Division II. Gamopetalous Dicotyledonous Plants (part 2)

7. H. longípilum, Torr. (Long-bearded H.) Stem wand-like, simple, stout (2–3° high), very leafy toward the base, naked above, and bearing a small racemed panicle; the lower portion and both sides of the oblong-lanceolate or spatulate entire leaves thickly clothed with very long and upright bristles (often 1´ long); peduncles and involucre glandular-bristly; achenes narrowed at the apex.—Prairies, Mich. to Minn., and southwestward.

90. CRÈPIS, L.

Involucre few–many-flowered, commonly of a single row of equal scales, often becoming thickened at base. Pappus copious, white and soft. Annuals or biennials, not pilose. Otherwise as Hieracium. (The Greek name of some plant, from κρηπίς, a sandal.)

C. biénnis, L. Somewhat pubescent, 2° high, leafy; leaves runcinate-pinnatifid; heads rather large, corymbose; achenes oblong, glabrous.—Vt., Mass.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

C. tectòrum, L. Slender, branching from the base, 1° high; leaves narrow, runcinate; heads small, in a loose panicle; achenes fusiform, the ribs scabrous.—In fields, Lansing, Mich., and on ballast. (Nat. from Eu.)

91. PRENÁNTHES, Vaill. Rattlesnake-root.

Heads 5–30-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 5 to 14 linear scales in a single row, and a few small bractlets at base. Achenes short, linear-oblong, striate or grooved, not contracted at the apex. Pappus of copious straw-color or brownish and rough capillary bristles.—Perennial herbs, with upright leafy stems arising from spindle-shaped (extremely bitter) tubers, very variable leaves, and racemose-panicled mostly nodding heads. Flowers greenish-white or yellowish, often tinged with purple; late summer and autumn. Our species belong to the subgenus Nábalus. The original European species has soft white pappus. (Name from πρηνής, drooping, and ἄνθη, blossom.)

[*] Heads rather broad, 25–35-flowered, in a corymbose panicle.

1. P. crepidínea, Michx. Somewhat smooth; stem stout (5–9° high), bearing numerous nodding heads in loose clusters; leaves large (6–12´ long), broadly triangular-ovate or halberd-form, strongly-toothed, contracted into winged petioles; pappus brown. (Nabalus, DC.)—Rich soil, Penn. and western N. Y. to Minn., and southward.—Flowers cream-color.

[*][*] Heads narrow, 8–15-flowered, in a long raceme-like or thyrsoid inflorescence; stems simple; cauline leaves sessile; pappus straw-color.

[+] Inflorescence pubescent, strict; heads nearly erect, 12–15-flowered.

2. P. racemòsa, Michx. Stem 2–5° high, smooth and glaucous, as well as the oval or oblong-lanceolate denticulate leaves; the lower tapering into winged petioles (rarely cut-pinnatifid), the upper partly clasping; heads in crowded clusters; flowers purplish. (Nabalus, DC.)—Plains, N. Maine to N. J., Mo., and northward.—Var. pinnatífida, Gray, the leaves all lyrately pinnatifid. Hackensack marshes, N. J.

3. P. áspera, Michx. Stem 2–4° high, rough-pubescent, as well as the oval-oblong or broadly lanceolate toothed leaves; upper leaves not clasping; heads in small clusters; flowers larger, cream-color. (Nabalus asper, Torr. & Gray.)—Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio to Iowa, and southward.

[+][+] Whole plant glabrous; heads nodding, 8–12-flowered; thyrse looser.

4. P. virgàta, Michx. (Slender Rattlesnake-root.) Slightly glaucous; stem 2–4° high, prolonged into a naked and slender spiked raceme (1{½}–2° long); heads clustered and mostly unilateral; leaves lanceolate, acute, closely sessile, the upper reduced to bracts, the lower toothed or pinnatifid; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales. (Nabalus, DC.)—Sandy pine barrens, N. J. to Va., and southward.

5. P. Mainénsis, Gray. Stem 2° high, leafy; leaves as in n. 2, but the radical ovate and more abruptly narrowed to the short petiole; heads persistently drooping on slender pedicels.—St. John's River, N. Maine (Pringle). Perhaps a hybrid between n. 2 and 7.

[*][*][*] Heads 5–18-flowered, racemose or paniculate, commonly pendulous; leaves variable, mostly petiolate, the lower cordate or truncate or hastate at base.

[+] Involucre cylindrical; scales scarious-margined, the outer very short, appressed.

[++] Pappus reddish-brown; stem tall, generally purplish.

6. P. álba, L. (White Lettuce. Rattlesnake-root.) Smooth and glaucous (2–4° high); stem corymbose-panicled at the summit; leaves angulate or triangular-halberd-form, sinuate-toothed or 3–5-cleft, the uppermost oblong and undivided; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8–12-flowered. (Nabalus, Hook.)—Borders of rich woods; common, especially northward.

[++][++] Pappus dirty straw-color or whitish; leaves very variable.

7. P. serpentària, Pursh. (Lion's-foot. Gall-of-the-earth.) Nearly smooth; stem corymbose-panicled at the summit, commonly 2° high; leaves mostly deltoid, roughish; the lower variously 3–7-lobed, on margined petioles; the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly undivided, nearly sessile; involucre (greenish, rarely purplish, sometimes slightly bristly) of about 8 scales, 8–12-flowered; flowers purplish, greenish white, or cream-color. (Nabalus Fraseri, DC.)—Dry sandy or sterile soil, New Eng. to Va., and southward.

Var. nàna, Gray. Stem more simple and strict, 6–16´ high, smooth and glabrous; inflorescence contracted, the clusters often sessile in most of the axils. (Nabalus nanus, DC.)—Mountains of northern N. Eng. and N. Y., and northeastward.

8. P. altíssima, L. Smooth; stem tall and slender (3–7° high); the heads in small axillary and terminal loose clusters forming a long and wand-like leafy panicle; leaves membranaceous, all petioled, ovate, heart-shaped, or triangular, and merely toothed or cleft, with naked or winged petioles, or frequently 3–5-parted, with the divisions entire or again cleft; involucre slender (greenish), of 5 scales, 5–6-flowered. (Nabalus, Hook.)—Rich moist woods; N. Eng. to Minn., and southward in the mountains to Ga.

[+][+] Involucre campanulate-oblong; secondary basal scales 2–3, linear, loose.

9. P. Boòttii, Gray. Stem simple, dwarf (5–6´ high), pubescent at the summit; the heads in an almost simple raceme; lowest leaves halberd-shaped or heart-shaped, the middle oblong, the upper lanceolate, nearly entire, tapering into a margined petiole; involucre (livid) 10–18-flowered, the proper scales 10–15, very obtuse; pappus straw-color.—Alpine region, mountains of Maine, N. H., and N. New York.

92. LYGODÉSMIA, Don.

Heads and flowers (5–10) nearly as in Nabalus; the cylindrical involucre more elongated, and the achenes long and slender, tapering at the summit; pappus whitish.—Smooth, often glaucous, low perennials, with single erect heads of rose-purple flowers terminating almost leafless or rush-like stems or branches. (Name composed of λύγος, a pliant twig, and δέσμη, a bundle, from the fascicled twiggy or rush-like stems.)

1. L. júncea, Don. Stems (1° high) tufted, branched, striate; lower leaves lance-linear, 1–2´ long, rigid, the upper awl-shaped and minute; heads 5-flowered.—St. Croix River, Wisc., to Kan., and westward. July.

93. TRÓXIMON, Nutt.

Head large, solitary, many-flowered. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre ovate or lanceolate, pointed, loosely imbricated in 2 or 3 rows. Achenes smooth, 10-ribbed, with distinct beak or none, pappus longer than the achene, white, of copious and unequal rigid capillary bristles.—Perennial scapose herbs, with elongated linear tufted root-leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name probably from τρώγω, to chew, of no obvious application.)

1. T. cuspidàtum, Pursh. Scape 1° high, from a thickened caudex, leaves lanceolate, elongated, tapering to a sharp point, entire, woolly on the margins; scales of the involucre lanceolate, sharp-pointed, achene beakless.—Prairies, Wisc., N. Ill., and westward. April, May.

2. T. glaùcum, Nutt. Scape 1–2° high; leaves linear to lanceolate, entire to dentate or laciniate; head often pubescent or villous; achene long-beaked.—Minn. to Neb. and southwestward.

94. TARÁXACUM, Haller. Dandelion.

Head many-flowered, large, solitary on a slender hollow scape. Involucre double, the outer of short scales; the inner of long linear scales, erect in a single row. Achenes oblong-ovate to fusiform, 4–5-ribbed, the ribs roughened, the apex prolonged into a very slender beak, bearing the copious soft and white capillary pappus.—Perennials or biennials; leaves radical, pinnatifid or runcinate; flowers yellow. (Name from ταράσσω, to disquiet or disorder, in allusion to medicinal properties.)

T. officinàle, Weber. (Common Dandelion.) Smooth, or at first pubescent; outer involucre reflexed. (T. Dens-leonis, Desf.)—Pastures and fields everywhere. Indigenous forms occur northward and in the Rocky Mountains. April–Sept.—After blossoming, the inner involucre closes, and the slender beak elongates and raises up the pappus while the fruit is forming; the whole involucre is then reflexed, exposing to the wind the naked fruits, with the pappus displayed in an open globular head. (Eu.)

95. PYRRHOPÁPPUS, DC. False Dandelion.

Heads, etc., nearly as in Taraxacum, but the soft pappus reddish or rusty-color, and surrounded at base by a soft-villous ring.—Mostly annual or biennial herbs, scapose or often branching and leafy below. Heads solitary, terminating the naked summit of the stem or branches. Flowers deep yellow. (Name composed of πυῤῥός, flame-colored, and παππός, pappus.)

1. P. Caroliniànus, DC. Annual or biennial, stem branching (1–2° high); leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire, cut, or pinnatifid, the stem-leaves partly clasping.—Sandy fields, from Maryland southward. April–July.

2. P. scapòsus, DC. Low, scapose, perennial by roundish tubers; leaves all radical, pinnatifid.—Prairies; Kan. to Tex.

96. CHONDRÍLLA, Tourn.

Heads few-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of several narrow linear equal scales, and a row of small bractlets at base. Achenes terete, several-ribbed, smooth below, roughened at the summit by little scaly projections, from among which springs an abrupt slender beak; pappus of copious very fine and soft capillary bristles, bright white.—Herbs of the Old World, with wand-like branching stems, and small heads of yellow flowers. (A name of Dioscorides for some plant which exudes a gum.)

C. júncea, L. Biennial, bristly-hairy below, smooth above (1–3° high); root-leaves runcinate; stem-leaves few and small, linear; heads scattered on nearly leafless branches, 6–8´´ long.—Fields and roadsides, abundant in Md. and northern Va. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

97. LACTÙCA, Tourn. Lettuce.

Heads several–many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical or in fruit conical; scales imbricated in 2 or more sets of unequal lengths. Achenes flat (obcompressed, parallel to the scales), abruptly contracted into a beak, which is dilated at the apex, bearing a copious and fugacious very soft and white capillary pappus, its bristles falling separately.—Leafy-stemmed herbs, with panicled heads; flowers of variable color, produced in summer and autumn. (The ancient name of the Lettuce, L. sativa; from lac, milk, in allusion to the milky juice.)

§ 1. SCARÌOLA. Achenes very flat, orbicular to oblong, 1-nerved on each face, with a filiform beak; biennial or annual; cauline leaves sagittate-clasping.

L. Scarìola, L. (Prickly Lettuce.) Stem below sparsely prickly-bristly, as also the midrib on the lower face of the oblong or lanceolate spinulose-denticulate vertical leaves; panicle narrow; heads small, 6–12-flowered; achenes striate.—Waste grounds and roadsides, Atlantic States to Mo. and Minn. (Adv. from Eu.)

1. L. Canadénsis, L. (Wild Lettuce.) Mostly tall (4–9° high), very leafy, smooth or nearly so, glaucous; leaves 6–12´ long, pale beneath, mostly sinuate-pinnatifid, the upper lanceolate and entire (rarely all but the lower narrow and entire); heads about 20-flowered, 3–6´´ long, numerous, in long and narrow or diffuse panicles; flowers pale yellow; achene oval, rather longer than the beak.—Rich damp soil, borders of fields or thickets; common.

2. L. integrifòlia, Bigel. Less leafy, 3–4° high, loosely branched above or heads loosely panicled; leaves undivided, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, denticulate or entire; flowers yellow or purplish. (L. Canadensis, var. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray.)—N. Eng. to Ill., and southward.

3. L. hirsùta, Muhl. Rather few-leaved, 2–3° high, commonly hirsute at base; leaves hirsute both sides or only on the midrib, mostly runcinate-pinnatifid; heads in a loose open panicle; achenes oblong-oval, about as long as the beak; flowers yellow-purple, rarely whitish. (L. Canadensis, var. sanguinea, Torr. & Gray.)—E. Mass. to Minn., and southward.

4. L. Ludoviciàna, DC. Glabrous, leafy, 2–5° high; leaves oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid and spinulosely dentate, ciliate; heads in an open panicle; involucre more imbricate; flowers yellow.—Minn., Iowa, and southwestward.

§ 2. LACTUCÁSTRUM. Achenes flat, lanceolate-oblong, tapering to a short slender beak; perennial; flowers blue.

5. L. pulchélla, DC. Pale or glaucous; stem simple, 1–2° high; leaves sessile, oblong- or linear-lanceolate, entire, or the lower runcinate-pinnatifid; heads few and large, racemose, erect on scaly-bracted peduncles; involucral scales imbricated in 3 or 4 ranks. (Mulgedium, Nutt.)—Upper Mich. to Minn.; common on the plains westward.

§ 3. MULGÈDIUM. Achenes thickish, oblong, contracted into a short thick beak or neck; annual or biennial; flowers chiefly blue.

6. L. acuminàta, Gray. Tall biennial (3–7° high), with many small heads in a loose panicle, on diverging peduncles; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply and sometimes doubly serrate, sometimes hairy on the midrib beneath, contracted into a winged petiole, the lowest occasionally sinuate or cleft at base, and the cauline sagittate or hastate; achenes beakless; pappus white. (Mulgedium, DC.)—Borders of woods, N. Y. to Ill. and Fla.

7. L. Floridàna, Gaertn. Leaves all lyrate or runcinate, the upper often with a heart-shaped clasping base; panicle larger; achenes distinctly beaked; otherwise as n. 7.—Rich soil, Penn. to Ill., and southward.

8. L. leucophæ̀a, Gray. Nearly smooth biennial; stem tall (3–12° high), very leafy; leaves irregularly pinnatifid, sometimes runcinate, coarsely toothed, the upper cauline sessile and auriculate, sometimes clasping; heads in a large and dense compound panicle; flowers bluish to cream-color; achene short-beaked; pappus tawny. (Mulgedium, DC.)—Low grounds; rather common.—Var. integrifòlia, Gray. Leaves undivided, or the lower sinuate-pinnatifid. Ohio to Ill.

98. SÓNCHUS, L. Sow-Thistle.

Heads many-flowered, becoming tumid at base. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenes obcompressed, ribbed or striate, not beaked; pappus copious, of very white exceedingly soft and fine bristles mainly falling together.—Leafy-stemmed coarse weeds, chiefly smooth and glaucous, with corymbed or umbellate heads of yellow flowers; produced in summer and autumn. (The ancient Greek name.)

[*] Annual (1–5° high); flowers pale yellow.

S. oleràceus, L. (Common Sow-Thistle.) Stem-leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, or rarely undivided, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth, clasping by a heart-shaped base, the auricles acute; involucre downy when young; achenes striate, also wrinkled transversely.—Waste places in manured soil and around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.)

S. ásper, Vill. (Spiny-leaved S.) Stem leaves less divided and more spiny-toothed, the auricles of the clasping base rounded; achenes margined, 3-nerved on each side, smooth.—With and like the last. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*] Perennial, with creeping rootstocks; flowers bright yellow, in large heads.

S. arvénsis, L. (Field S.) Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, spiny-toothed, clasping by a heart-shaped base; peduncles and involucre bristly; achenes transversely wrinkled on the ribs.—Roadsides, etc., N. Eng. and N. Y.; becoming more common. (Nat. from Eu.)

Order 56. LOBELIÀCEÆ. (Lobelia Family.)

Herbs with acrid milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers, an irregular monopetalous 5-lobed corolla, the 5 stamens free from the corolla, and united into a tube commonly by their filaments and always by their anthers.—Calyx-tube adherent to the many-seeded pod. Style 1; stigma often fringed. Seeds anatropous, with a small straight embryo, in copious albumen.—Nearly passing into the following order.

1. LOBÈLIA, L.

Calyx 5-cleft, with a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube, split down on the (apparently) upper side, somewhat 2-lipped; the upper lip of 2 rather erect lobes, the lower lip spreading and 3-cleft. Two of the anthers in our species bearded at the top. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top.—Flowers axillary or chiefly in bracted racemes, in summer and early autumn. (Dedicated to Matthias De l'Obel, an early Flemish herbalist.)

[*] Flowers deep red, large; stem simple.

1. L. cardinàlis, L. (Cardinal-flower.) Tall (2–4° high), smoothish; leaves oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed; raceme elongated, rather 1-sided; the pedicels much shorter than the leaf-like bracts.—Low grounds, common.—Perennial by offsets, with large and very showy intensely red flowers, varying rarely to rose-color or even white. Hybrids with the next species also occur.

[*][*] Flowers blue, or blue variegated with white.

[+] Flowers rather large (corolla-tube 5–6´´ long), spicate-racemose; stems leafy, 1–3° high; perennial.

[++] Leaves ovate to lanceolate, numerous; lip of corolla glabrous.

2. L. syphilítica, L. (Great Lobelia.) Somewhat hairy; leaves thin, acute at both ends (2–6´ long), irregularly serrate; flowers (nearly 1´ long) pedicelled, longer than the leafy bracts; calyx hirsute, the sinuses with conspicuous deflexed auricles, the short tube hemispherical.—Low grounds, common.—Flowers light blue, rarely white.

3. L. pubérula, Michx. Finely soft-pubescent; leaves thickish, obtuse (1–2´ long), with small glandular teeth; spike rather 1-sided; bracts ovate; sinuses of the calyx with short and rounded or often inconspicuous auricles, the hairy tube top-shaped.—Moist sandy grounds, N. J. to Iowa, and south to Tex. and Fla.—Corolla bright blue, ½´ long.

4. L. amœ̀na, Michx. Glabrous or nearly so; raceme virgate; leaves narrower; bracts lanceolate or linear, often glandular-denticulate; calyx-lobes long and very slender, usually without auricles, the tube glabrous.—S. Atlantic States, in swamps.—Var. glandulífera, Gray; a slender form with secund raceme, oval to lance-oblong obtuse gland-toothed leaves, and the bracts and calyx-teeth beset with slender gland-tipped teeth. S. Va. and southward.

[++][++] Leaves long and narrow, sparse above; lip of corolla pubescent at base.

5. L. glandulòsa, Walt. Glabrous, or sparingly pubescent; leaves, bracts, and usually the lobes of the calyx, strongly glandular-toothed; calyx-tube densely hispid, rarely sparsely so or smoothish, the sinuses not auriculate.—Pine-barren swamps, S. Va. to Fla.

[+][+] Flowers smaller (corolla-tube not more than 2–3´´ long).

[++] Stem leafy, mostly simple, continued into an elongated virgate spike-like raceme; leaves lanceolate to obovate, barely denticulate or repand.

6. L. leptóstachys, A. DC. Smooth above; leaves obtuse, denticulate, oblong-lanceolate, the upper gradually reduced to awl-shaped bracts; calyx-lobes nearly equalling the corolla, with 10 reflexed awl-shaped appendages as long as the hemispherical tube.—Sandy soil, Ohio to Ill. and Mo.; also Va. to Ga.

7. L. spicàta, Lam. Stem slender, strict (1–4° high) from a biennial (?) root, below and the barely denticulate leaves minutely pubescent; lower and root-leaves obovate or spatulate, the upper reduced to linear or club-shaped bracts; calyx-tube short, obconical or becoming almost hemispherical, sinuses not appendaged.—Moist or dry, mostly gravelly or sandy soil, N. New Eng. to Sask., south to Ark. and La. Fl. through summer.—Var. parviflòra, Gray, a small form, with calyx-lobes broadly subulate, and pale corolla but 3´´ long. Swamps, Lancaster, Penn. (Porter); beginning to flower in June.—Var. hirtélla, Gray; with somewhat scabrous pubescence, and minutely hirsute-ciliate bracts and calyx-lobes. Chiefly toward and beyond the Mississippi.

[++][++] Stem leafy, often paniculately branched; flowers loosely racemose; sinuses of calyx not appendaged; annual or biennial.

[=] Leaves chiefly linear, entire or denticulate; pod not inflated.

8. L. Cánbyi, Gray. Stem strict (1–2° high), minutely angled; pedicels shorter than the bracts and flowers, minutely roughened under a lens; bractlets none; calyx-tube top-shaped, acute at base, only half the length of the lobes (which, with the linear leaves, are sparsely glandular-denticulate), in fruit becoming oblong, covering the whole pod; corolla deep blue (fully 5´´ long), more or less bearded in the throat.—Wet places, N. J., Del., and S. C.

9. L. Kálmii, L. Stem mostly low (4–18´ high), minutely angled; pedicels filiform, not exceeding the linear or setaceous bracts but as long as the flower, minutely 2-bracteolate or 2-glandular above the middle; calyx-tube top-shaped or obovoid, fully half the length of the lobes, in fruit rather longer than they, covering the whole pod, corolla light blue, 4–5´´ long.—Wet limestone rocks and banks, N. Eng. to L. Winnipeg, south to Penn., Ind., and Minn.

10. L. Nuttàllii, Roem. & Schult. Stem very slender (1–2° high), terete; pedicels mostly longer than the bract and shorter than the flower, usually with very minute bractlets near the base; calyx-tube very short, depressed-hemispherical in fruit, the globular pod half free; corolla pale blue, barely 3´´ long.—Sandy swamps, N. J. and Penn. to Ga.

[=][=] Leaves ovate or oblong, obtusely toothed; pod inflated, wholly inferior.

11. L. inflàta, L. (Indian Tobacco.) Stems paniculately much branched from an annual root, pubescent with spreading hairs (1–2° high); leaves gradually diminishing into leaf-like bracts, which exceed the lower short-pedicelled flowers; calyx-tube ovoid.—Dry open fields.—Corolla only 1½–2´´ long. Plant poisonous and a noted quack medicine.

[++][++][++] Stem scape-like, mostly simple, hollow; leaves fleshy; fibrous-rooted perennials, very glabrous, mostly aquatic, with pale blue or whitish flowers.

12. L. paludòsa, Nutt. Nearly smooth; stem slender (1–4° high); leaves flat, scattered near the base, linear-spatulate or oblong-linear, glandular-denticulate, mostly tapering into a petiole; lower lip of corolla bearded in the middle; calyx-tube about half the length of the short lobes, hemispherical in fruit.—In water (but foliage emerged), Del. to Fla. and La.

13. L. Dortmánna, L. (Water Lobelia.) Very smooth; scape thickish (5–12´ high), few-flowered; leaves all tufted at the root, linear, terete, hollow, with a partition lengthwise; lower lip of corolla slightly hairy; calyx-tube about as long as the lobes, in fruit much longer.—Borders of ponds (often immersed), N. Eng. to N. Penn., L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

Order 57. CAMPANULÀCEÆ. (Campanula Family.)

Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers; calyx adherent to the ovary; the regular 5-lobed corolla bell-shaped, valvate in the bud; the 5 stamens usually free from the corolla and distinct.—Style 1, usually beset with collecting hairs above; stigmas 2 or more. Capsule 2–several-celled, many-seeded. Seed small, anatropous, with a straight embryo in fleshy albumen. Flowers generally blue and showy.

1. SPECULÀRIA, Heister. Venus's Looking-glass.

Calyx 5- (or 3–4-) lobed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, separate; the membranaceous hairy filaments shorter than the anthers. Stigmas 3. Capsule prismatic or elongated-oblong, 3-celled, opening by 3 small lateral valves.—Low annuals, with axillary blue or purplish flowers, in American species dimorphous, the earlier being cleistogamous. (Name from Speculum Veneris, the early name of the common European species.)

1. S. perfoliàta, A. DC. Somewhat hairy (3–20´ high); leaves roundish or ovate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed; flowers sessile, solitary or 2–3 together in the axils, only the upper or later ones having a conspicuous and expanding corolla; capsule oblong, short, straight, opening rather below the middle; seeds lenticular.—Sterile open ground; common. May–Aug.

2. S. leptocárpa, Gray. Minutely hirsute or nearly glabrous (6–12´ high); leaves lanceolate, with flowers closely sessile in their axils; calyx-lobes of lower flowers 3; capsule nearly cylindrical (6–9´´ long, 1´´ thick), inclined to curve, opening by one or two uplifted valves near the summit; seeds oblong.—W. Mo. and Ark. to Col. and W. Tex. Expanded corolla 6–9´´ wide.

2. CAMPÁNULA, Tourn. Bellflower.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla generally bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, separate; the filaments broad and membranaceous at the base. Stigmas and cells of the capsule 3 in our species, the short pod opening on the sides by as many valves or holes.—Herbs, with terminal or axillary flowers; in summer. (A diminutive of the Italian campana, a bell, from the shape of the corolla.)

[*] Style straight; openings of capsule below the middle.

[+] Coarse pubescent many-flowered European species, sparingly naturalized; perennial.

C. rapunculoìdes, L. Smoothish, slender, erect; stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, the lower long-petioled and heart-shaped; flowers nodding, single in the axil of bracts, forming racemes; corolla oblong, 1´ long.—Roadsides and fields, Canada and N. Eng. to Penn.

C. glomeràta, L. (Clustered B.) Somewhat hairy, stout and erect, 1° high; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, cordate-clasping; flowers sessile, clustered in the upper axils, forming a leafy head; corolla open-bell-shaped, 1´ long.—Roadsides, E. Mass.

[+][+] Slender perennials, mostly glabrous; flowers one or few, on slender peduncles.

1. C. rotundifòlia, L. (Harebell.) Slender, branching (5–12´ high), 1–10-flowered; root-leaves round-heart-shaped or ovate, mostly toothed or crenate, long-petioled, early withering away; stem-leaves numerous, linear or narrowly lanceolate, entire, smooth; calyx-lobes awl-shaped, from {1/3} to {2/3} the length of the bright-blue corolla (which is 6–9´´ long); capsule nodding.—Rocky shaded banks, throughout the northern part of our range, and southward in the mountains.—A delicate and pretty species, but with a most inappropriate name, since the round root-leaves are rarely obvious. (Eu.)

Var. árctica, Lange. Stems more upright and rather rigid; lowest leaves spatulate; the very slender calyx-lobes soon spreading or deflexed; corolla {2/3}–1´ long. (C. rotundifolia, var. linifolia, of Man.)—Shores of the Great Lakes, and northward. (Eu.)

Var. velutìna, DC., has the whole herbage canescently pubescent.—Sand-hills of Burt Lake, Mich. (E. J. Hill).

2. C. aparinoìdes, Pursh. (Marsh Bellflower.) Stem simple and slender, weak (8–20´ high), few-flowered, somewhat 3-angled, rough backward on the angles, as are the slightly toothed edges and midrib of the linear-lanceolate leaves; peduncles diverging, slender; lobes of the calyx triangular, half the length of the bell-shaped nearly white corolla; capsule erect.—Wet grassy grounds, throughout our range. With somewhat the habit of a Galium.

3. C. divaricàta, Michx. Very smooth; stem loosely branched (1–3° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, coarsely and sharply toothed; flowers numerous on the branches of the large compound panicle; calyx-lobes awl-shaped, about half the length of the pale-blue small corolla (3´´ long); style exserted.—Dry woods and rocks, mountains of Va., E. Ky., and southward.

[*][*] Style declined and upwardly curved, much longer than the rotate corolla; openings of the capsule close to the summit; inflorescence spicate.

4. C. Americàna, L. (Tall Bellflower.) Annual; stem mostly simple (3–6° high); leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, mostly on margined petioles, thin, somewhat hairy (2½–6´ long); spike 1–2° long; corolla light blue, 1´ broad.—Moist rich soil, western N. Y. to Minn., south to Ga. and Ark.

Order 58. ERICÀCEÆ. (Heath Family.)

Shrubs, sometimes herbs, with the flowers regular or nearly so; stamens as many or twice as many as the 4–5-lobed or 4–5-petalled corolla, free from but inserted with it; anthers 2-celled, commonly appendaged, or opening by terminal chinks or pores, introrse (except in Suborder 3); style 1; ovary 3–10-celled. Pollen compound, of 4 united grains (except in Suborder 4). Seeds small, anatropous. Embryo small, or sometimes minute, in fleshy albumen.—A large family, very various in many of the characters, comprising four well-marked suborders, as follows:—

Suborder I. Vaccinieæ. (Whortleberry Family.) Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, which forms an edible berry or berry-like fruit, crowned with the short calyx-teeth. Anther-cells opening at the apex.—Shrubs or somewhat woody plants, with scaly buds.

1. Gaylussacia. Ovary 10-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a berried drupe with 10 small seed-like nutlets.

2. Vaccinium. Berry 4–5-celled (or imperfectly 8–10-celled by false partitions), many-seeded. Anther-cells tapering upward into a tube.

3. Chiogenes. Berry 4-celled, many-seeded, its summit free. Anther-cells not prolonged into a tube, but each 2-pointed. Slender trailing evergreen.

Suborder II. Ericineæ. (Heath Family proper.) Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla monopetalous, rarely polypetalous, hypogynous.—Shrubs or small trees.

Tribe I. ARBUTEÆ. Fruit indehiscent, a berry or drupe. Corolla deciduous.

4. Arctostaphylos. Corolla urn-shaped. Drupe berry-like, 5–10-seeded.

Tribe II. ANDROMEDEÆ. Fruit a loculicidal capsule (berry-like in n. 6). Corolla deciduous.

[*] Anther cells opening through their whole length, not appendaged.

5. Epigæa. Corolla salver-shaped. Calyx of 5 separate dry and pointed sepals.

[*][*] Anther-cells opening only at the top. Corolla not salver-shaped.

[+] Calyx becoming enlarged and berry-like in fruit.

6. Gaultheria. Calyx 5-cleft, in fruit enclosing the capsule. Anthers 4-awned at top.

[+][+] Calyx dry, not becoming fleshy after flowering.

[++] Corolla urceolate to cylindrical, 5-toothed; not heath-like.

7. Andromeda. Calyx valvate and very early open, naked. Capsule globular. Seeds mostly hanging on the central placenta.

8. Oxydendrum. Calyx short, early open, naked. Capsule oblong-pyramidal. Seeds all ascending. A small tree.

9. Leucothoe. Calyx slightly or much imbricated, naked or bibracteate. Corolla cylindraceous. Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, the valves entire.

10. Cassandra. Calyx of rigid imbricated ovate sepals, bibracteate. Corolla cylindraceous. Capsule splitting when ripe into an outer and inner layer, the inner of 10 valves.

[++][++] Corolla campanulate, 4–5-lobed or -parted; heath-like, with acerose imbricated leaves.

11. Cassiope. Calyx of ovate imbricated sepals. Capsule globular-ovoid, 4–5-valved, the valves 2-cleft.

Tribe III. ERICEÆ. Corolla persistent, becoming scarious. Capsule septicidal.

12. Calluna. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted. Leaves minute, opposite, imbricate.

Tribe IV. RHODODENDREÆ. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Corolla deciduous.

[*] Anther-cells opening by a hole or chink at the top.

[+] Flowers not from scaly buds; the bracts leaf-like or coriaceous.

13. Bryanthus. Corolla ovate or urn-shaped. Leaves narrow and heath-like.

14. Kalmia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, with 10 pouches receiving as many anthers. Leaves oblong or linear.

[+][+] Flowers developed from large scaly buds, the scales or bracts caducous.

15. Menziesia. Corolla globular-bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Stamens 8. Leaves deciduous.

16. Rhododendron. Flowers usually 5-merous. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form, lobed or parted, often somewhat irregular. Leaves deciduous or evergreen.

17. Ledum. Corolla regular, all 5 petals nearly separate. Stamens 5–10. Leaves evergreen.

[*][*] Anther-cells opening lengthwise. Leaves evergreen. Bud-scales firm and persistent.

18. Leiophyllum. Corolla of 5 separate petals. Stamens 10, exserted.

19. Loiseleuria. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Stamens 5, included.

Suborder III. Pyroleæ. (Pyrola Family.) Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla polypetalous. Anthers extrorse in the bud, opening by pores at the base (inverted in the flower). Seeds with a loose and translucent cellular coat much larger than the nucleus.

Tribe I. CLETHREÆ. Shrubs or trees, with deciduous foliage (in ours). Pollen-grains simple. Capsule 3-celled.

20. Clethra. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens 10. Style 3-cleft at the apex.

Tribe II. PYROLEÆ. Herbs or nearly so, with evergreen foliage. Pollen-grains compound. Capsules 5- (rarely 4-) celled.

21. Chimaphila. Stems leafy. Flowers corymbed or umbelled. Petals widely spreading. Style very short and top-shaped. Valves of the capsule smooth on the edges.

22. Moneses. Scape 1-flowered. Petals widely spreading. Style straight, exserted; stigma 5-rayed. Valves of the capsule smooth on the edges.

23. Pyrola. Acaulescent. Flowers in a raceme. Petals not widely spreading. Filaments awl-shaped. Style long. Valves of the capsule cobwebby on the edges.

Suborder IV. Monotropeæ. (Indian-pipe Family.) Flowers nearly as in Suborders 2 or 3, but the plants herbaceous, root-parasitic, entirely destitute of green foliage, and with the aspect of Beech-drops. Seeds as in Suborder 3.

[*] Corolla monopetalous; anthers 2-celled.

24. Pterospora. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed; anthers 2-awned on the back, opening lengthwise.

25. Schweinitzia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-lobed; anthers opening at the top.

[*][*] Corolla of 4 or 5 separate petals; calyx imperfect or bract-like.

26. Monotropa. Petals narrow. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top.

1. GAYLUSSÁCIA, HBK. Huckleberry.

Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped; the border 5-cleft. Stamens 10; anthers awnless; the cells tapering upward into more or less of a tube, opening by a chink at the end. Fruit a berry-like drupe, containing 10 seed-like nutlets.—Branching shrubs, with the aspect of Vaccinium, commonly sprinkled with resinous dots; the flowers (white tinged with purple or red) in lateral and bracted racemes. (Named for the distinguished chemist, Gay-Lussac.)

[*] Leaves thick and evergreen, somewhat serrate, not resinous-dotted.

1. G. brachýcera, Gray. (Box-Huckleberry.) Very smooth (1° high); leaves oval, finely crenate-toothed; racemes short and nearly sessile; pedicels very short; corolla cylindrical-bell-shaped.—Wooded hills, Perry Co., Penn., to Del. and Va. May.—Leaves resembling those of the Box.

[*][*] Leaves deciduous, entire, sprinkled more or less with resinous or waxy atoms.

2. G. dumòsa, Torr. & Gray. (Dwarf Huckleberry.) Somewhat hairy and glandular, low (1–5° high from a creeping base), bushy; leaves obovate-oblong, mucronate, green both sides, rather thick and shining when old; racemes elongated; bracts leaf-like, oval, persistent, as long as the pedicels; ovary bristly or glandular; corolla bell-shaped, fruit black (insipid).—Var. hirtélla has the young branchlets, racemes, and often the leaves hairy.—Sandy swamps, Newf., along the coast to Fla. and La.; the var. chiefly southward. June.

3. G. frondòsa, Torr. & Gray. (Blue Tangle. Dangleberry.) Smooth (3–6° high); branches slender and divergent; leaves obovate-oblong, blunt, pale, glaucous beneath; racemes slender, loose, bracts oblong or linear, deciduous, shorter than the slender drooping pedicels; corolla globular-bell-shaped; fruit dark blue with a white bloom (sweet and edible).—Low copses, coast of N. Eng. and mountains of Penn. to Ky., south to La. and Fla. May, June.

4. G. resinòsa, Torr. & Gray. (Black Huckleberry.) Much branched, rigid, slightly pubescent when young (1–3° high), leaves oval, oblong-ovate or oblong, thickly clothed and at first clammy, as well as the flowers, with shining resinous globules, racemes short, clustered, one-sided; pedicels about the length of the flowers; bracts and bractlets (reddish) small and deciduous, corolla ovoid-conical, or at length cylindrical with an open mouth; fruit black, without bloom (pleasant, very rarely white).—Rocky woodlands and swamps, Newf. to Minn., south to N. Ga. May, June.—The common Huckleberry of the markets.

2. VACCÍNIUM, L. Blueberry. Bilberry. Cranberry.

Corolla various in shape; the limb 4–5-cleft, revolute. Stamens 8 or 10; anthers sometimes 2-awned on the back; the cells separate and prolonged upward into a tube, opening by a hole at the apex. Berry 4–5-celled, many-seeded, or sometimes 8–10-celled by a false partition stretching from the back of each cell to the placenta.—Shrubs with solitary, clustered, or racemed flowers; the corolla white or reddish. (Ancient Latin name, of obscure derivation.)

§ 1. BATODÉNDRON. Corolla open-campanulate, 5-lobed; anthers with long tubes, and 2-awned on the back; berry (hardly edible) spuriously 10-celled; leaves deciduous but firm; flowers solitary or in leafy-bracted racemes, slender-pedicelled.

1. V. arbòreum, Marshall. (Farkle-berry.) Tall (6–25° high), smoothish; leaves obovate to oblong, entire or denticulate, mucronate, bright green, shining above, at the south evergreen; corolla white; anthers included; berries black, globose, small, many-seeded.—Sandy soil, S. Ill. to Tex., Fla., and N. C.

2. V. stamíneum, L. (Deerberry. Squaw Huckleberry.) Diffusely branched (2–3° high), somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate or oval, pale, glaucous or whitish underneath; corolla greenish-white or purplish; anthers much exserted; berries greenish or yellowish, globular or pear-shaped, large, few-seeded.—Dry woods, Maine to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

§ 2. CYANOCÓCCUS. (Blueberries.) Corolla cylindraceous to campanulate, 5-toothed; filaments hairy; anthers included, awnless; berry (sweet and edible) blue or black with bloom, completely or incompletely 10-celled; flowers in fascicles or short racemes, short-pedicelled, appearing from large scaly buds with or before the leaves.

[*] Corolla cylindraceous when developed.

3. V. virgàtum, Ait. Low, more or less pubescent; leaves ovate-oblong to cuneate-lanceolate, usually acute and minutely serrulate, thinnish, shining at least above; flower-clusters sometimes virgate on naked branches; corolla rose-color; berry black.—In swamps, south of our range, but represented by

Var. tenéllum, Gray. Low form, mostly small-leaved, with smaller nearly white flowers in shorter or closer clusters.—Va. to Ark., and southward.

[*][*] Corolla shorter and broader. (Blueberries or Blue Huckleberries.)

4. V. Pennsylvánicum, Lam. (Dwarf Blueberry.) Dwarf (6–15´ high), smooth, with green warty stems and branches; leaves lanceolate or oblong, distinctly serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth, smooth and shining both sides (or sometimes downy on the midrib underneath); corolla short, cylindrical-bell-shaped; berries bluish-black and glaucous.—Dry hills, N. J. to Ill., north to Newf. and Sask. The lowest and earliest ripened of the blueberries.—Var. angustifòlium, Gray; a dwarfer high-mountain or northern form, with narrower lanceolate leaves.—White Mts. of N. H., Newf., and far northward.

5. V. Canadénse, Kalm. Low (1–2° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, entire, downy both sides, as well as the crowded branchlets; corolla shorter; otherwise as the last.—Swamps or moist woods, N. New Eng. to mountains of Penn., Ill., Minn., and northward.

6. V. vacíllans, Solander. (Low Blueberry.) Low (1–2½° high), glabrous, with yellowish-green branchlets; leaves obovate or oval, very pale or dull, glaucous, at least underneath, minutely ciliolate-serrulate or entire; corolla between bell-shaped and cylindraceous, the mouth somewhat contracted.—Dry places, especially in sandy soil, New Eng. to Mich. and Iowa, south to N. C. and Mo.—Berries ripening later than those of n. 4.

7. V. corymbòsum, L. (Common or Swamp-Blueberry.) Tall (5–10° high); leaves ovate, oval, oblong, or elliptical-lanceolate; corolla varying from turgid-ovate and cylindrical-urn-shaped to oblong-cylindrical, 3–4´´ long.—Swamps and low thickets, throughout our range and southward. This yields the common blueberry or blue huckleberry of the latter part of the season. The typical form has leaves with naked entire margins, and may be pubescent or glabrous (var. glàbrum, Gray, Man.) Numerous gradations unite the following varieties:—

Var. amœ̀num, Gray. Leaves bristly-ciliate, shining above, green both sides, beneath somewhat pubescent on the veins.—Middle Atlantic States.

Var. pállidum, Gray. Leaves mostly glabrous, pale or whitish, glaucous especially underneath, serrulate with bristly teeth.—Common in the Alleghanies southward, mostly on the higher ridges.

Var. atrocóccum, Gray. The most distinct form; leaves entire, downy or woolly underneath even when old, as also the branchlets; berries smaller, black, without bloom.—New Eng. to Penn.

§ 3. VACCINIUM proper. (Bilberries.) Corolla ovate to globular, 4–5-toothed; filaments glabrous; anthers 2-awned on the back, included; berry 4–5-celled; leaves deciduous; flowers on drooping pedicels, solitary or few together, appearing with or after the leaves; mostly glabrous.

[*] Parts of the flower mostly in fours; stamens 8.

8. V. uliginòsum, L. (Bog Bilberry.) Low and spreading (4´–2° high), tufted; leaves entire, dull, obovate or oblong, pale and slightly pubescent underneath; flowers single or 2–3 together from a scaly bud, almost sessile; corolla short, urn-shaped; berries black with a bloom, sweet.—Alpine tops of the high mountains of N. Eng. and N. Y., shore of L. Superior, and northwestward. (Eu.)

[*][*] Parts of the flower in fives; stamens 10; leaves membranaceous; flowers solitary on short axillary peduncles, nodding.

9. V. cæspitòsum, Michx. Dwarf (3–6´ high), tufted, leaves obovate, narrowed at the base, smooth and shining, serrate; corolla oblong, slightly urn-shaped; berries blue.—Alpine region of the White Mts., and high northward.—Var. cuneifòlium, Nutt., is a foot high or less, bushy, with cuneate-spatulate leaves rounded at the apex, passing in one form to spatulate-lanceolate and acute.—Shores of L. Superior and westward.

10. V. myrtilloìdes, Hook. More erect, 1–5° high; branchlets somewhat angled; leaves mostly ovate and acute or pointed, sharply and closely serrulate, bright green, nearly smooth; border of the calyx almost entire; corolla depressed-globular, rather large; berries large, black, rather acid.—Damp woods, shores of L. Superior, and northwestward. May, June.—Pedicels 3–6´´ long, drooping in flower, erect in fruit.

11. V. ovalifòlium, Smith. Straggling, 2–12° high; leaves elliptical, obtuse, nearly entire, pale, mostly glaucous beneath, smooth; corolla ovoid; berries blue.—Peat-bogs, shores of L. Superior, and northwestward. May.

§ 4. VÌTIS-IDÆ̀A. Corolla, berry, etc., as in § 3; filaments hairy; anthers awnless; leaves coriaceous and persistent; flowers in clusters from separate buds, 4-merous (in our species); mostly glabrous; leaves 3–6´´ long.

12. V. Vìtis-Idæ̀a, L. (Cowberry. Mountain Cranberry. Foxberry.) Low (6–10´ high); branches erect from tufted creeping stems; leaves obovate with revolute margins, dark green, smooth and shining above, dotted with blackish bristly points underneath; corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft; berries dark red, acid and rather bitter, edible when cooked. Coast and mountains of N. Eng. to N. shore of L. Superior, and far northward. June. (Eu.)

§ 5. OXYCÓCCUS. Corolla deeply 4-parted or -cleft, with linear reflexed lobes; anthers exserted, awnless, with very long terminal tubes; berry 4-celled; flowers axillary or terminal, nodding on long filiform pedicels.

[*] Stem upright and leaves deciduous, as in common Blueberries; flowers axillary and solitary; corolla deeply 4-cleft; berries light red, turning purple, insipid.

13. V. erythrocárpon, Michx. Smooth, divergently branched (1–4° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, bristly serrate, thin.—Damp woods, higher Alleghanies, Va. to Ga. July.

[*][*] Stems very slender, creeping or trailing; leaves small, entire, whitened beneath, evergreen; pedicels erect, the pale rose-colored flower nodding; corolla 4-parted; berries red, acid.—Cranberries.

14. V. Oxycóccus, L. (Small Cranberry.) Stems very slender (4–9´ long); leaves ovate, acute, with strongly revolute margins (2–3´´ long); pedicels 1–4, terminal; filaments fully ½ as long as the anthers.—Peat-bogs, N. Eng. and Penn. to Minn., and northward. June.—Berry 3–4´´ broad, often speckled with white when young, seldom gathered for market. (Eu., Asia.)

15. V. macrocárpon, Ait. (Large or American Cranberry.) Stems elongated (1–4° long), the flowering branches ascending; leaves oblong, obtuse, less revolute (4–6´´ long); pedicels several, becoming lateral, filaments scarcely one third the length of the anthers.—Peat-bogs, N. C. to Minn. and everywhere northward, but scarcely westward. June.—Berry ½–1´ long.

3. CHIÓGENES, Salisb. Creeping Snowberry.

Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary; limb 4-parted, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Stamens 8, included, inserted on an 8-toothed disk, filaments very short and broad; anther-cells ovate-oblong, separate, not awned on the back, but each minutely 2-pointed at the apex, and opening by a large chink down to the middle. Berry white, globular, rather dry, 4-celled, many-seeded.—A trailing and creeping evergreen, with very slender and scarcely woody stems, and small Thyme-like, ovate and pointed leaves on short petioles, with revolute margins, smooth above, the lower surface and the branches beset with rigid rusty bristles. Flowers very small, solitary in the axils, on short nodding peduncles, with 2 large bractlets under the calyx. (Name from χιών, snow, and γένος, offspring, in allusion to the snow-white berries.)

1. C. serpyllifòlia, Salisb. Leaves 3–4´´ long; berries 3´´ broad, bright white. (C. hispidula, Torr. & Gray.)—Peat-bogs, and mossy woods, N. J. and Penn. to Minn., and northward; also southward in the Alleghanies to N. C. May.—Plant with the aromatic flavor of Gaultheria or Sweet Birch.

4. ARCTOSTÁPHYLOS, Adans. Bearberry.

Corolla ovate and urn-shaped, with a short revolute 5-toothed limb. Stamens 10, included; anthers with 2 reflexed awns on the back near the apex, opening by terminal pores. Drupe berry-like, with 5–10 seed-like nutlets.—Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and scaly-bracted nearly white flowers in terminal racemes or clusters. Fruit austere. (Name composed of ἄρκτος, a bear, and σταφυλή, a grape or berry, the Greek of the popular name.)

1. A. Ùva-úrsi, Spreng. (Bearberry.) Trailing; leaves thick and evergreen, obovate or spatulate, entire, smooth; fruit red.—Rocks and bare hills, N. J. and Penn. to Mo., and far north and westward. May. (Eu., Asia.)

2. A. alpìna, Spreng. (Alpine Bearberry.) Dwarf, tufted and depressed; leaves deciduous, serrate, wrinkled with strong netted veins, obovate; fruit black.—Alpine summits in N. Eng., and high northward. (Arctic-alpine around the world.)

5. EPIGÆ̀A, L. Ground Laurel. Trailing Arbutus.

Corolla salver-form; the tube hairy inside, as long as the ovate-lanceolate pointed and scale-like nearly distinct sepals. Stamens 10, with slender filaments; anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. Style slender, its apex (as in Pyrola) forming a sort of ring or collar around and partly adnate to the 5 little lobes of the stigma. Capsule depressed-globular, 5-lobed, 5-celled, many-seeded.—A prostrate or trailing scarcely shrubby plant, bristly with rusty hairs, with evergreen and reticulated rounded and heart-shaped alternate leaves, on slender petioles, and with rose-colored flowers in small axillary clusters, from scaly bracts. (Name composed of ἐπί, upon, and γῆ, the earth, from the trailing growth.)

1. E. rèpens, L.—Sandy woods, or in rocky soil, especially in the shade of pines, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla., and Ky.—Flowers appearing in early spring, exhaling a rich spicy fragrance, dimorphous as to style and stamens and subdiœcious. In New England called Mayflower.

6. GAULTHÈRIA, Kalm. Aromatic Wintergreen.

Corolla cylindrical-ovoid or a little urn-shaped, 5-toothed. Stamens 10, included; anther-cells each 2-awned at the summit, opening by a terminal pore. Capsule depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded, enclosed when ripe by the calyx, which thickens and turns fleshy, so as to appear as a globular red berry!—Shrubs, or almost herbaceous plants, with alternate evergreen leaves and axillary (nearly white) flowers; pedicels with 2 bractlets. (Dedicated by Kalm to "Dr. Gaulthier," of Quebec.)

1. G. procúmbens, L. (Creeping Wintergreen.) Stems slender and extensively creeping on or below the surface; the flowering branches ascending, leafy at the summit (3–5´ high); leaves obovate or oval, obscurely serrate; flowers few, mostly single in the axils, nodding.—Cool damp woods, mostly in the shade of evergreens, Maine to Minn., and southward to N. Ga.; also far northward. July.—The bright red berries (formed of the calyx) and the foliage have the well-known spicy-aromatic flavor of the Sweet Birch. Usually called Wintergreen, or sometimes in the interior Tea-berry. Eastward it is often called Checkerberry or Partridge-berry (names also applied to Mitchella, the latter especially so), also Boxberry.

7. ANDRÓMEDA, L.

Calyx without bractlets, of 5 nearly or partly distinct sepals, valvate in the bud, but very soon separate or open. Corolla urceolate (in ours), 5-toothed. Stamens 10; anthers fixed near the middle, the cells opening by a terminal pore. Capsule globular, 5-celled, 5-valved; the many-seeded placentæ borne on the summit or middle of the columella. Seeds pendulous or spreading.—Shrubs, with umbelled, clustered, or panicled and racemed (mostly white) flowers. (Fancifully named by Linnæus in allusion to the fable of Andromeda.)

[*] Anthers awned; capsule more or less globose; leaves thick and evergreen.

1. A. polifòlia, L. Glabrous, 6–18´ high; leaves linear to lanceolate-oblong, strongly revolute, white beneath; flowers in terminal umbels; pedicels from axils of persistent scaly bracts; each anther-cell with a slender terminal ascending awn.—Wet bogs, N. J. and Penn. to Minn., and northward.

2. A. floribúnda, Pursh. Very leafy, 2–6° high; young branchlets, etc., strigose-hairy; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute or acuminate, ciliate-serrulate, glandular-dotted beneath (2´ long); racemes crowded in short terminal panicles, densely flowered; each anther-cell with a slender deflexed awn on the back.—Moist hillsides, in the Alleghanies from Va. to Ga.

[*][*] Anthers awnless; capsule 5-angled, with a thickened ridge at the dorsal sutures; leaves thinnish and deciduous.

3. A. Mariàna, L. (Stagger-bush.) Mostly glabrous, 2–4° high; leaves oblong or oval (1–3´ long); fascicles of nodding flowers racemose on naked shoots; filaments 2-toothed near the apex; capsule ovate-pyramidal, truncate at the contracted apex.—Low grounds, R. I. to Fla.; also in Tenn. and Ark. Foliage said to poison lambs and calves.

4. A. ligustrìna, Muhl. Minutely pubescent, 3–10° high; leaves obovate to lanceolate-oblong (1–2´ long), serrulate or entire; racemes crowded in naked or leafy panicles; filaments flat, not appendaged; capsule globular.—Wet grounds, Canada to Fla. and Ark.—Var. pubéscens, Gray, is a form with dense soft pubescence.—Va. to Ga.

8. OXYDÉNDRUM, DC. Sorrel-tree. Sour-wood.

Calyx without bractlets, of 5 almost distinct sepals, valvate in the bud. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed, puberulent. Stamens 10; anthers fixed near the base, linear, awnless, the cells tapering upward and opening by a long chink. Capsule oblong-pyramidal, 5-celled, 5-valved; the many-seeded placentæ at the base of the cells. Seeds all ascending, slender, the thin and loose reticulated coat extended at both ends into awl-shaped appendages.—A tree with deciduous, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, soon smooth, serrulate leaves, on slender petioles, and white flowers in long one-sided racemes clustered in an open panicle, terminating the branches of the season. Bracts and bractlets minute, deciduous. Foliage acid (whence the name, from ὀξύς, sour, and δένδρον, tree.)

1. O. arbòreum, DC. Tree 15–40° high; leaves in size and shape like those of the peach.—Rich woods, from Penn. to Ind., and southward, mostly along the Alleghanies, to Fla. June, July.

9. LEUCÓTHOË, Don.

Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla ovate or cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Stamens 10; anthers naked, or the cells with 1 or 2 erect awns at the apex, opening by a pore. Capsule depressed, more or less 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, the sutures not thickened; valves entire; the many-seeded placentæ borne on the summit of the short columella. Seeds mostly pendulous.—Shrubs with petioled and serrulate leaves, and white scaly-bracted flowers in dense axillary or terminal spiked racemes. (A mythological name.)

[*] Anthers awnless; stigma 5-rayed; racemes sessile, dense, with persistent bracts, in the axils of thick and shining evergreen leaves; calyx not bracteolate.

1. L. axillàris, Don. Leaves lanceolate-oblong or oval, abruptly pointed or acute, somewhat spinulose-serrulate, on very short petioles; sepals broadly ovate.—Low grounds, Va. to Fla. and Ala. Feb.–April.—Shrub 2–4° high.

2. L. Catesbæ̀i, Gray. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrulate with ciliate-spinulose appressed teeth, conspicuously petioled (3–6´ long); sepals ovate-oblong, often acute.—Moist banks of streams, Va. to Ga. along the mountains. May.—Shrub 2–4° high, with long spreading or recurved branches. Flowers exhaling the unpleasant scent of Chestnut-blossoms.

[*][*] Anthers awned; stigma simple; flowers very short-pedicelled, in long one-sided racemes mostly terminating the branches; bracts deciduous; leaves membranaceous and deciduous, serrulate; calyx bibracteolate.

3. L. recúrva, Buckley. Branches and racemes recurved-spreading; leaves lanceolate or ovate, taper-pointed; sepals ovate; anther-cells 1-awned; pod 5-lobed, seeds flat and cellular-winged.—Dry hills, Alleghanies of Va. to Ala. April.—Lower and more straggling than the next.

4. L. racemòsa, Gray. Branches and racemes mostly erect; leaves oblong or oval-lanceolate, acute; sepals ovate-lanceolate; anther-cells each 2-awned; pod not lobed; seeds angled and wingless.—Moist thickets, Mass. to Fla. and La., near the coast. May, June.—Shrub 4–10° high. Corolla cylindrical.

10. CASSÁNDRA, Don. Leather-Leaf.

Calyx of 5 distinct rigid ovate and acute sepals, imbricated in the bud, and with a pair of similar bractlets. Corolla cylindrical-oblong, 5-toothed. Stamens 10; anther-cells tapering into a tubular beak, and opening by a pore at the apex, awnless. Capsule depressed, 5-celled, many-seeded, the pericarp of 2 layers, the outer 5-valved, the cartilaginous inner layer at length 10-valved. Seeds flattened, wingless.—Low and much branched shrubs, with nearly evergreen and coriaceous leaves, which are scurfy, especially underneath. Flowers white, in the axils of the upper small leaves, forming small 1-sided leafy racemes. (Cassandra, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba.)

1. C. calyculàta, Don. Leaves oblong, obtuse, flat.—Bogs, Newf. to Minn., and south to Ga.

11. CASSÌOPE, Don.

Calyx without bractlets, of 4 or 5 nearly distinct ovate sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4–5-cleft. Stamens 8 or 10; anthers fixed by the apex; the ovoid cells each opening by a large terminal pore, and bearing a long recurved awn behind. Capsule ovoid or globular, 4–5-celled, 4–5-valved, the valves 2-cleft; placentæ many-seeded, pendulous from the summit of the columella. Seeds smooth and wingless.—Small, arctic or alpine evergreen plants, resembling Club-Mosses or Heaths. Flowers solitary, nodding on slender erect peduncles, white or rose-color. (Cassiope was the mother of Andromeda.)

1. C. hypnoìdes, Don. Tufted and procumbent, moss-like (1–4´ high); leaves needle-shaped, imbricated; corolla 5-cleft; style short and conical.—Alpine summits of N. New Eng. and N. Y., and high northward.

12. CALLÙNA, Salisb. Heather. Ling.

Calyx of 4 colored sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted, much shorter and less conspicuous than the calyx, both becoming scarious and persistent. Stamens 8, distinct; anthers with a pair of deflexed appendages on the back, the cells opening each by a long chink. Capsule 4-celled, septicidally 4-valved.—Evergreen undershrub, with no scaly buds, opposite and minute leaves (mostly extended at base into 2 sharp auricles), crowded and imbricated on the branches. Flowers axillary, or terminating very short shoots and crowded on the branches, forming close mostly one-sided spikes or spike-like racemes, rose-colored or sometimes white, small, bracted by 2 or 3 pairs of leaves, the innermost of which are more or less scarious. (Named from καλλύνω, to brush or sweep, brooms being made of its twigs.)

1. C. vulgàris, Salisb. Low grounds, Mass., at Tewksbury and W. Andover; Maine, at Cape Elizabeth; also N. Scotia, C. Breton, Newf., etc. Probably only introduced.

Two European heaths, Erìca cinèrea and E. Tétralix, have been found in small patches on Nantucket Island.

13. BRYÁNTHUS, Steller.

Corolla urn-shaped or bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-cleft, deciduous. Stamens 10, anthers pointless, shorter than the filaments, opening by terminal pores. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, septicidal (as are all the succeeding), many-seeded.—Low alpine Heath-like evergreen undershrubs, clothed with scattered linear and obtuse smooth or rough-margined leaves. Flowers usually nodding on solitary or umbelled peduncles at the summit of the branches. Our species belongs to § Phyllódoce. (Βρύον, moss, and ἄνθος flower, because growing among mosses.)

1. B. taxifòlius, Gray. Calyx pubescent; corolla oblong-urn-shaped, 5-toothed, purplish, smooth; style included. (Phyllodoce taxifolia, Salisb.)—Alpine summits of the mountains of N. H. and Maine, and northward. July.

14. KÁLMIA, L. American Laurel.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped, 5-lobed, furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10 anthers are severally lodged; filaments long and thread-form. Capsule globose, 5-celled, many-seeded.—Evergreen mostly smooth shrubs, with alternate or opposite entire coriaceous leaves, naked buds, and showy flowers. (Dedicated to Peter Kalm, a pupil of Linnæus, who travelled in this country about the middle of the last century, afterwards Professor at Abo.)

§ 1. Flowers in simple or clustered naked umbel-like corymbs; pedicels from the axils of small and firm foliaceous persistent bracts; calyx smaller than the pod, persistent; leaves and branches glabrous, or nearly so.

1. K. latifòlia, L. (Calico-bush. Mountain Laurel. Spoon-wood.) Leaves mostly alternate, bright green both sides, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute at each end, petioled; flowers profuse, large and very showy, varying from deep rose-color to nearly white; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, clammy-pubescent; pod depressed, glandular.—Rocky hills and damp soil, Canada and Maine, chiefly along the mountains to W. Fla., west to Ohio, Ky., and Tenn. Usually a shrub 4–8° high, but in the mountains from Penn. southward forming dense thickets and often tree-like (10–30° high). May, June.

2. K. angustifòlia, L. (Sheep Laurel. Lambkill. Wicky.) Shrub 1–3° high; leaves commonly opposite or in threes, pale or whitish underneath, light green above, narrowly oblong, obtuse, petioled; corymbs lateral (appearing later than the shoots of the season), slightly glandular, many-flowered; pod depressed, nearly smooth; pedicels recurved in fruit.—Hillsides, Newf. to Mich., south to N. Ga.; common. May, June. The flowers more crimson and two thirds smaller than in the last.

3. K. glaùca, Ait. (Pale Laurel.) Branchlets 2-edged; leaves opposite, nearly sessile, oblong, white-glaucous beneath, with revolute margins; corymbs terminal, few-flowered, smooth; bracts large; flowers ½´ broad, lilac-purple; pod ovoid, smooth.—Cold peat-bogs and mountains, Newf. to Penn., Minn., and northward. May, June.—Straggling, about 1° high.

§ 2. Flowers scattered, solitary in the axils; calyx leafy, larger than the pod, nearly equalling the corolla, deciduous; leaves and branches bristly-hairy.

4. K. hirsùta, Walt. Branches terete; leaves oblong or lanceolate (4´´ long), becoming glabrous.—Sandy pine-barren swamps, S. E. Va. to Fla. May–Sept.—Shrub 1° high; corolla rose-color.

15. MENZIÈSIA, Smith.

Calyx very small and flattish, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla cylindraceous-urn-shaped and soon bell-shaped, obtusely 4-lobed. Stamens 8, included; anther-cells opening at the top by an oblique pore. Capsule ovoid, woody, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds narrow, with a loose coat.—A low shrub; the straggling branches and the alternate deciduous leaves usually hairy and ciliate with rusty rather chaff-like bristles. Flowers small, developed with the leaves, in terminal clusters from scaly buds, greenish-white and purplish, nodding. (Named for Archibald Menzies, who in Vancouver's voyage brought the original species from the Northwest Coast.)

1. M. glabélla, Gray. Strigose-chaffy scales mostly wanting; leaves obovate, barely mucronate-tipped, glabrous or nearly so (1–2´ long); filaments ciliate below; capsule glabrous or nearly so; seeds long-caudate at each end.—Minnesota Point, L. Superior, and northwestward.

2. M. globulàris, Salisb. More or less chaffy, 2–5° high; leaves obovate-oblong, prominently glandular-mucronate, strigose-hirsute especially above; filaments glabrous; capsule beset with short gland-tipped bristles; seeds merely apiculate. (M. ferruginea, var. globularis, of Manual.)—In the Alleghanies from Penn. to Ga.

16. RHODODÉNDRON, L. Rose Bay, Azalea, etc.

Flowers almost always 5-merous. Calyx mostly small or minute. Corolla various (but not contracted at the orifice), lobed or cleft, or even parted, often somewhat irregular. Stamens sometimes as few as the corolla-lobes, more commonly twice as many, usually declined; anther-cells opening by a round terminal pore. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds scale-like.—Shrubs or small trees, of diverse habit and character, with chiefly alternate entire leaves, and large and showy flowers in umbelled clusters from large scaly-bracted terminal buds. (Ῥοδοδενδρον, rose-tree; the ancient name.)

§ 1. AZÀLEA. Leaves deciduous, glandular-mucronate; stamens (5 to 10) and style more or less exserted and declined.

[*] Flower-buds of numerous much imbricated scales; corolla with conspicuous funnel-form tube; stamens (chiefly 5) and style long-exserted; 3–10° high, with leaves obovate to oblong-oblanceolate.

[+] Flowers appearing after the leaves.

1. R. arboréscens, Torr. (Smooth Azalea.) Branchlets smooth; leaves obovate, obtuse, very smooth both sides, shining above, glaucous beneath, the margins bristly-ciliate; calyx-lobes long and conspicuous, corolla slightly clammy. (Azalea arborescens, Pursh.)—Mountains of Penn. to N. C. June. Rose-colored flowers very fragrant.

2. R. viscòsum, Torr. (Clammy A. White Swamp-Honeysuckle.) Branchlets bristly, as well as the margins and midrib of the oblong-obovate otherwise smooth leaves; calyx-lobes minute; corolla clammy, the tube much longer than the lobes. (Azalea viscosa, L.)—Swamps, mostly near the coast, Canada and Maine, to Fla. and Ark. June, July.—Var. glaùcum, Gray. Leaves paler, often white-glaucous underneath or on both sides, sometimes rough-hairy. N. Eng. to Va.—Var. nítidum, Gray. Dwarf, with oblanceolate leaves green both sides. Mountains, N. Y. to Va.

[+][+] Flowers appearing before or with the leaves.

3. R. nudiflòrum, Torr. (Purple A. Pinxter-flower.) Leaves downy underneath; tube of the corolla scarcely longer than the ample lobes, slightly glandular. (Azalea nudiflora, L.)—Swamps, Canada to Fla., Ill., Mo., and Tex. April, May. The showy flowers vary from flesh-color to pink and purple. There are numberless varieties, some of them with 10 stamens.

4. R. calendulàceum, Torr. (Flame-colored Azalea.) Leaves hairy; tube of the corolla shorter than the lobes, hairy. (Azalea calendulacea, Michx.)—Woods, mountains of Penn. to Ga. May. Covered just when the leaves appear with a profusion of large orange blossoms, usually turning to flame-color, not fragrant.

[*][*] Flower-buds of fewer and early caducous scales; corolla irregular, with short or hardly any tube, anteriorly divided to the base; the limb equalling the 10 stamens and style.

5. R. Rhodòra, Don. Young parts sparingly strigose-hairy (1–2° high); leaves oblong, pale, more or less pubescent; corolla hardly 1´ long, purplish-rose-color, bilabiate, with the posterior lip 3-lobed, the anterior of 2 oblong-linear and recurving nearly or quite distinct petals. (Rhodora Canadensis, L.)—Cool bogs, Newf. and N. Eng. to mountains of Penn.

§ 2. RHODODÉNDRON proper. Leaves coriaceous and persistent; stamens (commonly 10) and style rarely exserted, somewhat declined, or sometimes equally spreading.

6. R. máximum, L. (Great Laurel.) Leaves 4–10´ long, very thick, elliptical-oblong or lance-oblong, acute, narrowed toward the base, very smooth, with somewhat revolute margins; pedicels viscid; corolla bell-shaped, 1´ broad, pale rose-color or nearly white, greenish in the throat on the upper side, and spotted with yellow or reddish.—Damp deep woods, rare from Maine to Ohio, but very common through the Alleghanies from N. Y. to Ga. July.—Shrub or tree 6–35° high.

7. R. Catawbiénse, Michx. Leaves oval or oblong, rounded at both ends, smooth, pale beneath (3–5´ long); corolla broadly bell-shaped, lilac-purple; pedicels rusty-downy.—High Alleghanies, Va. to Ga. June. Shrub 3–6° (rarely 20°) high.

8. R. Lappónicum, Wahl. Dwarf, prostrate in broad tufts (6´ high); leaves (½´ long) elliptical, obtuse, dotted (like the branches) with rusty scales; umbels few-flowered; corolla open bell-shaped, dotted, violet-purple; stamens 5–10.—Alpine summits of northern N. Y. and N. Eng., to the Arctic Coast. July. (Arct. Eu. and Asia.)

17. LÈDUM, L. Labrador Tea.

Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Corolla of 5 obovate and spreading distinct petals. Stamens 5–10; anthers opening by terminal pores. Capsule 5-celled, splitting from the base upward, many-seeded; placentæ borne on the summit of the columella.—Low shrubs, with the alternate entire leaves clothed with rusty wool underneath, persistent, the margins revolute; herbage slightly fragrant when bruised. Flowers white, small, in terminal umbel-like clusters from large scaly buds; bracts or scales thin and caducous. (Λῆδον, the ancient Greek name of the Cistus.)

1. L. latifòlium, Ait. Erect, 1–3° high; leaves oblong or linear-oblong (1–2´ long), mostly ½´ wide, very obtuse; stamens 5–7; capsule oblong, acutish.—N. Eng. to Penn., Mich., Minn., and northward, in cold bogs and mountain woods.

L. palústre, L., with linear leaves, 10 stamens, and short-oval capsule, is found in Newfoundland and northwestward. (Eu.)

18. LEIOPHÝLLUM, Pers. Sand Myrtle.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong petals, spreading. Stamens 10, exserted; anthers opening lengthwise. Style filiform. Capsule 2–3-celled, splitting from the apex downward, many-seeded.—A low much-branched evergreen, with the aspect, foliage, etc., of the last genus, but the crowded leaves sometimes opposite, scarcely petioled. Flowers small, white, in terminal umbel-like clusters. (Name formed of λεῖος, smooth, and φύλλον, leaf.)

1. L. buxifòlium, Ell. Shrub 6–10´ high; leaves oval or oblong, smooth and shining, 3–6´´ long.—Sandy pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. May.

19. LOISELEÙRIA, Desv. Alpine Azalea.

Calyx 5-parted, nearly as long as the bell-shaped and deeply 5-cleft regular corolla. Stamens 5, not declined, included; anthers opening lengthwise. Style short. Capsule ovoid, 2–3-celled, many-seeded, 2–3-valved; valves 2-cleft from the apex; placentæ borne on the middle of the columella.—A small depressed shrubby evergreen, much branched and tufted, smooth, with coriaceous opposite elliptical leaves, on short petioles, with revolute margins. Flowers small, white or rose-color, 2–5 in a cluster, from a terminal scaly bud; scales or bracts thick and persistent. (Named for Loiseleur-Delongchamps, a French botanist.)

1. L. procúmbens, Desv.—Alpine summits of the White Mountains, N. H., and northward. June. (Eu., Asia.)

20. CLÈTHRA, Gronov. White Alder.

Calyx of 5 sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-oblong petals. Stamens 10, often exserted; anthers arrow-shaped, erect in the bud, becoming inverted and opening by basal pores or short slits. Style slender, 3-cleft at the apex. Capsule 3-valved, 3-celled, many-seeded, enclosed in the calyx.—Shrubs or trees, with alternate serrate deciduous leaves, and white flowers in terminal hoary racemes. Bracts deciduous. (Κλήθρα, the ancient Greek name of the Alder, which this genus somewhat resembles in foliage.)

1. C. alnifòlia, L. (Sweet Pepperbush.) Shrub 3–10° high; leaves wedge-obovate, sharply serrate, entire toward the base, prominently straight-veined, smooth, green both sides, racemes upright, panicled; bracts shorter than the flowers; filaments smooth.—Wet copses, Maine to Va., near the coast, and southward. Covered in July and August with handsome fragrant blossoms.

2. C. acuminàta, Michx. A tall shrub or small tree; leaves oval or oblong, pointed, thin, finely serrate (3–7´ long), pale beneath; racemes solitary, drooping; bracts longer than the flowers; filaments and pods hairy.—Woods in the Alleghanies, Va. to Ga. July.

21. CHIMÁPHILA, Pursh. Pipsissewa.

Petals 5, concave, orbicular, widely spreading. Stamens 10; filaments enlarged and hairy in the middle; anthers as in Pyrola, but more or less conspicuously 2-horned. Style very short, inversely conical, nearly immersed in the depressed summit of the globular ovary; stigma broad and orbicular, disk-shaped, the border 5-crenate. Capsule, etc., as in Pyrola, but splitting from the apex downward, the edges of the valves not woolly.—Low, nearly herbaceous plants, with long running underground shoots, and evergreen thick and shining leaves, somewhat whorled or scattered along the short ascending stems; the fragrant (white or purplish) flowers corymbed or umbelled on a terminal peduncle. (Name from χεῖμα, winter, and φιλέω, to love, in allusion to one of the popular names, viz., Wintergreen.)

1. C. umbellàta, Nutt. (Prince's Pine. Pipsissewa.) Leafy, 4–10´ high; leaves wedge-lanceolate, sharply serrate, not spotted; peduncles 4–7-flowered; petals flesh-color; anthers violet.—Dry woods, Nova Scotia to Ga., west to the Pacific. June. (Eu.)

2. C. maculàta, Pursh. (Spotted Wintergreen.) Leaves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at the base, remotely toothed, the upper surface variegated with white; peduncles 1–5-flowered.—Dry woods, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Minn. and Miss. June, July.—Plant 3–6´ high.

22. MONÈSES, Salisb. One-flowered Pyrola.

Petals 5, widely spreading, orbicular. Filaments awl-shaped, naked; anthers as in Pyrola, but conspicuously 2-horned. Style straight, exserted; stigma large, peltate, with 5 narrow and conspicuous radiating lobes. Valves of the capsule naked. (Flowers occasionally tetramerous.) Scape 1-flowered. Otherwise as Pyrola; intermediate between it and Chimaphila. (Name formed of μόνος, single, and ἧσις, delight, from the pretty solitary flower.)

1. M. grandiflòra, Salisb. A small perennial, with the rounded and veiny serrate thin leaves (6–9´´ long) clustered at the ascending apex of creeping subterranean shoots; the 1–2-bracted scape (2–4´ high) bearing a white or rose-colored terminal flower 6´´ wide. (M. uniflora, Gray.)—Deep cold woods, Labrador to Penn., Ind., Minn., and westward. June. (Eu.)

23. PÝROLA, Tourn. Wintergreen. Shin-leaf.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, concave and more or less converging, deciduous. Stamens 10; filaments awl-shaped, naked; anthers extrorse in the bud, but in the flower inverted by the inflexion of the apex of the filament, more or less 4-celled, opening by a pair of pores at the blunt or somewhat 2-horned base (by inversion the apparent apex). Style generally long; stigma 5-lobed or 5-rayed. Capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved from the base upward (loculicidal); the valves cobwebby on the edges. Seeds minute, innumerable, resembling sawdust, with a very loose cellular-reticulated coat.—Low and smooth perennial herbs, with running subterranean shoots, bearing a cluster of rounded petioled evergreen root-leaves, and a simple raceme of nodding flowers, on an upright more or less scaly-bracted scape. (Name a diminutive of Pyrus, the Pear-tree, from some fancied resemblance in the foliage.)

[*] Style straight, much narrower than the peltate 5-rayed stigma, petals and stamens erect and connivent; anthers not narrowed below the openings.

1. P. mìnor, L. Scape 5–10´ high; leaves roundish, slightly crenulate, thickish, mostly longer than the margined petiole; flowers small, crowded, white or rose-color; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, very much shorter than the nearly globose corolla; style short and included.—Cold woods, Lab., White Mts., L. Superior, and northward.

2. P. secúnda, L. Subcaulescent, 3–6´ high; leaves ovate, thin, longer than the petiole, scattered, finely serrate; racemes dense and spike-like, the numerous small (greenish-white) flowers all turned to one side, scarcely nodding; calyx-lobes ovate, very much shorter than the oblong-oval petals; style long, exserted.—Rich woods, Lab. to Minn., south to Md., and far northward. July. (Eu.)

Var. pùmila, Gray, is a smaller form, with rounded leaves 6´´ or little more in diameter, and 3–8-flowered scape.—High peat-bogs, N. Y. to L. Superior, and northward. July, Aug.

[*][*] Style strongly declined, the apex curved upward, longer than the connivent or spreading petals; stigma much narrower than the truncate excavated ring-like apex of the style; anthers contracted below the openings, forming a short neck; leaves denticulate or entire.

[+] Petals and leaves acute, the latter ovate, coriaceous.

3. P. oxypétala, C. F. Austin. Leaves ovate, small (8–12´´ long), shorter than the slender petiole; scape (7–8´ high) several-flowered; flowers on ascending pedicels, not nodding; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute, short; petals lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, greenish; anthers conspicuously mucronate at the apex, obtusely 2-horned at base, not inverted; style straightish, scarcely exserted.—Wooded hill near Deposit, Delaware Co., N. Y. (C. F. Austin, in 1860). Not since found; probably monstrous.

[+][+] Petals and leaves orbicular to oblong, very obtuse.

4. P. chlorántha, Swartz. Leaves small (1´ long), roundish, thick, dull, shorter than the petiole; scape few-flowered, naked (5–8´ high); calyx-lobes roundish-ovate, very short; the elliptical petals converging (greenish-white); anther-cells contracted into a distinct neck; style little exserted.—Open woods, Lab. to Penn., Minn., north and westward. June, July.

5. P. ellíptica, Nutt. (Shin-leaf.) Leaves thin and dull, elliptical or obovate-oval, longer than the margined petiole; raceme many-flowered; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, not one fourth the length of the obovate rather spreading (greenish-white) petals; anther-cells blunt.—Rich woods, N. Eng. to Md., Iowa, Minn., and northward. June.

6. P. rotundifòlia, L. Leaves orbicular, thick, shining, usually shorter than the petiole; scape many-bracted (6–12´ high), raceme elongated, many-flowered; calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acutish, with somewhat spreading tips, one half or one third the length of the roundish-obovate rather spreading (chiefly white) petals; anther-cells nearly blunt.—Damp or sandy woods, throughout the continent, south to N. Ga. Exhibits many varieties, such as, Var. incarnàta, DC., with flesh-colored to rose-purple flowers, and triangular-lanceolate calyx-lobes. Cold woods and bogs, N. Eng. to Minn., and northward.—Var. asarifòlia, Hook., with oblate or round-reniform leaves, and shorter ovate calyx-lobes; petals flesh- or rose-colored (rarely white). With same range.—Var. uliginòsa, Gray, with short broadly ovate calyx-lobes, subcordate to obovate dull leaves, and rose-colored or purple flowers. Same range. (Eu.)

24. PTERÓSPORA, Nutt. Pine-drops.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla ovate, urn-shaped, 5-toothed, persistent. Stamens 10; anthers 2-celled, awned on the back, opening lengthwise. Style short; stigma 5-lobed. Capsule globose, depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidal, but the valves cohering with the columella. Seeds very numerous, ovoid, tapering to each end, the apex expanded into a broad reticulated wing many times larger than the body of the seed.—A stout and simple purplish-brown clammy-pubescent root-parasitic herb (1–2° high); the wand-like stem furnished towards the base with scattered lanceolate scales in place of leaves, above bearing many nodding (white) flowers, in a long bracted raceme. (Name from πτερόν, a wing, and σπορά, seed, alluding to the singular wing borne by the seeds.)

1. P. Andromedèa, Nutt.—Hard clay soil, parasitic apparently on the roots of pines, from W. New Eng. to N. Penn., N. Mich., and westward; rare.

25. SCHWEINÍTZIA, Ell. Sweet Pine-sap.

Calyx of 5 oblong-lanceolate acute scale-like sepals, erect, persistent. Corolla persistent, bell-shaped, rather fleshy, 5-lobed, slightly 5-gibbous at the base. Stamens 10; anthers much shorter than the filaments, fixed near the summit, awnless; the two sac-shaped cells opening at the top. Capsule ovoid, 5-celled, with a short and thick style, and a large 5-angular stigma. Seeds innumerable.—A low and smooth brownish plant, 3–4´ high, with the aspect of Monotropa, scaly-bracted, the flowers several in a terminal spike, at first nodding, flesh-color, with the fragrance of violets. (Named for the late L. D. von Schweinitz.)

1. S. odoràta, Ell.—Woods, parasitic on the roots of herbs, Md. (near Baltimore) to N. C. April.

26. MONÓTROPA, L. Indian Pipe. Pine-sap.

Calyx of 2–5 lanceolate bract-like scales, deciduous. Corolla of 4 or 5 separate erect spatulate or wedge-shaped scale-like petals, which are gibbous or saccate at the base, and tardily deciduous. Stamens 8 or 10; filaments awl-shaped; anthers kidney-shaped, becoming 1-celled, opening across the top. Style columnar; stigma disk-like, 4–5-rayed. Capsule ovoid, 8–10-grooved, 4–5-celled, loculicidal; the very thick placentæ covered with innumerable minute seeds, which have a very loose coat.—Low and fleshy herbs, tawny, reddish, or white, parasitic on roots, or growing on decomposing vegetable matter like a Fungus; the clustered stems springing from a ball of matted fibrous rootlets, furnished with scales or bracts in place of leaves, 1–several-flowered; the summit at first nodding, in fruit erect. (Name composed of μόνος, one, and τρόπος, turn, from the summit of the stem turned to one side.)

§ 1. MONOTROPA proper. Plant inodorous, 1-flowered; calyx of 2–4 irregular scales or bracts; anthers transverse, opening equally by 2 chinks; style short and thick.

1. M. uniflòra, L. (Indian Pipe. Corpse-plant.) Smooth, waxy-white (turning blackish in drying, 3–8´ high); stigma naked.—Dark and rich woods, nearly throughout the continent. June–Aug. (Asia.)

§ 2. HYPÓPITYS. Plant commonly fragrant; flowers several in a scaly raceme; the terminal one usually 5-merous, the rest 3–4-merous; bract-like sepals mostly as many as the petals; anthers opening by a continuous line into 2 very unequal valves; style longer than the ovary, hollow.

2. M. Hypópitys, L. (Pine-sap. False Beech-drops.) Somewhat pubescent or downy, tawny, whitish, or reddish (4–12´ high); pod globular or oval; stigma ciliate.—Oak and pine woods, from Canada to Fla., west to Oregon. June–Aug. (Eu.)

Order 59. DIAPENSIÀCEÆ.

Low perennial herbs or suffruticulose tufted plants, glabrous or nearly so, with simple leaves, no stipules, regular 5-merous flowers (except the 3-celled ovary), stamens adnate to the corolla and sometimes monadelphous (those opposite its lobes when present reduced to staminodia); pollen simple; loculicidal capsule and seeds of Ericaceæ.—Flowers solitary or racemose. Style 1, with 3-lobed stigma. Distinguished from the Ericaceæ chiefly by the insertion of the stamens upon the corolla.

Tribe I. DIAPENSIEÆ. Dwarf woody evergreens, with small entire crowded coriaceous leaves. Staminodia none; filaments adnate to the campanulate corolla up to the sinuses; anthers 2-celled. Calyx conspicuously bracteolate. Flowers solitary.

1. Pyxidanthera. Flowers sessile on short leafy branchlets. Anther-cells awn-pointed at base, opening transversely.

2. Diapensia. Flower (or at least fruit) on a scape-like peduncle. Anther-cells blunt, obliquely dehiscent.

Tribe II. GALACINEÆ. Acaulescent, with creeping rootstocks sending up long-petioled evergreen leaves, and a 1–several-flowered scape. Staminodia present.

3. Galax. Calyx minutely 2-bracteolate. Stamens monadelphous; anthers 1 celled.

1. PYXIDANTHÈRA, Michx.

Sepals thin. Anther-cells awn-pointed at base, opening by a strictly transverse line. Otherwise much as in Diapensia.—Prostrate and creeping, with narrowly oblanceolate and awl-pointed leaves, mostly alternate on the sterile branches and somewhat hairy near the base. Flowers solitary and sessile, very numerous, white or rose-color. (Name from πυξίς, a small box, and ἀνθήρα, anther, the anther opening as if by a lid.)

1. P. barbulàta, Michx. (Flowering Moss. Pyxie.) Leaves 3´´ long.—Sandy pine barrens of N. J. to N. C. April, May.

2. DIAPÉNSIA, L.

Calyx of 5 concave imbricated coriaceous sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed; lobes rounded. Filaments broad and flat, adherent to the corolla up to the sinuses, short; anthers adnate, of 2 ovoid pointless cells, diverging below, each opening therefore by a transverse-descending line. Capsule, enclosed in the calyx, cartilaginous; cells few-seeded.—Alpine, growing in very dense convex tufts, with the stems imbricated below with cartilaginous narrowly spatulate mostly opposite leaves, terminated by a scape-like 1-flowered peduncle, 3-bracted under the calyx. Corolla white (½´ wide). (Said to be an ancient Greek name of the Sanicle, of obscure meaning, strangely applied by Linnæus to this plant.)

1. D. Lappónica, L. Leaves 3–5´´ long; peduncle at length 1–2´ long.—Alpine summits of N Eng. and N. Y., and northward to Lab. and the Arctic coast. July. (Eu., Asia.)

3. GÀLAX, L.

Calyx 5-parted, imbricate, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous, obovate-spatulate, rather erect, deciduous. Filaments united in a 10-toothed tube, slightly cohering with the base of the petals, the 5 teeth opposite the petals naked, the alternate ones shorter and bearing roundish 1-celled anthers, which open across the top. Style short, stigma 3-lobed. Capsule ovoid, 3-celled; columella none. Seeds numerous, the cellular loose coat tapering to each end.—Evergreen herb, with a thick matted tuft of scaly creeping rootstocks, beset with fibrous red roots, sending up round heart-shaped crenate-toothed and veiny shining leaves (about 2´ wide) on slender petioles, and a slender naked scape, 1–2° high, bearing a wand-like spike or raceme of small and minutely-bracted white flowers. (Name from γάλα, milk,—of no conceivable application to this plant.)

1. G. aphýlla, L.—Open woods, Va. to Ga. June.

Order 60. PLUMBAGINÀCEÆ. (Leadwort Family.)

Maritime herbs, with regular 5-merous flowers, a plaited calyx, the 5 stamens opposite the separate petals or the lobes of the corolla, and the free ovary one-celled, with a solitary ovule hanging from a long cord which rises from the base of the cell.—Only the Statíceæ or Marsh-Rosemary Tribe is represented in our region, in gardens by the Thrift (Armèria vulgàris), on the coast by a single species of

1. STÁTICE, Tourn. Sea-Lavender. Marsh-Rosemary.

Flowers scattered or loosely spiked and 1-sided on the branches, 2–3-bracted. Calyx funnel-form, dry and membranaceous, persistent. Corolla of 5 nearly or quite distinct petals, with long claws, the 5 stamens severally attached to their bases. Styles 5, rarely 3, separate. Fruit membranous and indehiscent, in the bottom of the calyx. Embryo straight, in mealy albumen.—Sea-side perennials, with thick and stalked radical leaves; the naked flowering stems or scapes branched into panicles. (Στατική, an ancient name given to this or some other herb, on account of its astringency.)

1. S. Limònium, L. Root thick and woody, very astringent; leaves oblong, spatulate or obovate-lanceolate, 1-ribbed, tipped with a deciduous bristly point, petioled; scape much-branched, corymbose-panicled (1–2° high); spikelets 1–3-flowered; flowers lavender-color; calyx-tube hairy on the angles, the lobes ovate-triangular, with as many teeth in the sinuses. (Eu.)

Var. Caroliniàna, Gray, the plant of the Northern States, has more erect branches, rather panicled inflorescence with at length scattered flowers, and very acute or acuminate calyx-lobes.—Salt marshes along the coast, from Lab. to Tex. Aug., Sept.

Order 61. PRIMULÀCEÆ. (Primrose Family.)

Herbs, with simple leaves, and regular perfect flowers, the stamens as many as the lobes of the monopetalous (rarely polypetalous) corolla and inserted opposite them (on the tube or base), and a 1-celled ovary with a central free placenta rising from the base, bearing several or many seeds.—Calyx free from the ovary, or in Samolus partly coherent. (Corolla none in Glaux.) Stamens 4 or 5, rarely 6 or 8. Style and stigma one. Seeds with a small embryo in fleshy albumen. Ovules amphitropous, except in Tribe I.

Tribe I. HOTTONIEÆ. Ovary wholly free; ovules anatropous. Aquatic; immersed leaves pectinate.

1. Hottonia. Corolla short salver-form. Flowers verticillate and racemose.

Tribe II. PRIMULEÆ. Ovary wholly free.

[*] Stemless, leaves all in a cluster from the root; capsule dehiscent by valves or teeth.

2. Dodecatheon. Corolla reflexed, 5-parted. Stamens exserted, connivent in a cone.

3. Primula. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, open at the throat. Stamens included.

4. Androsace. Corolla short, very small, constricted at the throat. Stamens included.

[*][*] Stems leafy; corolla rotate (none in Glaux); leaves entire.

[+] Capsule dehiscent vertically by valves or irregularly, mostly globose.

5. Trientalis. Corolla mostly 7-parted. Stem leafy only at the summit.

6. Steironema. Corolla 5-parted. Five slender staminodia between the fertile stamens.

7. Lysimachia. Corolla 5–6-parted or 5–6-petalled. Staminodia none. Leaves dotted.

8. Glaux. Corolla none; the calyx petal-like. Flowers axillary.

[+][+] Globose capsule circumscissile, the top falling off as a lid; flowers axillary.

9. Anagallis. Corolla longer than the calyx, 5-parted. Leaves opposite.

10. Centunculus. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4–5-cleft. Leaves alternate.

Tribe III. SAMOLEÆ. Ovary connate at base with the base of the calyx.

11. Samolus. Corolla bell-shaped, with 5 staminodia in the sinuses. Flowers racemose.

1. HOTTÒNIA, L. Featherfoil. Water Violet.

Calyx 5-parted, the divisions linear. Corolla salver-shaped, with a short tube; limb 5-parted. Stamens 5, included. Capsule many-seeded, 5-valved; the valves cohering at the base and summit. Seeds anatropous.—Aquatic perennials, with pectinate immersed leaves, and the erect hollow flower-stems almost leafless. Flowers white or whitish, whorled at the joints, forming an interrupted raceme. (Named for Prof. Hotton, a botanist of Leyden.)

1. H. inflàta, Ell. Leaves dissected into thread-like divisions, scattered on the floating and rooting stems, and crowded at the base of the cluster of peduncles, which are strongly inflated between the joints (often as thick as one's finger); pedicels short.—Pools and ditches, Mass. to S. Ind., and south to the Gulf. June–Aug.

2. DODECÀTHEON, L. American Cowslip.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft, the divisions lanceolate, reflexed. Corolla with a very short tube, thickened throat, and 5-parted reflexed limb; the divisions long and narrow. Filaments short, monadelphous at base; anthers long and linear, approximate in a slender cone.—Perennial smooth herb, with fibrous roots, a cluster of oblong or spatulate leaves, and a simple naked scape, involucrate with small bracts at the summit, bearing an ample umbel of showy flowers, nodding on slender pedicels. Corolla rose-color, or sometimes white. (Name from δώδεκα, twelve, and θεοί, gods, given by Pliny to the primrose, which was believed to be under the care of the superior gods.)

1. D. Meàdia, L. (Shooting-Star.) Rich woods, Penn. and Md. to Wisc., south to Ga. and Tex. May, June.—Very handsome in cultivation.

3. PRÍMULA, L. Primrose. Cowslip.

Calyx tubular, angled, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, enlarging above the insertion of the stamens; the 5 lobes often notched or inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 5, included. Capsule many-seeded, splitting at the top into 5 valves or 10 teeth.—Low perennial herbs, producing a tuft of veiny leaves at the root, and simple scapes, bearing the flowers in an umbel. (Name a diminutive of primus, from the flowering of the true Primrose in early spring.)

1. P. farinòsa, L. (Bird's-eye Primrose.) Scape 3–10´ high; leaves elliptical or obovate-lanceolate, denticulate, the lower side and the 3–20-flowered involucre, etc., covered with a white mealiness, at least when young; corolla pale lilac with a yellow eye.—Maine to N. shore of L. Superior, and northward. June, July. (Eu., Asia.)

2. P. Mistassínica, Michx. Scape 2–6´ high; leaves spatulate or wedge-oblong, thin and veiny, not mealy; involucre 1–8-flowered; lobes of the flesh-colored corolla broadly and deeply obcordate.—Wet banks and shores, northern N. Eng. and N. Y. to L. Superior, and northward. May. (Eu.)

4. ANDRÓSACE, Tourn.

Calyx 5-cleft; tube short. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form; the tube shorter than the calyx, contracted at the throat; limb 5-parted. Stamens and style included. Capsule 5-valved.—Small herbs, with clustered root-leaves, and very small solitary or umbelled flowers. (An ancient Greek name of a polyp, formerly believed to be a plant.)

1. A. occidentàlis, Pursh. Smoothish annual; scapes diffuse (2–4´ high), many-flowered; leaves and leaflets of the involucre oblong-ovate, entire, sessile; calyx-lobes leafy, triangular-lanceolate, longer than the (white) corolla.—Bare hills, from Minn. to Ill. and Ark., and west to the mountains.

5. TRIENTÀLIS, L. Chickweed-Wintergreen.

Calyx mostly 7-parted; the divisions linear-lanceolate, pointed. Corolla mostly 7-parted, spreading, flat, without tube. Filaments slender, united in a ring at the base; anthers oblong, revolute after flowering. Capsule few-seeded.—Low and smooth perennials, with simple erect stems, bearing a few alternate usually minute and scale-like leaves below, and a whorl of thin veiny leaves at the summit. Peduncles one or more, very slender, bearing a delicate white and star-shaped flower. (A Latin name, meaning the third part of a foot, alluding to the height of the plant.)

1. T. Americàna, Pursh. (Star-flower.) Spreading by very slender elongated rootstocks; leaves elongated-lanceolate, tapering to both ends; petals finely pointed.—Damp cold woods, from Lab. to Minn., south to N. Ind., and the mountains of Va. May.—Rootstocks often 1–2° long (Hitchings).

6. STEIRONÈMA, Raf.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, with no proper tube, deeply 5-parted, the sinuses rounded; divisions ovate, cuspidate-pointed, erose-denticulate above, each separately involute around its stamen. Filaments distinct or nearly so on the ring at base of corolla, alternating with 5 subulate staminodia; anthers linear. Capsule 10–20-seeded.—Leafy-stemmed perennials, glabrous except the ciliate petioles, not punctate, the leaves all opposite, but mostly in seeming whorls on the flowering branches. Peduncles slender, axillary, bearing yellow flowers. (From στεῖρος, sterile, and νῆμα, thread, referring to the staminodia.)

1. S. ciliàtum, Raf. Stem erect (2–4° high); leaves lanceolate-ovate (2–6´ long), tapering to an acute point, rounded or heart-shaped at base, all on long and fringed petioles; corolla longer than the calyx. (Lysimachia ciliata, L.)—Low grounds and thickets, common. July.

2. S. radìcans, Gray. Stem slender, soon reclined, the elongated branches often rooting in the mud; leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly rounded at base, on slender petioles; corolla about the length of the calyx. (Lysimachia radicans, Hook.)—Swampy river-banks, W. Va. to Ark. and La.—Leaves and flowers nearly one half smaller than in the last.

3. S. lanceolàtum, Gray. Stem erect (10´–2° high); leaves lanceolate, varying to oblong and linear, narrowed into a short margined petiole or tapering base, or the lowest short and broad on long petioles. (Lysimachia lanceolata, Walt.)—Low grounds and thickets, Ont. to Fla., Dak., and Tex. Polymorphous; the extremes are var. hýbridum, Gray, with cauline leaves from oblong to broadly linear, common north and west,—and var. angustifòlium, Gray, with stems more branched, a span to 2° high, and the cauline leaves linear, acute at both ends, more sessile, 1–2´´ broad; mainly southward.

4. S. longifòlium, Gray. Stem erect, 4-angled, slender (1–3° high), often branched below; stem-leaves sessile, narrowly linear, elongated (2–4´ long, 2–3´´ wide), smooth and shining, rather rigid, obtuse, the margins often a little revolute, the veins obscure; the lowest oblong or spatulate; corolla (8–9´´ broad) longer than the calyx, the lobes conspicuously pointed. (Lysimachia longifolia, Pursh.)—Banks of streams, from western N. Y. to Va., Minn., and Iowa. July–Sept.

7. LYSIMÁCHIA, Tourn. Loosestrife.

Calyx 5–6 parted. Corolla rotate, the divisions entire, convolute in bud. Filaments commonly monadelphous at base; anthers oblong or oval; staminodia none. Capsule few–several-seeded.—Leafy-stemmed perennials, with herbage commonly glandular-dotted. (In honor of King Lysimachus, or from λύσις, a release from, and μάχη, strife.)

§ 1. LYSIMACHIA proper. Corolla yellow, rotate, and very deeply parted, and with no teeth between the lobes; stamens more or less monadelphous, often unequal; leaves opposite or whorled, or some abnormally alternate.

[*] Flowers (middle-sized) in a terminal leafy panicle; corolla without marks.

L. vulgáris, L., a coarse and tall European species, pubescent and branching, with ovate-lanceolate distinctly petioled leaves, and glandular filaments united to near the middle.—Naturalized in a few places in E. Mass.

[*][*] Flowers (small) in a virgate terminal raceme or in the upper axils; corolla dark-dotted or streaked; filaments conspicuously monadelphous, unequal.

1. L. quadrifòlia, L. Somewhat hairy; stem simple (1–2° high); leaves whorled in fours or fives (sometimes in twos, threes, or sixes, rarely only opposite or partly alternate), ovate-lanceolate; flowers on long capillary peduncles from the axils of the leaves; lobes of the corolla ovate-oblong.—Moist or sandy soil, N. Brunswick to Minn., and Ga. June.

2. L. strícta, Ait. Stems 1–2° high, often bearing oblong or moniliform bulblets in the axils; smooth, at length branched, very leafy; leaves opposite or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each end; flowers on slender pedicels in a long raceme (5–12´), leafy at base; lobes of the corolla lance-oblong.—Low grounds, Newf. to Minn., Ark., and N. Ga. June–Aug.

[*][*][*] Flowers (rather large) solitary in the axils of ordinary leaves; corolla not dark-dotted nor streaked; filaments slightly monadelphous.

L. nummulària, L. (Moneywort.) Smooth; stems trailing and creeping; leaves roundish, small, short-petioled; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered; divisions of the corolla broadly ovate, obtuse, longer than the lance-ovate calyx-lobes and stamens.—Escaped from gardens into damp ground in some places. July–Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. NAUMBÚRGIA. Corolla very deeply 5- (or 6–7-) parted into linear divisions (somewhat purplish-dotted), with a small tooth in each sinus; filaments distinct, equal; leaves opposite, the lowest scale-like.

3. L. thyrsiflòra, L. (Tufted Loosestrife.) Smooth; stem simple (1–2° high); all but the lower leaves lanceolate, the axils of one or two middle pairs bearing short-peduncled head-like or spike-like clusters of small light yellow flowers.—Cold swamps, from Penn. to S. Ill., Iowa, and northwestward. June, July. (Eu.)

8. GLAÙX, Tourn. Sea-Milkwort.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft; lobes ovate, petal-like. Corolla wanting. Stamens 5, on the base of the calyx, alternate with its lobes. Capsule 5-valved, few-seeded.—A low and leafy fleshy perennial, with opposite oblong and entire sessile leaves, and solitary nearly sessile (purplish and white) flowers in their axils. (An ancient Greek name, from γλαυκός, sea-green.)

1. G. marítima, L.—Sea-shore of N. Eng. from Cape Cod northward. Also in subsaline soil, Minn. to Neb., and westward. June. (Eu.)

9. ANAGÁLLIS, Tourn. Pimpernel.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with almost no tube, 5-parted, longer than the calyx; the divisions broad. Stamens 5; filaments bearded. Capsule membranaceous, circumscissile, the top falling off like a lid, many-seeded.—Low, spreading or procumbent herbs, mostly annuals, with opposite or whorled entire leaves, and solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (The ancient Greek name, probably from ἀνά, again, and ἀγάλλω, to delight in.)

A. arvénsis, L. (Common Pimpernel.) Leaves ovate, sessile, shorter than the peduncles; petals obovate, obtuse, fringed with minute teeth or stalked glands.—Waste sandy fields. June–Aug.—Flowers variable in size, scarlet, sometimes purple, blue, or white, quickly closing at the approach of bad weather; whence the English popular name of "Poor Man's Weather-glass." (Nat. from Eu.)

10. CENTÚNCULUS, Dill. Chaffweed.

Calyx 4–5-parted. Corolla shorter than the calyx, 4–5-cleft, wheel-shaped, with an urn-shaped short tube, usually withering on the summit of the pod (which is like that of Anagallis). Stamens 4 or 5; filaments beardless.—Small annuals, with alternate entire leaves, and solitary inconspicuous flowers in their axils. (Derivation obscure.)

1. C. mínimus, L. Stems ascending (2–6´ long); leaves ovate, obovate or spatulate-oblong; flowers nearly sessile, the parts mostly in fours.—Low grounds, from Ill. and Minn, to Fla. and Tex., and westward. (Eu.)

11. SÁMOLUS, Tourn. Water Pimpernel. Brook-weed.

Calyx 5-cleft; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, 5-cleft, commonly with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. True stamens 5, on the corolla-tube, included. Capsule globose, 5-valved at the summit, many-seeded.—Smooth herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white racemed flowers. ("According to Pliny, an ancient Druidical name.")

1. S. Valerándi, L. Stem erect (6–12´ high), leafy; leaves obovate or spatulate, the basal rosulate; bracts none; slender pedicels ascending, bracteolate in the middle. (Eu.)—Var. Americànus, Gray. More slender, becoming diffuse; racemes often panicled, the pedicels longer and spreading.—Wet places, through the U. S. June–Sept.

Order 62. SAPOTÀCEÆ. (Sapodilla Family.)

Trees or shrubs, mostly with a milky juice, simple and entire alternate leaves (often rusty-downy beneath), small and perfect regular flowers usually in axillary clusters; the calyx free and persistent; the fertile stamens commonly as many as the lobes of the hypogynous short corolla and opposite them, inserted on its tube, along with one or more rows of appendages and scales (or sterile stamens); anthers turned outward; ovary 4–12-celled, with a single anatropous ovule in each cell; seeds large.—Albumen mostly none; but the large embryo with thickened cotyledons. Style single, pointed.—A small, mostly tropical order, producing the Sapodilla or Star-apple, and some other edible fruits.

1. BUMÈLIA, Swartz.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with a pair of internal appendages at each sinus. Fertile stamens 5; anthers arrow-shaped. Sterile stamens 5, petal-like, alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit small, resembling a cherry, black, containing a large ovoid and erect seed, with a roundish scar at its base.—Flowers small, white, in fascicles from the axils of the leaves. Branches often spiny. Leaves often fascicled on short spurs. Wood very hard. (The ancient name of a kind of Ash.)

1. B. lycioìdes, Pers. (Southern Buckthorn.) Spiny (10–25° high); leaves wedge-oblong varying to oval-lanceolate, with a tapering base, often acute, reticulated, nearly glabrous (2–4´ long); clusters densely many-flowered, glabrous, fruit ovoid.—Moist ground, Va. to S. Ill., Fla., and Tex. May, June.

2. B. lanuginòsa, Pers. Spiny (10–40° high); leaves oblong-obovate or wedge-obovate, rusty-woolly beneath, obtuse (1½–3´ long); clusters 6–12-flowered, pubescent; fruit globular.—Woods, S. Ill. to Fla. and Tex. July.

Order 63. EBENÀCEÆ. (Ebony Family.)

Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire leaves, and polygamous regular flowers which have a calyx free from the 3–12-celled ovary; the stamens 2–4 times as many as the lobes of the corolla, often in pairs before them, their anthers turned inward, and the fruit a several-celled berry. Ovules 1 or 2, suspended from the summit of each cell. Seeds anatropous, mostly single in each cell, large and flat, with a smooth coriaceous integument; the embryo shorter than the hard albumen, with a long radicle and flat cotyledons. Styles wholly or partly separate.—Wood hard and dark-colored. No milky juice.—A small family, chiefly tropical.

1. DIOSPỲROS, L. Date-Plum. Persimmon.

Calyx 4–6-lobed. Corolla 4–6-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens commonly 16 in the sterile flowers, and 8 in the fertile, in the latter imperfect. Berry large, globular, surrounded at base by the thickish calyx, 4–8-celled, 4–8-seeded.—Flowers diœciously polygamous, the fertile axillary and solitary, the sterile smaller and often clustered. (Name, Διός, of Jove, and πυρός, grain.)

1. D. Virginiàna, L. (Common Persimmon.) Leaves thickish, ovate-oblong, smooth or nearly so; peduncles very short; calyx 4-parted; corolla pale yellow, thickish, between bell-shaped and urn-shaped, 6–8´´ long in the fertile flowers, much smaller in the sterile; styles 4, two-lobed at the apex; ovary 8-celled.—Woods and old fields, R. I. and N. Y. to Iowa, and south to Fla. and La. June.—Tree 20–70° high, with very hard blackish wood; plum-like fruit 1´ in diameter, exceedingly astringent when green, yellow when ripe, and sweet and edible after exposure to frost.

Order 64. STYRACÀCEÆ. (Storax Family.)

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves destitute of stipules, and perfect regular flowers; the calyx either free or adherent to the 2–5-celled ovary; the corolla of 4–8 petals, commonly more or less united at base; the stamens twice as many as the petals or more numerous, monadelphous or polyadelphous at base; style 1; fruit dry or drupe-like, 1–5-celled, the cells commonly 1-seeded.—Seeds anatropous. Embryo nearly the length of the albumen; radicle slender, as long as or longer than the flat cotyledons. Corolla hypogynous when the calyx is free; the stamens adherent to its base. Ovules 2 or more in each cell.—A small family, mostly of warm countries, comprising two very distinct tribes.

Tribe I. STYRACEÆ. Calyx 4–8-toothed or entire. Stamens 2–4 times as many as the petals, in one series; anthers linear or oblong, adnate, introrse. Cotyledons flat.—Flowers white, handsome. Pubescence soft and stellate.

1. Styrax. Calyx coherent only with the base of the 3-celled ovary. Corolla mostly 5-parted. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded.

2. Halesia. Calyx coherent with the whole surface of the 2–4-celled ovary, which is 2–4-winged and 2–4-celled in fruit. Corolla 4-lobed.

Tribe II. SYMPLOCINEÆ. Calyx 5-cleft, imbricate. Stamens in several series; anthers short, innate. Embryo terete. Flowers yellow. Pubescence simple.

3. Symplocos. Calyx coherent. Petals 5, united merely at the base.

1. STỲRAX, Tourn. Storax.

Calyx truncate, somewhat 5-toothed, the base (in our species) coherent with the base of the 3-celled many-ovuled ovary. Corolla 5-parted (rarely 4–8-parted), large, the lobes mostly soft-downy. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla; filaments flat, united at the base into a short tube; anthers linear, adnate. Fruit globular, its base surrounded by the persistent calyx, 1-celled, mostly 1-seeded, dry, often 3-valved. Seed globular, erect, with a hard coat.—Shrubs or small trees, with commonly deciduous leaves, and axillary or leafy-racemed white and showy flowers on drooping peduncles; produced in spring. Pubescence scurfy or stellate. (The ancient Greek name of the tree which produces storax.)

1. S. grandifòlia, Ait. Shrub 4–12° high; leaves obovate, acute or pointed, white-tomentose beneath (3–6´ long); flowers mostly in elongated racemes; corolla ({1/3}´ long) convolute-imbricated in bud.—Woods, S. Va. to Fla.

2. S. pulverulénta, Michx. Shrub 1–4° high; leaves oval or obovate (1 or 2´ long), above sparingly puberulent, and scurfy-tomentose beneath; flowers (½´ long) 1–3 together in the axils and at the tips of the branches, fragrant.—Low pine barrens, S. Va. to Fla. and Tex.

3. S. Americàna, Lam. Shrub 4–8° high; leaves oblong, acute at both ends (1–3´ long), smooth, or barely pulverulent beneath; flowers axillary or in 3–4-flowered racemes (½´ long); corolla valvate in the bud.—Along streams, Va. to Fla., La., and Ark.

2. HALÈSIA, Ellis. Snowdrop or Silver-bell-Tree.

Calyx inversely conical, 4-toothed; the tube 4-ribbed, coherent with the 2–4-celled ovary. Petals 4, united at base, or oftener to the middle, into an open bell-shaped corolla, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8–16; filaments united into a ring at base, and usually a little coherent with the base of the corolla; anthers linear-oblong. Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit large and dry, 2–4-winged, within bony and 1–4-celled. Seeds single, cylindrical.—Shrubs or small trees, with large and veiny pointed deciduous leaves, and showy white flowers, drooping on slender pedicels, in clusters or short racemes, from axillary buds of the preceding year. Pubescence partly stellate. (Named for Stephen Hales, author of Vegetable Statics, &c.)

1. H. tetráptera, L. Leaves oblong-ovate; fruit 4-winged, 1½´ long.—Banks of streams, W. Va. to Ill., south to Fla.

3. SÝMPLOCOS, Jacq. Sweet-Leaf.

Calyx 5-cleft, the tube coherent with the lower part of the 3-celled ovary. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, lightly united at base. Stamens very numerous, in 5 clusters, one cohering with the base of each petal; filaments slender; anthers very short. Fruit drupe-like or dry, mostly 1-celled and 1-seeded.—Shrubs or small trees, the leaves commonly turning yellowish in drying, and furnishing a yellow dye. Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes, yellow. (Name σύμπλοκος, connected, from the union of the stamens.)

1. S. tinctòria, L'Her. (Horse-Sugar, &c.) Leaves elongated-oblong, acute, obscurely toothed, thickish, almost persistent, minutely pubescent and pale beneath (3–5´ long); flowers 6–14, in close and bracted clusters, odorous.—Rich ground, Del. to Fla. and La. April.—Leaves sweet, greedily eaten by cattle.

Order 65. OLEÀCEÆ. (Olive Family.)

Trees or shrubs, with opposite and pinnate or simple leaves, a 4-cleft (or sometimes obsolete) calyx, a regular 4-cleft or nearly or quite 4-petalous corolla, sometimes apetalous; the stamens only 2 (rarely or accidentally 3 or 4); the ovary 2-celled, with 2 (rarely more) ovules in each cell.—Seeds anatropous, with a large straight embryo in hard fleshy albumen, or without albumen.—The Olive is the type of the true Oleaceæ, to which belongs the Lilac (Syringa), etc.; and the Jessamine (Jasminum) represents another division of the order.

Tribe I. FRAXINEÆ. Fruit dry, indehisccnt, winged, a samara. Leaves pinnate.

1. Fraxinus. Flowers diœcious, mostly apetalous, sometimes also without calyx.

Tribe II. OLEINEÆ. Fruit, a drupe, or rarely a berry. Leaves simple.

2. Forestiera. Flowers apetalous, diœcious or polygamous, from a scaly catkin-like bud. Stamens 2–4.

3. Chionanthus. Flowers complete, sometimes polygamous. Calyx and corolla 4-merous, the latter with long and linear divisions.

4. Ligustrum. Corolla funnel-form, 4-cleft, the tube longer than the calyx.

1. FRÁXINUS, Tourn. Ash.

Flowers polygamous or (in our species) diœcious. Calyx small and 4-cleft, toothed, or entire, or obsolete. Petals 4, or altogether wanting in our species. Stamens 2, sometimes 3 or 4; anthers linear or oblong, large. Style single; stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a 1–2-celled samara or key-fruit, flattened, winged at the apex, 1–2-seeded. Cotyledons elliptical; radicle slender.—Light timber-trees, with petioled pinnate leaves of 3–15 either toothed or entire leaflets; the small flowers in crowded panicles or racemes from the axils of last year's leaves. (The classical Latin name.)

[*] Leaflets petiolulate; anthers linear-oblong; calyx small, persistent.

[+] Fruit winged only at the upper part of the terete or nearly terete body.

1. F. Americàna, L. (White Ash.) Branchlets and petioles glabrous; leaflets 7–9, ovate- or lance-oblong, pointed, pale and either smooth or pubescent underneath, entire or sparingly serrate or denticulate; fruit (about 1½´ long) marginless below, abruptly dilated into a lanceolate, oblanceolate, or wedge-linear wing 2 or 3 times as long as the terete cylindraceous body.—Rich or moist woods, common from the Atlantic to Minn., E. Neb. and Kan. April, May.—A large and very valuable forest tree, with gray furrowed bark, smooth gray branchlets and rusty-colored buds. Monœcious flowers rarely occur.

[++][++] Body of fruit more slender, tapering gradually from summit to base, more or less margined upward by the decurrent wing.

2. F. pubéscens, Lam. (Red Ash.) Branchlets and petioles velvety-pubescent; leaflets 7–9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, almost entire, pale or more or less pubescent beneath; fruit 1½–2´ long, the edges gradually dilated into the linear or spatulate wing.—Low grounds, throughout our range; rare west of Ohio.—Tree of middle or large size; inner face of outer bark of the branches red or cinnamon-color when fresh.

3. F. víridis, Michx. f. (Green Ash.) Glabrous throughout; leaflets 5–9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, often wedge-shaped at the base and serrate above, bright green both sides; fruit much as in n. 2.—Along streams; common.—Intermediate forms occur with paler leaves somewhat pubescent beneath. A small or middle-sized tree.

[+][+] Fruit with compressed and wing-margined body.

4. F. platycárpa, Michx. (Water-Ash.) Branchlets terete, glabrous or pubescent; leaflets 5–7, ovate or oblong, acute at both ends, short-stalked; fruit broadly winged (not rarely 3-winged), oblong (9´´ wide), with a tapering base.—Deep river-swamps, Va. to La. March. Tree of middle size.

5. F. quadrangulàta, Michx. (Blue Ash.) Branchlets square, at least on vigorous shoots, glabrous; leaflets 7–9, short-stalked, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, green both sides; fruit narrowly oblong, blunt, and of the same width at both ends, or slightly narrowed at the base, often notched at the apex (1½´ long, 3–4´´ wide).—Dry or moist rich woods, Ohio to Mich. and Minn., south to Tenn.—Large timber tree, the inner bark yielding a blue color to water.

[*][*] Lateral leaflets sessile; anthers short-oblong; flowers wholly naked.

6. F. sambucifòlia, Lam. (Black Ash.) Branchlets and petioles glabrous; leaflets 7–11, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a point, serrate, obtuse or rounded at the base, green and smooth both sides, when young with some rusty hairs along the midrib; fruit linear-oblong or narrowly elliptical, blunt at both ends.—Swamps and wet banks, N. Scotia to Minn., south to Va. and Mo.—Small or middle-sized tree, with very tough and fissile wood. Bruised foliage exhales the odor of Elder.

2. FORESTIÈRA, Poir.

Flowers diœcious, crowded in catkin-like scaly buds from the axils of last year's leaves, imbricated with scales. Corolla none. Calyx of 4 minute sepals. Stamens 2–4; anthers oblong. Ovary ovate, 2-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell; style slender; stigma somewhat 2-lobed. Drupe small, ovoid, 1-celled, 1-seeded.—Shrubs, with opposite and often fascicled deciduous leaves and small flowers. Fertile peduncles short, 1–3-flowered. (Named for M. Forestier, a French physician.)

1. F. acuminàta, Poir. Glabrous, somewhat spinescent, 5–10° high; leaves thin, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, often serrulate; drupe elongated-oblong, usually pointed.—Wet river banks, S. W. Ind. to Mo., south to Tex. April.

3. CHIONÁNTHUS, L. Fringe-tree.

Calyx 4-parted, very small, persistent. Corolla of 4 long and linear petals, which are barely united at base. Stamens 2 (rarely 3 or 4), on the very base of the corolla, very short. Stigma notched. Drupe fleshy, globular, becoming 1-celled, 1–3-seeded.—Low trees or shrubs, with deciduous and entire petioled leaves, and delicate flowers in loose and drooping graceful panicles, from lateral buds. (Name from χιών, snow, and ἄνθος, blossom, alluding to the light and snow-white clusters of flowers.)

1. C. Virgínica, L. Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate-lanceolate; flowers on slender pedicels; petals 1´ long, narrowly linear, acute, varying to 5 or 6 in number; drupe purple, with a bloom, ovoid (6–8´´ long).—River banks, N. J. and S. Penn. to Fla., Tex., and Mo.; very ornamental in cultivation. June.

4. LIGÙSTRUM, Tourn. Privet.

Calyx short-tubular, 4-toothed, deciduous. Stamens 2, on the tube of the corolla, included. Berry 2-celled, 1–2 seeded.—Shrubs, with entire leaves and small white flowers in terminal panicles. (The classical name.)

L. vulgàre, L. (Privet, or Prim.) Leaves very smooth; berries black.—Used for low hedges, and naturalized eastward; from Europe.

Order 66. APOCYNÀCEÆ. (Dogbane Family.)

Plants almost all with milky acrid juice, entire (chiefly opposite) leaves without stipules, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers; the 5 lobes of the corolla convolute and twisted in the bud; the filaments distinct, inserted on the corolla, and the pollen granular; calyx free from the two ovaries, which (in our genera) are distinct (forming follicles), though their styles or stigmas are united into one.—Seeds amphitropous or anatropous, with a large straight embryo in sparing albumen, often bearing a tuft of down (comose).—Chiefly a tropical family (of acrid-poisonous plants), represented in gardens by the Oleander and Periwinkle.

1. Amsonia. Seeds naked. Corolla-tube bearded inside. Anthers longer than the filaments. Leaves alternate.

2. Trachelospermum. Seeds comose. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged. Filaments slender. Calyx glandular inside. Leaves opposite.

3. Apocynum. Seeds comose. Corolla bell-shaped, appendaged within. Filaments short, broad and flat. Calyx not glandular. Leaves opposite.

1. AMSÒNIA, Walt.

Calyx 5-parted, small. Corolla with a narrow funnel-form tube bearded inside, especially at the throat; the limb divided into 5 long linear lobes. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube, included; anthers obtuse at both ends, longer than the filaments. Ovaries 2; style 1; stigma rounded, surrounded with a cup-like membrane. Pod (follicles) 2, long and slender, many-seeded. Seeds cylindrical, abrupt at both ends, packed in one row, naked.—Perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and pale blue flowers in terminal panicled cymes. (Said to be named for a Mr. Charles Amson.)

1. A. Tabernæmontàna, Walt. Loosely pubescent or hairy when young, soon glabrous; leaves from ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed; calyx-lobes short, awl-shaped; tube of the bluish corolla little longer than the lobes, the upper part either hairy when young or glabrous.—Low grounds, N. C. to S. Ind. and Mo., south to Fla. and Tex. May, June.

2. TRACHELOSPÉRMUM, Lemaïre.

Calyx 5-parted, with 3–5 glands at its base inside. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged; limb 5-lobed. Stamens 5, included; filaments slender; anthers arrow-shaped, with an inflexed tip. Pods (follicles) 2, slender, many-seeded. Seeds oblong, with a tuft of down.—Twining plants, more or less woody, with opposite leaves and small flowers in cymes. (Name from τράξηλος, a neck, and σπέρμα, seed, upon the supposition that the seed was beaked.)

1. T. diffórme, Gray. Nearly herbaceous and glabrous; leaves oval-lanceolate, pointed, thin; calyx-lobes taper-pointed; corolla pale yellow. (Forsteronia difformis, A. DC.)—Damp grounds, Va. to Fla. and Tex. April.

3. APÓCYNUM, Tourn. Dogbane. Indian Hemp.

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes acute. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, bearing 5 triangular appendages below the throat opposite the lobes. Stamens 5, on the very base of the corolla; filaments flat, shorter than the arrow shaped anthers, which converge around the stigma, and are slightly adherent to it. Style none; stigma large, ovoid, slightly 2-lobed. Fruit of 2 long (2–7´) and slender follicles. Seeds comose, with a tuft of long silky down at the apex.—Perennial herbs, with upright branching stems, opposite mucronate-pointed leaves, a tough fibrous bark, and small and pale cymose flowers on short pedicels. (Ancient name of the Dogbane, composed of ἀπό, from, and κύων, a dog.)

1. A. androsæmifòlium, L. (Spreading Dogbane.) Smooth, or rarely soft-tomentose, branched above; branches divergently forking; leaves ovate, distinctly petioled; cymes loose, spreading, mostly longer than the leaves; corolla (pale rose-color, 4´´ broad) open-bell-shaped, with revolute lobes, the tube much longer than the ovate pointed divisions of the calyx.—Borders of thickets; common. June, July.

2. A. cannábinum, L. (Indian Hemp.) Glabrous or more or less soft-pubescent; stem and branches upright or ascending (2–3° high), terminated by erect and close many-flowered cymes, which are usually shorter than the leaves; leaves from oval to oblong and even lanceolate, short-petioled or sessile, with rounded or obscurely cordate base; corolla (greenish-white) with nearly erect lobes, the tube not longer than the lanceolate divisions of the calyx.—Moist grounds and banks of streams; common. Very variable. July, Aug.

Order 67. ASCLEPIADÀCEÆ. (Milkweed Family.)

Plants with milky juice, and opposite or whorled (rarely scattered) entire leaves; the follicular pods, seeds, anthers (connected with the stigma), sensible properties, etc., just as in the last family, from which they differ in the commonly valvate corolla, and in the singular connection of the anthers with the stigma, the cohesion of the pollen into wax-like or granular masses (pollinia), etc., as explained under the typical genus Asclepias.

Períploca Græ̀ca, L., a woody climbing plant of the Old World, in ornamental cultivation, and in one or two places inclined to be spontaneous, represents a tribe with granulose pollen loosely aggregated in two masses in each anther-cell. It has a brownish rotate corolla, very hairy within, and with 5 awned scales in the throat.

Tribe I. CYNANCHEÆ. Anthers tipped with an inflexed or sometimes erect scarious membrane, the cells lower than the top of the stigma; pollinia suspended.

[*] Stems erect or merely decumbent.

1. Asclepiodora. Corolla rotate, merely spreading. Crown of 5 hooded fleshy bodies, with a salient crest in each. Leaves alternate.

2. Asclepias. Corolla reflexed, deeply 5-parted. Crown as in n. 1, but with an incurved horn rising from the cavity of each hood. Leaves usually opposite.

3. Acerates. Corolla reflexed or merely spreading. Crown as in n. 1, but with neither crest nor horn inside. Leaves mainly alternate.

[*][*] Stems twining. Leaves mostly opposite.

4. Enslenia. Corolla erect. Crown of 5 membranaceous flat bodies, terminated by a 2-cleft tail or awn.

5. Vincetoxicum. Corolla rotate, spreading. Crown a fleshy 5–10-lobed ring or disk.

Tribe II. GONOLOBEÆ. Anthers with short if any scarious tip, borne on the margin of or close under the disk of the stigma; pollinia horizontal.

6. Gonolobus. Corolla rotate. Crown a wavy-lobed fleshy ring. Stems twining.

1. ASCLEPIODÒRA, Gray.

Nearly as in Asclepias, but the corolla-lobes ascending or spreading, and the hoods destitute of a horn, widely spreading and somewhat incurved, slipper-shaped and laterally compressed, the cavity divided at the apex by a crest-like partition.—Umbels solitary and terminal or corymbed, loosely-flowered. Follicles oblong or ovate, often somewhat muricate with soft spinous projections. (Ἀσκληπιός and δῶρον or δωρεά, the gift of Æsculapius.)

1. A. víridis, Gray. Almost glabrous; stems short (1° high); leaves alternate, short-petioled, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 1–2´ wide; umbels several in a cluster, short-peduncled; flowers large (1´ in diameter), green, with a purplish crown. (Acerates paniculata, Decaisne.)—Prairies, Ill. to Tex. and S. Car. June.

2. ASCLÈPIAS, L. Milkweed. Silkweed.

Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the divisions small, reflexed. Corolla deeply 5-parted, the divisions valvate in the bud, reflexed, deciduous. Crown of 5 hooded bodies seated on the tube of stamens, each containing an incurved horn. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla; filaments united in a tube which encloses the pistil, anthers adherent to the stigma, each with 2 vertical cells, tipped with a membranaceous appendage, each cell containing a flattened pear-shaped and waxy pollen-mass; the two contiguous pollen-masses of adjacent anthers, forming pairs which hang by a slender prolongation of their summits from 5 cloven glands that grow on the angles of the stigma (extricated from the cells by insects, and directing copious pollen-tubes into the point where the stigma joins the apex of the style). Ovaries 2, tapering into very short styles; the large depressed 5-angled fleshy stigmatic disk common to the two. Follicles 2, one of them often abortive, soft, ovate or lanceolate. Seeds anatropous, flat, margined, bearing a tuft of long silky hairs (coma) at the hilum, downwardly imbricated all over the large placenta, which separates from the suture at maturity. Embryo large, with broad foliaceous cotyledons in thin albumen.—Perennial upright herbs, with thick and deep roots; peduncles terminal or lateral and between the usually opposite petioles, bearing simple many-flowered umbels, in summer. (The Greek name of Æsculapius, to whom the genus is dedicated.)

§ 1. Corneous anther-wings broadest and usually angulate-truncate and salient at base; horn conspicuous.

[*] Flowers orange-color; leaves mostly scattered; juice not milky.

1. A. tuberòsa, L. (Butterfly-weed. Pleurisy-root.) Roughish-hairy (1–2° high); stems erect or ascending, very leafy, branching at the summit, and bearing usually numerous umbels in a terminal corymb; leaves from linear to oblong-lanceolate, sessile or slightly petioled; divisions of the corolla oblong (greenish-orange); hoods narrowly oblong, bright orange, scarcely longer than the nearly erect and slender awl-shaped horns; pods hoary, erect on deflexed pedicels.—Dry fields, common, especially southward.—Var. decúmbens, Pursh. Stems reclining; leaves broader and more commonly opposite, and umbels from most of the upper axils.—Ohio to Ga., etc.

[*][*] Corolla bright red or purple; follicles naked, fusiform, erect on the deflexed pedicels (except in n. 5); leaves opposite, mostly broad.

[+] Flowers rather large; hoods about 3´´ long and exceeding the anthers; leaves transversely veined.

2. A. paupércula, Michx. Glabrous; stem slender (2–4° high); leaves elongated-lanceolate or linear (5–10´ long), tapering to both ends, slightly petioled, umbels 5–12-flowered; divisions of the red corolla narrowly oblong; the bright orange hoods broadly oblong, obtuse, much exceeding the incurved horn.—Wet pine-barrens on the coast, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

3. A. rùbra, L. Glabrous; leaves ovate or lanceolate and tapering from a rounded or heart-shaped base to a very acute point, sessile or nearly so (2–6´ long, ½–2½´ wide), bright green; umbels many-flowered; divisions of the corolla and hoods oblong-lanceolate, purple-red; the horn long and slender, straightish.—Wet pine-barrens, etc., N. J. and Penn. to Fla., La., and Mo.

4. A. purpuráscens, L. (Purple M.) Stem rather slender (1–3° high); leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, the upper taper-pointed, minutely velvety-downy underneath, smooth above, contracted at base into a short petiole; pedicels shorter than the peduncle, 3–4 times the length of the dark purple lanceolate-ovate divisions of the corolla; hoods oblong, abruptly narrowed above; the horn broadly scythe-shaped, with a narrow and abruptly inflexed horizontal point.—Dry ground, N. Eng. to Minn., Tenn., and southward.—Flowers 6´´ long.

[+][+] Flowers small; hoods 1´´ long, equalling the anthers; veins ascending.

5. A. incarnàta, L. (Swamp Milkweed.) Smooth, or nearly so, in the typical form, the stem with two downy lines above and on the branches of the peduncles (2–3° high), very leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed, obtuse or obscurely heart-shaped at base; flowers rose-purple; hoods scarcely equalling the slender needle-pointed horn.—Swamps, common.—Var. púlchra, Pers.; leaves broader and shorter-petioled, more or less hairy-pubescent, as well as the stem. Milky juice scanty.—With the smooth form.

[*][*][*] Flowers greenish, yellowish, white, or merely purplish-tinged; leaves opposite or whorled, or the upper rarely scattered.

[+] Follicles echinate with soft spinous processes, densely tomentose (smooth, and only minutely echinate at the apex in n. 8), large (3–5´ long), ovate and acuminate, erect on deflexed pedicels; leaves large and broad, short-petioled; umbels terminal and lateral.

6. A. speciòsa, Torr. Finely canescent-tomentose or glabrate, the many-flowered umbel and calyx densely tomentose; leaves subcordate-oval to oblong; corolla-lobes purplish, ovate-oblong, 4–5´´ long; hoods 5–6´´ long, with a short inflexed horn, the truncate summit abruptly produced into a very long lanceolate-ligulate appendage.—Along streams, Minn. to Ark., and westward.

7. A. Cornùti, Decaisne. (Common Milkweed or Silkweed.) Stem tall and stout, finely soft-pubescent; leaves oval-oblong (4–8´ long), pale, minutely downy beneath, as well as the peduncles, etc.; corolla-lobes dull purple to white, 3–4´´ long; hoods rather longer than the anthers, ovate, obtuse, with a tooth each side of the short stout claw-like horn.—Rich ground, everywhere.

8. A. Sullivántii, Engelm. Very smooth throughout, tall; leaves ovate-oblong with a somewhat heart-shaped base, nearly sessile; hoods obovate, entire, obtusely 2-eared at the base outside; flowers larger (9´´ long) and more purple than in the last; anther-wings 2-toothed at base; pod nearly glabrous, obscurely spiny chiefly on the beak.—Low grounds, Ohio to Kan. and Minn.

[+][+] Follicles wholly unarmed, either glabrous or tomentulose-pubescent.

[++] Erect or ascending on the deflexed or decurved fruiting pedicels.

[=] Umbel solitary, on a naked terminal peduncle; leaves sessile, broad, transversely veined, wavy; glabrous and pale or glaucous.

9. A. Obtusifòlia, Michx. Stem 2–3° high; leaves oblong with a heart-shaped clasping base, very obtuse or retuse (2½–5´ long); peduncle 3–12´ long; corolla pale greenish purple; hoods truncate, somewhat toothed at the summit, shorter than the slender awl-pointed horn.—Sandy woods and fields, not rare, especially southward. A second umbel at the base of the peduncle occasionally occurs.

10. A. Meádii, Torr. Stem slender (1–2° high); leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse or acutish (1½–2½´ long), peduncle only twice the length of the upper leaves, pedicels rather short, corolla greenish-white; hoods rounded-truncate at summit, and with a sharp tooth at each margin, somewhat exceeding the stouter horn.—Dry ground, Ill. and Iowa. June.

[=][=] Umbels mostly more than one; peduncle not overtopping the leaves.

a. Leaves large, orbicular to oblong-lanceolate; hoods broad, little if at all exceeding the anthers; glabrous or some minute pubescence on young parts.

11. A. Jamèsii, Torr. Stem stout (1° high or more); leaves about 5 pairs, approximate, remarkably thick, rounded or broadly oval, often emarginate, subcordate at base, nearly sessile; umbels 2–3, densely many-flowered, on short peduncles, corolla-lobes ovate, greenish; hoods truncate, entire.—Plains of central Kansas and southwestward.

12. A. phytolaccoìdes, Pursh. (Poke-milkweed.) Stem 3–5° high; leaves broadly ovate, or the upper oval-lanceolate and pointed at both ends, short-petioled, smooth or slightly downy underneath (5–8´ long); lateral umbels several, pedicels loose and nodding, numerous, long and slender (1–3´ long), equalling the peduncle; corolla-lobes ovate-oblong, greenish; hoods (white) truncate, the margins 2-toothed at the summit, the horn with a long projecting awl-shaped point.—Moist copses, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Ga. and Ark.

13. A. variegàta, L. Stem 1–2° high; leaves (4–5 pairs) ovate, oval, or obovate, somewhat wavy, contracted into short petioles, middle ones sometimes whorled; pedicels (numerous and crowded) and peduncle short, downy; divisions of the corolla ovate (white); hoods orbicular, entire, purplish or reddish, the horn semilunar with a horizontal point.—Dry woods, southern N. Y. to Ind., south to Fla., Ark., and W. La. July.—Remarkable for its compact umbels of nearly white flowers.

b. Leaves mostly pubescent or puberulent; hoods obtuse, entire, twice or thrice the length of the anthers.

14. A. ovalifòlia, Decaisne. Low (6–18´ high), soft-downy, especially the lower surface of the ovate or lanceolate-oblong acute short-petioled leaves (1½–3´ long); umbels loosely 10–18-flowered, sessile or peduncled; pedicels slender, hoods oblong, yellowish, with a small horn, about the length of the oval greenish-white corolla-lobes (tinged with purple outside).—Prairies and oak-openings, N. Ill. and Iowa, to Wisc. and Dak.

[++][++] Follicles and pedicels erect; leaves often whorled; glabrous or nearly so.

[=] Leaves ovate to broadly lanceolate, thin, rather slender-petioled.

15. A. quadrifòlia, L. Stem slender (1–2° high), mostly leafless below, bearing usually one or two whorls of four in the middle and one or two pairs of ovate or ovate-lanceolate taper-pointed petioled leaves (2–4´ long); pedicels slender; corolla-lobes (pale pink) oblong; hoods white, elliptical-ovate, the incurved horn short and thick.—Dry woods and hills, N. Eng. to Minn., south to N. C. and Ark.

16. A. perénnis, Walt. Stems (1–2° high) persistent or somewhat woody at the base; leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-ovate, tapering to both ends, thin, rather slender-petioled; flowers white, small; the small hoods of the crown shorter than the needle-shaped horn; seeds sometimes destitute of a coma!—Low grounds, S. Ind. and Ill. to Tex., and eastward.

[=][=] Leaves narrowly linear to filiform; horn subulate, exserted; column conspicuous.

17. A. verticillàta, L. Stems slender, simple or sparingly branched, very leafy to the summit, leaves filiform-linear, with revolute margins (2–3´ long, 1´´ wide), 3–6 in a whorl; umbels small, lateral and terminal; divisions of the corolla ovate (greenish-white); hoods roundish-oval, about half the length of the incurved claw-shaped horns.—Dry hills, common, especially southward.—Var. pùmila, Gray, is low and many-stemmed from a fascicled root; leaves much crowded, filiform.—Dry plains, Neb. to Kan. and N. Mex.

§ 2. Anther-wings broadly rounded at base and conspicuously auriculate-notched just above it; hoods with a minute horn exserted from the 2-lobed apex.

18. A. stenophýlla, Gray. Puberulent, but foliage glabrous; stems slender (1–2° high), leaves narrowly linear (3–7´ long, 1–2½´´ wide), the upper alternate, lower opposite; umbels several, short-peduncled, 10–15-flowered; corolla-lobes oblong, greenish; hoods whitish, equalling the anthers, conduplicate-concave; follicles erect on ascending pedicels.—Dry prairies, Neb. to E. Kan., south and westward.

3. ACERÀTES, Ell. Green Milkweed.

Nearly as in Asclepias; but the hoods destitute of crest or horn (whence the name, from α privative, and κέρας, a horn).—Flowers greenish, in compact many-flowered umbels. Leaves opposite or irregularly alternate, short-petioled or sessile. Pollen-masses slender-stalked. Follicles smooth, slender.

[*] Crown upon a short column and shorter than the globular mass of anthers and stigma, leaves mainly alternate-scattered.

1. A. longifòlia, Ell. Minutely roughish-hairy or smoothish; stem erect (1–3° high), very leafy; leaves linear (3–7´ long); umbels lateral, on peduncles of about the length of the slender pedicels; flowers 3´´ long when expanded.—Moist prairies and pine-barrens, Ohio to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. July–Oct.

[*][*] Crown sessile, the oblong hoods nearly equalling the anthers; leaves often opposite and broader.

2. A. viridiflòra, Ell. Minutely soft-downy, becoming smoothish; stems ascending (1–2° high); leaves oval to linear, thick (1½–4´ long); umbels nearly sessile, lateral, dense and globose; flower (when the corolla is reflexed) nearly ½´ long, short-pedicelled.—Dry soil, common, especially southward. July–Sept.—Runs into var. lanceolàta, Gray, with lanceolate leaves 2½–4´ long;—and var. lineàris, Gray, with elongated linear leaves and low stems; umbels often solitary. The latter form from Minn., Dak., and southward.

3. A. lanuginòsa, Decaisne. Hairy, low (5–12´ high); leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; umbel solitary and terminal, peduncled; flowers smaller; pedicels slender.—Prairies, N. Ill. to Minn., and westward. July.

4. ENSLÉNIA, Nutt.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted; the divisions erect, ovate-lanceolate. Crown of 5 free membranaceous leaflets, which are truncate or obscurely lobed at the apex, where they bear a pair of flexuous awns united at base. Anthers nearly as in Asclepias; pollen-masses oblong, obtuse at both ends, fixed below the summit of the stigma to the descending glands. Follicles oblong-lanceolate, smooth. Seeds with a tuft, as in Asclepias.—A perennial twining herb, smooth, with opposite heart-ovate and pointed long-petioled leaves, and small whitish flowers in raceme-like clusters, on slender axillary peduncles. (Dedicated to A. Enslen, an Austrian botanist who collected in the Southern United States early in the present century.)

1. E. álbida, Nutt. Climbing 8–12° high; leaves 3–5´ wide.—River-banks, S. Penn. and Va. to Ill., Mo., and Tex. July–Sept.

5. VINCETÓXICUM, Moench.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped. Crown flat and fleshy, disk-like, 5–10-lobed, simple. Anthers, smooth follicles and seeds much as in Asclepias.—Herbs, often twining. (Name from vincens, binding, and toxicum, poison.)

V. nìgrum, Moench. More or less twining, nearly smooth; leaves ovate or lance-ovate; flowers small, dark purple, in an axillary cluster, on a peduncle shorter than the leaves.—N. Eng. to Penn.; a weed escaping from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. GONÓLOBUS, Michx.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped, sometimes reflexed-spreading; the lobes convolute in the bud. Crown small and fleshy, annular or cup-shaped, in the throat of the corolla. Anthers horizontal, partly hidden under the flattened stigma, opening transversely. Pollen-masses 5 pairs, horizontal. Follicles turgid, mostly muricate with soft warty projections, sometimes ribbed. Seeds with a coma.—Twining herbs or shrubs (ours herbaceous), with opposite heart-shaped leaves, and corymbose-umbelled greenish or dark purple flowers, on peduncles rising from between the petioles. Our species belong to the typical section, with the crown simple and unappendaged, and the corolla nearly veinless. (Name composed of γωνία, an angle, and λοβός, a pod, from the angled follicles of some species.)

[*] Crown a low undulately 10-lobed fleshy disk; follicles unarmed, glabrous, 3–5-costate or angled.

1. G. suberòsus, R. Br. Leaves cordate with an open shallow or sometimes deeper and narrow sinus, pointed, glabrate or hairy (3–5´ long); umbels 3–9-flowered, much shorter than the petiole; corolla broadly conical in bud, abruptly pointed, twisted; lobes ovate or triangular-lanceolate, acute, pubescent inside; calyx half as long. (G. macrophyllus, Chapman.)—Near the coast, Va. to Fla.

2. G. læ̀vis, Michx. Leaves oblong-cordate with a deep and narrow open sinus, conspicuously acuminate (3–6´ long); umbels 5–10-flowered, barely equalling the petiole; corolla elongated-conical in bud, not twisted; lobes narrowly or linear-lanceolate, obtuse, glabrous inside, 3–4 times as long as the calyx.—South of our range.—Passes into var. macrophýllus, Gray, with larger broadly cordate leaves, the sinus often closed, finely pubescent beneath. (G. macrophyllus, Michx.)—River-banks, Va. to S. Ind., Mo., S. C., and Tex.

[*][*] Crown cup-shaped, as high as the anthers; follicles muricate, not costate.

[+] Crown fleshy, merely 10-crenate, or the crenatures bidentate.

3. G. oblìquus, R. Br. Leaves rounded- to ovate-cordate with a narrow sinus, abruptly acuminate (3–8´ long); umbel many-flowered; corolla in bud oblong-conical; its lobes linear-ligulate (5–6´´ long, 1´´ wide), crimson-purple inside, dull or greenish and minutely pubescent outside.—River-banks, mountains of Penn. and Va., to Ohio and Mo. Flowers said to be fragrant.

4. G. hirsùtus, Michx. Commonly more hairy; leaves with the basal lobes sometimes overlapping; peduncles fewer-flowered; corolla in bud ovate, its lobes elliptical-oblong (3–4´´ long), barely puberulent outside, dull or brownish-purple.—Md. and Va. to Tenn. and Fla.

[+][+] Crown thinner, the border lobed or toothed; leaves as in the preceding.

5. G. Shórtii, Gray. Resembles n. 3, but larger-leaved; corolla oblong-conical in bud, dark crimson-purple, its lobes ligulate (fully 6´´ long); crown about 10-toothed, the alternate teeth thinner, narrower and longer, either emarginate or 2-parted.—Along the mountains, E. Ky. (Short) to N. W. Ga. (Chapman).

6. G. Carolinénsis, R. Br. Flower-bud oblong; corolla brownish-purple; its lobes oblong or linear-oblong (4–5´´ long); crown undulately and very obtusely 5-lobed and with a longer bifid subulate process in each sinus.—From Va. to La., extending north to Ark. and central Mo.

Order 68. LOGANIÀCEÆ. (Logania Family.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with opposite and entire leaves, and stipules or a stipular membrane or line between them, and with regular 4–5-merous 4–5-androus perfect flowers, the ovary free from the calyx; a connecting group between Gentianaceæ, Apocynaceæ, Scrophulariaceæ (from all which they are known by their stipules) and Rubiaceæ, from which they differ in their free ovary; our representatives of the family are all most related to the Rubiaceæ, to which, indeed, they have been appended.

[*] Woody twiners; leaves evergreen, stigmas 4.

1. Gelsemium. Corolla large, the 5 lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender.

[*][*] Herbs; stigma single, entire or 2-lobed.

2. Polypremum. Corolla 4-lobed, not longer than the calyx, imbricated in the bud.

3. Spigelia. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Style single, jointed in the middle.

4. Mitreola. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Styles 2, short, converging, united at the summit, and with a common stigma.

1. GELSÉMIUM, Juss. Yellow (False) Jessamine.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open-funnel-form, 5-lobed; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, with oblong sagittate anthers. Style long and slender; stigmas 2, each 2-parted, the divisions linear. Capsule elliptical, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, 2-celled, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds many or several, winged. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen; the ovate flat cotyledons much shorter than the slender radicle.—Smooth and twining shrubby plants with ovate or lanceolate leaves, minute deciduous stipules, and showy yellow flowers, of two sorts as to relative length of stamens and style. (Gelsomino, the Italian name of the Jessamine.)

1. G. sempérvirens, Ait. (Yellow Jessamine of the South.) Stem climbing high; leaves short-petioled, shining, nearly persistent; flowers in short axillary clusters; pedicels scaly-bracted; flowers very fragrant (the bright yellow corolla 1–1½´ long); capsule flat, pointed.—Low grounds, E. Va. to Fla. and Tex. March, April.

2. POLYPRÈMUM, L.

Calyx 4-parted; the divisions awl-shaped from a broad scarious-margined base. Corolla not longer than the calyx, almost wheel-shaped, bearded in the throat; the 4 lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4, very short; anthers globular. Style 1, very short; stigma ovoid, entire. Capsule ovoid, a little flattened, notched at the apex, 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded.—A smooth, diffuse, much-branched, small annual, with narrowly linear or awl-shaped leaves, connected at base by a slight stipular line; the small flowers solitary and sessile in the forks and at the ends of the branches; corolla inconspicuous, white. (Name altered from πολύπρεμνος, many-stemmed.)

1. P. procúmbens, L.—Dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Md. to Tex.; also adventive in Penn. June–Oct.

3. SPIGÈLIA, L. Pink-root. Worm-grass.

Calyx 5-parted; the lobes slender. Corolla tubular-funnel-form, 5-lobed at the summit, valvate in bud. Stamens 5; anthers linear. Style 1, slender, hairy above, jointed near the middle. Capsule short, 2-celled, twin, laterally flattened, separating at maturity from a persistent base into 2 carpels, which open loculicidally, few-seeded.—Chiefly herbs, with opposite leaves united by stipules, and the flowers spiked in one-sided cymes. (Named for Adrian Spiegel, latinized Spigelius, who wrote on botany early in the 17th century, and was perhaps the first to give directions for preparing an herbarium.)

1. S. Marilándica, L. (Maryland Pink-root.) Stems simple and erect from a perennial root (6–18´ high); leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acute; spike simple or forked, short; corolla 1½´ long, red outside, yellow within; tube 4 times the length of the calyx, the lobes lanceolate; anthers and style exserted.—Rich woods, N. J. to Wisc. and Tex. June, July.—A well-known officinal anthelmintic, and a showy plant.

4. MITRÈOLA, L. Mitrewort.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla little longer than the calyx, somewhat funnel-form, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, included. Ovary at the base slightly adnate to the bottom of the calyx, 2-celled; styles 2, short, converging and united above by a common stigma. Capsule exserted, strongly 2-horned or mitre-shaped, opening down the inner side of each horn, many-seeded.—Annual smooth herbs, 6´–2° high, with small stipules between the leaves, and small white flowers spiked along one side of the branches of a terminal petioled cyme. (Diminutive of mitra, a mitre, from the shape of the pod.)

1. M. petiolàta, Torr. & Gray. Leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, petioled.—Damp soil, from E. Va. to Tex.

Order 69. GENTIANÀCEÆ. (Gentian Family.)

Smooth herbs, with a colorless bitter juice, opposite and sessile entire and simple leaves (except in Tribe II.) without stipules, regular flowers with the stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, which are convolute (rarely imbricated and sometimes valvate) in the bud, a 1-celled ovary with 2 parietal placentæ, or nearly the whole inner face of the ovary ovuliferous; the fruit usually a 2-valved and septicidal many-seeded capsule.—Flowers solitary or cymose (racemose in n. 8). Calyx persistent. Corolla mostly withering-persistent; the stamens inserted on its tube. Seeds anatropous, with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. (Bitter-tonic plants.)

Suborder I. Gentianeæ. Leaves always simple and entire, sessile, never alternate. Æstivation of corolla never valvate.

[*] Lobes of corolla convolute in the bud.

[+] Style filiform, usually deciduous; anthers oblong to linear, mostly twisting or curving in age.

1. Erythræa. Parts of flower 5 or 4; corolla salver-form; anthers twisting spirally.

2. Sabbatia. Parts of flower 5–12; corolla rotate; anthers recurved or revolute.

3. Eustoma. Parts of flower 5 or 6; corolla campanulate-funnel-form; anthers versatile, straight or recurving; calyx-lobes long-acuminate.

[+][+] Style stout and persistent or none; anthers remaining straight.

4. Gentiana. Corolla funnel-form or bell-shaped, mostly plaited in the sinuses, without spurs or glands. Calyx 4–5-cleft.

5. Frasera. Corolla 4-parted, rotate; a fringed glandular spot on each lobe.

6. Halenia. Corolla 4–5-cleft, campanulate, and 4–5-spurred at the base.

[*][*] Lobes of corolla imbricate in the bud; no appendages.

7. Bartonia. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, somewhat campanulate.

8. Obolaria. Calyx of 2 foliaceous sepals. Corolla 4-lobed, oblong-campanulate.

Suborder II. Menyantheæ. Leaves all alternate and mostly petioled, sometimes trifoliolate or crenate. Æstivation of corolla induplicate-valvate. Marsh or aquatic perennials.

9. Menyanthes. Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 3-foliolate.

10. Limnanthemum. Corolla naked, or bearded on the margins only. Leaves simple, rounded.

1. ERYTHRÆ̀A, Richard. Centaury.

Calyx 4–5-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, with slender tube and 4–5-parted limb. Anthers exserted, erect, twisting spirally. Style slender, single; stigma capitate or 2-lipped.—Low and small branching annuals, chiefly with rose-purple or reddish flowers (whence the name, from ἐρυθρός, red); in summer.

E. Centaùrium, Pers. (Centaury.) Stem upright (6–12´ high), corymbosely branched above; leaves oblong or elliptical, acutish, the basal rosulate, the uppermost linear; cymes clustered, flat-topped, the flowers all nearly sessile; tube of the (purple-rose-colored) corolla not twice the length of the oval lobes.—Waste grounds, shores of Lakes Ontario and Michigan. (Adv. from Eu.)

E. ramosíssima, Pers. Low (2–6´ high); stem many times forked above and forming a diffuse cyme; leaves ovate-oblong or oval, not rosulate below; flowers all on short pedicels; tube of the (pink-purple) corolla thrice the length of the elliptical-oblong lobes.—Wet or shady places, N. J., E. Penn., and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)

E. spicàta, Pers. Stem strictly upright (6–10´ high); the flowers sessile and spiked along one side of the simple or rarely forked branches; leaves oval and oblong, rounded at base, acutish; tube of the (rose-colored or whitish) corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, the lobes oblong.—Sandy sea-shore, Nantucket, Mass., and Portsmouth, Va. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. SABBÀTIA, Adans.

Calyx 5–12-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla 5–12-parted, wheel-shaped. Stamens 5–12; anthers soon recurved. Style 2-cleft or -parted, slender.—Biennials or annuals, with slender stems, and cymose-panicled handsome (white or rose-purple) flowers, in summer. (Dedicated to L. Sabbati, an early Italian botanist.)

[*] Corolla 5-parted, or rarely 6–7-parted.

[+] Branches all opposite and stems more or less 4-angled; flowers cymose; calyx with long and slender lobes.

[++] Corolla white, often turning yellowish in drying.

1. S. paniculàta, Pursh. Stem brachiately much-branched (1–2° high); leaves linear or the lower oblong, obtuse, 1-nerved, nearly equalling the internodes; calyx-lobes much shorter than the corolla.—Low grounds, Va. to Fla.

2. S. lanceolàta, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple (2–3° high) bearing a flat-topped cyme; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 3-nerved, the upper acute, much shorter than the internodes; calyx-lobes longer and flowers larger than in n. 1.—Wet pine barrens, N. J. to Fla.

[++][++] Corolla rose-pink, rarely white, with a yellowish or greenish eye.

3. S. brachiàta, Ell. Stem slightly angled, simple below (1–2° high); leaves linear and linear-oblong, obtuse, or the upper acute; branches rather few-flowered, forming an oblong panicle; calyx-lobes nearly half shorter than the corolla.—Dry or low places, Ind. and N. C. to La. and Fla.

4. S. angulàris, Pursh. Stem somewhat 4-winged-angled, much branched above (1–2½° high), many-flowered; leaves ovate, acutish, 5-nerved, with a somewhat heart-shaped clasping base; calyx-lobes one third or half the length of the corolla.—Rich soil, N. Y. to Ont. and Mich., south to Fla. and La.

[+][+] Branches alternate (or the lower opposite in n. 5); peduncles 1-flowered.

[++] Calyx-lobes foliaceous.

5. S. calycòsa, Pursh. Diffusely forking, pale, 1° high or less; leaves oblong or lance-oblong, narrowed at base; calyx-lobes spatulate-lanceolate ({2/3}–1´ long), exceeding the rose-colored or almost white corolla.—Sea-coast and near it, Va. to Tex.

[++][++] Calyx-lobes slender and tube very short (prominently costate in n. 6, and longer, nearly or quite enclosing the retuse capsule).

6. S. campéstris, Nutt. Span or two high, divergently branched above; leaves ovate with subcordate clasping base (½–1´ long), on the branches lanceolate; calyx equalling the lilac corolla (1½–2´ broad).—Prairies, S. E. Kan. and W. Mo. to Tex.

7. S. stellàris, Pursh. Loosely branched and forking; leaves oblong to lanceolate, the upper narrowly linear; calyx-lobes awl-shaped-linear, varying from half to nearly the length of the bright rose-purple corolla; style nearly 2-parted.—Salt marshes, Mass. to Fla. Appears to pass into the next; corolla in both at times pink or white.

8. S. grácilis, Salisb. Stem very slender, at length diffusely branched; branches and long peduncles filiform; leaves linear, or the lower lance-linear, the uppermost similar to the setaceous calyx-lobes, which equal the rose-purple corolla; style cleft to the middle.—Brackish marshes, Nantucket, Mass., and N. J., to Fla. and La.

9. S. Ellióttii, Steud. Effusely much branched; leaves small, lower cauline (6´´ long or less) thickish, from obovate to lanceolate, upper narrowly linear and rather longer, on the flowering branches subulate; calyx-lobes slender-subulate, very much shorter than the white corolla; style 2-parted.—Pine barrens, S. Va. (?) to Fla.

[*][*] Corolla 8–12-parted, large (about 2´ broad).

10. S. chloroìdes, Pursh. Stem (1–2° high), loosely panicled above; peduncles slender, 1-flowered; leaves oblong-lanceolate; calyx-lobes linear, half the length of the deep rose-colored (rarely white) corolla.—Borders of brackish ponds, Mass. to Fla. and Ala.

3. EÙSTOMA, Salisb.

Calyx 5- (rarely 6-) parted; its lobes long-acuminate, with carinate midrib. Corolla campanulate-funnel-form, deeply 5–6-lobed. Anthers oblong, versatile, straight or recurving in age. Style filiform, nearly persistent; stigma of 2 broad lamellæ.—Glaucous large-flowered annuals, with more or less clasping and connate leaves, and slender terminal and more or less paniculate 1-flowered peduncles. (From εὖ, well, and στόμα, mouth, alluding to the open-mouthed corolla.)

1. E. Russelliànum, Griseb. One or two feet high; leaves from ovate- to lanceolate-oblong; lobes of lavender-purple corolla obovate (1½´ long), 4 times longer than the tube; anthers hardly curving in age.—Neb. to Tex.

4. GENTIÀNA, Tourn. Gentian.

Calyx 4–5-cleft. Corolla 4–5-lobed, regular, usually with intermediate plaited folds, which bear appendages or teeth at the sinuses. Style short or none; stigmas 2, persistent. Capsule oblong, 2-valved; the innumerable seeds either borne on placentæ at or near the sutures, or in most of our species covering nearly the whole inner face of the pod.—Flowers solitary or cymose, showy, in late summer and autumn. (Name from Gentius, king of Illyria, who used some species medicinally.)

§ 1. GENTIANÉLLA. Corolla (not rotate) destitute of extended plaits or lobes or teeth at the sinuses; root annual.

[*] (Fringed Gentians.) Flowers large, solitary on long terminal peduncles, mostly 4-merous; corolla campanulate-funnel-form, its lobes usually fimbriate or erose, not crowned; a row of glands between the bases of the filaments. Autumn-flowering.

1. G. crinìta, Froel. Stem 1–2° high; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate from a partly heart-shaped or rounded base; lobes of the 4-cleft calyx unequal, ovate and lanceolate, as long as the bell-shaped tube of the blue corolla (2´ long), the lobes of which are wedge-obovate, and strongly fringed around the summit; ovary lanceolate.—Low grounds, N. Eng. to Dak., south to Iowa, Ohio, and in the mountains to Ga.

2. G. serràta, Gunner. Stem 3–18´ high; leaves linear or lanceolate-linear; lobes of the 4- (rarely 5-) cleft calyx unequal, ovate or triangular and lanceolate, pointed; lobes of the sky-blue corolla spatulate-oblong, with ciliate-fringed margins, the fringe shorter or almost obsolete at the summit; ovary elliptical or obovate. (G. detonsa, Manual.)—Moist grounds, Newf. and W. New York, to Iowa and Minn., north and westward.

[*][*] Flowers smaller, 4–5-merous; corolla somewhat funnel-form or salver-form, its lobes entire; peduncles short or none, terminal and lateral on the acute-angled stem.

3. G. Amarélla, L. Stems 2–20´ high; leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong, or the lowest obovate-spatulate, the margins minutely scabrous; calyx-lobes (4–5) foliaceous, lanceolate or linear; corolla mostly blue, ½´ long or more, with a fimbriate crown at the base of the oblong acute lobes; capsule sessile.—Var. acùta, Hook. f. Calyx almost 5-parted; crown usually of fewer and sometimes very few setæ.—Lab. to N. Vt. and N. Minn., west and northward.

4. G. quinqueflòra, Lam. Stem rather slender, branching (1–2° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate from a partly clasping and heart-shaped base, 3–7-nerved, tipped with a minute point; branches racemed or panicled, about 5-flowered at the summit; lobes of the small 5-cleft calyx awl-shaped-linear; corolla pale blue, 6–9´´ long, its lobes triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed, without crown, but the glands at the base of the slender obconical tube manifest; capsule stipitate.—Moist hills, Maine to Ont., Ill., and south along the mountains to Fla.—Var. occidentàlis, Gray. Sometimes 2–3° high, and paniculately much-branched; calyx-lobes more leaf-like, linear-lanceolate, reaching to the middle of the broader funnel-form corolla.—Va. and Ohio to Minn., south to Tenn. and La.

§ 2. PNEUMONÁNTHE. Corolla (funnel-form or salver-form) with thin-membranaceous toothed or lobed plaits in the sinuses; no crown nor glands, capsule stipitate; autumn-flowering perennials, the flowers large, sessile or short pedunculate and bibracteate (except in n. 12).

[*] Anthers unconnected or soon separate; leaves rough-margined; seeds winged.

5. G. affìnis, Griseb. Stems clustered, 1° high or less; leaves oblong or lanceolate to linear; flowers numerous and thyrsoid-racemose or few or rarely almost solitary; calyx-lobes unequal, the longest rarely equalling the tube, the shortest sometimes minute; corolla (blue or bluish) 1´ long or less, rather narrowly funnel-form, with ovate spreading lobes, the plaits with conspicuous laciniate appendages sometimes equalling the lobes.—Minn. to the Pacific.

6. G. pubérula, Michx. Stems (mostly solitary) erect or ascending (8–16´ high), mostly rough and minutely pubescent above; leaves rigid, linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate (1–2´ long); flowers clustered, rarely solitary; calyx-lobes lanceolate, much shorter than the bell-funnel-form open bright-blue corolla, the spreading ovate lobes of which are twice or thrice the length of the cut-toothed appendages.—Dry prairies and barrens, western N. Y., Ohio, and Ky., to Minn. and Kan. Oct.

[*][*] Anthers cohering in a ring or short tube; flowers in terminal and often axillary clusters.

[+] Calyx-lobes and bracts ciliolate-scabrous; seeds conspicuously winged; leaves rough-margined.

7. G. Saponària, L. (Soapwort G.) Stem erect or ascending, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong, or lanceolate-obovate, narrowed at the base; calyx-lobes linear or spatulate, acute, equalling or exceeding the tube, half the length of the corolla; lobes of the club-bell-shaped light-blue corolla obtuse, erect or converging, short and broad, but distinct, and more or less longer than the conspicuous 2-cleft and minutely toothed appendages.—Moist woods, N. Y. and N. J. to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

8. G. Andréwsii, Griseb. (Closed G.) Stems upright, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate and lanceolate from a narrower base, gradually pointed; calyx-lobes lanceolate to ovate, recurved, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and much shorter than the more oblong and truncate mostly blue corolla, which is closed at the mouth, its proper lobes obliterated, the apparent lobes consisting of the broad fringe-toothed and notched appendages.—Moist ground, N. Eng. to Minn., south to N. Ga. Corolla blue with white plaits, or sometimes all white.

[+][+] Margins of leaves, bracts, etc., smooth and naked; terminal flower-cluster leafy-involucrate; seeds winged.

9. G. álba, Muhl. Stems upright, stout; flowers sessile and crowded in a dense terminal cluster; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a heart-shaped closely clasping base, gradually tapering; calyx-lobes ovate or subcordate, many times shorter than the tube of the corolla, reflexed-spreading; corolla white more or less tinged with greenish or yellowish, inflated-club-shaped, at length open, its short and broad ovate lobes twice the length of the broad toothed appendages.—Low grounds and mountain meadows, Ont. to Ill., Ky., and Va.

10. G. lineàris, Froel. Stems slender and strict, 1–2° high; flowers 1–5 in the terminal cluster; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, with somewhat narrowed base; bracts sometimes very finely scabrous; calyx-lobes linear or lanceolate; corolla blue, narrow funnel-form, its erect roundish-ovate lobes little longer than the triangular acute appendages. (G. Saponaria, var. linearis, Gray.)—Bogs, mountains of Md. to N. Y., N. Eng., and northward.

Var. lanceolàta, Gray. Leaves lanceolate, or the upper and involucrate ones almost ovate-lanceolate, appendages of corolla sometimes very short and broad.—Minn. and L. Superior; also Herkimer Co., N. Y.

Var. latifòlia, Gray. Stout; leaves closely sessile, not contracted at base, the lowest oblong-linear, the upper ovate-lanceolate; appendages broad, acute or subtruncate.—L. Superior; N. Brunswick (flowers blue).

[+][+][+] Calyx-lobes and bracts with smooth margins or nearly so; seeds completely marginless.

11. G. ochroleùca, Froel. Stems ascending, mostly smooth; leaves obovate-oblong, the lowest broadly obovate and obtuse, the uppermost somewhat lanceolate, all narrowed at base, calyx-lobes linear, unequal, much longer than its tube, rather shorter than the greenish-white open corolla, which is painted inside with green veins and lilac-purple stripes; its lobes ovate, very much exceeding the small and sparingly toothed oblique appendages.—Dry or damp grounds, Penn. to Fla. and La.

[*][*][*] Anthers not connected; flowers terminal, solitary, commonly peduncled and naked; seeds wingless.

12. G. angustifòlia, Michx. Stems slender and ascending (6–15´ high), mostly simple; leaves linear or the lower oblanceolate, rigid; corolla open-funnel-form (2´ long), azure-blue, also a greenish and white variety, about twice the length of the thread-like calyx-lobes, its ovate spreading lobes twice as long as the cut-toothed appendages.—Moist pine barrens, N. J. to Fla.

Pleurógyne Carinthìaca, Griseb., var. pusílla, Gray, a low few-flowered annual, with rotate blue or bluish 4–5 parted corolla and a pair of scale-like appendages on the base of its divisions, is found from the Arctic Coast to the Lower St. Lawrence and Newfoundland, and was reported by Pursh from the summits of the White Mountains, but has not since been found.

5. FRÀSERA, Walt. American Columbo.

Calyx deeply 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped, each division with a glandular and fringed pit on the face. Filaments awl-shaped, usually somewhat monadelphous at base; anthers oblong, versatile. Style persistent; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oval, flattened, 4–14-seeded. Seeds large and flat, wing-margined.—Tall and showy herbs, with a thick root, upright and mostly simple stems, bearing whorled leaves, and numerous peduncled flowers in open cymes, disposed in an ample elongated panicle. (Dedicated to John Fraser, an indefatigable collector in this country toward the close of the last century.)

1. F. Carolinénsis, Walt. Smooth biennial or triennial (3–8° high); leaves mostly in fours, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate, veiny; panicle pyramidal, loosely flowered; corolla (1´ broad) light greenish-yellow, marked with small brown-purple dots, its divisions oblong, mucronate, longer than the narrowly lanceolate calyx-lobes, each with a large round gland below the middle; capsule much flattened parallel with the flat valves.—Rich dry soil, western N. Y. to Wisc., south to Ga.

6. HALÈNIA, Borkh. Spurred Gentian.

Calyx 4–5-parted. Corolla short bell-shaped, 4–5-cleft, without folds or fringe, prolonged at the base underneath the erect lobes into spurs, which are glandular in the bottom. Stigmas 2, sessile, persistent on the oblong flattish capsule. Seeds rather numerous, oblong.—Small and upright herbs, with yellowish or purplish panicled-cymose flowers. (Named for John Halen, a German botanist.)

1. H. defléxa, Grisebach. Leafy annual or biennial (9–18´ high), simple or branched above; leaves 3–5-nerved, the lowest oblong-spatulate and petioled, the others oblong-lanceolate, acute; spurs cylindrical, obtuse, curved, descending, half the length of the acutely 4-lobed corolla.—Damp and cool woods, from N. Maine and W. Mass. to L. Superior, Minn., and northward.

7. BARTÒNIA, Muhl.

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, destitute of glands, fringes, or folds. Stamens short. Capsule oblong, flattened, pointed with a large persistent at length 2-lobed stigma. Seeds minute, innumerable, covering the whole inner surface of the pod.—Small annuals or biennials (3–10´ high), with thread-like stems, and little awl-shaped scales in place of leaves. Flowers small, white, peduncled. (Dedicated to Prof. Benjamin Smith Barton, of Philadelphia.)

1. B. tenélla, Muhl. Stems branched above, the branches or peduncles mostly opposite, 1–3-flowered; lobes of the corolla oblong, acutish, rather longer than the calyx, or sometimes twice as long; anthers roundish; ovary 4-angled, the cell somewhat cruciform.—Open woods, Newf. to Wisc., south to Va. and La. Aug.—Scales and branches occasionally alternate.

2. B. vérna, Muhl. Stem 1–few-flowered; flowers 3–4´´ long, larger; lobes of the corolla spatulate, obtuse, spreading, thrice the length of the calyx; anthers oblong; ovary flat.—Bogs near the coast, S. Va. to Fla. and La. March.

8. OBOLÀRIA, L.

Calyx of 2 spatulate spreading sepals, resembling the leaves. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, withering-persistent, 4-cleft; the lobes oval-oblong, or with age spatulate, imbricated in the bud! Stamens inserted at the sinuses of the corolla, short. Style short, persistent; stigma 2-lipped. Capsule ovoid, 1-celled, the cell cruciform; the seeds covering the whole face of the walls.—A low and very smooth purplish-green perennial (3–8´ high), with a simple or sparingly branched stem, opposite wedge-obovate leaves; the dull white or purplish flowers solitary or in clusters of three, terminal and axillary, nearly sessile; in spring. (Name from ὀβολός, a small Greek coin, from the thick rounded leaves.)

1. O. Virgínica, L. Herbaceous and rather fleshy, the lower leaves scale-like; flowers 4´´ long.—Moist woods, N. J. to Ill., south to Ga. and Tex.

9. MENYÁNTHES, Tourn. Buckbean.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short funnel-form, 5-cleft, deciduous, the whole upper surface white-bearded, valvate in the bud with the margins turned inward. Style slender, persistent; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule bursting somewhat irregularly, many-seeded. Seed-coat hard, smooth, and shining.—A perennial alternate-leaved herb, with a thickish creeping rootstock, sheathed by the membranous bases of the long petioles, which bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets; the flowers racemed on the naked scape (1° high), white or slightly reddish. (The ancient Theophrastian name, probably from μήν, month, and ἄνθος, a flower, some say from its flowering for about that time.)

1. M. trifoliáta, L.—Bogs, N. J. and Penn. to Ind. and Iowa, and far north and westward. May, June. (Eu., Asia.)

10. LIMNÁNTHEMUM, Gmelin. Floating Heart.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the divisions fringed or bearded at the base or margins only, folded inward in the bud, bearing a glandular appendage near the base. Style short or none; stigma 2-lobed, persistent. Capsule few–many-seeded, at length bursting irregularly. Seed-coat hard.—Perennial aquatics, with rounded floating leaves on very long petioles, which, in most species, bear near the summit the umbel of (polygamous) flowers, along with a cluster of short and spur-like roots, sometimes shooting forth new leaves from the same place, and so spreading by a sort of proliferous stolons, flowering all summer. (Name compounded of λίμνη, a marsh or pool, and ἄνθεμον, a blossom, from the situations where they grow.)

1. L. lacunòsum, Grisebach. Leaves entire, round-heart-shaped (1–2´ broad), thickish, petioles filiform; lobes of the (white) corolla broadly oval, naked, except the crest-like yellowish gland at the base, twice the length of the lanceolate calyx-lobes; style none; seeds smooth and even.—Shallow water, from Maine to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

2. L. trachyspérmum, Gray. Leaves larger (2–6´ broad) and rounder, thicker, often wavy-margined or crenate, roughish and dark-punctate or pitted beneath; petioles stouter; seeds glandular-roughened.—Ponds and streams, Md. and Va. to Fla. and Tex.

Order 70. POLEMONIÀCEÆ. (Polemonium Family.)

Herbs, with alternate or opposite leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud, a 3-celled ovary and 3-lobed style; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, few–many-seeded, the valves usually breaking away from the triangular central column.—Seeds amphitropous, the coat frequently mucilaginous when moistened and emitting spiral threads. Embryo straight in the axis of copious albumen. Calyx persistent, imbricated. Corolla with a 5-parted border. Anthers introrse. (Insipid and innocent plants; many are ornamental in cultivation.)

1. Phlox. Corolla salver-form. Calyx narrow. Leaves opposite, entire.

2. Gilia. Corolla tubular-funnel-form or salver-form. Calyx narrow, partly scarious. Leaves mostly alternate, entire.

3. Polemonium. Corolla open-bell shaped. Calyx herbaceous, bell-shaped. Filaments slender, equal. Leaves alternate, pinnate or pinnately parted.

1. PHLOX, L.

Calyx narrow, somewhat prismatic, or plaited and angled. Corolla salver-form, with a long tube. Stamens very unequally inserted in the tube of the corolla, included. Capsule ovoid, with sometimes 2 ovules but ripening only a single seed in each cell.—Perennials (except a few southern species, such as P. Drummondii of the gardens), with opposite and sessile perfectly entire leaves, the floral often alternate. Flowers cymose, mostly bracted; the open clusters terminal or crowded in the upper axils. (Φλόξ, flame, an ancient name of Lychnis, transferred to this North American genus.) Most of our species are cultivated in gardens.

§ 1. Herbaceous, with flat (broad or narrow) leaves.

[*] Stem strictly erect; panicle pyramidal or oblong, many-flowered; peduncles and pedicels very short; corolla-lobes entire. (Very common in gardens.)

1. P. paniculàta, L. Stem stout (2–4° high), smooth; leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, large, tapering at the base, the upper often heart-shaped at the base; panicle ample, pyramidal-corymbed; calyx-teeth awn-pointed; corolla pink-purple varying to white.—Open woods, Penn. to Ill., south to Fla. and La. June, July.

2. P. maculàta, L. (Wild Sweet-William.) Smooth, or barely roughish; stem spotted with purple, rather slender (1–2° high); lower leaves lanceolate, the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex from the broad and rounded or somewhat heart-shaped base, panicle narrow, oblong, leafy below; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, short, scarcely pointed; corolla pink-purple.—Rich woodlands and along streams, N. J. and N. Penn. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark.—Var. cándida, Michx., is a white-flowered form, commonly with spotless stem. With the ordinary form.

[*][*] Stems, at least the flowering ones, ascending or erect; flowers in corymbed or simple cymes; corolla-lobes obovate or obcordate.

[+] Calyx-teeth triangular-subulate; corolla-lobes rounded, entire; glabrous or nearly so.

3. P. ovàta, L. Stems ascending (½–2° high), often from a prostrate base; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, and sometimes heart-shaped at the base, acute or pointed; flowers pink or rose-red, crowded, short-peduncled; calyx-teeth short and broad, acute. (P. Carolina, L.)—Open woods, in the mountain region from Penn. to Ala. June, July.

4. P. glabérrima, L. Stems slender, erect (1–3° high); leaves linear-lanceolate or rarely oblong-lanceolate, very smooth (except the rough and sometimes revolute margins), tapering gradually to a point (3–4´ long); cymes few-flowered and loosely corymbed; flowers peduncled (pink or whitish); calyx-teeth narrower and very sharp-pointed.—Prairies and open woods, N. Va. to Ohio and Minn., south to Fla. and Mo. July.

[+][+] Calyx-teeth long and slender; more or less hairy or glandular-pubescent.

[++] No runners or prostrate sterile shoots.

5. P. pilòsa, L. Stems slender, nearly erect (1–1½° high), usually hairy, as are the lanceolate or linear leaves (1–4´ long), which commonly taper to a sharp point; cymes at length open; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped and awn-like, longer than the tube, loose or spreading; lobes of the pink-purple or rose-red (rarely white) corolla obovate, entire.—Dry or sandy woods, prairies, etc., N. J. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. May, June.

6. P. amœ̀na, Sims. Stems ascending (½–1½° high), mostly simple; leaves broadly linear, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, abruptly acute or blunt (½–1½´ long), on sterile shoots often ovate; cyme mostly compact and sessile, leafy-bracted; calyx-teeth awl-shaped or linear, sharp-pointed, but seldom awned, rather longer than the tube, straight; lobes of the corolla obovate and entire (or rarely notched), purple, pink, or sometimes white. (P. procumbens, Gray; not Lehm.)—Dry hills and barrens, Va. to Ky., south to Fla.

[++][++] Sterile shoots from the base creeping or decumbent; leaves rather broad.

7. P. réptans, Michx. Runners creeping, bearing roundish-obovate smoothish and thickish leaves; flowering stems (4–8´ high) and their oblong or ovate obtuse leaves (½´ long) pubescent, often clammy; cyme close, few-flowered; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, about the length of the tube; lobes of the reddish-purple corolla round-obovate, mostly entire.—Damp woods, in the Alleghany region, Penn. to Ky. and Ga. May, June.

8. P. divaricàta, L. Stems spreading or ascending from a decumbent base (9–18´ high); leaves oblong- or lance-ovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate (1½´ long), acutish; cyme corymbose-panicled, spreading, loosely-flowered; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped, longer than the tube; lobes of the pale lilac or bluish corolla obcordate or wedge-obovate and notched at the end, or often entire, ½-{2/3}´ long, equalling or longer than the tube, with rather wide sinuses between them.—Rocky damp woods, W. Canada and N. Y. to Minn., south to Fla. and Ark. May.—A form occurs near Crawfordsville, Ind., with reduced flowers, the narrow entire acuminate corolla-lobes scarcely half as long as the tube.

[*][*][*] Stems low, diffuse and branching; flowers scattered or barely cymulose; corolla-lobes narrowly cuneate, bifid; calyx-lobes subulate-lanceolate.

9. P. bífida, Beck. Minutely pubescent; stems ascending, branched (5–8´ high); leaves linear, becoming nearly glabrous (½–1½´ long, 1½´´ wide); flowers few, on slender peduncles; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, about as long as the tube; lobes of the pale purple corolla 2-cleft to or below the middle (4´´ long), equalling the tube, the divisions linear-oblong.—Prairies of Ind. to Iowa and Mo.

10. P. Stellària, Gray. Very glabrous; leaves barely somewhat ciliate at base, linear (1–2´ long, 1´´ wide or more), acute, rather rigid; flowers scattered, mostly long-peduncled; lobes of the pale blue or almost white corolla bifid at the apex into barely oblong lobes.—Cliffs of Ky. River (Short), S. Ill., and Tenn. (Gattinger). May.

§ 2. Suffruticulose and creeping-cespitose, evergreen, with mostly crowded and fascicled subulate and rigid leaves.

11. P. subulàta, L. (Ground or Moss Pink.) Depressed, in broad mats, pubescent (glabrate when old); leaves awl-shaped, lanceolate, or narrowly linear (3–6´´ long); cymes few-flowered; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, rigid; corolla pink-purple or rose-color with a darker centre (sometimes white); lobes wedge-shaped, notched, rarely entire.—Dry rocky hills and sandy banks, southern N. Y. to Mich., south to Fla. and Ky.

2. GÍLIA, Ruiz & Pav.

Calyx-lobes narrow and acute, the tube scarious below the sinuses. Corolla tubular-funnel-form or salver-form. Stamens equally or unequally inserted. Capsule with solitary to numerous seeds.—Mostly herbs with alternate leaves. Our species belongs to the § Collomia, in which the flowers are capitate-glomerate and foliose-bracted or scattered, stamens unequally inserted in the narrow tube of the salver-form corolla, ovules solitary, and leaves sessile and entire; annuals. (Dedicated to Philip Gil, a Spanish botanist.)

1. G. lineàris, Gray. Branching and in age spreading, 6–18´ high; leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute; corolla 6´´ long, from lilac-purple to nearly white, very slender, with small limb. (Collomia linearis, Nutt.)—From Minn. west to the Pacific.

3. POLEMÒNIUM, Tourn. Greek Valerian.

Calyx bell-shaped, herbaceous. Stamens equally inserted at the summit of the very short tube of the open-bell-shaped or short funnel-form corolla; filaments slender, declined, hairy-appendaged at the base. Capsule few–several-seeded.—Perennials, with alternate pinnate leaves, the upper leaflets sometimes confluent; the (blue or white) corymbose flowers nearly bractless. (An ancient name, from πόλεμος, war, of doubtful application.)

1. P. réptans, L. Smooth throughout or slightly pubescent; stems weak and spreading (6–10´ high, never creeping as the name denotes); leaflets 5–15, ovate-lanceolate or oblong; corymbs few-flowered; flowers nodding, calyx-lobes ovate, shorter than the tube; stamens and style included; corolla light blue, about ½´ wide; capsules about 3-seeded.—Woods, N. Y. to Minn., south to Ala. and Mo. May, June.

2. P. cærùleum, L. (Jacob's Ladder.) Stem erect (1–3° high); leaflets 9–21, linear-lanceolate, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, mostly crowded; flowers numerous, in a thyrsus or contracted panicle; lobes of the calyx longer than the tube; stamens and style mostly exserted beyond the bright blue corolla, which is nearly 1´ broad; capsule several-seeded.—Rare in our range, occurring in swamps and on mountains in N. H., N. Y., N. J., and Md., but common in the western mountains and far northward.

Order 71. HYDROPHYLLÀCEÆ. (Waterleaf Family.)

Herbs, commonly hairy, with mostly alternate leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, in aspect between the foregoing and the next order; but the ovary entire and 1-celled with 2 parietal 4–many-ovuled placentæ, or rarely 2-celled by the union of the placentæ in the axis; style 2-cleft, or 2 separate styles; fruit a 2-valved 4–many-seeded capsule.—Seeds mostly reticulated or pitted. Embryo small in copious albumen.—Flowers chiefly blue or white, in one-sided cymes or false racemes, which are mostly bractless and coiled from the apex when young, as in the Borage Family. A small order of plants of no marked properties; some cultivated for ornament.

Tribe I. HYDROPHYLLEÆ. Ovary and capsule 1-celled. Seeds pitted or reticulated; albumen cartilaginous. Leaves cut-toothed, lobed or pinnate. Style 2-cleft.

[*] Ovary lined with the dilated and fleshy placentæ, which enclose the ovules and seeds (in our plants only 4) like an inner pericarp.

1. Hydrophyllum. Stamens exserted; anthers linear. Calyx unchanged in fruit.

2. Nemophila. Stamens included; anthers short. Calyx with appendages at the sinuses.

3. Ellisia. Stamens included. Calyx destitute of appendages, enlarged in fruit.

[*][*] Ovary with narrow parietal placentæ, in fruit projecting inward more or less.

4. Phacelia. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Calyx destitute of appendages.

Tribe II. HYDROLEÆ. Ovary and capsule 2-celled, the placentæ often projecting from the axis far into the cells. Albumen fleshy. Leaves entire. Styles 2.

5. Hydrolea. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped.

1. HYDROPHÝLLUM, Tourn. Waterleaf.

Calyx 5-parted, sometimes with a small appendage in each sinus, early open in the bud. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft; the lobes convolute in the bud; the tube furnished with 5 longitudinal linear appendages opposite the lobes, which cohere by their middle, while their edges are folded inward, forming a nectariferous groove. Stamens and style mostly exserted; filaments more or less bearded; anthers linear. Ovary bristly-hairy (as is usual in the family); the 2 fleshy placentæ expanded so as to line the cell and nearly fill the cavity, soon free from the walls except at the top and bottom, each bearing a pair of ovules on the inner face. Capsule ripening 1–4 seeds, spherical.—Perennials, with petioled ample leaves, and white or pale blue cymose-clustered flowers. (Name formed of ὕδωρ, water, and φύλλον, leaf; of no obvious application.)

[*] Calyx with minute if any appendages; rootstocks creeping, scaly-toothed.

1. H. macrophýllum, Nutt. Rough-hairy; leaves oblong, pinnate and pinnatifid; the divisions 9–13, ovate, obtuse, coarsely cut-toothed; root-leaves 1° long; peduncle shorter than the petiole; calyx-lobes lanceolate-pointed from a broad base, very hairy; flowers (6´´ long) crowded in a globular cluster; anthers short-oblong.—Rich woods, Ohio to Va. and Ala., west to the Mississippi. July.

2. H. Virgínicum, L. Smoothish (1–2° high); leaves pinnately divided; the divisions 5–7, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, pointed, sharply cut-toothed, the lowest mostly 2-parted, the uppermost confluent; peduncles longer than the petioles of the upper leaves, forked; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, bristly-ciliate; flowers 3´´ long; anthers oblong-linear.—Rich woods. June–Aug.

3. H. Canadénse, L. Nearly smooth (1° high); leaves (3–5´ broad) palmately 5–7-lobed, rounded, heart-shaped at base, unequally toothed, those from the root sometimes with 2–3 small and scattered lateral leaflets; peduncles mostly shorter than the petioles, forked, the nearly white flowers on very short pedicels; calyx-lobes linear-awl-shaped, nearly smooth, often with minute teeth in the sinuses.—Damp rich woods, N. Eng. to the mountains of Va., and west to the Mississippi. June–Aug.—Rootstocks thickened and very strongly toothed in 2 rows by the persistent bases of the stout petioles.

[*][*] Calyx with a small reflexed lobe in each sinus; stamens little exserted.

4. H. appendiculàtum, Michx. Hairy; stem-leaves palmately 5-lobed, rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed, the lowest pinnately divided, cymes rather loosely flowered; filiform pedicels and calyx bristly-hairy.—Damp woods, Ont. to mountains of N. C., west to Minn., Iowa, and Mo. June, July.

2. NEMÓPHILA, Nutt.

Calyx 5-parted, with a reflexed appendage in each sinus, more or less enlarged in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped or almost wheel-shaped; the lobes convolute in the bud; the tube mostly with 10 small folds or scales inside. Stamens included; anthers ovoid or heart-shaped. Placentæ (bearing each 2–12 ovules), capsule and seeds as in Hydrophyllum.—Diffuse and fragile annuals, with opposite or partly alternate pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and one-flowered peduncles; the corolla white, blue, or marked with purple. (Name composed of νέμος, a grove, and φιλέω, to love.) Some handsome species are garden annuals.

1. N. micròcalyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Small, roughish-pubescent; stems diffusely spreading (2–8´ long); leaves parted or deeply cleft into 3–5 roundish or wedge-obovate sparingly cut-lobed divisions, the upper leaves all alternate; peduncles opposite the leaves, shorter than the long petioles; flowers minute; corolla white, longer than the calyx; placentæ each 2-ovuled; capsule 1–2-seeded.—Moist woods, Va. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex. April–June.

3. ELLÍSIA, L.

Calyx 5-parted, without appendages, enlarged and foliaceous in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped or cylindraceous, not longer than the calyx, 5-lobed above; the lobes imbricated or convolute in the bud, the tube with 5 minute appendages within. Stamens included. Placentæ (each 2-ovuled), fruit, and seeds much as in Hydrophyllum.—Delicate and branching annuals, with lobed or divided leaves, the lower opposite, and small whitish flowers. (Named for John Ellis, a distinguished naturalist, an English correspondent of Linnæus.)

1. E. Nyctèlea, L. Minutely or sparingly roughish-hairy, divergently branched (6–12´ high); leaves pinnately parted into 7–13 lanceolate or linear-oblong sparingly cut-toothed divisions; peduncles solitary in the forks or opposite the leaves, 1-flowered; calyx-lobes lanceolate, pointed, about the length of the cylindraceous (whitish) corolla (in fruit ovate-lanceolate, nearly ½´ long), capsule pendulous. (E. ambigua, Nutt.; merely a slender form.)—Shady damp places, N. J. to Va., west to Minn. and Mo. May–July.

4. PHACÈLIA, Juss.

Calyx 5-parted; the sinuses naked. Corolla open-bell-shaped, 5-lobed; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments slender, often (with the 2-cleft style) exserted; anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary with 2 narrow linear placentæ adherent to the walls, in fruit usually projecting inward more or less, the two often forming an imperfect partition in the ovoid 4–many seeded capsule. (Ovules 2–30 on each placenta.)—Perennial or mostly annual herbs, with simple, lobed, or divided leaves, and often handsome (blue, purple, or white) flowers in scorpioid raceme-like cymes. (Name from φάκελος, a fascicle.)

§ 1. PHACELIA proper. Seeds and ovules only 4 (two on each placenta); corolla campanulate, with narrow folds or appendages within, the lobes entire.

1. P. bipinnatífida, Michx. Biennial; stem upright, hairy (1–2° high), leaves long-petioled, pinnately 3–5-divided, the divisions or leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely and often sparingly cut-lobed or pinnatifid, racemes elongated, loosely many-flowered, glandular-pubescent; pedicels about the length of the calyx, spreading or recurved.—Shaded banks, in rich soil, Ohio to Ill. and southward. May, June.—Corolla bright blue, 6´´ broad, with 5 pairs of longitudinal ciliate folds, covering as many externally keeled deep grooves. Stamens bearded below and with the style exserted.

§ 2. COSMÁNTHUS. Ovules and seeds as in § 1; corolla almost rotate, with fimbriate lobes, and no appendages within; filaments villous-bearded, rarely exserted; leaves pinnatifid, the upper clasping.

2. P. Púrshii, Buckley. Sparsely hairy; stem erect or ascending, branched (8–12´ high); lobes of the stem-leaves 5–9, oblong or lanceolate, acute; raceme many-flowered; calyx-lobes lance-linear; corolla light blue, varying to white (about ½´ in diameter).—Moist wooded banks, W. Penn. to Minn., and southward. April–June.

3. P. fimbriàta, Michx. Slightly hairy, slender; stems spreading or ascending (5–8´ long), few-leaved; lowest leaves 3–5-divided into roundish leaflets; the upper 5–7-cleft or cut-toothed, the lobes obtuse; raceme 3–10-flowered; calyx-lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, becoming spatulate; corolla white (3–4´´ broad).—Woods, high mountains of Va. to Ala. May.

§ 3. COSMANTHOÌDES. Ovules and seeds 2–8 on each placenta; corolla rotate or campanulate, with entire lobes and no appendages.

4. P. parviflòra, Pursh. Somewhat hairy, slender, diffusely spreading (3–8´ high); leaves pinnately cleft or the lower divided into 3–5 short lobes; racemes solitary, loosely 5–15-flowered, pedicels filiform, at length several times longer than the oblong calyx-lobes; corolla open-campanulate, bluish-white (4–6´´ broad); filaments hairy; capsule globular, 6–12-seeded, a half shorter than the calyx.—Shaded banks, Penn. and Ohio to Mo., south to S. C. and Tex. April–June.

Var. hirsùta, Gray. More hirsute and the stems less slender, apparently growing in more open dry soil; corolla larger, 5–7´´ in diameter; seeds 4–8.—Prairies and barrens, S. W. Mo. to E. Tex.; also Va. and Ga.

5. P. Covíllei, Watson. Like the last; racemes 2–5-flowered; calyx-lobes linear, in fruit 3´´ long or more; corolla tubular-campanulate with erect limb; filaments glabrous; capsule depressed-globose; seeds 4, large.—Larkspur Island in the Potomac, five miles above Washington. (F. V. Coville.)

§ 4. EÙTOCA. Ovules and seeds numerous on each placenta; corolla rotate-campanulate, with 10 vertical lamellæ within.

6. P. Franklínii, Gray. Soft-hairy; stem erect (6–15´ high), rather stout; leaves pinnately parted into many lanceolate or oblong-linear lobes, which are crowded and often cut-toothed or pinnatifid; racemes short, dense, crowded into an oblong spike; calyx-lobes linear; corolla blue.—Shores of L. Superior, thence north and westward.

5. HYDRÒLEA, L.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short-campanulate or almost wheel-shaped, 5-cleft. Filaments dilated at base. Styles 2, distinct. Capsule globular, 2-celled, with very large and fleshy many-seeded placentæ, thin-walled, 2–4-valved or bursting irregularly. Seeds minute, striate-ribbed.—Herbs or scarcely shrubby, growing in water or wet places (whence the name, from ὕδωρ, water), with entire leaves, often having spines in their axils, and clustered blue flowers.

1. H. affìnis, Gray. Glabrous throughout; stem ascending from a creeping base, armed with small axillary spines; leaves lanceolate, tapering to a very short petiole; flowers in small axillary leafy-bracted clusters; divisions of the calyx lance-ovate, equalling the corolla and the irregularly-bursting globose capsule.—Banks of streams, S. Ill. to Tex.

Order 72. BORRAGINÀCEÆ. (Borage Family.)

Chiefly rough-hairy herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and symmetrical flowers with a 5-parted calyx, a regular 5-lobed corolla (except in Echium), 5 stamens inserted on its tube, a single style and a usually deeply 4-lobed ovary (as in Labiatæ), forming in fruit 4 seed-like 1-seeded nutlets, or separating into two 2-seeded or four 1-seeded nutlets.—Albumen none. Cotyledons plano-convex; radicle pointing to the apex of the fruit. Stigmas 1 or 2. Calyx valvate, the corolla imbricated (in Myosotis convolute) in the bud. Flowers mostly on one side of the branches of a reduced cyme, imitating a spike or raceme, which is rolled up from the end, and straightens as the blossoms expand (circinate or scorpioid), often bractless. (A rather large family of innocent, mucilaginous, and slightly bitter plants; the roots of some species yielding a red dye.)

Tribe I. HELIOTROPIEÆ. Ovary not lobed; fruit separating into 2–4 nutlets.

1. Heliotropium. Corolla salver-form. Stamens included. Nutlets 1–2-celled.

Tribe II. BORRAGINEÆ. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming as many separate 1-seeded nutlets in fruit; style rising from the centre between them.

[*] Corolla and stamens regular.

[+] Nutlets armed, attached laterally; corolla short, closed by 5 scales.

2. Cynoglossum. Nutlets horizontally radiate, much produced downward, covered with barbed prickles.

3. Echinospermum. Nutlets erect or ascending, the margin or back armed with barbed prickles.

[+][+] Nutlets not armed, attached more or less laterally.

4. Krynitzkia. Corolla short, white, with closed throat. Nutlets attached along the inner angle.

5. Mertensia. Corolla trumpet-shaped with open throat, usually blue. Nutlets fleshy, attached just above the base.

[+][+][+] Nutlets unarmed, attached by the very base, ovoid, mostly smooth and shining.

[++] Scar flat, small. Racemes leafy-bracteate, except in n. 6.

6. Myosotis. Corolla short salver-form, its lobes rounded, and throat crested.

7. Lithospermum. Corolla salver-form to funnel-form, its rounded lobes spreading; the throat either naked or with low crests.

8. Onosmodium. Corolla tubular, unappendaged, its erect lobes acute.

[++][++] Scar large and excavated.

9. Symphytum. Corolla oblong-tubular, enlarged above and closed by 5 scales.

[*][*] Corolla irregular, limb and throat oblique and lobes unequal.

10. Lycopsis. Corolla-tube curved, closed with hispid scales. Stamens included.

11. Echium. Dilated throat of corolla unappendaged. Stamens unequal, exserted.

Asperùgo procúmbens, L., a European annual, well marked by its much enlarged membranaceous and veiny fructiferous calyx, has sparingly appeared in waste grounds about New York and Philadelphia, and at Pipestone, Minn.

1. HELIOTRÒPIUM, Tourn. Tournsole, Heliotrope.

Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, unappendaged, more or less plaited in the bud. Anthers nearly sessile. Style short; stigma conical or capitate. Fruit 2–4-lobed, separating into 2 indurated 2-celled and 2-seeded closed carpels, or more commonly into 4 one-seeded nutlets.—Herbs or low shrubby plants; leaves entire; fl. in summer, white (in our species). (The ancient name, from ἥλιος, the sun, and τροπή, a turn, with reference to its flowering at the summer solstice.)

§ 1. HELIOTROPIUM proper. Fruit 4-lobed, separating into four 1-celled 1-seeded nutlets. Style short.

[*] Flowers in bractless one-sided scorpioid spikes.

H. Europæ̀um, L. Erect annual (6–18´ high), hoary-pubescent; leaves oval, long-petioled; lateral spikes single, the terminal in pairs; calyx spreading in fruit, hairy.—Waste places, southward; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

1. H. Curassávicum, L. Apparently annual, glabrous; stems ascending; leaves lance-linear or spatulate, thickish, pale, almost veinless; spikes in pairs.—Sandy seashore, Va.; saline soils, S. Ill., and south and westward.

[*][*] Inflorescence not at all scorpioid; flowers scattered.

2. H. tenéllum, Torr. A span to a foot high, paniculately branched, slender, strigose-canescent; leaves narrowly linear, with revolute margins; flowers often bractless.—Open dry ground, Ky. to Mo. and Kan., south to Ala. and Tex.

§ 2. EÙPLOCA. Fruit didymous, the 2 carpels each splitting into two 1-seeded nutlets; style elongated; flowers scattered, large.

3. H. convolvulàceum, Gray. Low annual, strigose-hirsute and hoary, much branched; leaves lanceolate, or ovate or even linear, short-petioled; flowers opposite the leaves and terminal; corolla 6´´ broad, the strigose-hirsute tube about twice as long as the linear sepals.—Sandy plains, Neb. to W. Tex. A showy plant, with sweet-scented flowers.

§ 3. TIARÍDIUM. Fruit 2-lobed, separating into two 2-celled 2-seeded carpels, with sometimes a pair of empty false cells; style very short; flowers in bractless scorpioid spikes.

H. Índicum, L. Erect and hairy annual; leaves petioled, ovate or oval and somewhat heart-shaped; spikes single; fruit 2-cleft, mitre-shaped, with an empty false cell before each seed-bearing cell. (Heliophytum Indicum, DC.)—Waste places, along the great rivers, from S. Ind. to Mo., and southward. (Adv. from India.)

2. CYNOGLÓSSUM, Tourn. Hound's-Tongue.

Corolla funnel-form, the tube about equalling the 5-parted calyx, and throat closed with 5 obtuse scales; lobes rounded. Stamens included. Nutlets depressed or convex, oblique, fixed near the apex to the base of the style, roughened all over with short barbed or hooked prickles.—Coarse herbs, with a strong scent and petioled lower leaves; the mostly panicled (so-called) racemes naked above, usually bracted at base. Fl. all summer. (Name from κύων, a dog, and γλῶσσα, tongue; from the shape and texture of the leaves.)

C. officinàle, L. (Common Hound's-Tongue.) Biennial; clothed with short soft hairs, leafy, panicled above; upper leaves lanceolate, closely sessile by a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base; racemes nearly bractless; corolla reddish-purple (rarely white); nutlets flat on the broad upper face, somewhat margined.—Waste ground and pastures; a familiar and troublesome weed; the large nutlets adhering to the fleece of sheep, etc. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. C. Virgínicum, L. (Wild Comfrey.) Perennial; roughish with spreading bristly hairs; stem simple, few-leaved (2–3° high); stem-leaves lanceolate-oblong, clasping by a deep heart-shaped base; racemes few and corymbed, raised on long naked peduncles, bractless; corolla pale blue; nutlets strongly convex.—Open woods, Ont. and Sask. to Fla. and La.

3. ECHINOSPÉRMUM, Lehm. Stickseed.

Corolla salver-form, short, imbricated in the bud, the throat closed with 5 short scales. Stamens included. Nutlets erect, fixed laterally to the base of the style or central column, triangular or compressed, the back armed all over or with 1–3 marginal rows of prickles which are barbed at the apex, otherwise naked.—Rough-hairy and grayish herbs, with small blue to whitish flowers in racemes or spikes; ours annuals or biennials, flowering all summer. (Name compounded of ἐχῖνος, a hedgehog, and σπέρμα, seed.)

[*] Racemes panicled, leafy-bracteate at base; slender pedicels recurved or deflexed in fruit; calyx-lobes short, at length reflexed; biennial, not hispid.

1. E. Virgínicum, Lehm. (Beggar's Lice.) Stem 2–4° high; radical leaves round-ovate or cordate, slender-petioled; cauline (3–8´ long) ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends; loosely paniculate racemes divaricate; pedicel and flower each a line long; nutlets of the globose fruit equally short-glochidiate over the whole back. (Cynoglossum Morisoni, DC.)—Borders of woods and thickets, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Va. and La.

2. E. defléxum, Lehm., var. Americànum, Gray. Diffusely branched, about 1° high, leaves oblong to lanceolate, racemes lax, loosely paniculate; flowers small; nutlets of the globular-pyramidal fruit only marginally glochidiate.—Iowa, Minn., and northward.

3. E. floribúndum, Lehm. Rather strict, 2° high or more; leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate, the lowest tapering into margined petioles; racemes numerous, commonly geminate and in fruit rather strict; corolla larger (blue, sometimes white), 2–3´´ in diameter; nutlets scabrous and margined with a close row of flat subulate prickles.—Minn. and Sask., and westward.

[*][*] Racemes leafy-bracteate, stout pedicels not deflexed; calyx becoming foliaceous; leaves linear, lanceolate, or the lower spatulate; hispid annuals.

E. Láppula, Lehm. Erect, 1–2° high, nutlets rough-granulate or tuberculate on the back, the margins with a double row of slender distinct prickles, or these irregular over most of the back.—Waste and cultivated grounds, from Canada to the Middle Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. E. Redówskii, Lehm., var. occidentàle, Watson. Erect, 1–2° high, at length diffuse; nutlets irregularly and minutely sharp-tuberculate, the margins armed with a single row of stout flattened prickles sometimes confluent at base.—Minn. to Tex., and westward.

4. KRYNÍTZKIA, Fisch. & Meyer.

Calyx 5-parted or deeply cleft, erect or little spreading in fruit. Corolla short, usually with more or less fornicate throat. Nutlets erect and straight, unarmed, attached to the axis either at inner edge of base or ventrally from the base upward.—Ours are very hispid annuals or biennials, with small white flowers in scorpioid spikes. A large western genus. (Dedicated to Prof. J. Krynitzki, of Cracow.)

1. K. crassisépala, Gray. Annual, diffusely much branched, a span high, very rough-hispid; leaves oblanceolate and linear-spatulate; flowers very small, short-pedicelled, mostly bracteate; lobes of the persistent calyx closed over the fruit, the midrib below becoming much thickened and indurated; nutlets ovate, acute, dissimilar, 3 of them muricate-granulate and 1 larger and smooth, attached from the base to the middle.—Plains, Sask. to Kan., Tex. and N. Mex.

5. MERTÉNSIA, Roth. Lungwort.

Corolla trumpet-shaped or bell-funnel-shaped, longer than the deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted calyx, naked, or with 5 small glandular folds or appendages in the open throat. Anthers oblong or arrow-shaped. Style long and thread-form. Nutlets ovoid, fleshy when fresh, smooth or wrinkled, obliquely attached next the base by a prominent internal angle, the scar small.—Smooth or soft-hairy perennial herbs, with pale and entire leaves, and handsome purplish-blue (rarely white) flowers, in loose and short panicled or corymbed raceme-like clusters, only the lower one leafy-bracted; pedicels slender. (Named for Prof. Francis Charles Mertens, a German botanist.)

[*] Corolla trumpet-shaped, with spreading nearly entire limb and naked throat; filaments slender, exserted; hypogynous disk 2-lobed.

1. M. Virgínica, DC. (Virginian Cowslip. Lungwort. Blue Bells.) Very smooth, pale, erect (1–2° high); leaves obovate, veiny, those at the root (4–6´ long) petioled; corolla trumpet-shaped, 1´ long, many times exceeding the calyx, rich purple-blue, rarely white; nutlets dull and roughish.—Alluvial banks, N. Y. to Minn., S. C., and Ark. May. Cultivated for ornament.

[*][*] Corolla with conspicuously 5-lobed limb, and crested throat.

[+] Filaments broad and short; nutlets dull, wrinkled or roughish when dry.

2. M. paniculàta, Don. Roughish and more or less hairy, erect (1–2° high), loosely branched, leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, ribbed, thin; corolla (6´´ long) somewhat funnel-form, 3–4 times the length of the lance-linear acute divisions of the calyx, filaments broader and shorter than the anthers.—Shore of L. Superior and north and westward. July and Aug.

3. M. lanceolàta, DC. Glabrous or hirsute, pale, 1° high or less, simple or branched, leaves spatulate-oblong to lanceolate-linear, smaller (1–2´ long), nearly veinless, obtuse or acute; corolla-tube somewhat longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes; filaments generally longer than the anthers.—Dak. to N. Mex. and westward.

[+][+] Filaments longer and narrower than the anthers; nutlets shining, utricular.

4. M. marítima, Don. (Sea Lungwort.) Spreading or decumbent, smooth, glaucous; leaves fleshy, ovate or obovate or spatulate, the upper surface becoming papillose; corolla white, bell-funnel-form (3´´ long), twice the length of the calyx.—Sea-coast, on rocks and sand, Cape Cod to Maine and northward; scarce. June–Aug.

6. MYOSÒTIS, Dill. Scorpion-grass. Forget-me-not.

Corolla salver-form, the tube about the length of the 5-toothed or 5-cleft calyx, the throat with 5 small and blunt arching appendages opposite the rounded lobes; the latter convolute in the bud! Stamens included, on very short filaments. Nutlets smooth, compressed, fixed at the base; the scar minute.—Low and mostly soft-hairy herbs, with entire leaves, those of the stem sessile, and with small flowers in naked racemes, which are entirely bractless, or occasionally with one or two small leaves next the base, prolonged and straightened in fruit. Flowering through the season. (Name composed of μύς, mouse, and οὖς, ὠτός, ear, in allusion to the aspect of the short and soft leaves in some species; one popular name is Mouse-ear.)

[*] Calyx open in fruit, its hairs appressed, none of them hooked or glandular.

M. palústris, Withering. (True Forget-me-not.) Perennial; stems ascending from an oblique creeping base (9–20´ high), loosely branched, smoothish; leaves rough-pubescent, oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong; calyx-lobes much shorter than its tube; limb of corolla 3 or 4 lines broad, sky-blue with a yellow eye.—In wet ground, probably only escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. M. láxa, Lehm. Perennial from filiform subterranean shoots; stems very slender, decumbent; pubescence all appressed; leaves lanceolate-oblong or somewhat spatulate; calyx-lobes as long as its tube; limb of corolla 2 or 3´´ broad, paler blue. (M. palustris, var. laxa, Gray.)—In water and wet ground, Newf. to N. Y. (Eu.)

[*][*] Calyx closing or the lobes erect in fruit, clothed with spreading hairs, some minutely hooked or gland-tipped; corolla small; annual or biennial.

2. M. arvénsis, Hoffm. Hirsute with spreading hairs, erect or ascending (6–15´ high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutish; racemes naked at the base and stalked; corolla blue, rarely white; pedicels spreading in fruit and longer than the 5-cleft equal calyx.—Fields, etc.; not very common. (Eu.)

3. M. vérna, Nutt. Bristly-hirsute, branched from the base, erect (4–12´ high); leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the lower spatulate-oblong; racemes leafy at the base; corolla very small, white, with a short limb; pedicels in fruit erect and appressed at the base, usually abruptly bent outward near the apex, rather shorter than the deeply 5-cleft unequal (somewhat 2-lipped) very hispid calyx.—Dry ground, rather common. May–July.

M. versícolor, Pers. More slender than the last, simple at base; racemes loose, mostly naked at base; flowers almost sessile; corolla pale yellow changing to blue or violet; calyx deeply and equally 5-cleft.—Fields, Del. (Nat. from Eu.)

7. LITHOSPÉRMUM, Tourn. Gromwell. Puccoon.

Corolla funnel-form, or sometimes salver-shaped; the open throat naked, or with a more or less evident transverse fold or scale-like appendage opposite each lobe; the spreading limb 5-cleft, its lobes rounded. Anthers oblong, almost sessile, included. Nutlets ovate, smooth or roughened, mostly bony or stony, fixed by the base; scar nearly flat.—Herbs, with thickish and commonly red roots and sessile leaves; flowers solitary and as if axillary, or spiked and leafy-bracted, sometimes dimorphous as to insertion of stamens and length of style. (Name formed of λίθος, stone, and σπέρμα, seed, from the hard nutlets.)

§ 1. Nutlets tubercled or rough-wrinkled and pitted, gray and dull; throat of the (nearly white) corolla destitute of any evident folds or appendages.

L. arvénse, L. (Corn Gromwell.) Minutely rough-hoary, annual or biennial; stems erect (6–12´ high); leaves lanceolate or linear, veinless; corolla scarcely longer than the calyx.—Sandy banks and roadsides. May–Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. Nutlets smooth and shining, white like ivory; corolla greenish-white or pale-yellow, small, with 5 distinct pubescent scales in the throat; perennial.

L. officinàle, L. (Common Gromwell.) Much branched above, erect (1–2° high); leaves thinnish, broadly lanceolate, acute, with a few distinct veins, rough above, soft-pubescent beneath; corolla exceeding the calyx.—Roadsides, N. Eng. to Minn. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. L. latifòlium, Michx. Stem loosely branched, erect (2–3° high), rough; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly taper-pointed (even the floral ones 2–4´ long), ribbed-veined, roughish above, finely soft-pubescent beneath, the root leaves large and rounded; corolla shorter than the calyx.—Open ground and borders of woods, W. New York to Minn., south to Va. and Ark.

§ 3. BÁTSCHIA. Nutlets white, smooth and shining; corolla large, salver-form or nearly so, deep orange-yellow, somewhat pubescent, the tube much exceeding the calyx, and the throat appendaged. (Roots perennial, long and deep, yielding a red dye.)

[*] Corolla-tube one half to twice longer than the calyx, not much longer than the ample limb, the lobes entire; appendages little if at all projecting.

2. L. hírtum, Lehm. Hispid with bristly hairs (1–2° high); stem-leaves lanceolate or linear, those of the flowering branches ovate-oblong, bristly-ciliate; corolla woolly-bearded at the base inside (limb 8–12´´ broad); flowers distinctly peduncled, crowded, showy; fruiting calyx (½´ long) 3–4 times longer than the nutlets.—Pine barrens, etc., N. Y. to Minn., south and westward. April–June.

3. L. canéscens, Lehm. (Puccoon of the Indians.) Softly hairy and more or less hoary (6–15´ high); leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the upper ovate-oblong, more or less downy beneath and roughish with close appressed hairs above; flowers sessile; corolla naked at the base within; fruiting calyx (3´´ long) barely twice the length of the nutlets.—Plains and open woods, in sandy soil, Ont. to Va., Ala., and westward. May.

[*][*] Corolla-tube in well-developed flowers 2–4 times the length of the calyx and of its erose-toothed lobes, and the appendages conspicuous and arching; later flowers small, cleistogenous.

4. L. angustifòlium, Michx. Erect or diffusely branched from the base, 6–18´ high, minutely rough-strigose and hoary; leaves linear; flowers pedicelled, leafy-bracted, of two sorts; the earlier large and showy (corolla-tube 8–18´´ long), the later and those of more diffusely branching plants, with inconspicuous or small and pale corollas, without crests, and the pedicels commonly recurved in fruit; nutlets usually punctate. (L. longiflorum, Spreng.; the long-flowered form.)—Dry and sterile or sandy soil, Ind. and Mich. to Dak. and Tex., and westward.

8. ONOSMÒDIUM, Michx. False Gromwell.

Calyx 5-parted; the divisions linear and erect. Corolla tubular, or tubular-funnel-form, not crested (the sinuses minutely hooded-inflexed), the 5 acute lobes converging or barely spreading. Anthers oblong-linear or arrow-shaped, mucronate, inserted in the throat. Style thread-form, much exserted. Nutlets bony, ovoid, smooth, erect, fixed by the base; the scar minute, not hollowed out.—Chiefly perennial herbs, coarse and hispid, with oblong and sessile ribbed-veined leaves, and white, greenish, or yellowish flowers, in at length elongated and erect leafy raceme-like clusters; in summer.—Our species belong to true Onosmodium, with smooth included anthers on very short filaments; the corolla rarely twice the length of the calyx. (Named from the likeness to the genus Onosma, which name means ass-smell.)

1. O. Virginiànum, DC. Clothed all over with harsh and rigid appressed short bristles; stems rather slender (1–2° high); leaves narrowly oblong, or oblong-lanceolate (1–2½´ long), the lower narrowed at base; lobes of the narrow corolla lance-awl-shaped, sparingly bearded outside with long bristles.—Banks and hillsides, N. Eng. to Fla., Mo., and La.

2. O. Caroliniànum, DC. Shaggy all over with long and spreading bristly hairs; stem stout, upright (2–4° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute; lobes of the rather broad corolla ovate-triangular or triangular-lanceolate, thickly hirsute outside.—Alluvial grounds, W. New York to Minn., south to Ga. and Tex.

Var. mólle, Gray. Pubescence shorter and less spreading or appressed, 1–2° high; leaves mostly smaller (2´ long), when young softly strigose-canescent beneath. (O. molle, Michx.)—Ill. to Minn., Tex., and westward.

9. SÝMPHYTUM, Tourn. Comfrey.

Corolla oblong-tubular, inflated above, 5-toothed, the short teeth spreading; the throat closed with 5 converging linear-awl-shaped scales. Stamens included; anthers elongated. Style thread-form. Nutlets smooth, ovate, erect, fixed by the large hollowed base, which is finely toothed on its margin.—Coarse perennial herbs, with thickened bitterish mucilaginous roots; the nodding raceme-like clusters either single or in pairs. (Ancient Greek name from συμφεῖν, to grow together, probably for its reputed healing virtues.)

S. officinàle, L. (Common Comfrey.) Hairy, branched, winged above by the decurrent leaves; the lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a petiole, the upper narrower; corolla yellowish-white, rarely purplish.—Moist places; escaped from gardens. June. (Adv. from Eu.)

10. LYCÓPSIS, L. Bugloss.

Corolla funnel-shaped, with curved tube and slightly unequal limb; the throat closed with 5 convex obtuse bristly scales opposite the lobes. Stamens and style included. Nutlets rough-wrinkled, erect, fixed by a hollowed-out base.—Annuals. (Name from λύκος, a wolf, and ὄψις, face.)

L. arvénsis, L. (Small Bugloss.) Very rough-bristly (1° high); leaves lanceolate; flowers in leafy raceme-like clusters; calyx as long as the tube of the small blue corolla.—Dry or sandy fields, New Eng. to Va.; scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

11. ÉCHIUM, Tourn. Viper's Bugloss.

Corolla with a cylindraceous or funnel-form tube, and a more or less unequal spreading 5-lobed border; lobes rounded, the expanded throat naked. Stamens mostly exserted, unequal. Style thread-form. Nutlets roughened or wrinkled, fixed by a flat base. (A name of Dioscorides, from ἔχις, a viper.)

E. vulgàre, L. (Blue-weed.) Rough-bristly biennial; stem erect (2° high), mostly simple; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile; flowers showy, in short lateral clusters, disposed in a long and narrow thyrsus; corolla reddish-purple changing to brilliant blue (rarely pale).—Roadsides and meadows of the Middle Atlantic States. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

Order 73. CONVOLVULÀCEÆ. (Convolvulus Family.)

Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, often with some milky juice, with alternate leaves (or scales) and regular 5-androus flowers; a calyx of 5 imbricated sepals, a 5-plaited or 5-lobed corolla convolute or twisted in the bud (imbricate in n. 6); a 2-celled (rarely 3-celled) ovary (or in one tribe 2 separate pistils), with a pair of erect ovules in each cell, the cells sometimes doubled by a false partition between the seeds, so becoming 4-celled; the embryo large, curved or coiled in mucilaginous albumen.—Fruit a globular 2–6-seeded capsule. Flowers mostly showy, on axillary peduncles; pedicels articulated, often 2-bracted. (Many are cultivated for ornament, and one, the Sweet Potato, for its edible farinaceous roots, those of several species are cathartic; e.g. Jalap.)

Tribe I. DICHONDREÆ. Carpels 2 or 4, distinct or nearly so; styles 2 basilar. Creeping herbs.

1. Dichondra. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Pistils 2, one-seeded.

Tribe II. CONVOLVULEÆ. Ovary entire. Leafy plants, mostly twiners.

2. Ipomœa. Style undivided, with stigma capitate or 2–3-globose.

3. Convolvulus. Style undivided or 2-cleft only at apex; stigmas 2, linear-filiform to subulate or ovate.

4. Breweria. Style 2-cleft or 2-parted; the divisions simple; stigmas capitate.

5. Evolvulus. Styles 2, each 2-cleft; stigmas linear-filiform. Not twining.

Tribe III. CUSCUTEÆ. Ovary entire. Leafless parasitic twining herbs, never green. Embryo filiform, coiled, without cotyledons.

6. Cuscuta. The only genus of the group.

1. DICHÓNDRA, Forst.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens included. Styles, ovaries, and utricular 1–2-seeded capsules 2, distinct. Stigmas thick.—Small and creeping perennial herbs, soft pubescent, with kidney-shaped entire leaves, and axillary 1-flowered bractless peduncles. Corolla small, yellowish or white. (Name from δίς, double, and χόνδρος, a grain, from the fruit.)

1. D. rèpens, Forst. Leaves round kidney-shaped, pubescent, green both sides; corolla not exceeding the calyx (1–1½´´ long).—Wet ground, Va. to Tex., near the coast.

2. IPOMŒ̀A, L. Morning Glory.

Calyx not bracteate at base, but the outer sepals commonly larger. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form to nearly campanulate; the limb entire or slightly lobed. Style undivided, terminated by a single capitate or 2–3-globose stigma. Capsule globular, 4–6 (by abortion fewer) -seeded, 2–4-valved. (Name, according to Linnæus, from ἴψ, a Bindweed, and ὅμοιος, like; but ἴψ is a worm.)

§ 1 QUÁMOCLIT. Corolla salver-form, or with somewhat funnel-form but narrow tube; stamens and style exserted; flowers red. Annual twiners.

I. Quámoclit, L. (Cypress-Vine.) Leaves pinnately parted into linear-thread-shaped delicate parallel lobes; peduncles 1-flowered; corolla narrow, scarlet-red, or sometimes white. (Quamoclit vulgaris, Choisy.)—Sparingly spontaneous southward. (Trop. Amer., etc.)

I. coccínea, L. Leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire or angled, sepals awn-pointed; corolla light scarlet (1´ long). (Quamoclit coccinea, Moench.)—River banks, etc., Ohio to Ill., Va., and southward. (Probably indigenous in N. Mex. and Arizona.)

§ 2. IPOMŒ̀A proper. Corolla funnel-form or nearly campanulate, contorted in the bud; stamens and style not exserted.

[*] (Morning Glory.) Lobes of stigma and cells 3; sepals long and narrow, attenuate upward, mostly hirsute below, corolla purple, blue, and white.

I. hederàcea, Jacq. Stems retrorsely hairy, leaves heart-shaped, 3-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate; peduncles short, or rather long, 1–3-flowered; calyx densely hairy below; corolla white and purple or pale blue (1–1½´ long). (I. Nil. of Manual, not Roth.)—Waste and cultivated ground, Penn. to Fla., and La. (Trop. Amer.)

I. purpùrea, Lam. (Common Morning-Glory.) Annual, stems retrorsely hairy; leaves heart shaped, acuminate, entire; peduncles long, umbellately 3–5-flowered; calyx bristly hairy below; corolla funnel-form (2´ long), purple, varying to white.—Escaped in cultivated grounds. (Trop. Amer.)

[*][*] Stigma 2-lobed or entire; cells 2, each 2-seeded; sepals broader, imbricated.

[+] Leaves cordate, acuminate.

1 I. panduràta, Meyer. (Wild Potato-vine. Man-of-the-Earth.) Perennial, smooth or nearly so when old, trailing or sometimes twining; leaves occasionally contracted at the sides so as to be fiddle-shaped; peduncles longer than the petioles, 1–5-flowered; sepals smooth, ovate-oblong, very obtuse; corolla open-funnel-form (3´ long), white with purple in the tube.—Dry ground, Conn. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tex. June–Aug. Stems long and stout, from a huge root, which often weighs 10–20 pounds.

2 I. lacunòsa, L. Annual; rather smooth; stem twining and creeping, slender; leaves entire or angled-lobed; peduncles short, 1–3-flowered; sepals lance-oblong, pointed, bristly-ciliate or hairy, half the length of the sharply 5-lobed (white, ½–{1/3}´ long) corolla.—River-banks and low grounds, Penn. to Ill., south to S. C. and Tex.

[+][+] Leaves linear; not twining.

3 I. leptophýlla, Torr. Perennial, very glabrous; stems erect or ascending (2–4° high), with slender recurving branches, from an immense root (weighing 10–100 pounds); leaves 2–4´ long, 2–3´´ wide, short-petioled, acute; peduncles short, 1–2-flowered; sepals broadly ovate, very obtuse, outer ones shorter; corolla pink-purple, funnel-form, about 3´ long.—Plains of Neb. to central Kan., Tex., and westward.

3. CONVÓLVULUS, Tourn. Bindweed.

Corolla funnel-form to campanulate. Stamens included. Style undivided or 2-cleft only at the apex; stigmas 2, linear-filiform to subulate or ovate. Capsule globose, 2-celled, or imperfectly 4-celled by spurious partitions between the 2 seeds, or by abortion 1-celled, mostly 2–4-valved.—Herbs or somewhat shrubby plants, either twining, erect, or prostrate. (Name from convolvo, to entwine.)

§ 1 CALYSTÈGIA. Stigmas oval to oblong; calyx enclosed in 2 broad leafy brats.

1 C. spithamæ̀us, L. Downy; stem low and mostly simple, upright or ascending (6–12´ long); leaves oblong, with or without a heart-shaped or auricled base; corolla white (2´ long); stigmas oval. (Calystegia spithamæa, Pursh.)—Dry and sandy or rocky soil; not rare.

2. C. sèpium, L. (Hedge Bindweed.) Glabrous, or more or less pubescent; stem twining or sometimes trailing extensively; leaves triangular-halberd-shaped or arrow-shaped, acute or pointed, the basal lobes obliquely truncate and often somewhat toothed or sinuate-lobed; peduncles 4-angled; bracts commonly acute; corolla white or tinged with rose-color (1½–2´ long). (Calystegia sepium, R. Br.)—Moist alluvial soil, or along streams; N. Atlantic States and westward. (Eu., etc.)

Var. Americànus, Sims. Glabrous; corolla pink or rose-purple; bracts obtuse. (C. sepium of Am. authors mainly.)—Common, across the continent.

Var. rèpens, Gray. More or less pubescent; sterile and sometimes flowering stems extensively prostrate; leaves more narrowly sagittate or cordate, the basal lobes commonly obtuse or rounded and entire; corolla from almost white to rose-color; bracts very obtuse or acute. (Calystegia sepium, var. pubescens, Gray.)—Common.

§ 2. Stigmas filiform; no bracts at or near the base of the calyx.

C. arvénsis, L. (Bindweed.) Perennial; stem procumbent or twining, and low; leaves ovate-oblong, arrow-shaped, with the lobes at the base acute; peduncles mostly 1-flowered; bracts minute, remote; corolla (9´´ long) white or tinged with reddish.—Old fields, N. Atlantic States. (Eu.)

4. BREWÈRIA, R. Br.

Styles 2, or rarely 3, simple and distinct, or else united into one below; stigmas depressed-capitate. Otherwise as Convolvulus and Evolvulus.—Perennial prostrate or diffusely spreading herbs; flowers small; in summer; corolla more or less hairy or silky outside. (Named for Samuel Brewer, an English botanist or amateur of the 18th century.)

1. B. humistràta, Gray. Sparsely hairy or nearly smooth; leaves varying from oblong with a somewhat heart-shaped base to linear, mucronate or emarginate; peduncles 1–7-flowered; bracts shorter than the pedicels; sepals pointed, glabrous or nearly so; corolla white; filaments hairy; styles united at base. (Bonamia humistrata, Gray.)—Dry pine barrens, Va. to La.

2. B. aquática, Gray. Minutely soft downy and somewhat hoary; peduncles 1–3-flowered; sepals silky; corolla pink or purple; filaments smooth; styles almost distinct; otherwise nearly as n. 1. (Bonamia aquatica, Gray.)—Wet pine barrens and margins of ponds, N. C. to Tex., extending into Mo.

3. B. Pickeríngii, Gray. Soft-pubescent or smoothish; leaves very narrowly linear or the lowest linear-spatulate, tapering to the base, nearly sessile; peduncles 1–3-flowered; bracts resembling the leaves, mostly exceeding the flowers; sepals hairy; filaments (scarcely hairy) and styles (united far above the middle) exserted from the open white corolla. (Bonamia Pickeringii, Gray.)—Dry pine barrens and prairies, N. J. and southward; also W. Ill.

5. EVÓLVULUS, L.

Calyx of 5 sepals, naked at base. Corolla open funnel-form or almost rotate. Styles 2, each 2-cleft; stigmas obtuse. Capsule 2-celled; the cells 2-seeded.—Low and small herbs or suffrutescent plants, mostly diffuse, never twining (hence the name, from evolvo, to unroll, in contrast with Convolvulus).

1. E. argénteus, Pursh. Many-stemmed from a somewhat woody base, dwarf, silky-villous all over; leaves crowded, broadly lanceolate, sessile, or the lower oblong spatulate and short-petioled, about ½´ long; flowers almost sessile in the axils; corolla purple, 3´´ broad.—Sterile plains and prairies, Dak. and Neb. to Mo. and Tex.

6. CÚSCUTA, Tourn. Dodder.

Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, or of 5 sepals. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, bell-shaped, or short-tubular, the spreading border 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, imbricate. Stamens with a scale-like often fringed appendage at base. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled; styles distinct, or rarely united. Capsule mostly 4-seeded. Embryo thread-shaped, spirally coiled in the rather fleshy albumen, destitute of cotyledons, sometimes with a few alternate scales (belonging to the plumule); germination occurring in the soil.—Leafless annual herbs, with thread-like yellowish or reddish stems, bearing a few minute scales in place of leaves; on rising from the ground becoming entirely parasitic on the bark of herbs and shrubs on which they twine, and to which they adhere by means of suckers developed on the surface in contact. Flowers small, cymose-clustered, mostly white; usually produced late in summer and in autumn. (Name supposed to be of Arabic derivation.)

§ 1. Stigmas elongated; capsule circumscissile.

C. Epílinum, Weihe. (Flax Dodder.) Stems very slender, low; flowers globular, sessile in dense scattered heads; corolla 5-parted, short-cylindrical, scarcely exceeding the broadly ovate acute divisions of the calyx, persistent around the capsule; stamens included; scales short, broad, crenulate, shorter than the globose ovary.—Flax-fields; in Europe very injurious; sparingly introduced with flax-seed into the Northern States. June.

C. Epíthymum, Murr. Stems very slender; flowers capitate; corolla-lobes spreading, the cylindrical tube longer than the suberect acute sepals; scales large, contiguous, toothed; stamens exserted.—Occasionally found in clover-fields. (Int. from Eu.)

§ 2. Stigmas capitate; capsule indehiscent.

[*] Calyx gamosepalous; ovary and capsule depressed-globose.

[+] Flowers in dense or globular clusters; corolla with short and wide tube, persistent at the base of the capsule; styles mostly shorter than the ovary.

1. C. chlorocárpa, Engelm. Stems coarse, orange-colored; flowers white (1–1¼´ long); lobes of calyx and corolla (mostly 4) acute, often longer than the tube; scales small, 2-cleft, often reduced to a few teeth; the thin capsule pale greenish-yellow.—Wet places, from Wisc. and Minn. to Ark.; also in Penn. and Del., often on Polygonum.

2. C. arvénsis, Beyrich. Stems pale and slender, low; flowers smaller (hardly 1´´ long); calyx-lobes (5) obtuse, mostly very broad; those of the corolla acuminate, longer than the tube, with inflexed points, scales large, deeply fringed.—Rather dry soil on various low plants, N. Y. to Fla., west to the Pacific. Very variable.

[+][+] Flowers in panicled often compound cymes; styles slender, mostly longer than the ovary; corolla withering on the summit of the large capsule.

3. C. tenuiflòra, Engelm. Stems coarse and yellow, usually rather high-climbing; flowers (1´´ long or less) on short thick pedicels, often 4-merous; lobes of calyx and corolla oblong, obtuse, the latter mostly shorter than the slender deeply campanulate tube; scales shorter than the tube, fringed.—On tall herbs and shrubs in wet places, Penn. to Minn., and south to Tex.

[*][*] Calyx gamosepalous; ovary and capsule pointed, the latter enveloped or capped by the marcescent corolla; flowers in loose panicled cymes.

[+] Acute tips of the corolla-lobes inflexed.

4. C. decòra, Engelm. Stems coarse; flowers fleshy and more or less papillose; calyx-lobes triangular, acute; those of the broadly campanulate corolla ovate-lanceolate, minutely crenulate, spreading; scales large, deeply fringed; capsule enveloped by remains of corolla. (C. indecora, Choisy.)—Var. pulchérrima, Engelm. The larger form, with coarser stems, and conspicuous flowers 1½–2½´´ long and wide; anthers and stigmas yellow or deep purple.—Wet prairies, on herbs and low shrubs (principally Leguminosæ and Compositæ), from Ill. to Fla. and Tex., and westward.

5. C. infléxa, Engelm. Similar to the preceding; flowers of the same structure, but smaller (only 1´´ long), generally 4-merous; corolla deeper, with erect lobes, finally capping the capsule; scales reduced to a few teeth.—Open woods and dry prairies, on shrubs (hazels, etc.) or coarse herbs, southern N. Eng. to Neb. and Ark.

[+][+] Corolla-lobes obtuse, spreading.

6. C. Gronòvii, Willd. Stems coarse, often climbing high; corolla-lobes mostly shorter than the deeply campanulate tube; scales copiously fringed; capsule globose, umbonate.—Wet shady places, Canada to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. The commonest of our species. Flowers very variable in size and compactness of clusters.—Var. latiflòra, Engelm., is a form with flowers of more delicate texture, and shorter tube and longer lobes to the corolla. Common northward.

7. C. rostràta, Shuttleworth. Similar to the preceding; flowers larger (2–3´´ long), more delicate and whiter; lobes of corolla and calyx shorter than its tube; slender styles longer; ovary bottle-shaped; capsule long-pointed.—Shady valleys in the Alleghanies, from Md. and Va., southward; on tall herbs, rarely shrubs.

[*][*][*] Sepals 5, distinct, surrounded by 2 or more similar bracts; styles capillary; scales large, deeply fringed; capsule capped by the marcescent corolla.

8. C. cuspidàta, Engelm. Stems slender; flowers (1½–2¼´´ long) thin, on bracteolate pedicels in loose panicles; the ovate-orbicular bracts and sepals and the oblong corolla-lobes cuspidate or mucronate, rarely obtuse, shorter than the cylindrical tube; styles many times longer than the ovary, at length exserted.—Wet or dry prairies, on Ambrosia, Iva, some Leguminosæ, etc., Neb. to Tex., occasionally down the Missouri as far as St. Louis.

9. C. compácta, Juss. Stems coarse; flowers closely sessile in densely compact clusters; bracts (3–5) and sepals orbicular, concave, slightly crenate, appressed, nearly equalling or much shorter than the cylindrical tube of the corolla; stamens shorter than the oblong obtuse spreading lobes of the latter.—Along the west side of the Alleghanies from Ont. to Ala., west to Mo. and Tex. In damp woods, almost always on shrubs.

10. C. glomeràta, Choisy. Flowers very densely clustered, forming knotty masses closely encircling the stem of the foster plant, much imbricated with scarious oblong bracts, their tips recurved-spreading; sepals nearly similar, shorter than the oblong-cylindrical tube of the corolla; stamens nearly as long as the oblong-lanceolate obtuse spreading or reflexed corolla-lobes; style several times longer than the ovary.—Wet prairies, Ohio to Minn., Kan., and Tex., mostly on tall Compositæ. The rope-like twists (½–¾´ thick), of white flowers with golden yellow anthers imbedded in a mass of curly bracts, have a singular appearance.

Order 74. SOLANÀCEÆ. (Nightshade Family.)

Herbs (or rarely shrubs), with colorless juice and alternate leaves, regular 5-merous and 5-androus flowers, on bractless pedicels; the corolla imbricate or valvate in the bud, and mostly plaited; the fruit a 2-celled (rarely 3–5-celled) many-seeded capsule or berry.—Seeds campylotropous or amphitropous. Embryo mostly slender and curved in fleshy albumen. Calyx usually persistent. Stamens mostly equal, inserted on the corolla. Style and stigma single. Placentæ in the axis, often projecting far into the cells. (Foliage rank-scented, and with the fruits mostly narcotic, often very poisonous, while some are edible.)—A large family in the tropics, but very few indigenous in our district. It shades off into Scrophulariaceæ, from which the plaited regular corolla and 5 equal stamens generally distinguish it.

[*] Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted or 5-lobed; the lobes valvate and their margins usually turned inward in the bud. Anthers connivent. Fruit a berry.

1. Solanum. Anthers opening by pores or chinks at the tip.

[*][*] Corolla various, not wheel-shaped, nor valvate in the bud. Anthers separate.

[+] Fruit a berry, closely invested by an herbaceous (not angled) calyx.

2. Chamæsaracha. Corolla plicate, 5-angulate. Pedicels solitary, recurved in fruit.

[+][+] Fruit a berry, enclosed in the bladdery-inflated calyx. Corolla widely expanding.

3. Physalis. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 5-lobed or nearly entire. Berry juicy, 2-celled.

4. Nicandra. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly entire. Berry dry, 3–5-celled.

[+][+][+] Fruit a berry with the unaltered calyx persistent at its base.

5. Lycium. Corolla funnel-form or tubular, not plaited. Berry small, 2-celled.

[+][+][+][+] Fruit a capsule.

6. Hyoscyamus. Calyx urn-shaped, enclosing the smooth 2-celled capsule, which opens by the top falling off as a lid. Corolla and stamens somewhat irregular.

7. Datura. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Capsule prickly, naked, more or less 4-celled, 4-valved. Corolla funnel-form.

8. Nicotiana. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Capsule enclosed in the calyx, 2-celled.

1. SOLÀNUM, Tourn. Nightshade.

Calyx and wheel-shaped corolla 5-parted or 5-cleft (rarely 4–10-parted), the latter plaited in the bud, and valvate or induplicate. Stamens exserted; filaments very short; anthers converging around the style, opening at the tip by two pores or chinks. Berry usually 2-celled.—Herbs, or shrubs in warm climates, the larger leaves often accompanied by a smaller lateral (rameal) one; the peduncles also mostly lateral and extra-axillary.—A vast genus, chiefly in warmer regions, including the Potato (S. tuberòsum) and the Egg-plant (S. Melongèna); while the Tomato (Lycopérsicum esculéntum) is closely related. (Name of unknown derivation.)

[*] Not prickly; anthers blunt; flowers and globose naked berries small.

[+] Perennial, climbing or twining.

S. Dulcamàra, L. (Bittersweet.) More or less pubescent; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, the upper halberd-shaped, or with two ear-like lobes or leaflets at base; flowers (purple or blue) in small cymes; berries oval, red.—Moist banks and around dwellings. June–Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

[+][+] Simple-leaved annuals.

1. S. triflòrum, Nutt. Low, spreading, slightly hairy or nearly glabrous; leaves oblong, pinnatifid (7–9-lobed) with rounded sinuses; peduncles 1–3-flowered; corolla white; berries green, as large as a small cherry.—Central Kan., and westward; chiefly a weed near dwellings.

2. S. nìgrum, L. (Common Nightshade.) Low, much branched and often spreading, nearly glabrous, rough on the angles; leaves ovate, wavy-toothed; flowers white, in small umbel-like lateral clusters, drooping; calyx spreading; filaments hairy; berries globular, black.—Shaded grounds and fields; common, appearing as if introduced, but a cosmopolite. July–Sept.

Var. villòsum, Mill. Low, somewhat viscid-pubescent or villous; leaves small, conspicuously angular-dentate; filaments glabrous; berries yellow.—Established near Philadelphia, from ballast. (Adv. from Eu.)

S. grácile, Link. Cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, rather tall (2–3° high), with virgate spreading branches; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, nearly entire; corolla white or bluish; calyx somewhat appressed to the black berry.—Coast of N. C., and about ballast near Philadelphia. (Adv. from S. Am.)

[*][*] More or less prickly; anthers tapering upward; pubescence stellate.

[+] Perennial; fruit naked; anthers equal; corolla violet, rarely white.

3. S. Carolinénse, L. (Horse-Nettle.) Hirsute or roughish-pubescent with 4–8-rayed hairs; prickles stout, yellowish, copious (rarely scanty); leaves oblong or ovate, obtusely sinuate-toothed or lobed or sinuate-pinnatifid, racemes simple, soon lateral; calyx-lobes acuminate; berries about 6´´ broad.—Sandy soil and waste grounds, Conn. to Iowa, south to Fla. and Tex.

4. S. elæagnifòlium, Cav. Silvery-canescent with dense scurf-like pubescence of many-rayed hairs; prickles small, slender, more or less copious or wanting; leaves lanceolate to oblong and linear, sinuate-repand or entire; calyx-lobes slender; berry seldom 6´´ in diameter.—Prairies and plains. E. Kan. to Tex., and westward.

5. S. Torrèyi, Gray. Cinereous with a somewhat close pubescence of about equally 9–12-rayed hairs; prickles small and stout, scanty or nearly wanting; leaves ovate with truncate or slightly cordate base, sinuately 5–7-lobed (4–6´ long); calyx-lobes short-ovate, abruptly long-acuminate; berry 1´ in diameter.—Prairies, etc., E. Kan. and Tex.

[+][+] Annual; fruit closely covered; lowest anther much the longest, corolla yellow.

6. S. rostràtum, Dunal. Very prickly, somewhat hoary or yellowish with a copious wholly stellate pubescence (1–2° high); leaves 1–2-pinnatifid; calyx densely prickly; stamens and style much declined.—Plains of Neb. to Tex.; spreading eastward to Ill. and Tenn.

2. CHAMÆSÁRACHA, Gray.

Calyx herbaceous, closely investing the globose berry (or most of it), obscurely if at all veiny. Corolla rotate, 5-angulate, plicate in the bud. Filaments filiform; anthers separate, oblong.—Perennials, with mostly narrow entire or pinnatifid leaves tapering into margined petioles, and filiform naked pedicels solitary in the axils, refracted or recurved in fruit. (Saracha is a tropical American genus dedicated to Isidore Saracha, a Spanish Benedictine; the prefix χαμαί, on the ground.)

1. C. sórdida, Gray. Much branched from root or base, somewhat cinereous with short viscid pubescence; leaves obovate-spatulate or cuneate-oblong to oblanceolate, repand to incisely pinnatifid; calyx when young villous-viscid; corolla pale yellow or violet-purple (6´´ broad); berry as large as a pea.—Dry or clayey soil, central and W. Kan. to Tex. and Arizona.

3. PHÝSALIS, L. Ground Cherry.

Calyx 5-cleft, reticulated and enlarging after flowering, at length much inflated and enclosing the 2-celled globular (edible) berry. Corolla between wheel-shaped and funnel-form, the very short tube marked with 5 concave spots at the base; the plaited border somewhat 5-lobed or barely 5–10-toothed. Stamens 5, erect; anthers separate, opening lengthwise.—Herbs (in this country), with the leaves often unequally in pairs, and the 1-flowered nodding peduncles extra-axillary; flowering through the summer. (Name φυσαλίς, a bladder, from the inflated calyx.)

[*] Corolla large, white or tinged with blue, without dark centre, with almost entire border; pubescence simple.

1. P. grandiflòra, Hook. Clammy-pubescent, erect; leaves lance-ovate, pointed, entire or nearly so; corolla 1–2´ wide when expanded, and with a woolly ring in the throat; fruiting calyx globular, apparently nearly filled by the berry.—S. shore of L. Superior to Sask.; Providence Island, L. Champlain (Perkins).

[*][*] Corolla lurid greenish-white or yellow, mostly with dark centre, 3–10´´ broad.

[+] Annuals, glabrous or pubescence minute; anthers violet.

2. P. Philadélphica, Lam. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, oblique at base, entire, repand, or very sparingly angulate-toothed; corolla brownish- or violet-spotted in the centre, 7–10´´ broad; calyx at maturity globose and completely filled by the large reddish or purple berry and open at the mouth.—In fertile soil, Penn. to Minn. and Tex.

3. P. angulàta, L. Much branched; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, sharply and irregularly laciniate-toothed; peduncles filiform; corolla unspotted, very small (3–6´´ broad when expanded); fruiting calyx conical-ovate with a truncate or sunken base, 10-angled, loosely inflated, at length well filled by the greenish-yellow berry.—Open rich grounds, Penn. to Minn., and southward.

[+][+] Strong-scented, villous or pubescent with viscid or glandular simple hairs; fruiting calyx ovate-pyramidal, carinately 5-angled, closed, loosely enveloping the green or yellow berry; leaves ovate or cordate.

4. P. pubéscens, L. Annual, diffusely much branched or at length decumbent; leaves angulate- or repand-toothed or nearly entire; corolla spotted with brown purple in the centre, 5–6´´ broad when expanded, obscurely 5–10-toothed; anthers violet.—Low grounds, N. Y. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex., and westward.—A very doubtful form, found at Independence, Kan. (B. F. Bush), has the small corolla (2´´ broad) yellow, without a brown centre, the anthers yellow, the fruiting calyx smaller, and the berry viscid.

5. P. Virginiàna, Mill. Perennial, diffusely much branched and widely spreading, or at first erect; leaves sometimes oblong, repand or obtusely toothed, rarely entire; corolla 9–12´´ broad, 5-angled or 5–10-toothed; anthers yellow. (P. viscosa, Gray, Man., not L.)—Light or sandy soils, Ont. and Minn. to Fla. and Tex.—Var. ambígua, Gray, is a coarse and very villous form with violet anthers. Wisc., and westward.

[+][+][+] Perennials, mostly low, not viscid; pubescence stellate or simple or nearly none; anthers almost always yellow.

6. P. viscòsa, L. Cinereous or when young almost canescent with short stellate or 2–3-forked pubescence; stems ascending or spreading from slender creeping subterranean shoots; leaves ovate or oval, varying to oblong and obovate, entire or undulate; corolla greenish-yellow, with a more or less dark eye; fruiting calyx globose-ovate; berry yellow or orange.—In sands on and near the coast, Va. to N. C. and Fla.

7. P. lanceolàta, Michx. More or less hirsute-pubescent with short stiff mostly simple hairs, varying to nearly glabrous; stems from rather stout subterranean shoots, angled, somewhat rigid; leaves oblong-ovate to narrowly lanceolate, sparingly angulate-toothed to undulate or entire; corolla ochroleucous, with a more or less dark eye; calyx commonly hirsute, in fruit pyramidal-ovate (1–1½´ long); berry reddish. (P. Pennsylvanica, Gray, Man., in part; not L.)—Dry open ground, Penn. to Ill., Minn., and south and westward.

Var. lævigàta, Gray. Glabrous or almost so throughout, or with some very short hairs on young parts.—Neb. to Tex., and westward.

Var. hírta, Gray. A remarkable ambiguous form, with much of the hirsute-pubescence of the leaves 2–3-forked, as also are some of the abundant villous-hispid hairs of the stem.—Wet woods, Tex. to Mo., and E. Kan.

4. NICÁNDRA, Adans. Apple of Peru.

Calyx 5-parted, 5-angled, the divisions rather arrow-shaped, enlarged and bladder-like in fruit, enclosing the 3–5-celled globular dry berry. Corolla with border nearly entire. Otherwise much like Physalis.—An annual smooth herb (2–3° high), with ovate sinuate-toothed or angled leaves, and solitary pale blue flowers on axillary and terminal peduncles. (Named after the poet Nicander of Colophon.)

N. physaloìdes, Gaertn.—Waste grounds, near dwellings and old gardens. (Adv. from Peru.)

5. LÝCIUM, L. Matrimony-Vine.

Calyx 3–5-toothed or -cleft, not enlarging, persistent at the base of the berry. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated and not plaited in the bud. Stamens 5; anthers opening lengthwise. Style slender; stigma capitate. Berry small, 2-celled. Shrubby, often spiny plants, with alternate and entire small leaves, and mostly axillary small flowers. (Named from the country, Lycia.)

L. vulgàre, Dunal. (Common M.) Shrub with long sarmentose recurved-drooping branches, smooth, sparingly if at all spiny; leaves oblong- or spatulate-lanceolate, often fascicled, narrowed into a short petiole; flowers on slender peduncles fascicled in the axils; corolla short funnel-form, greenish-purple; style and slender filaments equalling its lobes; berry oval, orange-red.—About dwellings, and escaped into waste grounds in Penn., etc. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. HYOSCỲAMUS, Tourn. Henbane.

Calyx bell-shaped or urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla funnel-form, oblique, with a 5-lobed more or less unequal plaited border. Stamens declined. Capsule enclosed in the persistent calyx, 2-celled, opening transversely all round near the apex, which falls off like a lid.—Clammy-pubescent, fetid, narcotic herbs, with lurid flowers in the axils of angled or toothed leaves. (Name composed of ὕς, ὑός, a hog, and κύαμος, a bean; said to be poisonous to swine.)

H. nìger, L. (Black Henbane.) Biennial or annual; leaves clasping, sinuate-toothed and angled; flowers sessile, in one-sided leafy spikes; corolla dull yellowish, strongly reticulated with purple veins.—Escaped from gardens to roadsides. (Adv. from Eu.)

7. DATÙRA, L. Jamestown-Weed. Thorn-Apple.

Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed, separating transversely above the base in fruit, the upper part falling away. Corolla funnel-form, with a large and spreading 5–10-toothed plaited border. Stigma 2-lipped. Capsule globular, prickly, 4-valved, 2-celled, with 2 thick placentæ; projected from the axis into the middle of the cells, and connected with the walls by an imperfect false partition, so that the capsule is 4-celled except near the top, the placentæ as if on the middle of these false partitions. Seeds rather large, flat.—Rank weeds, narcotic-poisonous, with ovate leaves, and large showy flowers on short peduncles in the forks of the branching stem; produced all summer and autumn. (Altered from the Arabic name, Tatorah.)

D. Stramònium, L. (Common Stramonium or Thorn Apple.) Annual, glabrous; leaves ovate, sinuate-toothed or angled; stem green; corolla white (3´ long), the border with 5 teeth; lower prickles of the capsule mostly shorter.—Waste grounds; a well-known ill-scented weed. (Adv. from Asia?)

D. Tátula, L. (Purple T.) Mostly taller; stem purple; corolla pale violet-purple; prickles of the capsule nearly equal.—Waste grounds, in the Atlantic States. (Adv. from trop. Amer.)

8. NICOTIÀNA, Tourn. Tobacco.

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, usually with a long tube; the plaited border 5-lobed. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2-celled, 2–4-valved from the apex. Seeds minute.—Rank acrid-narcotic herbs, mostly clammy-pubescent, with ample entire leaves, and racemed or panicled flowers. (Named after John Nicot, who was thought to have introduced Tobacco (N. Tabácum, L.) into Europe.)

N. rústica, L. (Wild Tobacco.) Annual; leaves ovate, petioled; tube of the dull greenish-yellow corolla cylindrical, two thirds longer than the calyx, the lobes rounded.—Old fields, from N. Y. westward and southward; a relic of cultivation by the Indians. (Of unknown nativity.)

Order 75. SCROPHULARIÀCEÆ. (Figwort Family.)

Chiefly herbs (rarely trees), with didynamous stamens (or perfect stamens often only 2, rarely 5) inserted on the tube of the 2-lipped or more or less irregular corolla, the lobes of which are imbricated in the bud; fruit a 2-celled and usually many-seeded capsule, with the placentæ; in the axis; seeds anatropous, or amphitropous, with a small embryo in copious albumen.—Style single; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Leaves and inflorescence various; but the flowers not terminal in any genuine representatives of the order.—A large order of bitterish plants, some of them narcotic-poisonous.

I. ANTIRRHINIDEÆ. Upper lip or lobes of the corolla covering the lower in the bud (with occasional exceptions in Mimulas, etc.) Capsule usually septicidal.

Tribe I. VERBASCEÆ. Corolla rotate. Flowers racemose. Leaves alternate.

1. Verbascum. Stamens 5, all with anthers, and 3 or all with bearded filaments.

Tribe II. ANTIRRHINEÆ. Corolla tubular, with a spur or sac at the base below, the throat usually with a palate. Capsule opening by chinks or holes. Flowers in simple racemes or axillary. Lower leaves usually opposite or whorled. Stamens 4.

2. Linaria. Corolla spurred at base; the palate seldom closing the throat.

3. Antirrhinum. Corolla merely saccate at base; the palate closing the throat.

Tribe III. CHELONEÆ. Corolla tubular, or 2-lipped, not spurred nor saccate below. Capsule 2–4-valved. Leaves opposite. Inflorescence usually compound, of small axillary spiked or racemed or umbel-like clusters or cymes, or when reduced to a single flower the peduncle mostly 2-bracteate. Stamens 4, and usually a rudiment of the fifth.

4. Scrophularia. Corolla inflated, globular or oblong, with four erect lobes and one spreading one. Rudiment of the sterile stamen a scale on the upper lip.

5. Collinsia. Corolla 2-cleft, the short tube saccate on the upper side; the middle lobe of the lower lip sac-like and enclosing the declined stamens.

6. Chelone. Corolla tubular inflated above. Sterile stamen shorter than the others. Anthers very woolly. Seeds winged.

7. Pentstemon. Corolla tubular. Sterile stamen about as long as the rest. Seeds wingless.

Tribe IV. GRATIOLEÆ. Corolla tubular, not saccate nor spurred. Capsule 2-valved. Flowers solitary in the axils of bracts or leaves, peduncles naked (or 2-bracteolate in n. 12). Leaves all or the lower ones opposite. No trace of a fifth stamen.

[*] Stamens 4, all anther-bearing and similar.

8. Mimulus. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla elongated.

9. Conobea. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions equal. Corolla short.

10. Herpestis. Calyx 5-parted, unequal, the upper division largest. Corolla short.

11. Limosella. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla open bell-shaped, 5-cleft, nearly regular. Leaves alternate or fascicled, fleshy. Dwarf aquatic or marsh plant.

[*][*] Anther-bearing stamens 2; usually also a pair of sterile filaments.

12. Gratiola. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included; the sterile pair short or none.

13. Ilysanthes. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included; the sterile filaments protruded.

14. Micranthemum. Flowers minute. Calyx 4-toothed or cleft. Upper lip of corolla short or none. Filaments with an appendage; sterile pair none. Dwarf aquatic.

II. RHINANTHIDEÆ. Under lip or the lateral lobes of the corolla covering the upper in the bud. Capsule commonly loculicidal.

Tribe V. DIGITALEÆ. Corolla wheel-shaped, salver-shaped, or bell-shaped. Stamens 2 or 4, not approaching in pairs nor strongly didynamous; anthers 2-celled.

15. Synthyris. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 2–4-lobed, irregular. Stamens 2 or 4. Leaves alternate. Flowers racemed.

16. Veronica. Calyx 4-(rarely 3–5-) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped, almost regular. Stamens 2. Leaves chiefly opposite or whorled. Flowers racemed.

Tribe VI. GERARDIEÆ. Corolla with a spreading and slightly unequal 5-lobed limb. Stamens 4, approximate in pairs. Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alternate.

[*] Corolla salver-shaped. Anthers 1-celled. Flowers in a spike.

17. Buchnera. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Limb of the elongated corolla 5-cleft.

[*][*] Corolla bell-shaped to funnel-form; anthers 2-celled.

18. Seymeria. Stamens nearly equal. Tube of the corolla broad, not longer than the lobe.

19. Gerardia. Stamens strongly unequal, included.

Tribe VII. EUPHRASIEÆ. Corolla tubular, obviously 2-lipped; the upper lip narrow, erect or arched, enclosing the 4 usually strongly didynamous stamens.

[*] Anther-cells unequal and separated. Capsule many-seeded.

20. Castilleia. Calyx tubular, cleft down the lower, and often also on the upper, side. Upper lip of corolla elongated; the lower short, often very small.

21. Orthocarpus. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4-cleft. Upper lip of corolla little longer and usually much narrower than the inflated lower one.

[*][*] Anther-cells equal. Capsule many–several-seeded.

22. Schwalbea. Calyx 5-toothed, very oblique, the upper tooth much the smallest.

23. Euphrasia. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed, and sides folded back. Capsule oblong.

24. Bartsia. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of corolla entire and sides not folded back.

25. Rhinanthus. Calyx inflated, ovate. Capsule orbicular; seeds winged.

26. Pedicularis. Calyx not inflated. Capsule ovate or sword-shaped; seeds wingless.

[*][*][*] Anther-cells equal. Capsule 1–4-seeded.

27. Melampyrum. Calyx 4-cleft. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule flat, oblique.

1. VERBÁSCUM, L. Mullein.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-lobed, open or concave, wheel-shaped; the lobes broad and rounded, a little unequal. Stamens 5, all the filaments, or the 3 upper, woolly. Style flattened at the apex. Capsule globular, many-seeded.—Tall and usually woolly biennial herbs, with alternate leaves, those of the stem sessile or decurrent. Flowers in large terminal spikes or racemes, ephemeral; in summer. (The ancient Latin name, altered from Barbascum.)

V. Thápsus, L. (Common Mullein.) Densely woolly throughout; stem tall and stout, simple, winged by the decurrent bases of the oblong acute leaves; flowers (yellow, very rarely white) in a prolonged and very dense cylindrical spike; lower stamens usually beardless.—Fields, a common weed. (Nat. from Eu.)

V. Blattària, L. (Moth M.) Green and smoothish, slender; lower leaves petioled, oblong, doubly serrate, sometimes lyre-shaped, the upper partly clasping, raceme loose; filaments all bearded with violet wool.—Roadsides, throughout our range. Corolla either yellow, or white with a tinge of purple. (Nat. from Eu.)

V. Lychnìtis, L. (White M.) Clothed with thin powdery woolliness; stem and branches angled above; leaves ovate, acute, not decurrent, greenish above; flowers (yellow, rarely white) in a pyramidal panicle; filaments with whitish wool.—Fields, N. Atlantic States, rather rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. LINÀRIA, Tourn. Toad-Flax.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, with the prominent palate often nearly closing the throat, spurred at base on the lower side. Stamens 4. Capsule thin, opening below the summit by one or two pores or chinks. Seeds many.—Herbs, with at least all the upper leaves alternate (in ours), fl. in summer. (Name from Linum, the Flax, which the leaves of some species resemble.)

[*] Slender glabrous annual or biennial; leaves linear, entire and alternate (or smaller, oblong, and opposite on procumbent shoots), small blue flowers in a naked terminal raceme.

1. L. Canadénsis, Dumont. Flowering stems nearly simple (6–30´ high); leaves flat (1–2´´ wide); pedicels erect, not longer than the filiform curved spur of the corolla.—Sandy soil, common.

[*][*] Perennial, erect (1–3° high), glabrous, with narrow entire and alternate pale leaves, and yellow flowers in a terminal raceme.

L. vulgàris, Mill. (Ramsted. Butter and Eggs.) Leaves linear or nearly so, extremely numerous; raceme dense; corolla 1´ long or more, including the slender subulate spur; seeds winged.—Fields and roadsides, throughout our range. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. genistifòlia, Mill. Glaucous, paniculately branched; leaves lanceolate, acute; flowers smaller and more scattered; seeds wingless.—Sparingly naturalized near New York. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*][*] Annual, procumbent, much branched, with broad petioled veiny alternate leaves, and small purplish and yellow flowers from their axils.

L. Elatìne, Mill. Spreading over the ground, slender, hairy; leaves hastate or the lower ovate, much surpassed by the filiform peduncles; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute; corolla 3–4´´ long, including the subulate spur.—Sandy banks and shores, Canada to N. C., rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

L. spùria, Mill. Like the preceding, but with roundish or cordate leaves and ovate or cordate calyx-lobes.—Occasionally occurs on ballast or waste grounds near cities. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. ANTIRRHÌNUM, Tourn. Snapdragon.

Corolla saccate at the base, the throat closed by the large bearded palate. Seeds oblong-truncate. Otherwise nearly as Linaria.—Corolla commonly showy, resembling the face of an animal or a mask; whence the name (from ἀντί, like, and ῥίν, a snout.) Fl. summer and autumn.

A. Oróntium, L. A small-flowered annual or biennial, low, erect; leaves lance-linear; spike loose, leafy; sepals longer than the purplish or white corolla.—About gardens and old fields in Atlantic States. (Adv. from Eu.)

A. màjus, L. (Large Snapdragon.) A large-flowered perennial, with oblong smooth leaves and a glandular-downy raceme; sepals short; corolla 1½–2´ long, purple or white.—Eastward, escaping from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. SCROPHULÀRIA, Tourn. Figwort.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla with a somewhat globular tube; the 4 upper lobes of the short border erect (the two upper longer), the lower spreading. Stamens 4, declined, with the anther-cells transverse and confluent into one; the fifth stamen a scale-like rudiment at the summit of the tube of the corolla. Capsule many-seeded.—Rank herbs, with mostly opposite leaves, and small greenish-purple or lurid flowers in loose cymes, forming a terminal narrow panicle. (So called because a reputed remedy for scrofula.)

1. S. nodòsa, L., var. Marilándica, Gray. Smooth perennial (3–5° high), stem 4-sided; leaves ovate, oblong, or the upper lanceolate, acuminate, cut-serrate, rounded or rarely heart-shaped at base.—Damp grounds, N. Eng. to Fla., west to the Rocky Mts. (Eu., Asia, the type.)

5. COLLÍNSIA, Nutt.

Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla declined, with the tube saccate or bulging at the base on the upper side, deeply 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-cleft, its lobes partly turned backward, the lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe keeled and sac-like, enclosing the 4 declined stamens and style. Fifth stamen a gland-like rudiment. Capsule 4–many-seeded.—Slender branching annuals or biennials, with opposite leaves, and handsome party-colored flowers in umbel-like clusters, appearing whorled in the axils of the upper leaves. (Dedicated to the late Zaccheus Collins, of Philadelphia, an accurate botanist.)

1. C. vérna, Nutt. Slender (6–20´ high), lower leaves ovate, the upper ovate-lanceolate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed; whorls about 6-flowered; flowers long-peduncled; corolla (blue and white) twice the length of the calyx.—Moist soil, western N. Y. to W. Va., Wisc., and Ky. May, June.

2. C. parviflòra, Dougl. Small; lower leaves ovate or rounded, the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire; whorls 2–6-flowered; flowers short-peduncled; the small (blue) corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx.—Shore of L. Superior, N. Mich., and westward.

6. CHELÒNE, Tourn. Turtle-head. Snake-head.

Calyx of 5 distinct imbricated sepals. Corolla inflated-tubular, with the mouth a little open; upper lip broad and arched, keeled in the middle, notched at the apex; the lower woolly-bearded in the throat, 3-lobed at the apex, the middle lobe smallest. Stamens 4, with woolly filaments and very woolly heart-shaped anthers, and a fifth sterile filament smaller than the others. Seeds many, wing-margined.—Smooth perennials, with upright branching stems, opposite serrate leaves, and large white or purple flowers, which are nearly sessile in spikes or clusters, and closely imbricated with round-ovate concave bracts and bractlets. (Name from χελώνη, a tortoise, the corolla resembling in shape the head of a reptile.)

1. C. glàbra, L. A foot or two (or even 6–7°) high; leaves narrowly to rather broadly lanceolate (4–5´ long, 4–12´´ wide), gradually acuminate, serrate with sharp appressed teeth, narrowed at base usually into a very short petiole; bracts not ciliate; corolla white, or barely tinged with rose.—Wet places, Newf. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

2. C. oblìqua, L. Less strict or with spreading branches, 1–2° high; leaves broadly lanceolate to oblong (2–5´ long), sometimes laciniately serrate, more veiny and duller, acute or obtuse at base, mostly short-petioled; bracts ciliolate; corolla deep and bright rose-color.—S. Ill. to Va. and Fla.

7. PENTSTÈMON, Mitchell. Beard-tongue.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular and more or less inflated, or bell-shaped, either decidedly or slightly 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-lobed, and the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, declined at the base, ascending above, and a fifth sterile filament usually as long as the others, either naked or bearded. Seeds numerous, wingless.—Perennials, branched from the base, simple above, with opposite leaves, the upper sessile and mostly clasping. Flowers mostly showy, thyrsoid or racemose-panicled. (Name from πέντε, five, and στήμων, stamen; the fifth stamen being present and conspicuous, although sterile.)

[*] Viscid or glandular above, more or less pubescent or glabrous below; leaves often toothed or denticulate.

[+] Thyrse somewhat open; leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear; corolla 9–12´´ long, the lower lip usually bearded within.

1. P. pubéscens, Solander. Stem 1–2° high, viscid-pubescent (at least the inflorescence); leaves oblong to lanceolate (2–4´ long), the lowest and radical ovate or oblong, usually denticulate; thyrse narrow; corolla dull violet or purple (or partly whitish), very moderately dilated, the throat nearly closed by a villous-bearded palate; sterile filament densely bearded.—Dry or rocky grounds, S. Maine (Miss Furbish) to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

2. P. lævigàtus, Solander. Stem 2–4° high, mostly glabrous except the inflorescence; leaves firmer, somewhat glossy, the cauline ovate- or oblong-lanceolate with subcordate clasping base (2–5´ long); thyrse broader; corolla white (commonly tinged with purple), abruptly and broadly inflated, the throat widely open; sterile filament thinly bearded above.—Moist or rich soil, Penn. to Fla. and westward, where the common form is

Var. Digitàlis, Gray. Stem sometimes 5° high; corolla larger and more abruptly inflated, white. (P. Digitalis, Nutt.)—Penn. to Iowa, Mo., Ark., etc.

3. P. grácilis, Nutt. Glabrous or puberulent, viscid-pubescent above, 1° high or less; stem-leaves mostly linear-lanceolate, the radical spatulate or oblong; corolla tubular-funnel-form or nearly cylindrical with open throat, lilac-purple or whitish.—Minn. to Mo., and westward.

[+][+] Thyrse raceme-like. All extreme western.

4. P. Cobæ̀a, Nutt. Soft-puberulent, 1° high; leaves ovate or oblong, or the lower broadly lanceolate and the upper cordate-clasping, mostly sharply toothed; thyrse short; corolla 2´ long, broadly ventricose, dull purple or whitish.—Prairies, Kan. to Tex.

5. P. tubiflòrus, Nutt. Wholly glabrous excepting the viscid ovate sepals, 2–3° high; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, entire or sparsely toothed, the floral shorter than the remote dense clusters of the virgate thyrse; corolla 9´´ long, the narrow tube gradually dilated upward, white or whitish.—Low prairies, Kan. and Ark.

6. P. álbidus, Nutt. Viscid-pubescent, 6–10´ high; leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrow, entire or sparsely toothed; clusters of the strict thryse few-flowered, approximate; sepals lanceolate, densely pubescent; corolla 9´´ long, with shorter tube and more dilated throat.—Plains, Neb. to Dak. and Tex.

[*][*] Glabrous throughout and glaucous; leaves sessile, entire; thryse raceme-like.

7. P. grandiflòrus, Nutt. Stem 2–4° high; leaves thickish, the upper and floral rounded, all but the obovate radical ones clasping or perfoliate; pedicels short; corolla 2´ long, oblong-campanulate, nearly regular, lilac or lavender-blue; sterile filament hooked and minutely bearded at the apex.—Prairies, from Ill. and Wisc. to Dak., Neb., and Kan.

8. P. glàber, Pursh. Stems 1–2° high, leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate; thryse elongated, the peduncles and pedicels very short; corolla 1–1½´ long, bright blue to violet-purple, dilated above; anthers and apex of sterile filament glabrous or sparsely hirsute.—Plains of E. Neb. to Dak., and westward.

9. P. acuminàtus, Dougl. Stems 6–20´ high, stout; leaves thick, the lower obovate or oblong, the upper lanceolate to broadly ovate or cordate-clasping, acute or acuminate; thyrse leafy below, very narrow; corolla 9´´ long, lilac or violet; sterile filament mostly bearded above.—Kan. to Minn., and westward.

8. MÍMULUS, L. Monkey-flower.

Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed, the upper tooth largest. Corolla tubular; upper lip erect or reflexed-spreading, 2-lobed; the lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes ovate. Seeds numerous.—Herbs, with opposite leaves, and mostly handsome flowers on solitary axillary and bractless peduncles. (Diminutive of mimus, a buffoon, from the grinning corolla.)

[*] Erect from a perennial root, glabrous; leaves feather-veined; corolla violet-purple.

1. M. ríngens, L. Stem square (1–2° high); leaves oblong or lanceolate, pointed, clasping by a heart-shaped base, serrate; peduncles longer than the flower; calyx-teeth taper-pointed, nearly equal; corolla personate.—Wet places, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward; common. July–Sept.—Flower 1–1½´ long, rarely white.

2. M. alàtus, Ait. Stem somewhat winged at the angles; leaves oblong-ovate, tapering into a petiole; peduncles shorter than the calyx, which has very short abruptly pointed teeth; otherwise like the last.—Wet places, western N. Eng. to Ill., south to N. C. and Tex.

[*][*] Leaves several-nerved and veiny, dentate, the upper sessile and clasping; calyx oblique, the upper tooth longest; corolla yellow, the lower lip bearded.

3. M. Jamèsii, Torr. Diffusely spreading, smooth or smoothish; stems creeping at base; stem-leaves roundish or kidney-shaped, nearly sessile, equalling the peduncles; calyx ovate, inflated in fruit; throat of corolla broad and open.—In water or wet places, usually in springs, N. Mich. and Minn. to Ill., Kan., and westward.

M. lùteus, L. Erect or with later branches spreading; leaves ovate to roundish or subcordate; corolla deep yellow, with brown-purple dots or blotches, often large.—Wet meadows, Norfolk, Ct. (Adv. from Calif.)

9. CONÒBEA, Aublet.

Calyx 5-parted, equal. Upper lip of corolla 3-lobed, the lower 3-parted. Stamens 4, fertile; anthers approximate. Stigma 2-lobed, the lobes wedge-form. Seeds numerous.—Low branching herbs, with opposite leaves, and small solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (Name unexplained.)

1. C. multífida, Benth. Annual, diffusely spreading, much branched, minutely pubescent; leaves petioled, pinnately parted, divisions linear-wedge-shaped; peduncles naked; corolla (greenish-white) scarcely longer than the calyx.—Along streams and shores, Ohio to Ill., Ark., and Tex.; also adv. below Philadelphia. July–Sept.

10. HERPÈSTIS, Gaertn. f.

Calyx 5-parted; the upper division broadest, the innermost often very narrow. Upper lip of the corolla entire, notched or 2-cleft, and the lower 3-lobed, or the limb nearly equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, all fertile. Style dilated or 2-lobed at the apex. Seeds numerous.—Low herbs, with opposite leaves, and solitary axillary flowers; in summer; ours rather succulent perennials. (Name from ἑρπηστής, a creeping thing, the species being chiefly procumbent.)

[*] Corolla plainly bilabiate, the 2 upper lobes united to form the upper lip; leaves many-nerved.

1. H. nigréscens, Benth. Erect or ascending, very leafy, glabrous; leaves pinnately veined, oblong to cuneate-lanceolate (1–2´ long), serrate; pedicels equalling and the upper surpassing the leaves; corolla whitish or purplish.—Wet places, Md. and N. C. to Tex., along and near the coast.

2. H. rotundifòlia, Pursh. Nearly smooth, creeping; leaves round-obovate, half-clasping (½–1´ long), entire, basally nerved; peduncles twice or thrice the length of the calyx; upper sepal ovate; corolla white or pale blue.—Margins of ponds, Ill. to Minn., Mo., and southward.

3. H. amplexicaùlis, Pursh. Stems hairy, creeping at base; leaves ovate, clasping, entire, basally nerved; peduncles shorter than the calyx; upper sepal heart-shaped; corolla blue.—Margin of pine-barren ponds, N. J. and Md. to La.—Aromatic when bruised.

[*][*] Corolla obscurely bilabiate, the limb subequally 5-lobed; stamens almost equal.

4. H. Monnièra, HBK. Glabrous, prostrate and creeping; leaves spatulate to obovate-cuneate, entire or somewhat toothed, nearly nerveless, sessile; corolla pale blue.—River-banks and shores near the sea, Md. to Tex.

11. LIMOSÉLLA, L. Mudwort.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla short, widely bell-shaped, 5-cleft, nearly regular. Stamens 4; anthers confluently 1-celled. Style short, club-shaped. Capsule globular, many-seeded; the partition thin and vanishing.—Small annuals, growing in mud, usually near the sea-shore, creeping by slender runners, without ascending stems; the entire fleshy leaves in dense clusters around the simple 1-flowered naked peduncles. Flowers small, white or purplish. (Name from limus, mud, and sella, seat.)

1. L. aquática, L., var. tenuifòlia, Hoffm. Leaves (with no blade distinct from the petiole) awl-shaped or thread-form.—Brackish river-banks and shores, Lab. to N. J., and far north and west. (Eu., Asia, etc.)

12. GRATÌOLA, L. Hedge-Hyssop.

Calyx 5-parted, the narrow divisions nearly equal. Upper lip of corolla entire or 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior; the anterior mere sterile filaments, or wanting. Style dilated or 2-lipped at the apex. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded.—Low herbs, mostly perennials, some apparently annuals, with opposite sessile leaves, and axillary 1-flowered peduncles, usually with 2 bractlets at the base of the calyx. Flowering all summer; all inhabiting wet or damp places. (Name from gratia, grace or favor, on account of supposed excellent medicinal properties.)

§ 1. Anthers with a broad connective, the cells transverse; stems mostly diffusely branched, or creeping at base, soft viscid-pubescent or smooth; corollas 4–6´´ long; bractlets foliaceous, equalling the calyx.

[*] Sterile filaments minute or none; corolla whitish, with the tube yellowish.

1. G. Virginiàna, L. Stem clammy-puberulent above (4–6´ high); leaves lanceolate with narrow base, acute, entire or sparingly toothed, peduncles almost equalling the leaves (½–1´ long); pod ovoid (2´´ long).—Very common.

2. G. sphærocárpa, Ell. Smooth, rather stout (5–10´ high); leaves lance-ovate or oblong to oval-obovate (1–2´ long), toothed; peduncles scarcely longer than the calyx and the large (3´´) globular pod.—N. J. and Md. to Ill., south to Fla. and Tex.

[*][*] Sterile filaments slender, tipped with a little head; leaves short (½–1' long).

3. G. viscòsa, Schwein. Clammy-pubescent or glandular; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute, toothed, mostly shorter than the peduncles; corolla whitish, yellow within.—Ky. to N. C. and Ga.

4. G. aùrea, Muhl. Nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear, entire, equalling the peduncles; corolla golden-yellow (½´ long).—Sandy swamps, Vt. and N. H. to Ohio, and south to Fla.

§ 2. Anthers with no broad connective, the cells vertical; sterile filaments tipped with a head; hairy apparently annual plants, with erect rigid and more simple stems.

5. G. pilòsa, Michx. Leaves ovate or oblong, sparingly toothed, sessile (½´ long); flowers nearly sessile; corolla white, 3–4´´ long, scarcely exceeding the calyx.—Low ground, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

13. ILYSÁNTHES, Raf.

Calyx 5-parted, nearly equal. Upper lip of corolla short, erect, 2-lobed; the lower larger and spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior; the anterior pair sterile, inserted in the throat, 2-lobed, without anthers; one of the lobes glandular, the other smooth, usually short and tooth-like. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule ovate or oblong, many-seeded.—Small and smooth annuals, with opposite leaves, and small axillary (purplish) flowers, on filiform naked pedicels, or the upper racemed, produced all summer. (Name from ἰλύς, mud, or mire, and ἄνθος, flower.)

1. I. ripària, Raf. (False Pimpernel.) Much branched, diffusely spreading (4–8´ high), or at first simple and erect, leafy; leaves ovate, rounded, or oblong, sparingly toothed or entire, the upper partly clasping; corolla 3´´ long. (I. gratioloides, Benth.)—Wet places; common.

14. MICRÁNTHEMUM, Michx.

Calyx 4-lobed or 4- (rarely 5-) parted. Corolla short, 2-lipped, with the upper lip considerably shorter than the lower, or 1-lipped, the upper lip obsolete; lower lip 3-cleft, the middle lobe longest. Stamens 2, anterior, the short filaments with a glandular (mostly basal) appendage; anthers 2-celled, didymous; no sterile filaments. Style short; the stigma 2-lobed. Capsule globular, thin, with a very delicate or evanescent partition, several–many-seeded.—Small, smooth, depressed and tufted or creeping annuals, in mud or shallow water, with opposite and entire rounded or spatulate sessile leaves, and minute white or purplish flowers solitary in the axils of some of the middle leaves (usually one axil floriferous, that of the other leaf sterile). (Name formed of μικρός, small, and ἄνθεμον, flower.)

1. M. Nuttàllii, Gray. Branches ascending, 1–2´ high; leaves obovate-spatulate or oval; peduncles at length recurved, about the length of the calyx, which is bell-shaped, 4-toothed and usually split down on one side, in fruit becoming pear-shaped; middle lobe of the corolla linear-oblong, nearly twice the length of the lateral ones; appendage of the stamen nearly as long as the filament itself; stigmas subulate.—Tidal mud of rivers, N. J. to Fla. Aug.–Oct.

15. SÝNTHYRIS, Benth.