on all the leading questions of the day, such as the clergy reserves, the seignorial tenure, the Grand Trunk Railway, etc. On May 18th, 1858, he was appointed prothonotary of the Superior Court, clerk of the crown, of the peace, and of the circuit court, in and for the district of Richelieu, which office he is still holding. Mr. Gouin is a French Canadian and a Roman Catholic. He was married March 18th, 1863, to Adele Catherine Penton, daughter of Henry Penton, sen., of Pentonville, England, and of Catherine Cordier de la Houssaye, a French lady. Mrs. Gouin was born in Calais, France, on October 25th, 1825, and died at Sorel, on February 19th, 1886, leaving two daughters and a son—the issue of her first marriage with Assistant Commissary-General James Lane.

Clinch, Robert Thomson, St. John, N.B., is descended from an old Irish family of record in Ireland since the time of Edward the Second. His ancestors, Peter and Simon Clinch, took an active part on the Stuart side, in the troublous times of James the Second and William the Third. He was born at St. George, New Brunswick, June 27th, 1827, and is the seventh son of Patrick and Eleanor Clinch, and grandson of Captain Peter Clinch, who, for special services rendered the British government during the American revolutionary war, was awarded a large tract of land. Nearly half of the land on which the city of St. John now stands, and where at that time Captain Clinch resided, was ungranted. Taking with him two Indians, Captain Clinch traversed the province of New Brunswick, and on reaching Charlotte county was so struck with the beauty of Magaguadavic Falls that he resolved to select his land grant in this neighborhood. He then retired from the army, and became the first settler, and the founder of the town of St. George. This gentleman represented Charlotte county in the first House of Assembly in New Brunswick, which was opened in St. John, January 3rd, 1786, by Governor Thomas Carleton. His son, Robert Clinch’s father, also represented Charlotte county in the House of Assembly, some eight or ten years, and was a justice of the court of common pleas, and for several years editor of the Provincialist, a newspaper, published in St. Andrews. Mr. Clinch has been connected with the telegraph service ever since its introduction into New Brunswick, and for the past twenty years has been superintendent in the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. He is a member of the Church of England, and has been four times elected representative to the Provincial Synod, and in 1880 was appointed one of the delegates from the Provincial Synod to the convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States, then assembled in New York. Mr. Clinch, for thirty-four years, has been an active member of the Masonic fraternity. In 1866 he was appointed district grand master by the late Earl of Zetland, and after the formation of the Grand Lodge of New Brunswick was thrice elected grand master. He is now the representative of the Grand Lodge of England to the Grand Lodge of New Brunswick, and is also past commander of the Knights Templars of St. John, and a member of the supreme council of the 33rd Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite for the Dominion of Canada. He married in 1860, Henrietta, daughter of George W. Cleary, barrister, who died April 3rd, 1862. In 1866 he married Helen E., daughter of Thomas Barlow, a member of the old late house of E. Barlow & Sons.

Baudouin, Philibert, St. John’s, province of Quebec, was born at Repentigny, Quebec, April 27th, 1836. He is a son of Pierre Baudouin and Margaret Hétu, his wife. He is a descendant of Jean Baudouin, who was a resident of Montreal in 1663, and whose son, Guillaume, settled at Repentigny, on the estate where M. Baudouin was born, and which has been in the family since its cession by the seigneur in 1698. The family name of Baudouin is derived from the language of old Gaul, and is the origin of the name Baldwin, which was first spelled Baudwin. The subject of this sketch was educated at L’Assomption College, and took a full classical course. He is a notary public for the province of Quebec, and in 1858 resided at Coteau Landing; in 1860, at Iberville; from 1862 to 1873, he was county clerk, clerk of the circuit court, etc., for Iberville county, and town clerk of Iberville; from 1875 to 1877, he was manager of the agency of the Banque de St. Jean, at Farnham; from 1877 to 1886, cashier of the Banque de St. Jean, at St. John’s; and since 1886 he has been manager of the agency of the Banque du Peuple, at St. John’s. He has travelled through the Eastern States, and was one of the many thousands at the Philadelphia exposition of 1876. He is a Roman Catholic in religion. Mr. Baudouin is a total abstainer from liquor, and is in the enjoyment of perfect health, although a hard brain-worker. He was married, August 22nd, 1864, to Caroline Annie Marchand, of the Marchand family, long established in St. John’s, the most prominent of which now are the Hon. F. G. Marchand, M.P.P., speaker of the Quebec legislature, etc., and Henri Marchand, prothonotary, S.C., at St. John’s; and on her mother’s side, a granddaughter of Isaac Phineas, long agent at Maskinonge of Seigneur Pothier’s estate, and one of the English Jews who settled in Canada about a century ago.

Lamarche, Felix Oliver, Mayor of Berthierville, province of Quebec, was born at Montreal, Quebec, on 1st December, 1837. He is the son of Charles Lamarche and Marguerite Tranque, his wife, who is descended from an ancient Norman family, who, on leaving the old land, settled in Montreal. The subject of this sketch received an elementary school education at Berthier-en-haut. In 1839, he left Montreal for that town, and has resided there since. He was for several years actively engaged in the shipping interest, being the owner of several vessels, and for nine years commanded a vessel sailing on the St. Lawrence river. As a sailor, he was on several trips down the gulf to St. John’s, N.F.; Halifax, N.S.; St. John, N.B.; La Baie des Chaleurs, P.E.I., etc. For the past sixteen years he has been in the hay and grain business, and is now one of the largest hay shippers in the province of Quebec, having nine hay barns or sheds, with eleven hay presses, employing fifty men, and shipping some five thousand tons of hay annually to the United States and local markets. He is president of the Compagnie Industrial of Berthierville, and of the bolt manufactory; was a shareholder in the late Stadacona Insurance Company; and also in the Union Steam Navigation Company. In politics, he is a strong Conservative, and a liberal subscriber to its funds. He has been repeatedly solicited to allow himself to be brought forward as a candidate in the Conservative interest, but invariably refused. He was also offered government positions, but would not accept them in view of his business connections, and also because his busy life could not stand the restraint such a position would place upon him. In religion, he is a fervent Roman Catholic. He has been married twice—first to Alphonsine Ducharme, on the 7th November, 1858, by whom he had two children. This lady died on the 22nd August, 1861. Again to Caroline St. Cyr, on the 30th August, 1875, and by whom he has had seven children. Of the nine children, three only are living.

Bresse, Hon. Guillaume (William), Quebec, is the leading boot and shoe manufacturer of the ancient capital, and a member of the Legislative Council of the province of Quebec. An admirable type of the self-made man, Mr. Bresse has risen from obscurity to a commanding position of industrial eminence and affluence by the sheer force of native talent and enterprise. With no other educational advantages than those afforded by the parish school of St. Athanase, d’Iberville, P.Q., at which the present premier of the province of Quebec, Hon. H. Mercier, also received the rudiments of his education; he has climbed the ladder of fortune until he now stands on the topmost rung of wealth and influence, while still a comparatively young man. But he has not forgotten that he was once a workingman himself. One of the largest employers of labor in the province of Quebec, his workmen and women are more his friends than his employees, and the interest he takes in their comfort and welfare is altogether paternal. Born in Chambly, near Montreal, he is now in the fifty-third year of his age. His parentage was humble, but respectable. His father was a farmer, a typical French-Canadian habitant, and his mother was a member of the Rocheleau family, of Chambly. His uncle, Major Bresse, served in the Canadian militia under De Salaberry, at Chateauguay, during the war of 1812, and was the Lower Canadian hero’s most trusted lieutenant. After receiving such education as the school of St. Athanase could impart, our subject went out into the world to earn his own livelihood, and his life down to about 1863 was that of the ordinary workingman, laboring for his day’s wage in Montreal and the manufacturing centres of the New England States. During his sojourn in the latter, he formed a close intimacy with another workingman and fellow countryman, who has also since risen to wealth and fame in his native province—Louis Coté, the great boot and shoe manufacturer of St. Hyacinthe, P.Q., for many years the popular mayor of that city, and now a member of the Dominion Labor Commission. The two young French-Canadians were kindred spirits. Both were of an observant turn of mind and actuated by a laudable ambition to advance themselves. Happily, too, for themselves and their native province, they were both gifted with more than the usual pluck and enterprise of their race. Noting the preference given to their countrymen as factory hands in the United States, on account of their peculiar adaptability to the work, their orderly character, and their contentment with moderate earnings, they quickly came to the conclusion that if the French-Canadians were so profitable to their employers abroad, where the cost of living was high, they would be much more so at home. They accordingly returned to Canada with the determination to start in the business of boot and shoe manufacturing on their own account. The old city of Quebec seemed to offer the most favorable field for their undertaking. One of its staple industries, shipbuilding, was declining, and a large element of the local population were out of employment and ready to embark in any new branch which promised steady work. The tanneries of Quebec, already famous for the abundance and excellence of their leather, also offered the attraction of a cheap, plentiful, and convenient supply of the raw material, and altogether the situation appeared exceedingly propitious to make a bold bid for the Canadian trade. But the two young adventurers were without means or friends to help them, and their beginning was, consequently, on a very small and humble scale. By the merest accident, when they reached Point Levis, opposite Quebec, on their return from the United States in the winter of 1863, they met François Langelier, then a young lawyer returning, after completing his studies in Europe, and now the Hon. François Langelier, mayor of Quebec and member of the House of Commons for the electoral division of Quebec Centre. While being conveyed through the floating ice of the St. Lawrence over to Quebec, an acquaintanceship was formed between the three young men, which has since ripened into a warm and lasting friendship, personal and political. The encounter was a fortunate one for all three. To Messrs. Bresse and Coté it was particularly so, for a few days afterwards a reference to Mr. Langelier enabled them to secure the lease of a building in St. John’s suburbs, on favorable terms, suited to their purpose. It has often been asserted that the Messrs. Woodley were the pioneers of the great boot and shoe industry of Quebec city, but such is not the case. The Woodleys did not start in it until 1866, or three years after the firm of Coté & Bresse, who began manufacturing with machinery in St. George street, in St. John’s suburbs, in the spring of 1863. To these two enterprising French-Canadians rightfully belongs the credit of leading the way in a branch of trade which is now the most important of Quebec, and furnishes a means of support to a larger body of the population even than the lumber trade. From St. George street they removed to Des Fosses street, in Quebec East, when the partnership was dissolved, Mr. Coté going to St. Hyacinthe, and Mr. Bresse remaining in Quebec and removing to St. Paul street. His present factory and palatial residence on Dorchester street, Quebec East, erected in 1871, cover an entire block, and the factory itself is the largest and finest of its kind in the city. It gives constant employment to an average of four hundred hands, male and female, and the quantity of boots and shoes it turns out is enormous, while their excellence has rendered Mr. Bresse’s name famous all over the Dominion. From Newfoundland in the east to Vancouver in the west, his goods find a ready market, and his numerous hands are kept busy all the year round in filling orders. In addition, Mr. Bresse is the patentee of several valuable labor-saving machines of his own invention, and owns a large tannery at Arthabaska, several farms in the district surrounding Quebec, and property in Winnipeg, Montreal, and elsewhere. He also holds a controlling interest in the St. Hyacinthe Water Works Company, of which he is a director. He was a member of the Senecal Syndicate which purchased the North Shore Railway from the provincial government of Quebec, under the premiership of Hon. Mr. Chapleau, the present Dominion secretary of state, and acted as administrator of that road until it passed into the hands of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. In fact, there are but few local undertakings, financial or industrial, in which he has not been, or is not now, concerned, and he may be truly said to be an eminently successful man. As a citizen, he is deservedly held in the highest respect, and his fellow townsmen some years ago marked their confidence in him by electing him as one of their representatives in the city council for Jacques Cartier ward. He sat in the council for one term, after which he declined re-election on account of the demands of his extensive business upon his time. As an employer of labor, he is probably one of the most popular in Quebec, having a genuine workingman’s sympathy for workingmen, and treating them more as his children than his servants. In politics, Mr. Bresse has always been a warm and consistent Liberal, and the opposition leader in the Dominion parliament, the silver-tongued Laurier, has no stronger admirer or supporter in his constituency of Quebec East. Hon. H. Mercier, the present premier of the province, is also one of his warmest friends, and it was by his government that Mr. Bresse was, in December, 1887, called with general public approval to the Legislative Council as the representative of Les Laurentides division upon the resignation of Hon. J. E. Gingras. On that occasion, the pleasant relations existing between him and his employees was marked by their presentation to him of a congratulatory address. In religion, he is a Roman Catholic, like the great majority of his fellow countrymen. He is unmarried.

Moreau, Right Rev. Louis Zephirin, Bishop of St. Hyacinthe, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, was born at Becancourt, province of Quebec, the 1st of April, 1824. His father was Louis Moreau, farmer, and his mother, Marie Margaret Champoux. He followed a classical course of study at the seminary of Nicolet, from 1839 to 1844, and taught in the same college for upwards of two years. In September, 1846, he went to the palace of the Bishop of Montreal, where he was ordained a priest in December of the same year. From 1846 to 1852, he remained at the palace in the capacity of chaplain to the cathedral, and assistant secretary of the diocese. On the 2nd of November, 1852, he left Montreal for St. Hyacinthe, as secretary to the first bishop of that place, Monseigneur J. C. Prince. He then occupied the position of parish priest and vicar-general of the diocese. On the 19th of November, 1875, he was appointed by His Holiness Pope Pius the IX. the fourth bishop of St. Hyacinthe, and was consecrated on 16th January, 1876. Since then his lordship has made two trips to Rome in the interest of his diocese, which is comprised of 120,000 Roman Catholics, and 18,000 Protestants, containing seventy-six churches, one hundred and sixty priests, two seminaries, three colleges, two male communities, five communities of women, and five hospitals in charge of nuns. The St. Hyacinthe Cathedral is one of the finest edifices in the Dominion, and it is owing to Bishop Moreau’s indefatigable efforts and energy that the citizens are indebted for its erection, as well as for the establishment of the other above-mentioned institutions of learning and benevolence.