IV (part 6)

Stevens, Hon. Gardner Green, Waterloo, province of Quebec, was born on 13th December, 1814, at Brompton, Quebec. His father was born at Newfane, Windham county, Vermont, and his grandfather, Lemuel Stevens, at Petersham, Worcester county, Mass. The family moved into Canada soon after the close of the struggle for the independence of the colonies, they being strong adherents of the British crown. His mother came from Brookfield, Vt. His father, Gardner Stevens, was one of the early settlers in Brompton, and was, in his day, an industrious, well-to-do farmer, and a prominent citizen. He met with an accident in 1845, when sixty-three years of age, which terminated fatally. The subject of this sketch received the ordinary education of farmers’ sons in this locality fifty years ago; aided his father in cultivating the soil until of age; then took charge of a farm, mill, and store at Waterville, county of Compton, and was thus employed for ten years, when, in March, 1851, he became agent for the British American Loan Company, taking up his residence at Waterloo, and he has since devoted his attention almost entirely to that agency. Except four years spent at Roxton Falls, he has resided there for thirty years, holding various positions of trust and honor, both at Roxton and Waterloo. While at the former place, he was municipal councillor and mayor of the town. Here he has been justice of the peace for a long period; has been councillor, mayor of the township from 1870 to 1875 inclusive, and warden of the county. While warden he was ex-officio a director of the South-Eastern Railway. He has been a director, and is now president, of the Stanstead, Shefford, and Chambly Railway, of which company he was the first treasurer. He is one of those enterprising men who like to have a hand in any movement calculated to benefit the country—its material interests, or for the improvement of the people. Since February 19th, 1876, he has represented the constituency of Bedford in the Senate of the Dominion, taking the place of Hon. Asa B. Foster, who resigned that year. In 1847, Senator Stevens married Relief Jane, daughter of Sidney Spafford, of Compton, and has issue five children—three sons and two daughters. The family attend the Methodist church. It was during the first term of Senator Stevens’ service in the mayor’s chair that Prince Arthur visited Waterloo, June 13, 1870, and he had the honor of presenting an address to His Royal Highness. The Chronicler of Shefford thus speaks of our subject: “Mr. Stevens is emphatically a self-made man, and like all men of his class, his perceptive faculties, sharpened by cultivation, made him keenly cognizant of whatever affects his own interests, or anything committed to his trust. A man of extensive reading and retentive memory, with ready powers of conversation, he is eminently qualified to amuse or instruct. Accustomed to habits of industry, he appreciates this quality in others, and while he is ever ready to assist the young man who is bravely fighting the battle of life, he has no sympathy for one who shrinks from hardships, or who, with everything in his favor, makes shipwreck of his possessions.”

Wood, Rev. Enoch, D.D.—This reverend gentleman, who died at Davenport, Toronto, on the 31st January, 1888, was among the early missionaries sent out to America from the old country. He was born in Lincolnshire, England, in 1804, and entered the service of the Wesleyan Missionary Society in 1825. After serving for three years in the West Indian missions, he was transferred to the province of New Brunswick, where he labored for nineteen years. At the close of this term of service he was appointed by the British conference superintendent of missions in Canada, when he removed his residence to Toronto. Dr. Wood had pastoral charges in St. John, N.B., in 1829, 1836, 1838, 1841, and 1844, and in Fredericton in 1846, in addition to others in New Brunswick. Of his work in that province, a writer says:—“The older Methodists of New Brunswick still treasure the memory of his long and powerful labors among them with emotions of almost filial gratitude, and recall his gentle, lovable manner and character with ever fresh delight.” In 1874, Dr. Wood came to Toronto as superintendent of missions, and afterwards as missionary secretary, and continued to hold that office while he was president of the Wesleyan Conference for seven years, from 1851 to 1857. He was again president of the conference in 1862. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Victoria University, in 1860. He was elected first president of the Toronto Conference in 1874, after the union of the several denominations in that year. He was on the list of superannuated ministers at the time of his death. Dr. Wood had been suffering for several years, and had been confined to his room, but he bore his illness with great patience and Christian resignation. He was strongly attached to the old-fashioned Methodism, and was a conservative with regard to any changes. He was a man of great tenderness, and of a very sympathetic nature, which made him a very impressive preacher. His sermons were suggestive rather than exhaustive. He possessed a very considerable amount of administrative ability, and presided with dignity over the conference during the time he was president. The death of his son-in-law, Rev. Dr. Nelles, some months ago, gave him a great shock, which doubtless hastened his end. He left behind him a daughter, the widow of the late Rev. Dr. Nelles, and two sons, John and R. A. Wood, of Toronto.

Courtney, Rev. Dr. Frederick, Episcopal Bishop of Nova Scotia, is a native of Plymouth, England, and is fifty years old. He was educated in part at Christ’s Hospital, first at the preparatory school at Hartford, then the Bluecoat School in Newgate street, London. After that he graduated in the first class from King’s College, London, in 1863. He was curate of Hadlow, near Pembridge, Kent, from 1864 to 1865; incumbent of Charles Chapel, now St. Luke’s, Plymouth, from 1865 to 1870; incumbent of St. Jude’s, Glasgow, Scotland, from 1870 to 1876, and assistant minister of St. Thomas’ Church, New York, of which Dr. Morgan is rector, from 1876 to 1880. He began his labors with St. James’ Church, Chicago, in 1880, and remained in that pastorate until March, 1882, when he removed to Boston. He was elected Bishop of Nova Scotia in 1888. Dr. Courtney is tall, erect, and well formed. He has greyish blue eyes. His cast of mind is not one-sided, and yet it is logical, analytical, and acute, rather than emotional, poetical, or imaginative. In theology, he describes himself as “high, low, and broad.” It is sufficiently evident, however, that he has no doctrinal sympathy with ritualism, and that he is decidedly evangelical and spiritual in his views of the Christian religion. As a preacher, Dr. Courtney in many respects, at least, has very few equals. His sermons are about thirty-five minutes in length. He uses no manuscript or notes, and yet his discourses have a rhetorical finish which is marvellous. In a whole sermon he will not hesitate for a word, or use one infelicitously. His diction is not floral, but copious and expressive, and includes a fair proportion of metaphor. His illustrations are drawn mostly from Scripture, and he seems to carry the very words of the whole Bible on his tongue’s end. His delivery is generally calm and deliberate, but occasionally becomes impassioned. His enunciation is distinct, and his emphasis always correct.

Aubrey, Rev. François Fortunat, Parish Priest, St. John’s, Quebec, was born in the parish of St. Lawrence, near Montreal, in July, 1830. He is the son of Hyacinthe Aubrey, a farmer, and Genevieve Leduc, his wife. The great-grandfather of Hyacinthe Aubrey was an Irishman, born in Ireland, and bearing the name of Cornelius O’Brennan. The subject of this sketch went through his classical course of studies in the College of Ste. Therese, county of Terrebonne, Quebec, and at 22 years of age entered the clerical order, and was ordained priest in September, 1855. He was professor in Ste. Therese college from 1852 to 1857, teaching rhetoric and natural sciences. In 1857 he was curate at Longueuil, and St. John’s, Quebec; in 1858-9 he was missionary at Prince Edward Island, and in the fall of 1859 he was appointed parish priest at Ste. Marthe, county Vaudreuil, diocese of Montreal. In the fall of 1862 he was called by the late Bishop Joseph Larocque, to be parish priest of the Cathedral of the city of St. Hyacinthe; but in the fall of 1864 he returned to Ste. Marthe, and remained two years. In the fall of 1866, he was called to succeed as parish priest of St. John’s, the late Bishop Charles Larocque, who had been appointed Bishop of St. Hyacinthe. He established, in 1868, an hospital conducted by the Grey Nuns of Montreal, and the same year had the Brothers of the Christian schools to teach the young boys. In the spring of 1878, he left for Europe; where he spent five months, visiting in the course of his tour the chief cities of France, Italy, Belgium, etc. Father Aubrey was always and hopes to be always a devout child of the Roman Catholic church, knowing quite well that the Holy Catholic Roman church is the only one founded by our Saviour Jesus Christ.

Lefebvre, Joseph Hubert, Waterloo, province of Quebec, was born March 3rd, 1853, at Lawrenceville, township of Stukely, county of Shefford, Quebec. He is the eldest son of Joseph Lefebvre, a notary by profession, and who died May 11th, 1884. This family came from France and settled in Lower Canada, in the early part of the 17th century. His mother, Eulalie Boisvert, was a resident of the township of Stukely. The subject of this sketch received an excellent education, spending six years at an English Academy in Knowlton; then taking a classical course at St. Hyacinthe College; and afterwards a business course at the Montreal branch of Bryant & Stratton’s College. In 1870, he was articled to his father as a law student, and was admitted as a notary public, his commission being dated October 4th, 1877. From 1873 to 1876 he was in the lumber business with his brother, William R. Lefebvre, to whom he sold out his interest when he left the place. On being admitted to the notarial profession, Mr. Lefebvre practised a while at Granby, and in May, 1879, settled in Waterloo, where he succeeded to the business of Mr. Brassard, who had a large practice which was transferred to the hands of our subject, and his business consequently was brisk from the start. He was secretary-treasurer of the municipalities of the village of Waterloo, and township of Shefford, and of the schools of the village of Waterloo, and was secretary-treasurer of the municipality and schools of the parish of St. Joachim, when it was erected into a separate municipality, but he only held that position for a short time in order to get the municipality and school board into working order. He resigned all these secretaryships upon being appointed successor to his late father as registrar of the county of Shefford, his commission as such being dated November 7th, 1884. He was president of the Board of License Commissioners appointed under the License Act of 1883, and was appointed revising barrister for the county of Shefford, under a commission of the governor-general, dated October 26th, 1885. He is one of the promoters of the Shefford Agricultural Park Association, was instrumental in getting it incorporated, and has been its secretary-treasurer since its inception. He is largely interested in real estate, having purchased several thousand acres in the township of Minerve, in the county of Ottawa, which he is now colonizing. He was a volunteer in the frontier corps at the time of the Fenian raid in 1870; and was graduated at the Military Academy at Montreal, in 1872. He is a Conservative in politics, and has taken part in some of the political campaigns in Shefford and Brome counties; but is not a bitter partisan. He is a Roman Catholic in religion. He was married April 10th, 1877, to Clara Dorval, a daughter of the late Cajetan Dorval, formerly a merchant and postmaster of St. Césaire, and they have had seven children—six of whom are living and one is dead.

Howe, Hon. Joseph.—The late Hon. Mr. Howe was born at the North-west Arm, about two miles from Halifax, in December, 1804. His father was John Howe, a U. E. loyalist, who was at one time a printer in Boston, but who subsequently became a writer for the newspapers. Young Howe went to school in an irregular fashion in Halifax, and picked up the rudiments of a rough-and-ready sort of education. He was of a rugged frame, had an exuberance of animal spirits, and was fond of crag, and forest, and hill. He had, indeed, those who knew him say, the “poetic temperament,”—though it must be confessed that he did not show much of it in the verses, by so many called poetry, which he afterwards wrote. In 1817 he began to learn the printing business at the Gazette office, Halifax. This paper was owned by his younger brother, John. He served out his full apprenticeship, and then engaged himself in journeyman printing work. While learning his trade young Howe is said to have read voraciously every book that he could lay hands upon. He also published in the Gazette a lot of verses, which, however, did not amount to very much as poetry. “One morning,” says a Canadian writer, “while taking a solitary swim in the Arm, he was seized with cramp and felt himself sinking. He cast an agonized look round, and caught sight of the dearly-loved cottage on the hillside, where his mother was just placing a lighted candle on the window-sill. The thought of the grief which would overshadow that woman’s heart on the morrow inspired him with a strength to give a last despairing kick. The kick dispelled the cramp, and, hastily swimming ashore, he sank down exhausted, but thankful for his deliverance. It was long before he could summon courage to acquaint his parents with the circumstance.” Joseph Howe began a newspaper business on his own account, in 1827, becoming part proprietor of the Weekly Chronicle, the name of which was afterwards changed to that of the Acadian. He, however, soon sold out the latter, and purchased the Nova Scotian. In this newspaper he wrote with great earnestness, eloquence, and force. His style was pregnant, trenchant, and sometimes overwhelming. Mr. Howe’s celebrated Legislative Review began to appear in 1830, and attracted wide notice. In 1835 he published an article which the oligarchists could not tolerate, and he was indicted for libel. He consulted various lawyers. “There can be no successful defence made for you,” they all said, and some invited him to make a humble apology, and throw himself upon the mercy of his prosecutors. He borrowed a lot of law books, read all he could find on libel, and convinced himself that the learned men of the law were wrong. He pleaded his own case, and his heart became comforted, as he saw among the jurors an old man, with tears streaming from his eyes. The jury returned in ten minutes with a verdict of “not guilty,” and the lawyers who had said, “he who pleads his own case has a fool for a client,” were in a way dumbfounded. From this day forward Mr. Howe was a noted man. In 1836 he was elected to parliament for the county of Halifax; and two years later he travelled through Europe, in company with Judge Haliburton, better known as “Sam Slick.” Mr. Howe returned in 1838, and plunged into public work again. Sir Colin Campbell, the iron-headed autocrat, who was then governor, could not understand what the “common” people meant by talking about their “rights,” and with him, Mr. Howe, it need not be said, was at issue. On petition of the province, Governor Campbell was recalled, and was succeeded by Lord Falkland, a son of William IV., by Mrs. Jordan. After a time Falkland became a cat’s-paw in the hands of the Tories, and provoked fierce hostilities from the Liberals, at the head of whom was Joseph Howe. In 1848, the day of triumph came for the Liberals. Mr. Mackie was called upon to form a government, and Mr. Howe became provincial secretary. In 1851 he retired from the representation of Halifax; and in 1863 he became premier, in the place of Mr. Young, who was elevated to the bench. Since the entry into public life of Dr. Tupper, in 1855, there had been a steady, often a furious, hostility between himself and Mr. Howe. The strife was greatest between them on the question of union, to which Mr. Howe was opposed. But Dr. Tupper prevailed, not that he was a greater man than Mr. Howe; but because luck was on his side—there being a general movement in the direction of union, and the Imperial government desired the measure. When confederation was accomplished the now almost broken-down veteran was made to see, by Sir J. A. Macdonald, that he could be loyal to his province, by accepting the inevitable, and making the best of the new order of things. Hence he entered the Dominion cabinet in 1869 as president of the council. Ten months later he became secretary of state for the provinces and superintendent-general of Indian affairs. His health was now all the while growing feebler, and his mental retrogression seemed to keep pace with his physical. In 1873 he was appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia; but he died a few weeks afterwards. As an orator, Joseph Howe was the greatest man that the provinces which compose Canada have ever produced. He married, in 1828, Catharine Susan Ann, a daughter of Captain John McNab, of the Nova Scotia Fencibles.

Coté, Louis, Manufacturer, St. Hyacinthe. St. Hyacinthe is one of the most flourishing cities of the province of Quebec, and probably also its greatest manufacturing centre. Its tanneries, and its manufactories for boots and shoes, of woollen and knitted goods, of machinery, organs, etc., are not only numerous, but important and thriving establishments. These great industries impart to the local trade an extraordinary amount of activity, which is further enhanced by the well-known fertility of the surrounding agricultural region, and moreover, provides business for a local bank and two branch banks, in addition to the business of the same kind done in Montreal. When a stranger visits this pretty little town, he is always struck by the pervading air of ease, progress, and prosperity. Its buildings are noted for the remarkable taste shown in their construction. The streets are fine, straight, well kept, generally lined with handsome shade trees, and, after dark, lit with the electric light. Besides the magnificent promenade provided by Girouard street, there are also those of the Park, which will be a charming spot when the plantations of trees, made within a few years back, shall have increased in growth. Altogether, the place bears the stamp of activity, enterprise, and progress in every shape. Although founded upwards of seventy-five years ago, it is only about twenty years since St. Hyacinthe entered upon its present era of extraordinary development. In and about 1860, it was still nothing more than a big country village, inhabited by a sleeping population. The magnificent water power of the Yamaska river was only utilized to run two grist mills and a rope factory, the remainder of the water running to waste, while no one dreamt of making use of it for manufacturing purposes calculated to furnish employment to a working population steeped in want. The only establishments which gave the city any importance were its splendid college and convents. A few years before this, the two Coté brothers, in partnership with Guillaume Bresse, had introduced into Quebec the boot and shoe industry, which has since developed to such an extraordinary extent in that city. The Messrs. Coté had been born and reared in the environs of St. Hyacinthe, and their native city had naturally a warm place in their regard. They had long been sensible of the adaptability of its advantages to manufacturing industry, and only an occasion, some happy circumstance, was needed to induce them to turn them to account. Mr. Bourgeois, now judge of the Superior Court at Three Rivers, was then a practising lawyer at St. Hyacinthe, where he wielded an amount of influence as extensive as it was well deserved. A gentleman of broad and patriotic views, sincerely anxious for the progress of his town, he believed it had all the requirements of a manufacturing centre, and, as the cousin and intimate friend of Louis Coté, he pressed the point upon his attention, and urged him to establish himself in St. Hyacinthe, convinced that, with the assistance of so intelligent and enterprising a man, the place could not fail to fulfil its manifest destiny. The proposition was favorably entertained by Louis Coté, for whom Judge Bourgeois also found a partner with some capital in the person of Victor Coté. Leaving Mr. Bresse at Quebec, Louis Coté removed to St. Hyacinthe in 1863, and in partnership with his brother George and Victor Coté, he opened the establishment which marked St. Hyacinthe’s first step towards manufacturing eminence. The success of this establishment, now one of the largest in the country, is too well known to be dwelt upon. But it is not alone as a successful business man that Louis Coté has distinguished himself. He is also famous as an inventor, and the boot and shoe industry is indebted to his ingenuity for several machines which have largely contributed to its development. Most of his inventions have, in fact, become so indispensable to the trade that no one dreams at present of manufacturing shoes without them any more than of driving nails without a hammer. Attempts have been made to infringe his patents, and, to vindicate his rights, Mr. Coté had even to do battle for them before the Supreme Court of the United States, but he won his case, and to-day his machines are deservedly regarded as the ne plus ultra of perfection. His inventions are now in use all over in the great boot and shoe factories of Canada, the United States, England, Germany, and France. It will be easily understood that a man so intelligent and enterprising as our subject could not fail to exercise a marked influence on the progress of the city which had the advantage of counting him among its population, and the still more direct advantage of having him as its mayor during a number of years. In concert with Judge Bourgeois, who was also for many years a councillor and mayor of St. Hyacinthe, he always favored and stimulated industrial progress, or the encouragement of promising branches of manufacture. His own example, his prosperity, and the ever increasing success of his own establishment, were the means by which St. Hyacinthe was raised to the pinnacle of manufacturing importance on which it stands to-day, and on which it rests its claim to the dignity of the greatest industrial centre, in proportion to population, not only of the province of Quebec, but of the Dominion of Canada. But Mr. Coté’s beneficial influence was not alone felt in the commercial and industrial departments. As a member of the city council, and especially as mayor, he did much towards endowing St. Hyacinthe with improvements which are usually found only in the most populous and advanced cities. The superb waterworks which supplies the city and protects it against the recurrence of the disastrous conflagrations which ravaged it in the past, was built by a company of which Mr. Coté was the initiator, and is the principal stockholder and president. In the work of reform of the local school system, Mr. Coté labored hand in hand with the Rev. Mr. Gravel, then parish priest of St. Hyacinthe, and acting bishop of Nicolet; Jos. Naud, registrar; Euclide Richer, stationer; Charles Ledoux, and Mr. Chenet, all of whom gave in the matter proof of a zeal and devotion which entitles them to the lasting gratitude of their fellow citizens. He inspired, and was to a large extent the author of all the measures adopted to make the place the most prosperous and attractive manufacturing centre, not only in the province of Quebec, but in all Canada, outside of the great commercial cities. In a word, Mr. Coté, by his industry and example, made St. Hyacinthe. The brilliant and fruitful career of this good man furnishes a striking illustration of what can be done by intelligence, industry, good conduct, and love of country. He started out in life without education or pecuniary resource. After learning his trade in the United States, he returned to Montreal, where he soon secured a position as foreman in one of the great shoe factories of that city. There he devoted all his leisure time to study, and saved his earnings in order to procure for himself a good education. He followed the courses of the Jacques Cartier Normal School, and, thanks to the kindly interest taken in him by the Abbé Verrault, principal of that institution, he completed his studies there, and left it with that superior education in which so many of our great manufacturers and mechanics are deficient. Since then he has continued to instruct himself, and his library to-day offers him a source of information upon which he draws abundantly. The money which he saved by his self-denial not only furnished him with education but with a small capital which enabled him to start business on his own account, and to conquer fortune. By his intelligence and good conduct he has also given to the great question of capital and labor the only practical solution of which it is susceptible—he acquired capital by labor. To-day Mr. Coté is one of the wealthiest manufacturers in his line. He enjoys, in the fullest measure, the esteem and gratitude of his fellow citizens, and is known all over the country as a remarkable man. Although a Liberal in politics, the Federal government has paid homage to his merits and abilities, by appointing him a member of its labor commission, and, thanks to his intimate acquaintanceship with economic questions, his experience and practical knowledge, he is sure to make his mark in that connection as he has done in all others in the past. Louis Coté is still a comparatively young man, being only in his fiftieth year, so that, if he should be spared, there is still a bright career of usefulness before him for the good of his native city and the country at large. In religion, he is a Roman Catholic. He married, in 1868, Louise, daughter of Charles Pigeon, a most charming and distinguished lady; he has no family.

Casavant, Joseph Claver & Samuel, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec. Joseph was born on 16th September, 1855, and Samuel on 4th April, 1859, in the city of St. Hyacinthe. These two gentlemen compose the firm of Casavant, Frères, organ builders, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec province. They are the sons of Joseph Casavant, who died the 9th March, 1874, aged 67 years, after a successful career as an organ-builder, in the course of which he built the organs for Kingston and Ottawa Roman Catholic Cathedrals, and many others. The subjects of this sketch were educated at St. Hyacinthe college, and after leaving this seminary of learning they were entered as apprentices with a prominent firm of organ builders. After acquiring a thorough insight into the details of the business, they went to Europe in 1878 and made an extensive tour of England, Holland, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Italy and France, the primary object of their travels being to gain an idea of the more recent improvements made by the more prominent organ builders in the countries visited. Returning to Canada in 1880, they entered into business on their own account, and have built many organs which testify to the ability of the builders, and the thoroughness with which they have grasped every detail of their profession. Among the best specimens of their work are the organs in the St. Hyacinthe Roman Catholic Cathedral, Varennes parish church, Notre Dame de Lourdes, in Montreal, etc. Ever on the watch for improvements, and determined to have a knowledge from personal investigation, of every new invention relating to their business, the brothers, in 1886, took another tour through the principal centres in Europe, returning by way of the United States. In the course of this tour they obtained many valuable hints which they have turned to good account in their latest instruments. They are now building an organ for Notre Dame French Church in Montreal, which will contain eighty-five sounding stops (one hundred knobs), and is estimated to cost thirty thousand dollars. It will be provided with all the modern improvements, and will contain several new features which have not yet been used in Canada, the most important being that of electric action. This magnificent organ will be the largest in Canada, and will be a credit alike to the builders and to the Dominion of Canada.

Kincaid, Robert, M.D., Peterboro’, Ont., Surgeon-Major, was born June 10th, 1832, in the county Donegal, Ireland. He is the son of George Kincaid, and Elizabeth Virtue, his wife, daughter of George Virtue, a wealthy mill owner of Donegal. She was also related to the Virtues of the great publishing house, London, England. Dr. Kincaid, the subject of this sketch, came to Canada in 1847, and received his education at Queen’s University, Kingston, graduating with honors in 1863. He has been the surgeon of the 57th battalion, Peterborough Rangers, since it was gazetted in 1866, and now holds the rank of surgeon-major. He entered the service of the United States in 1863, and served until the termination of the war, being present at the engagements of the Wilderness, Mine Run, Coal Harbor, Spottsylvania Court House and Petersburg. He was for a time surgeon in charge of Governor’s Island Hospital, at the foot of Broadway, N.Y., the most important medical office in the gift of the government of the United States; and was afterwards, in 1864, transferred to Maine, as medical director of that state, with headquarters at Portland. Upon the conclusion of the war he returned to Canada, and in 1865 settled in Peterborough, where he has resided ever since and built one of the largest and most important practices in the midland district. In addition to his medical practice he conducts a large stock farm of about 400 acres a few miles from town, and has been prominently identified with the different agricultural societies for some years. He has been surgeon of the county of Peterborough since 1867; surgeon to the corporation of the town of Peterborough since 1868, and he still holds both offices; he is also senior surgeon of the Nicholls’ Hospital, examining surgeon for the Canada Life, North American Life, Equitable Life, Federal Life and the Manufacturers’ Life Insurance companies. In politics he has been a life long Conservative, and still holds the same views, although at the last Dominion election he warmly supported George A. Cox, the Reform candidate, on strong personal grounds. In 1883, upon the death of the late W. H. Scott, Q.C, M.P.P., the doctor was elected by acclamation to represent West Peterborough in the Ontario legislature, he being the only man in the riding acceptable to both parties, and the only man in Canada who was ever nominated for parliament by both political parties at the same time. At the end of his term, he declined re-nomination. Dr. Kincaid is a fluent speaker. For many years he held the office of coroner for the town and county of Peterborough, and in that capacity conducted many important inquests; but upon his election to parliament he resigned the office, and has since declined re-appointment. He has frequently been asked to run for municipal honors, but always declined, preferring to devote all his time to his profession. He was chosen to the Senate of Queen’s University in 1886. For many years he was prominently identified with the Masonic order, and held all the different offices until he reached the high position of district deputy grand master of Ontario district. He was initiated into Masonry in 1863, in St. Lawrence lodge, Montreal, under the Grand Lodge of England. The doctor has travelled through every state in the American Union and through all parts of the Dominion. He was brought up in the faith of the Episcopal Church, and was confirmed by John Toronto. He is still in sympathy with the doctrines of that church, but being opposed to the high church views which prevail in Peterborough, he does not attend the services. Has attended the Presbyterian churches here, and for some time was chairman of the Board of Managers of St. Andrew’s Church, but left that body, consequent upon the change of ministers, when the Rev. D. J. Macdonnell left Peterborough for Toronto. Dr. Kincaid was married in 1865 to Margaret M., daughter of James Bell, then manager of the Commercial Bank of Canada, at Perth, now registrar of the county of Lanark; niece of the Rev. Dr. Bell, of Queen’s College; niece of Judge Malloch, of Brockville, and cousin of Prof. Bell of the Geological Survey of Canada. The union has been blessed with several children, one girl and three boys of whom are now living.

Laurier, Hon. Wilfrid, B.C.L., Q.C., Quebec, M.P. for Quebec East, leader of the Liberal party in the House of Commons at Ottawa, was born at St. Lin, L’Assomption, Quebec province, on the 24th November, 1841. He is descended from a distinguished French family, who were among the first to settle in Canada. His father was the late Carolus Laurier, who in his lifetime was a provincial land surveyor. The future leader of the Liberal party was educated at the college of L’Assomption, and having finished his literary course there, he was entered for the study of the law in the office of the Hon. R. Laflamme, Q.C. Here he devoted himself diligently to the study of his chosen calling, and in due time was called to the bar of Lower Canada. This was in the year 1865; but the year previous he had taken, at McGill University, the degree of B.C.L. In October, 1880, he was appointed a Queen’s counsel. Hon. Mr. Laurier always from a very early age took a deep interest in public questions, and was resolved, when the first opportunity offered, to seek a position in the legislature. With this object in view, he gave his attention to literature and journalism, and for a period edited Le Defricheur newspaper. He was an earnest advocate of temperance, and was a delegate to the Dominion Prohibitory Convention, held in Montreal, in 1875. At the general election of 1871 his ambition to get into public life was realized, he being that year elected to the Legislative Assembly of the province of Quebec for Drummond and Arthabaska. He remained in the legislature till January, 1874, when he resigned in order to contest the same seat for the House of Commons. In the provincial parliament his record had been excellent. He was known to be a sincere, upright, able and well-informed public man, and had proven himself a genuine Liberal in the truest and best sense of the word; so when he came to ask his constituents to send him to the wider sphere of usefulness they did not refuse him. On taking his seat in the House of Commons, his brilliant abilities and his high character were at once acknowledged. Sir John A. Macdonald, through his Pacific Railway transaction, had been relegated to the opposition benches, and the Hon. Alexander Mackenzie had been called upon to form an administration. Mr. Laurier was invited by the new premier to enter his cabinet, and he was sworn in as member of the Privy Council, September, 1877, and given the portfolio of Inland Revenue. This office he held until the following year, when the Mackenzie government resigned. On seeking re-election in his old constituency, at the general election which followed, he was rejected; but the Hon. I. Thibaudeau having resigned his seat in Quebec East, Hon. Mr. Laurier was elected as his successor, and he has represented that constituency ever since. On the retirement of the Hon. Edward Blake in 1887, in consequence of ill health, from the leadership of the Liberal party in the House of Commons, Hon. Mr. Laurier was unanimously chosen as his successor, and his friends have great hopes that he will prove a leader worthy of the name. He is calm and reasonable, and always receives respect and attention when he rises, and has always, on such occasions, something to say. He speaks with a very pure French accent, and is a very effective speaker. Hon. Mr. Laurier is a director of the Royal Mutual Life Insurance Company. In religion he is a Roman Catholic. He was married on the 13th May, 1868, to Miss Lafontaine.

O’Sullivan, Dennis Ambrose, M.A., D.C.L., Barrister-at-Law, etc., Toronto, Ont., is the youngest son of the late Michael O’Sullivan, of Campbellford, farmer. His father came to this country from Cork, Ireland, in 1832, and was one of the most respected men in his county. His mother belongs to the family of Hennessys, well known to this day in the south of Ireland. In the early days of this province, farmers’ homes were frequently used for the purpose of having divine service therein, and for many years, in the parish of Seymour, mass was said every second Sunday in the house of Michael O’Sullivan, every year, in fact, up to the building of the present Roman Catholic Church at Campbellford. He brought up his children strictly within the church, and died in 1866, greatly regretted. One of his sons, the late Dr. J. O’Sullivan, was well known as a professional man; and in political life sat for eight years as Conservative member for East Peterboro’. Dr. D. A. O’Sullivan was born on the 21st February, 1848, in Seymour, Northumberland county, Ontario. He is a practising lawyer in Toronto, and was called to the bar in 1875. He was educated in a common school and in St. Michael’s College, 1866-72, and graduated in the latter year in the University of Toronto. He received the degree of M.A. in 1876, and the degree of LL.B. in the following year, having been scholar and prizeman in the Toronto University during each year of the course. Since that time he has applied himself to the study of the law, and devoted his leisure hours to legal and historical literature. In 1879 he published the first edition of his “Government in Canada,” and a second edition of the same work in 1887. This book is the text book on the Canadian constitution in the Law Society of Ontario, and is extensively used in colleges throughout Canada. In 1881 he published a volume on “Practical Conveyancing,” and another on “How to Draw a Simple Will,” a little volume intended for clergymen and doctors of medicine, and containing a good deal of instructive and curious matter. In the following year he was named a member of the senate of the University of Toronto by the lieutenant-governor, and subsequently appointed one of the commissioners of the Ontario government to inquire into the workings of the Central Prison, and to report on prisons generally. He has lately devoted himself to historical studies regarding the church in Canada, and the origin of the Canadian laws. For essays and other productions in this direction, published in American magazines, and by the Canadian Institute annals, and for some light literature, the University of Laval conferred on him, in June, 1887, the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws. He is a regular contributor to several magazines and reviews, and is a member of a number of historical societies in Canada and the United States. He does not belong to any national, political or other societies, except charitable societies; is secretary and one of the managers of the House of Industry; a director of the Toronto Conservatory of Music, etc. He is solicitor for all the Roman Catholic charities in Toronto, for the Roman Catholic Episcopal Corporation, and the colleges in the city. He was married, in 1881, to Emma Mary, the eldest daughter of W. H. Higgins, editor of the Whitby Chronicle.

Tartre, Joseph Raphael, Notary Public, Waterloo, province of Quebec, was born at St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, on the 3rd October, 1843. His father, Charles Tartre, was a farmer and bailiff, of Roxton Falls, Quebec, and a son of Charles Tartre and Marie Legros dit St. Pierre, who settled on the south side of the Yamaska river during the first years of the present century. His mother, Marie Adelaide Beaudry, is a descendant of the Beaudry family which settled in St. Jean Bte. de Rouville, Quebec, early in the present century. His father was settled first in St. Pie, county of Bagot, and moved thence to Roxton Falls, in September, 1851. The subject of this sketch is the second of eleven children, the oldest being a grey nun (called in religion Sister Ste. Elizabeth), since 1858. He was educated at St. Hyacinthe College, from 1856 to 1861. When twenty-one years of age, on account of ill-health, he was admitted, on the 13th May, 1864, a bailiff of the Superior Court, and settled at Waterloo on the 24th May, 1864. While practising as a bailiff, he began the study of the notarial profession on the 15th June, 1866, and was admitted to practise on the 3rd May, 1871. He was acting deputy registrar of the county of Shefford, from May, 1874, to August, 1876; and was secretary of schools for the township of Shefford, Waterloo included, for 1872 and 1873. He has been secretary-treasurer of the municipality of the county of Shefford since the 11th June, 1879; and a member of the Roman Catholic school board of examiners of the district of Bedford since 1875; also secretary-treasurer of the Roman Catholic schools of Waterloo since April, 1883, the date of their organization; and a commissioner of the Superior Court since 1872. He has also been secretary-treasurer of the Waterloo Imperial Building Society since the 1st May, 1877. He has always taken a moderate part in politics, and in municipal matters, and was mainly instrumental in having the parish of St. Joachim de Shefford erected into a municipality, and was one of the many who helped in starting the newspaper in Waterloo, called The Independent. He is a staunch Roman Catholic in religion. He was married, on the 29th January, 1866, to Malvina, second daughter of Gabriel Hubert and Justine Marchessault, of Contrecœur, Quebec, and has had issue ten children, eight of whom are still living. The eldest, C. U. R. Tartre, twenty-one years of age, has just completed his classical course at the St. Hyacinthe College, and is now studying the notarial profession with his father. Mrs. J. R. Tartre is now (March, 1888,) a candidate in the election of popularity, the object and proceeds whereof are to erect, if possible, a commercial college in Waterloo. This election closes on the 2nd July, 1888.

Edgar, James David, Barrister, Toronto, M.P. for West Ontario, was born in the Eastern Townships, Quebec province, on the 10th August, 1841, where he received his early educational training. He is descended from the elder branch of the Edgars of Keithock, Forfarshire, Scotland, a family which has impressed its name on the annals of that country. Mr. Edgar adopted law as a profession, and having gone through the usual course of study, was called to the bar of Upper Canada, in Michaelmas term, 1864. Since then he has successfully practised his profession in Toronto, and is at present the head of the firm of Edgar, Malone & Garvin, barristers, solicitors, notaries, etc. He first presented himself for parliamentary honors at the general election of 1872, when he was elected, and sat in the House of Commons at Ottawa until the general election in 1874, when he was defeated. In 1872 he unsuccessfully contested Centre Toronto, but on the 22nd August, 1884, upon the resignation of the sitting member, he was elected by the Reformers of West Ontario to represent them in parliament. At the last general election he was again chosen by the same constituency, and continues to sit in the House of Commons as their representative. In 1874, Mr. Edgar was sent by the Dominion government to British Columbia to arrange terms for the postponement of the construction of the Canada Pacific railway. He is of a literary turn of mind, and, apart from his books on law, such as “Insolvent Act of 1864, with Notes, Forms,” etc., published in 1864; “An Act to Amend the Insolvent Act of 1864, with Annotations, Notes of Decisions,” etc., published in 1865, he frequently contributes to the columns of our daily press and periodicals. Indeed, he has entered the realm of poetry, and a couple of years ago published a no mean volume on a Canadian subject. He is a director of the Confederation Life Association, of the Globe Printing Company, and of the Midland Railway Company. In politics he is a staunch Liberal, and in religion belongs to the Episcopal church. In September, 1865, he was married to Matilda, second daughter of the late T. G. Ridout, of Toronto.

Price, Herbert Molesworth, Timber Merchant, Quebec, was born on the 31st of August, 1847, at Benhall, Ross, Herefordshire, England. His father was William Price, gentleman. He was educated at private schools at Hereford, and Norwood, near London, where he made rapid progress, English and mathematics being his principal studies. Having at an early age evinced a predilection for banking, a position was secured for him in the West of England and South Wales District Bank, at Ross. He entered on his duties in 1864, and remained in the service of that institution until January, 1869, when he relinquished his situation for a higher post in the Bank of British North America, London. He was soon after transferred to the Montreal branch of that bank, and successively filled positions at the following branches, viz., St. John, N.B., Halifax, N.S., New York and Hamilton, Kingston, Brantford, and Dunnville, Ont., and Quebec. After serving at the latter branch as accountant for four years, with great acceptance to the board, he resigned his office and entered the Merchants Bank of Canada, Quebec, as manager. This responsible position he held from 1879 until March, 1884, when he retired from banking, after a continuous service of twenty years, and joining the important firm of Hall Brothers & Co., in connection with the Montmorency mills, embarked into business. His firm is now composed of Peter Patterson Hall, and H. M. Price. Their operations are confined to two mills besides those of Montmorency. The firm makes 300,000 logs per annum on the rivers Chaudière, Gentilly, Nicolet, Bécancour, Duchene, and Montmorency, employing in the work a large number of men. In politics, Mr. Price is a Conservative of independent and broad views. A member of the Church of England, he has always taken a deep interest in religious thought and movement, and his active mind has found expression in the conduct of the temporal affairs of his church, where for some years he has been a member of the select vestry of the English cathedral. He has held several prominent offices, among which may be named those of the first vice-president of St. George’s Society; provisional director of the Quebec Railway Bridge Company; member of the council of the Quebec Board of Trade; member of the Central Board Church Society, and member of the council of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. In this latter position his literary, historical, and antiquarian tastes find ample development. He is a qualified justice of the peace. Mr. Price has always taken considerable interest in athletic sports and pastimes. He has been captain of the Quebec Cricket and Football clubs, and was a member of a Football team for Canada which played against the Harvard University Club of Cambridge, Mass., in Montreal, in 1875. J. M. LeMoine has given an interesting sketch of Mr. Price, and of his summer residence, Montmorency cottage, in his late book, “Monographies et Esquisses.” In March, 1877, Mr. Price was married to S. A. Martha Hall, daughter of the late George Benson Hall, of Montmorency Falls, P.Q., a lady of fine social qualities and culture.

Phelan, Cornelius J. F. R., M.D., C.M., Waterloo, Quebec, was born on the 10th of May, 1840, at St. Columbin, county of Two Mountains, Quebec. His father, John Phelan, was born 10th June, 1787, at Kilkenny, Ireland. He was major of militia, mayor and magistrate. As magistrate he generally settled disputes amicably and to the perfect satisfaction of the litigants, thus saving acrimony and heavy law costs; he was also a merchant and farmer, and did a very extensive business; he was generous to a fault, always the poor man’s friend, and died the 9th April, 1862, deeply mourned by all who knew him far and near. Dr. Phelan’s mother, Mary Phelan, was born on the 15th August, 1798, and died on the 26th July, 1874. She was a pious woman, a loving mother, and a devoted and industrious wife. The late Bishop Phelan, of Kingston, was her brother. He was a first-class administrator, a general favorite alike among Protestants and Catholics, and his untimely death was universally regretted. The subject of this sketch was educated at the seminary of Ste. Therese de Blainville, Quebec, taking a full classical course, afterwards pursuing his medical studies at McGill College, Montreal, and graduating therefrom in 1865. In the spring of 1865, he began to practise at Iberville, and in November of the same year removed to Knowlton, Brome, Quebec, where he remained until January 8th, 1880, when he went to Waterloo, his present home. As he took up the study of medicine from pure love of the profession, it is not strange that his success has been far above the average; and that the older he grows the more he is in love with his calling. He is a member of the district of Bedford Medical Association; a leading member of the Board of Health of Waterloo; medical examiner for several leading Life Insurance companies and has been physician to the Maple Wood Convent since 1881. This is one of the finest institutions of the kind in the province, and is under the direction of the Sisters of J.M.J., of Hochelaga. The house was formerly the residence of the Hon. A. B. Foster, and is a splendid edifice surrounded by beautiful and well-kept grounds. Dr. Phelan has been secretary of the St. Patrick’s Benevolent Society of Shefford, and also president of the St. Joseph Society of Waterloo. He has always been a Conservative, but the duties of his profession have prevented him from taking any active part in politics though often strongly urged to do so. In 1864 he travelled through the United States, making a prolonged stay at Washington to visit the military hospitals there, they being such excellent schools for surgery. In religion he is a Roman Catholic. He was married on the 8th November, 1864, to Mary Eledeanne M. Guindon, of Montreal, a cousin-german of Judge Ouimet; she was educated in the Congregational convent there. They have one daughter who is now pursuing her studies at Maple Wood Convent.

Bernier, Michel Esdras, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Notary, J.P., and M.P. for St. Hyacinthe, was born at St. Hyacinthe, on the 28th September, 1841. His ancestors came from France, and settled in the county of L’Islet, Quebec, removing afterwards to St. Hyacinthe. He is the youngest son of the late Etienne Bernier, farmer, and Julie Lussier, his wife. The subject of this sketch was educated at the St. Hyacinthe Seminary, afterwards studying law under H. St. Germain, notary and registrar for the county of St. Hyacinthe, and was admitted to practise as a notary in June, 1867. He was a member of the volunteer force from 1862 to 1865, and held the rank of captain. He served as a member of the notarial board for the district of St. Hyacinthe, from 1867 to 1870, and for the provincial board from 1873, and president for the same from 1882 to 1885, and is still a member of the board; was secretary-treasurer of the municipal council and school commissioners of the parish of St. Hyacinthe, from 1864 to 1878, and of the municipal council of the county of St. Hyacinthe from 1864, and still holds that position; also official assignee for the county of St. Hyacinthe from 1869 to 1874, and for the district of St. Hyacinthe from 1874 to 1880. He has been a director of the St. Hyacinthe Agricultural Society from 1881, and its president since 1884, and holds that position to-day. He is a director of the Bank of St. Hyacinthe; also of the St. Hyacinthe Manufacturing Company, owners of the water powers, flannel mill, grist mill, and carding mill, at St. Hyacinthe; of the St. Hyacinthe Gas and Electric Light Company; of the St. Hyacinthe Macadamizing Company, and of the United Counties Railway Company. He is the head of the firm of N. Bernier & Co., grain and flour dealers; of the notarial firm of Bernier, Morin & Bordua; is a commissioner for the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, and a commissioner per Dedimus potestatem; is also engaged in farming, and owns the “Bellevue farm,” near the city limits. Mr. Bernier is a staunch Liberal in politics, and has taken an active part in political movements since 1867; was offered, but refused, the candidature for the county of St. Hyacinthe for the House of Commons, in 1878, and for the Quebec house in 1879; but in June, 1882, he accepted the nomination of the party for the House of Commons, and was elected, his opponent being the Hon. L. Tellier, now a judge of the Superior Court. Mr. Bernier ran again in 1887, and was again successful. His interest in agricultural, industrial, and commercial pursuits has been of the most active character. In religion, he is a Roman Catholic. He was married, on the 28th November, 1865, to Alida, a daughter of the late Simeon Marchesseault, one of the chiefs of the rebellion of 1837, and who was afterwards exiled to the Bermudas. Two daughters were born of this marriage, the eldest being married to Dr. L. V. Benoit, physician and apothecary at St. Hyacinthe.

d’Orsonnens, Lt.-Col. the Count Louis Gustave d’Odet, was born at L’Assomption, April 17th, 1842. He is a descendant of a Swiss patrician family of the Canton of Fribourg, who, according to Blanc de Charney, in his history of the patrician families of Fribourg, “came towards the end of the fourteenth century to settle in that city, and continue there its lustre.” The General Lexicon of Switzerland, by Leu, published at Zurich, in 1758, mentions the d’Odet d’Orsonnens with honor. Later, in 1789, Jean Jacques Holtzhalb, in his supplement to the Lexicon or Dictionary of Leu, has also continued its history. The first member of this distinguished family who came to this country, was Prothais d’Odet d’Orsonnens, patrician of Fribourg, who came to Canada about the year 1810, with the famous Meuron’s regiment, as captain of the grenadier company. After the disbandment of his regiment, Captain d’Orsonnens went to the Red River with a strong party, and took Fort William for Lord Selkirk, who was the governor of the Hudson Bay Company. The conduct and bravery of Captain d’Orsonnens on this occasion was highly commended by his superiors. He finally settled at St. Roch de l’Achignan, where he built a house in the style of the manors of that time, and which he named “La Chaumière Suisse.” He died suddenly of heart disease on the 16th March, 1834, leaving two sons and two daughters to mourn his loss. The eldest, Thomas Edmond d’Orsonnens, was born at St. Roch de l’Achignan, on 30th October, 1818, and was for many years president of the medical faculty of the Victoria University in Montreal, knight of St. Gregory, etc. His eldest son, Louis Gustave, the subject of this sketch, upon whom the family nobility and titles were recognised with the title of count, by his holiness Pope Pius IX., was educated for the army, and was to have joined the Swiss regiment at Naples, in which his cousin was captain, when the kingdom of Naples was overthrown by the revolution. He joined the 1st battalion of rifles as ensign, on the 17th of November, 1859; in 1860, he exchanged into the 2nd troop of cavalry, being gazetted a cornet; was promoted to the rank of lieutenant on 3rd June, 1861, and commanded the troop for nearly a year. He resigned his command to study law, and was soon called to the bar. He then re-entered the service and joined the 4th battalion of Canadian Chasseurs, and was gazetted lieutenant on the 15th December, 1865. He served on the frontier at Niagara, in 1866, as ensign and adjutant, and was promoted to rank of captain in the 4th Chasseurs on the 8th of March, 1867. His subsequent promotions are brigade-major, 3rd January, 1868, and lieutenant-colonel, 19th February, 1869. In 1871, he held the temporary command of the 6th military district at the divisional camp of Laprairie. Lieutenant-Colonel d’Orsonnens holds certificates from all the schools, as follow: Infantry school, 1st class, 24th August, 1864; gunnery, 1st class, 4th July, 1868; cavalry, 1st class, 27th March, 1869. Towards the close of the year 1869 he went to Switzerland, where, upon the invitation of the president of the Confederation he joined the federal staff at Berne, and followed the army in its autumn manœuvres. In 1874, inspired, doubtless, by the remembrance of the manœuvres of the Swiss army, he published a pamphlet on the military organization of the Canadian Confederation. He also was the first who, in 1867, suggested the idea to his co-religionists to send military aid to the papal See, and was instrumental in the decision of the movement which sent to Rome more than 600 Canadian Zouaves. This expedition, which resembled, in more respects than one, that of the first crusades, has, it is affirmed, contributed more to make Canada known to Europe than many other things. In 1883 he was sent, along with the other commandants of the infantry schools, to England, by the Dominion government, to study the organization of and follow the Imperial service, preparatory to taking command of one of the infantry schools now in existence in Canada. Like many other old families, the d’Odet family retains many souvenirs and marks of appreciation from distinguished personages, such as autograph letters from kings, princes, and others; amongst some of these in their possession is a letter dated 8th of March, 1670, signed by Emmanuel, Duc of Savoie, and King of Cyprus, in which the duke invites the family to ask for favors in return for services rendered him. The Count d’Odet d’Orsonnens was married in 1870, to Marie Louise Adèle Desbarats, and has issue four sons and one daughter. The eldest, Viscount George Joseph Gustave was born in 1872. Arms: Azure, a lion, or, rampant, holding a horn of plenty, of the same. Count’s Coronet; Motto: Certa fides, certa manus.

Guilbault, Edouard, Joliette, Quebec, Mayor of Joliette, was born at d’Aileboust, county of Joliette, on the 14th April, 1834. He is the son of Charles Guilbault, and Marie Blanchard, whose ancestors came from Normandy, France, in 1697, and were among the first settlers of Charlesbourg, Quebec. The subject of this sketch was educated at the College of Joliette, where he took a commercial course. He sat in the Joliette town council for twenty years; was elected mayor in 1875, and has continued to fill that responsible position since, having been re-elected on the 10th January, 1888, for a further term of three years. He is a Conservative in politics; is now president of the Conservative Association, and has long taken an active interest in political affairs. He was first returned to parliament at the general election, in 1882; but resigned, and was re-elected, 7th December, 1882, and again, at the general election of 1887. He organized the Agricultural Society of the county in 1854; filled the position of secretary for twenty-five years, and is now the president. He is the proprietor of several large farms, in which he takes a deep interest, always working hard to improve agriculture. In 1871 he formed a company which engaged in the lumber business, and he continues as director of this company still; he is also a director in a large foundry and agricultural implements works. In 1865 he established a boot and shoe factory, which he conducted under his own name, and which he superintends personally, and has succeeded in building up an extensive trade in that line. In the year 1884 he formed a company to enter into the manufacture of Canadian tobacco, and is president of this company, to which he gives considerable attention. This is an industry which will bear a great deal of development. In 1885 he visited Europe, and made an extensive tour, with the object of acquiring information as to trade and agriculture. He is a Roman Catholic, but believes in liberty of conscience. He was married, in 1858, to Marie Hermine Lemaitre Auger, daughter of Major Desire Lemaitre Auger, of Louisville.

Dawson, Sir J. William, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., Principal of the McGill University, Montreal, was born at Pictou, Nova Scotia, on October 13th, 1820. His parents had come from Scotland several years before, and, if the Biblical knowledge of their son is any criterion, they were doubtless good examples of that high piety and religious education which distinguish the Scottish people. Young Dawson seems to have shown an early interest in natural history and geology, and the opportunity for an intellectual career was placed within his reach. He attended the school and college at Pictou, and was then sent to Edinburgh University, where he took the degree of M.A. at the age of twenty-two. Natural history and practical chemistry occupied his attention chiefly at Edinburgh; and it may be supposed that he listened with deep interest to the fading echoes which would be heard then regarding the respective claims of the Wernerian and the Huttonian hypotheses in geology. Here he made his first attempts at authorship, which were published in Edinburgh newspapers. He returned to Canada in 1842, and accompanied Sir Charles Lyell in his geological exploration of Nova Scotia. He entered into the work with characteristic enthusiasm, and the valuable assistance which he was able to render to the great English geologist was not unrecognised. Sir Charles Lyell has paid many tributes to the abilities of Sir William Dawson as a geologist. He was then appointed to the direction of a geological survey of the coal fields in that province, and his report to the government proved a very valuable one. In 1850 his attention was taken, so far as the business of his life was concerned, from geology to education. He was appointed superintendent of education for Nova Scotia. It was a reforming period in educational matters in that province, and the new superintendent was entrusted with the work of putting a new School Act into operation. His interest in education, to judge from the articles which he published at that date, was not less pronounced than his interest in science. The work was, therefore, congenial, and the experience afforded in the task of administering the affairs of the Nova Scotia schools doubtless proved valuable to the future principal of McGill. His appointment to the principalship of McGill in 1855 marks the beginning of an epoch in Canada’s intellectual development. It is not a matter of ordinary course that McGill should be the university she is to-day, or that she should wield the influence that she does. It is a matter of surprise. The conditions which fifty and a hundred years ago favored the advancement of great institutions of learning in the American republic have ever been absent from Canada. The wealth which poured into the treasuries of American colleges has only been represented in Canada by dribbling subscriptions and small legacies. Our colleges have struggled up with the aid of trusty and generous, but seldom very wealthy, friends. The fortunes of McGill were at a low ebb in 1855, and Principal Dawson had an extensive work before him. The work of a college principal and president is supposed to be limited to the duties of administration, but the financial condition of McGill at that time made it necessary for the new principal to undertake several laborious professorships as well. His influence, however, soon began to make itself felt throughout the country, and the fortunes of the university steadily advanced. Its stability is now assured, and from being a matter of anxiety to Montrealers it has become an object of pride. That the result is largely due to the vast energy and administrative abilities of the principal there can be no question; and it is a significant fact that when the university came in sight of the horizon of prosperity he annually contributed to its resources by still retaining arduous and unpaid work which he had taken upon his shoulders at the outset. Leisure might seem to be an unknown experience in the midst of labors indicated by the foregoing, but in addition to many pamphlets on educational matters, and some excellent text-books on geology and zoology, Sir William Dawson has published the following volumes: “Archaia,” (1860); “Air Breathers of the Coal Period,” (1863); “The Origin of the World,” (1869); “The Story of the Earth and Man,” (1873); “Fossil Men and Their Modern Representatives” (1880). As indicated by their titles, the three latter volumes deal more particularly with the vexed questions concerning the nature of man’s first appearance upon the earth, and the apparent conflict between Biblical history and the result of modern scientific research. If his treatment of the subject is not in all respects satisfactory to the present schools of scientific thought, it is at least independent and earnest. Whether his interpretations of the archæological facts bearing upon prehistoric man will stand the test of time or not, time only can show. At present he stands alone with regard to that subject, as far as his scientific peers are concerned. The fact, however, has not prevented the scientific worlds of Britain and America from recognizing and honoring him for his many and valuable contributions to the science of the day. These have comprised an extensive amount of original research in biology, chemistry, mineralogy and microscopy, which has been distinguished not only for its high scientific merits, but for the attractive literary form in which it has been presented to the world. For many years he has been an active and esteemed member of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and was elected president of that learned body for 1886. It was also through his instrumentality that the British Association met in Montreal in the summer of 1884, and it was at the opening meeting in the Queen’s Hall that Lord Lansdowne announced the honor of the knighthood. The American Association testified to its appreciation of his scientific labors by electing him to the presidency in 1883. The recognition which Sir William Dawson’s scientific attainments have received abroad, however, should not withdraw attention from the valuable services he has rendered, and is rendering, to Canada’s intellectual development. With this every Canadian is more or less practically concerned. The fact that a united nationality can never be built up in this Dominion without an educational foundation has been recognized by a good many of our public men, but by none more earnestly than by Sir William Dawson. He early took a broad view of the duties and privileges of a university as an intellectual centre. Besides taking an active part in scientific and other societies in Montreal, he has paid close attention to the interests of struggling schools and colleges in the province, and for many years has been perhaps the most active worker in connection with elementary education. This latter subject has all the importance, in Quebec province especially, which he attaches to it, and his efforts should be more generally seconded. Like Principal Grant, he is also a strong advocate for the higher education of women, who are now admitted to McGill, thanks to the generosity of Sir Donald A. Smith. This sketch would be incomplete without a reference to the annual excursions of the Montreal Natural History Society. It is on occasions like these that Sir William Dawson’s qualities as a teacher are well displayed. The members go by rail to some point likely to be interesting to varied scientific tastes, and then disperse for the purpose of collecting whatever specimens, mineralogical, geological, or botanical, the district will afford. A few hours generally suffice to bring in a large heap of “booty,” which is placed before the president, usually Sir William Dawson, who explains the nature of the specimens in clear and simple language. These excursions have been the means of awakening an interest in natural science in the minds of many who have been inclined to think that “the long, learned names of agaric, moss, and fern” were invented chiefly as a form of modern torture. Sir William Dawson is a pleasing speaker, and it is a tribute to the real taste of the day to say that he is always listened to with interest in spite of the fact that he does not indulge in the cheap fire-works of oratory. The charm of his address lies in this, that he conveys clear and definite ideas in clear and definite language. His pronouncements at convocation are always awaited with interest, and seldom fail to have a weighty effect upon the deliberations of the governing board of the university, or upon educational matters of the province when these are touched upon. His university lecture, a short time ago, on the question of examinations for the learned professions, was awaited by the friends of Protestant education in the province of Quebec with as much interest as British politicians await a premier’s speech at the Mansion House banquet. This question, which affects not only the interests of the Protestant universities of the province of Quebec, but the rights of the English minority, is doubtless familiar to all who take an interest in education. The action of the Council of the Bar of Quebec bears with great severity upon McGill, and the Council is supported by the immense power of the Catholic majority; but Sir William Dawson has opened the battle for the Protestant universities in such a manner that there can be no question about the ultimate removal of the difficulties. He is relying upon a determined use of the weapons of irrefragable logic and appeal to the highest courts of the empire for victory. The battle will be a severe one, and it will result not only in winning security for the universities, but in establishing the principle that the rights of the minority in Quebec must be recognized. At such a crisis in the history of Quebec education, it is a matter for the deepest congratulation that such a man as Sir William Dawson should be leading the fight of liberty and justice. Canada, indeed, is fortunate in having able, broad-minded, and progressive men at the head of her principal universities. No other circumstance can tell so strongly in the future for the building up of all that is best and lasting in the nation. Like all growth, the effect of educational work is imperceptible to the observer watching its progress, but the growth and effect are there. When the historian in the next century takes account of the elements concerned in the development of Canada during this century, he will not neglect to mark the broad and solid lines of our educational progress attributable to Sir William Dawson.

Cockburn, George Ralph Richardson, Toronto, M.P. for Centre Toronto, was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, 15th February, 1834. He received his education in the High School and University of his native city, where he graduated in 1857, with the highest classical honors, carrying off the Stratton prize. He subsequently prosecuted his classical studies in Germany under the celebrated Professor Zumpt. On his return home he engaged for several years as a teacher at Merchiston Castle Academy and at Montgreenan House Academy. In 1858 he came to Canada and began his career here as rector of the Model Grammar School, having been appointed to this position by the Council of Public Instruction for Upper Canada. Some time afterwards he was commissioned by the government of Canada to inspect the higher educational institutions of the province of Ontario, and the results of this investigation, which extended over a period of two years, were given to the public in two comprehensive reports, in which the condition and modes of higher education were carefully and elaborately set forth. Mr. Cockburn then visited a number of the principal institutions of learning in the United States, in order to make himself familiar with their methods. In 1861 he was appointed principal of Upper Canada College, and a member of the Senate of Toronto University. For over twenty years he had a successful career as an instructor of youth, and his able management of Upper Canada College raised the institution high in public estimation both for the thoroughness of its teaching and the excellent moral influence which prevailed within its walls. After the resignation of the rectorship, Mr. Cockburn travelled for two years in Europe, making himself acquainted with the various systems of government on that continent. There are few men in Canada who have done more than Mr. Cockburn for the cause of education. The celebrated Dr. Schmidt, of Edinburgh, said of him that he was no ordinary scholar, but a thorough philologist, possessing a good insight into the structure, the relation and affinities subsisting between the ancient and modern languages of Europe, and always characterized him as one of the best Latin scholars that Scotland has produced. Mr. Cockburn takes an interest in all public questions, and is one of the live citizens of Toronto. He is president of the Toronto Land and Investment Company; a director of the London and Canadian Loan and Agency Company, the Building and Loan Association, the Glasgow and London Assurance Company, and of the Ontario Bank. He was a member of the Senate of the University of Toronto for over twenty years. At the general election of 1887 Mr. Cockburn presented himself to the electors of Centre Toronto for parliamentary honors, when they returned him by a large majority—his opponent being Mr. Harvey. In religion he is a Presbyterian; and in politics a Conservative. He is married to Mary, daughter of Hampden Leane, of Kentucky, United States.

Prior, James, Manager of the Lybster Cotton Mills, Merritton, Ontario, was born in Toronto, on the 12th November, 1849. His father, Richard Prior, was a British soldier, who settled in Canada about the year 1847. James was educated in the common schools of his native city. Shortly after leaving school he went into a grocery store, where he served about four years, and then into the warehouse of Gordon, Mackay and Co., wholesale dry goods merchants, Toronto. Here he remained about a year, when in 1868 he was transferred to that firm’s cotton mills at Merritton. Here he began his upward career, and worked in a subordinate position until 1878, when he was appointed manager. Since then he has steadily devoted himself to the business, and we can say there is now not a more competent manager of a cotton mill in the Dominion. For several years Mr. Prior has travelled through the New England States to visit the New England mills, and pick up all the new ideas introduced, and by this means he has been able to produce in the Lybster mills the finest cotton fabrics in the Canadian markets. Mr. Prior has been a temperance man from youth, and has in consequence exerted a good influence among the employees in the mill and in the neighborhood in which he resides. He has in his day taken a lively interest in the Liberal-Conservative cause, especially in its protective policy; does not favor commercial union with the United States. In religion he is an adherent of the Episcopal church. He was married in October, 1878, to Sara Ann, daughter of Alexander and Mary Winslow, of Thorold, Ontario, and has a family of four children, two boys and two girls.

Lemieux, François Xavier, Barrister, M.P.P. for the county of Levis, province of Quebec, is the leading criminal lawyer of the district of Quebec, and well-known throughout the Dominion as the principal counsel for the defence in the Riel case, in which he was associated with Messrs. Fitzpatrick, of Quebec, and Greenshields, of Montreal. His connection with this great cause célèbre, and the popular excitement to which it and its tragic sequel gave rise throughout the country, but especially in the province of Quebec, made his name very familiar at the time. Mr. Lemieux was born at Levis, on the 9th of April, 1841. His parents were of the farming class, but his uncle, the late Hon. François Lemieux, was a man of great public note in his day, a leading member of the Quebec bar, member for Levis county in the Legislative Assembly of Canada, and one of the commissioners of crown lands and public works before confederation. His memory is still warmly cherished by the people of Levis. Our subject was educated at the Levis College and Quebec Seminary, and studied law at Quebec with Hon. M. A. Plamondon, then a prominent practitioner and now resident judge of the Superior Court in the Arthabasca district, whose daughter, Diana, he afterwards married. Called to the bar in 1872, he soon distinguished himself, especially as a criminal pleader, and his fame in that branch of the profession has since risen to such a pitch that no prisoner arraigned for trial before the criminal courts of the Quebec and surrounding districts considers his interests at all safe unless Mr. Lemieux has been retained for the defence. This popular confidence in his abilities is undoubtedly warranted by his wonderful success in the great majority of the cases with which he has been connected. It has almost passed into a proverb among the French Canadians of the Quebec district, that if any man can cheat the gallows of its due, François Xavier Lemieux is the man to do so. Indeed, as in the Boutel poisoning case, he has been known to save his client from the last penalty of the law, even after the gallows had been actually erected and within a few hours of the time fixed for the execution. A man of rare eloquence and knowledge of human nature, deeply versed in the criminal jurisprudence of the country and always armed at all points for the fray, and endowed with marvellous energy and versatility, he may be said to have no equal, and certainly no superior in his specialty at the Lower Canadian bar to-day. The secret of his forensic triumphs must unquestionably be looked for in his skill in cross-examination and his power to sway juries, and it was these characteristics which pointed him out as the fit and proper person to lead for the defence in the Riel case at Regina. It was thought in Lower Canada that if any one could snatch the half-breed leader from his perilous position, Mr. Lemieux was the man, and, when he volunteered his services for the purpose, his offer was accepted with an enthusiastic burst of gratitude from a great body of his fellow-countrymen. For these hopes on the occasion, the result of the trial proved disastrous, but the effort he made to save Riel from the scaffold, as well on the trial as afterwards, only served to increase Mr. Lemieux’s popularity and to intensify the bitterness of the agitation which followed the rebel leader’s execution. In that agitation Mr. Lemieux took a most active and prominent part, figuring and speaking with his impassioned eloquence at nearly all the great meetings at Quebec, Montreal, Levis, etc., to protest against Riel’s hanging and the oppression of the half-breeds. In fact, few men contributed more to the success of the so-called national movement, which overthrew the Ross administration and brought the Liberals and Conservative bolters into power under Hon. H. Mercier in the province of Quebec after the general election of October, 1886. For some years before the Riel trial, Mr. Lemieux had been a member of the Quebec Legislature. He had been an unsuccessful candidate for Bonaventure during the Joly administration in 1878, and again for Beauce at the general election of 1882; but in November, 1883, on the resignation of Hon. T. Paquet to accept the shrievalty of Quebec, he was returned after a hard contest as the representative of Levis county, and re-elected for the same constituency at the last general election, when he passed over with his friends from the Opposition to the treasury benches in the Legislative Assembly on the defeat of the Ross and the formation of the Mercier government, during the session of 1887. In the house, Mr. Lemieux is a ready debater, and few of his adversaries care to cross swords with him. He belongs to the Roman Catholic faith; and in politics is a Liberal.

Jolicœur, Philippe Jacques, Q.C., Assistant Provincial Secretary, Quebec, is one of the prominent figures of official life at the ancient capital, and a gentleman who has made his mark in the profession of the law. He was born in Quebec, on the 30th April, 1829, and was educated in the classics at the Quebec Seminary, which has turned out so many eminent men in the church and the learned professions. On the completion of his classical course, in 1849, he began the study of the law under Sir N. F. Belleau, then a prominent practitioner at the Quebec bar, and afterwards first lieutenant-governor of the province of Quebec, and on his admission to the bar, in 1854, the two entered into a law partnership which was only dissolved in 1858, when Sir Narcisse entered actively into politics. Down to 1867, Mr. Jolicœur continued to divide his attention between his extensive law practice and his duties as a member of the city council of Quebec, in which he occupied a seat for a number of years with honor to himself and advantage to his fellow-citizens. During his career in the council, he was elected by his colleagues to act as pro-mayor for the city in the absence of the regular incumbent of that office, and gave public satisfaction in the position of chief magistrate. A sound lawyer and one of the most respectable and self-respecting practitioners, with talents rather of the solid than the brilliant order, he was elevated to the silk and created a Q.C. in July, 1867, and later on in the same month, on the organization of the provincial departments at Quebec, at the outset of confederation, he was offered and accepted the important post of assistant provincial secretary, which he still holds, though he has been tempted to accept more exalted appointments. The position of resident judge of the Superior Court at Gaspé was in this way tendered to him, but family bereavements and failing health compelled him to decline. As an official, Mr. Jolicœur is noted for his efficiency, urbanity, and assiduity and generally esteemed by all who come into contact with him officially or otherwise. Though he never took a very active part in politics before he entered the civil service, he was always an adherent and supporter of the Conservative party. In religion he is a Roman Catholic; and as a French Canadian he has ever taken a deep and intelligent interest in the advancement of his race, holding office for years in the St. Jean Baptiste Society of Quebec, and filling for some time, also, the position of president of L’Institut Canadien of that city. In 1858, he married Honorine Matte, of Quebec, by whom he has had issue eleven children, all of whom except four boys were carried away by the hand of death while still young.

Cabana, Hubert Charon, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Prothonotary of the Superior Court for the province of Quebec, district of St. Francis, was born on the 14th of June, 1838, at Verchères, a parish situate on the south side of the St. Lawrence river, about thirty miles from Montreal. He is the son of Lambert Charon Cabana, a well-to-do farmer, of Verchères, and of Marie Louise Endfield, granddaughter of Colonel Thomas Endfield, who came direct from England to what is now the province of Quebec, in 1760, and died in 1812, being eighty-two years of age. The subject of this sketch was educated at the College of L’Assomption, in the town of L’Assomption, a classical college, incorporated as such over fifty years ago. He took a full classical course, leaving the college in June, 1858; entered on the study of the law in October, 1858; was admitted to practice on October 7th, 1862, at Sherbrooke, and practised there as advocate, solicitor, and attorney, until the 17th September, 1885, when he was appointed prothonotary. On the 3rd October, 1880, the degree of Law Licentiate Magister was conferred on him by Lennoxville University; has been professor of civil law at the Lennoxville University since 1880; made Queen’s counsel on the 26th June, 1883; elected bâtonnier of the bar, district of St. Francis, on the 1st May, 1884; elected member of the city council of Sherbrooke, for the first time, in January, 1876, and was continued in office until his appointment as prothonotary, which appointment rendered him by law unable to act any longer as councillor, when he was unanimously elected mayor of Sherbrooke, in January, 1880, and again in 1885. On the 13th October, 1866, he established the Pionnier de Sherbrooke, it being now the oldest established French newspaper published in this part of the province of Quebec, known as the Eastern Townships, in partnership with L. C. Belanger, now practising in Sherbrooke as advocate. He bought out Mr. Belanger’s interest in the paper on the 24th July, 1874, and continued to publish it till April, 1878, when he sold it to “La Compagnie Typographique des Cantons de l’Est,” of which company he was chosen president, and continued to act in that capacity until September, 1885. In September, 1883, he went to Europe, and in the course of his tour visited the principal cities and places of interest in France, Belgium, and Italy. He is a Roman Catholic in religion. On the 13th July, 1866, he was married to Marietta, eldest daughter of Francis Carr, a well-to-do farmer of the township of Compton, about twelve miles from Sherbrooke, and who had become a Catholic some time before her marriage, her family being Protestant.

Botsford, Hon. Bliss, Moncton, N.B., was born on the 26th November, 1813, at Sackville, N.B. The Botsford family have taken a prominent part in New Brunswick and Canadian history. He is the seventh son of the late Hon. William Botsford, who was speaker of the New Brunswick Assembly, and one of the judges of the supreme court of the province. His grandfather, Amos Botsford, was a United Empire loyalist, from Newton, Conn., and was the first speaker of the New Brunswick Assembly after it became a separate province, and held that office for twenty-eight years. Hon. Lieut.-Col. Amos E. Botsford, senator from New Brunswick, is an elder brother of the subject of this sketch. Hon. Bliss Botsford was educated at King’s College, Fredericton; studied law with the late William End, of Bathurst; was admitted as an attorney in 1836; called to the bar of New Brunswick in 1838; and practised his profession at Moncton from 1836 to 1870. During those thirty-four years he had a fair share of criminal as well as an extensive civil practice, and gained well-merited distinction at the bar of his native province. He was brought into special prominence by the celebrated Albertite suit, in which he was the defendant’s attorney, and won the case. While at the bar, his vigorous, earnest, and persuasive style of delivery always made a favorable impression on a jury, being, like most of the members of his family, of commanding presence, with a personal magnetism that was often irresistible. He sat for Westmoreland in the New Brunswick Assembly, from 1851 to 1854, from 1857 to 1861, and from 1865 to October 24th, 1870, when he was elevated to the bench. As a judge, he is held in high esteem by the profession, being very painstaking, carefully weighing in his mind all cases presented for his consideration, and is logical and concise in his charges to the jury. He is not over-exacting in his requirements of younger members of the profession, generally allowing them considerable latitude and freedom; but when called upon to decide any point of a relevant or irrelevant character, he is prompt and firm in his decision. He was appointed surveyor-general in 1865, and was a member of the executive council during the administration of the late Hon. Sir Albert Smith, and speaker from 1867 until the general election in 1870, his politics being Conservative. Judge Botsford was married in 1842, at Moncton, to Jane, daughter of John Chapman, from Cumberland, England, and has had five children, three daughters and one son living, all married, and another son who died. Sarah L., the eldest daughter, is the wife of William J. Croasdale, civil engineer, Moncton; Eliza is the wife of George C. Peters, son of Dr. George Peters, deceased, St. John; Robert L. married Emily C., eldest daughter of Lewis Carroll, and is a physician and surgeon, practising at Richibucto, N.B.; and Florence is the relict of the late Thomas Byers, Moncton.

Bain, James William, St. Polycarpe, Quebec, M.P. for Soulanges, was born at St. Polycarpe, Quebec, on the 22nd June, 1838. Mr. Bain is one of that very large class of French Canadians who, though thoroughly identified with their fellow-countrymen, are partly of Scottish blood. The father of the subject of this sketch was Daniel Bain, from Caithness-shire, a thorough Scot, having all the best characteristics of his race. The mother was Adelaide Lantier, a descendant of an old French Canadian family, sister of the late J. P. Lantier, M.P. for Soulanges. The son has the Scottish cast of countenance, and might readily be mistaken for a native of the “land of the mountain and the flood.” He was educated in his native town, where he has ever since resided. On arriving at man’s estate, he entered business with his father, who carried on a large trade as a merchant in Polycarpe. Though taking an active and prominent part in public affairs in his own district from an early age, he has continued to devote his attention to his business, extending it in every way, until it has brought him a large amount of worldly prosperity. Mr. Bain first devoted attention to school affairs, and when elected to the school board was soon made president of that body, a position which he has retained for ten years. At the death of J. P. Lantier, in 1882, the Conservatives of the county chose Mr. Bain as their candidate in the election which was to follow. The contest was a keen one, and resulted in the election of his opponent, G. R. S. De Beaujeau, by a majority of two votes. Mr. Bain protested the election, and an appeal being made to the Supreme Court, Mr. Beaujeau was unseated. A new election followed in February, 1885, and Mr. Bain was returned by a majority of twenty-six votes, and took his seat in the House of Commons at Ottawa. The lot of the French Conservative member of parliament was not altogether a happy one during the contest in 1887, owing to the prejudice stirred up in relation to the unfortunate Riel affair; but Mr. Bain did not shrink from the contest, and again accepted the nomination of his party. The struggle was one of the keenest ever known in the district; but the people had faith in their old representative, and so he still sits in the house as the representative for Soulanges. Though differing from the younger school of French Canadian politicians, in that he lays little claim to being an orator, and makes no effort to shine in the theatrical way so many of them affect, Mr. Bain performs the duties of a representative of the people faithfully and well. He is strictly regular in his attendance, and brings to bear upon the legislation of the house practical experience in business affairs, and good common sense. In 1877 Mr. Bain married Georgiana, daughter of the late J. O. Lantier, well known in Montreal for many years as a prominent merchant.

Chisholm, Mrs. Addie, Ottawa, President of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union of Ontario, is a native Canadian, having been born in the city of Hamilton, Ontario. Her early life was spent there, excepting a few years devoted to study in the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, at Lima, New York, where she was distinguished for diligence, aptitude, and general proficiency. Both before and after her marriage she was known as an enthusiastic worker in every religious and charitable movement, and many benevolent institutions had the advantage of her wise counsel, gentle sympathy and bright encouragement. As an infant class teacher in one of the Methodist Sunday schools of Hamilton, she was remarkably successful in developing on right lines the tender minds that were entrusted to her care, and here she passed through just the training to fit her for the broader sphere of usefulness that was waiting her riper talents and attainments. Sympathizing very deeply with the temperance reformation, she could not but be drawn strongly towards the crusade work which was so successful in the United States some years ago, and when that great uprising of loving, ill-treated womanhood, was crystalized into the effective and permanent form—the Women’s Christian Temperance Union organization, Mrs. Chisholm at once came to the front as one of its enthusiastic supporters, warmest advocates, and most efficient directors. Mrs. Yeomans was the first president of the Ontario Union, and was succeeded by Mrs. Chisholm, several years ago, and has held the position up till to-day, being annually reinstated by the unanimous vote of her appreciative sisters. Her success in this sphere of responsibility must be judged by the facts already so well known in regard to the results attained by this great organization—results that were only possible through the united, prayerful, determined work of many loving hearts and heads, as well as a skilful leadership possessed of the faculty to govern, and guided and blessed by the wisdom and strength without which all labor is in vain. Not merely in the many organizations with which she has been connected, chief among which, of course, is the Union, has Mrs. Chisholm shown her genius and skill. For near four years she has been publisher and editor of the Woman’s Journal, the Canadian organ of the White Ribbon Army. She has also written tracts and pamphlets that have blessed and helped the temperance cause everywhere. She has visited, spoken, organized, and worked with an untiring energy that could only come from deep sympathy and fervent zeal; while every act has been characterized by Christian gentleness and kindness, that won where more openly aggressive methods would be sure to fail. We earnestly hope that our good sister may long be spared to aid with her tongue, her pen, and her brain, the cause that is so near to our heart, and that under the management and direction of such as she, and “the blessing that maketh rich and addeth no sorrow,” the Women’s Christian Temperance Union may continue a mighty power for good, until the end for which it was organized has been fully attained.

Noyes, John Powell, Q.C., Advocate, Waterloo, Quebec province, was born at Potton, county of Brome, Quebec, on the 15th September, 1842. His father, Heman B. Noyes, was of English descent, coming to Canada from Tunbridge, Vermont, where six generations of the family are buried. His mother, Sarah Powell, is also of English descent, but was born at Potton, Quebec. The subject of this sketch was educated at Bangor, Franklin county, N.Y., and at Fort Covington Academy. In 1861 he settled at Waterloo, studied law first with Huntington & Lay, and afterwards with Hon. Mr. Laframboise; graduated at the law school connected with St. Mary’s College, Montreal; was admitted to the bar in October, 1866, and was created a Queen’s counsel in 1879. He has held the offices of secretary-treasurer of the township of Shefford and village of Waterloo, chairman of the Waterloo school board, special commissioner of Bolton lands, bâtonnier of the Bedford bar, and is at present bâtonnier-general of the bar of the province of Quebec. He has been secretary-treasurer of the Stanstead, Shefford, and Chambly Railway for more than ten years. In 1864 he became editor of the Waterloo Advertiser, and continued to be so until 1875, making the paper a strong exponent of the principles of the Liberal party, as well as a very readable general newspaper. He is a leading member of the Masonic Order in his district; was worshipful master of his lodge for three terms; first principal of the R.A. Chapter; and grand Z. of Grand Chapter of R.A.M., of Quebec, for 1885 and 1886. He has taken part in all political contests, and in municipal affairs, since 1860; has been secretary, and later chairman, of Shefford County Reform Club for many years; and this has kept him in politics a great deal, as it has been remarked that this county seems to have a political contest always on hand. As if to make good our words, a contest is now (February, 1888) going on, and Mr. Noyes has been selected by the Reform or national convention of the county as its candidate; but in a county where the parties are so evenly divided, it is always difficult to tell in advance who will be elected. In religion, he is Protestant, and belongs to the Church of England; has often been a delegate to the Synod, and a valued member of various committees there. He was married, in November, 1867, to Lucy A., daughter of Joseph Merry, of Magog, Quebec, whose father was one of the early pioneers there, by whom he had issue six children, only four of whom are now living. Mrs. Noyes graduated before her marriage, at McGill Normal School, with academy diploma, and is at present provincial superintendent of the department of physiology and hygiene of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union of the province of Quebec.

Pope, Hon. James Colledge, was born at Bedeque, Prince Edward Island, on the 11th June, 1826. He was the second son of the Hon. Joseph Pope, and his mother was Lucy Colledge, daughter of Capt. Colledge, of the 1st regiment of foot, who married a daughter of the Hon. Thomas Wright, several times administrator of the government of the island, and who was one of the commissioners appointed to administer the oath to the members of the first parliament which met in Charlottetown in 1773. The subject of this sketch received his early education on the island, and was afterwards sent to England to complete it. In early manhood he entered upon a mercantile career, as merchant, shipbuilder and shipowner, at Summerside, P.E.I., where he lived for many years, and which he was largely instrumental in building up. He was one of the passengers by the brig Fancy to California, when the gold fever broke out there in 1849. In 1863 he took up his residence in Charlottetown, where he remained until 1878, when his acceptance of the portfolio of minister of marine necessitated his removal to Ottawa. The last three years of his life he spent at Summerside, his old home, where he died on the morning of the 18th May, 1885; and was buried at St. Eleanor’s, in St. Mary’s churchyard (Episcopal), where a very handsome granite obelisk, erected as a tribute from his many friends, marks the last resting-place of one of Prince Edward Island’s most gifted and patriotic sons. Mr. Pope entered political life in 1857, and from that time onwards he was engaged in a constant turmoil of political excitement, having his ups and downs like most politicians. On the 10th September, 1870, he became leader of a coalition government, which, however, only lasted two years; but he was, on the dissolution of the house, triumphantly returned for Charlottetown, although he failed to secure a majority in the new house. On the 19th October, 1878, he was sworn a member of her Majesty’s Privy Council for Canada, and received the portfolio of minister of marine and fisheries, a position he held but a short time, when in 1881 he was forced, to the inexpressible grief of his many friends, by a general breaking up of his mental and physical powers, to retire from the active duties of his office, never, as the sequel proved, to resume them again. He always occupied a foremost place among those with whom his lot was cast. In his early life he took a very active interest in the volunteer movement, and passed through the various grades, retiring with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Besides being one of the most prominent merchants, he was also one of the largest landholders on the island, and farmed more extensively than any other man on it. He was also engaged in fishing industries, besides being interested in many other business ventures. He, however, attempted too much for his powers of endurance, and thus brought a useful life to an early close. In everything that he undertook, however, whether political, commercial or agricultural, he had the interests of the island at heart, and his memory will ever be revered by his countrymen, who possess monuments of his energy and worth more enduring than brass. The Prince Edward Island Railway is a memento of his public career that will ever serve to keep his memory green. In 1852 he married Eliza, second daughter of Thomas Pethick, of Charlottetown, by whom he had issue eight children.

Germain, Adolphe, Barrister, Sorel, province of Quebec, was born in St. Ours, in the same province, in June, 1837. His father was François Germain, an old patriot of 1837-38. Mr. Germain received a classical course of education at St. Hyacinthe College, Quebec province, and afterwards studied law; and for over fifteen years he has successfully practised his profession in Sorel, first alone, but latterly under the firm name of Germain & Germain, his partner being his eldest son, S. Adolphe Germain. In 1878 he was created a Queen’s counsel. He has been frequently called upon to represent the attorney-general of Quebec province in Crown cases, and was one of the joint counsel in the celebrated Provencher trial, in which the accused was found guilty, along with his paramour, of poisoning the latter’s husband, and afterwards executed for the murder—the woman being sent to the penitentiary for life. Mr. Germain has been mayor of Sorel, and is dean of the bar of Quebec, for the district of Richelieu. He is a public-spirited gentleman, and has identified himself with the leading improvements—among others the fine public buildings recently erected—in the thriving town in which he resides. He has also taken an active interest in all the political movements of the country, and stands high in the estimation of his fellow-citizens. In religion he is an adherent of the Roman Catholic church; and in politics is a staunch Liberal. In February, 1862, he was married to Marie Louise Demers, and the issue of the marriage has been five children.

Sears, James Walker, Lieutenant South Staffordshire regiment, was born in St. John, New Brunswick, on the 22nd January, 1861. He is a son of John Sears, of St. John, N.B., and Ann, daughter of the Rev. William Blackwood, of Nova Scotia, and grandson of Thatcher Sears, a United Empire loyalist, of the former place. He received his primary education in various private schools in his native city. He left St. John in 1877, and after spending a year at the Collegiate Institute at Galt, Ontario, became a cadet at the Royal Military College at Kingston. Here, on the 25th June, 1881, after a course of studies lasting for three and a half years, and having passed a successful examination, he was awarded a commission in the Canadian militia, and a commission in Her Majesty’s 38th South Staffordshire regiment of foot. In this regiment he served throughout the Egyptian campaign of 1882, was present at the reconnaissance in force at Kafr-el Dwar on the 5th August, the surrender of Damietta by Abdulal, and the subsequent occupation of Cairo. For those services he received a medal and the Khedive’s star. He visited the Holy Land in April, 1883, and in May of the same year returned to Malta from Egypt with his regiment. He was appointed Lieutenant in the Infantry School corps by the Canadian government in December, 1883, in which corps, at Toronto, he has since held the appointment of adjutant. He served in the North-West rebellion of 1885 as brigade major of the Battleford column, and was present at the battle of Cut Knife Hill, and subsequently commanded the scout corps of the Turtle Lake column in the pursuit of Big Bear. He was mentioned in despatches, and received the medal and clasp. He became brevet captain in the Canadian militia on the 21st December, 1887.

Proulx, Hon. Jean Baptiste George, Nicolet, province of Quebec, was born at Nicolet, on the 23rd April, 1809, and died on the 27th January, 1884. He was the son of J. B. Proulx and Magdalen Hébert. His great grandfather was one of the oldest settlers of Nicolet, having settled there in 1725. The subject of this sketch was educated at Nicolet College. He was elected, in 1860, for De La Vallière, and sat in the Legislative Council until the union. In 1867, he was appointed to the Legislative Council for life. He was a Liberal in politics. He was one of the patriots of 1837; and was charged with having cast bullets, but was not arrested. He was married, on the 20th January, 1835, to Julia, daughter of Dr. Calvin Alexander, a graduate of Harvard, and had issue as follows:—Rev. M. G. Proulx, of Nicolet College, and Revs. Edward and Stephen Proulx, of the Society of Jesus.

Charlebois, Alphonse, Contractor, Quebec, is well known throughout the Dominion as an extensive and successful undertaker of great public works. A French-Canadian, he is endowed with more than the ordinary energy and versatility of his race, and his career furnishes an apt illustration of the triumph of tact and pluck over adverse circumstances. He was not of the fortunate class who are said to come into the world with “a silver spoon in their mouth.” His parents were simple Lower Canadian habitants, and our subject was born of their marriage at the town of St. Henri, Hochelaga county, on the outskirts of Montreal, on the 15th December, 1841. His father, Arséne Charlebois, was a native of Pointe Claire, in Jacques Cartier county, P.Q., and his mother was Edwidge Chagnon, of Verchères, P.Q. On his father’s side he is closely related to the late Mr. Charlebois, M.P.P. for Laprairie; to the Rev. Mr. Charlebois, curé of Ste. Therese, and to the late Dr. Charlebois, of Bleury street, Montreal; and, on his mother’s, to the late Sir George Etienne Cartier, who owed his election for Verchères, then one of the most Liberal constituencies in Lower Canada (after his defeat in Montreal East by the present Chief Justice Sir A. A. Dorion), mainly to the exertions and influence of her brother, the late Paschal Chagnon, of Verchères. Young Charlebois was educated partly at the Christian Brothers’ School and partly at Maxwell’s Commercial School, both in Montreal, receiving a fair commercial training, in French and English. After leaving school he served about a year to the builder’s trade in Montreal, and then entered the hardware trade in that city as a clerk to the late Mr. Brewster, with whom he remained nine years down to 1865, when he bought out the business on the retirement of his employer. Two years later, he abandoned hardware, and boldly took up the lumber trade in Montreal, making advances to the lumberers on the Gatineau, and otherwise speculating in the great staple of the country with more or less success until 1872, when he took a new and still more enterprising departure. Since the days of the Hon. François Baby in Lower Canada, no French-Canadian had figured prominently as a public contractor. In that field, the English speaking element were virtually without competition. Mr. Charlebois pluckily resolved to enter it, and the results have more than justified this step on his part. He is to-day known from Halifax to Vancouver as a leading contractor, and the country is indebted to him for the successful execution of some of its most important public works. His first undertaking in this line was on the Lachine canal, and since then he has been connected with the contracts for the Dufferin improvements at Quebec, the graving dock at Levis, the Georgian Bay branch of the C.P.R., the construction of four sections of the same road in British Columbia, and the erection of the new parliament buildings at Quebec, and of the new departmental buildings on Wellington street, Ottawa. The two last mentioned structures remain as lasting monuments, as well to his taste and skill, as to his energy as a builder. He is a director of the Clemow syndicate for the construction of the Great North-Western Central Railway, Manitoba, and before his removal from Montreal to Quebec, which is now his residence, he was during three years an alderman, and afterwards, during four years, mayor of his native town of St. Henri. He belongs to the Roman Catholic faith, and during his residence in the Montreal district was elected people’s trustee for life of the Roman Catholic parish church of St. Henri. He has travelled exclusively in Canada and the United States, chiefly on business. In 1865 he married Marie Flore Charlotte Valois, daughter of the late Dr. Valois, of Pointe Claire, and at one time M.P. for the county of Jacques Cartier, P.Q., and by her has had issue four children, all of whom are still in their teens.

Dupré, Rev. L. L., Sorel, province of Quebec, was born in Sorel, in 1841, and educated at the Seminary of St. Hyacinthe, P.Q. In 1868, he was ordained a priest, and placed as vicar in the Roman Catholic cathedral. In 1873, he was called as vicar to his native town, and in 1875 was appointed to the important post of curé of Sorel. Sorel being the most considerable place in the Roman Catholic diocese of St. Hyacinthe, requires the unremitting exertions and oversight of the pastor, and no one could perform the duties more zealously and unremittingly than does the present worthy incumbent. The rev. father has, in addition to his special duties, assisted in many ways in promoting the material welfare of his native town. As an instance, it may be mentioned that in 1880, by his exertions amongst his parishioners subscriptions were raised to an amount sufficient to build a large addition to the general hospital of Richelieu county, rendering that institution much more comfortable for the patients, and more suitable to the growing requirements of the town. He was also mainly instrumental in furthering the erection of the new college building, which is acknowledged to be the finest structure of the kind in the province. Since his incumbency, he has had the former parish of St. Peter’s divided into three distinct parishes—St. Peter’s, Ste. Anne, and St. Joseph. The parish of Ste. Anne, of which parish Mr. Dupré is the curé, is quite a populous one, and through his active exertions, a commodious stone church was soon built in the parish, on one of the finest sites of the St. Lawrence. That the curé possesses very superior administrative abilities is sufficiently proved by the foregoing, and is further attested by the manner in which he performs his onerous ecclesiastical duties. He has a remarkable memory, is a fluent speaker, and as a pulpit orator is unequalled by few. He is an ardent admirer of art, which he patronises liberally, and is possessed of a considerable collection of valuable and rare books, engravings, etc., proving a literary and cultivated taste. He is much esteemed by his parishioners and by the community of Sorel generally.

Tessier, Jules, Barrister, Quebec, M.P.P. for Portneuf, is one of the most conspicuous and popular figures in the legal, political and social life of the ancient capital. His distinguished father, Hon. U. J. Tessier, is a judge of the Court of Queen’s Bench for the province of Quebec, and was formerly member for Portneuf in the Canadian parliament, commissioner of public works in the Macdonald-Sicotte administration, speaker of the Legislative Council before confederation, and at one time mayor of Quebec. Between the careers of the father and son there are many points of resemblance. The father was one of the most prominent members of the Quebec bar in his day; the son is a rising member of the same bar. The father represented Portneuf in the Canadian parliament; the son represents the same constituency in the Quebec legislature. Lastly, the father was a member of the city council and mayor of Quebec; the son to-day is one of the councillors for St. Louis ward of that city, and a prominent member of the civic body, though still quite a young man. He was born at Quebec, in 1852. His mother, now deceased, before her marriage, was a Miss Kelly, and a member of the Drapeau family, seigneurs of Rimouski. His maternal grandfather was of Irish extraction, but the remainder of his parentage is French-Canadian on both sides. Educated in the classics at the Quebec Seminary and the Jesuits’ College, Montreal, he afterwards studied law, and was called to the bar in 1874, and soon acquired a considerable practice, together with the confidence of the public and the esteem of his professional brethren. He is one of the editors of the ‘Quebec Law Reports.’ In politics, Mr. Tessier, like his father while in public life, is what is termed a moderate Liberal, but almost from his youth he has been actively identified with all the struggles of the Liberal party in the Quebec district. He was secretary of the National Convention held in 1880, and was elected president of the Quebec Liberal Club after its reorganization for the last provincial and federal electoral campaign, which office he still holds. As such, he was selected as the party’s candidate to oppose ex-Mayor Brousseau, of Quebec, in Portneuf county, for the Legislative Assembly of the province, at the general election of October, 1886, and defeated his adversary, who had been the sitting member, by a very heavy majority. In the house, he is recognized as one of the staunchest supporters of the Mercier government, and has proved himself a most useful member. To his exertions Quebec was mainly indebted for its selection for the holding of the Provincial Exhibition of 1887, which was so great a success. Mr. Tessier is a member of the Church of Rome; and for many years past one of the principal officers of the St. Jean Baptiste Society, of Quebec. He is a director of the Lake St. John Railway Company, and a member of the Provincial Board of Arts. He is married to a daughter of Edmund Barnard, the well-known Q.C., of Montreal, and his two sisters are the wives respectively of the Hon. Alexander Chauveau, who was solicitor-general in the Joly administration, and is now police judge at Quebec, and of Lieut.-Col. Duchesnay, deputy adjutant-general for the Quebec military district.

Aikins, Hon. James Cox, P.C., Lieut.-Governor of Manitoba and Keewatin Territory, was born in the township of Toronto, Peel county, Ontario, on the 30th of March, 1823. His father, the late James Aikins, emigrated from the county of Monaghan, Ireland, to Philadelphia, in 1816, and after a residence of four years there he removed to Upper Canada, and took up a quantity of land in the first concession north of the Dundas road, in the township of Toronto. The subject of our sketch was the eldest son, and was brought up on his father’s farm, and was early inured to the hardships of rural life in Canada in those primitive times. He united with the Methodist body at an early age. He attended the public schools in the neighborhood of his home, and afterwards spent some time at the Upper Canada Academy, at Cobourg, which subsequently developed into Victoria College and University. At the first collegiate examination, which was held in 1843, he figured as one of the merit students. After completing his education he settled down on a farm in the county of Peel, a few miles from his paternal homestead. In 1845, soon after leaving college, he married Mary Elizabeth Jane Somerset, the daughter of a neighboring yeoman. In 1851 he was tendered the nomination as the representative of his native constituency in the Legislative Assembly, and declined, but at the general election held in 1854, he offered himself as a candidate on the Reform side, in opposition to the sitting member, George Wright, and was elected. Upon taking his seat he recorded his first vote against the Hincks-Morin administration, and thus participated in bringing about the downfall of that ministry. He voted for the secularization of the clergy reserves, and his voice was occasionally heard in support of measures relating to public improvements. In the election of 1861, owing to his action on the county town question, which excited keen sectional opposition, he was defeated by the late Hon. John Hillyard Cameron. The following year he was elected a member of the Legislative Council for the Home Division, comprising the counties of Peel and Halton. He continued to sit in the council so long as that body had an existence; and when it was swept away by confederation he was called to the Senate of the Dominion. On the 9th of December, 1867, he accepted office in the government of Sir John A. Macdonald, as secretary of state, and has ever since been a follower of that statesman. During his tenure of office the Dominion lands bureau was established—which has since extended until it has become an independent department of state under control of the minister of the interior. The Public Lands Act of 1872, is another measure which dates from Mr. Aikins’ term of office. The disclosure with reference to the sale of the Pacific Railway charter resulted, in November, 1873, in the overthrowing of the government. Upon Sir John A. Macdonald’s return to power in October, 1878, he again accepted office as secretary of state, and retained that position until the month of November, 1880, when there was a readjustment of portfolios, and he became minister of inland revenue—which he held until his resignation, 23rd May, 1882. On the 22nd September, 1882, he was appointed lieutenant-governor of the province of Manitoba, and Keewatin Territory. He is major of the 3rd battalion Peel Militia, and chairman of the Manitoba and North-West Loan Company.

Taschereau, Hon. Jean Thomas, LL.D., Quebec, late Judge of the Supreme Court of the Dominion of Canada, is a gentleman, the simple mention of whose name recalls a family famous in the political annals of Lower Canada, and which has given more eminent men to the church and bench than probably any other in the country. It has almost passed into a proverb among the French Canadians of the province of Quebec that “there is always a Taschereau on the bench.” As a matter of fact, three generations of the family have been represented on it, and five Taschereaus in all have exercised the highest judicial functions in the province or in the dominion. In the case of our distinguished subject not only was he himself a judge, but his father before him was a judge, his son after him is a judge of the Superior Court of the province, and another of his relatives, the Hon. Elzear Taschereau, is at present one of the judges of the Supreme Court of the Dominion. Still another member of the family, Hon. Andrée Taschereau, now deceased, was resident judge of the Superior Court in the Kamouraska district, and one of the most eminent jurists of his day. Others again have held the office of sheriff of the Beauce district; one is now a prominent member of the bar of that district, and was the representative of Beauce county in the Canadian House of Commons during the last parliament; and one, Lieutenant-Colonel Taschereau, holds one of the most important military commands in the Quebec district. But the judicial, political, and military distinction of the Taschereau family is altogether eclipsed by the lustre conferred upon it by the fact that the first Canadian wearer of the Roman purple was selected from among its members. His Eminence, Cardinal Taschereau, Archbishop of Quebec, is a brother of our subject, and the “bright particular star” whose elevation to the exalted dignity of a Prince of the Roman Catholic church, has made the name of Taschereau famous all over the civilized world. The family is also one of the oldest and most distinguished in Lower Canada, its founder there being Thomas Jacques Taschereau, of Touraine, France, who was a son of Christopher Taschereau, King’s counsellor, director of the mint and treasurer of the city of Tours, and who came to New France towards the beginning of the last century, was appointed by the French viceroy as treasurer of the marine, and in 1736 obtained from the French Crown the grant of a valuable seigniory along the banks of the river Chaudière in Beauce, P.Q. Our subject’s father was the Hon. Jean Thomas Taschereau, senior, long a prominent member of the parliament of Lower Canada, and one of the advocates and champions of constitutional liberty in that province, who suffered imprisonment for their opinions in 1810. He was afterwards raised to the dignity of puisne judge of the Court of Queen’s Bench for his native province, and distinguished himself as an able and upright magistrate. Our subject was one of his sons by his wife, Maria Panet, daughter of the late Hon. Jean Panet, first speaker of the Lower Canadian House of Assembly (an office which he held for twenty consecutive years), and was born in the city of Quebec, on the 12th December, 1814. He was educated at the Quebec Seminary, where, like his brother, the present cardinal, he greatly distinguished himself in different branches, taking the leading prizes, especially for Latin, mathematics, etc. On the completion of his classical course, he studied law with two of the most eminent local practitioners of the day, Hon. Henry Black, afterwards judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court at Quebec, and Andrew Stuart, Q.C., afterwards Her Majesty’s solicitor-general for Lower Canada, and was called to the bar of that province in 1836, subsequently following several law courses in Paris, France. On his return to Canada, he opened a law office in the city of Quebec, and for the next twenty years practised his profession with success and distinction. In 1855, he was honored by Laval University with the title of LL.D., and in September of the same year he was called by the government to act as assistant judge of the Superior Court in the place of one of the regular judges of that court, during the sitting of the special court formed under the act to abolish feudal rights and seignorial dues in Lower Canada. Twice afterwards, in 1858 and in 1860, in which last mentioned year he was also created a Q.C., was he honored by a similar mark of the government’s appreciation, and in 1865 he was definitely appointed to the bench as a puisne judge of the Superior Court, as successor to the Hon. A. N. Morin, deceased. On the 11th February, 1873, he mounted another rung of the judicial ladder, being appointed puisne judge of the Court of Queen’s Bench for the province of Quebec, and some two years later on, the 8th October, 1875, he was elevated to the still more exalted position of puisne judge of the Supreme Court of the Dominion, which he retained until the 19th October, 1878, when he resigned on account of ill-health, and retired on his well-earned pension, after having served the public in all nineteen years on the bench as a judge. Our subject enjoyed to the utmost the confidence of the bar and the people, as well for his scrupulous and painstaking character, as for the almost invariable soundness of his decisions. It is needless to say that his religion is the Roman Catholic. In the spring of 1887, the Roman Pontiff, Leo XIII., conferred on him the decoration or cross of the Order of St. Gregory the Great. He has been twice married—firstly, in 1840, to Louise Adele, daughter of the late Hon. Amable Dionne, M.L.C., who died in 1861; and lastly in 1862, to Marie Josephine, daughter of the late Hon. R. E. Caron, second lieutenant-governor of the province of Quebec, and a sister of Sir A. R. Caron, Dominion minister of militia. He is the father of twelve children, ten of whom survive. His eldest son, Hon. Henri Thomas Taschereau, formerly Liberal M.P. for Montmagny, has been a judge of the Superior Court for the province of Quebec since 1878; and another son, by his second union, is now a rising member of the Quebec bar.

Morin, Eusebe, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec province, was born on the 14th of July, 1853. He is the son of François Morin, merchant, and Marguerite Maheux. At the age of ten years he entered the St. Hyacinthe Seminary, which he left after taking a classical course of education. At the age of sixteen years he entered as clerk with L. V. Sicotte, dry goods merchant, but after spending one year in this establishment he left, and entered into partnership with Mr. Lamoureux, and traded under the firm name of Lamoureux & Morin for about fifteen months, when he bought his partner out, and assumed the business himself. When he entered into this business, a friend lent him $800 to start with, and this money he honorably paid with interest about a year after he had received it. He continued alone in business until he was twenty-three years of age, in the meantime becoming the first merchant in St. Hyacinthe, in his line, thus proving what can be done by close attention to business. After this, and by the time he had reached his twenty-seventh year, he had established small wholesale and retail houses, trading under the various names of Morin & Lamothe, Morin & Dion, Morin & Robitaille, Morin & Brodeur, both in the city of St. Hyacinthe and the neighboring country. Being of delicate health, he was almost given up by the doctors, and was obliged to liquidate the firms in order to proceed to Europe for the benefit of his health. After an extensive tour through England, Scotland, Ireland, France and Italy, he returned to Canada with a large and varied assortment of European goods, and was thus enabled to re-establish his trade on a sound and more extensive basis than ever, creating the following firms:—Morin & Co., in the liquor trade; Morin & Laline, general store; Morin & Bergeron, dry goods, all in St. Hyacinthe, with a capital of $200,000, he being principal partner in all the above establishments. When thirty-two years of age, becoming tired of the retail trade, he sold to his partners his interest in all the stores he had established, with the object of embarking in real estate transactions, and in this he has proved equally successful. He has built one of the finest private residences in the city of St. Hyacinthe, and finds himself, at the age of thirty-three, the most important property owner in the county of St. Hyacinthe. He enjoys a good reputation, and his numerous partners and friends have reason to be thankful to him for his aid at various times. The city of St. Hyacinthe is also indebted to him for the erection of numerous blocks of magnificent stores, and several private residences. Although Mr. Morin is yet comparatively young, he is exceedingly popular in his district, and has been several times requested to enter public life, but has invariably declined, on the ground that he could be of greater use to his friends and the country at large, in promoting private and public enterprises. He is looked upon as the Vanderbilt of St. Hyacinthe.

MacDowall, Day Hort, Prince Albert, M.P. for Saskatchewan, North-West Territory, was born in 1850, at Carruth House, Renfrewshire, Scotland. He is the second son of Henry MacDowall, of Garthland, Renfrewshire, Scotland, vide “Nesbitt’s Heraldry.” Mr. MacDowall was educated at Windlesham, Surrey, England, and Trinity College, Glenalmond, Scotland. He was a captain in the Renfrewshire Rifle Volunteers from 1872 to 1879. He accompanied Gen. Middleton’s force through the Northwest rebellion of 1885, and took charge of the party dispatched by the general through the rebel district from Humboldt to Prince Albert. He was a member of the North-West Council for the district of Lorne, from June, 1883, to October, 1885; and was returned to Parliament, as the member for Saskatchewan, at the general election in 1887. He is a Conservative in politics. He was married August 12th, 1884, to Alice Maude Blanchard, daughter of Charles Blanchard, Truro, N.S. He is a member of the Manitoba Club, Winnipeg; Wanderers’ Club, Pall Mall, London, Eng., and Rideau Club, Ottawa, Ont.

Prévost, Oscar A., Brevet-Major, (late of the regiment Canadian artillery, then A and B batteries, permanent artillery), Quebec, was born in Montreal on the 9th of May, 1845. His father, Amable C. Prévost, was a descendant of an old French family of Anjou, (Prévost de la Boutèlière). He was a merchant of Montreal, very successful in business, leaving an estate of over half a million dollars. He died in February, 1872. His mother, Rosalind E. Bernard, was born in Montreal, educated at Notre Dame congregation, and was married to Amable C. Prévost, March, 1838. The subject of this sketch was educated at St. Mary’s College, Montreal, taking a classical course, including mathematics and natural philosophy; he afterwards studied law; was admitted to the bar of Lower Canada in October, 1866, and practised his profession until 1870. He joined, as lieutenant, the 4th battalion in the year 1865; served on the frontier during the Fenian raid of 1866; was transferred in 1870 to the Quebec rifle regiment of the North-West expeditionary force under Colonel (now General, Sir) Garnet Wolseley; remained stationed in the North-West till February, 1872, being transferred in July, 1872, to the School of Gunnery, Quebec, and gazetted to B battery as lieutenant with rank of captain; was adjutant of the School of Gunnery B battery, August, 1873, till February, 1880. He went to Woolwich, England, for a special course in the Royal Arsenal, and on his return was appointed superintendent of the government cartridge factory at Quebec, and still holds that appointment. In 1882 he was sent by the minister of militia and defence, Sir A. P. Caron, to England to purchase machinery required for a small ammunition factory to be erected in the government buildings in Quebec. The plans, specifications, alterations to buildings, placing machinery, including boilers and steam engines, and putting the whole plant in working order, was done under his immediate supervision, bringing forth his ability as a practical engineer, and his scientific attainments. This factory has now been at work since 1883. It produced 2,000,000 rounds of ball ammunition, in three months, during the North-West rebellion of 1885, and now supplies the whole Dominion with service ammunition. It can give employment to four hundred hands. He submitted to a board of artillery officers in September, 1886, a new projectile for light and heavy rifled guns, which increased the range and accuracy of guns in a remarkable degree. A foundry, in connection with the cartridge factory, was erected for the manufacture of these projectiles, in July, 1887, and the work now goes on daily. Thus two entirely novel industries have been started in Canada, and the military efficiency of the Dominion increased. In 1876 he travelled through France, Italy, Austria, Hungary and Germany, being authorized to visit the imperial arsenal at Vienna, and obtain information with regard to the new field ordnance and carriages at that time introduced into the Austrian service. Major Prévost was married on 25th May, 1874, to Louisa J., daughter of Hon. Juschereau Duchesnay, of Quebec, ex-senator for the division of Lassale, province of Quebec; seigneur of the seigniories of Fossambault and Gaudarville. Hon. Mr. Duchesnay’s father commanded a company of Voltigeurs under Colonel de Salaberry, his cousin, at the victorious battle of Chateauguay, in 1812. The Juschereau Duchesnay family were connected to Robert Giffard, first seigneur of Beauport, near Quebec, to whom this seigniory had been granted in 1635 by the “Compagnie de la Nouvelle France,” under authority of the French King. The Duchesnays inherited this seigniory in 1668, and they owned it for over two hundred years.

Champlain, Samuel de.—Standing on the summit of one of the rocky eminences at the mouth of the Saguenay, and looking back through the haze of two hundred and eighty-five years, we may descry two small sailing craft slowly making their way up the majestic stream which Jacques Cartier, sixty-eight years before, christened in honor of St. Lawrence. The vessels are French build, and have evidently just arrived from France. They are of very diminutive size for an ocean voyage, but are manned by hardy Breton mariners for whom the tempestuous Atlantic has no terrors. They are commanded by an enterprising merchant-sailor of St. Malo, who is desirous of pushing his fortunes by means of the fur trade, and who, with that end in view, has already more than once navigated the St. Lawrence as far westward as the mouth of the Saguenay. His name is Pontgravé. Like other French adventurers of his time, he is a brave and energetic man, ready to do, to dare, and, if need be, to suffer; but his primary object in life is to amass wealth, and to effect this object he is not over-scrupulous as to the means employed. On this occasion he has come over with instructions from Henry IV., King of France, to explore the St. Lawrence, to ascertain how far from its mouth navigation is practicable, and to make a survey of the country on its banks. He is accompanied on the expedition by a man of widely different mould; a man who is worth a thousand of such sordid, huckstering spirits; a man who unites with the courage and energy of a soldier a high sense of personal honor and a singleness of heart worthy of the Chevalier Bayard himself. To these qualities are added an absorbing passion for colonization, and a piety and zeal which would not misbecome a Jesuit missionary. He is poor, but what the poet calls “the jingling of the guinea” has no charms for him. Let others consume their souls in heaping up riches, in chaffering with the Indians for the skins of wild beasts, and in selling the same to the affluent traders in France. It is his ambition to rear the fleur-de-lis in the remote wilderness of the New World, and to evangelize the savage hordes by whom that world is peopled. The latter object is the most dear to his heart of all, and he has already recorded his belief that the salvation of one soul is of more importance than the founding of an empire. After such an exordium it is scarcely necessary to inform the student of history that the name of Pontgravé’s ally is Samuel De Champlain. He had already figured somewhat conspicuously in his country’s annals, but his future achievements were destined to outshine the events of his previous career, and to gain for him the merited title of “Father of New France.” He was born some time in the year 1567, at Brouage, a small seaport town in the province of Saintonge, on the west coast of France. Part of his youth was spent in the naval service, and during the wars of the League he fought on the side of the King, who awarded him a small pension and attached him to his own person. But Champlain was of too adventurous a turn of mind to feel at home in the confined atmosphere of a royal court, and soon languished for change of scene. Erelong he obtained command of a vessel bound for the West Indies, where he remained more than two years. During that time he distinguished himself as a brave and efficient officer. He became known as one whose nature partook largely of the romantic element, but who, nevertheless, had ever an eye to the practical. Several important engineering projects seem to have engaged his attention during his sojourn in the West Indies. Prominent among these was the project of constructing a ship-canal across the Isthmus of Panama, but the scheme was not encouraged, and ultimately fell to the ground. Upon his return to France he again dangled about the court for a few months, by which time he had once more become heartily weary of a life of inaction. With the accession of Henry IV. to the French throne the long religious wars which had so long distracted the country came to an end, and the attention of the government began to be directed to the colonization of New France—a scheme which had never been wholly abandoned but which had remained in abeyance since the failure of the expedition undertaken by the brothers Roberval, more than half a century before. Several new attempts were made at this time, none of which were very successful. The fur trade, however, held out great inducements to private enterprise, and stimulated the cupidity of the merchants of Dieppe, Rouen and St. Malo. In the heart of one of them something nobler than cupidity was aroused. In 1603, M. De Chastes, governor of Dieppe, obtained a patent from the King conferring upon him and several of his associates a monopoly of the fur trade of New France. To M. De Chastes the acquisition of wealth—of which he already had enough, and to spare—was a matter of secondary importance, but he hoped to make his patent the means of extending the French empire into the unknown regions of the far West. The patent was granted soon after Champlain’s return from the West Indies, and just as the pleasures of the court were beginning to pall upon him. He had served under De Chastes during the latter years of the war of the League, and the governor was no stranger to the young man’s skill, energy, and incorruptible integrity. De Chastes urged him to join the expedition, which was precisely of a kind to find favor in the eyes of an ardent adventurer like Champlain. The King’s consent having been obtained, he joined the expedition under Pontgravé, and sailed for the mouth of the St. Lawrence on the 15th of March, 1603. The expedition, as we have seen, was merely preliminary to more specific and extended operations. The ocean voyage, which was a tempestuous one, occupied more than two months, and they did not reach the St. Lawrence until the latter end of May. They sailed up as far as Tadousac, at the mouth of the Saguenay, where a little trading-post had been established four years before by Pontgravé and Chauvin. Here they cast anchor, and a fleet of canoes filled with wondering natives gathered round their little barques to sell peltries, and (unconsciously) to sit for Champlain for their portraits. After a short stay at Tadousac the leaders of the expedition, accompanied by several of the crew, embarked in a batteau and proceeded up the river past deserted Stadacona to the site of the Indian village of Hochelaga, discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1535. The village so graphically described by that navigator had ceased to exist, and the tribe which had inhabited it at the time of his visit had given place to a few Algonquin Indians. Our adventurers essayed to ascend the river still farther, but found it impossible to make headway against the rapids of St. Louis, which had formerly presented an insuperable barrier to Cartier’s westward progress. Then they retraced their course down the river to Tadousac, re-embarked on board their vessels, and made all sail for France. When they arrived there they found that their patron, De Chastes, had died during their absence, and that his company had been dissolved. Very soon afterwards, however, the scheme of colonization was taken up by the Sieur, de Monts, who entered into engagements with Champlain for another voyage to the New World. De Monts and Champlain set sail on the 7th of March, 1604, with a large expedition, and in due course reached the shores of Nova Scotia, then called Acadie. After an absence of three years, during which Champlain explored the coast as far southward as Cape Cod, the expedition returned to France. A good deal had been learned as to the topographical features of the country lying near the coast, but little had been done in the way of actual colonization. The next expedition was productive of greater results. De Monts, at Champlain’s instigation, resolved to found a settlement on the shores of the St. Lawrence. Two vessels were fitted up at his expense and placed under Champlain’s command, with Pontgravé as lieutenant of the expedition, which put to sea in the month of April, 1608, and reached the mouth of the Saguenay early in June. Pontgravé began a series of trading operations with the Indians at Tadousac, while Champlain proceeded up the river to fix upon an advantageous site for the projected settlement. This site he found at the confluence of the St. Charles with the St. Lawrence, near the place where Jacques Cartier had spent the winter of 1535-6. Tradition tells us that when Cartier’s sailors beheld the adjacent promontory of Cape Diamond they exclaimed, “Quel bec!”—(“What a beak!”)—which exclamation led to the place being called Quebec. The most probable derivation of the name, however, is the Indian word kebec, signifying a strait, which might well have been applied by the natives to the narrowing of the river at this place. Whatever may be the origin of the name, here it was that Champlain, on the 3rd of July, 1608, founded his settlement, and Quebec was the name which he bestowed upon it. This was the first permanent settlement of Europeans on the American continent, with the exception of those at St. Augustine, in Florida, and Jamestown, in Virginia. Champlain’s first attempts at settlement, as might be expected, were of a very primitive character. He erected rude barracks, and cleared a few small patches of ground adjacent thereto, which he sowed with wheat and rye. Perceiving that the fur trade might be turned to good account in promoting the settlement of the country, he bent his energies to its development. He had scarcely settled his little colony in its new home ere he began to experience the perils of his quasi-regal position. Notwithstanding the patent of monopoly held by his patron, on the faith of which his colonization scheme had been projected, the rights conferred by it began to be infringed by certain traders who came over from France and instituted a system of traffic with the natives. Finding the traffic exceedingly profitable, these traders erelong held out inducements to some of Champlain’s followers. A conspiracy was formed against him, and he narrowly escaped assassination. Fortunately, one of the traitors was seized by remorse, and revealed the plot before it had been fully carried out. The chief conspirator was hanged, and his accomplices were sent over to France, where they expiated their crime at the galleys. Having thus promptly suppressed the first insurrection within his dominions, Champlain prepared himself for the rigours of a Canadian winter. An embankment was formed above the reach of the tide, and a stock of provisions was laid in sufficient for the support of the settlement until spring. The colony, inclusive of Champlain himself, consisted of twenty-nine persons. Notwithstanding all precautions, the scurvy broke out among them during the winter. Champlain, who was endowed with a vigorous constitution, escaped the pest, but before the advent of spring the little colony was reduced to only nine persons. The sovereign remedy which Cartier had found so efficacious in a similar emergency was not to be obtained. That remedy was a decoction prepared by the Indians from a tree which they called Auneda—believed to have been a species of spruce—but the natives of Champlain’s day knew nothing of the remedy, from which he concluded that the tribe which had employed it on behalf of Cartier and his men had been exterminated by their enemies. With spring, succours and fresh immigrants arrived from France, and new vitality was imported into the little colony. Soon after this time, Champlain committed the most impolitic act of his life. The Hurons, Algonquins, and other tribes of the St. Lawrence and the Ottawa, resolved upon taking the war-path against their enemies, the Iroquois, or Five Nations—the boldest, fiercest, and most powerful confederacy known to Indian history. Champlain, ever since his arrival in the country, had done his utmost to win the favor of the natives with whom he was brought more immediately into contact, and he deemed that by joining them in opposing the Iroquois, who were a standing menace to his colony, he would knit the Hurons and Algonquins to the side of the King of France by permanent and indissoluble ties. To some extent he was right, but he underestimated the strength of the foe, an alliance with whom would have been of more importance than an alliance with all the other Indian tribes of New France. Champlain cast in his lot with the Hurons and Algonquins, and accompanied them on their expedition against their enemies. By so doing he invoked the deadly animosity of the latter against the French for all time to come. He did not foresee that by this one stroke of policy he was paving the way for a subsequent alliance between the Iroquois and the English. On May 28th, 1609, in company with his Indian allies, he started on the expedition, the immediate results of which were so insignificant—the remote results of which were so momentous. The war-party embarked in canoes, ascended the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Richelieu—then called the River of the Iroquois—and thence up the latter stream to the lake which Champlain then beheld for the first time, and which until that day no European eye had ever looked upon. This picturesque sheet of water was thenceforward called after him, and in its name his own is still perpetuated. The party held on their course to the head waters of the lake, near to which several Iroquois villages were situated. The enemy’s scouts received the intelligence of the approach of the invaders, and advanced to repel them. The opposing forces met in the forest on the south-western shore, not far from Crown Point, on the morning of the 30th of July. The Iroquois, two hundred in number, advanced to the onset. “Among them,” says Mr. Parkman, “could be seen several chiefs, conspicuous by their tall plumes. Some bore shields of wood and hide, and some were covered with a kind of armour made of tough twigs, interlaced with a vegetable fibre, supposed by Champlain to be cotton. The allies, growing anxious, called with loud cries for their champion, and opened their ranks that he might pass to the front. He did so, and advancing before his red companions-in-arms stood revealed to the astonished gaze of the Iroquois, who, beholding the warlike apparition in their path, stared in mute amazement. But his arquebuse was levelled; the report startled the woods, a chief fell dead, and another by his side rolled among the bushes. Then there arose from the allies a yell which, says Champlain, would have drowned a thunder-clap, and the forest was full of whizzing arrows. For a moment the Iroquois stood firm, and sent back their arrows lustily; but when another and another gunshot came from the thickets on their flank they broke and fled in uncontrollable terror. Swifter than hounds, the allies tore through the bushes in pursuit. Some of the Iroquois were killed, more were taken. Camp, canoes, provisions, all were abandoned, and many weapons flung down in the panic fight. The arquebuse had done its work. The victory was complete.” The victorious allies, much to the disgust of Champlain, tortured their prisoners in the most barbarous fashion, and returned to Quebec, taking with them fifty Iroquois scalps. Thus was the first Indian blood shed by the white man in Canada. The man who shed it was a European and a Christian, who had not even the excuse of provocation. This is a matter worth bearing in mind when we read of the frightful atrocities committed by the Iroquois upon the whites in after years. Champlain’s conduct on this occasion seems incapable of defence, and it was certainly a very grave error, considered simply as an act of policy. The error was bitterly and fiercely avenged, and for every Indian who fell on the morning of that 30th of July, in this, the first battle fought on Canadian soil between natives and Europeans, a ten-fold penalty was exacted. “Thus did New France rush into collision with the redoubted warriors of the Five Nations. Here was the beginning, in some measure doubtless the cause, of a long succession of murderous conflicts, bearing havoc and flame to generations yet unborn. Champlain had invaded the tiger’s den; and now, in smothered fury the patient savage would lie biding his day of blood.” Six weeks after the performance of this exploit, Champlain, accompanied by Pontgravé, returned to France. Upon his arrival at court he found De Monts there, trying to secure a renewal of his patent of monopoly, which had been revoked in consequence of loud complaints on the part of other French merchants who were desirous of participating in the profits arising from the fur trade. His efforts to obtain a renewal proving unsuccessful, De Monts determined to carry on his scheme of colonization unaided by royal patronage. Allying himself with some affluent merchants of Rochelle, he fitted out another expedition, and once more despatched Champlain to the New World. Champlain, upon his arrival at Tadousac, found his former Indian allies preparing for another descent upon the Iroquois, in which undertaking he again joined them; the inducement this time being a promise on the part of the Indians to pilot him up the great streams leading from the interior, whereby he hoped to discover a passage to the North Sea, and thence to China and the Indies. In this second expedition he was less successful than in the former one. The opposing forces met near the confluence of the Richelieu and St. Lawrence rivers, and though Champlain’s allies were ultimately victorious, they sustained a heavy loss, and he himself was wounded in the neck by an arrow. After the battle, the torture-fires were lighted, as was usual on such occasions, and Champlain for the first time was an eye-witness to the horrors of cannibalism. He soon afterwards began his preparations for an expedition up the Ottawa, but just as he was about to start on the journey, a ship arrived from France with intelligence that King Henry had fallen a victim to the dagger of Ravaillac. The accession of a new sovereign to the French throne might materially affect De Monts’ ability to continue his scheme, and Champlain once more set sail for France to confer with his patron. The late king, while deeming it impolitic to continue the monopoly in De Monts’ favor, had always countenanced the latter’s colonization schemes in New France; but upon Champlain’s arrival he found that with the death of Henry IV. De Monts’ court influence had ceased, and that his western scheme must stand or fall on its own merits. Champlain, in order to retrieve his patron’s fortunes as far as might be, again returned to Canada in the following spring, resolved to build a trading post far up the St. Lawrence, where it would be easily accessible to the Indian hunters on the Ottawa. The spot selected was near the site of the former village of Hochelaga, near the confluence of the two great rivers of Canada. The post was built on the site now occupied by the hospital of the Grey Nuns of Montreal, and even before its erection was completed a horde of rival French traders appeared on the scene. This drove Champlain once more back to France, but he soon found that the ardor of De Monts for colonization had cooled, and that he was not disposed to concern himself further in the enterprise. Champlain, being thus left to his own resources, determined to seek another patron, and succeeded in enlisting the sympathy of the Count de Soissons, who obtained the appointment of lieutenant-general of New France, and invested Champlain with the functions of that office as his deputy. The count did not long survive, but Henry de Bourbon, Prince of Condé, succeeded to his privileges, and continued Champlain in his high office. In the spring of 1613 Champlain again betook himself to Canada, and arrived at Quebec early in May. Before the end of the month he started on his long deferred tour of western exploration. Taking with him two canoes, containing an Indian and four Frenchmen, he ascended the Ottawa in the hope of reaching China and Japan by way of Hudson’s Bay, which had been discovered by Hendrick Hudson only three years before. In undertaking this journey Champlain had been misled by a French impostor called Nicholas Vignan, who professed to have explored the route far inland beyond the head waters of the Ottawa, which river, he averred, had its source in a lake connected with the North Sea. The enthusiastic explorer, relying upon the good faith of Vignan, proceeded westward to beyond Lake Coulange, and after a tedious and perilous voyage, stopped to confer with Tessouat, an Indian chief, whose tribe inhabited that remote region. This potentate, upon being apprised of the object of their journey, undeceived Champlain as to Vignan’s character for veracity, and satisfied him that the Frenchman had never passed further west than Tessouat’s own dominions. Vignan, after a good deal of prevarication, confessed that his story was false, and that what the Indian Chief had stated was a simple fact. Champlain, weary and disgusted, abandoned his exploration, and returned to Quebec, leaving Vignan with the Indians in the wilderness of the Upper Ottawa. His next visit to France, which took place during the summer of the same year, was fraught with important results to the colony. A new company was formed under the auspices of the Prince of Condé, and a scheme was laid for the propagation of the gospel among the Indians by means of Recollet missionaries to be sent out from France for the purpose. These, who were the first priests who settled in Canada, came out with Champlain in May, 1615. A province was assigned to each of them, and they at once entered upon the duties of their respective mission. One of them settled among the Montagnais, near the mouth of the Saguenay; two of them remained at Quebec; and the fourth, whose name was Le Caron, betook himself to the far western wilds. Champlain then entered upon a more extended tour of westward exploration than any he had hitherto undertaken. Accompanied by an interpreter and a number of Algonquins as guides, he again ascended the Ottawa, passed the Isle of Allumettes, and thence to Lake Nipissing. After a short stay here he continued his journey, and descended the stream since known as French River, into the inlet of Lake Huron, now called Georgian Bay. Paddling southward, past the innumerable islands on the eastern coast of the bay, he landed near the present site of Penetanguishene, and thence followed an Indian trail leading through the ancient country of the Hurons, now forming the northern part of the county of Simcoe, and the north-eastern part of the county of Grey. This country contained seventeen or eighteen villages, and a population, including women and children, of about twenty thousand. One of the villages visited by Champlain, called Cahiague, occupied a site near the present town of Orillia. At another village, called Carhagouha, some distance farther west, the explorer found the Recollet friar Le Caron, who had accompanied him from France, only a few months before, as above mentioned. And here, on the 12th of August, 1615, Le Caron celebrated, in Champlain’s presence, the first mass ever heard in the wilderness of western Canada. After spending some time in the Huron country, Champlain accompanied the natives on an expedition against their hereditary foes, the Iroquois, whose domain occupied what is now the central and western part of the State of New York. Crossing Lake Couchiching, and coasting down the north-eastern shore of Lake Simcoe, they made their way across country to the Bay of Quinté, thence into Lake Ontario, and thence into the enemy’s country. Having landed, they concealed their canoes in the woods and marched inland. On the 10th of October, they came to a Seneca village, on or near a lake which was probably Lake Canandaigua. The Hurons attacked the village, but were repulsed by the fierce Iroquois, Champlain himself being several times wounded in the assault. The invading war-party then retreated and abandoned the campaign, placing their wounded in the centre, while armed warriors guarded the front and rear, returning to where they had hidden their canoes, in which they embarked and made the best of their way back across Lake Ontario, where the party broke up. The Hurons had promised Champlain that if he would accompany them on their expedition against the Iroquois, they would afterwards furnish him with an escort back to Quebec. This promise they now declined to make good. Champlain’s prestige as an invincible champion was gone, and, wounded and dispirited, he was compelled to accompany them back to their country near Lake Simcoe, where he spent the winter in the lodge of Durantal, one of their chiefs. Upon his return to Quebec in the following year, he was welcomed as one risen from the dead. Hitherto, Champlain’s love of adventure had led him to devote more attention to exploration than to the consolidation of his power in New France. He determined to change his policy in this respect, and crossed over to France to induce a larger emigration. In July, 1620, he returned with Madame de Champlain, who was received with great demonstrations of respect and affection by the Indians upon her arrival at Quebec. Champlain found that the colony had rather retrograded than advanced during his absence, and for some time after his return various causes contributed to retard its prosperity. At the end of the year, 1621, the European population of New France numbered only forty-eight persons. Rival trading companies continued to fight for the supremacy in the colony, and any man less patient and persevering than the Father of New France, would have abandoned his schemes in despair. This untoward state of things continued until 1627, when an association, known to history by the name of “The Company of the One Hundred Associates,” was formed under the patronage of the great Cardinal Richelieu. The association was invested with the vice-royalty of New France and Florida, together with very extensive auxiliary privileges, including a monopoly of the fur trade, the right to confer titles and appoint judges, and generally to carry on the government of the colony. In return for these truly vice-regal privileges the company undertook to send out a large number of colonists, and to provide them with the necessaries of life for a term of three years, after which land enough for their support and grain wherewith to plant it was to be given them. Champlain himself was appointed governor. This great company was scarcely organized before war broke out between France and England. The English resolved upon the conquest of Canada, and sent out a fleet to the St. Lawrence, under the command of Sir David Kertk. The fleet having arrived before Quebec, its commander demanded from Champlain a surrender of the place, and as the governor’s supply of food and ammunition was too small to enable him to sustain a siege, he signed a capitulation and surrendered. He then hastened to France, where he influenced the cabinet to stipulate for the restoration of Canada to the French Crown, in the articles of peace which were shortly afterwards negotiated between the two powers. In 1632, this restoration was effected, and next year Champlain again returned in the capacity of governor. From this time forward he strove to promote the prosperity of the colony by every means in his power. Among the means whereby he zealously strove to effect this object, was the establishment of Jesuit missions for the conversion of the Indians. Among other missions so established was that in the far western Huron country, around which the Relations des Jesuites have cast such a halo of romance. The Father of New France did not live to gather much fruit from the crop which he had sown. His life of incessant fatigue at last proved too much even for his vigorous frame. After an illness which lasted for ten weeks, he died on Christmas Day, 1635, at the age of sixty-eight. His beautiful young wife, who had shared his exile for four years, returned to France. But few particulars have been preserved with reference to Madame de Champlain’s life. Her maiden name was Helen Boullé, and she was the sister of a friend and fellow-navigator of her husband’s. After her return to France she renounced the Protestant faith, and became a devout Roman Catholic. Having resolved upon adopting a conventual life, she became an Ursuline nun, under the name of Mother Helen de St. Augustine. She founded a convent at Meaux, in which she immured herself during the remainder of her life. She survived her husband nearly nineteen years, and died on the 20th of December, 1654, at the age of fifty-six. There was no issue of the marriage, and the patrimony descended to a cousin of the founder of New France. Champlain’s body was interred in the vaults of a little Recollet Church in the Lower Town, Quebec city. This church was subsequently burned to the ground, and its very site was not certainly known until recent times. In the year 1867, some workmen were employed in laying water-pipes beneath the flight of stairs called “Breakneck Steps,” leading from Mountain Hill to Little Champlain street. Under a grating at the foot of the steps, they discovered the vaults of the old Recollet Church, with the remains of the Father of New France enclosed.

Lacerte, Elie, M.D., Three Rivers, was born on the 15th November, 1821, at Yamachiche, county of St. Maurice, district of Three Rivers, province of Quebec. He is a son of Pierre Lacerte, farmer, of the same place, who was born 11th September, 1792, and died 29th April, 1885, in the suburb of Three Rivers. His grandfather emigrated from the city of Angers, France, in 1671. In 1812 this gentleman enlisted as lieutenant in the Canadian militia, under the late Lieut.-Colonel C. B. A. Gugy, and served up to 1815. On his return he married Louise Blais, of Yamachiche. After a classical course at Nicolet College, Elie Lacerte, the subject of our sketch, began the study of medicine at Three Rivers, and in 1843 went to continue them at the University of Harvard, Cambridge, Mass., where he graduated doctor of medicine on the 5th of March, 1845. He practised as a physician in Boston for some time, then returning to Yamachiche on the 19th November, 1847, where he continued to practice. On the 26th June, 1853, he was appointed justice of the peace for the district of Three Rivers; and in March, 1857, was appointed as postmaster of his town. In 1864 the Post-Office department entrusted him with the conveyance of mails from Montreal to Three Rivers, and this service he faithfully performed up to 1868, when he was elected member of the House of Commons for the county of St. Maurice. In 1872 he was re-elected by acclamation, and in the following session he presented the address in answer to the speech from the throne, but in 1874 he was defeated on the Pacific Scandal question. In 1875 he was elected to a seat in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, and he sat in this house until the 2nd of March, 1878, when the De Boucherville cabinet was dismissed by Lieut.-Gov. Le Tellier. He then withdrew from active public life, without, however, becoming indifferent to the success of the Liberal-Conservative party to which he always belonged. On the 13th October, 1886, he accepted the agency of the lands and forests of the Crown, in the district of St. Maurice, and that position he still holds. Some years ago Dr. Lacerte commenced a mercantile business, and succeeded very well, but growing tired of this kind of life, in 1884 he handed the business over to one of his sons, who has successfully conducted it ever since. In religion the doctor is a Roman Catholic. He married, 1848, Louise Lamy, and by her has had eleven children, six sons and five daughters. Four sons are still living, and the eldest, Arthur, succeeded his father in 1868 as postmaster.

Kerr, William Warren Hastings, Q.C., Montreal, was born at Three Rivers, in November, 1826. He was the son of James Hastings Kerr, a respected land agent of Quebec. His grandfather, a distinguished English barrister, settled at Quebec in 1797, and was appointed by Imperial commission as judge of the Vice Admiralty Court at Quebec, on the 19th August, 1797; appointed judge of the King’s Bench, in 1807; called to the Executive Council in 1812; to the Legislative Council in 1821, and later on was speaker of the Legislative Council. Mr. Kerr received his early education at Lundy’s College, Quebec, and ultimately he proceeded to Queen’s College, Kingston, and at both institutions his love of legal studies was made conspicuous. He completed his legal studies at Quebec, first with Mr. (later on judge) Jean Chabot, and lastly with Mr. (now Sir) Andrew Stuart, chief justice, S.C. On the 1st May, 1854, he entered into partnership at Quebec with J. M. Le Moine, under the style of Kerr & Le Moine. In May, 1858, this partnership having been dissolved, he entered into partnership with Archibald Campbell, an old friend and fellow student. After practising with success for a few years at Quebec, under the well remembered style of Campbell & Kerr, he sought in Montreal a wider field for his splendid talents. The silk gown of a Queen’s counsel was conferred upon him in 1873, and McGill University granted him the degree of D.C.L. in the same year. He was dean of the Faculty of Law in McGill University and professor of International Law. He was elected bâtonnier of the bar in 1878. In politics, Mr. Kerr was always of a markedly independent turn of mind, and it is generally conceded that if he had taken a more decided position in the political world he would have been elevated to the bench, which he would have ornamented. Twice he unsuccessfully contested parliamentary seats, once running against Sir John Rose in Huntingdon, in the first parliament; and secondly against the late H. A. Nelson for the Quebec legislature. Mr. Kerr’s position at the Montreal bar was one of the very foremost. In every branch of law, civil, criminal, international and constitutional, his opinion was generally regarded as final. Among the prominent trials in which he has figured may be noted the case of the St. Albans’ raiders and the Consolidated Bank; in the latter he defended the directors and secured their final acquittal. His contention as to the status of lieutenant-governors was accepted as final in the famous Letellier case. The news of his death on 12th February, 1888, was received with the deepest regret by his confrères at the bar, and the courts were adjourned out of respect to his memory, in order that the members of the bar might attend his funeral in a body. Hon. Mr. Justice Davidson, at the opening of the Superior Court, in speaking of the death of Mr. Kerr, said: “During the years that I led in the Crown business of this district, there were few great cases in which he was not retained. As a consequence, I had many opportunities of being impressed with his deep knowledge of the principles and intricacies of criminal jurisprudence, his fertility of resource and his subtle powers as a cross examiner. On the civil side of the courts he also occupied a notable position. It is not often that the same mind achieves so large a mastery over two so dissimilar systems of laws. During my earlier practice I often turned to him for counsel, and it was given with a kindliness and sympathy which I have never forgotten. In later years our relations went much beyond those of an ordinary professional intimacy. Such a connection cannot end forever without personal sorrow, compelling the utterance of this more than formal eulogium to his attainments and character. And not only is the Queen’s counsel dead, a husband and father of rarely sweet and affectionate qualities is also to be buried out of our sight.” He was married to a daughter of the Rev. Mr. Arnold, by whom he had two children.

Sutherland, Hugh McKay, Winnipeg, ex-M.P. for Selkirk, Manitoba, President of the Winnipeg and Hudson Bay Railway Company, is the descendant of an old Sutherlandshire (Scotland) family, and was born in New London, P.E.I., on 22nd February, 1843. His parents removed with their family to Oxford county, Ont., where the subject of this sketch was educated. Mr. Sutherland was engaged in lumbering and contracting for a considerable period, but, though leading an active life, he found time to take part in politics, becoming a man of considerable prominence among the members of the Liberal party with which he was identified. In 1874 he was made superintendent of Public Works in the Northwest Territories for the Dominion government, a position for which his knowledge and executive ability well fitted him. During his absence he was nominated for the Provincial legislature of Ontario by the Liberals of East Simcoe in the general election of 1875. Though unable to attend to the elections he made a good run, but was not successful. In 1879 he settled permanently in Winnipeg, after having made it his headquarters during the four or five years he was in the service of the Dominion government, and has ever since been identified with the progress of Manitoba and the development of some of its most important resources. In 1882 he contested Selkirk in the Liberal interest, and was returned for that constituency to the House of Commons at Ottawa by a majority of about 450. In the general election of February, 1887, he was nominated to oppose W. B. Scarth for the city of Winnipeg, but was defeated by the narrow majority of eight. He was the principal promoter of the Hudson Bay Railway scheme, an enterprise which is on a par with the Suez Canal or the Canadian Pacific Railway in its possibilities of influence upon the trade of the world; and was chiefly instrumental in procuring a charter from the Dominion parliament, in 1880, incorporating the Winnipeg and Hudson Bay Railway Company, of which he has ever since been president. Through countless difficulties he has guided this, his greatest enterprise, and has succeeded in building already about forty miles of the road. Notwithstanding the apathy of the mass of Canadians and the active opposition of many great interests, Mr. Sutherland still has faith in the scheme, and feels satisfied it will attract capitalists. He hopes soon to have arrangements completed for continuing the line on to Hudson Bay, and the placing on the route to Britain of a fleet of steamers specially built for the trade. This done, the result must be the revolutionizing of the trade, not only of Manitoba, but of the whole Canadian and American North-West. In energy, tact and organizing ability Mr. Sutherland is preeminently the man to have charge of a gigantic undertaking of this kind. He has been twice married; first, on the 10th February, 1864, to Mary, daughter of Alex. Dickie, of Brant. This lady having died on 11th October, 1875, he married his second wife, Mary, only daughter of Hon. T. Banks, of Baltimore, U.S., on the 10th December, 1878.

Otter, Lieut.-Colonel Wm. Dillon, Toronto, was born near Clinton, Ontario, on the 3rd of December, 1843, and is of English descent. His parents were Alfred William Otter and Anna Dela Hooke. He received his education at the Grammar School, Goderich, and at the Model School and the Upper Canada College in Toronto. He joined the Victoria Rifles, Toronto (now F Company Queen’s Own), in October, 1861, and was promoted to a lieutenancy in the Queen’s Own Rifles in December, 1864. He served in that rank on the Niagara frontier during the winter of 1864-5, in the 2nd Administrative battalion. Appointed adjutant of the Queen’s Own in August, 1865, and was present throughout the Fenian raid of 1866, including the action at Limeridge. Promoted major in June, 1869, and went to England as second in command of the Wimbledon team in June, 1873. Promoted brevet lieutenant-colonel in June, 1874, and appointed to the command of the corps a year later. He commanded the regiment during the “pilgrimage riots,” Toronto, in the latter part of 1875, and also during the riots consequent upon the strike of the Grand Trunk engineers at Belleville, in January, 1877. In 1881 Colonel Otter compiled and published “The Guide,” a manual of military interior economy, etc., a book now extensively used in the present schools of military instruction and throughout the militia force. In 1883 he was appointed to the command of the Wimbledon team, and subsequently sent to Aldershot for three months to acquire information in the conduct of military schools. He received the appointment of commandant of the School of Infantry at Toronto, in December, 1883, and organized C company, Infantry School Corps, with the school of instruction attached thereto. During the Northwest rebellion of 1885, Colonel Otter commanded the centre or Battleford column, making therewith a forced march across the prairie from Saskatchewan Landing to Battleford, a distance of 190 miles, in five days and a half. He was in command of the successful reconnaisance against the Indian chief, Poundmaker, and in the action at Cut Knife Hill, which prevented that chief’s junction with Big Bear and their projected assistance to Riel. He afterwards, at the close of the rebellion, commanded the Turtle Lake column sent in pursuit of Big Bear. Appointed to the command of military district No. 2, in July, 1886, in conjunction with the charge of the Royal School of Infantry at Toronto. In religion the colonel is an adherent of the Church of England. He was married in October, 1865, to Mary, second daughter of the late Rev. James Porter, inspector of public schools, Toronto, and previously superintendent of education, New Brunswick.

Hart, John Semple, Bookseller and Stationer, Perth, Ontario, is a Scotchman by birth, having been born in Paisley, on the 15th July, 1833. His father, John Hart, is a native of the town in which his son was born; and his mother, Jean Mason Semple, was born in the city of London, England. The Hart family is a very old one—one of the name appearing in the records of the old Paisley Abbey, as master mason and builder, in the thirteenth century. Since then it has continuously occupied public positions of trust in that old borough town. Mr. Hart and family sailed from Glasgow for Canada on the 15th April, 1842, and arrived in Perth on 17th June, of the same year, after a fairly prosperous voyage across the Atlantic in the old style of sailing vessel that now belongs to a past generation. Mr. Hart, sen., only intended to stay in Perth a few days and then go on to Toronto—then only a large town, but the principal town of Upper Canada—but whilst here, he was persuaded to remain and make it his home. Perth at this time was an active town, with a population of about 800 inhabitants, but its progress was comparatively slow in consequence of its being inland from the St. Lawrence and off the Rideau canal route. All emigrants passed over these highways of travel at this time to Upper Canada, where new tracts of farming lands were opening up of fine quality and on easy terms of purchase. These cheap lands and the attractions of pioneer life drew not only the emigrants but the young and active men from the older settlements, and thus Perth and its surrounding country was made tributary to the settlement of the “Huron Tract,” as all Ontario has been lately to the great Northwest. The progress of the town was therefore not as rapid as its citizens wished; business was also in a very unsatisfactory state at this time; money as a medium of exchange was not unknown, but was a scarce commodity; barter or trade was the principal means of exchange in buying and selling, and in the stores of that day you could get anything required for the household use from a “needle to an anchor.” Times were hard, and rigid economy the rule, and all members of the family were expected to do what they could to help. John S., the subject of this sketch, being the eldest of the family, had to make himself generally useful, give his father a helping hand at his trade, and embrace every chance offered for attending school. Fortunately, however, for him, he had received a good grounding in educational matters in schools in his native town and in Glasgow before coming to Canada, and suffered less in this direction than many a young man before him. In 1853 he and his father opened a book and stationery store; with a small stock of goods, but enough to meet the wants of the community. Business prospered, and in 1857 they removed to their present store, one of the best in Perth. Here for the past thirty years Mr. Hart has been carrying on business, and by close attention to it, and studying the wants of his numerous customers, he has succeeded in building up a good, paying book and stationery business. Mr. Hart has taken an active interest in military affairs, and served in the ranks for several years under the old militia system, until he was appointed a lieutenant, and after a while he was further promoted to the rank of major in the sedentary militia. During the Trent excitement he became an active member of the local drill association, which was formed for home protection at that time. During the Northwest rebellion in 1885, when it was decided to establish hospitals for the wounded and sick soldiers and to send trained nurses to manage them, Mr. Hart, on learning that one of the ladies of the town had volunteered and was accepted as a nurse, and that it was necessary to send additional medical appliances and stores to those provided by the government, at once took an active part in equipping the “Perth Ward,” and the generous response of his fellow-townsmen was afterwards attested to by many a poor fellow who benefited by these auxiliary stores. And, in this connection, it may also be said that after the death of young Lieut. Kippen, of Perth (who was killed at Batoche), when it was decided to erect a monument to his memory, Mr. Hart exerted himself in procuring subscriptions, and was an active member on the committee appointed to see that the wishes of the subscribers were carried out, and, as a result of their united efforts, the Kippen memorial monument now forms the most conspicuous of the many beautiful monuments in Elmwood Cemetery, Perth. In 1864, Mr. Hart was placed on the list of justices of the peace, but not being ambitious for public positions, he has always declined to serve in this capacity, as he has almost invariably done in municipal offices. He has been connected with several local manufacturing companies, the Tay Navigation Company, etc., and it may almost be said that the Perth Cemetery Company owes its existence to him, for he was instrumental in getting the majority of the stock subscribed in 1871 or 1872, and for the successful working of the company. He has now held the office of treasurer and manager of this company for over fifteen years, and the beautiful grounds of the cemetery are a credit alike to the town and manager. Mr. Hart is a Conservative, and takes an active part in provincial and federal politics. He supports the Conservative party because it represents his ideas on trade and commerce, he having advocated the national policy long before it was introduced. In municipal affairs he is also interested, and is always willing to help in anything that has for its object the building up of the town of Perth—railways, education, etc. In religion, he belongs to the Presbyterian church. Mr. Hart has not had time to revisit his father-land; but he has visited nearly the whole of Canada from east to west, making the tour of the lakes from the Saguenay to Duluth, and the principal towns and cities of Ontario, on various occasions, and all the principal cities of the Northern and New England States, either for pleasure or business. He is a citizen that Perth could ill spare. He was married on January 1st, 1857, to Margaret Brown, daughter of the late William Brown, of Glasgow, Scotland, and later, of Perth, Ontario. She died in 1863, leaving a family of two sons and one daughter. He was married again in Feb., 1870, to Mary Irving, daughter of the late John Irving, of Montreal, and who came from Scotland and the parish where his kinsman, the celebrated Edward Irving, was born.

Lafrance, Charles Joseph, City Treasurer, of Quebec, is one of the best known and most respected public citizens in the ancient capital. His true name is Charles Joseph Levesque, dit, or called, Lafrance. The possession of two names in this way is an institution peculiar to many of the French Canadians of the province of Quebec, the first being the original or real family appellation, and the other more in the nature of a distinguishing sobriquet, given in the remote past for some reason which cannot now be traced, but eventually crowding the real name out of daily and general use. Thus, the late Hon. Joseph Cauchon, ex-lieut.-governor of Manitoba, was better known by that name than by his real patronymic, which was Laverdière dit Cauchon. The same remark applies to the city treasurer of Quebec, who is better known to his fellow citizens by the name of Lafrance than by his real family name of Levesque, though his brother, the present parish priest of Matane, P.Q., was ordained under the name of Levesque, and is known by no other. In fact, nine-tenths of them would hardly recognize him by any other. He was born in the St. Roch suburb of Quebec, on 13th November, 1833, of the marriage of the late Charles Levesque dit Lafrance, carpenter, and Marie Prevost. His parents were not blessed with a superabundance of this world’s goods, but they were actuated by a laudable ambition to give their boy a good education and ultimately a profession. He was accordingly placed at the Quebec Seminary with the intention of following a complete classical course in that institution in order to prepare himself for the study and practice of the law. He was an apt scholar, and the progress he made in his collegiate studies was remarkable, but, before he could complete them, circumstances over which he had no control compelled him to abandon them, and relinquish—as he then thought, only for a time—the legal career which he had laid out for himself, and to turn his attention to school teaching as a means of livelihood. In the fall of 1850, he secured the appointment of teacher at Cap Rouge, near Quebec, and for the next three years he “taught the young idea there how to shoot.” He then removed to Batiscan, P.Q., where he taught for another year. In June, 1854, he wedded Catherine Stegy dit Angers, daughter of the late Olivier Stegy dit Angers, and his wife, Catherine Bilodeau, of St. Roch’s of Quebec. After his marriage, he bade adieu for good to his long cherished idea of becoming a member of the legal profession, and took charge of the school at Beauport, some three miles out of the city of Quebec, on the road to Montmorency Falls. In this field he again labored for some time, until tiring of the position and prospects of a country teacher, he resolved to establish himself in the city where there was a greater opening for his talents. Accordingly on 1st May, 1859, he opened in the St. John suburb of Quebec, an independent school under the name of the “St. Jean Baptiste Commercial Academy,” which he continued to superintend until July, 1876. During the interval, he devoted all his leisure time from his pupils to study and the compilation for his classes of a number of valuable works on French, English, and book-keeping. Among these may be more specially mentioned, the very useful French grammar which he published in 1865, and his treatise on arithmetic, published in 1867. He also took a great interest in the affairs of the Teachers’ Association, of which he was long a member, and several times secretary and president, besides being chosen as a delegate to represent the teachers of the Quebec district at the great convention of the teachers of the province of Quebec, held at Montreal in May, 1861. In the educational interest, he also started in 1864, at Quebec, jointly with N. Thibault and Joseph Letourneau, both professors of the Laval Normal School, the publication of La Semaine (The Week), a weekly paper devoted to the cause of education and the teaching profession. The promotion of a strong national feeling among his French Canadian fellow-countrymen was another of his ambitions, and he early became a prominent member of their great national society, the St. Jean Baptiste, of Quebec, of which he was elected secretary in 1866. He filled this office during eight years, then that of vice-president during two years, and lastly that of president during two years more. It was while he was still an office-holder of the society in 1874, that he was named with the Hon. Hector Fabre, now the Canadian commissioner in Paris, and J. P. Rheaume, ex-M.P.P. for Quebec East and an alderman of the city, as one of the delegates to represent Quebec at the great celebration of the national festival at Montreal that year. The active and intelligent interest which Mr. Lafrance had also taken in municipal affairs, his large fund of information and ready eloquence, marked him out as early as 1868 for civic honors, and in that year he was pressed to stand as a candidate for one of the seats for St. John’s ward in the city council of Quebec. But, politically, he was a liberal of the liberals; toryism was then in the ascendant in the ancient capital, and he had to make a desperate fight against terrible odds. He won, however, and after that he was constantly re-elected without opposition down to 1876, when he declined further re-election, though pressed thereto by a requisition signed by the majority of the electors of both political parties. In the Quebec city council, Mr. Lafrance was one of the most conspicuous figures, leading in all important debates, and generally taking a prominent part in all committee and council work for the good of the city. On financial questions, he was especially strong, and was altogether a valuable municipal representative, his course throughout being marked by great independence, and his name unsullied by the breath of scandal. It has already been stated that Mr. Lafrance was an ardent liberal in politics. Even in his school-days, he was noted for the intensity of his liberalism, and as he grew to manhood he threw himself with all the enthusiasm and self-denial of his nature into all the struggles of his party in the Quebec district. But the liberal fortunes were at a low ebb in Lower Canada in those days, the cause was unpopular, and the very name of Rouge was a bugbear. It required great moral courage for a young man to cast his lot with the Dorions, the Holtons, the Lauriers, the Fourniers and the other ardent spirits, who were then considered the advocates’ of revolution among the French Canadians, and condemned accordingly from hustings and pulpit. All the worldly, and, it may be added, spiritual inducements of the day were on the other side. But Mr. Lafrance never hesitated even for a moment in his choice between principles and interest. He at once took his place in the van of the Liberal party militant, and boldly lifted its fallen banner in the Quebec district. Prompt to perceive that the great want of his fellow-countrymen was political education, and that the chief drawback of his party was the absence of organs to supply that education and to denounce the wrong doing and short comings of their adversaries in power, the hard-working school teacher threw himself also into journalism, and started paper after paper in the interest of his party. His confidence in the eventual success of that party’s mission was unbounded; but his means and support were necessarily limited, and though his papers were ably, nay, brilliantly, conducted, they were short lived. Each failure, however, seemed to encourage him to new exertion. Thus, in 1866, he assumed the publication of L’Electeur, and upon its death embarked his fortunes in L’Echo du Peuple, which he published during 1867 and 1868. In 1870, he brought out L’Opinion Nationale, and in 1871 and 1872 L’Opinion du Peuple, the last named being an open advocate of annexation to the United States as the only remedy for existing evils from which escape then seemed to him otherwise hopeless. In this view, it will be remembered that he did not stand alone at the time. But he had the courage of his convictions and boldly advocated them. It was, however, up-hill work to do so, and his life history at this stage was one of prolonged struggle and self-sacrifice. In 1874, he was the candidate chosen by the Liberal party to contest with the government candidate the seat for Quebec Centre in the Provincial legislature, and his personal popularity with the mass of the electors was so great that his return was confidently anticipated. But the government delayed the issue of the writ from January to April, and in the interval the late Hon. Joseph Cauchon was commissioned to announce to him that the government would allow him to be elected by acclamation, provided he signed a pledge to give them a certain amount of “fair play.” Mr. Lafrance’s reply to this tempting offer was characteristically consistent. He said: “I have always been a Liberal. If to have the honor of representing Quebec Centre I must begin by making concessions of this kind, I prefer to remain at home.” This reply cost him the active support of Mr. Cauchon, who was then a great political power in Quebec, and the English vote of the division was also alienated from him by a pamphlet which he had published towards the end of December, 1873, under the title of “Our Political Divisions.” Bribery and corruption on an extensive scale, coupled with the treachery of several of his chief election managers, did the remainder of the work and secured his defeat at the polls. In 1876, the Liberal government of Mr. Mackenzie was in power at Ottawa, and our subject was named as inspector of gas at Quebec, when he abandoned school teaching. But he continued to contribute to the local press and especially to L’Evenement, of which he assumed the complete editorial management from the fall of 1876 to the close of 1877, during the absence of its proprietor and usual editor, Senator Fabre, at Ottawa and in France. In 1878, the important and responsible office of treasurer of the city of Quebec became vacant, and, recalling the financial ability he had manifested as a member of the city council, public opinion at once designated Mr. Lafrance for the office and he received it. This appointment, and successive family bereavements about the same time, determined his abandonment of politics and the devotion of his remaining years of usefulness to the finances of the city and the interests of his family. Under his able and cautious management, Quebec’s financial situation as a city has since very materially improved, and its credit stands high in the money markets of the world—the latest quotation of its bonds on the English market being 118. He has also very thoroughly and effectively re-organized the book-keeping and audit systems of the Quebec corporation, and is the originator of a scheme for the consolidation of the city debt, which still claims very serious attention and may probably at no distant day be carried out. In religion, Mr. Lafrance is a Roman Catholic. He has seven surviving children. One of his sons is assistant accountant of the Quebec corporation, and one of his daughters not long since left Quebec with thirty self-sacrificing young ladies to devote herself as a nun to the care of the sick and infirm in the convent of the Incarnate Word at San Antonio, Texas.

Scarth, William Bain, Winnipeg, M.P. for the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba, was born in Aberdeen, Scotland, on the 10th November, 1837. His father was James Scarth, a scion of the family of the Scarths of Binscarth, Orkney Islands; and his mother, Jane Geddes, of Stromness in the same islands. He received a general classical education in schools in Aberdeen and Edinburgh. Mr. Scarth came to Canada in 1855, when seventeen years of age, and after several years spent in mercantile life in Hamilton and London, Ontario, he removed, in 1868, to Toronto, where he resided till 1884. Soon after his removal to Toronto he began to take a prominent part in public affairs. For two years he occupied a seat in the city council as representative of St. James’ ward; was a high school trustee, and was manager of the North British-Canadian Investment Company and the Scottish Ontario and Manitoba Land Company. He was also president of the Conservative Association of Centre Toronto. After removing to Winnipeg, in 1884, he became managing director of the Canada Northwest Land Company; secretary and director of the Canadian Anthracite Coal Company, and director of the North British-Canadian Investment Company. He presented himself for parliamentary honors in 1887, and was elected to serve in the House of Commons at Ottawa as representative for Winnipeg, and this seat he still occupies. Mr. Scarth has travelled a good deal, and long before railway days traversed the far North-west. He has also visited Cuba, and is familiar with every part of the United States and Canada. In politics he is a Conservative; and in religion, a member of the Presbyterian church. In 1869 he was married to Jessie Stewart Franklin, daughter of the late Dr. John Macaulay Hamilton, R.N., a native of Stromness, Orkney, and cousin of Lord Macaulay, the historian. Her mother was Miss Rae, sister of Dr. Rae, the Arctic explorer.

Hould, Jean Baptiste Ludger, LL.B., Barrister, Three Rivers, who is one of the most prominent lawyers in Three Rivers, was born on the 3rd of September, 1841, at St. Angèle de Laval, and is the son of Jean Baptiste Hould, who for many years was mayor and member of the council of the latter place. His mother was Olive Tourigny, of the same place. Mr. Hould was educated at the Seminary of Nicolet, where he succeeded in securing a good education. He afterwards studied law at Laval University, during which term he was engaged in the office of the then well-known firm of Casault, Langlois & Angers, the Hon. Mr. Casault, now judge of the Superior Court, and the Hon. Mr. Angers, the present lieutenant-governor of Quebec, being members of it. Mr. Hould was admitted to the bar of Lower Canada in July, 1864, and commenced practice at Three Rivers in 1865, and since then he has enjoyed by far the most lucrative practice in that city. Amongst his many duties, he has pleaded at the Court of Review, in the Queen’s Bench and in the Supreme Court. He held office for many years in the city council, but his multifarious duties in connection with his practice compelled him to relinquish his connection with municipal affairs. He was elected twice president (bâtonnier) of the bar of Three Rivers, and in May, 1883, was also chosen president (bâtonnier-general) of the bar of the province of Quebec. He is acknowledged by his confrères as possessing a great amount of professional ability; is greatly respected by the community at large, and highly deserving of the confidence for integrity reposed in him. Mr. Hould helped to have the tax of $4.00 abolished which each advocate was formerly compelled to pay for the publication of the Lower Canada Reports; and he established a law library for the bar of Three Rivers. He is one of the founders and the first president of the literary and scientific society called Société Basault, which was founded in 1863, at Laval University, in Quebec. He acted as advocate for F. H. B. Methot, H. Montplaisir, H. G. Mathiot and F. Trudel when their elections were contested. He married on the 30th June, 1869, Sarah, daughter of the late Francis Xavier Turcotte, who was for many years clerk of the peace for Three Rivers. By this marriage there has been issue nine children, five of whom survive.

Taschereau, His Eminence Elzéar-Alexandre, Cardinal and Archbishop of Quebec, was born on the 17th February, 1820, at St. Marie de la Beauce, Quebec province. This illustrious prince of the Roman Catholic church is descended from Thomas Jacques Taschereau, a gentleman who came to Canada in the early part of the seventeenth century from Touraine, in France, and whose descendants have ever since occupied prominent positions in the province of Quebec. Soon after the arrival of the founder of the Canadian branch of the family, he was appointed to the office of marine treasurer, and in 1736 received a grant of a seigniory on the banks of the Chaudière river. The Cardinal’s grandfather was the late Hon. Gabriel Elzear Taschereau, who, during his lifetime, was a member of the Legislative Assembly. His father was Jean Thomas Taschereau, who was a judge of the King’s Bench and died in 1832. His mother, Marie Panet, was a daughter of the Hon. Jean Antoine Panet, who was the speaker of the first Legislative Assembly of Canada. This estimable lady died in 1866. The future Cardinal, when a mere lad, was sent to the Quebec Seminary, where he soon became distinguished as a student. Here he pursued a course of classical studies, and then entered the Grand Seminary, where he began the usual course of theology. In 1836, when he was in his seventeenth year, he visited Rome in company with Abbé Holmes, of the Seminary, and in the following year received the tonsure at the hands of Monsigneur Piatti, archbishop of Trebizonde, in the Basilica of St. John Lateran. Shortly after this he returned to Quebec and again took up his theological studies, which, with other branches of learning, occupied his attention for about six years, when, though he was still under canonical age, he was ordained priest. His ordination took place on the 10th September, 1842, at the Church of St. Marie de la Beauce, his native place, in the presence of Monseigneur Turgeon, then coadjutor, and subsequently successor to Archbishop Signal. Within a short time after his ordination he was appointed to the chair of philosophy in the Seminary, and this important position he held for twelve years. Previous to this, even in 1838, he held the professorship of Latin and Greek, and in 1841 he was professor of rhetoric. A very interesting episode in this illustrious clergyman’s life occurred shortly after this date, which we cannot help recording here, and which deserves to be written in letters of gold. About thirty miles below the port of Quebec, in the St. Lawrence river, and nearly opposite St. Thomas, is a small island known by the name of Grosse Isle, which has been used for a great number of years by the government of Canada as a quarantine station, where all ships carrying emigrants are required to report before sailing further up the river. In 1847 a malignant fever broke out among the emigrants there which ran a rapid course, and the victims died in great numbers. At this time the emigrants coming in were chiefly Irish Roman Catholics who had been driven by poverty and famine to seek a home in Canada; their vitality had been greatly impaired by starvation before leaving home, and they fell easy victims to the ship fever then so prevalent, which in some cases carried them off in a few hours. The greater part of the island was for a time little better than a mass of loathsomeness and pestilence, and the heroism that would enable a man to face such a state of things is much more praiseworthy than the courage required to enable him to walk up to the mouth of a cannon. Father Taschereau felt the call of duty and volunteered his services to assist the Rev. Father Moylan, who was then chaplain at Grosse Isle, to minister to the spiritual necessities of the victims of the fever. His kind offer was thankfully accepted, and he landed on the island where he remained until he himself was stricken down by the scourge and brought literally to death’s door. His conduct at this time endeared him very much to the Irish Roman Catholics in Quebec and their countrymen throughout the west. But, to resume, Father Taschereau was appointed professor of theology in the Seminary in 1851, and three years afterwards, in 1854, he again visited Rome, charged by the second Provincial Council of Quebec to submit its decrees for the sanction of his Holiness the Pope. He spent two years at this time in the Eternal City, during which period he occupied himself chiefly in studying the canon law, and while here (July, 1856) the Roman Seminary conferred upon him the degree of doctor of canon law. On his return to Quebec, he was appointed director of the Petit Seminaire, a position which he filled until 1859, when he was elected director of the Grand Seminaire, and appointed a member of the Council of Public Instruction for Lower Canada. In 1860 he became superior of the Seminary and rector of Laval University. In 1862 he accompanied Archbishop Baillargeon to Rome on business connected with Laval University, and on his return the same year, was appointed vicar-general of the arch-diocese of Quebec. Again in 1864 he paid a visit to Rome on similar business connected with Laval. In 1866, his term of office as superior of the Grand Seminaire having expired, he was again appointed director, and three years afterwards, on the expiration of another term, he was re-elected superior. In 1870 he paid another visit to Rome, this time as secretary to Monseigneur C. Baillargeon, archbishop of Quebec, who went there to attend the Vatican Council, and on his return the same year he resumed his duties as superior of the Seminary and rector of Laval University. After the death of Archbishop Baillargeon in October, 1870, he administered the affairs of the arch-diocese conjointly with Grand Vicar Cazean. On the 13th Feb., 1871, it was announced that he had been appointed successor to the late archbishop, and on Sunday, the 19th of March, following, he was consecrated to this high office in the presence of a vast concourse of people, many of the clergy of the diocese and of the bishops of Quebec and Ontario,—the Archbishop of Toronto officiating. In 1872 and 1884, business again led him to Rome. And in 1887, on his last visit to the capital of Christendom, he was presented with the Cardinal’s hat. His Eminence is the first Canadian who has thus been so honored by his church, and his Protestant fellow-countrymen are as proud of the honor conferred upon him as his co-religionists, for he is held in high esteem by persons of all classes and creeds in the Dominion for his work’s sake.

Curry, Matthew Allison, M.D., of Halifax, N.S., is a native of Windsor, Hants Co., N.S., where he was born about thirty years ago. The Curry family are of Irish extraction, but have been long settled in this province, where they are principally engaged in farming and manufacturing. It is now nearly forty years since five brothers, William, Mark, Levi, Elisha and Edward started what is known as Curry’s Factory at Curry’s Corner, a point on the junction of the Halifax and Chester roads about a mile from Water street, Windsor. They were all young men and first-rate mechanics. They manufactured sashes, doors and all kinds of work in connection with house-building, carriages, railway cars, and had a machine and carriage shop. William the oldest brother, was at the head of the concern. Mark was a house joiner, Levi managed the blacksmith shop, Elisha was a painter, and Edward looked after the carriage factory. They employed nearly thirty hands, had plenty of work, but were relentlessly pursued by fire. About the year 1855 their works were completely destroyed by a fire which broke out in the night. Again in 1860 fire consumed all their property, among other valuable goods, being a number of railway cars which Edward had contracted to build for the Nova Scotia Railway. About the year 1870 Mark and Elisha started the furniture factory in Windsor, which has always done a very large business, its goods being sold all over the Maritime provinces. It is now managed by A. P. Shand. Previous to this time, however, Mark Curry had, in conjunction with A. P. Shand, carried on an extensive grocery, lumber and flour business in Windsor, under the firm of Curry and Shand. Elisha and Levi Curry died a few years ago. Mark Curry has charge of the government savings bank in Windsor, and Edward Curry is sheriff of Hants county. William Curry, the father of the subject of this sketch, has stuck to the original business at the corner, which still retains nearly its former dimensions. The last fire occurred about five years ago, when the premises were again totally consumed. William Curry, being a man of iron will and unbroken courage and perseverance, went at once to work and rebuilt his factory, which, in conjunction with his second son James, he continues to conduct. Dr. Curry is the eldest son of the above William Curry, his mother being Martha, daughter of the late Matthew Allison, of Windsor, in his lifetime a farmer and shipowner. He received his classical education at the Grammar School at Curry’s Corner, afterwards at the school conducted by the late Thomas Curren, and at the Collegiate School at Windsor, where he carried off the first prize. He entered King’s College, Windsor, in October, 1877, and graduated in June, 1881. During his course he won one of the General Williams prizes and also one of the Stevenson scholarships. After leaving college he studied two years at the Medical College, in Halifa,. N.S., subsequently spent a session at the University of New York, and graduated from the medical department of that institution in 1883. Not content with such experience in his profession as he had already obtained, he decided to cross the Atlantic, and accordingly, spent the year 1884 principally in attending the medical course in Trinity College, Dublin. He made a specialty of midwifery and the study of the treatment of the diseases peculiar to women. After completing his post-graduate studies, he availed himself of the opportunity to make a trip through Scotland and England, previous to returning home. He visited Edinburgh, Liverpool and London, and took note of the famous educational endowments and the professional resorts of those cities. After returning to this province he was in some doubt as to whether to begin practice in one of the country shire towns such as Yarmouth, or to commence in Halifax. He finally decided that, upon the whole, the chances of advancement in the metropolis were the best. The expenses of a beginner in one of the learned professions in a city are greater at first than those of a country practitioner, but in the long run a man of brains and tact will not regret the incidental outlay, in consideration of the many advantages of counsel with brother-workers, and the other opportunities open to competition in the city. Dr. Curry opened an office in Hollis street, Halifax, in the spring of 1885, and has since worked up a very prosperous practice in the south end of the city. Many young men begin among the poorer classes and gradually work into a wealthier clientèle but Dr. Curry was fortunate enough to secure rich patrons at the start. When the Medical School was established on a new basis two years ago, Dr. Curry was offered a position as lecturer, which offer, however, he declined, having some scruples about accepting an office which might seem to place him in opposition to some of the older members of the profession. In religion he is a Presbyterian, and is connected with St. Andrew’s Church in John street. He is unmarried. Being a man of great sociability and geniality of manners he is a great favorite in any society in which he happens to find himself. These traits are very helpful to a physician whose practice lies among all classes of the community, and who must freely give and take in the rough and tumble of professional work and class competition.

Price, Evan John, Quebec, is the present head of the great lumber manufacturing and exporting house of Price Bros. & Co., of that city, and of the Saguenay, the oldest and probably the best known to the trade, not only throughout the Dominion, but all over the continent of America and in Europe. It was founded nearly three quarters of a century ago, by our subject’s father, the late William Price, of Wolfesfield, Quebec, who died in 1867, and who was frequently styled in his day the “King of the Saguenay,” from the controlling interest he exercised over that section of the province of Quebec, through the employment afforded by his extensive lumber limits and numerous saw mills to its local population. Indeed, the Saguenay country, and it may be added, much of the region on both shores of the St. Lawrence, below Quebec, owe their development in a large measure, if not wholly, to the enterprise of the Price family. Their agents explored the whole country, and upon every stream, where prospects warranted it, a saw mill was erected with the usual result. Hundreds flocked to the place, and soon made comfortable homes for themselves. Villages sprang up, mills were erected, churches built, and localities which but a few years before, were a barren waste, rapidly blossomed into thriving communities. The present prosperous town of Chicoutimi and the outlying settlements around Lake St. John had their origin in this way, and if is not surprising that the name of Price should be venerated by their populations as few other old country names have been venerated by the French Canadian element of Lower Canada. In fact, it is no exaggeration to say that the Price family have made the Saguenay region what it is to-day in point of material progress. To their enterprise, their fostering care and their unstinted generosity, the habitants of that region are indebted for the assistance which enabled them to tide over the hardships and difficulties always incidental to the early life of the pioneers of settlements at points remote from the centre of civilized life. Mr. Price was born some forty years ago, at his late father’s beautiful country residence of Wolfesfield, on the outskirts of Quebec, and in the immediate vicinity opposite the spot where Wolfe died victorious, at the battle of the Plains of Abraham. He was educated at a private school in England, and entered his father’s office, while still young, to learn the business to a share of which he was in due course admitted, his elder brothers, Hon. David E. Price, afterwards a senator of the Dominion, and William E. Price, afterwards M.P. and M.P.P., for the united counties of Chicoutimi and Saguenay, both now deceased, being already members of the firm. On the death of the venerable founder of the house in 1867, its extensive business was continued by the brothers, under the old name, which is still retained, notwithstanding the deaths of the elder brothers. The surviving partner, Evan John Price, is now the head of the house, which still holds its prominence in the trade, shipping annually a large amount of lumber of its own manufacture, both from Quebec and the Saguenay to the European market. The Price family is of Welsh descent, and their home, “Scipwick,” was at Elstree, in Hertfordshire, up to the time of his father’s death. Mr. Price’s father was born at Hornsey, near London, England, but his grand parents were both natives of South Wales, the one of Glamorganshire, and the other of Cardiganshire. On the maternal side, Mr. Price has good old Scottish blood in his veins. His mother was a Stewart, his father having married Jane, third daughter of the late Charles G. Stewart, in his lifetime comptroller of the imperial customs at Quebec. In religion Mr. Price is a member of the Church of England, and in politics, a Conservative, like all his family before him. He is unmarried.

Larue, Jules Ernest, Q.C., Quebec, Puisné Judge for the province of Quebec.—Jules Ernest Larue was born at Quebec on the 7th July, 1844. He is the son of the late W. Larue, N.P., and Louise B. Panet, daughter of the late Hon. Louis Panet, senator and M.L.C. Mr. Larue followed a classical course of studies at the Seminary of Quebec, and having taken his degrees at Laval University, was admitted to the bar of Quebec on the 6th February, 1866. He then became a member of the important firm of Larue, Angers and Casgrain, of Quebec. He was for ten years editor of the Quebec “Law Reports.” In recognition of his legal attainments he was made a Q.C. in 1882, and was appointed a puisné judge of the Superior Court for the province of Quebec on the 10th of April, 1886. He married on the 22nd September, 1880, Marie Louise, whose parents were the late François Angers, Q.C., and Marie Louise Panet, a daughter of the late Charles Panet, Q.C.

Elliott, George, Guelph, Ontario, formerly one of the leading merchants of that city, and largely identified with its municipal history, is a native of Rochester, county of Kent, England, having been born there on the 27th May, 1819. His father, George Elliott, a country gentleman, was descendent from an ancient Scottish family, and his mother, Elizabeth Moulden, from an old Kentish family. Mr. Elliott, the subject of our sketch, who received a good education, including mathematics and classics, came to Canada with the family in the autumn of 1832. He was in business in Toronto and Cincinnati, Ohio, for several years, and coming to Guelph in 1850, carried on business as a general merchant until 1865, when he retired, having been very successful in his business operations. His father died in Guelph a few years ago, in his ninety-fifth year, much lamented by many friends. Mr. Elliott served in the town, city and county councils at various times, for over twenty years, and held the positions of town councilman, deputy reeve, reeve, warden and mayor. He has performed a great deal of valuable work in the interests of Guelph and the county of Wellington, and was chairman of the building committee when the town hall and other public buildings were erected. He was chairman of the old Board of Public Instruction, and for six years was a member of the High School Board of Trustees. He took great pleasure in aiding in the elevation of the standard of public instruction, and found many earnest and efficient co-operators in this noble work in the town. When in the council he was almost constantly chairman of the finance committee, having fine business talents, and thoroughly trustworthy. He was arbitrator on behalf of the town, upon the adjustment of the indebtedness between it and the county, when Guelph was raised to the dignity of a city. Is a justice of the peace. When the Guelph General Hospital was organized and opened in 1875, he was made chairman of the board of directors, which position he still holds. Mr. Elliott is a Reformer, and quite an influential member of that party, having been for some time, president of the Reform Association for the South Riding of Wellington. He is also president of the St. George’s Society, Guelph. In religion, he is a member of the Church of England, was warden of St. George’s Church, Guelph, for several years, and is a continuous lay delegate to the Diocese of Niagara, and also to the Provincial Synod which meets at Montreal. He is a prominent member of these bodies, and takes a very active part in the proceedings and discussions. Mr. Elliott is an efficient and able speaker on public matters, and a clear writer on questions of a financial and public interest. He was a member of the building committee, and treasurer, when the St. George’s magnificent house of worship was erected, and continues to be indefatigable in church and other work. The poor find a warm friend in Mr. Elliott, and his equally benevolent wife, and his sister, who resides with him. His residence, “Vinehurst,” on the Paisley street hill, is one of the most sightly and pleasant homes in the young and beautiful city of Guelph.

Ives, Hubert Root, Montreal, was born in the town of Farmington, Hartford county, state of Connecticut, United States, on the 15th September, 1833. His father was at one time a prominent farmer and breeder of full-blooded stock. In the same county also for a number of years he held the responsible position of judge of probate in the town of Farmington, and on resigning the office he removed to New Haven, Connecticut, when he entered into the manufacture of hardware, and became after a short time one of the most successful manufacturers of that busy city. Mr. Ives received his early education at the Hopkins Grammer School, New Haven, Conn., where he received a full classical course, after which, unlike most young men, he took a full and complete commercial training, which fitted him in after life for the large and various experiences that he passed through as a manufacturer. After leaving school, young Ives was sent on a lengthy tour through the United States and Canada, with the object of selecting a suitable place wherein he could build up for himself a name worthy to be looked upon with respect and admiration by those who were to follow after him. In 1856 Mr. Ives also travelled extensively over the continent of Europe, visiting all the capital cities of renown. In 1859 he settled in Montreal, and became the founder of the large business now carried on by the firm of H. R. Ives & Co., one of the largest in Canada. The firm, then known as Ives & Allen, was the first to establish a foundry and hardware manufactory in Canada, in which was manufactured small hardware, and the obstacles to be overcome, in order to find a market in a young country for their productions were very great, but eventually the perseverance which has ever characterized Mr. Ives, soon prevailed, and the new venture proved a great success. In the year 1868 he still further enlarged the firm’s operations by the manufacture of stoves, and this branch is now a leading feature of their business. The quality of the work turned out by the firm speaks as a sample of the firm’s work. We need only point to the fine wrought iron gates and railings which surround the parliament buildings at Ottawa, which for graceful form and beauty of design are not surpassed on this continent. When the firm received the contract from the Grand Trunk Railway for making the locomotive and car castings, and which necessitated the enlargement of their already extensive works, the municipality of Longueuil immediately offered them a bonus of $10,000 and exemption from taxes for ten years, if they would establish a branch of their foundry in the village of Longueuil. They at once availed themselves of this offer, and buildings being promptly erected, the new establishment was soon ready for business. The new foundry is well worthy of a visit. Its capacity is such that $200,000 worth of castings can be made in a year, and a great number of hands are constantly employed in the works. Mr. Ives has been for a long time a member of the Board of Trade of Montreal; and for many years sat in its council. Mr. Ives holds the position of honorary secretary to the Egypt Exploration Fund for the Dominion of Canada. This society conducts systematic and scientific explorations and excavations in Egypt, on sites of Biblical and classical interest, under special powers delegated by the Egyptian government. The officers of this society are persons of the highest scientific and social standing in Britain, and most important discoveries have already been made. In early youth he was an adherent of the Presbyterian church, but is now a member of the Church of England. He was first married in 1858, to a daughter of the Rev. Dr. Chester, of Buffalo. This lady died in 1884. In June, 1887, he was again united in marriage to a daughter of the late Judge Daniell, judge of the united counties of Prescott and Russell.

Macdonald, Duncan, St. John’s, province of Quebec, was born in Kingston, Ont., on the 24th June, 1815. His father, Major William Macdonald, was a native of Inverness, Scotland, a captain in the celebrated “Black Watch,” or 42nd Highlanders, and came to Canada at the critical period in the history of our country when the war of 1812 was just beginning. He was attached to the 104th regiment, commanded by Colonel Drummond, and took a most active part in the campaign which followed. On his arrival at Halifax, he was ordered at once to the front, and with his regiment marched from Halifax to Quebec. This was in the depth of winter, and during the thirty-one days of the march he did not enter a house but slept in snow banks or such sheltered spots as could be found. His first battle in this country was at the Windmill Point, Prescott, and he afterwards participated in the battles of Lundy’s Lane and Sackett’s Harbor. The Macdonalds came of an old military family, the captain’s father having been killed at the battle of Bunker’s Hill, Boston, while fighting with his regiment, which like his son’s, was the “Black Watch.” The subject of this sketch was educated at Montreal and Laprairie, taking a commercial course. He then engaged in the drug business in Montreal for seven years, and afterwards removed to St. John’s, Que., where, in conjunction with his brother Edward, in 1837, he started a general store. They dealt largely in grain, and were soon known as the most extensive shippers of grain in the province. As the years went on they saw the lack of banking facilities in the neighborhood, and in 1858, decided to supply this want and started as private bankers. In 1873, the partnership was dissolved, Edward retiring therefrom; and then Duncan entered into the manufacture of stone chinaware, and the business has steadily increased until it has developed into the now well-known St. John’s Chinaware Factory, which is to-day the largest of the kind in the Dominion. Under the able management of Alexander, the son of Duncan Macdonald, the products of the factory have been brought to great perfection, and have been placed on exhibition and taken gold medals at Philadelphia, Toronto, Antwerp, Belgium, and London, England. A recent large addition to the already extensive works, now enables the firm to give employment to about four hundred people. Mr. Macdonald has visited Europe twice, and has travelled extensively in Canada and the United States. He is a justice of the peace, and mayor of St. John’s, Que. In politics he is a Conservative, and in religion a Roman Catholic. He was married in 1845, to Miss De Lisle, daughter of Benjamin De Lisle, Montreal, and has had issue three children, only one of whom is now living.

Beaubien, Hon. Louis, Montreal, born in the city of Montreal, on 27th July, 1837, is son of Dr. Pierre Beaubien, of the University of Paris. He is descended from Trottier de Beaubien, who came from St. Martin d’Ige, in the province of Perche, in France, and settled in Canada near Three Rivers, in 1650. His father was a professor in the Victoria Medical School, Montreal, and its president for many years, attending surgeon to the Montreal gaol and reformatories; and had been elected to parliament twice, for Montreal in 1841, and for Chambly in 1848. His mother, Dame Justine Casgrain, was a daughter of Pierre Casgrain, seigneur of Rivière Ouelle. She had been married first to Dr. A. Maguire, a surgeon in the British navy. Hon. Louis Beaubien was educated at the St. Sulpice College, Montreal, and after a successful course of studies, devoted himself to agriculture and stock-breeding. He entered political life in 1867, when he was elected for Hochelaga to the Quebec legislature. He succeeded in defeating successively such opponents as Mr. Dorion (now Sir A. A. Dorion, chief justice, Queen’s Bench), Victor Hudon, and others. Mr. Beaubien was elected to the Dominion parliament in 1872, and held both seats until the year 1874, when he resigned his seat in the House of Commons on account of the dual representation being abolished, but retained his seat in the local house. He was elected speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, 11th November, 1876, which position he held until April, 1878. He was re-elected for the same county in 1878 and again in 1882. But at the last general election in 1886 he declined re-election on account of ill health. Besides his agricultural pursuits, the Hon. Mr. Beaubien was an active promoter of the Northern Colonization Railway, which developed into the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway, now the eastern division of the Canadian Pacific Railway. He was opposed to the sale of the eastern branch of the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway, and on that account, along with the Hon. Dr. Ross, Hon. Mr. de Boucherville, and other well-known Conservatives, withdrew his confidence from the Chapleau government. He has taken a great interest in the improvement of Canadian agriculture. After retiring from politics, he went to France for his health, and to get an operation performed on the eye of his eldest son. Being successful in this he came back to Canada, but was taken again with his former disease which for a time laid him very low. He has, we are glad to say, now recovered completely, and is as active as ever working for the establishment of an elevated railway in Montreal. Hon. Mr. Beaubien is a member of the Provincial Council of Agriculture of the Ayrshire Breeders’ Association, of the Montreal Horticultural Society, etc. He married in 1864, Susanna Lauretta, daughter of Sir Andrew Stuart, chief justice of the Superior Court, Quebec, and for some time administrator of the province.

Wright, Philemon.—The late Mr. Philemon Wright was appropriately called the “Father of the Ottawa.” He was a native of Woburn, State of Massachusetts, United States, where he was born in 1760. Mr. Wright emigrated to this country in the year 1800, and with a steady perseverance, he determined on ascending the river Ottawa in quest of a tract of land suitable for an agriculturist. With this object in view, he steadily penetrated into the country, at a great expense of mental and bodily exertion, for sixty miles beyond any previous settler, where, finding a spot adapted for his purpose, he obtained, after many efforts, and irritating delays, from government, permission to settle upon and survey the township of Hull, in the county of Ottawa, Lower Canada. This being accomplished, he went to work with a will characteristic of the early New England pioneers, and was in a few years rewarded for his toil and hardships by witnessing a thriving settlement growing up around him. In furtherance of his agricultural pursuits, he, at a very heavy cost, imported from Great Britain some of the most approved breeds of cattle, and thereby contributed in the most efficient manner to promote the interests of the settlers in that section of the country. He was also the projector of some of the greatest improvements on the Ottawa. He died at Hull, C.E., on 2nd June, 1839. He left a numerous offspring, to all of whom he was endeared by the tenderest ties of affection and esteem. His epitaph will be recorded in the beautiful and prosperous settlement of Hull, or, as it was sometimes called, Wrightstown, which he commenced and lived to see attain a degree of magnitude, where his name will be long remembered with the highest respect.

Quinton, William A., Fairville, N.B., Farmer and Lumber Dealer, M.P.P. for the county of St. John, New Brunswick, was born on the 4th April, 1847, in the parish of Lancaster, county of St. John, N.B., and is descended from a family who has made its mark in the world. In looking over the history of the early settlers in New Brunswick, we find that among the party who arrived at the mouth of the St. John river, August 28th, 1762, was Hugh Quinton and wife, and that their son James was noted as being the first child of the new settlers born here, having first seen the light in Fort Frederick the evening of their arrival. Hugh Quinton was born in New Hampshire and had been a soldier in the old French war. He enlisted when quite a youth, as did many others, but at that time recruits for military service were enlisted at an early age. In the Revolutionary war, in some, if not all of the colonies, all who were sixteen years old were compelled to do military duty. Hugh Quinton first enlisted from Windham, formerly part of the town of Londonderry, New Hampshire, March 5th, 1757, in a company in which Hercules Mooney was captain and Alexander Todd lieutenant, and was discharged March 5th of the same year. The following spring he again enlisted, April 12th, in a company in which Alexander Todd was captain, and he was discharged October 30th. He again enlisted, the following year, for the third time, on the 11th of March, 1760, and on the 24th of October was discharged sick, and it is said he went to Albany, N.Y. The expeditions in which he was engaged were four operations at Crown Point and Fort William Henry, on the north shore of Lake George. Fort William Henry was captured by the French and Indians in August, 1757, and out of two hundred New Hampshire soldiers, eighty were mercilessly slaughtered by the Indians after they had surrendered. Some of Hugh Quinton’s relatives early settled not far from Albany, in that part of old Whitehall township known as Hampton. Among them were Josiah and John Quinton and their sister Ann, who married a McFarland. In 1806 Josiah removed across the State line to Fairhaven, in Vermont, a short distance from Hampton. Fairbank’s History of Fairhaven names a number of descendants. In an old family bible of the Quinton family it is stated that Hugh Quinton was born at Cheshire, New Hampshire, in 1741; that Elizabeth Cristy was born at Londonderry, N.H., 1741, and that they were married in 1761. In the lower tier of counties of New Hampshire, is one called Cheshire, but the writer has found no mention of the name of Quinton among early settlers, but in the town now called Chester, which was originally called Cheshire, in Rockingham county, was a prominent early settler named James Quenton. The first settlers of Cheshire or Chester, Londonderry, Windham and vicinity were mainly Scotch Presbyterians from the North of Ireland. In the “New Hampshire Provincial Papers,” volume 4, is copied a petition to the governor from sundry inhabitants of Chester, in 1737, which states that “the present inhabitants of Chester, aforesaid, formerly belonged (most of them) to the Kingdom of Scotland and Ireland, where they were educated in the principles of the Kirk of Scotland, for which they have great veneration,” and the petition proceeds to refer to some differences about calling a minister. Among the signers is the name of James Quenton. He is named again in a list of tax-payers, 1741, and again in the minutes of the Presbyterian church, Sept. 14, 1753, as parish clerk. As he is the only Quenton or Quinton named in the full list of tax-payers at that place, it is reasonable to presume that he was the father of Hugh Quinton. The latter had two half-brothers named Jonathan and Joshua. In 1771, a John Quinton is named at Dorchester, N.H. In the revolution, David Quentin enlisted Oct. 1, 1777, at Windham, and he is again named in New Hampshire Provincial Papers, vol. 11, in an order for pay of a soldier’s dues in 1790. After this, the writer has found no mention of the name of Quinton in copies of New Hampshire records. Hugh Quinton the St. John pioneer, had sons, James, John, David and Jesse. In the early days of the settlement of the city, when fears were entertained of Indians, Hugh Quinton, it is said, was appointed captain of a militia company, organized for defence of the settlers. In Hotten’s list of emigrants it is stated that a Henry Quinton, aged 20, left London, Jan. 2, 1634, for Virginia, and Roger Quintin left London, July 24, 1635, for the same place. This was about a century before the name of James Quinton appears in New Hampshire. In the same work is named Henry Quintyne of Barbadoes as a person to whom were consigned “convicted rebels” from Bristol, England, in 1679 and 1685. This may be the same “Henry Quinton of Barbadoes” named in a will of Samuel Spicer of Boston, Dec. 24, 1664, who speaks of him as “my loving father-in-law, Henry Quinton.” This will is quoted in the New England Historical and Genealogical Register, volume 16, page 330. In the New Hampshire records, the name of this family is given by town and parish clerks as Quinton, Quenton, Quanton and Quentin. The latter was probably the spelling when the name was first introduced into England as a surname, and it eventually became Anglicized to Quinton. It appears to belong to that class of surnames brought into England about the time of William I., derived from French towns or places. The town of St. Quentin in Picardy was so called in honor of Quentin, an early Christian martyr. Sir Walter Scott names the leading character in his novel of Quentin Durward for this saint. The first or founder of the Quentin family in England was Sir Herbert St. Quentin, a companion in arms of William the Conqueror, who granted him the manor of Skipsey and other lands in county Notts. Sir Herbert St. Quentin, a grandson, was summoned to parliament in 1294, and had two daughters; first Elizabeth and second Lora, who eventually became sole heir and married Robert de Grey of Rothersfield. The barony of St. Quentin passed through Grey, Fitzhugh and Parr to the Earl of Pembroke, descending from William St. Quentin, eldest surviving son of Edward II., and fourth in descent from the founder of the county. The last baron was Sir William St. Quentin, who died 1795, when the baronetcy became extinct. His nephew, Wm. Thomas Darby, of Sunbury, Middlesex, was his heir, and upon succeeding to the estates, assumed the surname and arms; he was succeeded by his son, Matthew Chitty Downes St. Quentin. There appears to have been several branches of this family beside the above direct line, which show the gradual changing of the name from St. Quentin to Quentin and Quinton. The arms and crest of the different branches are given in both Burke’s and Fairbanks’ Armory of families of Great Britain and Ireland. The arms and crest of the first of the family, Sir Herbert, is thus given; Arms: Or, three chevronels, gu. a chief vair. Crest: Out of a ducal coronet gu. A pearise, ppr., on the top of a fluted column between two horns, or. A representation of the crest of the “Quintons of England” is given in Fairbank’s Armory, and it is thus described: “An arm, in armour, couped, embowered, in hand, a sword, ppr.” Mr. Quinton, the subject of our sketch, is the son of James Quinton, who was a farmer and the leading contractor and builder in St. John, and served two terms in the New Brunswick legislature, and was one of the first confederate members. His mother was named Elizabeth Tilley. Young Quinton received his educational training in the city of St. John; and when only twenty years of age, having begun early in life to take an interest in military affairs, enlisted in the militia, and has since kept up his interest in militia life, being now major in the force. For four years he has been member of the city council; and for five years he was a member of the municipal council. In 1882 he entered political life, and was returned as member for the county of St. John, N.B., and has since represented that county in the New Brunswick legislature. Over eighteen years ago he joined the Masonic order; and is also connected with the Orange order. He has travelled extensively through the United States, and during the late war visited the Southern States. In religion, Mr. Quinton is an adherent of the Episcopal church; and in politics, a Liberal. He was married 6th December, 1877, to Kate, daughter of R. R. Allan, of Carleton, St. John, N.B. Mr. Quinton resides on the old family homestead, and follows the business of farming and dealing in lumber.

Chagnon, Hon. Hubert Wilfred, residing in the town of St. John’s, in the district of Iberville, Judge of the Superior Court of the province of Quebec, now retired, was born in the parish of Verchères, district of Montreal, on the 22nd of March, 1833, from the marriage of Eloi Chagnon, farmer, of said parish, with Justine Brousseau. He followed a classical course of study at the College of Montreal, and was articled as a law student in November, 1852, under Forréol Pelletier, then a practising advocate in Montreal, and since assistant judge of the Superior Court in Montreal. He followed the course of the law faculty, under the professorship of Maximilien Bibaud, at the Jesuits’ College, in Montreal, and was admitted to the bar in November, 1855. He remained in the office of Mr. Pelletier, practising with him, up to July, 1856, when he entered into partnership with A. Papineau, then practising advocate in St. Hyacinthe, and now a judge in the Superior Court in Montreal In December, 1857, he left Mr. Papineau, and took a partnership with L. V. Sicotte, then practising advocate in St. Hyacinthe, and practised with him up to 1863, when Mr. Sicotte was appointed judge of the Superior Court of Quebec. Since then he went into partnership with Mr. Sicotte’s son, and during a certain time with Magloire Lanctot, since a district magistrate for the district of St. Hyacinthe, and finally he was appointed a judge of the Superior Court of Quebec province on 27th September, 1873. He administered justice in the district of Iberville from 27th September, 1873, to November, 1887, when, on account of ill-health, he was obliged to retire, with the ordinary pension. He is, and has always been, an adherent of the Roman Catholic church. He was married, in January, 1858, to Marie Elizabeth Varin, daughter of Jean Baptiste Varin, registrar of the county of Laprairie, in the district of Montreal.

Chapleau, Hon. Joseph Adolphe, Q.C., LL.D., M.P. for Terrebonne, Secretary of State for Canada, was born at Ste. Therese de Blainville, in the county of Terrebonne, province of Quebec, on the 9th November, 1840. His ancestors emigrated from France, and were among the early settlers, of the seigniory of Terrebonne; but the father of Mr. Chapleau was an humble, hard-working mechanic, of whom the son was not ashamed, and who instilled into the latter principles of honor and devotion to duty. From the earliest age the boy displayed a taste for learning, and his mind was so active that means were found to put him to school, where he grounded himself in the elements of grammar. Thence he was sent to the neighbouring village of Terrebonne, where a college had been established by Madame Masson, mother of the ex-lieutenant-governor of the province of Quebec, and where he pursued his studies until transferred to St. Hyacinthe, and put through a course which left its impression on the whole of his subsequent career. On leaving college he wended his way to Montreal, in search of a profession suitable to a youth of his tastes and aptitudes. He chose the law, and, encouraged by his success, devoted himself to criminal practice, acquiring a position therein which set him, within a short time, in the highest rank among his youthful associates. But this was not sufficient for his buoyant nature. He launched into politics at the age of nineteen, mounting the hustings with assurance, and maintaining himself thereon in the midst of the most violent campaigns. He went further, and took up the pen in defence of his political views and principles. With a couple of congenial spirits he founded a newspaper called Le Colonisateur, and for three years used its columns in an attempt to reach those readers whom his voice could not attain. From these very beginnings Mr. Chapleau made his mark, and the political leaders soon foretold that he would lose no time in taking high rank. His physical appearance was in his favor. Tall, well built, with a shapely head, wavy black hair thrown back over his neck like a plume, a musical, flexible voice, an abundance of animal energy, a fearless spirit that shrank from no difficulty, he readily placed himself at the head of his companions, with their full acquiescence, and as if by natural right. Another advantage which the future statesman enjoyed at the opening of his career was that he found himself the representative of the young men coming after the radicalism of 1848, when the French revolution of that year had its echo on this side, and the cry of annexation rang through the whole of Lower Canada. This period of acute crisis was followed by a long term of bewilderment and unrest, called the decade of transition, when party lines were only faintly drawn, because every one felt that there should be a reunion of all forces in order to insure the future of the common country. From 1860 to the year of Confederation the young men kept on growing in the school of strife and trial, but none grew more perceptibly, and with fuller promise of future strength, than the subject of this sketch. His opportunity came at length, and he was not slow to seize it. In 1867 the British North America Act proclaimed to the world a new nation, and the province of Quebec, without knowing it, and almost in spite of herself, entered into full possession of her autonomy. She was presented with her own lieutenant-governor; her own legislature, consisting of two Chambers and a long scroll of rights and privileges, which practically made the people of French Canada their own masters. The general election took place, and Mr. Chapleau, going straight into his native county, asked to be made its first representative in the Provincial parliament. He was returned by acclamation, and retained the seat till 1882, through the ordeal of at least a half-dozen elections. That first session at Quebec was a memorable one, with such members as Chauveau—a man of high temper and noble spirit—as premier; Joly, the political Bayard, as leader of the opposition; Cartier, Langevin, Irvine, Chapais, Marchand, and others of hardly less note. In such a presence the representative of Terrebonne took his place, at the age of seven and twenty. Within a few hours he arose, and the eyes of a crowded house were fastened upon him, as he proceeded to discharge the honorable function of moving the Address in reply to the Speech from the Throne. His first effort settled his position at once, both as an orator and a public man, and thenceforth the legislative career of Mr. Chapleau was secure. He went along quietly for several years, making himself acquainted with the new order of things under Confederation, when the province took an upward bound, and everything revived—business, agriculture, literature, and the national spirit—imbuing himself with the principle of practical politics, whereby the development of the country’s material resources should be fostered. The time came soon when he was called upon to apply these schemes in a higher sphere, and another forward step was taken. Mr. Chapleau was sworn in of the Executive Council, and appointed Solicitor-General in the beginning of 1873, with the sanction of his whole party and the approval of his political adversaries. And away, in a quiet London street, and on a bed of sickness from which he was never to rise, Sir George Cartier heard of the promotion, and wrote that it was no more than the reward of merit. The great man, who was the friend of young men, and who took pains to train them in public life, was comforted at the last with the thought that one of his favorites had entered on the paths of responsible office. But this new period, from 1873 to 1879, was a stormy one, and not the least exciting incident was the defence, at Winnipeg, by Mr. Chapleau, of Lépine and other Half-breeds, implicated in the North-West troubles of that period. In September, 1874, the Ouimet government went down on the outcry about the Tanneries Land Swap, and Mr. Chapleau, after a vigorous defence of his conduct in a public speech, withdrew into private life. But in January, 1876, he was recalled as provincial secretary, and remained in office till the disruption of the Boucherville cabinet, by Governor Letellier de St. Just, in 1878. Another opportunity was here afforded, of which he took prompt advantage. In a mass meeting, held in Montreal, he was chosen leader of the Conservative party and of the Opposition, and at once set to work to prepare the way for the downfall of the Joly ministry. This he accomplished within a little beyond the year. In October, 1879, Mr. Joly resigned, and his opponent was summoned to form a government, which he at once did, adding to his position as first minister the department of Agriculture and Public Works. The same tact, energy, and general ability which he displayed as leader of the Opposition, where the best qualities of a public man are tested, Mr. Chapleau manifested as head of the government, and lost no time in turning to a business policy. The chief measure of his administration was the sale of the North Shore railway, to relieve the exchequer of the province. The subject gave rise to violent debates, and led to a division in the Conservative party itself, but subsequent events have justified it in a measure, and effectually removed the danger of a powerful corporation being turned into a mere party machine, with nameless resources of corruption. The general elections came on in 1881, and Mr. Chapleau swept the province, carrying fifty-three seats out of sixty-five. This seemed to crown his provincial career, and the project long cherished by his friends of his promotion from Quebec to Ottawa was urged upon him with great force. Strong objections were adduced on the other hand, however, and Mr. Chapleau was warned against taking a false step; but there is reason to believe that the state of his health, shattered by the wearing and worrying labors of the previous two years, turned the scales at the end. In the summer of 1882 Mr. Chapleau resigned his position, as prime minister, and accepted the portfolio of State in the government of Sir John Macdonald. It is only those who are acquainted with the modes, the habits, and the general situation of French Canada who can measure the difference existing between Quebec and Ottawa. Many of Mr. Chapleau’s critics foretold that he would be out of place in his new field; that the showy qualities which had won him so much distinction and power among his own people would go for very little with the cool, practical politicians of the Dominion capital, and that while he was supreme in the provincial arena, he would prove only third or fourth rate in the federal competition. Our readers can judge for themselves how far these predictions were fulfilled. Foes will agree with friends in stating, as a simple matter of justice, that the influence of Mr. Chapleau has not waned since he became a member of the Queen’s Privy Council for Canada. On the contrary, he increased his strength before the whole country by the bold and consistent stand which he took in the Riel affair. None but those who know the French Canadian people, how they are attached to their race, some of them cherishing the odd feeling that they are not treated with becoming justice and respect by the other elements of the population, and none but those who dwelt in the province at this time, and witnessed the morbid excitement, the hopes, the fears, the anxiety which prevailed throughout the whole crisis, can have the faintest notion of the gravity of the situation. Against this universal outburst Mr. Chapleau, with his two Quebec colleagues, had to make a stand, and in the large Montreal district, over which he has recognized control, he was obliged to bear the brunt of the onset alone. All agencies were set to bear against him. At first he was tempted and cajoled. If he put himself at the head of the movement, all parties would join in his wake, and he would be the master and idol of the province. Then intimidation was hinted at. If he ventured to set his foot in Montreal, he would be hooted and mobbed. There were several weeks, after the meeting in the Champ de Mars, when the tide of passion ran high, argument was useless, and but for the good sense and honest purpose of the best classes, a serious rupture might have ensued. From their point of view this indignation was natural, and it was respectable, springing from motives of injured patriotism, and aggravated by the definite promises which the party papers published, even on the eve of the unfortunate man’s execution. There are two sides to every question of this kind, and the readers in Ontario and the other provinces should take the particular circumstances into consideration in judging of the movement which almost rent the province of Quebec asunder. The record is that the Secretary of State remained calm and collected through it all. Knowing his people as he does, he understood all that he was risking, and the bright prospects which his ambition was throwing away; but, on the other hand, he seems to have seen his duty clear from the start, and, like a man, he did it. Without being defiant, he was fearless throughout. And he was outspoken. In a letter addressed to his countrymen, on the 28th November, 1885, he broaches the question face to face, saying that his oath of office was inviolable, even at the risk of losing friendships and emoluments, and that he had the profound conviction of the injustice of what was demanded of him as detrimental to the best understood interests of the province. “I saw,” he adds, “as a logical consequence of this movement, the isolation of French Canadians, causing an antagonism of race, provoking retaliation, combats, and disasters. I felt that there was more courage in breasting the current than in drifting with it, and, without failing in my duty, I let pass the misguided crowd who overwhelmed me with the names of traitor and poltroon.” The letter then goes on to discuss the whole question in all its bearings, and coming from a statesman, on his defence, who was acquainted with even the most secret details of the controversy, it possesses an intrinsic value which future historians will not overlook. Mr. Chapleau closes with these brave words: “My conscience tells me that I have failed, in this instance, neither to my Maker, nor to my Sovereign, nor to my countrymen. . . . I have served my native land, as a parliamentarian, for eighteen years with joy and pride. I shall continue to do it on one sole condition, that of keeping my freedom, with no other care than my honor and my dignity.” In other respects, as minister of the Crown at Ottawa, Mr. Chapleau may be said to have pressed hard the claims of his province in the cabinet and in parliament, and in certain cases he is charged with having done so at the risk of serious dissensions in the ministerial ranks. Here, as elsewhere throughout, the difficulties of the French Canadian province must be taken into account, and many things, very well meant from that point of view, are quite inexplicable when judged according to Saxon standards. Very few, if any, among partizan writers, will refuse Mr. Chapleau the quality of statesmanship, however they may differ on the principles that actuate it, or the results which it is likely to accomplish. But on the question of eloquence there can hardly be two opinions. He is a born orator, with almost all the physical gifts which go to the making of the perfect master of speech. A volume of his speeches has just been published, a perusal of which gives the further assurance of solidity, logical reasoning, rhetorical taste, and generous sentiment. To the persons who have the pleasure of his acquaintance he is the accomplished gentleman, lettered and sociable, full of agreeable information, and willing to oblige. Having married, on the 25th November, 1874, Marie Louise, a daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel King, of Sherbrooke, Mr. Chapleau is thoroughly conversant with the English, and, indeed, uses it in public speeches with judgment and fluency. As he is still a young man, there is reason to hope that he may long be spared to serve his country, and, while naturally leaning a little to his own Quebec, devote his fine gifts to the welfare of the Dominion at large.

Magnan, Adolphe, Notary Public, Joliette, Quebec province, was born at Berthier (en haut). His father, J. B. Magnan, was a brave and honest farmer of that place, and his mother was Marie Louise Raymond. The subject of this sketch was educated at the College of L’Assomption, where he took a classical course of studies. L’Assomption College, it may be mentioned, has given to the church and state many eminent men. Mr. Magnan entered college in 1838, and left it in 1845. In November of the same year he entered as a student in the office of Firmin Perrin, a notary at Berthier, and in 1847 left this place for Montreal, where he engaged in the office of Mr. Denis Emery Papineau, who was then practising in partnership with the late Pierre Lamothe. He was received as a notary in 1850, and shortly afterwards settled in the village of L’Industrie, now the town of Joliette. Mr. Magnan created for himself in a short time an excellent practice as a notary and as a man of business. He was soon appreciated as a laborious, honest and conscientious notary, and commanded public confidence on account of his legal knowledge acquired under so distinguished a patron as D. E. Papineau. He, in company with Dr. Michel S. Boulet, founded in 1851, at Joliette, the St. Jean Baptiste Society, of which he was for several years the president. Mr. Magnan was official assignee for the Joliette district, under the acts of 1869 and 1875, and also occupied the position of justice of the peace for the same district. He was member also of the board of notaries for the province of Quebec, as well as councillor for the town of Joliette, and acting mayor for some time. Mr. Magnan has been agent for the Seigneurial lands of Tarrieu, Joliette and Taillant, in the old seigniory of Lavaltrie, for more than thirty years; and was also agent for the seigniory of Daillebout and Ramsay. He practises as a notary at Joliette, in partnership with Alexis Cabana; and has been notary to the Bank of Hochelaga at Joliette, since 1874, the date the bank was first opened at this place. Mr. Magnan is a Liberal in politics. Since 1854 he has taken an active part in electoral struggles on behalf of that party. He has always refused to become a candidate, preferring to remain quietly at home. Mr. Magnan has been twice married, his first wife having been Aurelie Blanchard. His second wife is Marie Louise Lefleur, who bore him three children. Albina, his daughter, is married to Dr. Louis L. Anger, of Great Falls, New Hampshire, U.S.; Arthur and Rosario, his sons, are both engaged in Montreal in the hardware trade.

Jones, Rev. Septimus, M.A., Rector of the Church of the Redeemer, Toronto, Ont., was born June 4th, 1830, at Portsmouth, county Hants, England. He is the seventh son of Rev. James Jones, a presbyter of the English church, and of Esther Budge, both natives of England. Rev. Mr. Jones received his preparatory education at the city of London School, England; and in 1848, the family having removed to Canada, he matriculated at the University of Bishop’s College, Lennoxville, in the province of Quebec. Having graduated in arts, and finished the theological course in 1853, he filled for a year the position of classical master in the St. John’s High School, P.Q. In 1854 he was ordained deacon by Bishop Fulford of Montreal, and preached the following Sunday in the cathedral, and in St. George’s Church, of which Bishop Bond, of Montreal, was then assistant minister under Venerable Archdeacon Leach. His first charge was the mission of Cape Cove and Percé, in the district of Gaspé, P.Q. In 1854, the only mode of reaching that remote region, some five hundred miles below Quebec, was by means of small schooners, in the fish carrying trade, the passage occupying from three days to three weeks, and the fare, meals included was $5,—and dear even at that price. The field was unpromising. The people of the coast were given over to drunkenness, and a very low tone of morality prevailed. Education, too, was at a very low ebb, and the people were split up into factions. His nearest clerical neighbor was forty miles distant on the one side, and sixty on the other. Mr. Jones gave two hours each morning to the school. The Sunday’s work at Cape Cove was, at 8 a.m. Sunday school; 10 a.m. morning service; 2:30 p.m. Sunday school at Percé, nine miles distant, and had to travel this distance often on foot owing to the state of the roads; 3:30 p.m. afternoon service; and 7 p.m. evening service at Cape Cove. Cottage lectures each week evening from house to house. The diet was almost exclusively salt cod and potatoes; but on Sundays beef or mutton was served. The mail came in once a week in summer and once a fortnight in winter. Such is a fair specimen of a missionary’s life in those days. In 1855 Mr. Jones was admitted to the order of presbyter by Bishop Mountain of Quebec. In the following year, his health having suffered from overwork and the rigor of the climate (the snow lying from November to the middle of May), he was removed to Quebec and appointed incumbent of St. Peter’s Church in that city. In 1859, he went to Philadelphia, Penn., where he was appointed rector of the Church of the Redeemer; but in 1861, there being at the time imminent danger of war between Great Britain and the United States, he returned to Canada. After filling, as a temporary appointment, the position of assistant minister of St. Thomas’ Church, Belleville, Ontario, he was appointed the first rector of Christ Church in that city. In 1870 he was chosen as the first rector of the Church of the Redeemer, Toronto, which since then has enjoyed a large measure of prosperity. The present handsome edifice of stone, next in seating capacity to St. James’ Cathedral, was erected in 1879, opposite the north gate of Queen’s Park, one of the choicest sites in the city of Toronto. Rev. Mr. Jones acted for some years as inspector of schools in Belleville, and subsequently as one of the board of Intermediate Examiners in Ontario. He has also been connected with Wycliffe College, since its inception, as one of the council, and as a teacher, chiefly of the subject of apologetics. He has acted in the capacity of chaplain for the St. George’s societies, in Quebec, Belleville, and Toronto. He takes an active part in the work of the Anglican Synod, and, owing to his administrative ability, he is always a member of its principal standing and special committees; and he took the chief part in the preparation of that most useful handy-book, “The Churchwarden’s Manual,” and was the author of the canon on the superannuation fund, passed at the 1887 session of the Diocesan Synod. In the Ministerial Association of Toronto he is greatly interested, and seldom fails to attend its meetings; and also, when occasion calls, he is found advocating every movement having for its object the spiritual and moral improvement of the people. On the 28th April, 1862, Mr. Jones married Catherine Eliza Bruce Hutton, youngest daughter of the late William Hutton, secretary to the Bureau of Agriculture. The issue of the marriage has been eight children, two of whom died in infancy.

Payan, Paul, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec province, is a member of the firm of Duclos & Payan, Tanners, Manufacturers of buff, split-leather, shoe stock and curriers’ grease. He is the son of Louis Payan and Sophie Susanne Beranger, and was born the 14th day of February, 1840, in the city of Mens, department de l’Isère, France. At the early age of twelve he entered as apprentice in a tailoring establishment. In 1854, when the Crimean war broke out, his father, who had served under Napoleon the 1st, and accompanied the emperor in most of his campaigns, decided to send his two sons to America, feeling unwilling to expose them to the hardship of war, as his eldest son had attained the age of conscription. On the 7th of July they left for Havre, from which seaport they sailed for New York, leaving behind them their father and mother to dispose of their business of smallwares and stationery. After forty-six days’ sailing, the Arlington dropt her anchor in the bay of New York. Then began their anxieties, greatly increased by the fact that they could not understand the language of the country. Abused by overcharges in a hotel, and threatened by bullies, they passed out into the street where they wandered the whole night. It was only at the close of the next day that they bought their tickets for Champlain by boat to Albany; and after many troubles, baggages lost, delays, and disappointment of all kinds, they landed at Rouse’s Point, where sad news awaited them. A sister, the wife of the Rev. Mr. Charbonnel, then living at Roxton, had gone to her rest a few weeks before. His elder brother soon got employment in a carpenter’s shop, and Paul Payan entered as an apprentice in a tin shop; but soon discovering it would take a life-time to make a mere living, he followed the advice of his brother-in-law; gave up tailoring and the tinsmith business, and concluded an engagement with the owner of a small tannery. He soon passed to a larger leather establishment at Roxton Falls, and later on came to St. Pie and St. Hyacinthe. By that time he had learned his trade and made some money. He was married to Louisa Tenny, but having to support his young family, and his father and mother, who arrived in America a year after their son, his capital did not accumulate very fast. He made two unsuccessful attempts at starting a tannery business at Roxton Pond and at St. Hyacinthe. He then went into the bark business, but freight being high, he reduced its bulk by planing it thin; and was the first to send to the State of Massachusetts pressed bark. Competition having soon reduced the profit to a minimum, he gave this up, and went into the grocery business in Granby. After the death of his wife, he left Granby and became an agent for J. Daigneau, in an extensive and remunerative bark business. While in his employ he met with an accident, having broken his leg. After another attempt at bark business with a young friend, he came back to a long cherished idea of starting a tannery. With this object in view, he visited the western part of the United States and Canada; but finding no more advantages there than in the province of Quebec, he returned, and was married to his second wife, Olympe Duclos. In 1873 he formed a partnership with his brother-in-law, Silas Duclos, and began to put up a building of 75 feet long. In 1879 he bought Cotes’ tannery, and in 1882 doubled its capacity, which now employs 120 hands. Notwithstanding severe losses through failures, Mr. Payan grew in wealth and influence. In 1880 he was elected city councillor, which position he held till 1884, when he resigned. It was during his wise administration that the city of St. Hyacinthe underwent many improvements, that a public park was planned, a fire engine house and police station built, a more efficient fire service organized, the granite mill and a large shoe factory started, and a gas company put on a working footing. In 1881 Mr. Payan visited Europe in the interest of his business, seeking a new market for their manufactured goods. He is a worthy offshoot of a most faithful Huguenot family, was born and educated a Protestant, and is still a strong, quiet, unostentatious and consistent professor of the Presbyterian church of Canada.

Wells, Hon. Rupert Mearse, Toronto, Barrister, was born in Prescott county, Ontario, on the 25th November, 1835. He is descended, on the paternal side, from an English family, members of which emigrated to America, and settled in the town of Scituate, in the state of Rhode Island, towards the end of the seventeenth century. His great-grandfather, James Wells, came to Canada during the American revolutionary war. James Pendleton Wells, the father of the subject of our sketch, was born in Montreal, in 1803, and while a young man removed to the county of Prescott, where he resided for upwards of fifty years. He took an active and prominent part in public and political affairs, and for many years, until he was appointed sheriff, was the recognized leader of the Reform party in that county. Few men in that district were more widely known or more generally respected than Sheriff Wells. His wife was Emily Hamilton Cleveland, a native-born Canadian of Scotch-English descent. Hon. Mr. Wells, the subject of our sketch, received his educational training at home and at Brockville, and in 1850 was sent to the University of Toronto. Here he won the Jameson gold medal for history, and was silver medallist in ethics. Graduating B.A. in 1854, he began the study of law with Alexander McDonald, then one of the firm of Blake, Connor, Morrison & McDonald, leading barristers in Toronto, and on the completion of his law course, was called to the bar of Upper Canada, Trinity term, 1857. He then removed to L’Orignal, the county town of the united counties of Prescott and Russell. Mr. Wells remained here for about three years, during which time, in addition to his professional duties, he edited and published The Economist newspaper. Removing to Toronto, in 1860, he associated himself with the Hon. Edward Blake in the law business—the firm name being Blake, Kerr & Wells. A dissolution of this partnership having taken place in 1870, he formed another with Angus Morrison, Q.C., who for several years was mayor of Toronto, the new firm being known by the name of Morrison, Wells & Gordon. On the death of Mr. Morrison, a few years ago, a change took place in the firm, and now Mr. Wells carries on his law business in partnership with Angus MacMurchy, B.A., under the name of Wells & MacMurchy, barristers, 110 King street west. In 1871 Mr. Wells was appointed to the office of county attorney for York county and Toronto city, but this office he only held for about a year when he resigned, to become the Reform candidate for the South Riding of Bruce, for which constituency he was elected to the Ontario legislature in October, 1872. Shortly after entering the house, on the resignation of the Hon. J. G. Currie, 7th January, 1872, he was elected Speaker, and this high and honorable position he held until the dissolution of the parliament. He was elected to the same office on 23rd November, 1875, and held it until January, 1880. In 1882 he resigned his seat in the Ontario legislature, and was elected to represent East Bruce in the House of Commons. This seat he held until the general election of 1887, when he failed to secure his re-election. The Hon. Mr. Wells is now solicitor for the Canadian Pacific Railway. In politics he is a staunch Reformer.

Stuart, Sir Andrew, Knight, Quebec, is the distinguished Chief Justice of the Superior Court of the province of Quebec, and one of the most eminent of living Canadian jurists. Chief Justice Stuart may be said to have been “to the manner born,” and to have inherited the profound legal abilities, and splendid judicial mind, which make him one of the greatest ornaments of the Lower Canadian bench. “Bon chien tient de race” is a favorite French-Canadian maxim, which seems to have much application to his case. Legal and judicial talent runs, so to say, in his blood. His father, the late Andrew Stuart, Q.C., of Quebec, was her Majesty’s solicitor-general for Lower Canada, just before the union, and one of the most brilliant and remarkable lawyers of his day. Sir James Stuart, baronet, one of the most conspicuous figures in Canadian history, and for many years chief justice of the Court of Queen’s Bench for Lower Canada, was another member of the gifted family, as was also the late Hon. George O’Kill Stuart, for some years one of the representatives of the city of Quebec in parliament, and, at the time of his death, judge of her Majesty’s Vice-Admiralty Court at the port of Quebec. Our distinguished subject’s patronymic indicates his Scottish extraction. He was born at Quebec, on the 16th June, 1812, and was educated at Chambly, P.Q., in the Rev. Mr. Parkin’s school, which was conducted under the auspices of the Lord Bishop of Quebec. After the usual course of legal study in those days, he was called, in 1834, to the Quebec bar, and rapidly rose to distinction among his brethren of the long robe. On his father’s death, he succeeded to the most of his extensive and lucrative practice, and became the trusted adviser of the leading merchants and business men of the ancient capital, his services being retained in nearly all the important cases which came before the Quebec courts during the next twenty years. In 1854, he was raised to the dignity of a Q.C., in recognition of his eminent professional talents, and in the course of the same year he was also appointed a commissioner to consolidate the Statutes of Canada. In 1859, on the appointment of the late Hon. Justice Morin, as a member of the codification commission, he was named an assistant judge of the Superior Court for Lower Canada, and appointed a puisné judge of the same court at Quebec, on the death of Hon. Justice Chabot, in 1860. In 1874, he was offered a seat in the Court of Queen’s Bench for the province of Quebec, but declined it, and in March, 1885, on the retirement of Sir William Collis Meredith, he was elevated to the more important position of chief justice of the Superior Court for the province of Quebec, which he still fills, with honor to himself, satisfaction to the bar, and benefit to the country. In fact, Sir Andrew Stuart is one of the most popular, as he is also one of the most eminent, of the Lower Canadian judiciary. Throughout his career at the bar, his practice was so extensive that he may be said to have had no time to take any part in politics. At all events, he never adventured actively on that stormy sea, and, even to this day, his party proclivities, if he can be stated to have any, remain in doubt, so evenly did he hold, and has always held, the balance. This marked characteristic, together with his exalted office as chief justice, naturally pointed him out as the fit and proper person to represent the Crown on different occasions in the province of Quebec, and during the illness of Lieut.-Governor Masson, he was appointed provincial administrator, in April, 1886, and again in February, 1887, acquitting himself on both occasions of his high and delicate trust with a tact and impartiality which won golden opinions from all political parties in the province. On the 9th May, 1887, Chief Justice Stuart received, in the honor of knighthood, from her Majesty, a mark of his Sovereign’s appreciation of his eminent services, in which the whole country rejoiced, and none more so than the people of Quebec, his native city and home. Although now past the scriptural three score and ten, Sir Andrew is still a hale and vigorous man, with well preserved powers of mind and body, and doubtless has yet many years of public usefulness before him. On the bench, he is a model of dignity in his demeanor and lucidity in his judgments, and especially kind to the younger practitioners before him. In private life, he is essentially the well-bred gentleman, noted for his affability, geniality, and the old-time courtliness of his manners. In 1842, he married Elmire Aubert de Gaspé, a daughter of the late Philip Aubert de Gaspé, seigneur of St. Jean Port Joly, and a member of one of the oldest and most aristocratic French families of Lower Canada, who received large grants of land from the French kings before the conquest. One of Mrs. Stuart’s sisters is the wife of Hon. Charles Alleyn, formerly commissioner of public works in the government of Canada, and at present sheriff of Quebec; and another is the widow of the late Hon. William Power, in his lifetime a judge of the Superior Court of Quebec. By his marriage, Sir Andrew has had issue eight children, four sons and four daughters. One of the former, Henry McNab Stuart, now in British Columbia, is a barrister by profession. His second son, Andrew Charles Stuart, now deceased, was also a barrister, and for many years the popular lieut.-colonel and commanding officer of the 8th battalion of Quebec Royal Rifles. A third son, Gustavus G. Stuart, is a prominent and successful practitioner at the Quebec bar, and one of the legal firm of which Sir A. P. Caron, Dominion minister of militia, is also a member. His eldest daughter, Lauretta Stuart, is the wife of Hon. Louis Beaubien, of Montreal, formerly M.P.P. for Hochelaga, and speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec. Another daughter, Maud Margaret, is the wife of William G. Lemesurier, and now in India with her husband. Sir Andrew Stuart is a member of the Church of England.

Dorion, Hon. Sir Antoine Aimé, Knight, Montreal, Chief Justice of the Province of Quebec, was born at Ste. Anne de la Pérade, district of Three Rivers, on the 17th January, 1818. He is a son of Pierre Antoine Dorion, who was a member of the House of Assembly for Lower Canada for the county of Champlain, prior to the troubles of 1835 and 1837, and Genevieve Bureau, his wife. He is a grandson of P. Bureau, who sat in the Assembly for the county of St. Maurice, and nephew of Hon. Jacques O. Bureau, who is a Senator for DeLorimer division. The subject of this sketch received an excellent education at Nicolet College. After a course of study in law he was called to the bar of Lower Canada, January, 1842; was appointed a Q.C. in 1863, and created a knight in 1877. He has occupied a distinguished position at the bar; was elected several times bâtonnier of the Montreal bar, and was also bâtonnier-general of the bar of the province. He began at an early age to take an interest in politics, and from 1854 to 1861 he sat in the Canadian Assembly for Montreal, and for Hochelaga from 1862 until the union. He represented the same county in the House of Commons until 1872, when he was returned for Napierville, for which he continued to sit until his elevation to the bench. He was leader of the Rouge or French Canadian Liberal party of the province of Quebec, from his entrance into political life until his retirement. In August, 1858, the Macdonald-Cartier government was succeeded by the Brown-Dorion administration, when Mr. Dorion became attorney-general. He was sworn in a member of the Privy Council November 7th, 1873, and was minister of justice from that date until appointed chief justice of the province of Quebec. During his career in parliament, he held the offices of commissioner of crown lands in 1858; provincial secretary from May, 1862, to January, 1863, when he resigned on the Intercolonial Railway question; attorney-general for Lower Canada, and co-leader of the government (with Hon. John Sandfield Macdonald as premier), from May, 1863, to March, 1864, when the ministry resigned from office. He acted as administrator of the province of Quebec, in December, 1876, during the illness of Lieut.-Governor Caron. He was married, in 1848, to a daughter of the late Dr. Trestler, of Montreal.

Tupper, Hon. Sir Charles, G.C.M.G., C.B., D.C.L., Minister of Finance for the Dominion of Canada, M.P. for Cumberland, Nova Scotia, was born at Amherst, N.S., on the 2nd July, 1821. The family is of Hesse-Cassel origin. After having settled for a time in Guernsey, one of the British channel islands, the forefathers of the future Canadian minister of finance, with the object of improving their condition, left for Virginia, in America, and subsequently, at the termination of the American revolutionary war, removed, with other United Empire loyalists, to Nova Scotia, where they settled. The family was also connected with that of the late Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, the hero of Queenston heights. His father was the late Rev. Charles Tupper, D.D., of Aylesford, N.S. Young Tupper received a classical education at Acadia College, Nova Scotia, and graduated from that institution with the degrees of M.A. and D.C.L. He subsequently went to Edinburgh, Scotland, where he studied medicine, and took the degree of M.D., and also received the diploma of the College of Surgeons of the same city, in 1843. On his return he began the practice of his profession, and soon succeeded in building up a lucrative business. A man of Dr. Tupper’s ambitious turn was likely, sooner or later, to take that road which leads so many men to high public distinction, and probably when he did so, few men in this country were ever so well equipped for such a venture. He had a good presence, a hearty, genial address; he had read widely, observed keenly, and could discourse volubly and captivatingly upon any topic that arose. His extensive professional practice made him known to nearly everybody in Cumberland; and he had the tact—as the time was near that he had chosen for embarkation on public life—to be less prompt in sending in his accounts, and less rigid in enforcing payment than heretofore. Indeed, the robust and correct business man soon attained the name of being generous. Dr. Tupper was always a Conservative, and for the Conservative party he always expressed his preferences. But he could not be called a Tory. There was nothing retrogressive or narrow about him, and he did not care three straws for custom or tradition if it stood in the way of any condition of affairs that he considered desirable. In 1855 a general election took place in Nova Scotia, and, in response to a call from a number of prominent Conservatives, he offered himself for Cumberland, and was successful. And successful, too, over an opponent no less redoubtable than the then great lion of the Reform party, Joseph Howe. Howe was a most generous opponent. In that contest he did not suppose that he would be defeated, but he recognised the strength of his young opponent. From hustings to hustings he went, at each one saying that he had no fear of the result, but bearing testimony to the power of his opponent, and predicting that the time was near when he would be heard from, and render a creditable account of himself. The result of the fight, as we have said, was that Dr. Tupper was returned to represent his native county in the Nova Scotia legislature, where the young member for Cumberland at once attracted notice. As a speaker he was astute, ready, sarcastic, and often overwhelming, and for downright thunderous strength of style, no one could come near him. In 1856 he became provincial secretary in the Hon. James W. Johnston’s administration; in 1858 he went to England on a mission connected with the Intercolonial Railway; and in 1864 he became premier, on the retirement of the Hon. Mr. Johnston to the bench. In 1869 he moved the resolutions providing for a conference in Prince Edward Island to consider a scheme for a maritime union, but that project was afterwards merged into the larger one, which aimed at a confederation of the whole of the British North America provinces. In the confederation movement, Dr. Tupper took a leading part, attending the Quebec conference, and afterwards going to England when the question was discussed before the members of the Imperial government. In 1867 he was created a C.B., and in the same year was invited to take a seat in the Privy Council of Canada. This he refused, remaining a private member of the House of Commons till 1870, when he consented to become president of the council. In 1872 he became minister of inland revenue, and in 1873 minister of customs, which office he was soon obliged to surrender, by reason of the defeat of the ministry. During the campaign of 1878 he was like a lion in the fight, and his great battle-cry infused courage into the hearts of thousands of men who wavered between the two parties. That year the Liberals were defeated, and Dr. Tupper became minister of public works till that department was divided, when he took the portfolio of railways and canals. In 1879 he was created a knight of the order of St. Michael and St. George. His connection with the Canadian Pacific Railway is in everybody’s mind. To him more than to any other man in Canada is due the success of that great enterprise. In 1883 he was appointed high commissioner of Canada to the Court of St. James in London, retaining his position as minister of railways and canals. In this connection, Sir John Macdonald passed an act relieving the honorable gentleman from penalties under the Independence of Parliament Act; but after the close of the session of 1884, Sir Charles resigned his seat in the cabinet, and retained the high commissionership. He, however, soon re-entered active politics again. He was returned at the last general election by his old constituency, and was appointed finance minister on the 27th January, 1887, which office he still holds. Sir Charles Tupper was appointed executive commissioner for Canada at the International Exhibition held at Antwerp in 1885, and executive commissioner at the Colonial and Industrial Exhibition held in London in 1886. At the close of 1887 he was appointed by the Imperial government to act, in conjunction with the Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, in negotiating a treaty with the government of the United States of America in relation to the Canadian fisheries, and the commissioners brought their labors to a close during the month of February, 1888. While in the Nova Scotian legislature, Sir Charles introduced and saw carried through many important measures, which are now bearing good fruit. Among the measures he introduced into the House of Commons at Ottawa, and saw pass into law, we may mention the act prohibiting the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors in the North-West Territory, the Consolidation Railway Act of 1879, the act granting a charter to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company in 1881, the act of 1884 granting a loan to that company, the Railway Subsidies Acts of 1883 and 1884, and the act of 1884 respecting an agreement between the province of British Columbia and the Dominion of Canada. Sir Charles was appointed by Act of Parliament, in 1862, governor of Dalhousie College, Halifax; and was president of the Canada Medical Association from its formation in 1867 until 1870, when he declined re-election. In October, 1846, he was married to Frances Morse, of Amherst.

Inglis, George, Owen Sound, Ontario, was born at Inglis Falls, three miles from Owen Sound, on the 26th July, 1850. He is the second son of Peter Inglis, who was one of the first pioneers in the town of Owen Sound, having first arrived there in 1843. The subject of this sketch was educated at the Owen Sound Grammar School. Leaving school in January, 1867, he entered his father’s woollen mills, and remained there three years, during which time he thoroughly mastered the details of the business. In 1870 he was put in charge of his father’s office, in the court house, his father at that time holding the position of deputy clerk of the Crown, clerk of the County Court, and registrar of the Surrogate Court, and had charge of the office until 1877, when his father resigned, and he was appointed in his stead. In 1885 he was made local registrar of the High Court, and in 1886 he also received the appointment of deputy registrar of the Maritime Court. In 1879 he was appointed a high school trustee by the county council, which position he has held ever since. At the present time he fills the position of chairman of the Board of Education, and has had the honor of being elected thereto for the last six years in succession. He is the president of the Cricket Club in the town, and also secretary-treasurer of the Curling Club. He takes an active interest in secret and benevolent societies, being a member of the Masonic order, and of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, a pastmaster of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, and a past chancellor of the Knights of Pythias. On account of holding government offices, Mr. Inglis has never taken an active part in politics or municipal affairs. He is a Presbyterian, and a regular attendant at Knox Church, Owen Sound.

Partridge, Rev. Francis, M.A., D.D., Rector of St. George’s Church, Halifax, Secretary of the diocese of Nova Scotia, and late Canon of Christ Church Cathedral, Fredericton, was born at Dursley, Gloucestershire, England, on the 2nd April, 1846. He is a son of Charles Partridge, of the old Gloucestershire family of Partridge, of Wishanger, near Cirencester. The earliest record of this family dates from temp. Richard II. Miles Partridge, esquire of the unfortunate Protector, the Duke of Somerset, was knighted for his gallant conduct on the field of Pinkie. William Partridge, the London police magistrate, and Richard Partridge, the noted surgeon, are of the same stock. His mother is Catherine Gilmour, of the family of Gilmour, whose seat is at Craigmillar, near Edinburgh, Scotland. Her grandfather, Colonel James Lyon Gilmour, was quartermaster-general for many years at Quebec. The Rev. Mr. Partridge was educated at Lady Berkeley’s Grammar School, founded in 1300, at Wootton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire. He was a foundation scholar from 1855 to 1862, and from 1862 to 1864, tutor in the family of the Rev. Isaac Williams, B.D., a friend of Newman and Pusey, and one of the original writers of “Tracts for the Times,” and closely associated with the Oxford Tractarian movement. During 1864 and 1865 he was classical master at the grammar school at Dursley. In 1865 he matriculated at St. Augustine’s College, Canterbury, having been strongly moved to take up missionary work, and expecting to obtain the best training for that purpose at this college. He was mission essay and Whytehead prizeman for Greek Testament in 1866, and also took the first place in final medical examination, in 1867. After finishing his college course, he received the appointment of principal of the county Grammar School at St. Andrew’s, New Brunswick, the duties of which he assumed in 1868. Being too young for ordination, he remained in the school, prosecuting his theological studies, until June, 1869, when he was ordained a deacon by the Bishop of Fredericton, the Right Rev. John Medley, D.D., in the parish church of St. Andrew’s, N.B. He was then appointed curate of St. Andrew’s, in which position he served the church for three and a half years, still retaining the mastership of the school. He was ordained priest in June, 1870, by the same bishop. In November, 1871, he was unanimously elected rector of Rothesay, Kings county, N.B., which he accepted, and took up his residence at Easter, 1872. In 1872 he received the degree of hon. M.A. from Trinity College, Hartford, Conn. In 1876 he was elected secretary of the Diocesan Synod of Fredericton. About this time he began to take a great interest in missions, or systematic preachings, and for a continuous period studied the question, and finally, in 1877, began to give his services in this direction, holding missions in several parishes in the diocese of Fredericton. In 1879 he was appointed canon of Christ Church Cathedral, Fredericton, by the bishop, for his service to the church. In the same year, the degree of Bachelor of Divinity at King’s College, Windsor, being thrown open to clergymen of six years standing, on passing the required examinations, he went to Windsor and passed the examination, and received that degree in June of the same year. In November, 1881, he was elected to the parish of St. George, Halifax, N.S., to which position he went at Easter, 1882, leaving Rothesay and the diocese of Fredericton with much reluctance. In 1884 he received his degree of D.D. at King’s College, by special examination, taking the cognate dialects of the Old Testament, Chaldee, Syriac, and Assyrian, as the subjects of his theses. In 1884 he was appointed secretary of the diocese of Nova Scotia, which he still holds, in connection with his parish of St. George. In 1882 he restored the church, and in 1887 built new schools. In 1888 he was elected fellow of his own college, St. Augustine’s, Canterbury, an honor conferred only upon four out of five hundred alumni, “in consideration of his highly honorable career, and the great services he has rendered to the Canadian church.” He has been a member of the Provincial Synod of Canada since 1874, and has served on several of its committees. In the year 1885-6 the question of the confederation of the colleges in the province of Nova Scotia was warmly discussed, and, after mature consideration, he took the side of confederation, advocating the fusing of King’s and Dalhousie colleges, with removal, if necessary, of King’s College to Halifax. Though supported by many of the most earnest and thoughtful churchmen, this scheme was defeated by the opposition of the graduates of King’s College, who imagined that their cherished privileges were being betrayed. In spite, however, of Dr. Partridge’s views on the confederation question, he was unanimously elected a governor of the college by the Synod of Nova Scotia, in 1886. He has been divinity examiner for degrees, also for prize essays and in Hebrew, at the college since 1884, when he was also appointed lecturer in apologetic theology, delivering six lectures on this subject each year. He has made canon law a special study, with reference chiefly to its bearing on the church in this country. But his chief delight is the study of the Old Testament, in connection with the recent discoveries in Assyria and Egypt, which throw so much light upon the criticism and interpretation of the Scriptures. He has delivered many popular lectures upon this subject, and has studied the cuneiform so as to be able to speak with authority. Dr. Partridge was the first to take up church army work in Canada, which he introduced into his parish in 1886, being anxious to adopt every measure which would influence the masses for good. He has for many years been an advocate of temperance, and total abstinence where necessary, and is the chairman of the Coffee House Committee in Halifax, which has been successful in making temperance coffee rooms pay, though surrounded by taverns. He is vice-president of the Church of England Institute; president of the Church Sunday School Teachers’ Association; president of St. George’s Benefit Society, containing over three hundred working men as members; member of the committee of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and president of the Halifax Emigrants’ Home. He is an ardent Freemason, having been initiated in the Royal Lodge of Faith and Friendship, Berkeley, England, in 1868. He received his W.M. degree in St. Andrew’s, N.B. He joined the Royal Arch Chapter in St. Stephen, N.B., in 1869; R. and S. Master’s in St. John, in 1872; K. T. and K. M. and Red Cross, in 1873; assisted in forming a Consistory 32° of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite in St. John; and has filled various offices in connection therewith. He was grand chaplain of the Grand Lodge of New Brunswick from 1873 to 1879, when he was elected deputy grand master, and would afterwards have been elected grand master but for his removal to Halifax. He is now P.D.G.M. and G.C. of Nova Scotia. He found the A. and A. Scottish Rite in a moribund condition in Nova Scotia, and rescusitated it and organized a Consistory 32°, of which he was the first G. Com. In 1884 he was elected a member of the Supreme Council, 33°, for the Dominion of Canada, and appointed deputy for Nova Scotia. In religion the doctor is a moderate High Churchman, believing thoroughly in the doctrines and position of his own church, but recognizing the good in all. He has published various sermons and tracts. He married, in 1868, Maria Louisa, youngest daughter of John J. Gillett, of Bristol, England, by whom he has a family of four sons and four daughters.

Poupore, William Joseph, Mill Owner, Contractor and Farmer, Chichester, province of Quebec, M.P.P. for Pontiac, is of Norman-French descent. He was born on Allumette Island, P.Q., on the 29th April, 1846. His parents were William Poupore and Susan McAdam. He received his early educational training in the place of his birth, and completed it at the Ottawa Commercial College. He also studied law for a year. He commenced business as a storekeeper at Chichester in 1870; in 1872 he built a saw and carding mill, and in 1875 a grist mill, in the same village. He ceased this line of business in 1878, and began operations as a contractor. He obtained a contract from the Dominion government for the construction of the Roche-feudu and the Calumet dams, which were completed in 1883. In 1884 he entered into lumbering operations, and in 1886 obtained the government contract for the construction of the du Lievre locks and dams, and on this contract he is still engaged. Mr. Poupore was warden of the county of Pontiac from 1880 to 1881; has been mayor of Chichester from 1872 to the present (1888), and from 1872 to 1882 was chairman of the school commissioners of Chichester. He has been connected with the Pontiac and Pacific Junction Railway, and also with the Bryson and Calumet bridge, the erection of which bridge cost $22,000. Mr. Poupore is a Conservative in politics, and first took part in the general election of 1878. He was returned to the seat he now occupies in the Quebec legislature in March, 1882, on the death of T. M. Bryson, the sitting member; and at the general election of 1886 was re-elected, beating his opponent, Henry Porteous, the Liberal candidate, by a majority of 1,147 votes. In religion Mr. Poupore is a Roman Catholic. On the 31st August, 1870, he was married to Barbara Elenore, second daughter of John Poupore, who represented Pontiac in the Quebec legislature from 1862 to 1875, and the same county from 1878 to 1882 in the House of Commons of Canada, when he retired from public life.