Division II. Gamopetalous Dicotyledonous Plants (part 1)

Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter composed of more or less united petals, that is, gamopetalous.[A]

[Footnote A: In certain families, as in Ericaceæ, etc., the petals in some genera are nearly or quite separate. In Compositæ and some others, the calyx is mostly reduced to a pappus, or a mere border, or even to nothing more than a covering of the surface of the ovary. The student might look for these in the first or the third division; but the artificial analysis prefixed to the volume provides for such anomalies, and will lead him to the proper order.]

Order 51. CAPRIFOLIÀCEÆ. (Honeysuckle Family.)

Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite leaves, no (genuine) stipules, the calyx-tube coherent with the 2–5-celled ovary, the stamens as many as (one fewer in Linnæa, doubled in Adoxa) the lobes of the tubular or rotate corolla, and inserted on its tube.—Fruit a berry, drupe, or pod, 1–several-seeded. Seeds anatropous, with small embryo in fleshy albumen.

Tribe I. SAMBUCEÆ. Corolla wheel-shaped or urn-shaped, regular, deeply 5-lobed. Stigmas 3–5, sessile or nearly so. Inflorescence terminal and cymose.

[*] Dwarf herb, with stamens doubled and flowers in a capitate cluster.

1. Adoxa. Fruit a dry greenish drupe, with 3–5 cartilaginous nutlets. Cauline leaves a single pair and ternate.

[*][*] Shrubs, with stamens as many as corolla-lobes and flowers in broad compound cymes.

2. Sambucus. Fruit berry-like, containing three small seed-like nutlets. Leaves pinnate.

3. Viburnum. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded drupe, with a compressed stone. Leaves simple.

Tribe II. LONICEREÆ. Corolla tubular, often irregular, sometimes 2-lipped. Style slender; stigma capitate.

[*] Herbs, with axillary flowers.

4. Triosteum. Stamens 5. Corolla gibbous at the base. Fruit a 3-celled drupe. Erect; flowers sessile.

5. Linnæa. Stamens 4, one fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit dry, 3-celled, but only 1-seeded. Creeping, with long-pedunculate twin flowers.

[*][*] Erect or climbing shrubs, with scaly winter-buds.

6. Symphoricarpos. Stamens 4 or 5, as many as the lobes of the bell-shaped regular corolla. Berry 4-celled, but only 2-seeded; two of the cells sterile.

7. Lonicera. Stamens 5, as many as the lobes of the tubular and more or less irregular corolla. Berry several-seeded; all the 2 or 3 cells fertile.

8. Diervilla. Stamens 5. Corolla funnel-form, nearly regular. Pod 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded, slender.

1. ADÓXA, L. Moschatel.

Calyx-tube reaching not quite to the summit of the 3–5-celled ovary; limb of 3 or more teeth. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4–6-cleft, bearing at each sinus a pair of separate or partly united stamens with 1-celled anthers. Style 3–5-parted. Dry drupe greenish, with 3–5 cartilaginous nutlets.—A dwarf perennial herb with scaly rootstock and ternately divided leaves, the cauline a single pair. An anomalous genus. (From ἄδοξος, obscure or insignificant.)

1. A. Moschatéllina, L. Smooth, musk-scented; radical leaves 1–3-ternate, the cauline 3-cleft or 3-parted; leaflets obovate, 3-cleft; flowers several in a close cluster on a slender peduncle, greenish or yellowish.—N. Iowa, Wisc., and Minn., and northward. (Eu., Asia.)

2. SAMBÙCUS, Tourn. Elder.

Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete. Corolla open urn-shaped, with a broadly spreading 5-cleft limb. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. Fruit a berry-like juicy drupe, containing 3 small seed-like nutlets.—Shrubby plants, with a rank smell when bruised, pinnate leaves, serrate-pointed leaflets, and numerous small and white flowers in compound cymes. (The Latin name, perhaps from σαμβύκη, an ancient musical instrument.)

1. S. Canadénsis, L. (Common Elder.) Stems scarcely woody (5–10° high); leaflets 5–11, oblong, mostly smooth, the lower often 3-parted; cymes flat; fruit black-purple.—Rich soil, in open places, throughout our range, and south and west. June, July.—Pith white.

2. S. racemòsa, L. (Red-berried Elder.) Stems woody (2–12° high), the bark warty; leaflets 5–7, ovate-lanceolate, downy underneath; cymes panicled, convex or pyramidal; fruit bright red (rarely white). (S. pubens, Michx.)—Rocky woods, N. Scotia to Ga., and westward across the continent. May; the fruit ripening in June.—Pith brown. Both species occur with the leaflets divided into 3–5 linear-lanceolate 2–3-cleft or laciniate segments.

3. VIBÚRNUM, L. Arrow-wood. Laurestinus.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas 1–3. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded drupe, with soft pulp and a thin-crustaceous (flattened or tumid) stone.—Shrubs, with simple leaves, and white flowers in flat compound cymes. Petioles sometimes bearing little appendages which are evidently stipules. Leaf-buds naked, or with a pair of scales. (The classical Latin name, of unknown meaning.)

§ 1. Cyme radiant, the marginal flowers neutral, with greatly enlarged flat corollas as in Hydrangea; drupes coral-red turning darker, not acid; stone sulcate; leaves pinnately veined; winter-buds naked.

1. V. lantanoìdes, Michx. (Hobble-bush. American Wayfaring-tree.) Leaves (4–8´ across) round-ovate, abruptly pointed, heart-shaped at the base, closely serrate, the veins and veinlets beneath with the stalks and branchlets very rusty-scurfy; cymes sessile, very broad and flat.—Cold moist woods, N. Brunswick to Ont. and Penn., and in the mountains to N. C. May. A straggling shrub; the reclining branches often taking root.

§ 2. Cyme peduncled, radiant in n. 2; drupe light red, acid, globose; stone very flat, orbicular, not sulcate; leaves palmately veined; winter-buds scaly.

2. V. Ópulus, L. (Cranberry-tree.) Nearly smooth, upright (4–10° high); leaves 3–5-ribbed, strongly 3-lobed, broadly wedge-shaped or truncate at base, the spreading lobes pointed, mostly toothed on the sides, entire in the sinuses; petioles bearing 2 glands at the apex.—Low ground, along streams, from N. Brunswick far westward, and south to Penn. June, July.—The acid fruit is a substitute for cranberries, whence the names High Cranberry-bush, etc. The well-known Snow-ball Tree, or Guelder-Rose, is a cultivated state, with the whole cyme turned into showy sterile flowers. (Eu.)

3. V. pauciflòrum, Pylaie. A low straggling shrub; leaves glabrous or loosely pubescent beneath, 5-ribbed at base, unequally serrate nearly all round, with 3 short lobes at the summit; cyme few-flowered; stamens shorter than the corolla.—Cold woods, Newf. and Lab. to the mountains of N. Eng., westward to N. Mich. and the Rocky Mts.

§ 3. Cyme never radiant; drupes blue, or dark-purple or black at maturity.

[*] Leaves 3-ribbed from the rounded or subcordate base, somewhat 3-lobed; stipules bristle-shaped.

4. V. acerifòlium, L. (Dockmackie. Arrow-wood.) Shrub 3–6° high; leaves soft-downy beneath, the pointed lobes diverging, unequally toothed; cymes small, slender-peduncled; stamens exserted; fruit crimson turning purple; stone lenticular, hardly sulcate.—Cool rocky woods, from N. Brunswick to N. C., and west to S. Minn.

[*][*] Leaves (with base inclined to heart-shaped) coarsely toothed, prominently pinnately veined; stipules narrowly subulate; no rusty scurf; fruit ovoid, blue or purple; the stone grooved; cymes peduncled.

[+] Stone flat; leaves all short-petioled or subsessile.

5. V. pubéscens, Pursh. (Downy A.) A low, straggling shrub; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or taper-pointed, the veins and teeth fewer and less conspicuous than in the next, the lower surface and very short petioles soft-downy, at least when young; fruit dark-purple; the stone lightly 2-sulcate on the faces.—Rocks, etc., Lower Canada to the mountains of Ga., west to Iowa and Minn. June.

[+][+] Stone very deeply sulcate ventrally; leaves rather slender-petioled.

6. V. dentàtum, L. (Arrow-wood.) Smooth, 5–15° high, with ash-colored bark; leaves broadly ovate, very numerously sharp-toothed and strongly veined; fruit 3´´ long; cross-section of stone between kidney- and horseshoe-shaped.—Wet places, N. Brunswick to N. Ga., and west to Minn. June.—The pale leaves often with hairy tufts in the axils of the straight veins.

7. V. mólle, Michx. Leaves broadly oval, obovate or ovate, scarcely pointed, coarsely crenate or repand-toothed, the lower surface, branchlets and cymes soft-downy, the latter with stellate pubescence; fruit oily, larger and more pointed, the stone as in n. 6, but less deeply excavated.—Coast of N. Eng. (Martha's Vineyard), to Tex.

[*][*][*] Leaves finely serrate or entire, bright green; veins not prominent; stipules none; whole plant glabrous or with some minute rusty scurf; fruit black or with a blue bloom, sweet, stone very flat and even, broadly oval or orbicular.

[+] Cymes peduncled, about 5-rayed; drupes globose-ovoid, 3´´ long, shrubs 5–12° high, in swamps.

8. V. cassinoìdes, L. (Withe-rod.) Shoots scurfy-punctate; leaves thickish and opaque or dull, ovate to oblong, mostly with obtuse acumination, obscurely veiny (1–3´ long), with margins irregularly crenulate-denticulate or sometimes entire; peduncle shorter than the cyme. (V. nudum, var. cassinoides, Torr. & Gray.)—Newf. to N. J. and Minn. Flowers earlier than the next.

9. V. nùdum, L. Obscurely scurfy-punctate; leaves more veiny, thickish, oval, oblong or lanceolate, entire or obsoletely denticulate, lucid above (2–4´ long); peduncle usually equalling the cyme.—N. J. to Fla.

[+][+] Compound cymes sessile, 3–5-rayed; drupes oval, 5–7´´ long.

10. V. Lentàgo, L. (Sweet Viburnum. Sheep-berry.) Leaves ovate, strongly pointed, closely and very sharply serrate; petioles long and margined; cyme large; fruit oval, ½´ long or more, ripe in autumn, edible; tree 15–30° high.—Woods and banks of streams, from the Atlantic to Mo., Minn., and northward. Fl. in spring.

11. V. prunifòlium, L. (Black Haw.) Leaves oval, obtuse or slightly pointed, finely and sharply serrate, smaller than in the preceding (1–2´ long); fruit similar or rather smaller.—Dry or moist ground, N. Y. to Mich., Kan., and southward. Flowering early.—A tall shrub or small tree.

12. V. obovàtum, Walt. Shrub 2–8° high; leaves obovate or spatulate, obtuse, entire or denticulate, thickish, small (1–1½´ long), shining; cymes small; fruit 5´´ long, black.—River-banks and swamps, Va. to Fla. May.

4. TRIÓSTEUM, L. Fever-wort. Horse-Gentian.

Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubular, gibbous at base, somewhat equally 5-lobed, scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens 5. Ovary mostly 3-celled, in fruit forming a rather dry drupe, containing as many ribbed 1-seeded bony nutlets.—Coarse, hairy, perennial herbs, leafy to the top; the ample entire pointed leaves tapering to the base, but connate round the simple stem. Flowers sessile, solitary or clustered in the axils. (Name an abbreviation of Triosteospermum, alluding to the three bony nutlets.)

1. T. perfoliàtum, L. Softly hairy (2–4° high); leaves oval, abruptly narrowed below, downy beneath; flowers brownish-purple, mostly clustered; fruit orange-color, ½´ long.—Rich woodlands, Canada and N. Eng. to Minn., Iowa, and Ala. June. Also called Tinker's-weed, Wild Coffee, etc.

2. T. angustifòlium, L. Smaller, bristly-hairy; leaves lanceolate, tapering to the base; flowers greenish-cream-color, mostly single in the axils.—Shady grounds, Va. to Ill., Mo., and Ala. May.

5. LINNÆ̀A, Gronov. Twin-flower.

Calyx-teeth 5, awl-shaped, deciduous. Corolla narrow bell-shaped, almost equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two of them shorter, inserted toward the base of the corolla. Ovary and the small dry pod 3-celled, but only 1-seeded, two of the cells having only abortive ovules.—A slender creeping and trailing little evergreen, somewhat hairy, with rounded-oval sparingly crenate leaves contracted at the base into short petioles, and thread-like upright peduncles forking into 2 pedicels at the top, each bearing a delicate and fragrant nodding flower. Corolla purple and whitish, hairy inside. (Dedicated to the immortal Linnæus, who first pointed out its characters, and with whom this pretty little plant was a special favorite.)

1. L. boreàlis, Gronov.—Moist mossy woods and cold bogs, N. Eng. to N. J. and the mountains of Md., west to Minn.; also far north and west. June. (Eu.)

6. SYMPHORICÁRPOS, Dill. Snowberry.

Calyx-teeth short, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped, regularly 4–5-lobed, with as many short stamens inserted into its throat. Ovary 4-celled, only 2 of the cells with a fertile ovule; the berry therefore 4-celled but only 2-seeded. Seeds bony.—Low and branching upright shrubs, with oval short-petioled leaves, which are downy underneath and entire, or wavy toothed or lobed on the young shoots. Flowers white tinged with rose-color, in close short spikes or clusters. (Name composed of συμφορέω, to bear together, and καρπός, fruit; from the clustered berries.)

[*] Style bearded; fruit red; flowers all in short dense axillary clusters.

1. S. vulgàris, Michx. (Indian Currant. Coral-berry.) Flowers in the axils of nearly all the leaves; corolla sparingly bearded; berries small.—Rocky banks, western N. Y. and Penn. to Dak., Neb., and Tex. July.

[*][*] Style glabrous; fruit white; flowers in clusters or sometimes solitary.

2. S. occidentàlis, Hook. (Wolfberry.) Flowers in dense terminal and axillary spikes; corolla much bearded within; stamens and style protruded.—Rocky ground, N. Mich. and Ill., west to the Rocky Mts.—Flowers larger and more funnel-form, and stamens longer, than in the next.

3. S. racemòsus, Michx. (Snowberry.) Flowers in a loose and somewhat leafy interrupted spike at the end of the branches; corolla bearded inside; berries large.—Rocky banks, N. New Eng. and Penn., to Minn. and westward; common in cultivation. June–Sept. Berries ripe in autumn.—Var. pauciflòrus, Robbins. Low, diffusely branched and spreading; leaves smaller (about 1´ long), the spike reduced to one or two flowers in the uppermost axils.—Mountains of Vt. and Penn. to Minn., Dak., and westward.

7. LONÍCERA, L. Honeysuckle. Woodbine.

Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often gibbous at the base, irregularly or almost regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary 2–3-celled. Berry several-seeded.—Leaves entire. Flowers often showy and fragrant. (Named in honor of Adam Lonitzer, latinized Lonicerus, a German herbalist of the 16th century.)

§ 1. XYLÓSTEON. Upright bushy shrubs; leaves all distinct; peduncles axillary, single, 2-flowered at the summit; the two berries sometimes united into one; calyx-teeth not persistent.

[*] Bracts (2 or sometimes 4) at the base of the ovaries minute.

1. L. ciliàta, Muhl. (Fly-Honeysuckle.) Branches straggling (3–5° high); leaves oblong-ovate, often heart-shaped, petioled, thin, downy beneath; filiform peduncles shorter than the leaves; corolla funnel-form, almost spurred at the base (greenish-yellow, ¾´ long), the lobes nearly equal; berries separate (red).—Rocky woods, N. Brunswick to Penn. and Minn. May.

2. L. cærùlea, L. (Mountain F.) Low (1–2° high); branches upright; leaves oval, downy when young; peduncles very short; bracts awl-shaped, longer than the ovaries, which are united into one (blue) berry; flowers yellowish.—Mountain woods and bogs, Lab. to R. I., Minn., and northward. May. (Eu.)

3. L. oblongifòlia, Muhl. (Swamp F.) Shrub 2–5° high, branches upright; leaves (2–3´ long) oblong, downy when young, smooth when old; peduncles long and slender; bracts minute or deciduous; corolla deeply 2-lipped (½´ long, yellowish-white); berries (purple) united or nearly distinct.—Bogs, N. New Eng. and N. Y., to Minn. June.

[*][*] The two flowers involucrate by 4 conspicuous and broad foliaceous bracts.

4. L. involucràta, Banks. Pubescent, or becoming glabrous; branches 4-angular; leaves (2–5´ long) ovate-oblong, mostly pointed, petioled, and with a strong midrib, exceeding the peduncle; corolla yellowish, viscid-pubescent, cylindraceous (6–8´´ long); ovaries and globose dark-purple berries distinct.—Deep woods; shores of L. Superior, and north and westward.

§ 2. CAPRIFÒLIUM. Twining shrubs, with the flowers in sessile whorled clusters from the axils of the (often connate) upper leaves, forming interrupted terminal spikes; calyx-teeth persistent on the (red or orange) berry.

[*] Corolla trumpet-shaped, almost regular; stamens and style little exserted.

5. L. sempérvirens, Ait. (Trumpet Honeysuckle.) Flowers in somewhat distant whorls, scentless, nearly 2´ long, deep red outside, yellowish within or rarely throughout; leaves oblong, smooth, the lower petioled, the uppermost pairs connate.—Copses, Conn. to Ind., and southward; common in cultivation. May–Oct.—Leaves deciduous at the north.

[*][*] Corolla ringent; the lower lip narrow, the upper broad and 4-lobed; stamens and style conspicuously exserted.

[+] Corolla-tube an inch long, glabrous inside; stamens and style glabrous.

6. L. gràta, Ait. (American Woodbine.) Leaves smooth, glaucous beneath, obovate, the 2 or 3 upper pairs united; flowers whorled in the uppermost axils; corolla whitish with a purple tube, fading yellowish, not gibbous at base, fragrant.—Rocky woodlands, N. J. and Penn. to Mich. and Mo., and southward; also cultivated. May.

[+][+] Corolla hairy within, the tube 6´´ long or less.

7. L. hirsùta, Eaton. (Hairy Honeysuckle.) Twining and rather high-climbing; leaves deep green above, downy-hairy beneath, as well as the branches, veiny, dull, broadly oval, the uppermost united, the lower short-petioled; flowers in approximate whorls; tube of the (orange-yellow) clammy-pubescent corolla gibbous at base, slender.—Damp copses and rocks, Maine to Penn., Mich., and Minn. July.—A coarse large-leaved species.

8. L. Sullivántii, Gray. At length much whitened with glaucous bloom, 3–6° high, glabrous; leaves oval and obovate-oblong (2–4´ long), sessile and mostly connate on the flowering stems, the uppermost into an orbicular disk; corolla pale yellow; filaments nearly glabrous. (L. flava of former edition, mainly.)—Ohio to Ill., Minn., and L. Winnipeg; also in Tenn. and N. C.

9. L. glaùca, Hill. Glabrous, or lower leaf surface sometimes puberulent, 3–5° high; leaves oblong (2–3´ long), glaucous but less whitened than in the last, the 1–4 upper pairs connate; corolla greenish-yellow or purplish; tube only 3–4´´ long, within and also style and base of filaments hirsute. (L. parviflóra, Lam., and part of var. Douglásii, Gray.)—Rocky grounds, N. Eng. and Penn. to Minn., and northward.

8. DIERVÍLLA, Tourn. Bush-Honeysuckle.

Calyx-tube tapering at the summit; the lobes slender, awl-shaped, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, almost regular. Stamens 5. Pod ovoid-oblong, pointed, 2-celled, 2-valved, septicidal, many-seeded.—Low upright shrubs, with ovate or oblong pointed serrate leaves, and cymosely 3–several-flowered peduncles, from the upper axils or terminal. (Named in compliment to Dr. Dierville, who brought it from Canada to Tournefort.)

1. D. trífida, Moench. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, petioled; peduncles mostly 3-flowered; pod long-beaked.—Rocks, Newf. to the mountains of N. C., west to Minn. June–Aug.—Flowers honey-color, not showy, as are the Japanese species cultivated under the name of Weigela.

Order 52. RUBIÀCEÆ. (Madder Family.)

Shrubs or herbs, with opposite entire leaves connected by interposed stipules, or in whorls without apparent stipules, the calyx coherent with the 2–4-celled ovary, the stamens as many as the lobes of the regular corolla (4–5), and inserted on its tube.—Flowers perfect, but often dimorphous (as in Mitchella and Houstonia). Fruit various. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous. Embryo commonly pretty large, in copious hard albumen.—A very large family, the greater part, and all its most important plants (such as the Coffee and Peruvian-Bark trees), tropical.

I. CINCHONEÆ. Ovules numerous in each cell; leaves opposite.

1. Houstonia. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, 4-lobed. Seeds rather few, thimble-shaped or saucer-shaped. Low herbs.

2. Oldenlandia. Corolla wheel-shaped in our species, 4-lobed. Seeds very numerous and minute, angular. Low herbs.

II. COFFEINEÆ. Ovules solitary in the cells; leaves mostly opposite.

[+] Flowers in a close and globose long-peduncled head. Fruit dry. Shrubs.

3. Cephalanthus. Corolla tubular; lobes 4. Fruit inversely pyramidal, 2–4-seeded.

[+][+] Flowers twin; their ovaries united into one. Fruit a 2-eyed berry.

4. Mitchella. Corolla funnel-form; its lobes 4. A creeping herb.

[+][+][+] Flowers axillary, separate. Fruit dry when ripe. Herbs.

5. Spermacoce. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form; lobes 4. Fruit separating when ripe into 2 carpels, one or both of them opening.

6. Diodia. Fruit separating into 2 or 3 closed and indehiscent carpels; otherwise as n. 5.

III. STELLATÆ. Ovules solitary; leaves in whorls, without stipules.

7. Galium. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4- (or rarely 3-) parted. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit twin, separating into 2 indehiscent 1-seeded carpels.

8. Sherardia. Corolla funnel-form. Calyx-lobes lanceolate. Flowers subsessile, involucrate.

1. HOUSTÒNIA, L.

Calyx 4-lobed, persistent; the lobes in fruit distant. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, usually much longer than the calyx-lobes, 4-lobed, the lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens 4; anthers linear or oblong. Style 1; stigmas 2. Ovary 2-celled. Pod top-shaped, globular, or didymous, thin, its summit or upper half free from and projecting beyond the tube of the calyx, loculicidal across the top. Seeds rather few (4–20 in each cell), peltate and saucer-shaped or globular-thimble-shaped, pitted.—Small herbs, with short entire stipules connecting the petioles or narrowed bases of the leaves, and cymose or solitary and peduncled flowers. These are dimorphous, in some individuals with exserted anthers and short included style; in others the anthers included and the style long, the stigmas therefore protruding. (Named for Dr. Wm. Houston, an English botanist who collected in Central America.)

[*] Small and delicate, vernal-flowering; peduncles 1-flowered; corolla salver-form; upper half of the broad and somewhat 2-lobed pod free; seeds globular, with a very deep round cavity occupying the inner face.

[+] Perennial by delicate filiform creeping rootstocks or creeping stems; peduncles filiform, 1–2´ long.

1. H. cærùlea, L. (Bluets. Innocence.) Glabrous; stems erect, slender, sparingly branched from the base (3–5´ high); leaves oblong-spatulate (3–4´´ long); peduncle filiform, erect; corolla light blue, pale lilac or nearly white with a yellowish eye, with tube much longer than its lobes or than those of the calyx.—Moist and grassy places, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Mich. and Ala.; producing from early spring to midsummer its delicate little flowers.

2. H. serpyllifòlia, Michx. Like the last, but filiform stems prostrate, extensively creeping and rooting; leaves orbicular to ovate (2–4´´ long); corolla rather larger, and deep violet-blue.—Along streamlets and on mountain-tops, Va. to Tenn. and S. C.

[+][+] Winter-annuals, branching from the simple root; peduncles much shorter.

3. H. pàtens, Ell. An inch to at length a span high, with ascending branches and erect peduncles; leaves spatulate to ovate; corolla much smaller than that of n. 1, violet-blue or purplish without yellowish eye, the tube longer than its lobes, twice the length of the calyx-lobes.—Dry or sandy soil, S. Va. to Tex. and Ill. (?)

4. H. mínima, Beck. More diffuse, commonly scabrous; stems at length much branched and spreading (1–4´ high); lowest leaves ovate or spatulate, the upper oblong or nearly linear; earlier peduncles elongated and spreading in fruit, the later ones short; tube of the purplish corolla not longer than its lobes or the ample calyx-lobes (1½´´ long).—Dry hills, Mo. to Tex. March–May.

[*][*] Erect, mostly perennial herbs (6–20´ high), with stem-leaves sessile, and flowers in small terminal cymes or clusters; corolla funnel-form, purplish, often hairy inside; seeds meniscoidal, with a ridge across the hollowed inner face.

5. H. purpùrea, L. Pubescent or smooth (8–15´ high); leaves varying from roundish-ovate to lanceolate, 3–5-ribbed; calyx-lobes longer than the half-free globular pod.—Woodlands, Md. to Ark., and southward. May–July.—Varying wonderfully, as into—

Var. ciliolàta, Gray. A span high; leaves only ½´ long, thickish; cauline oblong-spatulate; radical oval or oblong, rosulate, hirsute-ciliate; calyx-lobes a little longer than the pod.—Rocky banks, from the Great Lakes and Minn. to Ky.; passing into

Var. longifòlia, Gray. A span or two high, mostly glabrous, thinner-leaved; leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear (6–20´´ long); radical oval or oblong, less rosulate, not ciliate.—Rocky or gravelly ground, Maine to Minn., south to Ga. and Mo.; also northward.

Var. tenuifòlia, Gray. Slender, lax, diffuse, 6–12´ high, with loose inflorescence, and almost filiform branches and peduncles; cauline leaves all linear, hardly over 1´´ wide.—S. E. Ohio to Va., N. C., and Tenn.

Var. calycòsa, Gray. Almost 1° high; leaves broadly lanceolate, thickish; calyx-lobes elongated (2–4´´ long), much surpassing the pod.—From Ill. (Hall) to Ark. and N. Ala.

6. H. angustifòlia, Michx. Stems tufted from a hard or woody root; leaves narrowly linear, acute, 1-ribbed, many of them fascicled; flowers crowded, short-pedicelled; lobes of the corolla densely bearded inside; pod obovoid, acute at base, only its summit free, opening first across the top, at length through the partition.—Barrens, Ill. to Kan., south to Tex., Tenn., and Fla.

2. OLDENLÁNDIA, Plumier.

Calyx 4-lobed, persistent. Corolla short, in our species wheel-shaped; the limb 4-parted, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4; anthers short. Style 1 or none; stigmas 2. Pod thin, 2-celled, many-seeded, opening loculicidally across the summit. Seeds very numerous, minute and angular.—Low herbs, with small stipules united to the petioles. (Dedicated to the memory of Oldenland, a German physician and botanist, who died early at the Cape of Good Hope.)

1. O. glomeràta, Michx. An inconspicuous, pubescent or smoothish, branched and spreading annual (2–12´ high); leaves ovate to oblong; flowers in sessile axillary clusters; corolla nearly wheel-shaped (white), much shorter than the calyx.—Wet places, near the coast, N. Y. to Fla. and Tex.

3. CEPHALÁNTHUS, L. Button-bush.

Calyx-tube inversely pyramidal, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4-toothed; the teeth imbricated in the bud. Style thread-form, much protruded. Stigma capitate. Fruit dry and hard, small, inversely pyramidal, 2–4-celled, at length splitting from the base upward into 2–4 closed 1-seeded portions.—Shrubs, with the white flowers densely aggregated in spherical peduncled heads. (Name composed of κεφαλή, a head, and ἄνθος, a flower.)

1. C. occidentàlis, L. Smooth or pubescent; leaves petioled, ovate or lanceolate-oblong, pointed, opposite or whorled in threes, with short intervening stipules.—Swamps and along streams, throughout the continent. July, Aug.

4. MITCHÉLLA, L. Partridge-berry.

Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-form, 4-lobed; the lobes spreading, densely bearded inside, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Style 1; stigmas 4, linear. Fruit a berry-like double drupe, crowned with the calyx-teeth of the two flowers, with 4 small seed-like bony nutlets to each flower.—A smooth and trailing small evergreen herb, with round-ovate and shining petioled leaves, minute stipules, white fragrant flowers often tinged with purple, and scarlet edible (but nearly tasteless) berries, which remain over winter. Flowers occasionally 3–6-merous, always dimorphous; all those of some individuals having exserted stamens and included stigmas; of others, included stamens and exserted style. (This very pretty plant commemorates Dr. John Mitchell, an early correspondent of Linnæus, and an excellent botanist, who resided in Virginia.)

1. M. rèpens, L.—Dry woods, creeping about the foot of trees, especially Coniferæ, throughout our range and southward. June, July.—Leaves often variegated with whitish lines. Rarely the two flowers are completely confluent into one, with a 10-lobed corolla.

5. SPERMACÒCE, Dill. Button-weed.

Calyx-tube short; the limb parted into 4 teeth. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Stigma or style 2-cleft. Fruit small and dry, 2-celled, 2-seeded, splitting when ripe into 2 carpels, one of them usually carrying with it the partition, and therefore closed, the other open on the inner face.—Small herbs, the bases of the leaves or petioles connected by a bristle-bearing stipular membrane. Flowers small, whitish, crowded into sessile axillary whorled clusters or heads. (Name compounded of σπέρμα, seed, and ακωκή, a point, probably from the pointed calyx-teeth on the fruit.)

1. S. glàbra, Michx. Glabrous perennial; stems spreading (9–20´ long); leaves oblong-lanceolate; heads many-flowered; corolla little exceeding the calyx, bearded in the throat, bearing the anthers at its base; filaments and style hardly any.—River-banks, S. Ohio to Ark., Tex., and Fla. Aug.

6. DIÒDIA, Gronov. Button-weed.

Calyx-teeth 2–5, often unequal. Fruit 2- (rarely 3-) celled; the crustaceous carpels into which it splits all closed and indehiscent. Flowers 1–3 in each axil. Otherwise resembling Spermacoce. Flowering all summer. (Name from δίοδος, a thoroughfare; the species often growing by the wayside.)

1. D. Virginiàna, L. Smooth or hairy perennial; stems spreading (1–2° long); leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile; corolla white (½´ long), the slender tube abruptly expanded into the large limb; style 2-parted; fruit oblong, strongly furrowed, crowned mostly with 2 slender calyx-teeth.—Low grounds along streams, southern N. J. to Fla., west to Ark. and Tex.

2. D. tères, Walt. Hairy or minutely pubescent annual; stem spreading (3–9´ long), nearly terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, rigid; corolla funnel-form (2–3´´ long, whitish), with short lobes, not exceeding the long bristles of the stipules; style undivided; fruit obovate-turbinate, not furrowed, crowned with 4 short calyx-teeth.—Sandy soil, N. J. to W. Ill., Fla., and Tex.

7. GÀLIUM, L. Bedstraw. Cleavers.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Corolla 4-parted, rarely 3-parted, wheel-shaped, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, rarely 3, short. Styles 2. Fruit dry or fleshy, globular, twin, separating when ripe into the 2 seed-like, indehiscent, 1-seeded carpels.—Slender herbs, with small cymose flowers (produced in summer), square stems, and whorled leaves, the roots often containing a red coloring matter. (Name from γάλα, milk, which some species are used to curdle.)

§ 1. Naturalized species; fruit dry.

G. vèrum, L. (Yellow Bedstraw.) Perennial; stems smooth, erect; leaves 8 or sometimes 6 in the whorls, linear, roughish, soon deflexed; flowers very numerous, paniculate, yellow; fruit usually smooth.—Dry fields, E. Mass. (Nat. from Eu.)

G. Mollùgo, L. Perennial, smooth throughout; stems erect or diffuse, 2 or 3° long; leaves 8, or 6 on the branchlets, oblanceolate to nearly linear; flowers very numerous in ample almost leafless panicles; fruit smooth.—Roadsides and fields, N. Y. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)

G. Ánglicum, Huds. Annual, slender, diffuse, seldom 1° high, glabrous; leaves 5–7, oblanceolate to nearly linear (3´´ long), their margins and the angles of the stem spinulose-scabrous; flowers rather few, cymulose on leafy branches, greenish-white, very small; fruit glabrous, more or less tuberculate.—Roadsides, Bedford Co., Va. (Curtiss). (Nat. from Eu.)

G. tricórne, With. Annual, resembling G. Aparine, rather stout, with simple branches; leaves 6 or 8, oblanceolate, cuspidate-mucronate, the margins and stem retrorsely prickly-hispid; flowers mostly in clusters of 3, dull white; fruits rather large, tuberculate-granulate, not hairy, pendulous.—Fields, eastward. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. Indigenous species; fruit dry.

[*] Annual; leaves about 8 in a whorl; peduncles 1–3-flowered, axillary; fruit bristly with hooked prickles.

1. G. Aparìne, L. (Cleavers. Goose-Grass.) Stem weak and reclining, bristle-prickly backward, hairy at the joints; leaves lanceolate, tapering to the base, short-pointed, rough on the margins and midrib (1–2´ long); flowers white.—Shaded grounds, throughout the continent; probably as an introduced plant eastward.

[*][*] Perennials; leaves in 4's, comparatively large, and broad (narrower in n. 7 and 8), not cuspidate-pointed, more or less distinctly 3-nerved; fruit uncinate-hispid (except in n. 6 and 7).

[+] Peduncles loosely 3–several-flowered; flowers dull purple to yellowish-white.

2. G. pilòsum, Ait. Hairy; leaves oval, dotted, hairy (1´ long), the lateral nerves obscure; peduncles 2–3-forked, the flowers all pedicelled.—Dry copses, R. I. and Vt. to Ill., E. Kan., and southward.

Var. puncticulòsum, Torr. & Gray. Almost glabrous; leaves varying to elliptical-oblong, hispidulous-ciliate.—Va. to Tex.

3. G. Kamtscháticum, Steller. Stems weak, mainly glabrous (1° high); leaves orbicular to oblong-ovate, thin (½–1´ long), slightly pilose; flowers slenderly pedicellate; corolla glabrous, yellowish-white, not turning dark, its lobes merely acute. (G. circæzans, var. montanum, Torr. & Gray.)—Higher mountains of N. Eng., L. Canada, and far westward. (Asia.)

4. G. circæ̀zans, Michx. (Wild Liquorice.) Smooth or downy (1° high); leaves oval, varying to ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, ciliate (1–1½´ long); peduncles usually once forked, the branches elongated and widely diverging in fruit, bearing several remote flowers on very short lateral pedicels, reflexed in fruit; lobes of the greenish corolla hairy outside, acute or acuminate.—Rich woods, N. Eng. to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex.

5. G. lanceolàtum, Torr. (Wild Liquorice.) Nearly glabrous; leaves (except the lowest) lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex (2´ long); corolla glabrous, yellowish turning dull purple, lobes more acuminate; otherwise like the last.—Dry woods, N. Eng. to N. Mich. and Minn.

6. G. latifòlium, Michx. Smooth (1–2° high); leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute (2´ long), the midrib and margins rough; cymes panicled, loosely many-flowered, the purple flowers on slender spreading pedicels; fruit smooth, rather fleshy.—Dry woods, mountains of Penn. to N. C. and Tenn.

7. G. Arkansànum, Gray. Similar but lower; leaves lanceolate to linear (1´ long or less), the lateral nerves obscure or none.—S. Mo. and Ark.

[+][+] Leaves narrow; flowers bright white, numerous in a compact panicle.

8. G. boreàle, L. (Northern Bedstraw.) Smooth (1–2° high); leaves linear-lanceolate; fruit minutely bristly, sometimes smooth.—Rocky banks of streams, Maine to Penn., Iowa, Minn., and westward. (Eu., Asia.)

[*][*][*] Leaves in 4's, 5's, or 6's, small, 1-nerved; flowers white; fruit smooth (flowers greenish and fruit hispid in n. 12.)

[+] Leaves pointless.

9. G. trífidum, L. (Small Bedstraw.) Stems weak, ascending (5–20´ high), branching, mostly roughened backwards on the angles; leaves in whorls of 4 to 6, linear or oblanceolate, the margins and midrib rough; peduncles scattered, 1–7-flowered; corolla-lobes and stamens often only 3.—Sphagnous bogs and wet ground, throughout the continent. Exceedingly variable.—Var. pusíllum, Gray, the smallest form; leaves only in 4's, 3–4´´ long, narrow, in age often reflexed; peduncles 1-flowered. In cold bogs, northward.—Var. latifòlium, Torr., the larger and broadest-leaved form; leaves 6 or 7´´ long, often 2´´ wide. From Canada, south and west. (Eu., Asia.)

10. G. concínnum, Torr. & Gray. Stems low and slender (6–12´ high), with minutely roughened angles; leaves all in 6's, linear, slightly pointed, veinless, the margins upwardly roughened; peduncles 2–3 times forked, diffusely panicled; pedicels short.—Dry hills, Penn. to Va., west to Minn., Iowa, and Ark.

[+][+] Leaves cuspidately mucronate or acuminate.

11. G. aspréllum, Michx. (Rough Bedstraw.) Stem much branched, rough backwards with hooked prickles, leaning on bushes (3–5° high); leaves in whorls of 6, or 4–5 on the branchlets, oval-lanceolate, with almost prickly margins and midrib; peduncles short, 2–3 times forked.—Alluvial ground, N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn., Iowa, and Mo.

12. G. triflòrum, Michx. (Sweet-scented Bedstraw.) Stem (1–3° long) bristly-roughened backward on the angles; leaves elliptical-lanceolate, bristle pointed, with slightly roughened margins (1–2´ long); peduncles 3-flowered, the flowers all pedicelled, greenish; fruit beset with hooked bristles.—Rich woodlands, throughout the continent. Sweet-scented in drying. (Eu.)

§ 3. Perennial; fruit a berry; leaves in 4's, 1-nerved.

13. G. hispídulum, Michx. Hirsute-pubescent, scabrous, or sometimes nearly smooth, 1–2° high, diffusely branched; leaves oblong or oval, mucronate (3–6´´ long), pedicels solitary or commonly 2 or 3 from the small involucral whorl, all naked, or one of them bracteolate; flowers white; berry purple, glabrate.—Dry or sandy soil, southern N. J. to Fla., along the coast.

8. SHERÁRDIA, Dill.

Calyx-lobes lanceolate, persistent. Corolla funnel-form, the limb 4–5-lobed. Stamens 4–5. Style filiform, 2-cleft, stigmas capitate. Fruit dry, twin, of 2 indehiscent 1-seeded carpels.—A slender procumbent herb, with square stems, lanceolate pungent leaves in whorls of 4–6, and small subsessile blue or pinkish flowers surrounded by a gamophyllous involucre. (Named for Dr. William Sherard, patron of Dillenius.)

S. arvénsis, L. The only species; sparingly naturalized from Eu.

Order 53. VALERIANÀCEÆ. (Valerian Family.)

Herbs, with opposite leaves and no stipules; the calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, which has one fertile 1-ovuled cell and two abortive or empty ones; the stamens distinct, 1–3, fewer than the lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its tube.—Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often irregular, mostly 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender; stigmas 1–3. Fruit indehiscent, 1-celled (the two empty cells of the ovary disappearing), or 3-celled, two of them empty, the other 1-seeded. Seed suspended, anatropous, with a large embryo and no albumen.—Flowers in panicled or clustered cymes. (Roots often odorous and antispasmodic.)

1. VALERIÀNA, Tourn. Valerian.

Limb of the calyx of several plumose bristles (like a pappus) which are rolled up inward in flower, but unroll and spread as the seed-like 1-celled fruit matures. Corolla commonly gibbous near the base, the 5-lobed limb nearly regular. Stamens 3.—Perennial herbs, with thickened strong-scented roots, and simple or pinnate leaves. Flowers in many species imperfectly diœcious or dimorphous. (A mediæval Latin name of uncertain origin.)

[*] Root spindle-shaped, large and deep (6–12´ long); leaves thickish.

1. V. édulis, Nutt. Smooth, or minutely downy when very young; stem straight (1–4° high), few-leaved; leaves commonly minutely and densely ciliate, those of the root spatulate and lanceolate, of the stem pinnately parted into 3–7 long and narrow divisions; flowers in a long and narrow interrupted panicle, nearly diœcious; corolla whitish, obconical (2´´ long).—Wet plains and prairies, Ohio and Ont. to Iowa, Minn., and westward. June.

[*][*] Root fibrous; leaves thin. (Stems 1–3° high.)

2. V. sylvática, Banks. Smooth or minutely pubescent; root-leaves ovate or oblong, entire, rarely with 2 small lobes; stem-leaves pinnate, with 3–11 oblong-ovate or lanceolate nearly entire leaflets; cyme at first close, many-flowered; corolla inversely conical (3´´ long, rose-color or white).—Wet ground, Newf. to southern N. Y., N. Mich., westward and northward. June.

3. V. pauciflòra, Michx. Smooth, slender, surculose; root-leaves ovate, heart-shaped, toothed, pointed, sometimes with 2 small lateral divisions; stem-leaves pinnate, with 3–7 ovate toothed leaflets; branches of the panicled cyme few-flowered; tube of the (pale pink) corolla long and slender (½´ long).—Woods and alluvial banks, Penn. to S. Ill., Mo., and Tenn. June.

2. VALERIANÉLLA, Tourn. Corn Salad. Lamb-Lettuce.

Limb of the calyx obsolete or merely toothed. Corolla funnel-form, equally or unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Fruit 3-celled, two of the cells empty and sometimes confluent into one, the other 1-seeded.—Annuals and biennials, usually smooth, with forking stems, tender and rather succulent leaves (entire or cut-lobed towards the base), and white or whitish cymose-clustered and bracted small flowers.—Our species all have the limb of the calyx obsolete, and are so much alike in aspect, flowers, etc., that good characters are only to be taken from the fruit. They all have a rather short corolla, the limb of which is nearly regular. (Name a diminutive of Valeriana.)

[*] Corolla bluish; fruit with a corky mass at the back of the fertile cell.

V. olitòria, Poll. Fruit flattish, obliquely rhomboidal; empty cells as large as the fertile, contiguous, the thin partition at length breaking up.—Old fields, N. Y. to Penn. and La. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*] Corolla white; no corky mass behind the fertile cell.

[+] Fertile cell broader than the empty ones; cross-section of fruit triangular.

1. V. chenopodifòlia, DC. Stems with long internodes and few forks; glomerate cymes few, slender-peduncled; bracts broadly lanceolate; fruit glabrous or pubescent, 2´´ long. (Fedia Fagopyrum, Torr. & Gray.)—Moist grounds, western N. Y. to Minn., south to Va. and Ky.

[+][+] Fertile cell as broad as the empty ones, beaked; cross-section quadrate.

2. V. radiàta, Dufr. Fruit ovate-tetragonal, downy-pubescent (sometimes glabrous); empty cells as thick as the oblong-ovate fertile one, or thicker, a broad shallow groove between them. (Fedia radiata, Michx.)—Low grounds, Penn. to Minn., Tex., and Fla.

3. V. stenocárpa, Krok. Fruit oblong-tetragonal, commonly glabrous; oblong fertile cell thicker than the linear-oblong approximate empty ones. (Fedia stenocarpa, Engelm.)—W. Mo. and E. Kan. to Tex.

[+][+][+] Fertile cell much the narrowest, dorsally 1-nerved; section roundish.

4. V. Woodsiàna, Walp. Fruit 1´´ long or more; fertile cell ovate, tipped with a tooth; empty ones inflated, with oblong depression (sometimes an open cavity) in the middle.—Moist grounds, N. Y. and Penn. to Tex.

Var. umbilicàta, Gray. Empty cells becoming confluent, vesicular by incurvation of the circular margin, forming a deep and round umbilication. (Fedia umbilicata, Sulliv.)—N. Y. to Ohio and southward.

Var. patellària, Gray. Fruit saucer-shaped, emarginate at base and apex, winged by the divergent cells. (Fedia patellaria, Sulliv.)—Same range.

Order 54. DIPSÀCEÆ. (Teasel Family.)

Herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves, no stipules, and the flowers in dense heads, surrounded by an involucre, as in the Composite Family; but the stamens are distinct, and the suspended seed has albumen.—Represented by the following introduced species and by the cultivated Sweet Scabious (Scabiosa atropurpurea).

1. DÍPSACUS, Tourn. Teasel.

Involucre many-leaved, longer than the chaffy leafy-tipped and pointed bracts among the densely capitate flowers; each flower with a 4-leaved calyx-like involucel investing the ovary and fruit (achene). Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the limb cup-shaped, without a pappus. Corolla nearly regular, 4-cleft. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla. Style slender.—Stout and coarse biennials, hairy or prickly, with large oblong heads. (Name from διψάω, to thirst, probably because the united cup-shaped bases of the leaves in some species hold water.)

1. D. sylvéstris, Mill. (Wild Teasel.) Prickly; leaves lance-oblong; leaves of the involucre slender, longer than the head; bracts (chaff) tapering into a long flexible awn with a straight point.—Roadsides; rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.) Suspected to be the original of

2. D. Fullònum, L., the Fuller's Teasel, which has a shorter involucre, and stiff chaff to the heads, with hooked points, used for raising a nap upon woollen cloth; it has escaped from cultivation in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)

(Addendum) 2. SCABIOSA, Tourn. Scabious.

Characters of Dipsacus, but the green leaves of the involucre and involucels not rigid nor spinescent. (Name from scabies, the itch, from its use as a remedy.)

S. austràlis, Wulf. Perennial, sparsely branched, nearly glabrous, 1½–3° high; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, the lower oblanceolate, slightly toothed or entire; heads short-oblong; calyx obtusely short-lobed; corolla pale blue.—Central N. Y. and Penn.; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

Order 55. COMPÓSITÆ. (Composite Family.)

Flowers in a close head (the compound flower of the older botanists), on a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre, with 5 (rarely 4) stamens inserted on the corolla, their anthers united in a tube (syngenesious).—Calyx-tube united with the 1-celled ovary, the limb (called a pappus) crowning its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, etc., or cup-shaped, or else entirely absent. Corolla either strap-shaped or tubular; in the latter chiefly 5-lobed, valvate in the bud, the veins bordering the margins of the lobes. Style 2-cleft at the apex (in sterile flowers usually entire). Fruit seed-like (achene), dry, containing a single erect anatropous seed, with no albumen.—An immense family, in temperate regions chiefly herbs, without stipules, with perfect, polygamous, monœcious or diœcious flowers. The flowers with a strap-shaped (ligulate) corolla are called rays or ray-flowers; the head which presents such flowers, either throughout or at the margin, is radiate. The tubular flowers compose the disk; and a head which has no ray-flowers is said to be discoid. When the head contains two sorts of flowers it is said to be heterogamous; when only one sort, homogamous. The leaves of the involucre, of whatever form or texture, are termed scales. The bracts or scales, which often grow on the receptacle among the flowers, are called the chaff; when these are wanting, the receptacle is said to be naked.—The largest order of Phænogamous plants. The genera are divided by the corolla into three series, only two of which are represented in the Northern United States. The first is much the larger.

Systematic Synopsis.

Series I. TUBULIFLORÆ.

Corolla tubular in all the perfect flowers, regularly 5- (rarely 3–4-) lobed, ligulate only in the marginal or ray-flowers, which when present are either pistillate only, or neutral (with neither stamens nor pistil).

Tribe I. VERNONIACEÆ. Heads discoid; the flowers all alike, perfect and tubular, never yellow. Branches of the style long and slender, terete, thread-shaped, minutely bristly-hairy all over.—Leaves alternate or scattered.

1. Elephantopus. Heads 3–5-flowered, several crowded together into a compound head. Involucre of 8 scales. Pappus of several chaffy bristles.

2. Vernonia. Heads several–many-flowered, separate. Involucre of many scales. Pappus double, the inner capillary, the outer of minute chaffy bristles.

Tribe II. EUPATORIACEÆ. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike, perfect and tubular, never yellow. Branches of the style thickened upward or club-shaped, obtuse, very minutely and uniformly pubescent; the stigmatic lines indistinct.

[*] Pappus a row of hard scales.

3. Sclerolepis. Head many-flowered. Scales of the involucre equal. Leaves whorled.

[*][*] Pappus of slender bristles.

[+] Achene 5-angled; bristles of the pappus roughish.

4. Mikania. Flowers and involucral scales only 4. Stems twining.

5. Eupatorium. Involucre of more than 4 scales and the flowers few or many. Stems not twining.

[+][+] Achene 10-ribbed; involucral scales striate-nerved.

6. Kuhnia. Pappus very strongly plumose. Scales of the involucre few.

7. Brickellia. Involucral scales in several series. Pappus merely scabrous.

8. Liatris. Pappus plumose or only barbellate. Corolla red-purple, strongly 5-lobed. Heads spicate or racemose, the involucre well imbricated.

9. Trilisa. Pappus minutely barbellate. Corolla rose-purple. Heads corymbed or panicled, the involucre little imbricated.

Tribe III. ASTEROIDEÆ. Heads discoid, the flowers all alike and tubular; or else radiate, the outer ones ligulate and pistillate. Anthers not caudate at base. Branches of the style in the perfect flowers flat, smooth up to where the conspicuous marginal stigmatic lines abruptly terminate, and prolonged above this into a flattened lance-shaped or triangular appendage which is evenly hairy or pubescent outside.—Leaves alternate. Receptacle naked (destitute of chaff) in all our species.

[*] 1. Ray-flowers yellow (in one species of Solidago whitish), or sometimes none at all.

[+] Pappus of not numerous slender bristles. Heads radiate. Involucre of firm scales with greenish tips, commonly coated with resin. West of the Mississippi.

10. Gutierrezia. Heads small, numerous. Ray and disk-flowers 3 or 4 each, all fertile. Pappus of several short chaffy scales. Suffrutescent; leaves very narrow.

11. Amphiachyris. Heads small. Ray-flowers 5–10; pappus coroniform. Disk-flowers infertile; pappus of several bristle-like scales. Annual; leaves very narrow.

12. Grindelia. Heads large, many-flowered. Flowers all fertile. Pappus of 2–8 rigid caducous awns. Coarse herbs with toothed leaves.

[+][+] Pappus (at least of the disk) of copious slender or capillary bristles.

[=] Pappus double.

13. Heterotheca. Resembling Chrysopsis, but the achenes of the ray thicker than those of the disk and without pappus or nearly so. Western.

14. Chrysopsis. Heads many-flowered; rays numerous. The outer pappus of very small chaffy bristles, much shorter than the inner of copious capillary bristles.

[=][=] Pappus simple.

15. Aplopappus. Heads many-flowered, many-radiate. Involucre hemispherical. Pappus of many unequal bristles. Western.

16. Bigelovia. Heads 3–4-flowered; rays none. Receptacle awl-shaped. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles.

17. Solidago. Heads few–many-flowered; rays 1–16. Pappus of numerous slender and equal capillary bristles.

18. Brachychæta. Heads 8–10-flowered, clustered; rays 4 or 5. Pappus a row of minute bristles shorter than the achene.

[*] 2. Ray-flowers white, blue, or purple, never yellow.

[+] Pappus none or very short, with or without a few awns.

[++] Receptacle conical. Awns none.

19. Bellis. Achenes marginless, flattened; pappus none. Involucral scales equal.

20. Aphanostephus. Achenes prismatic; pappus coroniform. Outer scales shorter.

[++][++] Receptacle flat or convex. Pappus usually with awns.

21. Chætopappa. Achenes fusiform; pappus of 5 or fewer thin chaff and alternating awns. Western.

22. Boltonia. Achenes very flat, thick-winged; pappus of short bristles and usually 2–4 awns.

[+][+] Pappus of a single row of awns or coarse rigid bristles, or in the ray scale-like.

23. Townsendia. Low or stemless, with linear-spatulate leaves and large aster-like flowers.

[+][+][+] Pappus of numerous long and capillary bristles; receptacle flat.

24. Sericocarpus. Heads 12–20-flowered; rays 4 or 5. Involucre oblong or club-shaped, imbricated, cartilaginous. Achenes short, narrowed downward, silky.

25. Aster. Heads many-flowered, on leafy peduncles. Involucral scales unequal, loosely or closely imbricated. Achenes flattish; pappus simple (rarely double), copious.

26. Erigeron. Heads many-flowered, on naked peduncles. Involucre of narrow equal scales, little imbricated. Achenes flattened; pappus simple and rather scanty, or with some outer minute scales.

[*] 3. Rays none. Heads diœcious (all pistillate or all staminate).

27. Baccharis. Heads many-flowered. Pappus capillary. Smooth glutinous shrubs.

Tribe IV. INULOIDEÆ. Heads discoid (radiate only in Inula), the pistillate flowers mostly filiform and truncate. Anthers sagittate, the basal lobes attenuate into tails. Style-branches with unappendaged obtuse or truncate naked tips. Pappus capillary or none.

[*] 1. Receptacle naked. Involucre not scarious, imbricated. Not woolly.

28. Pluchea. Heads containing a few perfect but sterile flowers in the centre, and many pistillate fertile ones around them. Pappus capillary.

[*] 2. Receptacle chaffy. Involucral scales few, mostly scarious. Low floccose-woolly annuals; flowers as in n. 28.

29. Evax. Receptacle convex. Achenes obcompressed. Pappus none. Western.

30. Filago. Receptacle subulate. Achenes terete. Outer flowers without pappus.

[*] 3. Receptacle naked. Involucral scales many, scarious. Floccose-woolly herbs.

31. Antennaria. Heads diœcious. Pappus of sterile flowers club-shaped, of the fertile united at base and deciduous together.

32. Anaphalis. Heads diœcious or nearly so. Pappus not thickened above nor at all united at base.

33. Gnaphalium. Heads all fertile throughout. Pappus all capillary.

[*] 4. Corollas all somewhat broadly tubular and lobed. Involucre not scarious. Receptacle naked. Pappus none.

34. Adenocaulon. Head few-flowered and scales few; outer flowers pistillate. Somewhat woolly.

[*] 5. Heads radiate. Receptacle naked. Involucre herbaceous. Pappus copious.

35. Inula. Heads large, many-flowered. Flowers yellow. Stout perennial.

Tribe V. HELIANTHOIDEÆ. Heads radiate or discoid. Involucre not scarious (nut-like in fruit in n. 43, 44). Receptacle chaffy. Pappus never capillary, sometimes none. Anthers not caudate. Style-branches truncate or hairy-appendaged.

[*] 1. Heads radiate (obscurely so in n. 41, sometimes discoid in n. 36), the ray pistillate and fertile, the disk perfect but sterile.

[+] Achenes turgid, triangular-obovoid; pappus none.

36. Polymnia. Involucral scales in 2 rows, the 5 outer leaf-like, the inner small.

[+][+] Achenes flattened dorsally (obcompressed).

37. Silphium. Achenes wing-margined, in several rows; pappus none or 2 teeth. Scales thick, in several rows.

38. Berlandiera. Achenes wingless, 5–12 in one row, without pappus. Inner involucral scales obovate, outer smaller and more foliaceous. Western.

39. Chrysogonum. Achenes wingless, about 5; pappus a one-sided 2–3-toothed crown. Inner scales 5, chaff-like, the 5 outer longer and leaf-like.

40. Engelmannia. Achenes wingless, 8–10; pappus a scarious hispid crown. Outer scales (about 10) leaf-like, inner coriaceous with green tips. Western.

41. Parthenium. Rays 5, very short, persistent. Pappus of 2 small scales. Involucral scales short, roundish, in 2 rows.

[*] 2. Fertile flowers 1–5, the corolla none or reduced to a tube; staminate corolla funnel-form. Pappus none.

[+] Heads with 1–5 pistillate flowers. Receptacle chaffy.

42. Iva. Achenes short, thick. Involucre of few roundish scales.

[+][+] Heads of two sorts on the same plant, the upper staminate with an open cup-shaped involucre, the lower pistillate, of 1–4 flowers in a closed bur-like involucre.

43. Ambrosia. Scales of staminate involucre united. Fruit 1-seeded.

44. Xanthium. Scales of staminate involucre distinct. Fruit 1–4-celled, 1–4-beaked.

[*] 3. Heads radiate, or rarely discoid; disk-flowers all perfect and fertile. Anthers blackish. Pappus none, or a crown or cup, or of one or two chaffy awns, never capillary, nor of several uniform chaffy scales.—Leaves more commonly opposite.

[+] Involucre double; the outer forming a cup.

45. Tetragonotheca. Outer involucre 4-leaved. Achenes obovoid; pappus none.

[+][+] Involucre of one or more rows of separate scales.

[++] Chaff of the flat receptacle bristle-shaped.

46. Eclipta. Ray short. Involucral scales 10–12, in two rows, herbaceous.

[++][++] Chaff scale-like, embracing or subtending the achenes.

[=] Receptacle high, conical or columnar in fruit. Pappus none or a short crown.

47. Heliopsis. Rays fertile. Achenes 4-sided. Leaves opposite.

48. Echinacea. Rays rose-colored, pistillate, sterile. Achenes short, 4-sided. Chaff spinescent.

49. Rudbeckia. Rays neutral. Achenes 4-sided, flat at the top, marginless.

50. Lepachys. Rays few, neutral. Achenes flattened laterally and margined.

[=][=] Receptacle flat to convex. Achenes not winged nor very flat.

51. Borrichia. Achenes 3–4-angled; pappus a short 4-toothed crown. Shrubby.

52. Helianthus. Achenes flattened, bearing 2 very deciduous chaffy pointed scales.

[=][=][=] Receptacle convex (rarely conical). Achenes flat-compressed laterally, winged or wingless, 2-awned. Leaves decurrent.

53. Verbesina. Involucral scales closely imbricated in 2 or more rows.

54. Actinomeris. Scales few, soon deflexed. Achenes obovate, squarrosely spreading.

[*] 4. Rays few, neutral, or wanting. Achenes obcompressed, i.e., flattened parallel with the scales of the involucre (rarely terete). Involucre double; the outer spreading and often foliaceous. Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite.

55. Coreopsis. Pappus of 2 (or rarely more) scales, teeth, or awns, which are naked or barbed upward, sometimes obsolete or a mere crown.

56. Bidens. Pappus of 2 or more rigid and persistent downwardly barbed awns or teeth.

57. Thelesperma. Inner involucre connate to the middle. Achenes terete. Awns retrorsely bearded.

[*] 5. Heads radiate or discoid; disk-flowers all perfect and fertile. Achenes turbinate, 5-angled; pappus of several chaffy scales.

[+] Leaves alternate, entire. Disk-flowers purplish.

58. Baldwinia. Rays numerous, long, neutral. Involucre much imbricated. Receptacle deeply honey-combed.

59. Marshallia. Rays none. Involucre of narrow leafy equal scales. Receptacle chaffy.

[+][+] Leaves opposite, serrate. Disk-flowers yellow.

60. Galinsoga. Rays few, short, pistillate, whitish. Involucre of 4–5 thin ovate scales. Receptacle chaffy.

Tribe VI. HELENIOIDEÆ. Nearly as Tribe V., but receptacle not chaffy (somewhat so in n. 64). In our genera, the disk-flowers perfect and fertile; the pappus a row of several chaffy scales (bristly-dissected in n. 65); the involucre hardly at all imbricated (partly scarious in n. 61).

[*] Involucral scales distinct, not glandular-punctate.

61. Hymenopappus. Rays none. Receptacle flat. Involucre colored. Western.

62. Actinella. Rays fertile, 3-toothed. Receptacle elevated. Involucre appressed. Western.

63. Helenium. Rays fertile or sterile, 3–5-cleft. Receptacle elevated. Involucre small, reflexed. Leaves decurrent.

64. Gaillardia. Ray 3-toothed, or none. Receptacle usually beset with fine fimbrillate chaff. Outer involucral scales loose and leafy. Pappus-chaff tipped with the projecting midvein. Western.

[*][*] Dotted with oil-glands. Involucral scales united into a cup.

65. Dysodia. Pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into many bristles.

Tribe VII. ANTHEMIDEÆ. Distinguished from the last two tribes by the more or less dry and scarious imbricated scales of the involucre. Heads radiate (ray mostly white) or discoid, the perfect flowers sometimes sterile and the pistillate rarely tubular. Achenes small; pappus a short crown or none.—Mostly strong-scented; leaves alternate.

[*] Receptacle chaffy, at least in part. Heads radiate, many-flowered.

66. Anthemis. Achenes terete, angled or ribbed. Heads hemispherical, rather large.

67. Achillea. Achenes obcompressed. Heads small, campanulate or obovate.

[*][*] Receptacle naked.

[+] Heads rather large, pedunculate, radiate or rarely rayless.

68. Matricaria. Receptacle conical. Rays pistillate or none. Pappus crown-like or none.

69. Chrysanthemum. Receptacle flattish. Rays many, pistillate. Pappus none.

[+][+] Heads mostly small, discoid, corymbed or paniculate.

70. Tanacetum. Heads corymbed. Achene with broad summit; pappus a short crown.

71. Artemisia. Heads in panicled spikes or racemes. Achenes with narrow summit; pappus none.

Tribe VIII. SENECIONIDEÆ. Heads radiate or discoid, the involucre little or not at all imbricated, not scarious. Receptacle naked. Anthers tailless. Pappus capillary.

[*] Heads monœcious or subdiœcious, the perfect flowers mostly sterile, and the small (ligulate or tubular) ray-flowers in more than one row (at least in the fertile heads). Style-branches obtuse, not appendaged nor hispid. Leaves all radical.

72. Tussilago. Head solitary, yellow-flowered, monœcious.

73. Petasites. Heads corymbed, subdiœcious. Flowers white or purplish.

[*][*] Flowers all fertile. Style-branches truncate or capitellate, often appendaged. Involucral scales connivent-erect.

[+] Leaves opposite.

74. Arnica. Heads showy. Pappus rather rigid, scabrous.

[+][+] Leaves alternate. Pappus soft-capillary, copious.

75. Senecio. Heads usually radiate. Corollas yellow, 5-toothed.

76. Cacalia. Heads discoid. Corollas white or cream-colored, 5-cleft.

77. Erechtites. Heads discoid. Flowers whitish, the outer pistillate with filiform corollas.

Tribe IX. CYNAROIDEÆ. Flowers all tubular and perfect (the outer ray-like and neutral in n. 82). Involucre much imbricated. Anthers caudate, long-appendaged at tip. Style-branches short or united, obtuse, unappendaged, smooth, with often a pubescent ring below. Pappus mostly bristly.—Leaves alternate.

[*] Achenes attached by the base. Flowers all alike.

[+] Leaves not prickly. Style-branches partly distinct. Filaments glabrous.

78. Arctium. Involucral scales hooked at the tip. Pappus of short rough bristles.

[+][+] Leaves prickly. Style-branches coherent, usually a pubescent ring below.

79. Cnicus. Pappus bristles plumose. Receptacle densely bristly.

80. Carduus. Pappus-bristles not plumose. Receptacle densely bristly.

81. Onopordon. Pappus-bristles not plumose. Receptacle deeply honeycombed.

[*][*] Achenes attached obliquely. Marginal flowers often enlarged and ray-like.

82. Centaurea. Involucral scales appendaged. Pappus double and bristly, or very short or none.

Series II. LIGULIFLORÆ.

Tribe X. CICHORIACEÆ.

Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers perfect.—Herbs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate.

[*] Pappus none.

83. Lampsana. Involucre cylindrical, of 8 scales in a single row, 8–12-flowered.

[*][*] Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff and bristles.

84. Krigia. Involucre simple, not calyculate. Pappus of both chaff and bristles.

85. Cichorium. Involucre double. Pappus a small crown of many bristle-form scales.

[*][*][*] Pappus plumose.

86. Tragopogon. Involucre simple, not calyculate. Achenes long-beaked. Stems leafy.

87. Leontodon. Involucre calyculate. Achenes fusiform. Leaves radical.

88. Picris. Outer involucral scales spreading. Achenes terete. Stems leafy.

[*][*][*][*] Pappus composed entirely of capillary bristles, not plumose.

[+] Achenes not flattened, columnar or terete, often slender.

[++] Achenes not beaked.

[=] Flowers yellow or orange.

89. Hieracium. Involucre imbricated. Pappus tawny. Pilose perennials.

90. Crepis. Involucral scales in one row. Pappus white, soft. Not pilose.

[=][=] Flowers white or cream color or pinkish. Involucre calyculate.

91. Prenanthes. Achenes short, blunt. Pappus tawny or brown. Stems leafy and heads often nodding.

92. Lygodesmia. Achenes long, tapering. Pappus white. Stems nearly leafless; heads erect. Western.

[++][++] Achenes beaked (sometimes beakless in n. 93). Flowers yellow.

93. Troximon. Scapose. Involucre loosely imbricated. Achenes 10-ribbed.

94. Taraxacum. Scapose. Involucre calyculate. Achenes 4–5-ribbed.

95. Pyrrhopappus. Scapose or branched. Pappus reddish, the base surrounded by a soft villous ring.

96. Chondrilla. Stem branching, leafy. Involucre few-flowered, calyculate. Pappus white.

[+][+] Achenes flat or flattish. Pappus white, fine and soft. Involucre imbricated. Leafy-stemmed, with panicled heads.

97. Lactuca. Achenes more or less beaked. Flowers yellow or purplish.

98. Sonchus. Achenes flattish, not at all beaked. Flowers yellow.

The technical characters of the tribes, taken from the styles, require a magnifying-glass to make them out, and will not always be clear to the student. The following artificial analysis, founded upon other and more obvious distinctions, will be useful to the beginner.

Artificial Key to the Genera of the Tubulifloræ.

§ 1. Rays or ligulate flowers none; corollas all tubular (or rarely none).

[*] 1. Flowers of the head all perfect and alike.

Pappus composed of bristles:

Double, the outer of very short, the inner of longer bristles No. 2

Simple, the bristles all of the same sort.

Heads few-flowered, themselves aggregated into a compound or dense cluster 1

Heads separate, few-flowered or many-flowered.

Receptacle (when the flowers are pulled off) bristly-hairy 78, 79, 80

Receptacle deeply honeycomb-like 81

Receptacle naked.

Pappus of plumose or bearded stiff bristles. Flowers purple 8

Pappus of very plumose bristles. Flowers whitish 6

Pappus of slender but rather stiff rough bristles 4, 5, 7, 9, 16

Pappus of very soft and weak naked bristles 76, 77

Pappus composed of scales or chaff.

Receptacle naked. Leaves in whorls 3

Receptacle naked. Leaves alternate, dissected 61

Receptacle bearing chaff among the flowers 59, 64

Pappus of 2 or few awns or teeth 53, 57, barbed in 55, 56

Pappus none, or a mere crown-like margin to the fruit 36, 68, 71

[*] 2. Flowers of two kinds in the same head.

Marginal flowers neutral and sterile, either conspicuous or inconspicuous 82

Marginal flowers pistillate and fertile.

Receptacle elongated and bearing broad chaff among the flowers 29, 30

Receptacle convex, chaffy. Achene flat, 2-awned 52

Receptacle naked or bearing no conspicuous chaff.

Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre imbricated 28, 32, 33

Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre merely one row of scales 26, 73, 77

Pappus a short crown or none.

Achenes becoming much longer than the involucre 34

Achenes not exceeding the involucre 42, 70, 71

[*] 3. Flowers of two kinds in separate heads, the one pistillate, the other staminate.

Heads diœcious; in both kinds many-flowered. Pappus capillary 27, 31, 32, 79

Heads monœcious; the fertile 1–2-flowered and closed. Pappus none 43, 44

§ 2. Rays present; i.e. the marginal flowers or some of them with ligulate corollas.

[*] 1. Pappus of capillary bristles, at least in the disk. (Rays all pistillate.)

Rays occupying several rows 26, 72, 73

Rays in one marginal row, and

White, purple or blue, never yellow 17, 24, 25, 26, 73

Yellow, of the same color as the disk.

Pappus (at least in the disk) double, the outer short and minute 13, 14

Pappus simple.

Scales of the involucre equal and all in one row. Leaves alternate 75

Scales of the involucre in two rows. Leaves opposite 74

Scales of the involucre imbricated. Leaves alternate 10, 11, 15, 17, 35

[*] 2. Pappus a circle of awns or rigid bristles (at least in the disk).

Ray yellow, awns few (2–8) 12

Ray rose-color 23

[*] 3. Pappus a circle of chaffy scales, dissected into bristles 65

[*] 4. Pappus a circle of thin chaffy scales or short chaffy bristles.

Heads several-flowered. Receptacle chaffy 60

Heads 8–10-flowered. Receptacle naked 18

Heads many-flowered. Receptacle deeply honeycombed 58

Heads many-flowered. Receptacle naked 62, 63

Heads many-flowered. Receptacle chaffy 64

[*] 5. Pappus none, or a cup or crown, or of 2 or 3 awns, teeth, or chaffy scales corresponding with the edges or angles of the achene, often with intervening minute bristles or scales.

[+] Receptacle naked.

Achene flat, wing-margined. Pappus of separate little bristles and usually 2–4 awns 22

Achene flat, marginless. Pappus none. Receptacle conical 19

Achene terete or angled. Pappus none. Receptacle flattish 69

Achene angled. Pappus a little cup or crown (or none). Receptacle conical 20, 68

Achene fusiform. Pappus of few scales, usually with alternating awns 21

[+][+] Receptacle chaffy.

Rays neutral (rarely pistillate but sterile); the disk-flowers perfect and fertile.

Receptacle mostly elevated (varying from convex to columnar), and

Chaffy only at the summit; the chaff deciduous. Pappus none 66

Chaffy throughout. Achene flattened laterally if at all 48, 49, 50, 52, 54

Receptacle flat or flattish. Achene flattened, parallel with the scales or chaff 55, 56

Receptacle flat. Achene terete, 2-awned 57

Rays pistillate and fertile; the disk-flowers also perfect and fertile.

Achene much flattened laterally, 1–2-awned 53

Achene flattened parallel with the scales and chaff. Pappus none 67

Achene 3–4-angular, terete or laterally flattish, awnless.

Receptacle convex or conical. Leaves alternate, dissected 66

Receptacle conical. Leaves opposite, simple.

Achene obovoid. Involucre a leafy cup 45

Achene 4-angular. Involucre of separate scales 47

Receptacle flat. Leaves opposite and simple 46, 51

Rays pistillate and fertile; the disk-flowers staminate and sterile (pistil imperfect).

Receptacle chaffy 36–41

1. ELEPHÁNTOPUS, L. Elephant's-foot.

Heads discoid, 2–5-flowered, several together clustered into a compound pedunculate head; flowers perfect. Involucre narrow, flattened, of 8 oblong dry scales. Achenes 10-ribbed; pappus of stout bristles, chaffy-dilated at the base.—Perennials, with alternate leaves and purplish flowers. (Name composed of ἔλεφας, elephant, and ποῦς, foot.)

[*] Stem leafy; upper leaves very like the basal.

1. E. Caroliniànus, Willd. Somewhat hairy, corymbose, leafy; leaves ovate-oblong, thin.—Dry soil, Penn. to Ill. and Kan., and southward.

[*][*] Stem scape-like, with a few bract-like leaves or naked.

2. E. tomentòsus, L. Somewhat hairy; basal leaves obovate to narrowly spatulate, silky and prominently veined beneath; heads large; pappus-scales attenuate.—Va., Ky., and southward.

3. E. nudàtus, Gray. Strigose-puberulent; basal leaves thin, green, spatulate-obovate or oblanceolate, not prominently veined beneath; heads smaller; pappus scales broadly deltoid.—Del. and southward.

2. VERNÒNIA, Schreb. Iron-weed.

Heads discoid, 15–many-flowered, in corymbose cymes; flowers perfect. Involucre shorter than the flowers, of many much imbricated scales. Receptacle naked. Achenes cylindrical, ribbed; pappus double, the outer of minute scale-like bristles, the inner of copious capillary bristles.—Perennial herbs, with leafy stems, alternate and acuminate or very acute leaves and mostly purple flowers. Species very difficult. (Named for Wm. Vernon, an early English botanist who travelled in this country.)

[*] Heads large, 50–70-flowered.

1. V. Arkansàna, DC. Tall, rather glabrous; leaves linear-lanceolate, retrorsely denticulate; involucre very squarrose, the scales with long filiform tips.—Mo., Kan., and southward.

[*][*] Heads ½´ high or less, 15–40-flowered.

[+] Leaves narrowly linear, glabrous, veinless, mostly entire.

2. V. Jamèsii, Torr. & Gray. Low, nearly glabrous; heads few-flowered; scales obtuse or acute.—Plains of Neb. and southward.

[+][+] Leaves broader, mostly sharply denticulate or rigidly serrate, veined.

3. V. fasciculàta, Michx. Leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate; heads many, crowded; scales close, obtuse or the uppermost mucronate; achene smooth.—Low grounds, Ohio and Ky. to Dak., and southward. Aug.

4. V. altíssima, Nutt. Usually tall; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong; cyme loose; scales close, obtuse or mucronate; achenes hispidulous on the ribs.—Low grounds, W. Penn. to Ill., and southward.—Heads variable, 2–4´´ high and the scales in few or many ranks; the var. grandiflòra, Nutt., with large heads, the involucre of 35–40 scales in many ranks.

5. V. Noveboracénsis, Willd. Rather tall; leaves long-lanceolate to lance-oblong; cyme open; involucre usually purplish; scales ovate and lance-ovate tipped with a slender cusp or awn.—Low grounds near the coast, Maine to Va., west to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. Aug.

Var. latifòlia, Gray. Leaves broader; heads few; scales merely acute or acuminate.—Penn. to Ohio and southward.

6. V. Baldwínii, Torr. Tomentulose; heads small, at first globose; leaves lance-oblong or -ovate; involucre hoary-tomentose, greenish, squarrose, the scales acute or acuminate.—Prairies and barren hills; E. Mo. to Kan. and Tex. July, Aug. Passes into n. 4.

3. SCLERÓLEPIS, Cass.

Head discoid, many-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales linear, equal, in 1 or 2 rows. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenes 5-angled; pappus a single row of 5 almost horny oval and obtuse scales.—A smooth perennial, with simple stems, rooting at the base, linear entire leaves in whorls of 4–6, and a terminal head of flesh-colored flowers. (Name composed of σκληρός, hard, and λεπίς, a scale, from the pappus.)

1. S. verticillàta, Cass.—In water; pine barrens, New Jersey and southward. Aug.

4. MIKÀNIA, Willd. Climbing Hemp-weed.

Heads discoid, 4-flowered. Involucre of 4 scales. Receptacle small. Flowers, achenes, etc., as in Eupatorium.—Twining perennials, climbing bushes, with opposite commonly heart-shaped and petioled leaves, and corymbose-panicled flesh-colored flowers. (Named for Prof. Mikan, of Prague.)

1. M. scándens, L. Nearly smooth, twining; leaves somewhat triangular-heart-shaped or halberd-form, pointed, toothed at the base.—Copses along streams, E. New Eng. to Ky., and southward. July–Sept.

5. EUPATÒRIUM, Tourn. Thoroughwort.

Heads discoid, 3–many-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucre cylindrical or bell-shaped, of more than 4 scales. Receptacle flat or conical, naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenes 5-angled; pappus a single row of slender capillary barely roughish bristles.—Erect perennial herbs, often sprinkled with bitter resinous dots, with generally corymbose heads of white, bluish, or purple blossoms, appearing near the close of summer. (Dedicated to Eupator Mithridates, who is said to have used a species of the genus in medicine.)

§ 1. EUPATORIUM proper. Receptacle flat.

[*] Heads cylindrical, 5–15-flowered; the purplish scales numerous, closely imbricated in several rows, of unequal length, slightly striate; stout herbs, with ample mostly whorled leaves, and flesh-colored flowers.

1. E. purpùreum, L. (Joe-Pye Weed. Trumpet-Weed.) Stems tall and stout, simple; leaves 3–6 in a whorl, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, pointed, very veiny, roughish, toothed; corymbs very dense and compound.—Varies greatly in size (2–12° high), etc., and with spotted or unspotted, often dotted stems, etc.,—including several nominal species.—Low grounds; common.

Var. amœ̀num, Gray. Low; leaves fewer, ovate or oblong; heads few, 3–5-flowered.—Mountains of Va. and N. Y.

[*][*] Heads 3–20-flowered; involucre 8–15 more or less imbricated and unequal scales, the outer ones shorter; flowers white.

[+] Leaves all alternate, mostly dissected; heads panicled, very small, 3–5-flowered.

2. E. fœniculàceum, Willd. (Dog-Fennel.) Smooth or nearly so, paniculately much-branched (3–10° high); leaves 1–2-pinnately parted, filiform.—Va., near the coast, and southward. Adv. near Philadelphia.

[+][+] Leaves long-petioled, the upper ones alternate; heads 12–15-flowered, in compound corymbs.

3. E. serótinum, Michx. Stem pulverulent-pubescent, bushy-branched (3–7° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a point, triple-nerved and veiny, coarsely serrate (3–6´ long); involucre very pubescent.—Alluvial ground, Md. to Minn., E. Kan., and southward.

[+][+][+] Leaves sessile or nearly so, with a narrow base, mostly opposite; heads mostly 5-flowered.

[=] Involucral scales with white and scarious acute tips.

4. E. álbum, L. Roughish-hairy (2° high), leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely toothed, veiny; heads clustered in the corymb; involucral scales closely imbricated, rigid, narrowly lanceolate, longer than the flowers.—Sandy and barren places, pine barrens of Long Island to Va., and southward.

Var. subvenòsum, Gray. Less rough; leaves 1–2´ long, finely toothed and less veiny.—Long Island and N. J.

5. E. leucólepis, Torr. & Gray. Minutely pubescent, simple (1–2° high); leaves linear-lanceolate, closely sessile, 1-nerved, obtuse, minutely serrate, rough both sides; corymb hoary.—Sandy bogs, Long Island, N. J., and southward.

[=][=] Scales not scarious or obscurely so, obtuse, at length shorter than the flowers.

6. E. hyssopifòlium, L. Minutely pubescent (1–2° high); leaves narrow, linear or lanceolate, elongated, obtuse, 1–3-nerved, entire, or the lower toothed, often crowded in the axils, acute at the base.—Sterile soil, Mass. to Va., E. Ky., and southward.

Var. laciniàtum, Gray. Leaves irregularly and coarsely toothed or laciniate.—Penn., Ky., and southward.

7. E. semiserràtum, DC. Minutely velvety-pubescent, branching (2–3° high); leaves lanceolate or oblong, triple-ribbed and veiny, serrate above the middle, tapering to the base, the lower slightly petioled; heads small. (E. parviflorum, Ell.)—Damp soil, Va. to Ark., and southward.—Leaves sometimes whorled in threes, or the upper alternate.

8. E. altíssimum, L. Stem stout and tall (3–7° high), downy; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, conspicuously 3-nerved, entire, or toothed above the middle, the uppermost alternate; corymbs dense; scales of the involucre obtuse, shorter than the flowers.—Dry soil, Penn. to Minn. and Ky.—Leaves 3–4´ long, somewhat like those of a Solidago.

[+][+][+][+] Leaves sessile or nearly so, with a broad base, opposite or in threes; heads pubescent.

[=] Heads 5–8-flowered; leaves not clasping.

9. E. teucrifòlium, Willd. Roughish-pubescent (2–8° high); leaves ovate-oblong and ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or truncate at base, slightly triple-nerved, veiny, coarsely toothed or incised toward the base, the lower shortly petioled, the upper alternate; branches of the corymb few, unequal; scales of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, at length shorter than the flowers.—Low grounds, Mass. to Va., and southward near the coast.

10. E. rotundifòlium, L. Downy-pubescent (2° high); leaves roundish-ovate, obtuse, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base, deeply crenate-toothed, triple-nerved, veiny, roughish (1–2´ long); corymb large and dense; scales of the (5-flowered) involucre linear-lanceolate, slightly pointed.—Dry soil, R. I. to Va., near the coast, and southward.

Var. ovàtum, Torr. Usually taller, leaves ovate, acute, hardly truncate at base, more strongly serrate; heads 5–8-flowered. (E. pubescens, Muhl.)—Mass. to Va., near the coast.

11. E. sessilifòlium, L. (Upland Boneset.) Stem tall (4–6° high), smooth, branching; leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, tapering from near the rounded sessile base to the sharp point, serrate, veiny, smooth (3–6´ long); corymb very compound, pubescent; scales of the 5-flowered involucre oval and oblong, obtuse.—Copses and banks, Mass. to Ill., and southward along the mountains.

[=][=] Leaves opposite, clasping or united at the base, long, widely spreading; heads mostly 10–15-flowered; corymbs very compound and large.

12. E. perfoliàtum, L. (Thoroughwort. Boneset.) Stem stout (2–4° high), hairy; leaves lanceolate, united at the base around the stem (connate-perfoliate), tapering to a slender point, serrate, very veiny, wrinkled, downy beneath (5–8´ long); scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate.—Low grounds; common and well-known.—Varies with the heads 30–40-flowered, or with some or all of the leaves separated and truncate at base.

Var. cuneàtum, Engelm. Leaves smaller, narrowed at base and separate, and heads fewer-flowered. Perhaps a hybrid with n. 7.—Mo. and southward.

13. E. resinòsum, Torr. Minutely velvety-downy (2–3° high); leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated, serrate, partly clasping, tapering to the point, slightly veiny beneath (4–6´ long); scales of the involucre oval, obtuse.—Wet pine barrens, N. J.—Name from the copious resinous globules of the leaves.

[*][*][*] Heads 8–30-flowered; involucral scales nearly equal, in one row; leaves opposite, ovate, petioled, triple-nerved, not resinous-dotted; flowers white.

14. E. ageratoìdes, L. (White Snake-root.) Smooth, branching (3° high); leaves broadly ovate, pointed, coarsely and sharply toothed, long-petioled, thin (3–5´ long); corymbs compound.—Rich woods; common northward.

15. E. aromáticum, L. Smooth or slightly downy; stems nearly simple; leaves on short petioles, ovate, rather obtusely toothed, not pointed, thickish.—Copses, Mass. to Va., and southward, near the coast.—Lower and more slender than n. 14, with fewer, but usually larger heads; not aromatic.

§ 2. CONOCLÍNIUM. Receptacle conical; involucral scales nearly equal, somewhat imbricated.

16. E. cœlestìnum, L. (Mist-flower.) Somewhat pubescent (1–2° high), leaves opposite, petiolate, triangular-ovate and slightly heart-shaped, coarsely and bluntly toothed; heads many-flowered, in compact cymes; flowers blue or violet. (Conoclinium cœlestinum, DC.)—Rich soil, N. J. to Mich., Ill., and southward. Sept.

6. KÙHNIA, L.

Heads discoid, 10–25-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales thin, few and loosely imbricated, narrow, striate-nerved. Corolla slender, 5-toothed. Achenes cylindrical, 10-striate; pappus a single row of very plumose (white) bristles.—A perennial herb, resinous-dotted, with mostly alternate leaves, and paniculate-corymbose heads of cream-colored flowers. (Dedicated to Dr. Kuhn, of Pennsylvania, who carried the living plant to Linnæus.)

1. K. eupatorioìdes, L. Stems 2–3° high; pubescence minute; leaves varying from broadly lanceolate and toothed, to linear and entire.—Dry soil, N. J. to Minn., E. Kan., and southward. Sept. Very variable.—Var. corymbulòsa, Torr. & Gray, is a western form, stouter and somewhat more pubescent, the heads rather crowded.

7. BRICKÉLLIA, Ell.

Characters as in Kuhnia; involucral scales more numerous, and the bristles of the pappus merely scabrous or at the most barbellate or subplumose; leaves often all opposite. (Dr. John Brickell of Georgia, correspondent of Elliott and Muhlenberg.)

1. B. grandiflòra, Nutt. Nearly glabrous, 2–3° high; leaves deltoid, cordate, the upper deltoid-lanceolate, coarsely dentate-serrate, acuminate, 4´ long or less; heads about 40-flowered.—Shannon Co., Mo. (Bush), Kan. to Col., New Mex., and westward.

8. LIÀTRIS, Schreb. Button Snakeroot. Blazing-Star.

Head discoid, few–many-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales well imbricated, appressed. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-lobed, the lobes long and slender. Achenes slender, tapering to the base, 10-ribbed. Pappus of 15–40 capillary bristles, manifestly plumose or only barbellate.—Perennial herbs, often resinous-dotted, with simple stems from a roundish corm or tuber, rigid alternate narrow entire leaves (sometimes twisted so as to become vertical), and spicate or racemed heads of handsome rose-purple flowers, appearing late in summer or in autumn. (Derivation of the name unknown.)

[*] Pappus very plumose; scales of the 5-flowered involucre with ovate or lanceolate spreading petal-like (purple or sometimes white) tips, exceeding the flowers.

1. L. élegans, Willd. Stem (2–3° high) and involucre hairy; leaves linear, short and spreading; spike or raceme compact (3–20´ long).—Barren soil, Va. and southward.

[*][*] Pappus very plumose; scales of the cylindrical many-flowered involucre imbricated in many rows, the tips rigid, not petal-like; corolla-lobes hairy within.

2. L. squarròsa, Willd. (Blazing-Star, etc.) Often hairy (6´–2° high); leaves rigid, linear, elongated; heads usually few (1´ long); scales mostly with elongated and leaf-like spreading tips.—Dry soil, Penn. to Minn., and southward.—Var. intermèdia, DC. Heads narrow; scales shorter, erect or nearly so.—Ont. to Neb. and Tex.

3. L. cylindràcea, Michx. Commonly smooth (6–18´ high); leaves linear; heads few (½–{2/3}´ long); scales with short and rounded abruptly mucronate appressed tips.—Dry open places, Niagara Falls to Minn. and Mo.

[*][*][*] Pappus very plumose; heads 4–6-flowered; scales acuminate; corolla-lobes naked.

4. L. punctàta, Hook. Stout (10–30´ high), from a branching or globose rootstock; leaves narrowly linear or the upper acerose, rigid; heads usually many in a dense spike.—Minn. to Kan., and southward.

[*][*][*][*] Pappus not obviously plumose to the naked eye; corolla-lobes smooth inside.

5. L. scariòsa, Willd. Stem stout (2–5° high), pubescent or hoary; leaves (smooth, rough, or pubescent) lanceolate; the lowest oblong-lanceolate or obovate-oblong, tapering into a petiole; heads few or many, large, 25–40-flowered; scales of the broad or depressed involucre obovate or spatulate, very numerous, with dry and scarious often colored tips or margins.—Dry soil, New Eng. to Minn., and southward.—Widely variable; heads 1´ or less in diameter.

6. L. pycnostàchya, Michx. Hairy or smoothish; stem stout (3–5° high), very leafy; leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper very narrowly linear; spike thick and dense (6–20´ long), heads about 5-flowered (½´ long); scales of the cylindrical involucre oblong or lanceolate, with recurved or spreading colored tips.—Prairies, from Ind. to Minn., and southward.

7. L. spicàta, Willd. Smooth or somewhat hairy; stems very leafy, stout (2–5° high); leaves linear, the lower 3–5-nerved; heads 8–12-flowered ({1/3}–½´ long), crowded in a long spike; scales of the cylindrical-bell-shaped involucre oblong or oval, obtuse, appressed, with slight margins; achenes pubescent or smoothish.—Moist grounds; common from Mass. to Minn., and southward.—Involucre often resinous, very smooth.

Var. montàna, Gray. Low and stout; leaves broader, obtuse; spike short and heads large.—Mountain-tops, Va., and southward.

8. L. graminifòlia, Willd. Hairy or smoothish; stem (1–3° high) slender, leafy; leaves linear, elongated, 1-nerved; heads several or numerous, in a spike or raceme, 7–12-flowered; scales of the obconical or obovoid involucre spatulate or oblong, obtuse, or somewhat pointed, rigid, appressed; achenes hairy.—Va. and southward.—Inflorescence sometimes panicled, especially in

Var. dùbia, Gray. Scales of the involucre narrower and less rigid, oblong, often ciliate.—Wet pine barrens, N. J., and southward.

9. TRÍLISA, Cass.

Heads discoid, 5–10-flowered; flowers perfect. Involucral scales nearly equal, little imbricated. Receptacle naked. Corolla-lobes short-ovate or oblong. Achenes 10-ribbed; pappus of rather rigid bristles, not plumose.—Perennial herbs, fibrous-rooted, with broad entire leaves, obscurely or not at all punctate, and cymules of small heads in a thyrse or panicle. Flowers rose-purple, in autumn. (Name an anagram of Liatris.)

1. T. odoratíssima, Cass. (Vanilla-plant.) Very smooth; leaves pale, thickish, obovate-spatulate, or the upper oval and clasping; heads corymbed. (Liatris odoratissima, Willd.)—Low pine barrens, Va., and southward.—Leaves exhaling the odor of Vanilla when bruised.

2. T. paniculàta, Cass. Viscid-hairy; leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate, smoothish, those of the stem partly clasping, heads panicled. (Liatris paniculata, Willd.)—Va. and southward.

10. GUTIERRÈZIA, Lag.

Heads few–several-flowered, radiate; rays 1–6, pistillate. Involucre oblong-clavate; scales coriaceous with green tips, closely imbricated, the outer shorter. Receptacle small, naked. Achenes short, terete; pappus of about 9 chaffy scales, shorter in the ray-flowers.—Suffrutescent (our species), glabrous and often glutinous, much branched, with narrowly linear entire alternate leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers in fastigiate or paniculate cymes. (From Gutierrez, a noble Spanish family.)

1. G. Euthámiæ, Torr. & Gray. Low; leaves numerous, 1–2´ long; heads usually crowded, the disk- and short ray-flowers usually 3 or 4 each.—Dry plains, Mont. and Minn. to central Kan., southward and westward.

11. AMPHIÁCHYRIS, Nutt.

Heads hemispherical; rays 5–10. Disk-flowers perfect but infertile. Pappus of the ray minute, coroniform; of the disk-flowers of almost bristle-like scales, more or less dilated and united at base.—A diffusely much-branched annual, with heads solitary on the branchlets; otherwise as Gutierrezia. (From ἀμφί, around, and ἄχυρον, chaff.)

1. A. dracunculoìdes, Nutt. Rather low, slender; leaves narrowly linear, the upper filiform; disk-flowers 10–20, their pappus of 5–8 bristle-like chaff united at base and slightly dilated upward.—Plains, Kan. and southward.

12. GRINDÈLIA, Willd.

Heads many-flowered, radiate (or rayless); ray pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated in several series, with slender more or less spreading green tips. Achenes short and thick, compressed or turgid, truncate, glabrous; pappus of 2–8 caducous awns. Coarse perennial or biennial herbs, often resinous-viscid, ours glabrous and leafy with sessile or clasping alternate and spinulose-serrate or laciniate rigid leaves, and large heads terminating leafy branches. Disk and ray yellow. (Prof. Grindel, a Russian botanist.)

1. G. squarròsa, Dunal. Leaves spatulate- to linear-oblong; involucre squarrose; achenes not toothed; pappus-awns 2 or 3.—Prairies, Minn., southward and westward; Evanston, Ill.—Var. nùda, Gray. Rays wanting. About St. Louis and westward.

2. G. lanceolàta, Nutt. Leaves lanceolate or linear; involucral scales erect or the lower tips spreading; achenes with 1 or 2 short teeth at the summit; awns 2.—Prairies, eastern Kan. to Ark., and southward.

13. HETEROTHÈCA, Cass.

Characters as in Chrysopsis, but the achenes of the ray thickish or triangular, without pappus or obscurely crowned, and those of the disk compressed, with a double pappus, the inner of numerous long bristles, the outer of many short and stout bristles.—(From ἕτερος, different, and θήκη, case, alluding to the unlike achenes.)

1. H. Lamárckii, Cass. Annual or biennial, 1–3° high, bearing numerous small heads; leaves oval or oblong, the lower with petioles auricled at base, the upper mostly subcordate-clasping.—S. E. Kan., and southward.

14. CHRYSÓPSIS, Nutt. Golden Aster.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, pistillate. Involucral scales linear, imbricated, without herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat. Achenes obovate or linear-oblong, flattened, hairy; pappus in all the flowers double, the outer of very short and somewhat chaffy bristles, the inner of long capillary bristles.—Chiefly perennial, low herbs, woolly or hairy, with rather large often corymbose heads terminating the branches. Disk and ray-flowers yellow. (Name composed of χρυσός, gold, and ὄψις, aspect, from the golden blossoms.)

[*] Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear; achenes linear.

1. C. graminifòlia, Nutt. Silvery-silky, with long close-pressed hairs; stem slender, often with runners from the base, naked above, bearing few heads; leaves lanceolate or linear, elongated, grass-like, nerved, shining, entire.—Dry sandy soil, Del. to Va., and southward. July–Oct.

2. C. falcàta, Ell. Stems (4–10´ high) very woolly; leaves crowded, linear, rigid, about 3-nerved, entire, somewhat recurved or scythe-shaped, hairy, or smooth when old, sessile; heads (small) corymbed.—Dry sandy soil on the coast, pine barrens of N. J. to Nantucket and Cape Cod, Mass. Aug.

[*][*] Leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, mostly sessile, veined, not nerved; achenes obovate, flattened.

3. C. gossýpina, Nutt. Densely woolly all over; leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse (1–2´ long); heads larger than in the next.—Pine barrens, Va., and southward. Aug.–Oct.

4. C. Mariàna, Nutt. Silky with long and weak hairs, or when old smoothish; leaves oblong; heads corymbed, on glandular peduncles.—Dry barrens, from S. New York and Penn., southward, near the coast. Aug.–Oct.

5. C. villòsa, Nutt. Hirsute and villous-pubescent; stem corymbosely branched, the branches terminated by single short-peduncled heads; leaves narrowly oblong, hoary with rough pubescence (as also the involucre), bristly-ciliate toward the base.—Dry plains and prairies, Wisc. to Ky., and westward. July–Sept. Very variable.—Var. híspida, Gray. Low, hirsute and hispid, not canescent; heads small. Kan., west and southward.—Var. canéscens, Gray. Wholly canescent with short appressed pubescence; leaves narrow, mostly oblanceolate.—Kan. to Tex.

6. C. pilòsa, Nutt. Annual, soft-hirsute or villous; leaves oblong-lanceolate; involucre viscid; outer pappus chaffy and conspicuous—Kan. and southward.

15. APLOPÁPPUS, Cass.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays many, pistillate. Involucre hemispherical, of many closely imbricated scales in several series. Receptacle flat. Achenes short, turbinate to linear; pappus simple, of numerous unequal bristles.—Mostly herbaceous perennials, with alternate rigid leaves. Ray- and disk-flowers yellow. (From ἁπλόος, simple, and πάππος, pappus.)

1. A. ciliàtus, DC. Annual or biennial, glabrous, 2–5° high, leafy; leaves oval (or lower obovate), obtuse, dentate with bristle-pointed teeth; heads very large, few and clustered, the outer scales spreading; achenes glabrous, the central abortive.—Mo., Kan., and southward.

2. A. spinulòsus, DC. Perennial, branching, puberulent or glabrate, low; leaves narrow, pinnately or bipinnately parted, the lobes and teeth bristle-tipped; heads small, the appressed scales bristle-tipped; achenes pubescent.—Minn. to Kan., and southward.

3. A. divaricàtus, Gray. Annual, 1–2° high, slender and diffusely paniculate, rough-pubescent or glabrate; leaves rigid, narrow, entire or with a few spinulose teeth, much reduced above; heads small and narrow, the appressed scales subulate, attenuate; achenes silky.—Southern Kan.

16. BIGELÒVIA, DC. Rayless Golden-rod.

Heads 3–4-flowered, the flowers all perfect and tubular. Involucre club-shaped, yellowish; the rigid somewhat glutinous scales linear, closely imbricated and appressed. Receptacle narrow, with an awl-shaped prolongation in centre. Achenes somewhat obconical, hairy; pappus a single row of capillary bristles.—Flowers yellow. Leaves scattered, oblanceolate or linear, 1–3-nerved. A large western genus, few species approaching our limits. (Dedicated by De Candolle to Dr. Jacob Bigelow, author of the Florula Bostoniensis, and of the American Medical Botany.)

1. B. nudàta, DC. A smooth perennial; the slender stem (1–2° high) simple or branched from the base, naked above, corymbose at the summit, bearing small heads in a flat-topped corymb.—Low pine barrens, N. J. (rare), and southward. Sept.

17. SOLIDÀGO, L. Golden-rod.

Heads few–many-flowered, radiate; the rays 1–16, pistillate. Scales of the oblong involucre appressed, destitute of herbaceous tips (except n. 1 and 2). Receptacle small, not chaffy. Achenes many-ribbed, nearly terete; pappus simple, of equal capillary bristles.—Perennial herbs, with mostly wand-like stems and nearly sessile stem-leaves, never heart-shaped. Heads small, racemed or clustered; flowers both of the disk and ray (except n. 6) yellow. (Name from solidus and ago, to join, or make whole, in allusion to reputed vulnerary qualities.) Flowering in autumn.

Conspectus of Groups.

Heads small, sessile in flat-topped corymbs; leaves linear 41, 42

Heads all more or less pedicelled.

Involucral scales rigid, with spreading herbaceous tips 1, 2

Involucral scales without green tips.

Heads in a compound terminal corymb, not at all racemose 37–40

Heads small, mostly clustered in the axils of feather-veined leaves 3–7

Heads mostly large, in a terminal thyrse; leaves feather-veined.

Western species 8, 9

Northern or mountain species 10–12

Heads mostly small or middle-sized; inflorescence paniculate (sometimes thyrsoidal).

Leaves 3-ribbed; heads in 1-sided spreading panicled racemes.

Stem and leaves smooth and glabrous 29–32

Pubescent or scabrous 33–36

Leaves not 3-ribbed, or only obscurely triple-nerved.

Heads large; leaves thickish, very smooth, entire. Seashore 13

Panicle virgate or thyrsoid; leaves nearly entire 14–17

Heads very small in a short broad panicle; leaves nearly entire 18–20

Heads racemosely paniculate; leaves ample, the lower serrate 21–28

§ 1. VIRGAÙREA. Rays mostly fewer than the disk-flowers; heads all more or less pedicelled.

[*] Scales of the much imbricated and rigid involucre with abruptly spreading herbaceous tips; heads in clusters or glomerate racemes, disposed in a dense somewhat leafy and interrupted wand-like compound spike.

1. S. squarròsa, Muhl. Stem stout (2–5° high), hairy above; leaves large, oblong, or the lower spatulate-oval and tapering into a margined petiole, serrate, veiny; heads numerous; scales obtuse or acute; disk-flowers 16–24, the rays 12–16.—Rocky and wooded hills, Maine and W. Vt. to Penn., Ohio, and the mountains of Va.; rather rare.

2. S. petiolàris, Ait. Minutely hoary or downy; stem strict, simple (1–3° high); leaves small (½–2´ long), oval or oblong, mucronate, veiny, rough-ciliolate; the upper entire and abruptly very short-petioled, the lower often serrate and tapering to the base; heads few, in a wand-like raceme or panicle, on slender bracted pedicels; rays about 10, elongated; scales of the pubescent involucre lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped, the outer loose and spreading, more or less foliaceous.—S. W. Ill. to Kan. and southward.—The name is misleading, as the leaves are hardly petioled.

[*][*] Involucral scales without green tips and wholly appressed.

[+] Heads small (3´´ long), clustered along the stem in the axils of the feather-veined leaves, or the upper forming a thyrse.

[++] Achenes pubescent.

3. S. cæ̀sia, L. Smooth; stem terete, mostly glaucous, at length much branched and diffuse; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, serrate, pointed, sessile; heads in very short clusters, or somewhat racemose-panicled on the branches.—Rich woodlands, common; west to S. E. Minn., Ill., and Ky.

4. S. latifòlia, L. Smooth or nearly so; stem angled, zigzag, simple or paniculate-branched (1–3° high); leaves broadly ovate or oval, very strongly and sharply serrate, conspicuously pointed at both ends (thin, 3–6´ long); heads in very short axillary clusters, or the clusters somewhat prolonged at the end of the branches; rays 3–4.—Moist shaded banks; common northward, and south along the mountains.

5. S. Curtísii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or nearly so; stem angled, usually branched; leaves oblong to long-lanceolate with narrowed entire base, serrate above with subulate teeth; heads in small, loose clusters; rays 4–7.—Open woods at low elevations in the mountains of Va. and southward.

[++][++] Achenes glabrous; inflorescence more thyrsoid.

6. S. bícolor, L. Hoary or grayish with soft hairs; stem mostly simple; leaves oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lower oval and tapering into a petiole, slightly serrate; clusters or short racemes from the axils of the upper leaves, forming an interrupted spike or crowded panicle; scales very obtuse; rays (5–14) small, cream-color or nearly white.—Var. cóncolor, Torr. & Gray, has the rays yellow.—Dry copses, west to Minn. and Mo.

7. S. montícola, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous; stem slender, 1–2° high; leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate, acute or tapering at both ends, the lower sparingly serrate; heads small, the scales acutish; rays 5–6.—Alleghany Mts., from Md. southward.

[+][+] Heads mostly large (smaller in n. 12), many-flowered, forming an erect terminal thyrse; leaves feather-veined.

[++] Leaves numerous, short, sessile, entire, uniform in size and shape; western.

8. S. Bigelòvii, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, 2° high; leaves oval and oblong, mostly obtuse at both ends; thyrse rather loose; involucre broad.—S. Kan. and southward. Probably running into the next.

9. S. Lindheimeriàna, Scheele. Less puberulent; leaves lanceolate or oblong, more acute; heads narrower and more densely clustered; achenes glabrous.—S. Kan. and southward.

[++][++] Northern or mountain species, bright green.

10. S. macrophýlla, Pursh. Stem stout (1–4° high), wand-like, pubescent near the summit, simple; leaves thin, ovate, irregularly and coarsely serrate with sharp salient teeth, large (lower 3–4´ long), all but the uppermost abruptly contracted into long and margined petioles; heads large (5–6´´ long), many-flowered, crowded in an oblong or wand-like raceme or contracted panicle (2–18´ long); scales loose and thin, long, lanceolate, taper-pointed; rays 8–10, elongated; achenes smooth. (S. thyrsoidea, E. Mey.)—Wooded sides of mountains, N. Maine to N. Y. (south to the Catskills), shore of L. Superior and northward.—Very near a European form of S. Virgaurea.

11. S. Virgaùrea, Linn. An extremely variable and confused species in the Old World, represented in North America by

Var. alpìna, Bigel. Dwarf (1–8´ high), with few (1–12) pretty large heads (3–4´´ long, becoming smaller as they increase in number); leaves thickish, mostly smooth, spatulate or obovate, mostly obtuse, finely serrate or nearly entire, the uppermost lanceolate; heads few in a terminal cluster or subsolitary in the upper axils; scales lanceolate, acute or acutish; rays about 12.—Alpine summits of Maine, N. H., and N. Y., and shore of L. Superior.

12. S. hùmilis, Pursh. Low (6–12´ high) and smooth, bearing several or numerous loosely thyrsoid smaller heads, which, with the peduncles, etc., are mostly somewhat glutinous; scales obtuse; rays 6–8, short; upper leaves lanceolate to linear, entire, the lower becoming spatulate and sparingly serrate. (S. Virgaurea, var. humilis, Gray.)—Rocky banks, W. Vt., along the Great Lakes, and northward; also on islands in the Susquehanna, near Lancaster, and at the Falls of the Potomac.—At the base of the White Mountains, on gravelly banks, occurs a form with the minutely pubescent stout stem 1–2° high, the leaves larger, broader, and coarsely toothed, and the heads very numerous in an ample compound raceme; rays occasionally almost white.

Var. Gillmàni, Gray. Larger (2° high), rigid, with compound ample panicle and laciniately toothed leaves.—Sand-hills of the lake-shores, N. Mich.

[+][+][+] Heads small or middle-sized (large in n. 13 and 17), panicled or sometimes thyrsoidal, not in a terminal corymbiform cyme; not alpine.

[++] Leaves veiny, not 3-ribbed, but sometimes obscurely triple-nerved.

[=] 1. Heads commonly large; leaves thickish, very smooth, entire, elongated.

13. S. sempérvirens, L. Smooth and stout (1–8° high); leaves lanceolate, slightly clasping, or the lower ones lanceolate-oblong, obscurely triple-nerved; racemes short, in an open or contracted panicle.—Salt marshes, or rocks on the shore, Maine to Va.—Heads showy; the golden rays 7–10. Varies, in less brackish swamps, with thinner elongated linear-lanceolate leaves, tapering to each end, and more erect racemes in a narrower panicle.

[=] 2. Heads small, in a narrow virgate or thyrsoid panicle; scales thin, acute; leaves nearly entire.

14. S. strícta, Ait. Very smooth throughout; stem strict and simple, wand-like (2–4° high), slender, beset with small and entire appressed lanceolate-oblong thickish leaves, gradually reduced upward to mere bracts, the lowest oblong-spatulate; heads crowded in a very narrow compound spicate raceme; rays 5–7. (S. virgata, Michx.)—Damp pine barrens, N. J. and southward.

15. S. pubérula, Nutt. Stem (1–3° high, simple or branched) and panicle minutely hoary; stem-leaves lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base, smoothish; the lower wedge-lanceolate and sparingly toothed, heads very numerous and crowded in compact short racemes forming a prolonged and dense narrow or pyramidal panicle; scales linear-awl-shaped, appressed; rays about 10.—Sandy soil, Maine to Va. and southward, mostly near the coast.

[=] 3. Heads middle-sized, in a thyrsoid panicle; involucral scales rather firm, obtuse; leaves entire or little serrate, smooth.

16. S. uliginòsa, Nutt. Smooth nearly throughout; stem simple, strict (2–3° high); leaves lanceolate, pointed, the lower tapering into winged petioles, partly sheathing at the base, sparsely serrulate or entire; racemes much crowded and appressed in a dense wand-like panicle; scales linear-oblong; rays 5–6, small. (S. stricta, Ait.)—Peat-bogs, Maine to Penn., Minn., and northward. Root-leaves 6–10´ long. Flowers earlier than most species, beginning in July.

17. S. speciòsa, Nutt. Stem stout (3–6° high), smooth; leaves thickish, smooth with rough margins, oval or ovate, slightly serrate, the uppermost oblong-lanceolate, the lower contracted into a margined petiole; heads somewhat crowded in numerous erect racemes, forming an ample pyramidal or thyrsiform panicle; peduncles and pedicels rough-hairy; scales of the cylindrical involucre oblong; rays about 5, large.—Var. angustàta, Torr. & Gray, is a dwarf form, with the racemes short and clustered, forming a dense interrupted or compound spike.—Copses, Maine to Minn., and southward.—A very handsome species; the lower leaves 4–6´ long and 2–4´ wide in the larger forms.

[=] 4. Heads very small in slender spreading secund clusters forming a mostly short and broad panicle; leaves entire or nearly so.

18. S. odòra, Ait. (Sweet Golden-rod.) Smooth or nearly so throughout; stem slender (2–3° high), often reclined; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, shining, pellucid-dotted; racemes spreading in a small one-sided panicle; rays 3–4, rather large.—Border of thickets in dry or sandy soil, Maine and Vt. to Ky., and southward.—The crushed leaves yield a pleasant anisate odor; but an occasional form is nearly scentless.

19. S. tortifòlia, Ell. Stem scabrous-puberulent, 2–3° high; leaves linear, short, commonly twisted, roughish-puberulent or glabrate; rays very short.—Dry soil, coast of Va. and southward.

20. S. pilòsa, Walt. Stem stout, upright (3–7° high), clothed with spreading hairs; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish, hairy beneath, at least on the midrib, serrulate, the upper ovate-lanceolate or oblong and entire, closely sessile; racemes many, recurved, in a dense pyramidal panicle; rays 7–10, very short.—Low grounds, pine barrens of N. J. to Va. and southward.

[=] 5. Heads small or middle-sized, racemosely paniculate; leaves broad or ample, veiny, at least the lower serrate (or entire in n. 28); involucral scales obtuse.

21. S. pátula, Muhl. Stem strongly angled, smooth (2–4° high); leaves (4–8´ long) ovate, acute, serrate, pale, very smooth and veiny underneath, but the upper surface very rough, like shagreen; racemes rather short and numerous on the spreading branches; heads rather large.—Swamps; common.

22. S. rugòsa, Mill. Rough-hairy, especially the very leafy stem (1–6° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, elliptical or oblong, often thickish and very rugose; racemes spreading; involucral scales linear; rays 6–9; the disk-flowers 4–7. (S. altissima, Torr. & Gray, not L.)—Borders of fields and copses; very common, presenting a great variety of forms; usually one of the lowest of common Golden-rods. It flowers early. Aug.–Sept.

23. S. ulmifòlia, Muhl. Stem smooth, the branches hairy; leaves thin, elliptical-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, tapering to the base, loosely veined, beset with soft hairs beneath; racemes panicled, recurved-spreading; involucral scales lanceolate-oblong; rays about 4.—Low copses; common.—Too near the last; distinguished only by its smooth stem and thin larger leaves.

24. S. Ellióttii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem stout (1–3° high), very leafy; leaves elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, acute (2–3´ long), closely sessile, slightly serrate, strongly veined, thick, smooth both sides, shining above; heads in dense spreading racemes which are crowded in a close pyramidal panicle; peduncles and achenes strigose-pubescent. (S. elliptica, Torr. & Gray, not Ait.)—Swamps (fresh or brackish) near the coast, Mass. to N. J. and southward.—Heads showy, 3´´ long; the rays 8–12.

25. S. neglécta, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem stout (2–4° high), less leafy; leaves thickish, smooth both sides, opaque; the upper oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute and nearly entire; the lower ovate-lanceolate or oblong, sharply serrate, tapering into a petiole; racemes short and dense, at length spreading, disposed in an elongated or pyramidal close panicle; peduncles and achenes nearly glabrous.—Swamps, Maine to Md., Wisc., and Minn.—Heads rather large, crowded; the racemes at first erect and scarcely one-sided. Very variable, the forms approaching n. 16 and 27.

Var. linoìdes, Gray. The most slender form; radical leaves 4–8´ long and 4–6´´ wide, the upper very small, erect, branches of panicle rather few, one-sided; rays 2–5. (S. linoides, Torr. & Gray.)—Mass. to N. J.

26. S. Boòttii, Hook. Smooth, or scabrous-pubescent or below hirsute, slender, often branched, 2–5° high; leaves rather finely serrate, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, pointed; the upper small, oblong to narrowly lanceolate, often entire; heads loosely racemose; rays 1–5 or none; achenes pubescent.—Dry grounds, Va. and southward.

27. S. argùta, Ait. Smooth; stem angled; leaves (large and thin) ovate, and the upper elliptical-lanceolate, very sharply and strongly serrate (entire only on the branches), pointed at both ends, the lowest on margined petioles; racemes pubescent, spreading, disposed in an elongated open panicle; rays 6–7, large; achenes usually glabrous. (S. Muhlenbergii, Torr. & Gray.)—Copses and moist woods, N. H. to Penn., Ont., and N. E. Minn.—Racemes much shorter and looser than in the next; the involucral scales thin and more slender; the heads somewhat larger, fully 3´´ long.

28. S. júncea, Ait. Smooth throughout (1–3° high); radical and lower stem-leaves elliptical or lanceolate-oval, sharply serrate with spreading teeth, pointed, tapering into winged and ciliate petioles; the others lanceolate or narrowly oblong, slightly triple-nerved, tapering to each end, the uppermost entire; racemes dense, naked, at length elongated and recurved, forming a crowded and flat corymb-like panicle; rays 8–12, small. (S. arguta, Torr. & Gray.)—Var. scabrélla, Gray, is somewhat roughish-pubescent (Wisc. to Ky.).—Copses and banks; common. Well distinguished by its long or drooping racemes, and the closely appressed rigid scales of the involucre, small rays, etc. Heads seldom over 2´´ long, the scales small and pale.

[++][++] Leaves more or less plainly 3-ribbed; heads in one-sided spreading or recurved racemes, forming an ample panicle. Not maritime.

[=] Smooth and glabrous, at least the stem and bright green leaves.

a. Leaves firm and rather rigid; involucral scales thickish, obtuse, quite unequal.

29. S. Missouriénsis, Nutt. Smooth throughout (1–3° high); leaves linear-lanceolate, or the lower broadly lanceolate, tapering to both ends, with very rough margins; teeth, if any, sharp and rigid; heads and dense crowded racemes nearly as in n. 28; achenes nearly glabrous.—Dry prairies, from Wisc. and Ind. south and westward.—Heads 1½–2´´ long.

30. S. Shórtii, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, simple (2–4° high), minutely roughish-pubescent above; leaves (the larger 2–3´ long) oblong-lanceolate, acute, the lower mostly serrate with a few fine teeth; racemes mostly short in a crowded panicle; achenes silky-pubescent.—Rocks at the Falls of the Ohio; Ark.—A handsome species; heads 3´´ long, narrow.

b. Leaves thinner; involucral scales thin, chiefly linear, obtuse.

31. S. serótina, Ait. Stem stout (2–7° high), smooth, often glaucous; leaves quite smooth both sides, lanceolate, taper-pointed, very sharply serrate, except the narrowed base, rough-ciliate; the ample panicle pubescent; rays 7–14, rather long. (S. gigantea, of previous ed.)—Copses and fence-rows; common, and presenting many varieties. Seldom very tall.

Var. gigantèa, Gray. Commonly tall, 5–8° high; leaves more or less pubescent or hispidulous beneath. (S. gigantea, Ait.; S. serotina of previous ed.)—Thickets and low grounds, Can. to Tex.

32. S. rupéstris, Raf. Stem smooth, slender, 2–3° high; leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering both ways, entire or nearly so; panicle narrow; heads very small; rays 4–6, very short.—Rocky river-banks, W. Va. to Ky. and Ind.

[=][=] Pubescent (at least the stem) or hispidulous-scabrous.

33. S. Canadénsis, L. Stem rough-hairy, tall and stout (3–6° high); leaves lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate (sometimes almost entire), more or less pubescent beneath and rough above; heads small; rays very short.—Borders of thickets and fields; very common.—Varies greatly in the roughness and hairiness of the stem and leaves, the latter oblong-lanceolate or elongated linear-lanceolate;—in var. pròcera, whitish-woolly underneath; and in var. scàbra also very rough above, often entire, and rugose-veined.

34. S. nemoràlis, Ait. Clothed with a minute and close grayish-hoary (soft or roughish) pubescence; stem simple or corymbed at the summit (½–2½° high); leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, the lower somewhat crenate-toothed and tapering into a petiole; racemes numerous, dense, at length recurved, forming a large and crowded compound raceme or panicle which is usually turned to one side; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, appressed; rays 5–9.—Dry sterile fields; very common. Flowers very bright yellow, beginning early in Aug.—Var. incàna, Gray, of Minn., and westward, is a dwarf form, with rigid oval or oblong leaves, rather strongly serrate or entire, and the clusters of heads in a dense oblong or conical thyrse.

35. S. rádula, Nutt. Stem and oblong or obovate-spatulate leaves rigid and very rough, not hoary, the upper sessile; scales oblong, rigid; rays 3–6; otherwise nearly as in n. 34.—Dry hills, W. Ill., Minn. Kan., and southward.

36. S. Drummóndii, Torr. & Gray. Stem (1–3° high) and lower surface of the broadly ovate or oval somewhat triple-ribbed leaves minutely velvety-pubescent, some of the leaves almost entire; racemes panicled, short; scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse; rays 4 or 5.—S. W. Ill., Mo., and southward.

[+][+][+][+] Heads in a compound corymb terminating the simple stem, not at all racemose; leaves mostly with a strong midrib.

[++] Leaves flat, not 3-nerved.

37. S. rígida, L. Rough and somewhat hoary with a minute pubescence; stem stout (2–5° high), very leafy; corymb dense; leaves oval or oblong, copiously feather-veined, thick and rigid; the upper closely sessile by a broad base, slightly serrate, the uppermost entire; heads large, over 30-flowered; the rays 7–10.—Dry soil, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward.

38. S. Ohioénsis, Riddell. Very smooth throughout; stem wand-like, slender, leafy (2–3° high); stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, flat, entire, obscurely feather-veined, closely sessile; the lower and radical ones elongated, slightly serrate toward the apex, tapering into long margined petioles; head numerous, on smooth pedicels, small, 16–20-flowered; the rays 6 or 7.—Moist meadows or prairies, W. New York to Ind. and Wisc.—Root-leaves 1° long; the upper reduced to 1–2´, with rough margins, like the rest.

[++][++] Leaves somewhat folded, entire, the lower slightly 3-nerved.

39. S. Riddéllii, Frank. Smooth and stout (2–4° high), very leafy, the branches of the dense corymb and pedicels rough-pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated (4–6´ long), acute, partly clasping or sheathing, mostly recurved, the lowest elongated-lanceolate and tapering into a long keeled petiole; heads very numerous, clustered, 20–30-flowered; the rays 7–9.—Wet grassy prairies, Ohio to Minn. and Mo.; Ft. Monroe, Va.—Heads larger than in the last, 2–3´´ long. Stem-leaves upright and partly sheathing at the base, then gradually recurved-spreading.

40. S. Houghtònii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem rather low and slender (1–2° high); leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, acutish, tapering into a narrowed slightly clasping base, or the lower into margined petioles; heads few or several, 20–30-flowered; the rays 7–9.—Swamps, north shore of Lake Michigan; Genesee Co., N. Y. July, Aug.—Leaves rough-margined, 2–5´ long, 2–4´´ wide, 1-nerved, or the lower obscurely 3-nerved above; veins obscure. Heads large, nearly ½´ long. Scales of the involucre obtuse.

§ 2. EUTHÀMIA. Corymbosely much branched; heads small, sessile, in little clusters crowded in flat-topped corymbs; the closely appressed involucral scales somewhat glutinous; receptacle fimbrillate; rays 6–20, short, more numerous than the disk-flowers; leaves narrow, entire, sessile.

41. S. lanceolàta, L. Leaves lanceolate-linear, 3–5-nerved; the nerves, margins, and angles of the branches minutely rough-pubescent; heads obovoid-cylindrical, in dense corymbed clusters; rays 15–20.—River-banks, etc., in moist soil; common.—Stem 2–3° high; leaves 3–5´ long.

42. S. tenuifòlia, Pursh. Smooth, slender; leaves very narrowly linear, mostly 1-nerved, dotted; heads obovoid-club-shaped, in numerous clusters of 2 or 3, disposed in a loose corymb; rays 6–12.—Sandy fields, Mass. to Ill., and southward; common near the coast.

18. BRACHYCHÆ̀TA, Torr. & Gray. False Golden-rod.

Heads and flowers nearly as in Solidago, except the pappus, which is a row of minute rather scale-like bristles, shorter than the achene.—A perennial herb, with rounded or ovate serrate leaves, all the lower ones heart-shaped; the small yellow heads in sessile clusters racemed or spiked on the branches. (Name composed of βραχύς, short, and χίτη, bristle, from the pappus.)

1. B. cordàta, Torr. & Gray. Wooded hills, S. Ind. and E. Ky. to N. Ga. Oct.—Plant 2–4° high, slender, more or less pubescent.

19. BÉLLIS, Tourn. Daisy.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre herbaceous, equal, in about 2 rows. Receptacle conical, naked. Achenes obovate, flattened, wingless, and without any pappus.—Low herbs (all but our single species natives of the Old World), either stemless, like the true Daisy, B. perennis (which is found as an occasional escape from cultivation), or leafy-stemmed, as is the following. (The Latin name, from bellus, pretty.)

1. B. integrifòlia, Michx. (Western Daisy.) Annual or biennial, diffusely branched (4´–1° high), smoothish; leaves lanceolate or oblong, the lower spatulate-obovate; heads on slender peduncles; rays pale violet-purple.—Prairies and banks, Ky. and southwestward. March–June.

20. APHANÓSTEPHUS, DC.

Involucral scales in few series, broadly lanceolate, the outer shorter. Achenes prismatic, the broad truncate apex bearing a short coroniform pappus. Otherwise as Bellis.—Southwestern leafy-stemmed and branching pubescent herbs, with solitary terminal daisy-like heads. (Ἀφανής, inconspicuous, and στέφος, crown; in allusion to the pappus.)

1. A. Arkansànus, Gray. Diffuse, 1° high; leaves oblong-spatulate to broadly lanceolate, the lower often toothed or lobed; rays white to purple, ½´ long; pappus mostly 4–5-lobed.—Plains of Kan. and southward.

21. CHÆTOPÁPPA, DC.

Heads several-flowered, radiate; disk-flowers often sterile. Involucral bracts imbricated in 2 or more rows, the outer shorter. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes fusiform or compressed; pappus of 5 or fewer thin nerveless paleæ, alternating with rough bristly awns, or these wanting.—Low southwestern branching annuals, with narrow entire leaves and solitary terminal heads; ray white or purple. (Χαίτη, a bristle, and πάππος, pappus.)

1. C. asteroìdes, DC. Slender, 2–10´ high, pubescent; involucres narrow, 2´´ long; rays 5–12; achenes pubescent.—Dry grounds, Vernon Co., Mo., and southward.

22. BOLTÒNIA, L'Her.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated somewhat in 2 rows, appressed, with narrow membranaceous margins. Receptacle conical or hemispherical, naked. Achenes very flat, obovate or inversely heart-shaped, margined with a callous wing, or in the ray 3-winged, crowned with a pappus of several minute bristles and usually 2–4 longer awns.—Perennial and bushy-branched smooth herbs, pale green, with the aspect of Aster; the thickish leaves chiefly entire, often turned edgewise. Flowers autumnal; disk yellow; rays white or purplish. (Dedicated to James Bolton, an English botanist of the last century.)

[*] Heads middle-sized, loosely corymbed.

1. B. asteroìdes, L'Her. Stems 2–8° high; leaves lanceolate; involucral scales acuminate; pappus of few or many minute bristles and 2 awns or none. (B. glastifolia, L'Her., the awned form.)—Moist places along streams; Penn. to Ill., and southward to Fla. Sept., Oct.—Var. decúrrens, Engelm., a large form with the leaves alate-decurrent upon the stem and branches. Mo. (Eggert).

2. B. latisquàma, Gray. Heads rather larger; involucral scales oblong to ovate, obtuse or mucronate-apiculate; pappus-awns conspicuous.—W. Mo. and Kan.

[*][*] Heads small, panicled on the slender branches.

3. B. diffùsa, L'Her. Stem diffusely branched; leaves lance-linear, those on the branchlets very small and awl-shaped; rays short, mostly white; pappus of several very short bristles and 2 short awns.—Prairies of S. Ill. (Vasey), and southwestward. Aug.–Oct.

23. TOWNSÉNDIA, Hook.

Heads many-flowered, the numerous ray-flowers (violet to white) in a single series, fertile. Involucre broad, the lanceolate scariously margined scales imbricated in several series. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes obovate or oblong, flattened, with thickish margins and beset with forked-capitellate hairs; pappus a single row of long awns or coarse rigid bristles, or reduced in the ray to chaffy scales.—Low scarcely caulescent herbs, with linear to spatulate entire leaves and large heads. (Named for David Townsend, botanical associate of Dr. Darlington of Penn.)

1. T. serìcea, Hook. Acaulescent silky-pubescent perennial; heads sessile, solitary or few, ½–1´ high; ray-pappus mostly bristly.—Dry plains, central Neb., north and westward. April, May.

24. SERICOCÁRPUS, Nees. White-topped Aster.

Heads 12–20-flowered, radiate; the rays about 5, fertile (white). Involucre somewhat cylindrical or club-shaped; the scales closely imbricated in several rows, cartilaginous and whitish, appressed, with short and abrupt often spreading green tips. Receptacle alveolate-toothed. Achenes short, inversely pyramidal, very silky; pappus simple, of numerous capillary bristles.—Perennial tufted herbs (1–2° high), with sessile somewhat 3-nerved leaves, and small heads mostly in little clusters, disposed in a flat corymb. Disk-flowers pale yellow. (Name from σηρικός, silky, and καρπός, fruit.)

[*] Pappus rusty; leaves sparingly serrate, veiny, rather thin.

1. S. conyzoìdes, Nees. Somewhat pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate or the lower spatulate, ciliate; heads rather loosely corymbed, obconical (4–6´´ long).—Dry ground; Maine to Ohio, and southward. July.

[*][*] Pappus white; leaves entire, obscurely veined, firmer and smaller.

2 S. solidagíneus, Nees. Smooth, slender; leaves linear, rigid, obtuse, with rough margins, tapering to the base; heads narrow (3´´ long), in close clusters, few-flowered.—Thickets, S. New Eng. to Tenn., and southward. July.

3. S. tortifòlius, Nees. Hoary-pubescent; leaves obovate or oblong-spatulate, short (½–1´ long), vertical, both sides alike; heads rather loosely corymbed, obovoid (4–5´´ long).—Pine woods, Va. and southward. Aug.

25. ÁSTER, L. Starwort. Aster.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the ray-flowers in a single series, fertile. Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, usually with herbaceous or leaf-like tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenes more or less flattened; pappus simple, of capillary bristles (double in §§ 4 and 5).—Perennial herbs (annual only in §§ 7 and 8), with corymbed, panicled, or racemose heads; flowering in autumn. Rays white, purple, or blue; the disk yellow, often changing to purple. (Name ἀστήρ, a star, from the radiate heads of flowers.)

Conspectus of Groups.

Annuals, with copious fine soft pappus 53, 54

Pappus double 46–48

Scales closely imbricated, not green-tipped, often scarious-edged 49–52

Scales closely imbricated, scarcely at all herbaceous; leaves cordate, serrate 2, 3

Scales nearly equal, rigid, more or less foliaceous; pappus-bristles rigid, some thickened at top 1

Scales with herbaceous tips or the outer wholly foliaceous. Aster proper.

Pappus rigid; stem-leaves sessile, none cordate or clasping; heads few, large 4–8

Leaves silvery-silky both sides, sessile, entire 14, 15

Lower leaves more or less cordate, petiolate 17–24

Leaves entire, lower not cordate, cauline sessile with cordate-clasping base 16

Involucre (and branchlets) viscid or glandular; leaves not cordate, mostly entire, the cauline all sessile or clasping 9–13

Lower leaves all acute at base; not glandular nor viscid nor silky-canescent.

Smooth and glabrous, usually glaucous; scales coriaceous at base; leaves firm, usually entire 25–30

Hoary-pubescent or hirsute; scales squarrose; stem-leaves small, linear, entire 31, 32

Scales closely imbricated, not coriaceous at base; branches divaricate; heads many, small 33–35

Remaining species; branches erect or ascending.

Stem-leaves auriculate-clasping or with winged-petiole-like base; involucre lax 42–45

Stem-leaves sessile, but rarely cordate or auriculate at base 36–41

§ 1. HELIÁSTRUM. Pappus simple, coarse and rigid, the stronger bristles somewhat clavate; scales rigid, more or less foliaceous, nearly equal.

1. A. paludòsus, Ait. Stems 1° high; glabrous or nearly so; heads ½´ high, rather few, racemose or spicate; outer scales lax, foliaceous; rays purple; leaves linear, entire.—Mo. to Tex., thence to Car. and Ga.

§ 2. BIÒTIA. Involucre obovoid-bell-shaped; the scales regularly imbricated in several rows, appressed, nearly destitute of herbaceous tips; rays 6–18 (white or nearly so); achenes slender; pappus slightly rigid, simple; lower leaves large, heart-shaped, petioled, coarsely serrate; heads in open corymbs.

2. A. corymbòsus, Ait. Stem slender, somewhat zigzag; leaves thin, smoothish, coarsely and unequally serrate with sharp spreading teeth, taper-pointed, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, all but the uppermost heart-shaped at the base and on slender naked petioles; rays 6–9.—Woodlands; common; especially northward. July, Aug.—Plant 1–2° high, with smaller heads, looser corymbs, rounder and less rigid exterior involucral scales, and thinner leaves than the next; not rough, but sometimes pubescent.

3. A. macrophýllus, L. Stem stout and rigid (2–3° high); leaves thickish, rough, closely serrate, abruptly pointed; the lower heart-shaped (4–10´ long, 3–6´ wide), long-petioled; the upper ovate or oblong, sessile or on margined petioles; heads in ample rigid corymbs; rays 10–15 (white or bluish).—Moist woods; common northward, and southward along the mountains. Aug., Sept.—Involucre ½´ broad; the outer scales rigid, oblong or ovate-oblong, the innermost much larger and thinner.

§ 3. ASTER proper. Scales imbricated in various degrees, with herbaceous or leaf-like summits, or the outer entirely foliaceous; rays numerous; pappus simple, soft and nearly uniform (coarser and more rigid in the first group); achenes flattened. (All flowering late in summer or in autumn.)

[*] 1. Scales well imbricated, coriaceous, with short herbaceous mostly obtuse spreading tips; pappus of rigid bristles; stem-leaves all sessile, none heart-shaped or clasping; heads few, or when several corymbose, large and showy.

[+] Lowest leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, some rounded or subcordate at base.

4. A. Hervèyi, Gray. Slightly scabrous, 1–2° high, the summit and peduncles glandular-puberulent; leaves roughish, obscurely serrate, the lower ovate on nearly naked petioles, the upper lanceolate; heads loosely corymbose, ½´ high; involucre nearly hemispherical, the scales obscurely glandular, all erect, with very short or indistinct green tips; rays violet, ½´ long.—Borders of oak woods, in rather moist soil, E. Mass, and R. I.; Mt. Desert. An ambiguous species, approaching the last.

[+][+] Radical leaves all tapering into margined petioles; involucres squarrose (hardly so in n. 8); rootstocks slender.

5. A. spectábilis, Ait. Stems 1–2° high, roughish and glandular-puberulent above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lower spatulate-oblong, obscurely serrate or the upper entire; heads few, hemispherical, ½´ high; scales glandular-puberulent and viscid; mostly with the upper half herbaceous and spreading; rays about 20, bright violet, nearly 1´ long.—sandy soil, Mass. to Del., near the coast, and perhaps southward. Sept.–Nov. One of the handsomest species of the genus.

6. A. surculòsus, Michx. Stems 1° high or less, from long filiform rootstocks; leaves entire or nearly so, rigid, lanceolate or the upper linear; heads few or solitary, as in the last but generally smaller, the scales hardly glandular.—Moist ground, coast of N. J., and southward.

7. A. grácilis, Nutt. Rootstocks occasionally tuberous-thickened; stems slender, 1° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire or nearly so, small (1–2´ long); heads few or several; involucre top-shaped, 3–4´´ long, glabrous, not glandular nor viscid, the coriaceous whitish scales with very short deltoid or ovate tips; rays 9–12, 3–6´´ long.—Pine barrens, N. J. to N. C., E. Ky. and Tenn.

8. A. rádula, Ait. Stem simple or corymbose at the summit, smooth or sparsely hairy, many-leaved (1–3° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate in the middle, very rough both sides and rugose-veined, closely sessile (2–3´ long), nearly equal; scales of the bell-shaped involucre oblong, appressed, with very short and slightly spreading herbaceous tips; achenes smooth.—Bogs and low grounds, Del. to Maine and northward, near the coast; also Pocono Mountain, Penn. A dwarf form (var. stríctus, Gray) has oblong- to linear-lanceolate nearly entire leaves, and usually solitary heads; White Mountains, N. H., to Lab. Aug.—Rays light violet. Involucre nearly smooth, except the ciliate margins.

[*] 2. Involucre and usually the branchlets viscidly or pruinose-glandular, well imbricated or loose; pubescence not silky; leaves entire (or the lower with few teeth), the cauline all sessile or clasping; rays showy, violet to purple.

[+] Heads small; involucre not squarrose. Extreme western.

9. A. Féndleri, Gray. Rigid, 1° high or less; leaves firm, linear, 1-nerved, hispid-ciliate, 1´ long or mostly much less; heads scattered, 3´´ high; scales linear-oblong, obtuse, or the inner acute.—Central Kan. (Ellis, Dr. L. Watson) and southwestward.

[+][+] Heads larger; involucral scales spreading, in few or many ranks.

10. A. grandiflòrus, L. Rough with minute hispid hairs; stems slender, loosely much branched (1–3° high); leaves very small (¼–1´ long), oblong-linear, obtuse, rigid, the uppermost passing into scales of the hemispherical squarrose many-ranked involucre; rays bright violet (1´ long); achenes hairy.—Dry open places, Va. and southward.—Heads large and very showy.

11. A. oblongifòlius, Nutt. Minutely glandular-puberulent, much branched above, rigid, paniculate-corymbose (1–2° high); leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate, mucronate-pointed, partly clasping, thickish (1–2´ long by 2–5´´ wide); involucral scales nearly equal, broadly linear, appressed at the base; rays violet-purple; achenes canescent.—Banks of rivers, from Penn. and Va. to Minn. and Kan.—Heads middle-sized or smaller.

Var. rigídulus, Gray. Low, with more rigid and hispidulous scabrous leaves.—In drier places, Ill., Wisc., and southwestward.

12. A. Nòvæ-Ángliæ, L. Stem stout, hairy (3–8° high), corymbed at the summit; leaves very numerous, lanceolate, entire, acute, auriculate-clasping, clothed with minute pubescence, 2–5´ long; scales nearly equal, linear-awl-shaped, loose, glandular-viscid, as well as the branchlets; rays violet-purple (in var. ròseus rose-purple), very numerous; achenes hairy.—Moist grounds; common.—Heads large. A peculiar and handsome species.

13. A. modéstus, Lindl. Pubescent or glabrate; stem slender, simple, with few large heads terminating slender branchlets; leaves lanceolate, very acute, narrowed to a sessile base, sparingly serrate or serrulate; scales linear-attenuate, equal, mostly herbaceous; rays blue.—N. Dak. and westward.

[*] 3. Leaves whitened, silvery-silky both sides, all sessile and entire, mucronulate; involucre imbricated in 3 to several rows; rays showy, purple-violet.

14. A. serìceus, Vent. Stems slender, branched; leaves silver-white, lanceolate or oblong, heads mostly solitary, terminating the short branchlets; scales of the globular involucre similar to the leaves, spreading, except the short coriaceous base; achenes smooth, many-ribbed.—Prairies and dry banks, Wisc. and Minn. to Ky., and southward.—Heads large; rays 20–30.

15. A. cóncolor, L. Stems wand-like, nearly simple; leaves crowded, oblong or lanceolate, appressed, the upper reduced to little bracts; heads in a simple or compound wand-like raceme; scales of the obovoid involucre closely imbricated in several rows, appressed, rather rigid, silky, lanceolate; achenes silky.—Dry sandy soil near the coast, R. I., N. J., and southward.—Plant 1–3° high, with the short leaves 1´ or less in length, grayish-silky both sides.

[*] 4.Leaves entire, the lower not heart-shaped, the cauline all with sessile and cordate-clasping base, the auricles generally meeting around the stem.

16. A. pàtens, Ait. Rough-pubescent; stem loosely panicled above (1–3° high), with widely spreading branches, the heads mostly solitary, terminating slender branchlets; leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, often contracted below the middle, rough, especially above and on the margins; scales of the minutely roughish involucre with spreading pointed tips; achenes silky.—Var. phlogifòlius, Nees, is a form of shady moist places, with larger and elongated thin scarcely rough leaves, downy underneath, sometimes a little toothed above, mostly much contracted below the middle.—Dry ground; common, Mass. to Minn., and southward. Heads ½´ broad, with showy deep blue-purple rays.

[*] 5 Lower leaves heart-shaped and petioled; no glandular or viscid pubescence; heads with short and appressed green-tipped scales (except in n. 16 and 23), mostly small and numerous, racemose or panicled.

[+] Heads middle-sized, with many rays, and squarrose foliaceous involucre.

17. A. anómalus, Engelm. Somewhat pubescent and scabrous; stems slender (2–4° high), simple or racemose-branched above; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, entire, the upper small and almost sessile; scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated in several rows, appressed, with linear spreading leafy tips; achenes smooth.—Limestone cliffs, W. Ill. and Mo. to Ark.—Rays violet-purple.

[+][+] Rays 10–20; involucral scales appressed or erect.

[++] Leaves entire or slightly serrate; heads middle-sized; rays bright-blue.

18. A. azùreus, Lindl. Stem rather rough, erect, racemose-compound at the summit, the branches slender and rigid; leaves rough, the lower ovate-lanceolate or oblong, heart-shaped, on long often hairy petioles; the others lanceolate or linear, sessile, on the branches awl-shaped; involucre inversely conical.—Copses and prairies, western N. Y., and Ohio to Minn., and southwestward. Involucre much as in A. lævis, but smaller and slightly pubescent.

19. A. Shórtii, Hook. Stem slender, spreading, nearly smooth, bearing very numerous heads in racemose panicles; leaves smooth above, minutely pubescent underneath, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, elongated, tapering gradually to a sharp point, all but the uppermost more or less heart-shaped at base, and on naked petioles, none clasping; involucre bell-shaped.—Cliffs and banks, Ohio to Ill., and southward.—A pretty species, 2–4° high; leaves 3–5´ long.

20. A. undulàtus, L. Pale or somewhat hoary with close pubescence; stem spreading, bearing numerous heads in racemose panicles; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with wavy or slightly toothed margins, roughish above, downy underneath, the lowest heart-shaped on margined petioles, the others abruptly contracted into short broadly winged petioles which are dilated and clasping at the base, or directly sessile by a heart-shaped base; involucre obovoid, the scales less rigid.—Dry copses; common.

[++][++] Leaves conspicuously serrate; heads small; rays pale blue or nearly white.

21. A. cordifòlius, L. Stem much branched above, the spreading or diverging branches bearing very numerous panicled heads; lower leaves all heart-shaped, on slender and mostly naked ciliate petioles; scales of the inversely conical involucre all appressed and tipped with very short green points, obtuse or acutish.—Woodlands; very common.—Heads profuse, but quite small. Varies with the stem and leaves either smooth, roughish, or sometimes hairy, also with the leaves all narrower. Apparent hybrids with n. 35 also occur.

22. A. sagittifòlius, Willd. Stem rigid, erect, with ascending branches bearing numerous racemose heads; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed; the lower heart-shaped at base, on margined petioles; the upper lanceolate or linear, pointed at both ends; scales of the oblong involucre linear, tapering into awl-shaped slender and loose tips.—Dry ground, N. Y. and Penn. to Ky., and northward.—Green, but usually more or less hairy or downy; the heads rather larger than in the last, almost sessile.

23. A. Drummóndii, Lindl. Pale with fine gray pubescence; leaves cordate to cordate-lanceolate, mostly on margined petioles, the uppermost lanceolate and sessile; scales acute or acutish.—Passing into the last. Open ground, etc., Ill. to Minn. and Kan.

24. A. Lindleyànus, Torr. & Gray. Rather stout, 1–2° high, sparsely pubescent or nearly glabrous; radical and lowest leaves ovate, moderately or obscurely cordate, the uppermost sessile and pointed at both ends; heads larger, rather few in a loose thyrse or panicle, the linear-attenuate scales looser and less imbricated; rays pale violet.—Lab. to L. Superior; Lisbon, N. H. (C. E. Faxon), and Mt. Desert (Rand).

[*] 6. Without heart-shaped petioled leaves, the radical and lower all acute or attenuate at base; not glandular nor viscid, nor silky-canescent.

[+] Smooth and glabrous throughout (or nearly so, except forms of n. 29), and usually pale and glaucous; involucral scales closely imbricated, firm and whitish-coriaceous below, green-tipped; leaves firm, usually entire.

[++] Rays violet or blue; scales rather abruptly green-tipped; leaves on the branchlets reduced to rigid subulate bracts.

25. A. turbinéllus, Lindl. Stem slender, 3° high, paniculately branched; leaves oblong to narrowly lanceolate, tapering to each end, with rough margins; involucre elongated-obconical or almost club-shaped (½´ long); the scales linear, with very short and blunt green tips; rays violet-blue; achenes nearly smooth.—Dry hills, etc., Ill., Mo., and southwestward.—Well-marked and handsome.

26. A. læ̀vis, L. Stouter, 2–4° high; heads in a close panicle; leaves thickish, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, chiefly entire, the upper more or less clasping by an auricled or heart-shaped base; scales of the short-obovoid or hemispherical involucre with short abrupt green tips; rays sky-blue; achenes smooth.—Borders of woodlands; common. A variable and elegant species.

27. A. virgàtus, Ell. Slender, strict and simple, with few or several racemose or terminal heads, like those of the last; leaves lanceolate or linear, the lower usually long and narrow.—S. W. Va., and southward.

28. A. concínnus, Willd. Not glaucous, slender, 1–3° high; leaves lanceolate, mostly somewhat serrate, the lowest spatulate-lanceolate on winged petioles; heads smaller than in the preceding, numerous, panicled; rays violet.—Rare; Penn. and southward.

[++][++] Rays white or turning purplish; scales narrow, subulately green-tipped; leaves mostly narrow, narrowed at base, on the branchlets lax and attenuate.

29. A. polyphýllus, Willd. Often tall (4 or 5° high), with virgate branches; cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, 4 or 5´ long; heads paniculate; scales lanceolate-subulate, the outermost much shorter; rays 4´´ long.—N. Vt. to Wisc., and southward. Heads larger and flowering earlier than the next.

30. A. ericoìdes, L. Smooth or sparingly hairy (1–3° high); the simple branchlets or peduncles racemose along the upper side of the wand-like spreading branches; lowest leaves oblong-spatulate, sometimes toothed; the others linear-lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped; heads 3´´ high or less; involucral scales often nearly equal, with attenuate or awl-shaped green tips.—Dry open places, S. New Eng. to Minn., and southward.—Var. villòsus, Torr. & Gray, is a hairy form, often with broader leaves; chiefly in the Western States.—Var. pusíllus, Gray, is a dwarf slender and glabrous form of the barrens of Lancaster, Penn. (Porter), with very narrow or filiform leaves and very small few-flowered heads.—Var. Prínglei, Gray, a low strict form, with few erect branches and rather small heads. About Lake Champlain.

[+][+] Hoary-pubescent or hirsute; herbaceous tips of the involucral scales squarrose or spreading; cauline leaves small, linear, entire, scarcely narrowed at the sessile or partly clasping base; heads numerous, small, racemose.

31. A. amethýstinus, Nutt. Tall (2–5° high), upright, much branched, puberulent or somewhat hirsute; leaves not rigid; heads 3´´ high, the tips of the scales merely spreading; rays light clear blue.—Moist grounds, E. Mass. to Ill. and Iowa. With the habit of n. 11.

32. A. multiflòrus, Ait. Pale or hoary with minute close pubescence (1° high), much branched and bushy; the heads much crowded on the spreading racemose branches; leaves rigid, crowded, spreading, with rough or ciliate margins, the uppermost passing into the spatulate obtuse scales; heads 2–3´´ long; rays white or rarely bluish, 10–20.—Dry sandy soil; common.

[+][+][+] Scales glabrous, closely imbricated (the outer regularly shorter), not coriaceous, with short appressed green tips; branches slender, divaricate or divergent; leaves lanceolate to subulate; heads small (2–3´´ high) and numerous.

[++] Heads scattered, terminating minutely foliose slender branchlets.

33. A. dumòsus, L. Smooth or nearly so, 1–3° high; leaves linear or the upper oblong, crowded, entire, with rough margins; scales linear spatulate, obtuse, in 4–6 rows.—Thickets; common.—A variable species, loosely branched, with small leaves, especially the upper, and an obconical or bell-shaped involucre, with more abrupt green tips than any of the succeeding. Rays pale purple or blue, larger than in n. 34. Runs into several peculiar forms.

[++][++] Heads racemosely unilateral upon very short minutely leafy branchlets.

34. A. vimíneus, Lam. Smooth or smoothish, 2–5° high, bushy; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, elongated, the larger ones remotely serrate in the middle with fine sharp teeth; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, acute or acutish, in 3 or 4 rows. (A. Tradescanti, of previous ed.)—Var. foliolòsus, Gray, has linear entire leaves, the ascending branches with more scattered paniculate heads.—Moist banks; very common.—Heads very numerous, and usually crowded, smaller than in the last. Rays white or nearly so.

35. A. diffùsus, Ait. More or less pubescent, much branched; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering or pointed at each end, sharply serrate in the middle; scales of the involucre linear, acute or rather obtuse, imbricated in 3 or 4 rows. (A. miser, of previous ed.)—Thickets, fields, etc.; very common, and extensively variable. Leaves larger than in either of the preceding (2–5´); the involucre intermediate between them, as to the form of the scales. Rays mostly short, white or pale bluish-purple.—Var. thyrsoídeus, Gray, with ovate-oblong to lanceolate leaves, the branches ascending and often short, and the thyrsoid or spicate-glomerate heads less secund. N. Y. to Ill.—Var. hirsuticaùlis, Gray, the slender stem and the midveins of the long narrow leaves very hirsute. N. Y. and Ky.—Var. bífrons, Gray, a luxuriant form with large thin leaves and rather larger heads loosely disposed on the spreading branches. Ky. to Ill.

[+][+][+][+] Involucre various, the heads when numerous densely or loosely paniculate on erect or ascending branches.

[++] Cauline leaves sessile, but the base not cordate nor auriculate (except in forms of n. 41), nor winged-petiole-like; glabrous or nearly so.

[=] Heads small or middle-sized; scales narrow, in several lengths, the erect green tips not dilated.

36. A. Tradescánti, L. Stem much branched (2–4° high); the numerous heads (2–3´´ high) somewhat panicled or racemed; leaves lanceolate to linear, tapering to a long slender point (2–6´ long), the lower somewhat serrate in the middle; involucral scales linear, acutish, partly green down the back. (A. tenuifolius, previous ed.)—Low grounds, Mass. to Minn., and south to Va. and Ill. Rays short and narrow, white or purplish. Some forms approach n. 32–34, others differ from A. paniculatus only in the smaller heads and shorter ray.

37. A. paniculàtus, Lam. Stem (2–8° high) much branched; the branches and scattered heads (about 4´´ high) loosely paniculate; leaves long-oblong to narrowly lanceolate, pointed, the lower serrate; scales narrowly linear, with attenuate green tips or the outermost wholly green. (A. simplex, previous ed.)—Shady moist banks; common. Rays white or purplish, 3–4´´ long. Approaches in its different forms the preceding and the two following. A slender form with linear leaves, in northern bogs, resembles n. 40.

38. A. salicifòlius, Ait. Like the last; the leaves commonly shorter, firmer, often scabrous, less serrate or entire; involucre more imbricated, the firmer linear scales with shorter acute or obtusish green tips; heads as large, disposed to be thyrsoid or racemose-clustered; rays rarely white. (A. carneus, previous ed.)—Low grounds, N. Eng. to Minn., and southward; most abundant westward.—Var. subásper, Gray, a rigid scabrous form, with contracted leafy inflorescence, the broad heads usually leafy-bracteate and the broader scales often obtuse. Ill. to Tex.

[=][=] Heads small or middle-sized, the looser linear scales somewhat equal and erect, and the acute green tips not dilated, the outer often wholly herbaceous.

39. A. júnceus, Ait. Slender, 1–3° high, simple with few heads or loosely branching; leaves linear or narrow, 3–5´ long, entire or the lower sparsely denticulate; heads small (3´´ high); scales small, narrow, in 2 or 3 rows, the outer more or less shorter; rays light purple, 4–5´´ long. (A. æstivus, previous ed., mainly.)—Wet meadows and cold bogs, N. Scotia and N. Y. to Mich. and Minn.

40. A. longifòlius, Lam. (not of previous ed.) Stem 1–3° high, more or less branched and corymbosely panicled; leaves long-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate (3–7´ long), narrowed to both ends, entire or sparsely serrulate; heads 4–5´´ high, the scales nearly equal and usually little imbricated, the outer looser; rays 3–4´´ long, violet or purplish, rarely whitish.—Low grounds, Lab. and northern N. Eng. to Minn.—Var. villicaùlis, Gray, a low simple form, with few or solitary heads, and the stem and midrib of the leaves densely white-villous beneath. N. Maine, at Fort Kent (Miss Furbish).

[=][=][=] Heads middle-sized; scales in few to several rows, more or less unequal, linear to spatulate, more herbaceous and firmer, the tips often slightly spreading or squarrose.

41. A. Nòvi-Bélgii, L. Rarely tall; leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparsely serrate, the upper partly clasping and often somewhat auriculate; heads 4–5´´ long; rays bright blue-violet. (A. longifolius, previous ed.)—N. Brunswick to Ill. and Ga. The commonest late-flowered Aster of the Atlantic border, and very variable. The typical form has thin narrowly to oblong-lanceolate leaves, sometimes scabrous above, and linear scales with narrow acute spreading or recurved tips.—Var. lævigàtus, Gray, is usually glabrous throughout, the thin leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate, the upper half-clasping by an abrupt base; scales nearly equal, loosely erect, with short acutish tips. N. Eng. and eastward.—Var. litòreus, Gray, rigid, usually low, very leafy; leaves thickish, usually very smooth, oblong to lanceolate, the upper sometimes auriculate; scales in several loose rows, all but the innermost with broadish obtuse tips, the outer usually spatulate. Salt-marshes and shores, Can. to Ga.—Var. elòdes, Gray, slender, often low and simple; leaves thickish, long, narrowly linear, entire, the uppermost small and bract-like; scales narrow, with short and mostly spreading acutish tips. Swamps, N. J. to Va.

[++][++] Cauline leaves conspicuously contracted into a winged-petiole-like base or auriculate-clasping; involucre lax.

42. A. pátulus, Lam. Glabrous or subpubescent, 1–4° high; leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle, narrowed at both ends, the lower to a winged petiole, none auriculate or only obscurely so; heads loosely panicled, about 4´´ high; scales unequal, erect or nearly so; rays light purple or white.—N. Brunswick and eastern N. England.

43. A. tardiflòrus, L. Glabrous or stem somewhat pubescent (not hispid), 1–2° high; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mostly with gradually narrowed and somewhat auricled base; heads often few, corymbose, 4–5´´ high; scales subequal, the outer foliaceous; rays pale violet.—Lab. to the Mass. coast and White Mts. Not late-flowering.

44. A. prenanthoìdes, Muhl. Stem 1–3° high, corymbose-panicled, hairy above in lines; leaves rough above, smooth underneath, ovate-lanceolate, sharply cut-toothed in the middle, conspicuously taper-pointed, and rather abruptly narrowed to a long contracted entire portion, which is abruptly dilated into a conspicuously auricled base; heads mostly 4´´ high, on short divergent peduncles; scales narrowly linear, tips recurved spreading; rays light blue.—Borders of streams and rich woods, W. New Eng. to Penn., Iowa, and Wisc.

45. A. puníceus, L. Stem tall and stout 3–7° high, rough-hairy all over or in lines, usually purple below, panicled above; leaves oblong-lanceolate, not narrowed or but slightly so to the auricled base, coarsely serrate to sparingly denticulate in the middle, rough above, nearly smooth beneath, pointed; heads 4–6´´ high, subsessile; scales narrowly linear, acute, loose, equal, in about 2 rows; rays long and showy (lilac-blue, paler in shade).—Low thickets and swamps, very common.—Var. lævicaùlis, Gray; stem mostly green, smooth and naked below, sparsely hirsute above, 1–3° high; leaves serrate.—Var. lucídulus, Gray; the very leafy stems glabrous or sparingly hispidulous; leaves lanceolate, entire or slightly denticulate, glabrous and somewhat shining; heads usually numerous, the scales less loose and less attenuate.

§ 4. DŒLLINGÈRIA. Pappus manifestly double, the inner of long capillary bristles (some thickened at top), the outer of very short and rigid bristles; scales short, without herbaceous tips; heads small, corymbose or solitary; rays rather few, white; leaves not rigid, veiny.

46. A. umbellàtus, Mill. Smooth, leafy to the top (2–7° high); leaves lanceolate, elongated, taper-pointed and tapering at the base (3–6´ long); heads very numerous in compound flat corymbs; involucral scales rather close, obtusish, scarcely longer than the achenes. (Diplopappus umbellatus, Torr. & Gray.)—Moist thickets; common, especially northward. Aug.—Var. pùbens, Gray; the lower surface of the leaves and the branchlets tomentulose. Upper Mich. to Minn.—Var. latifòlius, Gray; with shorter leaves ovate-lanceolate to ovate, less narrowed or even rounded at base. (D. amygdalinus, Torr. & Gray.) Pine barrens, etc., N. J., Penn., and southward.

47. A. infírmus, Michx. Stem slender, often flexuous, 1–3° high, less leafy, bearing few or several heads on divergent peduncles; leaves obovate to ovate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at base and ciliate, the midrib hairy beneath; scales more imbricated, thicker and more obtuse; pappus more rigid. (D. cornifolius, Darl.)—Open woodlands, E. Mass. to Tenn., and southward.

§ 5. IÁNTHE. Pappus less distinctly double, the inner of bristles not thickened at top, the outer shorter; scales well imbricated, appressed, without herbaceous tips; rays violet; achenes narrow, villous; leaves numerous, rigid, small, linear, 1-nerved and veinless.

48. A. linariifòlius, L. Stems 3–20´ high, several from a woody root; heads solitary or terminating simple branches, rather large; leaves about 1´ long, rough-margined, passing above into the rigid acutish scales. (D. linariifolius, Hook.)—Dry soil, common. Sept., Oct. Ray rarely white.

§ 6. ORTHÓMERIS. Pappus simple; scales imbricated, appressed, without herbaceous tips, often scarious-edged or dry. Perennial, as all the preceding.

49. A. ptarmicoìdes, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or roughish; stems clustered (6–20´ high), simple; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid, entire, tapering to the base, 1–3-nerved, with rough margins (2–4´ long); heads small, in a flat corymb; scales imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, short; rays white (2–4´´ long).—Dry rocks, W. New Eng. to Minn., along the Great Lakes, and northward. Aug.—Var. lutéscens, Gray; rays small, pale yellow.—N. Ill. to Sask.

50. A. acuminàtus, Michx. Somewhat hairy; stem (about 1° high) simple, zigzag, panicled-corymbose at the summit; peduncles slender; leaves oblong-lanceolate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely toothed above, wedge-form and entire at the base; involucral scales few and loosely imbricated, linear-lanceolate, pointed, thin (3–5´´ long); heads few or several; rays 12–18, white, or slightly purple.—Cool rich woods; S. Lab. to Penn., and southward along the Alleghanies. Aug.—There is a depauperate narrow-leaved variety on the White Mountains. A monstrous form occurs in Maine, having a chaffy receptacle and the flowers turned to tufts of chaffy paleæ.

51. A. nemoràlis, Ait. Minutely roughish-pubescent; stem slender, simple or corymbose at the summit, very leafy (1–2° high); leaves small (1–1½´ long), rather rigid, lanceolate, nearly entire, with revolute margins; scales of the inversely conical involucre narrowly linear-lanceolate, the outer passing into awl-shaped bracts; rays lilac-purple, elongated.—Bogs and swamps, N. J. to Newf. and Hudson's Bay. Sept.

52. A. tenuifòlius, L. Very glabrous; stem often zigzag, simple or forked, 6´–2° high; heads rather large, terminal; leaves few, long-linear, tapering to both ends, rather thick and fleshy, entire, the upper subulate, pointed; involucre top-shaped, the scales subulate-lanceolate with attenuate acute points; rays large, numerous, pale purple. (A. flexuosus, Nutt.)—Salt marshes, Mass. to Fla. Sept.

§ 7. OXYTRIPÒLIUM. Involucre as in § 6; pappus simple, fine and soft; glabrous annuals, bearing numerous small heads and with narrow entire leaves.

53. A. subulàtus, Michx. Stem 6–24´ high; leaves linear-lanceolate, pointed, flat, on the branches awl-shaped; scales of the oblong involucre linear-awl-shaped, in few rows; rays somewhat in two rows, short, not projecting beyond the disk, more numerous than the disk-flowers, purplish. (A. linifolius, of previous ed.)—Salt marshes on the coast, Maine to Va. Aug.–Oct.

§ 8. CONYZÓPSIS. Scales of the campanulate involucre in 2 or 3 rows, nearly equal, linear, the outer foliaceous and loose; pappus copious, very soft; rays very short or without ligules; low annuals with numerous rather small heads.

54. A. angústus, Torr. & Gray. Branching, 6–20´ high, nearly glabrous; leaves linear, entire, more or less short-ciliate; ray-flowers reduced to a tube much shorter than the elongated style.—Minn. to Sask. and westward, spreading east to Chicago, etc. (Siberia.)

26. ERÍGERON, L. Fleabane.

Heads many-flowered, radiate, mostly flat or hemispherical; the narrow rays very numerous, pistillate. Involucral scales narrow, equal and little imbricated, never coriaceous, foliaceous, nor green-tipped. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Achenes flattened, usually pubescent and 2-nerved; pappus a single row of capillary bristles, with minuter ones intermixed, or with a distinct short outer pappus of little bristles or chaffy scales.—Herbs, with entire or toothed and generally sessile leaves, and solitary or corymbed naked-pedunculate heads. Disk yellow; ray white or purple. (Name from ἦρ, spring, and γέρων, an old man, suggested by the hoariness of some vernal species.)

§ 1. CÆNÒTUS. Rays inconspicuous, in several rows, scarcely longer than the pappus; pappus simple; annuals.

1. E. Canadénsis, L. (Horse-weed. Butter-weed.) Bristly-hairy; stem erect, wand-like (1–5° high); leaves linear, mostly entire, the radical cut-lobed; heads very numerous and small, cylindrical, panicled.—Waste places; a common weed, now widely diffused over the world. July–Oct.—Ligule of the ray-flowers much shorter than the tube, white.

2. E. divaricàtus, Michx. Diffuse and decumbent (3´–1° high); leaves linear or awl-shaped, entire; heads loosely corymbed; rays purple; otherwise like n. 1.—Ind. to Minn., and southward.

§ 2. TRIMORPHÆ̀A. Like § 1, but a series of filiform rayless pistillate flowers within the outer row of ray-flowers; biennial or sometimes perennial.

3. E. àcris, L. Hirsute-pubescent or smoothish; stem erect (10–20´ high); leaves lanceolate or the lower spatulate-oblong, entire; heads several or rather numerous, racemose or at length corymbose, nearly hemispherical (4–5´´ long), hirsute; rays purplish or bluish, equalling or a little exceeding the copious pappus.—Lower St. Lawrence, across the continent and northward. The var. Drœbachénsis, Blytt, more glabrous and with the green involucre nearly or quite naked, occurs on the shores of L. Superior. (Eu.)

§ 3. ERIGERON proper. Rays elongated (short in a form of n. 5), crowded in one or more rows.

[*] Annuals (or sometimes biennial), leafy-stemmed and branching; pappus double, the outer a crown of minute scales, the inner of deciduous fragile bristles, usually wanting in the ray.

4. E. ánnuus, Pers. (Daisy Fleabane. Sweet Scabious.) Stem stout (3–5° high), branched, beset with spreading hairs; leaves coarsely and sharply toothed; the lowest ovate, tapering into a margined petiole, the upper ovate-lanceolate, acute and entire at both ends; heads corymbed; rays white, tinged with purple, not twice the length of the bristly involucre.—Fields and waste places; a very common weed. June–Aug. (Nat. in Eu.)

5. E. strigòsus, Muhl. (Daisy Fleabane.) Stem panicled-corymbose at the summit, roughish like the leaves with minute appressed hairs, or almost smooth; leaves entire or nearly so, the upper lanceolate, scattered, the lowest oblong or spatulate, tapering into a slender petiole; rays white, twice the length of the minutely hairy involucre.—Fields, etc., common. June–Aug.—Stem smaller and more simple than the last, with smaller heads but longer rays. A form with the rays minute, scarcely exceeding the involucre, occurs in S. New England.

[*][*] Leafy-stemmed perennials; pappus simple (double in n. 6).

6. E. glabéllus, Nutt. Stem (6–15´ high) stout, hairy above, the leafless summit bearing 1–7 large heads; leaves nearly glabrous, except the margins, entire, the upper oblong-lanceolate and pointed, closely sessile or partly clasping, the lower spatulate and petioled; rays (more than 100, purple) more than twice the length of the hoary-hispid involucre; pappus double, the outer of minute bristles.—Plains of N. Wisc., and westward. June.

7. E. hyssopifòlius, Michx. Slightly pubescent, slender (6–12´ high), from filiform rootstocks; leaves short, very numerous, narrowly linear; branches prolonged into slender naked peduncles, bearing solitary small heads; rays 20–30, rose-purple or whitish. (Aster graminifolius, Pursh.)—Northern borders of N. Eng., L. Superior, and northward.

8. E. bellidifòlius, Muhl. (Robin's Plantain.) Hairy, producing offsets from the base; stem simple, rather naked above, bearing few (1–9) large heads on slender peduncles; root-leaves obovate and spatulate, sparingly toothed, the cauline distant, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, entire; rays (about 50) rather broad, light bluish-purple.—Copses and moist banks; common. May.

9. E. Philadélphicus, L. (Common Fleabane.) Hairy; stem leafy, corymbed, bearing several small heads; leaves thin, with a broad midrib, oblong; the upper smoothish, clasping by a heart-shaped base, mostly entire, the lowest spatulate, toothed; rays innumerable and very narrow, rose-purple or flesh-color.—Moist ground; common. June–Aug.

[*][*][*] Perennial by rosulate offsets, with scape-like stems; pappus simple.

10. E. nudicaùlis, Michx. Glabrous; leaves clustered at the root, oval or spatulate; scape leafless, slender (1–2° high), bearing 5–12 small corymbed heads; rays white. (E. vernum, Torr. & Gray).—Low grounds, E. Va. and southward. May.

27. BÁCCHARIS, L. Groundsel-Tree.

Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular, diœcious, i.e., the pistillate and staminate borne by different plants. Involucre imbricated. Corolla of the pistillate flowers very slender and thread-like; of the staminate, larger and 5-lobed. Anthers tailless. Achenes ribbed; pappus of capillary bristles, in the sterile plant scanty and tortuous; in the fertile very long and copious.—Shrubs, commonly smooth and resinous or glutinous. Flowers whitish or yellow, autumnal. (Name of some shrub anciently dedicated to Bacchus.)

1. B. halimifòlia, L. Smooth and somewhat scurfy; branches angled; leaves obovate and wedge-form, petiolate, coarsely toothed, or the upper entire; heads scattered or in leafy panicles; scales of the involucre acutish.—Sea beaches, Mass. to Va., and southward.—Shrub 6–12° high; the fertile plant conspicuous in autumn by its very long and white pappus.

2. B. glomeruliflòra, Pers. Leaves spatulate-oblong, sessile or nearly so; heads larger, sessile in the axils or in clusters; scales of the bell-shaped involucre broader, very obtuse.—Pine barrens, E. Va. (?), and southward.

28. PLÙCHEA, Cass. Marsh-Fleabane.

Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular; the central perfect, but sterile, few, with a 5-cleft corolla; all the others with a thread-shaped truncate corolla, pistillate and fertile. Involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers with tails. Achenes grooved; pappus capillary, in a single row.—Herbs, somewhat glandular, emitting a strong or camphoric odor, the heads cymosely clustered. Flowers purplish, in summer. (Dedicated to the Abbé Pluche.)

1. P. bífrons, DC. Perennial, 2–3° high; leaves closely sessile or half-clasping, oblong to lanceolate, sharply denticulate, veiny (only 2–3´ long); heads clustered in a corymb; scales lanceolate.—Low ground, Cape May, N. J., and southward.

2. P. camphoràta, DC. (Salt-marsh Fleabane.) Annual, pale (2–5° high); leaves scarcely petioled, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, thickish, obscurely veiny, serrate; corymb flat; involucral scales ovate to lanceolate. (P. fœtida, DC.)—Salt marshes, Mass. to Va., and southward, and on river-banks westward to Ky., Ill., and Neb. (?)

29. ÈVAX, Gaertn.

Heads rather many-flowered, discoid; flowers as in Pluchea, the central usually sterile. Involucral scales few, woolly. Receptacle convex to subulate, chaffy, the scarious chaff not embracing the smooth dorsally compressed achenes. Anthers with tails or acutely sagittate; pappus none.—Low, densely floccose-woolly annuals; extreme western. (Name of uncertain signification.)

1. E. prolífera, Nutt. A span high or less, simple or branching from the base; leaves numerous, small and spatulate; heads in dense proliferous clusters; receptacle convex; chaff subtending the sterile flowers woolly-tipped, the rest more scarious and naked, oval or oblong.—Dak. and W. Kan. to Tex.

30. FILÀGO, Tourn. Cotton-Rose.

Heads and flowers as in Evax. Receptacle elongated or top-shaped, naked at the summit, but chaffy at the margins or toward the base; the chaff resembling the proper involucral scales, each covering a single pistillate flower. Achenes terete; pappus of the central flowers capillary, of the outer ones mostly none.—Annual, low, branching woolly herbs, with entire leaves, and small heads in capitate clusters. (Name from filum, a thread, in allusion to the cottony hairs of these plants.)

F. Germánica, L. (Herba Impia.) Stem erect, short, clothed with lanceolate and upright crowded leaves, producing a capitate cluster of woolly heads, from which rise one or more branches, each terminated by a similar head, and so on;—hence the common name applied to it by the old botanists, as if the offspring were undutifully exalting themselves above the parent.—Dry fields, N. Y. to Va. July–Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

31. ANTENNÀRIA, Gaertn. Everlasting.

Heads many-flowered, diœcious; flowers all tubular; pistillate corollas very slender. Involucre dry and scarious, white or colored, imbricated. Receptacle convex or flat, not chaffy. Anthers caudate. Achenes terete or flattish; pappus a single row of bristles, in the fertile flowers capillary, united at base so as to fall in a ring, and in the sterile thickened and club-shaped or barbellate at the summit.—Perennial white-woolly herbs, with entire leaves and corymbed (rarely single) heads. Corolla yellowish. (Name from the resemblance of the sterile pappus to the antennæ of certain insects.)

1. A. plantaginifòlia, Hook. (Plantain-leaved Everlasting.) Spreading by offsets and runners, low (3–18´ high); leaves silky-woolly when young, at length green above and hoary beneath; those of the simple and scape-like flowering stems small, lanceolate, appressed; the radical obovate or oval-spatulate, petioled, ample, 3-nerved; heads in a small crowded corymb; scales of the (mostly white) involucre obtuse in the sterile, and acutish and narrower in the fertile plant.—Sterile knolls and banks; common. March–May.

32. ANÁPHALIS, DC. Everlasting.

Characters as of Antennaria, but the pappus in the sterile flowers not thickened at the summit or scarcely so, and that of the fertile flowers not at all united at base; fertile heads usually with a few perfect but sterile flowers in the centre. (Said to be an ancient Greek name of some similar plant.)

1. A. margaritàcea, Benth. & Hook. (Pearly Everlasting.) Stem erect (1–2° high), corymbose at the summit, with many heads, leafy; leaves broadly to linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sessile, soon green above; involucral scales pearly-white, very numerous, obtuse or rounded, radiating in age. (Antennaria margaritacea, R. Br.)—Dry hills and woods, common northward. Aug. (N. E. Asia.)

33. GNAPHÀLIUM, L. Cudweed.

Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, the outer pistillate and very slender, the central perfect. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, white or colored, imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes terete or flattish; pappus a single row of capillary rough bristles.—Woolly herbs, with sessile or decurrent leaves, and clustered or corymbed heads; fl. in summer and autumn. Corolla whitish or yellowish. (Name from γνάφαλον, a lock of wool, in allusion to the floccose down.)

§ 1. GNAPHALIUM proper. Bristles of the pappus distinct.

1. G. polycéphalum, Michx. (Common Everlasting.) Erect, woolly annual (1–3° high), fragrant; leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base, with undulate margins, not decurrent, smoothish above; heads clustered at the summit of the panicled-corymbose branches, ovate-conical before expansion, then obovate; scales (whitish) ovate and oblong, rather obtuse; perfect flowers few.—Old fields and woods; common.

2. G. decúrrens, Ives. (Everlasting.) Stout, erect (2° high), annual or biennial, branched at the top, clammy-pubescent, white-woolly on the branches, bearing numerous heads in dense corymbed clusters; leaves linear-lanceolate, partly clasping, decurrent; scales yellowish-white, oval, acutish.—Hillsides, N. J. and Penn. to Maine, Mich., Minn., and northward.

3. G. uliginòsum, L. (Low Cudweed.) Diffusely branched, appressed-woolly annual (3–6´ high); leaves spatulate-oblanceolate or linear, not decurrent; heads (small) in terminal sessile capitate clusters subtended by leaves; scales brownish, less imbricated.—Low grounds; common, especially east and northward; perhaps introduced. (Eu.)

4. G. supìnum, Villars. (Mountain Cudweed.) Dwarf and tufted perennial (2´ high); leaves linear, woolly; heads solitary or few and spiked on the slender simple flowering stems; scales brown, lanceolate, acute, nearly glabrous; achenes broader and flatter.—Alpine summit of Mount Washington; very rare. (Eu.)

§ 2. GAMOCHÆ̀TA. Bristles of the pappus united at the very base into a ring, so falling off all together.

5. G. purpùreum, L. (Purplish Cudweed.) Annual, simple or branched from the base, ascending (6–20´ high), silvery-canescent with dense white wool; leaves oblong-spatulate, obtuse, not decurrent, green above; heads in sessile clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and spiked at the wand-like summit of the stem; scales tawny, the inner often marked with purple.—Sandy or gravelly soil, coast of Maine to Va., and southward.

34. ADENOCAÙLON, Hook.

Heads 5–10-flowered; the flowers all tubular and with similar corollas; the marginal ones pistillate, fertile; the others perfect but sterile. Involucral scales few, equal, in a single row, not scarious. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes elongated at maturity, club-shaped, beset with stalked glands above; pappus none.—Slender perennials, with the alternate thin and petioled leaves smooth and green above, white-woolly beneath, and few small (whitish) heads in a loose panicle, beset with glands (whence the name, from ἀδήν, a gland, and καυλός, a stem).

1. A. bícolor, Hook. Leaves triangular, rather heart-shaped, with angular-toothed margins; petioles margined.—Moist woods, shore of Lake Superior, and westward. Stem 1–3° high.

35. ÍNULA, L. Elecampane.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; disk-flowers perfect and fertile. Involucre imbricated, hemispherical, the outer scales herbaceous or leaf-like. Receptacle naked. Anthers caudate. Achenes more or less 4–5-ribbed; pappus simple, of capillary bristles.—Coarse herbs, not floccose-woolly, with alternate simple leaves, and large yellow flowers. (The ancient Latin name.)

I. Helènium, L. (Elecampane.) Stout perennial (3–5° high); leaves large, woolly beneath; those from the thick root ovate, petioled, the others partly clasping; rays very many, narrow.—Roadsides and damp pastures. Aug.—Heads very large. Root mucilaginous. (Nat. from Eu.)

36. POLÝMNIA, L. Leaf-Cup.

Heads broad, many-flowered, radiate, rays several (rarely abortive), pistillate; disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucral scales in two rows; the outer about 5, leaf-like, large and spreading; the inner small and membranaceous, partly embracing the thick triangular-obovoid achenes. Receptacle flat, membranous-chaffy. Pappus none.—Tall branching perennial herbs, viscid-hairy, exhaling a heavy odor. Leaves large and thin, opposite, or the uppermost alternate, lobed, and with dilated appendages like stipules at the base. Heads in panicled corymbs. Flowers light yellow; in summer and autumn. (Dedicated to the Muse, Polyhymnia, for no obvious reason.)

1. P. Canadénsis, L. Clammy-hairy, 2–5° high; lower leaves deeply pinnatifid, the uppermost triangular-ovate and 3–5-lobed or angled, petioled; heads small; rays 5, obovate or wedge-form, shorter than the involucre, often minute or abortive, whitish-yellow; achenes 3-costate, not striate.—Moist shaded ravines, Conn. to W. Vt., Minn., and southward.—Var. radiàta, Gray; ligules more developed, 3-lobed, 3–6´´ long, whitish. Ill. to Kan., and southward.

2. P. Uvedàlia, L. Roughish-hairy, stout (4–10° high); leaves broadly ovate, angled and toothed, nearly sessile; the lower palmately lobed, abruptly narrowed into a winged petiole; outer involucral scales very large; rays 10–15, linear-oblong, much longer than the inner scales of the involucre, yellow; achenes strongly striate.—Rich soil, W. New York and N. J. to Mo., and southward.

37. SÍLPHIUM, L. Rosin-weed.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays numerous, pistillate and fertile, their broad flat ovaries imbricated in 2 or 3 rows; disk-flowers apparently perfect, but with entire style and sterile. Scales of the broad and flattish involucre imbricated in several rows, thickish, broad and with loose leaf-like summits, except the innermost, which resemble the linear chaff of the flat receptacle. Achenes broad and flat, dorsally compressed, surrounded by a wing notched at the top, without pappus, or with 2 teeth confluent with the winged margin, the achene and its subtending chaff usually falling together; those of the disk sterile and stalk-like.—Coarse and tall rough perennial herbs, with copious resinous juice, and large corymbose-panicled, yellow-flowered heads. (Σίλφιον, the ancient name of some resinous plant, transferred by Linnæus to this American genus.)

[*] Stem terete, alternate-leaved (root very large and thick).

1. S. laciniàtum, L. (Rosin-weed. Compass-Plant.) Rough-bristly throughout, stem stout (3–12° high), leafy; leaves pinnately parted, petioled but dilated and clasping at the base; their divisions lanceolate or linear, acute, cut-lobed or pinnatifid, rarely entire; heads few (1–2´ broad), sessile or short-peduncled along the naked summit; scales ovate, tapering into long and spreading rigid points; achenes broadly winged and deeply notched, 6´´ long.—Prairies, Mich. to Dak., and southward. July.—Lower and root-leaves vertical, 12–30´ long, ovate in outline; on the wide open prairies disposed to present their edges north and south; hence called Compass-Plant.

2. S. terebinthinàceum, L. (Prairie Dock.) Stem smooth, slender (4–10° high), panicled at the summit and bearing several or many, large heads, leafless except toward the base; leaves ovate and ovate-oblong, somewhat heart-shaped, serrate-toothed, thick, rough, especially beneath (1–2° long, on slender petioles); scales roundish, obtuse, smooth; achenes narrowly winged, slightly notched and 2-toothed.—Var. pinnatífidum, Gray, has the leaves deeply cut or pinnatifid, but varies into the ordinary form.—Prairies and oak-openings, Ohio and Mich. to Minn., and southward. July–Sept.

[*][*] Stem terete or slightly 4-angled, leafy; leaves undivided (not large), some opposite.

3. S. trifoliàtum, L. Stem smooth, often glaucous, rather slender (4–7° high), branched above; stem-leaves lanceolate, pointed, entire or scarcely serrate, rough, short-petioled, in whorls of 3 or 4, the uppermost opposite; heads loosely panicled; achenes rather broadly winged, and sharply 2-toothed at the top.—Dry plains and banks, Penn. to Ohio, and southward. Aug.

4. S. Asteríscus, L. Stem hispid (2–4° high); leaves opposite, or the lower rarely in whorls of 3, the upper alternate, oblong or oval-lanceolate, coarsely toothed, rarely entire, rough-hairy, the lower short-petioled; heads nearly solitary (large), squarrose; achenes obovate, winged, 2-toothed, the teeth usually awn-like.—Dry sandy soil, Va. and southward.

5. S. integrifòlium, Michx. Stem smooth or rough, rather stout (2–4° high), rigid, 4-angular and grooved; leaves all opposite, rigid, lanceolate-ovate, entire or denticulate, tapering to a sharp point from a roundish heart-shaped and partly clasping base, rough-pubescent or nearly smooth, thick (3–5´ long); heads in a close forking corymb, short-peduncled; achenes broadly winged, deeply notched.—Prairies, Mich. to Minn., and southward. Aug.

[*][*][*] Stem square; leaves opposite, connate (thin and large, 6–15´ long).

6. S. perfoliàtum, L. (Cup-Plant.) Stem stout, often branched above (4–8° high), leafy; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, the upper united by their bases and forming a cup-shaped disk, the lower abruptly narrowed into winged petioles which are connate by their bases; heads corymbose; scales ovate; achenes winged and variously notched.—Rich soil along streams, Mich. to Minn., and southward; common. Also escaped from gardens eastward. July.

38. BERLANDIÈRA, DC.

With the characters of Silphium, but the 5–12 fertile ray-flowers in a single series. Involucral scales in about 3 series, thinner, the inner dilated obovate, exceeding the disk, the outer smaller and more foliaceous. Achenes obovate, not winged nor notched at the apex, and without pappus, deciduous with the subtending scale and 2 or 3 of the inner chaff.—Alternate-leaved perennials of the southern and southwestern States; head pedunculate. (Named for J. L. Berlandier, a Swiss botanist who collected in Texas and Mexico.)

1. B. Texàna, DC. Hirsute-tomentose or villous, 2–3° high, very leafy; leaves crenate, the radical oblong, petiolate, the cauline oblong-cordate to subcordate-lanceolate, the upper closely sessile; heads somewhat cymose, ½´ broad.—S. W. Mo. to La. and Tex.

39. CHRYSÓGONUM, L.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays about 5, pistillate and fertile; the disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucre of about 5 outer leaf-like oblong scales, which exceed the disk, and as many interior shorter and chaff-like concave scales. Receptacle flat, with a linear chaff to each disk-flower. Achenes all in the ray, obovate, obcompressed, 4-angled, each one partly enclosed by the short scale of the involucre behind it; pappus a small chaffy crown, 2–3-toothed, and wanting on the inner side.—A hairy, perennial herb, with opposite long-petioled leaves, and solitary long-peduncled heads of yellow flowers, nearly stemless when it begins to flower, the flowerless shoots forming runners. (The Greek name of some plant, composed of χρυσός, golden, and γόνυ, knee.)

1. C. Virginiànum, L. Usually low (2–15´ high); leaves ovate, mostly obtuse, crenate, rarely somewhat cordate, or the radical obovate with cuneate base; rays ½´ long.—Dry soil, from southern Penn. to Fla. May–Aug.—Var. dentàtum, Gray; leaves deltoid-ovate, acute, coarsely dentate-serrate; involucral scales more acute.—High Island at the Falls of the Potomac.

40. ENGELMÁNNIA, Torr. & Gray.

Heads and flowers of the preceding genera. Rays 8–10. Involucre of about 10 outer loose foliaceous scales, more or less dilated and coriaceous at base, and several firm-coriaceous, oval or obovate, concave inner ones with short abrupt green tips. Chaff of the flat receptacle firm and persistent. Achenes flat, obovate, wingless, tardily deciduous with the attached scale and chaff; pappus a firm scarious hispid crown, more or less lobed.—A coarse hispid perennial, with alternate deeply pinnatifid leaves, and somewhat paniculately disposed heads on slender naked peduncles; flowers yellow. (Named for the eminent botanist, Dr. George Engelmann.)

1. E. pinnatífida, Torr. & Gray. Stems 1–2° high; heads ½´ broad, and rays ½´ long.—Central Kan. to La., and westward.

41. PARTHÈNIUM, L.

Heads many-flowered, inconspicuously radiate; ray-flowers 5, with very short and broad obcordate ligules not projecting beyond the woolly disk, pistillate and fertile; disk-flowers staminate with imperfect styles, sterile. Involucre hemispherical, of 2 ranks of short ovate or roundish scales. Receptacle conical, chaffy. Achenes only in the ray, obcompressed, surrounded by a slender callous margin, crowned with the persistent ray-corolla and a pappus of 2 small chaffy scales.—Leaves alternate. Heads small, corymbed; the flowers whitish. (An ancient name of some plant, from παρθένος, virgin.)

1. P. integrifòlium, L. Rough-pubescent perennial (1–3° high); leaves oblong or ovate, crenate-toothed, or the lower (3–6´ long) cut-lobed below the middle; heads many in a very dense flat corymb.—Dry soil, Md. to Ill., Minn., and southward. June–Aug.

42. ÌVA, L. Marsh Elder. Highwater-shrub.

Heads several flowered, not radiate; the pistillate fertile and the staminate sterile flowers in the same heads, the former few (1–5) and marginal, with a small tubular or no corolla; the latter with a funnel-form 5-toothed corolla. Anthers nearly separate. Scales of the involucre few, roundish. Receptacle small, with narrow chaff among the flowers. Achenes obovoid or lenticular, pappus none.—Herbaceous or shrubby coarse plants, with thickish leaves, the lower opposite, and small nodding greenish-white heads of flowers; in summer and autumn. (Name of unknown derivation.)

§ 1. Heads spicate or racemose in the axils of leaves or leaf-like bracts; fertile flowers with evident corolla.

1. I. frutéscens, L. Shrubby at the base, nearly smooth (3–8° high); leaves oval or lanceolate, coarsely and sharply toothed, rather fleshy, the upper reduced to linear bracts, in the axils of which the heads are disposed, in leafy panicled racemes; fertile flowers and scales of the involucre 5.—Salt marshes, coast of Mass. to Va. and southward.

2. I. ciliàta, Willd. Annual (2–6° high), rough and hairy; leaves ovate, pointed, coarsely toothed, downy beneath, on slender ciliate petioles; heads in dense spikes, with conspicuous ovate-lanceolate rough-ciliate bracts; scales of the involucre and fertile flowers 3–5.—Moist ground, from Ill. southward.

§ 2. CYCLACHÆ̀NA. Heads in panicled spikes, scarcely bracteate; corolla of the 5 fertile flowers a mere rudiment or none.

3. I. xanthiifòlia, Nutt. Annual, tall, roughish; leaves nearly all opposite, hoary with minute down, ovate, rhombic, or the lowest heart-shaped, doubly or cut-toothed, or obscurely lobed; heads small, crowded, in axillary and terminal panicles.—N. W. Wisc. to Minn., Kan., and westward.

43. AMBRÒSIA, Tourn. Ragweed.

Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the same plant; the fertile 1–3 together and sessile in the axil of leaves or bracts, at the base of the racemes or spikes of sterile heads. Sterile involucres flattish or top-shaped, of 7–12 scales united into a cup, containing 5–20 funnel-form staminate flowers, with slender chaff intermixed, or none. Anthers almost separate. Fertile involucre (fruit) oblong or top-shaped, closed, pointed, resembling an achene (usually with 4–8 tubercles or horns near the top in one row), and enclosing a single flower which consists of a pistil only; the elongated style-branches protruding. Achenes ovoid; pappus none.—Coarse homely weeds, with opposite or alternate lobed or dissected leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flowers, in late summer and autumn; ours annuals, except the last. (The Greek and later Latin name of several plants, as well as of the food of the gods.)

§ 1. Sterile heads sessile in a dense spike, the top-shaped involucre extended on one side into a large, lanceolate, hooded, bristly-hairy tooth or appendage; fertile involucre oblong and 4-angled.

1. A. bidentàta, Michx. Hairy (1–3° high), very leafy; leaves alternate, lanceolate, partly clasping, nearly entire, except a short lobe or tooth on each side near the base; fruit with 4 stout spines and a central beak.—Prairies of Ill., Mo., and southward.

§ 2. Sterile heads in single or panicled racemes or spikes, the involucre regular.

[*] Leaves opposite, only once lobed; sterile involucre 3-ribbed on one side.

2. A. trífida, L. (Great Ragweed.) Stem stout (3–12° high), rough-hairy, as are the large deeply 3-lobed leaves, the lobes oval lanceolate and serrate; petioles margined; fruit obovate, 5–6-ribbed and tubercled.—Var. integrifòlia, Torr. & Gray, is only a smaller form, with the upper leaves, or all of them, undivided, ovate or oval.—Moist river-banks; common.

[*][*] Leaves many of them alternate, all once or twice pinnatifid.

3. A. artemisiæfòlia, L. (Roman Wormwood. Hog-weed. Bitter-weed.) Much branched (1–3° high), hairy or roughish-pubescent; leaves thin, twice-pinnatifid, smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath; fruit obovoid or globular, armed with about 6 short acute teeth or spines.—Waste places everywhere.—Extremely variable, with finely cut leaves, on the flowering branches often undivided; rarely the spikes bear all fertile heads.

4. A. psilostàchya, DC. Paniculate-branched (2–5° high), rough and somewhat hoary with short hispid hairs; leaves once pinnatifid, thickish, the lobes acute, those of the lower leaves often incised; fruit obovoid, without tubercles or with very small ones, pubescent.—Prairies and plains, Ill., Wisc., Minn., and southwestward. Perennial, with slender running rootstocks.

44. XÁNTHIUM, Tourn. Cocklebur. Clotbur.

Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads, the latter clustered below, the former in short spikes or racemes above. Sterile involucres and flowers as in Ambrosia, but the scales separate and receptacle cylindrical. Fertile involucre closed, coriaceous, ovoid or oblong, clothed with hooked prickles so as to form a rough bur, 2-celled, 2-flowered; the flower consisting of a pistil and slender thread-form corolla. Achenes oblong, flat, destitute of pappus.—Coarse and vile weeds, with annual roots, low and branching stout stems, and alternate toothed or lobed petioled leaves; flowering in summer and autumn. (The Greek name of some plant that was used to dye the hair yellow; from ξανθός, yellow.)

[*] Leaves attenuate to both ends, with triple spines at the base.

X. spinòsum, L. (Spiny Clotbur.) Hoary-pubescent; stems slender, with slender yellow 3-parted spines at the axils; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a short petiole, white-downy beneath, often 2–3-lobed or cut; fruit ({1/3}´ long) pointed with a single short beak.—Waste places on the sea-board and along rivers, Mass. and southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.)

[*][*] Leaves cordate or ovate, 3-nerved, dentate and often lobed, long-petiolate; axils unarmed; fruit 2-beaked.

X. strumàrium, L. Low (1–2° high); fruit 6–8´´ long, glabrous or puberulent, with usually straight beaks and rather slender spines.—A weed of barnyards, etc., sparingly nat. from Eu. (?) or Ind. (?).

1. X. Canadénse, Mill. Stouter, the stem often brown-punctate; fruit about 1´ long, densely prickly and more or less hispid, the stout beaks usually hooked or incurved.—River-banks and waste places, common.—Var. echinàtum, Gray, usually low, with still denser and longer, conspicuously hirsute or hispid prickles. Sandy sea-shores and on the Great Lakes.

45. TETRAGONOTHÈCA, Dill.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays 6–9, fertile. Involucre double; the outer of 4 large and leafy ovate scales, united below by their margins into a 4-angled or winged cup; the inner of small chaffy scales, as many as the ray-flowers, and partly clasping their achenes. Receptacle convex or conical, with narrow and membranaceous chaff. Achenes very thick and obovoid, flat at the top; pappus none.—Erect perennial herbs, with opposite coarsely toothed leaves, their sessile bases sometimes connate, and large single heads of pale yellow flowers, on terminal peduncles. (Name compounded of τετράγωνος, four-angled, and θήκη, a case, from the shape of the involucre.)

1. T. helianthoìdes, L. Villous and somewhat viscid, 1–2° high, simple; leaves ovate or rhombic-oblong, sessile by a narrow base; involucral scales and rays about 1´ long.—Sandy soil, Va. and southward. June.

46. ECLÍPTA, L.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays short; disk-flowers perfect, 4-toothed, all fertile. Involucral scales 10–12, in 2 rows, leaf-like, ovate-lanceolate. Receptacle flat, with almost bristle-form chaff. Achenes short, 3–4-sided, or in the disk laterally flattened, roughened on the sides, hairy at the summit; pappus none, or an obscure denticulate crown.—An annual rough herb, with slender stems and opposite leaves. Heads solitary, small. Flowers white; anthers brown. (Name from ἐκλείπω, to be deficient, alluding to the absence of pappus.)

1. E. álba, Hassk. Rough with fine appressed hairs; stems procumbent, or ascending and 1–3° high; leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute at each end, mostly sessile, slightly serrate; rays equalling the disk. (E. procumbens, Michx.)—Wet river-banks, N. J. to Ill. and southward. Peduncles very variable. (All tropical countries.)

47. HELIÓPSIS, Pers. Ox-eye.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays 10 or more, fertile. Involucral scales in 2 or 3 rows, nearly equal; the outer leaf-like and somewhat spreading, the inner shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical; chaff linear. Achenes smooth, thick, 4-angular, truncate; pappus none, or a mere border.—Perennial herbs, like Helianthus. Heads showy, peduncled, terminal. Leaves opposite, petioled, triple-ribbed, serrate. Flowers yellow. (Name composed of ἥλιος, the sun, and ὄψις, appearance, from the likeness to the Sunflower.)

1. H. læ̀vis, Pers. Nearly smooth (1–4° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, rather narrowly pointed, occasionally ternate; scales (as in the next) with a rigid strongly nerved base; rays linear; pappus none or of 2–4 obscure teeth.—Banks and copses, N. Y. to Ill. and southward. Aug.

2. H. scàbra, Dunal. Roughish, especially the leaves, which are disposed to be less narrowly pointed, the upper sometimes entire; rays broadly oblong to linear or oblanceolate; pappus coroniform and chaffy or of 2 or 3 conspicuous teeth. (H. lævis, var. scabra, Torr. & Gray.)—Western N. Y. to Minn., Mo., and southward.

48. ECHINÀCEA, Moench. Purple Cone-flower.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays very long, drooping, pistillate but sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading. Receptacle conical; the lanceolate carinate spiny-tipped chaff longer than the disk-flowers. Achenes thick and short, 4-sided; pappus a small toothed border.—Perennial herbs, with the stout and nearly simple stems naked above and terminated by a single large head; leaves chiefly alternate, 3–5-nerved. Rays rose-purple, rather persistent; disk purplish. (Name formed from ἐχῖνος, the hedgehog, or sea-urchin, in allusion to the spiny chaff of the disk.)

1. E. purpùrea, Moench. Leaves rough, often serrate; the lowest ovate, 5-nerved, veiny, long-petioled; the others ovate-lanceolate; involucre imbricated in 3–5 rows; stem smooth, or in one form rough-bristly, as well as the leaves.—Prairies and banks, from W. Penn. and Va. to Iowa, and southward; occasionally adv. eastward. July.—Rays 15–20, dull purple (rarely whitish), 1–2´ long or more. Root thick, black, very pungent to the taste, used in popular medicine under the name of Black Sampson.—Very variable, and probably connects with

2. E. angustifòlia, DC. Leaves, as well as the slender simple stem, bristly-hairy, lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, attenuate at base, 3-nerved, entire; involucre less imbricated and heads often smaller; rays 12–15 (2´ long), rose-color or red.—Plains from Ill. and Wisc., southwestward. June–Aug.

49. RUDBÉCKIA, L. Cone-flower.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays neutral. Scales of the involucre leaf-like, in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or columnar; the short chaff concave, not rigid. Achenes 4-angular (in our species), smooth, not margined, flat at the top, with no pappus, or a minute crown-like border.—Chiefly perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and showy terminal heads; the rays generally long, yellow, often darker at base. (Named in honor of the Professors Rudbeck, father and son, predecessors of Linnæus at Upsal.)

[*] Disk columnar in fruit, dull greenish-yellow; leaves divided and cut.

1. R. laciniàta, L. Stem smooth, branching (2–7° high); leaves smooth or roughish, the lowest pinnate, with 5–7 cut or 3-lobed leaflets; upper leaves irregularly 3–5-parted, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, pointed, or the uppermost undivided; heads long-peduncled; disk at first globular or hemispherical; chaff truncate, downy at the tip; rays oblanceolate (1–2´ long), drooping.—Low thickets; common. July–Sept.—Var. hùmilis, Gray, low and glabrous, some of the radical leaves undivided or with roundish divisions; heads smaller (½´ high) and ray shorter. Mountains of Va. and southward.

[*][*] Disk hemispherical to oblong-ovoid in fruit, dark purple or brown.

[+] Lower leaves 3-lobed or parted.

2. R. tríloba, L. Hairy, biennial, much branched (2–5° high), the branches slender and spreading; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sparingly toothed, the lower 3-lobed, tapering at the base, coarsely-serrate (those from the root pinnately parted or undivided); rays 8, oval or oblong; chaff of the black-purple depressed-globular disk smooth, awned.—Dry soil, Penn. to Mich., Mo., and southward. Aug.—Heads small, but numerous and showy.

3. R. subtomentòsa, Pursh. Stem branching above (3–4° high), downy, as well as the petiolate ovate or ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves beneath; heads short-peduncled; disk globular, dull brown; receptacle sweet-scented; chaff downy at the blunt apex.—Prairies, Wisc., Ill., Mo., and southward.

[+][+] Leaves undivided, rarely laciniately toothed.

4. R. hírta, L. Biennial, very rough and bristly-hairy throughout; stems simple or branched near the base, stout (1–2° high), naked above, bearing single large heads; leaves nearly entire; the upper oblong or lanceolate, sessile; the lower spatulate, triple-nerved, petioled; rays (about 14) more or less exceeding the involucre; chaff of the dull brown disk hairy at the tip, acutish.—Dry soil, western N. Y. to Wisc., and southward. Now common as a weed in eastern meadows, introduced with clover-seed from the West. June–Aug.

5. R. fúlgida, Ait. Hairy, the branches naked at the summit and bearing single heads; leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, triple-nerved, the upper entire, mostly obtuse; rays about 12, equalling or exceeding the ample involucre; chaff of the dark purple disk nearly smooth and blunt.—Dry soil, N. J. and Penn. to Ky., Mo., and southward.—Variable, 1–3° high; the rays orange-yellow.

6. R. spathulàta, Michx. Pubescence short and appressed; slender, 8´–3° high; leaves obovate or spatulate or the upper ovate to lanceolate, sometimes all lanceolate or oblanceolate to linear, denticulate; heads long-peduncled, smaller than in the preceding, the rays fewer and broader.—Pine woods, Va. to Tenn., and southward.

7. R. speciòsa, Wenderoth. Roughish-hairy (1–2° high), branched; the branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminated by single large heads; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, petioled, 3–5-nerved, coarsely and unequally toothed or incised; involucre much shorter than the numerous elongated (1–1½´) rays; chaff of the dark purple disk acutish, smooth.—Dry soil, W. Penn. to Mich., Mo., and southward. July.

50. LÉPACHYS, Raf.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays few, neutral. Involucral scales few and small, spreading. Receptacle oblong or columnar; the chaff truncate, thickened and bearded at the tip, partly embracing the flattened and margined achenes. Pappus none or 2 teeth.—Perennial herbs, with alternate pinnately divided leaves; the grooved stems or branches naked above, bearing single showy heads. Rays yellow or party-colored, drooping; disk grayish. (Name from λεπίς, a scale, and παχύς, thick, from the thickened tips of the chaff.)

1. L. pinnàta, Torr. & Gray. Hoary with minute appressed hairs, slender (4° high), branching; leaflets 3–7, lanceolate, acute; disk oblong, much shorter than the large and drooping light-yellow rays (which are 2´ long).—Dry soil, western N. Y. to Minn., and southward. July.—The receptacle exhales a pleasant anisate odor when bruised. Achenes slightly margined on the inner edge, obscurely 2-toothed at the top.

2. L. columnàris, Torr. & Gray. Branching from the base, 1–2° high; leaflets 5–9, oblong to narrowly linear, entire or 2–3-cleft; disk columnar, often 1´ long or more; ray as long or shorter, yellow or (var. pulchérrima, Torr. & Gray) in part or wholly brown-purple.—Minn. to Tex.

51. BORRÍCHIA, Adans. Sea Ox-eye.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays fertile. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, covered with lanceolate rigid and persistent chaff. Achenes somewhat wedge-shaped, 3–4-angled; pappus a short 4-toothed crown.—Shrubby low maritime plants, coriaceous or fleshy, with opposite nearly entire leaves, and solitary peduncled terminal heads of yellow flowers; anthers blackish. (Named for Olof Borrich, a Danish botanist.)

1. B. frutéscens, DC. Whitened with a minute silky pubescence (6´–3° high); leaves obovate to spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, often toothed near the base; chaff rigidly pointed.—Va. and southward.

52. HELIÁNTHUS, L. Sunflower.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays several or many, neutral. Involucre imbricated, herbaceous or foliaceous. Receptacle flat or convex; the persistent chaff embracing the 4-sided and laterally compressed smooth achenes, which are neither winged nor margined. Pappus very deciduous, of 2 thin chaffy scales on the principal angles, and sometimes 2 or more small intermediate scales.—Coarse and stout herbs, with solitary or corymbed heads, and yellow rays; flowering toward autumn. (Named from ἥλιος, the sun, and ἄνθος, a flower.)

§ 1. Annuals; leaves mostly alternate, petiolate; receptacle flat; disk brownish.

1. H. ánnuus, L. (Common Sunflower.) Tall, rough; leaves triple-ribbed, ovate or the lower cordate, serrate; involucral scales broadly ovate to oblong, long-pointed, ciliate; disk usually 1´ broad or more.—Minn. to Tex., and westward; long cultivated, and occasionally found in waste grounds.

2. H. petiolàris, Nutt. More slender, 1–3° high; leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, smaller (1–3´ long), mostly entire; scales lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, seldom ciliate; disk ½´ broad or more.—Minn. to Tex., and westward.

§ 2. Perennials; receptacle convex or at length low-conical; lower leaves usually opposite.

[*] Involucral scales loose, becoming squarrose, narrowly lanceolate, pointed (½´ long); disk usually purple or brownish; leaves linear, 1-nerved.

3. H. orgyàlis, DC. Stem glabrous, tall, very leafy; leaves mostly alternate, linear to filiform and entire, or the lowest lanceolate and serrulate; scales filiform-attenuate.—Dry plains, Mo. to Neb., south and westward.

4. H. angustifòlius, L. Stem slender (2–6° high), usually scabrous; leaves long and linear, sessile, entire, with revolute margins; heads loosely corymbed, long-peduncled; scales acute or pointed.—Low pine barrens, N. J. to Ky., and southward.

[*][*] Involucral scales closer, more imbricated, short, unequal and not foliaceous; leaves lanceolate to ovate, mostly opposite and 3-nerved.

[+] Disk dark.

5. H. atròrubens, L. Rough-hairy; stem slender (2–4° high), smooth and naked and forking above; leaves thinnish, ovate or oval to oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest heart-shaped (3–6´ long), serrate, abruptly contracted into a margined petiole; heads small, corymbed; scales ovate, obtuse, ciliolate, appressed; rays 10–16; pappus of 2 fringed scales.—Dry soil, Va. to Ark., and southward.

6. H. rígidus, Desf. Stem stout (2–6° high or more), simple or sparingly branched, rough; leaves very thick and rigid, rough both sides, oblong-lanceolate, usually pointed at both ends, nearly sessile, entire or serrate, the lowest oval; heads nearly solitary, pretty large; scales ovate or oblong, obtuse, or mostly acute, ciliate, appressed; rays 20–25, pappus of 2 large and often several small scales.—Dry prairies, Mich. to Ill., and westward.

[+][+] Disk yellow.

7. H. lætiflòrus, Pers. Closely resembling the last; leaves rather thinner; heads single or corymbed; scales rather fewer (in 2 or 3 rows), narrower and acute or mostly acuminate.—Dry open places, Ohio to Wisc. and Minn., and southward.—Rays showy, 1–2´ long.

8. H. occidentàlis, Riddell. Somewhat hairy, stem slender, simple, naked above (1–3° high, sending out runners from the base), bearing 1–5 small heads on long peduncles; lowest leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate, entire or obscurely serrate, roughish-pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into long hairy petioles; the upper small and remote; scales ovate to lanceolate, acute or pointed, sometimes ciliate.—Dry barrens, Ohio to Wisc. and Minn., and southward.

[*][*][*] Involucre looser, the scales more acuminate or elongated or foliaceous; disk yellow (anthers dark).

[+] Leaves all opposite, sessile, serrulate; pubescence rather soft.

9. H. móllis, Lam. Stem simple, leafy to the top (2–3° high); leaves ovate to lanceolate, with broad cordate clasping base, pointed; scales lanceolate, seldom exceeding the disk.—Dry barrens, Ohio to Iowa and southward.

[+][+] Leaves mostly alternate and 3-nerved, soft-pubescent beneath, scabrous above; scales very long and loose, hairy; tips of chaff and corolla-lobes hirsute.

10. H. tomentòsus, Michx. Stem hairy, stout (4–8° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest ovate, tapering at both ends, obscurely serrate, large (5–12´ long), somewhat petioled; disk 1´ broad; rays 12–16, about 1´ long.—Rich woods, Ill.(?), Va., and southward along the mountains.

[+][+][+] Leaves narrow, chiefly alternate, not 3-nerved, scabrous both sides; heads rather small; scales loose, attenuate.

11. H. grósse-serràtus, Martens. Stem smooth and glaucous, 6–10° high; leaves elongated-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate or denticulate, acute or attenuate at base, petioled, often whiter and finely pubescent beneath; scales lance-awl-shaped, slightly ciliate.—Dry plains, Ohio to Dak., Mo., and southwestward.—Probably runs into the next.

12. H. gigantèus, L. Stem hairy or rough (3–10° high), branched above; leaves lanceolate, pointed, minutely serrate or nearly entire, green both sides, narrowed and ciliate at base, but nearly sessile; scales long, linear-lanceolate, pointed, hairy or strongly ciliate.—Var. ambíguus, Torr. & Gray; leaves mostly opposite and closely sessile by an obtuse base; perhaps a hybrid with n. 17.—Low thickets and swamps; common. Heads somewhat corymbed; the pale yellow rays 15–20; roots often becoming tuber-like.

13. H. Maximiliàni, Schrad. Resembling the last; stout, often simple, 1–10° high; leaves becoming rigid and very scabrous, entire or sparingly denticulate; heads rather large, usually short-peduncled, terminal and in the upper axils; scales longer attenuate, more rigid.—Prairies, Minn. to Tex.

[+][+][+][+] Leaves all or most of them opposite, 3-nerved (faintly in n. 15).

[++] Heads very small (about 4´´ broad); rays 5–8; scales few, short, irregularly imbricated, the outer with spreading foliaceous pointed tips; stems smooth.

14. H. parviflòrus, Bernh. Stem 3–6° high, with numerous slender branches above; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, somewhat serrate, petioled, rough above, pale and puberulent beneath; peduncles slender, rough; scales ovate and ovate-lanceolate, ciliate. (H. microcephalus, Torr. & Gray.)—Thickets, Penn. to Ill., and southward.

15. H. lævigàtus, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender (1–6° high), simple or sparingly branched, glaucous, glabrous throughout, as well as the slightly serrate lanceolate leaves which are usually narrow and attenuate to the base.—Dry soil, Alleghany Mts., and southward.

[++][++] Heads larger; rays usually over 10; spreading by creeping root stocks.

[=] Leaves sessile or subsessile to short-petiolate, serrulate or entire.

16. H. doronicoìdes, Lam. Finely pubescent and roughish, 3–7° high; leaves sessile, ovate-oblong, acute, triply-nerved above, the broadly cuneate base, serrulate; scales loose, attenuate, mostly 6–8´´ long, hairy. (H. cinereus, var. Sullivantii, Torr. & Gray.)—Dry ground, Ohio to Mo.

17. H. divaricàtus, L. Stem simple or forked and corymbed at the top (1–4° high), smooth below; leaves all opposite and divaricate, ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved from the rounded or truncate sessile base, tapering gradually to a sharp point (3–6´ long), serrate, thickish, rough both sides; scales narrowly lanceolate, attenuate, ciliate, equalling the disk; rays 8–12.—Thickets and barrens; common.—Disk 6´´ wide; rays 1´ long.

18. H. hirsùtus, Raf. Stem simple or forked above, stout (1–4° high), bristly-hairy; leaves all shortly petioled, ovate-lanceolate, gradually pointed, slightly serrate, rounded or obtuse at the base, very rough above, usually rough-hairy beneath; scales ovate-lanceolate, pointed, equalling the disk; rays about 12.—Dry plains, Ohio to Wisc., and southward.

19. H. strumòsus, L. Stem (3–6° high) very smooth below, often glaucous; leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a point, or the lower ovate and acute, abruptly contracted into short margined petioles, rough above, whitish and naked or minutely downy underneath; scales broadly lanceolate with spreading tips, ciliate, equalling the disk; rays 9–15.—Var. móllis, Torr. & Gray, has the leaves downy underneath, often subcordate, the scales looser and more attenuate.—River-banks and low copses; common, especially westward.

20. H. tracheliifòlius, Willd. Like the last; leaves thinner and nearly equally green both sides, more sharply serrate, all distinctly petioled; scales all loose and spreading, exceeding the disk, often much elongated.—Copses, Penn. and Ohio to Minn., and southward.

[=][=] Leaves longer-petiolate, thinnish or soft, coarsely serrate, commonly broad; scales loose, hirsute-ciliate.

21. H. decapétalus, L. Stem branching (2–5° high), smooth below; leaves smooth or roughish, ovate, pointed, abruptly contracted into margined petioles; scales lanceolate-linear, elongated, loosely spreading, sometimes foliaceous, the outer longer than the disk; rays about 10.—Copses and low banks of streams; N. Eng. to Minn. and southward, common.

22. H. tuberòsus, L. (Jerusalem Artichoke.) Pubescent or hirsute, 5–10° high; leaves ovate or subcordate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous above, minutely pubescent or cinereous beneath; scales lanceolate, attenuate, little exceeding the disk; rays 12–20. (H. doronicoides, former ed.)—Penn. to Minn., and southward; often cultivated.—Var. subcanéscens, Gray; usually dwarf, the lower side of the leaves whitish with soft fine pubescence. Minn. to Mo.

53. VERBESÌNA, L. Crownbeard.

Heads several–many-flowered; the rays pistillate, or sometimes neutral and sterile, few, or sometimes none. Involucral scales imbricated in 2 or more rows. Receptacle rather convex (conical in n. 3); the chaff concave. Achenes flat (compressed laterally), winged or wingless, 2-awned.—Mostly perennial herbs; the toothed leaves decurrent on the stem. Flowers mostly yellow. ("Name metamorphosed from Verbena.")

[*] Heads narrow, small, cymosely paniculate; rays few, pistillate, usually fertile; involucre erect.

1. V. occidentàlis, Walt. Stem tall, 4-winged; leaves opposite, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, triple-nerved, serrate, pointed at both ends, often pubescent beneath (large and thin); heads in compound corymbs; receptacle flattish; flowers yellow; rays 1–5, lanceolate; achenes wingless. (V. Siegesbeckia, Michx.)—Rich soil, S. Penn. to Ill., and southward. July.

2. V. Virgínica, L. Stem narrowly or interruptedly winged, downy-pubescent, like the lower surface of the ovate-lanceolate feather-veined alternate leaves; heads in compound corymbs; receptacle convex; flowers white; rays 3–4, oval; achenes winged.—Dry soil, Penn.(?) to Ill., and southward. Aug.

[*][*] Heads broader, solitary or few.

3. V. helianthoìdes, Michx. Perennial; stem hairy (1–3° high), widely winged by the ovate to the ovate-lanceolate sessile alternate leaves, which are rough above and soft-hairy beneath; involucre appressed; rays 8–15, pistillate or neutral, usually sterile; achenes winged, tipped with 2 fragile awns. (Actinomeris helianthoides, Nutt.)—Prairies and copses, Ohio to Iowa and southward. July.

4. V. encelioìdes, Benth. & Hook. Annual, branching, 1–2° high, cinereous; leaves alternate, ovate or cordate to deltoid-lanceolate, the petioles mostly winged and auriculate at base; involucral scales linear, equal, foliaceous, spreading; rays numerous, fertile.—Kan. to Tex., and westward.

54. ACTINÓMERIS, Nutt.

Heads many-flowered; rays neutral, few or none. Involucral scales few, herbaceous, nearly equal, soon deflexed beneath the globular disk. Receptacle small, chaffy. Achenes flat, obovate, winged or wingless, at maturity spreading in all directions; pappus of 2 or 3 smooth persistent awns.—Tall branching perennials, with serrate feather-veined leaves, tapering to the base and mostly decurrent on the stem. Heads corymbed; flowers chiefly yellow. (Name from ἀκτίς, a ray, and μερίς, a part; alluding to the irregularity of the rays.)

1. A. squarròsa, Nutt. Stem somewhat hairy, usually winged above (4–8° high); leaves alternate or the lower opposite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends; rays 2–8, irregular.—Rich soil, Penn. and W. New York to Iowa, and southward. Sept.

55. COREÓPSIS, L. Tickseed.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays mostly 8, neutral, rarely wanting. Involucre double; each of about 8 scales, the outer rather foliaceous and somewhat spreading; the inner broader and appressed, nearly membranaceous. Receptacle flat, with membranaceous chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenes flat, obcompressed (i.e., parallel with the scales of the involucre), often winged, not narrowed at the top, 2-toothed or 2-awned, or sometimes naked at the summit, the awns not barbed downwardly.—Herbs, generally with opposite leaves, and yellow or party-colored, rarely purple, rays. (Name from κόρις, a bug, and ὄψις, resemblance; from the form of the achene.)

§ 1. Style-tips truncate or nearly so; outer involucre small and short; rays rose-color or yellow with brown base; pappus an obscure border or none.

1. C. ròsea, Nutt. Perennial; stem branching, leafy, smooth (6–20´ high); leaves linear, entire; heads small, somewhat corymbed, on short peduncles; rays rose-color, 3-toothed; achenes oblong, wingless.—Sandy grassy swamps, Plymouth, Mass., to N. J., and southward; rare. Aug.

2. C. cardaminefòlia, Torr. & Gray. Annual, 6´–2° high; leaves 1–2-pinnately divided, the lobes oval to lanceolate or above linear; rays yellow with brown-purple base; achenes short, smooth or papillose, winged.—Kan. to La. and Tex.

3. C. tinctòria, Nutt. Annual, glabrous, 2–3° high; leaves 1–2-pinnately divided, the lobes lanceolate to linear; achenes oblong, wingless; rays yellow with more or less of crimson-brown.—Minn. to Tex., etc.; common in cultivation.

§ 2. Style-tips abruptly cuspidate, hispid; involucres nearly equal; achenes roundish, winged, incurved, often papillose and with a callus inside at base and apex; pappus 2 small teeth or none; ray mostly yellow and palmately lobed; perennials, with long-pedunculate heads; lower leaves petiolate.

4. C. lanceolàta, L. Smooth or hairy (1–2° high), tufted, branched only at the base; leaves all entire (the lower rarely with a pair of small lateral lobes), lanceolate, the lowest oblanceolate or spatulate; outer scales ovate-lanceolate.—Rich or damp soil, Mich. and Ill. to Va., and southward. July. Also cultivated in gardens. Heads showy; rays 1´ long.—Var. angustifòlia, Torr. & Gray, is a low form with crowded narrow leaves and elongated peduncles.—Var. villòsa, Michx., is hirsute below, the leaves rather broad.

5. C. grandiflòra, Nutt. Mostly glabrous; lower leaves lanceolate and spatulate, entire, the upper 3–5-parted with lanceolate to linear and sometimes 2–3-parted lobes; heads as in the last or larger.—S. Mo. to Tex. and Ga.

6. C. pubéscens, Ell. More leafy, 1–4° high, pubescent or nearly glabrous; leaves thickish, oblong or the lower oval-obovate and the upper oblong-lanceolate, entire or with 2–4 small lateral lobes; heads usually smaller.—Va. to S. Ill., Mo., and southward.

7. C. auriculàta, Linn. Pubescent or glabrous; stems 1–4° high, branching, sometimes with runners; leaves mostly petioled, the upper oblong or oval-lanceolate, entire; the lower oval or roundish, some of them variously 3–5-lobed or divided; outer scales oblong-linear or lanceolate; achenes narrowly winged and strongly involute.—Rich woods and banks, Va. to Ill., and southward. June–Sept.

§ 3. Style-tips cuspidate; achenes oblong, nearly straight, without callus, the wing narrow or none; rays yellow, mostly entire or slightly toothed.

[*] Outer scales narrow, about the length of the inner, all more or less united at base; rays mostly entire, acute; pappus 2-toothed or none; leaves opposite, sessile, mostly 3-divided, appearing as if whorled; perennial, 1–3° high.

[+] Leaves 3-cleft, but not to the base.

8. C. palmàta, Nutt. Nearly smooth, simple; leaves broadly wedge-shaped, rigid; the lobes broadly linear, entire, or the middle one 3-lobed.—Prairies, Mich. to Minn., and southwestward. July.

[+][+] Leaves divided to the base, uppermost and lowest sometimes simple.

9. C. senifòlia, Michx. Plant minutely soft-pubescent; leaves each divided into 3 sessile ovate-lanceolate entire leaflets, therefore appearing like 6 in a whorl.—Sandy woods, Va. and southward. July.

Var. stellàta, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, and the leaves narrower.—Va., Ky., and southward.

10. C. delphinifòlia, Lam. Glabrous or nearly so; leaves divided into 3 sessile leaflets which are 2–5-parted, their divisions lance-linear (1–3´´ broad), rather rigid; disk brownish.—Pine woods, Va. and southward. July.

11. C. verticillàta, L. Glabrous; leaves divided into 3 sessile leaflets which are 1–2-pinnately parted into narrowly linear or filiform divisions.—Damp soil, from Ont. and Mich. to Md., Ark., and southward. Cultivated in old gardens, but not showy. July–Sept.

[*][*] Outer scales narrow, shorter, all united at base; rays entire, obtuse; pappus none; leaves petiolate, pinnately 3–5-divided; perennial.

12. C. trípteris, L. (Tall Coreopsis.) Smooth; stem simple (4–9° high), corymbed at the top; leaflets lanceolate, acute, entire.—Penn. to Wisc., Iowa, and southward. Aug.–Sept.—Heads exhaling the odor of anise when bruised; disk turning brownish.

[*][*][*] Scales mostly distinct, the outer leafy, reflexed or spreading; achenes flat, obovate or cuneate-oblong, 1-nerved on each face, 2-toothed or 2-awned (rarely 4-awned); leaves petiolate, usually pinnately 3–7-divided, the lobes serrate; annuals (or biennial), branching. Approaching Bidens.

[+] Rays conspicuous, golden yellow.

[++] Achenes cuneate, obscurely ciliate or naked; outer scales about 8.

13. C. aùrea, Ait. Nearly glabrous, 1–3° high; leaves variable, commonly 3–7-divided, or some or all undivided, the segments incisely serrate or lobed; achenes broadly cuneate, 1–2´´ long, with 2 very short blunt spreading teeth.—Wet ground, Va. to Fl.

14. C. trichospérma, Michx. (Tickseed Sunflower.) Smooth, branched; leaves short-petioled, nearly all 3–7-divided; leaflets lanceolate or linear, cut-toothed, or the upper leaves only 3–5-cleft and almost sessile; heads panicled-corymbose; achenes narrowly wedge-oblong or the inner ones wedge-linear, about 4´´ long, smooth or sparsely hairy, marginless, crowned with 2 erect triangular or awl-shaped stout teeth.—Swamps, Mass. to Va. near the coast. Also Buffalo, N. Y., to Ill., where is a var. tenuíloba, Gray, with shorter achenes, approaching the last. Aug.–Oct.

[++][++] Achenes obovate, very flat, with thin ciliate margins.

15. C. aristòsa, Michx. Somewhat pubescent; leaves 1–2-pinnately 5–7-divided, petioled; leaflets lanceolate, cut-toothed or pinnatifid; heads panicled-corymbose; outer scales 8–10, not exceeding the inner, barely ciliate; achenes with 2 (rarely 4) long and slender diverging awns as long as the achene itself.—Swamps, Ohio to Mich., Minn., and southwestward. Aug.–Oct.—Var. mùtica has two short divergent teeth or points in place of the awns.—W. Ill. and southwestward. Forms occur with the barbs of the awns spreading or retrorse, hybrids with Bidens frondosa or other species.

16. C. involucràta, Nutt. Heads rather larger, the outer scales 12–20, mostly exceeding the inner, slender and hispid; achenes with 2 short acute teeth.—W. Ill. to Kan. and Tex.

[+][+] Rays none, or rarely rudimentary; outer scales usually 3–5, loose, leafy, commonly surpassing the short-pedunculate heads; achenes narrowly cuneate; plants glabrous, 1–3° high; leaves petiolate.

17. C. bidentoìdes, Nutt. Paniculately branched; leaves undivided, lanceolate, coarsely toothed, tapering at both ends; heads 6–10´´ long; achenes nearly subulate, bearing a pair of very slender upwardly roughened awns surpassing the corolla (4´´ long), but shorter than the achene, often also 2 minute teeth alternate with the awns.—Shores of Delaware River, near Philad., and Delaware Bay, to Md. Hybridizes with Bidens frondosa.

18. C. discoídea, Torr. & Gray. Diffusely branched, 1–2° high; leaves ternately divided, slender-petioled; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, coarsely serrate; heads 2–3´´ long; achenes linear-wedge-shaped (2–3´´ long), bearing a pair of short and stout upwardly-barbed awns of the length of the corolla.—Wet banks and swamps, Conn. to Ohio, Ill., and southward. July.

56. BÌDENS, L. Bur-Marigold.

Heads many-flowered; the rays when present 3–8, neutral. Involucre double, the outer commonly large and foliaceous. Receptacle flattish; the chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenes flattened parallel with the scales of the involucre, or slender and 4-sided, crowned with 2 or more rigid and persistent awns which are downwardly barbed.—Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite various leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (Latin, bidens, two-toothed.)

[*] Achenes flat, not tapering at the summit; outer involucre foliaceous; annuals.

[+] Heads erect, nearly rayless; leaves mostly petiolate.

1. B. frondòsa, L. (Common Beggar-ticks. Stick-tight.) Smooth or rather hairy, tall (2–6° high), branching, leaves 3–5-divided; leaflets mostly stalked, lanceolate, pointed, coarsely toothed; outer involucre much longer than the head, ciliate below; achenes wedge-obovate, 2-awned, ciliate (the bristles ascending except near the summit).—Moist waste places; a coarse troublesome weed, the achenes, as in the other species, adhering to clothing, etc., by their retrorsely barbed awns. Hybrids occur with Coreopsis aristosa and other species. July–Oct.

2. B. connàta, Muhl. (Swamp Beggar-ticks.) Smooth (1–2° high); leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate, tapering into margined slightly united petioles; the lower often 3-divided, their lateral divisions united at the base and decurrent on the petiole; outer scales longer than the head, few, mostly obtuse; rays none; achenes narrowly wedge-form, 3- (2–4-) awned, the margins minutely retrorsely ciliate.—E. New Eng. to Minn., and southward.—Var. comòsa, Gray, is stouter, the leaves commonly all simple, upper ones nearly sessile, the heads larger and with very leafy involucre. Ill., Ky., and westward. Aug.–Oct.—Var. pinnàta, Watson; leaves nearly all pinnately divided, the 5–7 narrow divisions sparingly incised; achenes 4-awned. Hennepin Co., Minn. (F. L. Conillard).

[+][+] Heads somewhat nodding, commonly radiate; leaves sessile, undivided.

3. B. cérnua, L. (Smaller Bur-Marigold.) Nearly smooth (5´–3° high), leaves lanceolate, unequally serrate, scarcely connate; heads nodding, with or without (light yellow) rays; outer involucre longer than the head; achenes wedge-obovate, 4-awned, the margins downwardly barbed.—Wet places, N. Eng. to Va., Mo., Minn., and northward. July–Sept.—Rays, if any, smaller than in n. 4, and the outer involucre more leaf-like. (Eu.)

4. B. chrysanthemoìdes, Michx. (Larger Bur-Marigold.) Smooth, erect, or reclining at the base (6´–2° high); leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, more or less connate, regularly serrate; outer involucre mostly shorter than the showy golden-yellow (1´ long) rays; achenes wedge-shaped, with almost prickly downwardly barbed margins; awns 2, 3, or 4.—Swamps; common. Aug.–Oct.

[*][*] Achenes linear, 4-sided, the inner longer and tapering upward.

5. B. bipinnàta, L. (Spanish Needles.) Smooth annual, branched; leaves 1–3-pinnately parted, petioled; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, mostly wedge-shaped at the base; heads small, on slender peduncles; outer involucre of linear scales equalling the short pale yellow rays, achenes 4-grooved and angled, nearly smooth, 3–4-awned.—Damp soil, R. I. to N. Y., Ill., and southward.

[*][*][*] Achenes terete, truncate at both ends, with 3–6 very long awns smooth below.

6. B. Béckii, Torr. (Water Marigold.) Aquatic, perhaps perennial, smooth; stems long and slender; immersed leaves crowded, capillary, many times dissected, the few emerging ones lanceolate, slightly connate, toothed; heads single, short-peduncled; involucre much shorter than the showy (golden yellow) rays; achenes thickish, smooth (½´ long), the stout divergent awns (1´ long) barbed only toward the apex.—Ponds and slow deep streams, Mass. to N. J., Mo., and northward. Aug.–Oct.

57. THELESPÉRMA, Less.

Heads many-flowered; rays about 8, neutral, or none. Involucre as in Coreopsis, the inner connate to the middle, scarious-margined. Receptacle flat, the scarious chaff falling with the nearly terete wingless and beakless achenes; pappus of 2 stout subulate retrorsely hispid awns.—Smooth herbs, with opposite dissected leaves and pedunculate heads of yellow flowers. (From θηλή, a nipple, and σπέρμα, seed, on account of the papillose achenes.)

1. T. grácile, Gray. Perennial, rather rigid, 1–2° high; leaves with narrow or filiform divisions or the upper entire; outer scales very short; rays short or usually none; achenes papillose.—Kan., south and westward.

58. BALDWÍNIA, Nutt.

Heads globular, many-flowered, radiate, the long and narrowly wedge-shaped rays neutral. Involucre short, of many thickish small scales imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, the outer obovate and obtuse. Receptacle strongly convex, with deep honeycomb-like cells containing the obconical or oblong silky-villous achenes; pappus of 7–9 lance-oblong erect chaffy scales.—A perennial herb, smoothish, with slender simple stems (2–3° high), bearing alternate oblanceolate leaves, and a large showy long-pedunculate head. Rays yellow (1´ long); the disk often turning dark purple. (Named for the late Dr. William Baldwin.)

1. B. uniflòra, Nutt.—Borders of swamps, Va. (?) and southward. Aug.

59. MARSHÁLLIA, Schreb.

Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular and perfect, the corolla-lobes slender and spreading. Involucral scales linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, erect, in one or two rows, nearly equal. Receptacle convex or conical, with narrowly linear rigid chaff. Achenes top-shaped, 5-angled; pappus of 5 or 6 membranaceous and pointed chaffy scales.—Smooth and low perennials, with alternate entire 3-nerved leaves, and long-pedunculate heads (like those of a Scabious) terminating the simple stem or branches. Flowers purplish; anthers blue. (Named for Humphrey Marshall, of Pennsylvania, author of Arbustum Americanum, one of the earliest works on the trees and shrubs of this country.)

1. M. latifòlia, Pursh. Stems leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed, sessile.—Dry soil, Va. and southward.

2. M. cæspitòsa, Nutt. Stem commonly leafy only at base; leaves narrowly oblanceolate to linear or the radical spatulate, obtuse.—Kan. to Tex.

60. GALINSÒGA, Ruiz & Pavon.

Heads several-flowered, radiate; rays 4–5, small, roundish, pistillate. Involucre of 4 or 5 ovate thin scales. Receptacle conical, with narrow chaff. Achenes angled; pappus of small oblong cut-fringed chaffy scales (sometimes wanting).—Annual herbs, with opposite triple-nerved thin leaves, and small heads; disk yellow; rays whitish. (Named for Galinsoga, a Spanish botanist.)

G. parviflòra, Cav. Smoothish (1° high); leaves ovate, acute, somewhat toothed; scales of the pappus 8–16.—Waste places, especially eastward; spreading from year to year. (Adv. from S. Amer.)

61. HYMENOPÁPPUS, L'Her.

Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular and perfect, with large revolute corolla-lobes. Involucral scales 6–12, loose and broad, thin, the upper part petal-like (usually white). Receptacle small, naked. Achenes top-shaped, with a slender base, striate; pappus of 15–20 blunt scales in a single row, very thin (whence the name of the genus, from ὑμήν, membrane, and πάππος, pappus.)—Biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate mostly dissected leaves, and corymbed small heads of usually whitish flowers.

[*] Pappus of very small roundish nerveless scales.

1. H. scabiosæ̀us, L'Her. Somewhat flocculent-woolly when young, leafy to the top (1–3° high); leaves 1–2-pinnately parted into linear or oblong lobes; involucral scales roundish, mainly whitish.—Sandy barrens, Ill. and southward. May, June.

2. H. corymbòsus, Torr. & Gray. More slender, glabrate, naked above; scales obovate-oblong, petaloid at apex.—Neb. to Ark. and Tex.

[*][*] Pappus of conspicuous spatulate 1-nerved scales; involucre greener.

3. H. tenuifòlius, Pursh. Slightly tomentose or glabrate, leafy, 1–2° high; divisions of the leaves narrowly linear or filiform, revolute; involucral scales obovate-oblong; achenes long-villous.—Neb. to Ark. and Tex.

62. ACTINÉLLA, Pers., Nutt.

Heads many-flowered; rays several, wedge-oblong, 3-toothed, pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical involucre ovate or lanceolate, membranaceous or coriaceous, nearly equal, appressed in 2 or 3 ranks, little shorter than the disk. Receptacle hemispherical or conical, naked. Achenes top-shaped, densely silky-villous; pappus of 5 or more ovate or lanceolate very thin chaffy scales.—Low herbs, with narrow alternate leaves, dotted or sprinkled with resinous atoms as in the next genus and bitter-aromatic; the solitary heads terminating scapes or slender naked peduncles; flowers yellow. (Name a diminutive of Actinea, from ἀκτίς, ray.)

[*] Involucre of numerous distinct not rigid scales; leaves entire.

1. A. linearifòlia, Torr. & Gray. Annual or biennial, villous or glabrate, 1° high or less, simple or branched; leaves linear; peduncles filiform.—S. Kan. to La., and Tex.

2. A. acaùlis, Nutt. Perennial, densely cespitose, the branches of the caudex short and thick, with scape-like peduncles, canescently villous or silky; leaves spatulate to linear, short.—Hills and plains bordering the Rocky Mts. and scarcely reaching our limits; the var. glàbra, Gray (A. scaposa, var. glabra, Man.), a greener glabrate form, has been found on an Indian mound near Joliet, Ill. The less densely cespitose A. scapòsa, Nutt., more loosely villous and the caudex with more slender branches, is probably in S. Kan.

[*][*] Scales rigid, in 2 rows, the outer connate at base; leaves ternately parted.

3. A. odoràta, Gray. Annual, 1–2° high, branching, leafy, somewhat floccose-woolly; heads small, scattered; leaves 1–3-pinnately divided, the lobes filiform.—Central Kan. to Tex., and westward.

63. HELÈNIUM, L. Sneeze-weed.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays several, wedge-shaped, 3–5-cleft, fertile or rarely sterile. Involucre small, reflexed, the scales linear or awl-shaped. Receptacle globose or oblong, naked. Achenes top-shaped, ribbed; pappus of 5–8 thin and 1-nerved chaffy scales, the nerve usually extended into a bristle or point.—Erect, branching herbs (ours perennial), with alternate leaves decurrent on the angled stem and branches, which are terminated by single or corymbed (yellow, rarely purple) heads; often sprinkled with bitter aromatic resinous globules. (The Greek name of some plant, said to be named after Helenus, son of Priam.)

1. H. nudiflòrum, Nutt. Somewhat puberulent, 1–3° high; leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblong to linear, entire, or the radical spatulate and dentate; heads mostly small; disk brownish, globose; ray yellow or partly brown-purple, sterile (neutral or style abortive), shorter than or exceeding the disk. (Leptopoda brachypoda, Torr. & Gray.)—Ill. and Mo. to N. Car. and Tex.; nat. near Philadelphia. Hybridizes with the next. June–Aug.

2. H. autumnàle, L. Nearly smooth, 1–6° high; leaves mostly toothed, lanceolate to ovate-oblong; heads larger (about 6´´ broad); disk yellow; ray fertile, yellow.—Alluvial river-banks and wet ground, Conn. to Minn., south and westward. Sept.

64. GAILLÁRDIA, Foug.

Heads many-flowered; rays 3-cleft or -toothed, neutral or sometimes fertile, or none. Involucral scales in 2–3 rows, the outer larger, loose and foliaceous. Receptacle convex to globose, beset with bristle-like or subulate or short and soft chaff. Achenes top-shaped, 5-costate, villous; pappus of 5–10 long thin scales, awn-tipped by the excurrent nerve.—Erect herbs with alternate leaves and large showy heads of yellow or purplish fragrant flowers on terminal or scapiform peduncles. (Named after Gaillard de Merentonneau.)

1. G. símplex, Scheele. Annual; leaves all radical, usually spatulate, pinnatifid to entire; head globose on a naked scape, usually rayless.—S. Kan. to Tex.

2. G. lanceolàta, Michx. Annual, leafy-stemmed, branched, 1–2° high, finely pubescent; leaves oblanceolate to linear, mostly entire; rays rather few or none; chaff very short or obsolete.—S. Kan. to Tex. and Fla.

3. G. aristàta, Pursh. Perennial, hirsute, often 2° high; leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, broad or narrow, entire to coarsely pinnatifid; rays usually numerous and long; chaff bristly or subulate.—Dak., west and southward.

65. DYSÒDIA, Cav. Fetid Marigold.

Heads many-flowered, usually radiate; rays pistillate. Involucre of one row of scales united into a firm cup, at the base some loose bractlets. Receptacle flat, not chaffy, but beset with short chaffy bristles. Achenes slender, 4-angled; pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into numerous rough bristles.—Herbs, mostly annuals or biennials, dotted with large pellucid glands, which give a strong odor (as in Tagètes, the French Marigold of the gardens, which belongs to the same group); heads terminating the branches; flowers yellow. (Name δυσωδία, an ill smell, which the plants exemplify.)

1. D. chrysanthemoìdes, Lag. Nearly smooth, diffusely branched (6–18´ high); leaves opposite, pinnately parted, the narrow lobes bristly-toothed or cut; rays few, scarcely exceeding the involucre.—Roadsides, and banks of rivers, Minn. to Ill., Tenn., and southwestward. Aug.–Oct.

66. ÁNTHEMIS, L. Chamomile.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays pistillate or (in n. 1) neutral. Involucre hemispherical, of many small imbricated dry and scarious scales shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical, with slender chaff at least near the summit. Achenes terete or ribbed, glabrous, truncate; pappus none or a minute crown.—Branching strong-scented herbs, with finely pinnately dissected leaves and solitary terminal heads; rays white; disk yellow. (Ἀνθεμίς, the ancient Greek name of the Chamomile.)

A. Cótula, DC. (May-weed.) Annual, acrid; rays mostly neutral; receptacle without chaff near the margin; pappus none; leaves finely 3-pinnately dissected. (Maruta Cotula, DC.)—Common by roadsides. (Nat. from Eu.)

A. arvénsis, L. (Corn Chamomile.) Pubescent annual or biennial, resembling May-weed, but not ill-scented; leaves less finely 1–2-pinnately parted; chaff of the receptacle lanceolate, pointed; pappus a minute border.—Waste places; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

A. nóbilis, L. (Garden Chamomile.) More downy and perennial, pleasantly strong-scented; sterile shoots depressed or creeping; leaves very finely dissected; chaff of the receptacle blunt; pappus none.—Established near Lewiston, Delaware, Nuttall. (Adv. from Eu.)

67. ACHILLÈA, L. Yarrow.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays few, fertile. Involucral scales imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle chaffy, flattish. Achenes oblong, flattened, margined; pappus none.—Perennial herbs, with small corymbose heads. (So named because its virtues are said to have been discovered by Achilles.)

1. A. Millefòlium, L. (Common Yarrow or Milfoil.) Stems simple; leaves twice-pinnately parted; the divisions linear, 3–5-cleft, crowded; corymb compound, flat-topped; involucre oblong; rays 4–5, short, white (sometimes rose-color).—Fields and hills; common. Green and more glabrate in fields in the Atlantic States, and perhaps in such cases introduced. Aug. (Eu.)

A. Ptármica, L. (Sneezewort.) Leaves simple, lance-linear, sharply serrate with appressed teeth; corymb loose; rays 8–12, much longer than the broader campanulate involucre; flowers white.—Mass., Mich., etc.; rare. Apparently indigenous on the Lower St. Lawrence. (Adv. from Eu.)

68. MATRICÀRIA, Tourn. Wild Chamomile.

Heads many-flowered; rays pistillate, or wanting. Scales of the involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle conical, at least in fruit, naked. Achenes 3–5-ribbed, wingless; pappus a membranaceous crown or border, or none.—Smooth and branching herbs (ours annuals or biennials) with finely divided leaves and single or corymbed heads. Rays white or none; disk yellow. (Named for reputed medicinal virtues.)

M. inodòra, L. Leaves twice-pinnately divided into fine almost filiform lobes; heads large, naked-peduncled, and with many long rays; achenes strongly 3-ribbed; pappus a short crown or border.—(Wild far northward.) Roadsides, Eastport, Maine, Prof. Verrill. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

M. discoídea, DC. Low (6–9´ high); leaves 2–3-pinnately parted into short linear lobes; heads rayless, short-peduncled; scales oval, with broad margins, much shorter than the conical disk; achenes more terete; pappus obsolete.—Banks of the Mississippi opposite St. Louis. An immigrant from Oregon, extending eastward and becoming naturalized near railroad stations; also established in N. Europe. July–Sept.

69. CHRYSÁNTHEMUM, Tourn. Ox-eye Daisy.

Heads many-flowered; rays numerous, fertile. Scales of the broad and flat involucre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Disk-corollas with a flattened tube. Achenes of disk and ray similar, striate, without pappus.—Perennial herbs, with toothed, pinnatifid, or divided leaves, and single or corymbed heads. Rays white; disk yellow. (Old Greek name, χρυσάνθεμον, i.e. golden flower.)

C. Leucánthemum, L. (Ox-eye or White Daisy. White-weed.) Stem erect, nearly simple, naked above and bearing a single large head; root-leaves spatulate, petioled, the others partly clasping, all cut or pinnatifid-toothed; scales of the involucre with rusty-brown margins. (Leucanthemum vulgare, Lam.)—Fields and meadows; abundant eastward. June, July. A pernicious weed, with large and showy heads. It occurs with abortive, deformed, or tubular and laciniate rays. (Nat. from Eu.)

C. Parthènium, Pers. (Feverfew.) Tall, branched, leafy; leaves twice-pinnately divided, the divisions ovate, cut; heads corymbed, rather small. (Leucanthemum Parthenium, Godron.)—Escaped from gardens in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)

70. TANACÈTUM, L. Tansy.

Heads many-flowered, nearly discoid; flowers all fertile, the marginal chiefly pistillate and 3–5-toothed. Involucre imbricated, dry. Receptacle convex, naked. Achenes angled or ribbed, with a large flat top; pappus a short crown.—Bitter and acrid strong scented herbs (ours perennial), with 1–3-pinnately dissected leaves, and corymbed heads. Flowers yellow; in summer. (Name of uncertain derivation.)

T. vulgàre, L. (Common Tansy.) Stem (2–4° high) smooth; leaflets and the wings of the petiole cut-toothed; corymb dense; pistillate flowers terete, with oblique 3-toothed limb; pappus 5-lobed.—Var. críspum has the leaves more cut and crisped.—Escaped from gardens to roadsides; Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. T. Huronénse, Nutt. Hairy or woolly when young, stout (1–3° high); lobes of the leaves oblong; heads large (½–{2/3}´ wide) and usually few; pistillate flowers flattened, 3–5-cleft; pappus toothed.—St. John's River, Maine (G. L. Goodale), shores of the upper Great Lakes, and westward.

71. ARTEMÍSIA, L. Wormwood.

Heads discoid, few–many-flowered; flowers all tubular, the marginal ones pistillate, or sometimes all similar and perfect. Involucre imbricated, dry and scarious. Receptacle small and flattish, naked. Achenes obovoid, with a small summit and no pappus.—Herbs or shrubby plants, bitter and aromatic, with small commonly nodding heads in panicled spikes or racemes; flowering in summer. Corolla yellow or purplish. (Ancient name of the Mugwort, in memory of Artemisia, wife of Mausolus.)

§ 1. Receptacle smooth; marginal flowers pistillate and fertile; disk-flowers perfect but sterile, the style mostly entire; root perennial, except in n. 1.

[*] Leaves dissected.

1. A. caudàta, Michx. Smooth (2–5° high); upper leaves pinnately, the lower 2–3-pinnately divided; the divisions thread-form, diverging; heads small, the racemes in a wand-like elongated panicle; root biennial.—Sandy soil, coast of N. H. to Va.; also Mich. to Minn., and southward.

2. A. Canadénsis, Michx. Smooth, or hoary with silky down (1–2° high); lower leaves twice-pinnately divided, the upper 3–7-divided, the divisions linear, rather rigid; heads rather large, in panicled racemes.—Northern N. Eng. to the Great Lakes, Minn., and northward. (Eu.)

[*][*] Leaves entire or some 3-cleft.

3. A. dracunculoìdes, Pursh. Tall (2–5°), somewhat woody at base, slightly hoary or glabrous; leaves linear and entire or the lower 3-cleft; heads small and numerous, panicled.—Sandy banks of streams, Minn. to Ill., Mo., and westward.

4. A. glaùca, Pall. Strict, 1–2° high, somewhat woody at base, minutely silky-pubescent or glabrate; leaves linear- to oblong-lanceolate; heads as in the last.—Sask. to Minn. (Sib.)

5. A. filifòlia, Torr. Suffruticose, finely canescent, 1–3° high; leaves all filiform, the lower commonly 3-parted; heads very small and numerous, crowded in a long leafy panicle.—Central Kan. to Neb., and southwestward.

§ 2. Receptacle smooth; flowers all fertile, a few pistillate, the others perfect.

Two cultivated shrubby species, from Europe, with filiformly divided leaves, have occasionally escaped from gardens and become spontaneous, viz., A. Abrótinum, L. (the Southernwood), of strict habit, with leaves 1–2-pinnatifid and pubescent heads, and A. pròcera, L., with more spreading branches, all the leaves finely 2-pinnatifid, and heads glabrous.

[*] Tall (1–5°) and branching perennials, whitened with fine and close-pressed wool; heads small, in leafy panicles.

6. A. serràta, Nutt. Very leafy, 6–9° high; leaves lanceolate or the upper linear, serrate, white-tomentose beneath, green above; heads greenish, oblong, 2´´ long or less.—Ill. to Dak.

7. A. longifòlia, Nutt. Stem 2–5° high; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, entire, usually glabrate above; heads oblong, canescent, 2–3´´ long—Minn. to Neb., and westward.

8. A. Ludoviciàna, Nutt. (Western Mugwort.) Whitened woolly throughout; leaves lanceolate, the upper mostly entire, the lower usually cut-lobed, toothed or pinnatifid, the upper surface sometimes glabrate and green; heads campanulate, mostly sessile in narrow panicles.—Dry banks, Sask. to Mich., Ill., Tex., and westward. Very variable.

A. vulgàris, L. (Common Mugwort.) Leaves mostly glabrous and green above, beneath and the branches white-woolly, all pinnatifid, with the divisions often cut-lobed, linear-lanceolate; heads small in open panicles.—Waste places, near dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.)

[*][*] Densely white-tomentose perennial; heads large, racemose-glomerate.

9. A. Stelleriàna, Bess. Stout, 1–2° high, from a creeping base; leaves obovate or spatulate, pinnatifid, the lobes obtuse.—Sandy sea-beaches, E. Mass.; locally nat. from N. E. Asia?

[*][*][*] Less branched (1–3°), biennial or annual, glabrous.

10. A. biénnis, Willd. Strict, 1–3° high; lower leaves twice-pinnately parted, the upper pinnatifid; lobes linear, acute, in the lower leaves cut-toothed; heads in short axillary spikes or clusters, crowded in a narrow and glomerate leafy panicle.—Gravelly banks, Ohio to Tenn., Mo., and northwestward; rapidly extending eastward by railroad to Buffalo, Philadelphia, etc.

A. ánnua, L. Tall, much branched; leaves 2-pinnately divided, the oblong segments deeply pinnatifid; heads small, in a loose ample panicle.—Ind. to Kan. (Nat. from Old World.)

§ 3. Receptacle hairy; flowers all fertile, the marginal ones pistillate.

A. Absínthium, L. (Wormwood.) Rather shrubby (2–3° high), silky-hoary; leaves 2–3-pinnately parted, lobes lanceolate; heads hemispherical, panicled.—Roadsides, escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

11. A. frígida, Willd. Low (6–20´ high), in tufts, slightly woody at the base, white-silky; leaves pinnately parted and 3–5-cleft, the divisions narrow-linear; heads globose, racemose.—Dry hills and rocks, Sask. to Minn., W. Tex., and westward.

72. TUSSILÀGO, Tourn. Coltsfoot.

Head many-flowered; ray-flowers in several rows, narrowly ligulate, pistillate, fertile; disk-flowers with undivided style, sterile. Involucre nearly simple. Receptacle flat. Achenes cylindrical-oblong; pappus copious, soft and capillary.—A low perennial, with horizontal creeping rootstocks, sending up simple scaly scapes in early spring, bearing a single head, and producing rounded-heart-shaped angled or toothed leaves later in the season, woolly when young. Flowers yellow. (Name from tussis, a cough, for which the plant is a reputed remedy.)

T. Fárfara, L.—Wet places, and along brooks, N. Eng., N. Y., and Penn.; thoroughly wild. (Nat. from Eu.)

73. PETASÌTES, Tourn. Sweet Coltsfoot.

Heads many-flowered, somewhat diœcious; in the substerile plant with a single row of ligulate pistillate ray-flowers, and many tubular sterile ones in the disk; in the fertile plant wholly or chiefly of pistillate flowers, tubular or distinctly ligulate. Otherwise as Tussilago.—Perennial woolly herbs, with the leaves all from the rootstock, white-woolly beneath, the scape with sheathing scaly bracts, bearing heads of purplish or whitish fragrant flowers, in a corymb. (The Greek name for the coltsfoot, from πέτασος, a broad-brimmed hat, on account of its large leaves.)

[*] Pistillate flowers ligulate; flowers whitish.

1. P. palmàta, Gray. Leaves rounded, somewhat kidney-form, palmately and deeply 5–7-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut. (Nardosmia palmata, Hook.)—Swamps, Maine and Mass. to Mich., Minn., and northwestward; rare. April, May.—Full-grown leaves 6–10´ broad.

2. P. sagittàta, Gray. Leaves deltoid-oblong to reniform-hastate, acute or obtuse, repand-dentate.—N. Minn. and westward.

[*][*] Ligules none; flowers purplish.

P. vulgàris, Desf. Rootstock very stout; leaves round-cordate, angulate-dentate and denticulate.—About Philadelphia. (Nat. from Eu.)

74. ÁRNICA, L.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays pistillate. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre lanceolate, equal, somewhat in 2 rows. Receptacle flat, fimbrillate. Achenes slender or spindle-shaped; pappus a single row of rather rigid and strongly roughened-denticulate bristles.—Perennial herbs, chiefly of mountains and cold northern regions, with simple stems, bearing single or corymbed large heads and opposite leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name thought to be a corruption of Ptarmica.)

1. A. Chamissònis, Less. Soft-hairy; stem leafy (1–2° high), bearing 1 to 5 heads; leaves thin, veiny, smoothish when old, toothed; the upper ovate-lanceolate, closely sessile, the lower narrower, tapering to a margined petiole; scales pointed; pappus almost plumose. (A. mollis, Hook.)—N. Maine, mountains of N. H. and northern N. Y., shores of L. Superior, and westward. July.

2. A. nudicaùlis, Nutt. Hairy and rather glandular (1–3° high); leaves thickish, 3–5-nerved, ovate or oblong, all sessile, mostly entire and near the root, the cauline small and only one or two pairs; heads several, corymbed, showy.—Damp pine barrens, S. Penn. and southward. April, May.

75. SENÈCIO, Tourn. Groundsel.

Heads many-flowered; rays pistillate, or none; involucre cylindrical to bell-shaped, simple or with a few bractlets at the base, the scales erect-connivent. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus of numerous very soft and slender capillary bristles.—Herbs, in the United States, with alternate leaves and solitary or corymbed heads. Flowers chiefly yellow. (Name from senex, an old man, alluding to the hoariness of many species, or to the white hairs of the pappus.)

[*] Root annual or in n. 3 biennial; heads several or many in a corymb; herbage glabrous or soon becoming so.

[+] Rays none or minute.

S. vulgàris, L. (Common Groundsel.) Low, corymbosely branched, glabrate; leaves pinnatifid and toothed; clasping tips of involucral scales blackish; rays none.—Waste grounds. July–Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)

S. viscòsus, L. Coarser, viscid-pubescent and strong-scented; leaves 2-pinnatifid; scales not black-tipped; rays minute.—Waste grounds, coast of N. Eng. (Nat. from Eu.)

[+][+] Heads conspicuously radiate.

1. S. lobàtus, Pers. (Butter-weed.) Rather tall; leaves somewhat fleshy, lyrate or pinnate, the divisions or leaflets crenate or cut-lobed, variable; heads small in a naked corymb; rays 6–12, conspicuous.—Wet grounds, N. Car. to S. Ill., Mo., and southward. April–July.

2. S. palústris, Hook. Annual or biennial, loosely woolly or glabrate; stem stout, 6´–2° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, irregularly toothed or laciniate, the upper with a heart-shaped clasping base; rays 20 or more, short, pale yellow; pappus copious and becoming very long.—Wet ground, Iowa to N. Wisc., Minn., and northward. June. (Eu.)

[*][*] Root perennial; heads small or middle-sized, in a naked corymb.

3. S. aùreus, L. (Golden Ragwort. Squaw-weed.) Smooth, or floccose-woolly when young (1–3° high); leaves thin, the radical simple and rounded, the larger ones mostly heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, long-petioled; lower stem-leaves lyrate; upper ones lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid, sessile or partly clasping; corymb umbel-like; rays 8–12.—Common everywhere. May, June. Varies greatly.

Var. obovàtus, Torr. & Gray. Root-leaves thicker, round-obovate with a cuneate or truncate base, or the earliest almost sessile in rosulate tufts. (S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray.)—Open grounds, Can. to Ind. and Ga.

Var. Balsámitæ, Torr. & Gray. Less glabrate; root-leaves oblong, spatulate, or lanceolate, narrowed to the petiole, serrate, the upper lyrate-pinnatifid; heads rather small and numerous.—Common.

4. S. tomentòsus, Michx. (Woolly Ragwort.) Clothed with scarcely deciduous hoary wool (1–2° high); root-leaves oblong, obtuse, crenate or entire, often large, on elongated stout petioles; the upper sessile, similar or lyrate-pinnatifid; corymb flat-topped; rays 12–15.—Del. and mountains of Penn. (Pursh.), to Fla. and Ark. May.

5. S. cànus, Hook. Usually low, persistently tomentose, rarely at all glabrate; leaves much smaller, spatulate to oblong, all entire or some cut-toothed or pinnatifid; achenes glabrous.—N. Minn., Dak., and westward.

6. S. integérrimus, Nutt. Woolly pubescent when young, soon glabrate and green; leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong, entire or denticulate, the upper bract-like, attenuate from a broad base; heads rather large (6´´ high), with green-tipped scales.—Sask. to Minn., and westward.

7. S. lùgens, Richards. Like the last; leaves usually repand- or callous-denticulate; heads usually smaller, with mostly black-tipped scales.—Subarc. Amer. to New Mex., in the mountains; reported from Minn. and N. Iowa.

[*][*][*] Root perennial; heads large and often solitary.

8. S. Pseùdo-Árnica, Less. Loosely white-woolly, sometimes becoming glabrous; stem stout, 6–12´ high, leafy to the top; leaves oblong, repand, tapering into a narrow petiole-like base; heads 1–4, over an inch in diameter; rays 20 or more, large.—Grand Manan Island, off Maine (Prof. Verrill), to Lab., and northward.

76. CACÀLIA, L. Indian Plantain.

Heads 5–many-flowered; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Involucral scales in a single row, erect-connivent, with a few bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Achenes oblong, smooth; pappus of numerous soft capillary bristles.—Smooth and tall perennial herbs, with alternate often petioled leaves, and rather large heads, in flat corymbs. Flowers white or whitish. (An ancient name, of uncertain meaning.)

[*] Involucre 25–30-flowered, with several bracts at its base; receptacle flat.

1. C. suavèolens, L. Stem grooved (3–5° high); leaves triangular-lanceolate, halberd-shaped, pointed, serrate, those of the stem on winged petioles.—Rich woods, Conn. to Mich., Iowa, and southward; rare. Sept.

[*][*] Involucre 5-leaved and 5-flowered, its bracts minute or none; receptacle bearing a more or less evident scale-like pointed appendage in the centre.

2. C. renifórmis, Muhl. (Great Indian Plantain.) Not glaucous; stem (4–9° high) grooved and angled; leaves green both sides, dilated fan-shaped, or the lowest kidney-form (1–2° broad), repand-toothed and angled, palmately veined, petioled; the teeth pointed; corymbs large.—Rich damp woods, N. J. to Ill., Minn., and southward along the mountains. Aug.

3. C. atriplicifòlia, L. (Pale Indian P.) Glaucous; stem terete (3–6° high); leaves palmately veined and angulate-lobed, the lower triangular-kidney-form or slightly heart-shaped, the upper rhomboid or wedge-form, toothed.—Rich woodlands, western N. Y. to Wisc., Minn., and southward. Aug.

4. C. tuberòsa, Nutt. (Tuberous Indian P.) Stem angled and grooved (2–6° high), from a thick or tuberous root; leaves green both sides, thick, strongly 5–7-nerved; the lower lance-ovate or oval, nearly entire, tapering into long petioles; the upper on short margined petioles, sometimes toothed at the apex.—Wet prairies, etc., Ohio to Wisc., Minn., and southward. June.

77. ERECHTÌTES, Raf. Fireweed.

Heads many-flowered; the flowers all tubular and fertile; the marginal pistillate, with a slender corolla. Scales of the cylindrical involucre in a single row, linear, acute, with a few small bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked. Achenes oblong, tapering at the end; pappus copious, of very fine and white soft hairs.—Erect and coarse annuals, of rank smell, with alternate simple leaves, and paniculate-corymbed heads of whitish flowers. (The ancient name of some species of Groundsel, probably called after Erechtheus.)

1. E. hieracifòlia, Raf. (Fireweed.) Often hairy; stem grooved (1–6° high); leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, cut-toothed, sessile, the upper auricled at base.—Moist woods; common, especially northward, and in recent clearings that have been burned over; whence the popular name. July–Sept.

78. ÁRCTIUM, L. Burdock.

Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, perfect and similar. Involucre globular; the imbricated scales coriaceous and appressed at base, attenuate to long stiff points with hooked tips. Receptacle bristly. Achenes oblong, flattened, wrinkled transversely; pappus short, of numerous rough bristles, separate and deciduous.—Coarse biennial weeds, with large unarmed and petioled leaves, and small solitary or clustered heads; flowers purple, rarely white. (Name probably from ἄρκτος, a bear, from the rough involucre.)

A. Láppa, L. Stout, 1–3° high; leaves roundish or ovate and mostly cordate, or lanceolate with cuneate base, smooth above, somewhat floccose-tomentose beneath, mostly sinuate-denticulate. (Lappa officinalis, All.)—The several reputed species of the genus are scarcely distinguishable even as varieties. Var. mìnus, has rather small ovoid subracemose heads (about 8´´ broad), on short peduncles, glabrous or somewhat cottony, the inner scales somewhat purplish-tipped, equalling the flowers; leaves occasionally cut-toothed. By roadsides; very common.—Var. màjus, with broader (1´) green and glabrous subcorymbose rather long-pedunculate heads. Less frequent.—Var. tomentòsum, a form of the last with more spherical webbed heads, with purplish scales shorter than the flowers. Rare.—July–Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

79. CNÌCUS, Tourn. Common or Plumed Thistle.

Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, perfect and similar, rarely imperfectly diœcious. Scales of the ovoid or spherical involucre imbricated in many rows, tipped with a point or prickle. Receptacle thickly clothed with soft bristles or hairs. Achenes oblong, flattish, not ribbed; pappus of numerous bristles united into a ring at the base, plumose to the middle, deciduous.—Herbs, mostly biennial, with sessile alternate leaves, often pinnatifid, prickly. Heads usually large, terminal. Flowers reddish-purple, rarely white or yellowish; in summer. (Latin name of the Safflower, from the Greek κνῆκος.)

[*] Scales of the involucre all tipped with spreading prickles.

C. lanceolàtus, Hoffm. (Common Thistle.) Leaves decurrent on the stem, forming prickly lobed wings, pinnatifid, rough and bristly above, woolly with deciduous webby hairs beneath, prickly; flowers purple. (Cirsium, Scop.)—Pastures and roadsides, everywhere, at the North. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*] Heads leafy-bracteate at base (see also n. 8); proper scales not prickly.

1. C. horrídulus, Pursh. (Yellow Thistle.) Stem stout (1–3° high), webby-haired when young; leaves partly clasping, green, soon smooth, lanceolate, pinnatifid, the short toothed and cut lobes very spiny with yellowish prickles; heads (1–1½´ broad) surrounded by leaf-like and very prickly bracts, which usually equal the narrow scales; flowers pale yellow or purple. (Cirsium, Michx.)—Sandy fields, Mass. to Va., and southward, near the coast.

[*][*][*] Scales appressed, the inner not at all prickly.

[+] Leaves white-woolly beneath, and sometimes also above; outer scales successively shorter, and tipped with short prickles.

2. C. Pítcheri, Torr. White-woolly throughout, low; stem very leafy; leaves all pinnately parted into rigid narrowly linear and elongated, sometimes again pinnatifid divisions, with revolute margins; flowers cream-color. (Cirsium, Torr. & Gray.)—Sandy shores of Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior.

3. C. undulàtus, Gray. White-woolly throughout, low and stout, leafy; leaves lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, undivided, undulate-pinnatifid, or rarely pinnately parted, moderately prickly; flowers reddish-purple. (Cirsium, Spreng.)—Islands of L. Huron to Minn., Kan., and westward. The heads vary much in size.

4. C. altíssimus, Willd. Stem downy, branching (3–10° high), leafy quite to the heads; leaves roughish-hairy above, whitened with close wool beneath, oblong-ovate to narrowly lanceolate, undivided, sinuate-toothed, undulate-pinnatifid, or twice pinnatifid, the lobes or teeth weakly prickly; heads 1½–2´ high; flowers chiefly purple. (Cirsium, Spreng.)—Fields and copses, Mass. to Minn., and southward.

Var. discolor, Gray. Stem 2–6° high; leaves nearly all deeply pinnatifid into lanceolate or linear lobes. (Cirsium discolor, Spreng.)—Common; N. Eng. to Ill., and southward.

5. C. Virginiànus, Pursh. Stem woolly, slender, simple or sparingly branched (1–3° high), the branches or long peduncles naked; leaves lanceolate, green above, whitened with close wool beneath, ciliate with prickly bristles, entire or sparingly sinuate-lobed, sometimes the lower deeply sinuate-pinnatifid; heads small; outer scales scarcely prickly; flowers purple. (Cirsium, Michx.)—Woods and plains, Va., Ohio, and southward.

[+][+] Leaves green both sides, or only with loose cobwebby hairs underneath; heads large; scales scarcely prickly-pointed.

6. C. mùticus, Pursh. (Swamp Thistle.) Stem tall (3–8° high), angled, smoothish, panicled at the summit; branches sparingly leafy, bearing single or few rather large heads; leaves somewhat hairy above, whitened with loose webby hairs beneath when young, deeply pinnatifid, the divisions lanceolate, acute, cut-lobed, prickly-pointed; scales of the webby and glutinous (sometimes glabrate) involucre closely appressed, pointless or barely mucronate; flowers purple. (Cirsium, Michx.)—Swamps and low woods; common.

7. C. pùmilus, Torr. (Pasture Thistle.) Stem low and stout (1–2° high), hairy, bearing 1–3 very large heads (1½´ broad), which are often leafy-bracted at the base; leaves green, lanceolate-oblong, partly clasping, somewhat hairy, pinnatifid, with short and cut very prickly-margined lobes; outer scales prickly-pointed, the inner very slender; flowers purple or rarely white (fragrant, 2´ long). (Cirsium, Spreng.)—Dry fields, Maine to Penn., near the coast.

[*][*][*][*] Outer scales of the appressed involucre barely prickly-pointed; heads imperfectly diœcious, small and numerous.

C. arvénsis, Hoffm. (Canada Thistle.) Perennial, slender, 1–2° high, the roots extensively creeping; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, or slightly woolly beneath, sinuate-pinnatifid, prickly-margined; flowers rose-purple. (Cirsium, Scop.)—Cultivated fields, pastures, and roadsides, common; a most troublesome weed, extremely difficult to eradicate. (Nat. from Eu.)

80. CÁRDUUS, Tourn. Plumeless Thistle.

Bristles of the pappus naked (not plumose), merely rough or denticulate. Otherwise as in Cnicus. (The ancient Latin name.)

C. nùtans, L. (Musk Thistle.) Biennial; leaves decurrent, sinuate, spiny; heads solitary, drooping; flowers purple.—Fields near Harrisburg, Pa., Prof. Porter. (Adv. from Eu.)

81. ONOPÓRDON, Vaill. Cotton or Scotch Thistle.

Receptacle deeply honeycombed, not setose. Pappus not plumose. Otherwise as Cnicus.—Coarse, branching annuals, or biennials, with the stems winged by the decurrent base of the lobed and toothed somewhat prickly leaves. Heads large; flowers purple. (The ancient Greek name of the plant.)

O. Acánthium, L. Stem (2–4° high) and leaves cotton-woolly; scales linear-awl-shaped.—Roadsides and waste places in the Atlantic States; rather rare. July–Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)

82. CENTAURÈA, L. Star-Thistle.

Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, the marginal often much larger (as it were radiate) and sterile. Receptacle bristly. Involucre ovoid or globose, imbricated, the scales margined or appendaged. Achenes obovoid or oblong, attached obliquely at or near the base; pappus setose or partly chaffy or none.—Herbs with alternate leaves and single heads. (Named from the Centaur, Chiron, famous for his skill in healing.)

[*] Achenes terete, 10-dentate; pappus of 10 long bristles and 10 short inner ones.

C. benedícta, L. Low branching annual, with clasping scarcely pinnatifid cut leaves, and large sessile leafy-bracted heads; flowers yellow. (Cnicus benedictus, L.)—Roadsides and waste grounds, S. Atlantic States; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

[*][*] Achenes compressed or 4-angled; pappus very short or none.

C. Cỳanus, L. (Bluebottle.) Scales of the globular involucre fringe-margined; false rays large; pappus very short; leaves linear, entire, or toothed at the base; root annual.—Roadsides, escaped from gardens. July.—Flowers blue, varying to purplish or white. (Adv. from Eu.)

C. nìgra, L. (Knapweed.) Scales of the globular involucre appendaged, and with a black pectinately ciliate fringe; rays wanting; pappus very short; leaves lanceolate, entire, or the lower lyrate-toothed, rough; root perennial.—Waste places, E. New Eng. Aug.—Flowers purple. (Adv. from Eu.)

C. Calcítrapa, L. (Star-Thistle.) Stem diffusely much branched; leaves pinnately lobed or spinulose-toothed; heads sessile, the middle scales of the ovoid involucre spiny; pappus none; flowers purple; root annual.—Seaports, N. Y., and southward. (Adv. from Eu.)

C. Jácea, L. Like the last; heads rather larger, the brownish scale-appendages lacerate; rays conspicuous, palmate.—Charlotte, Vt. (Pringle); near N. Y., etc., on ballast. (Nat. from Eu.)

83. LÁMPSANA, Tourn. Nipple-wort.

Heads 8–12-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre 8, erect, in one row. Receptacle naked. Achenes oblong; pappus none.—Slender branching annuals, with angled or toothed leaves, and loosely panicled small heads; flowers yellow. (The λαμψάνη of Dioscorides was evidently a wild Mustard.)

L. commùnis, L. Nearly smooth, 1–2° high; lower leaves ovate, sometimes lyre-shaped.—Roadsides, N. Eng. to N. Y. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)

84. KRÍGIA, Schreber. Dwarf Dandelion.

Heads several–many-flowered. Involucral scales several, in about 2 rows, thin. Achenes short and truncate, top-shaped or columnar, terete or angled; pappus double, the outer of thin pointless chaffy scales, the inner of delicate bristles.—Small herbs, branched from the base; the leaves chiefly radical, lyrate or toothed; the small heads terminating the naked scapes or branches. Flowers yellow. (Named after D. Krieg, an early German botanical collector in this country.)

§ 1. KRIGIA proper. Achenes turbinate, 5-angled; pappus of 5–7 short roundish chaff and as many alternating bristles. Annual.

1. K. Virgínica, Willd. Stems or scapes several (1–10´ high), becoming branched and leafy; earlier leaves roundish and entire, the others narrower and often pinnatifid.—New Eng. to Minn., and southward. April–Aug.

§ 2. CÝNTHIA. Achenes more slender; pappus of 10–15 small oblong chaff and 15–20 bristles. Perennial.

2. K. Dandélion, Nutt. Roots slender, tuberiferous; scapes leafless, 6–18´ high; leaves varying from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or few-lobed. (Cynthia, DC.)—Moist ground, Md. to Ky., and southward. March–July.

3. K. amplexicáulis, Nutt. Roots fibrous; stem-leaves 1–3, oblong or oval, clasping, mostly entire; the radical ones on short winged petioles, often toothed, rarely pinnatifid; peduncles 2–5. (Cynthia Virginica, Don.)—Moist banks, Conn. to Minn., and southward. June.—Stem 1–2° high.

85. CICHÒRIUM, Tourn. Succory or Chicory.

Heads several-flowered. Involucre double, herbaceous, the inner of 8–10 scales, the outer 5, short and spreading. Achenes striate; pappus of numerous small chaffy scales, forming a short crown.—Branching perennials, with deep roots; the sessile heads 2 or 3 together, axillary and terminal. Flowers bright blue, varying to purple or pink, showy. (Altered from the Arabian name of the plant.)

C. Íntybus, L. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly clasping, the lowest runcinate, those of the rigid flowering branches minute.—Roadsides; N. Eng. to Iowa and Minn. July–Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

86. TRAGOPÒGON, L. Goat's-beard.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre simple, of several erect lanceolate attenuate equal scales. Achenes narrowly fusiform, 5–10-ribbed, long-beaked; pappus of numerous long-plumose bristles.—Stout glabrous biennials or perennials, with entire grass-like clasping leaves and large solitary heads of yellow or purple flowers. (Name from τράγος, goat, and πώγων, beard.)

T. porrifòlius, L. (Salsify. Oyster-plant.) Stem 2–3° high; peduncle thickened and fistulous below the head; flowers purple; achenes and pappus 3´ long.—Sparingly escaped from cultivation. (Nat. from Eu.)

T. praténsis, L. (Goat's-beard.) Very similar; leaves somewhat broader at base; peduncle little thickened; flowers yellow.—Fields, etc., N. Eng. to N. J. and Minn. (Nat. from Eu.)

87. LEÓNTODON, L., Juss. Hawkbit.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated, but with several bractlets at the base. Achenes spindle-shaped, striate, all alike; pappus persistent, composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged and flattened toward the base.—Low and stemless perennials, with toothed or pinnatifid root-leaves, and scapes bearing one or more yellow heads. (Name from λέων, a lion, and ὀδούς, a tooth, in allusion to the toothed leaves.)—The following belongs to the subgenus Oporínia, with a tawny pappus of a single row of equal bristles.

L. autumnàlis, L. (Fall Dandelion.) Leaves laciniate-toothed or pinnatifid, somewhat pubescent; scape branched, 5–15´ high; peduncles thickened at the summit, scaly-bracteate.—Meadows and roadsides; N. Eng. to Penn. June–Nov. (Nat. from Eu.)

88. PÍCRIS, L.

Heads many-flowered, terminating leafy stems. Outer scales loose or spreading. Achenes terete, with 5–10 rugose ribs; pappus of 1 or 2 rows of plumose bristles.—Coarse rough-bristly annuals or biennials, with yellow flowers. (The Greek name of some allied bitter herb, from πικρός, bitter.)

P. hieracioìdes, L. Rather tall, corymbosely branched, the bristles somewhat barbed at tip; leaves lanceolate or broader, clasping, irregularly toothed; achenes oblong, with little or no beak.—Sparingly introduced. (Nat. from Eu.)

89. HIERÀCIUM, Tourn. Hawkweed.

Heads 12–many-flowered. Involucre more or less imbricated. Achenes short, oblong or columnar, striate, not beaked; pappus a single row of tawny and fragile capillary rough bristles.—Hispid or hirsute and often glandular perennials, with entire or toothed leaves, and single or panicled heads of mostly yellow flowers; summer and early autumn. (Name from ἱέραξ, a hawk.)

§ 1. Involucre not much imbricate, scarcely calyculate; achenes oblong; pappus not copious.

H. aurantìacum, L. Low, long-hirsute, above hispid and glandular, the involucral hairs dark; leaves all near the base of the simple peduncle; heads clustered; flowers deep orange to flame-color.—Roadsides and fields; N. Eng. to N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.)

H. præáltum, Vill. Glaucous, 2° high, only the base and lanceolate leaves hairy; heads in an open cyme; flowers yellow.—N. New York (Ward). (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. Heads large; involucre irregularly imbricated; achenes columnar; pappus copious, unequal.

H. muròrum, L. Stem scape-like, low; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, toothed toward the subcordate base; heads few, dark-glandular.—Open woods near Brooklyn, N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.)

1. H. Canadénse, Michx. Stems simple, leafy, corymbed at the summit (1–3° high); leaves sessile, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, acute, remotely and very coarsely toothed, somewhat hairy, the uppermost slightly clasping.—Dry woods, N. Eng. to Penn., Minn., and northward.

§ 3. Heads small; involucre cylindrical, scarcely imbricated.

[*] Achenes columnar, not attenuate upward when mature; panicle not virgate.

2. H. paniculàtum, L. Stem slender, leafy, diffusely branched, hairy only below (1–3° high); leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, slightly toothed, smooth; heads (very small) in a loose panicle, on slender and diverging pedicels, 12–20-flowered; achenes short.—Open woods; rather common.

3. H. venòsum, L. (Rattlesnake-weed.) Stem or scape (1–2° high) naked or with a single leaf, smooth and slender, forking above into a spreading loose corymb; leaves all radical or near the base, obovate or oblong, nearly entire, scarcely petioled, thin and pale, purplish and glaucous underneath (often hairy along the midrib), marked above with purple veins; pedicels very slender; involucre 12–35-flowered; achenes linear.—Dry plains and pine woods; common from the Atlantic to Minn. and Iowa.

4. H. Mariànum, Willd. Somewhat leafy, 2–3° high, hairy below; leaves obovate-oblong, narrowed below, the radical petiolate, rarely purplish-veiny; heads 20–40-flowered in a very open cymose panicle, the slender inflorescence commonly whitish-tomentulose and sparingly glandular-hispid.—Open woods and clearings; R. I. to western N. Y., and southward.—Var. spathulàtum, Gray, a mountain form with leaves all or mainly radical and very hairy. On Two-top Mountain, Penn.

5. H. scàbrum, Michx. Stem rather stout (1–3° high), leafy, rough-hairy, the stiff panicle at first racemose, at length rather corymbose; the thickish pedicels and the hoary 40–50-flowered involucre densely clothed with dark glandular bristles; leaves obovate or oval, nearly entire, hairy.—Dry open woods; common.

[*][*] Achenes tapering upward; heads 15–30-flowered in a narrow or virgate panicle.

6. H. Gronòvii, L. (Hairy H.) Stem wand-like, mostly simple (1–3° high), leafy and very hairy below, naked above and forming a long and narrow panicle; leaves oblong or obovate, nearly entire, hairy; slender peduncles and involucre sparingly glandular-bristly; achenes with a very taper summit.—Dry sterile soil; common, especially southward.