The Key.—Part III.—Syntax (part 3)

"There are two numbers, called the singular and the plural, which distinguish nouns as signifying either one thing, or many of the same kind."—Dr. H. Blair cor. "Here James Monroe is addressed, he is spoken to; the name is therefore a noun of the second person."—Mack cor. "The number and person of an English verb can seldom be ascertained until its nominative is known."—Emmons cor. "A noun of multitude, or a singular noun signifying many, may have a verb or a pronoun agreeing with it in either number; yet not without regard to the import of the noun, as conveying the idea of unity or plurality."—Lowth et al. cor. "To form the present tense and the past imperfect of our active or neuter verbs, the auxiliary do, and its preterit did, are sometimes used: as, I do now love; I did then love."—Lowth cor. "If these be perfectly committed to memory, the learner will be able to take twenty lines for his second lesson, and the task may be increased each day."—Osborn cor. "Ch is generally sounded in the same manner as if it were tch: as in Charles, church, cheerfulness, and cheese. But, in Latin or Greek words, ch is pronounced like k: as in Chaos, character, chorus, and chimera. And, in words derived from the French, ch is sounded like sh: as in Chagrin, chicanery, and chaise."—Bucke cor. "Some nouns literally neuter, are made masculine or feminine by a figure of speech."—L. Murray et al. cor. "In the English language, words may be classified under ten general heads: the sorts, or chief classes, of words, are usually termed the ten parts of speech."—Nutting cor. "'Mercy is the true badge of nobility.' Nobility is a common noun, of the third person, singular number, neuter gender, and objective case; and is governed by of."—Kirkham cor. "Gh is either silent, as in plough, or has the sound of f, as in laugh."—Town cor. "Many nations were destroyed, and as many languages or dialects were lost and blotted out from the general catalogue."—Chazotte cor. "Some languages contain a greater number of moods than others, and each exhibits its own as forms peculiar to itself."—L. Murray cor. "A SIMILE is a simple and express comparison; and is generally introduced by like, as, or so."—Id. See Inst., p. 233. "The word what is sometimes improperly used for the conjunction that."—Priestley, Murray, et al., cor. "Brown makes no ado in condemning the absurd principles of preceding works, in relation to the gender of pronouns."—O. B. Peirce cor. "The nominative usually precedes the verb, and denotes the agent of the action."—Wm. Beck cor. "Primitive words are those which are not formed from other words more simple."—Wright cor. "In monosyllables, the single vowel i always preserves its long sound before a single consonant with e final; as in thine, strive: except in give and live, which are short; and in shire, which has the sound of long e."—L. Murray, et al. cor. "But the person or thing that is merely spoken of, being frequently absent, and perhaps in many respects unknown to the hearer, it is thought more necessary, that the third person should be marked by a distinction of gender."—Lowth, Mur., et al., cor. "Both vowels of every diphthong were, doubtless, originally vocal. Though in many instances they are not so at present, the combinations in which one only is heard, still retain the name of diphthongs, being distinguished from others by the term improper."—L. Mur., et al. cor. "Moods are different forms of the verb, each of which expresses the being, action, or passion, in some particular manner."—Inst., p. 33; A. Mur. cor. "The word THAT is a demonstrative adjective, whenever it is followed by a noun to which it refers."—L. Mur. cor.

"The guilty soul by Jesus wash'd,
Is future glory's deathless heir."—Fairfield cor.

Under Critical Note IX.—Of Words Needless.

"A knowledge of grammar enables us to express ourselves better in conversation and in writing."—Sanborn cor. "And hence we infer, that there is no dictator here but use."—Jamieson cor. "Whence little is gained, except correct spelling and pronunciation."—Town cor. "The man who is faithfully attached to religion, may be relied on with confidence."—Merchant cor. "Shalt thou build me a house to dwell in?" Or: "Shalt thou build a house for me to dwell in?"—Bible cor. "The house was deemed polluted which was entered by so abandoned a woman."—Dr. Blair cor. "The farther he searches, the firmer will be his belief."—Keith cor. "I deny not that religion consists in these things."—Barclay cor. "Except the king delighted in her, and she were called by name."—Bible cor. "The proper method of reading these lines, is, to read them as the sense dictates."—Dr. Blair cor. "When any words become obsolete, or are used only in particular phrases, it is better to dispense with their service entirely, and give up the phrases."—Campbell and Mur cor. "Those savage people seemed to have no element but war."—L. Mur. cor. "Man is a common noun, of the third person, singular number, masculine gender, and nominative case."—J. Flint cor. "The orator, as circumstances require, will employ them all."—Dr. Blair cor. "By deferring repentence [sic—KTH], we accumulate our sorrows."—L. Murray cor. "There is no doubt that public speaking became early an engine of government."—Dr. Blair cor. "The different meanings of these two words, may not at first occur."—Id. "The sentiment is well expressed by Plato, but much better by Solomon."—L. Murray et al. cor. "They have had a greater privilege than we."—L. Mur. cor. "Every thing should be so arranged, that what goes before, may give light and force to what follows."—Dr. Blair cor. "So that his doctrines were embraced by great numbers."—Hist. cor. "They have taken an other and shorter cut."—South cor. "The imperfect tense of a regular verb is formed from the present by adding d or ed; as, love, loved."—Frost cor. "The pronoun their does not agree in number with the noun 'man', for which it stands."—Kirkham cor. "This mark [!] denotes wonder, surprise, joy, grief, or sudden emotion."—Bucke cor. "We all are accountable, each for himself."—L. Mur. et al. cor. "If he has commanded it, I must obey."—R. C. Smith cor. "I now present him a form of the diatonic scale."—Barber cor. "One after an other, their favourite rivers have been reluctantly abandoned." Or: "One after an other of their favourite rivers have they reluctantly abandoned."—Hodgson cor. "Particular and peculiar are words of different import."—Dr. Blair cor. "Some adverbs admit of comparison; as, soon, sooner, soonest."—Bucke cor. "Having exposed himself too freely in different climates, he entirely lost his health."—L. Mur. cor. "The verb must agree with its nominative in number and person."—Buchanan cor. "Write twenty short sentences containing adjectives."—Abbott cor. "This general tendency of the language seems to have given occasion to a very great corruption."— Churchill's Gram., p. 113. "The second requisite of a perfect sentence is unity."—L. Murray cor. "It is scarcely necessary to apologize for omitting their names."—Id. "The letters of the English alphabet are twenty-six."—Id. et al. cor. "He who employs antiquated or novel phraseology, must do it with design; he cannot err from inadvertence, as he may with respect to provincial or vulgar expressions."—Jamieson cor. "The vocative case, in some grammars, is wholly omitted; why, if we must have cases, I could never understand."—Bucke cor. "Active verbs are conjugated with the auxiliary verb have; passive verbs, with the auxiliary am or be."—Id. "What then may AND be called? A conjunction."—Smith cor. "Have they ascertained who gave the information?"—Bullions cor.

Under Critical Note X.—Of Improper Omissions.

"All words signifying concrete qualities of things, are called adnouns, or adjectives."—Rev. D. Blair cor. "The macron [[=]] signifies a long or accented syllable, and the breve [[~]] indicates a short or unaccented syllable."—Id. "Whose duty it is, to help young ministers."—Friends cor. "The passage is closely connected with what precedes and what follows."—Phil. Mu. cor. "The work is not completed, but it soon will be."—R. C. Smith cor. "Of whom hast thou been afraid, or whom hast thou feared?"—Bible cor. "There is a God who made, and who governs, the world."—Bp. Butler cor. "It was this that made them so haughty."—Goldsmith cor. "How far the whole charge affected him, it is not easy to determine."—Id. "They saw these wonders of nature, and worshiped the God that made them."—Bucke cor. "The errors frequent in the use of hyperboles, arise either from overstraining them, or from introducing them on unsuitable occasions."—L. Mur. cor. "The preposition in is set before the names of countries, cities, and large towns; as, 'He lives in France, in London, or in Birmingham.' But, before the names of villages, single houses, or foreign cities, at is used; as, 'He lives at Hackney.'"—Id. et al. cor. "And, in such recollection, the thing is not figured as in our view, nor is any image formed."—Kames cor. "Intrinsic beauty and relative beauty must be handled separately."—Id. "He should be on his guard not to do them injustice by disguising them or placing them in a false light."—Dr. Blair cor. "In perusing that work, we are frequently interrupted by the author's unnatural thoughts."—L. Murray cor. "To this point have tended all the rules which I have just given."—Dr. Blair cor. "To this point have tended all the rules which have just been given."—L. Murray cor. "Language, as written, or as oral, is addressed to the eye, or to the ear."—Journal cor. "He will learn, Sir, that to accuse and to prove are very different."—Walpole cor. "They crowded around the door so as to prevent others from going out."—Abbott cor. "A word denoting one person or thing, is of the singular number; a word denoting more than one person or thing: is of the plural number."—J. Flint cor. "Nouns, according to the sense or relation in which they are used, are in the nominative, the possessive, or the objective case: thus, Nom. man. Poss. man's, Obj. man."—Rev. D. Blair cor. "Nouns or pronouns in the possessive case are placed before the nouns which govern them, and to which they belong."—Sanborn cor. "A teacher is explaining the difference between a noun and a verb."—Abbott cor. "And therefore the two ends, or extremities, must directly answer to the north and the south pole."—Harris cor. "WALKS or WALKETH, RIDES or RIDETH, and STANDS or STANDETH, are of the third person singular."—Kirkham cor. "I grew immediately roguish and pleasant, to a high degree, in the same strain."—Swift cor. "An Anapest has the first two syllables unaccented, and the last one accented."—Rev. D. Blair cor.; also Kirkham et al.; also L. Mur. et al. "But hearing and vision differ not more than words spoken and words written." Or: "But hearing and vision do not differ more than spoken words and written."—Wilson cor. "They are considered by some authors to be prepositions."—Cooper cor. "When those powers have been deluded and have gone astray."—Phil Mu. cor. "They will understand this, and will like it."—Abbott cor. "They had been expelled from their native country Romagna."—Hunt cor. "Future time is expressed in two different ways."—Adam and Gould cor. "Such as the borrowing of some noted event from history."—Kames cor. "Every finite verb must agree with its nominative in number and person."—Bucke cor. "We are struck, we know not how, with the symmetry of any handsome thing we see."—L. Murray cor. "Under this head, I shall consider every thing that is necessary to a good delivery."—Sheridan cor. "A good ear is the gift of nature; it may be much improved, but it cannot be acquired by art."—L. Murray cor. "'Truth' is a common noun, of the third person, singular number, neuter gender, and nominative case."—Bullions cor. by Brown's Form. "'Possess' is a regular active-transitive verb, found in the indicative mood, present tense, third person, and plural number."—Id. "'Fear' is a common noun, of the third person, singular number, neuter gender, and nominative case: and is the subject of is: according to the Rule which says, 'A noun or a pronoun which is the subject of a finite verb, must be in the nominative case.' Because the meaning is—'fear is.'"—Id. "'Is' is an irregular neuter verb, from be, was, being, been; found in the indicative mood, present tense, third person, and singular number: and agrees with its nominative fear; according to the Rule which says, 'Every finite verb must agree with its subject, or nominative, in person and number' Because the meaning is—'fear is.'"—Id. "Ae in the word Gælic, has the sound of long a."—Wells cor.

Under Critical Note Xi.—Of Literary Blunders.

"Repeat some adverbs that are composed of the prefix or preposition a and nouns."—Kirkham cor. "Participles are so called, because they participate or partake the properties of verbs and of adjectives or nouns. The Latin word participium, which signifies a participle, is derived from participo, to partake."—Merchant cor. "The possessive precedes an other noun, and is known by the sign 's, or by this ', the apostrophe only."—Beck cor. "Reciprocal pronouns, or compound personal pronouns, are formed by adding self or selves to the simple possessives of the first and second persons, and to the objectives of the third person; as, myself, yourselves, himself, themselves."—Id. "The word SELF, and its plural SELVES, when used separately as names, must be considered as nouns; but when joined to the simple pronouns, they are not nouns, but parts of the compound personal pronouns."—Wright cor. "The Spondee 'rolls round,' expresses beautifully the majesty of the sun in his course."—Webster and Frazee cor. "Active-transitive verbs govern the objective case; as, 'John learned his lesson.'"—Frazee cor. "Prosody primarily signified accent, or the modulation of the voice; and, as the name implies, related to poetry, or song."—Hendrick cor. "On such a principle of forming them, there would be as many moods as verbs; and, in stead of four moods, we should have four thousand three hundred, which is the number of verbs in the English language, according to Lowth." —Hallock cor. "The phrases, 'To let out blood,'—'To go a hunting,' are not elliptical; for out is needless, and a is a preposition, governing hunting."—Bullions cor. "In Rhyme, the last syllable of every line corresponds in sound with that of some other line or lines."—Id. "The possessive case plural, where the nominative ends in s, has the apostrophe only; as, 'Eagles' wings,'—'lions' whelps,'—'bears' claws.'"—Weld cor. "'Horses-manes,' plural, should be written possessively, 'horses' manes:'" [one "mane" is never possessed by many "horses."]—Id. "W takes its usual form from the union of two Vees, V being the figure of the Roman capital letter which was anciently called U."—Fowler cor. "In the sentence, 'I saw the lady who sings,' what word is nominative to SINGS?"—J. Flint cor. "In the sentence, 'This is the pen which John made,' what word expresses the object of MADE?"—Id. "'That we fall into no sin:' no is a definitive or pronominal adjective, not compared, and relates to sin."—Rev. D. Blair cor. "'That all our doings may be ordered by thy governance:' all is a pronominal adjective, not compared, and relates to doings."—Id. "'Let him be made to study.' Why is the sign to expressed before study? Because be made is passive; and passive verbs do not take the infinitive after them without the preposition to."—Sanborn cor. "The following verbs have both the preterit tense and the perfect participle like the present: viz., Cast, cut, cost, shut, let, bid, shed, hurt, hit, put, &c."—Buchanan cor. "The agreement which any word has with an other in person, number, gender, or case, is called CONCORD; and the power which one word has over an other, in respect to ruling its case, mood, or form, is called GOVERNMENT."—Bucke cor. "The word ticks tells what the watch is doing."—Sanborn cor. "The Breve ([~]) marks a short vowel or syllable, and the Macron ([=]), a long one."—Bullions and Lennie cor. "'Charles, you, by your diligence, make easy work of the task given you by your preceptor.' The first you is in the nominative case, being the subject of the verb make."—Kirkham cor. "Uoy in buoy is a proper triphthong; eau in flambeau is an improper triphthong."—Sanborn cor. "'While I of things to come, As past rehearsing, sing.'—POLLOK. That is, 'While I sing of things to come, as if I were rehearsing things that are past.'"—Kirkham cor. "A simple sentence usually has in it but one nominative, and but one finite verb."—Folker cor. "An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect participle by assuming d or ed."—Brown's Inst., p. 75. "But, when the antecedent is used in a restricted sense, a comma is sometimes inserted before the relative; as, 'There is no charm in the female sex, which can supply the place of virtue.'"—L. Murray's Gram., p. 273. Or: "But, when the antecedent is used in a restricted sense, no comma is usually inserted before the relative; as, 'There is in the female sex no charm which can supply the place of virtue.'"—Kirkham cor. "Two capitals used in this way, denote different words; but one repeated, marks the plural number: as, L. D. Legis Doctor; LL. D. Legum Doctor."—Gould cor. "Was any person present besides the mercer? Yes; his clerk."—L. Murray cor. "The word adjective comes from the Latin adjectivum; and this, from ad, to, and jacio, I cast."—Kirkham cor. "Vision, or Imagery, is a figure by which the speaker represents the objects of his imagination, as actually before his eyes, and present to his senses. Thus Cicero, in his fourth oration against Cataline: 'I seem to myself to behold this city, the ornament of the earth, and the capital of all nations, suddenly involved in one conflagration. I see before me the slaughtered heaps of citizens lying unburied in the midst of their ruined country. The furious countenance of Ceth[=e]'gus rises to my view, while with savage joy he is triumphing in your miseries.'"—Dr. Blair cor.; also L. Murray. "When two or more verbs follow the same nominative, an auxiliary that is common to them both or all, is usually expressed to the first, and understood to the rest: as, 'He has gone and left me;' that is, 'He has gone and has left me.'"—Comly cor. "When I use the word pillar to denote a column that supports an edifice, I employ it literally."—Hiley cor. "In poetry, the conjunction nor is often used for neither; as

'A stately superstructure, that nor wind,
Nor wave, nor shock of falling years, could move.'—POLLOK."—Id.

Under Critical Note XII—Of Perversions.

"In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth."—Genesis, i, 1. "Canst thou by searching find out God?"—Job, xi, 7. "Great and marvellous are thy works, Lord God Almighty; just and true are thy ways, thou King of saints."—Rev., xv. 3. "Not every one that saith unto me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven."—Matt., vii, 21. "Though he was rich, yet for your sakes he became poor."—2 Cor., viii, 9. "Whose foundation was overthrown with a flood."—SCOTT'S BIBLE: Job, xxii, 16. "Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me;" &c.—Matt., xi, 29. "I go to prepare a place for you."—John, xiv, 2. "And you hath he quickened, who were dead in trespasses and sins."—Ephesians, ii, 1. "Go, flee thee away into the land of Judah."—Amos, vii, 12; Lowth's Gram., p. 44. Or: "Go, flee away into the land of Judah."—Hart cor. "Hitherto shalt thou come, but no further."—Job, xxxviii, 11. "The day is thine, the night also is thine."—Psal., lxxiv, 16. "Tribulation worketh patience; and patience, experience; and experience, hope."—Romans, v, 4. "Then shall the dust return to the earth as it was; and the spirit shall return unto God who gave it."—Ecclesiastes, xii, 7. "At the last it biteth like a serpent, and stingeth like an adder. Thine eyes shall behold strange women, and thine heart shall utter perverse things: Yea, thou shalt be as he that lieth down in the midst of the sea."—Prov., xxiii, 32, 33, 34. "The memory of the just is blessed; but the name of the wicked shall rot."—Prov., x, 7. "He that is slow to anger, is better than the mighty; and he that ruleth his spirit, than he that taketh a city."—Prov., xvi, 32. "For whom the Lord loveth, he correcteth; even as a father the son in whom he delighteth."—Prov., iii, 12. "The first-future tense is that which expresses what will take place hereafter."—Brown's Inst. of E. Gram., p. 54. "Teach me to feel another's woe, To hide the fault I see."—Pope's Univ. Prayer. "Surely thou art one of them; for thou art a Galilean."—Mark, xiv, 70. "Surely thou also art one of them; for thy speech bewrayeth thee."—Matt., xxvi, 73. "Strait is the gate, and narrow is the way, which leadeth unto life."—Matt., vii, 14. "Thou buildest the wall, that thou mayest be their king."—Nehemiah, vi, 6. "There is forgiveness with thee, that thou mayest be feared."—Psalms, cxxx, 4. "But yesterday, the word of Cæsar might Have stood against the world."—Beauties of Shakspeare, p. 250. "The North-East spends his rage."—Thomson's Seasons, p. 34. "Tells how the drudging goblin swet."—Milton's Allegro, l. 105. "And to his faithful champion hath in place Borne witness gloriously."—Milton's Sam. Agon., l. 1752. "Then, if thou fall'st, O Cromwell, Thou fall'st a blessed martyr."—Beauties of Shakspeare, p. 173. Better: "Then, if thou fall, O Cromwell! thou fallst a blessed martyr."—Shak. and Kirk. cor. "I see the dagger-crest of Mar, I see the Moray's silver star, Wave o'er the cloud of Saxon war, That up the lake comes winding far!"—Scott's Lady of the Lake, p. 162. "Each beast, each insect, happy in its own."—Pope, on Man, Ep. i, l. 185. "And he that is learning to arrange his sentences with accuracy and order, is learning, at the same time, to think with accuracy and order."—Blair's Lect., p. 120. "We, then, as workers together with him, beseech you also that ye receive not the grace of God in vain."—2 Cor., vi, 1. "And on the boundless of thy goodness calls."—Young's Last Day, B. ii, l. 320. "Knowledge dwells In heads replete with thoughts of other men; Wisdom, in minds attentive to their own."—Cowper's Task, B. vi, l. 90. "O! let me listen to the words of life!"—Thomson's Paraphrase on Matt. vi. "Save that, from yonder ivy-mantled tower." &c.—Gray's Elegy, l. 9. "Weighs the men's wits against the Lady's hair."—Pope's Rape of the Lock, Canto v, l. 72. "Till the publication of Dr. Lowth's small Introduction, the grammatical study of our language formed no part of the ordinary method of instruction."—Hiley's Preface, p. vi. "Let there be no strife, I pray thee, between me and thee."—Gen., xiii, 8.

"What! canst thou not forbear me half an hour?"—Shakspeare.

"Till then who knew the force of those dire arms?"—Milton.

"In words, as fashions, the same rule will hold;
Alike fantastic, if too new or old:
Be not the first by whom the new are tried
Nor yet the last to lay the old aside."—Pope, on Criticism, l. 333.

Under Critical Note XIII.—Of Awkwardness.

"They slew Varus, whom I mentioned before."—L. Murray cor. "Maria rejected Valerius, whom she had rejected before." Or: "Maria rejected Valerius a second time."—Id. "In the English language, nouns have but two different terminations for cases."—Churchill's Gram., p. 64. "Socrates and Plato were the wisest men, and the most eminent philosophers in Greece."—Buchanan's Gram., Pref., p. viii. "Whether more than one were concerned in the business, does not yet appear." Or: "How many were concerned in the business, does not yet appear."—L. Murray cor. "And that, consequently, the verb or pronoun agreeing with it, can never with propriety be used in the plural number."—Id. et al. cor. "A second help may be, frequent and free converse with others of your own sex who are like minded."—Wesley cor. "Four of the semivowels, namely, l, m, n, and r, are termed LIQUIDS, on account of the fluency of their sounds."—See Brown's Inst., p. 16. "Some conjunctions are used in pairs, so that one answers to an other, as its regular correspondent."—Lowth et al. cor. "The mutes are those consonants whose sounds cannot be protracted; the semivowels have imperfect sounds of their own, which can be continued at pleasure."—Murray et al. cor. "HE and SHE are sometimes used as nouns, and, as such, are regularly declined: as, 'The hes in birds.'—BACON. 'The shes of Italy.'—SHAK."—Churchill cor. "The separation of a preposition from the word which it governs, is [censured by some writers, as being improper."—C. Adams cor. "The word WHOSE, according to some critics, should be restricted to persons; but good writers still occasionally use it with reference to things."—Priestley et al. cor. "New and surpassing wonders present themselves to our view."—Sherlock cor. "The degrees of comparison are often inaccurately applied and construed."—Alger's Murray. Or: "Passages are often found in which the degrees of comparison have not an accurate construction."—Campbell cor.; also Murray et al. "The sign of possession is placed too far from the name, to form a construction that is either perspicuous or agreeable."—L. Murray cor. "The simple tenses are those which are formed by the principal verb without an auxiliary."—Id. "The more intimate men are, the more they affect one another's happiness."—Id. "This is the machine that he invented."—Nixon cor. "To give this sentence the interrogative form, we must express it thus." Or: "This sentence, to have the interrogative form, should be expressed thus."—L. Murray cor. "Never employ words that are susceptible of a sense different from that which you intend to convey."—Hiley cor. "Sixty pages are occupied in explaining what, according to the ordinary method, would not require more than ten or twelve."—Id. "The participle in ing always expresses action, suffering, or being, as continuing, or in progress."—Bullions cor. "The first participle of all active verbs, has usually an active signification; as, 'James is building the house.' Often, however, it takes a passive meaning; as, 'The house is building.'"—Id. "Previously to parsing this sentence, the young pupil may be taught to analyze it, by such questions as the following: viz."—Id. "Since that period, however, attention has been paid to this important subject."—Id. and Hiley cor. "A definition of a word is a brief explanation of what it means."—G. BROWN: Hiley cor.

Under Critical Note XIV.—Of Ignorance.

"What is a verb? It is a word which signifies to be, to act, or to be acted upon." Or thus: "What is an assertor? Ans. 'One who affirms positively; an affirmer, supporter, or vindicator.'—WEBSTER'S DICT."—Peirce cor. "Virgil wrote the Æneid."—Kirkham cor. "Which, to a supercilious or inconsiderate native of Japan, would seem very idle and impertinent."—Locke cor. "Will not a look of disdain cast upon you throw you into a ferment?"—Say cor. "Though only the conjunction if is here set before the verb, there are several others, (as that, though, lest, unless, except,) which may be used with the subjunctive mood."—L. Murray cor. "When proper names have an article before them, they are used as common names."—Id. et al. cor. "When a proper noun has an article before it, it is used as a common noun."—Merchant cor. "Seeming to rob the death-field of its terrors."—Id. "For the same reason, we might, without any detriment to the language, dispense with the terminations of our verbs in the singular."—Kirkham cor. "It removes all possibility of being misunderstood."—Abbott cor. "Approximation to perfection is all that we can expect."—Id. "I have often joined in singing with musicians at Norwich."—Gardiner cor. "When not standing in regular prosaic order." Or:—"in the regular order of prose."—O. B. Peirce cor. "Regardless of the dogmas and edicts of the philosophical umpire."—Kirkham cor. "Others begin to talk before their mouths are open, prefixing the mouth-closing M to most of their words; as, 'M-yes,' for 'Yes.'"—Gardiner cor. "That noted close of his 'esse videatur,' exposed him to censure among his contemporaries."—Dr. Blair cor. "A man's own is what he has, or possesses by right; the word own being a past participle of the verb to owe, which formerly signified to have or possess."—Kirkham cor. "As requires so; expressing a comparison of manner; as, 'As the one dieth, so dieth the other.'"—L. Mur. et al. cor. "To obey our parents, is an obvious duty."—Parker and Fox cor. "Almost all the political papers of the kingdom have touched upon these things."—H. C. Wright cor. "I shall take the liberty to make a few observations on the subject."—Hiley cor. "His loss I have endeavoured to supply, so far as by additional vigilance and industry I could."—Id. "That they should make vegetation so exuberant as to anticipate every want."—Frazee cor. "The guillemets, or quotation points, [""] denote that one or more words are extracted from an other author."—P. E. Day cor. "Nineveh, the capital of Assyria, was one of the most noted cities of ancient times."—Id. "It may, however, be rendered definite by the mention of some particular time; as, yesterday, last week, &c."—Bullions cor. "The last is called heroic measure, and is the same that is used by Milton, Young, Thomson, Pollok. &c."—Id. "Perennial ones must be sought in the delightful regions above."—Hallock cor. "Intransitive verbs are those which are inseparable from the effect produced." Or better: "Intransitive verbs are those which express action without governing an object."—Cutler cor. "The Feminine gender belongs to women, and animals of the female kind."—Id. "Wo unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites!"—ALGER'S BIBLE: Luke, xi, 44. "A pyrrhic, which has both its syllables short."—Day cor. "What kind of jessamine? A jessamine in flower, or a flowery jessamine."—Barrett cor. "LANGUAGE, a word derived from LINGUA, the tongue, now signifies any series of sounds or letters formed into words, and used for the expression of thought."—Id. See this Gram. of E. Grammars, p. 145. "Say 'none,' not 'ne'er a one.'"—Staniford cor. "'E'er a one,' [is sometimes used for 'any'] or 'either.'"—Pond cor.

"Earth loses thy pattern for ever and aye;
O sailor-boy! sailor-boy! peace to thy soul."
—Dymond.

"His brow was sad; his eye beneath
Flashed like a falchion from its sheath."
—Longfellow's Ballads, p. 129.

[Fist] [The examples exhibited for exercises under Critical Notes 15th and 16th, being judged either incapable of correction, or unworthy of the endeavour, are submitted to the criticism of the reader, without any attempt to amend them, or to offer substitutes in this place.]

Promiscuous Corrections of False Syntax.

Lesson I.—Under Various Rules.

"Why is our language less refined than that of Italy, Spain, or France?"—L. Murray cor. "Why is our language less refined than the French?"—Ingersoll cor. "I believe your Lordship will agree with me, in the reason why our language is less refined than that of Italy, Spain, or France."—Swift cor. "Even in this short sentence, 'why our language is less refined than those of Italy, Spain, or France,' we may discern an inaccuracy; the pronominal adjective 'those' is made plural, when the substantive to which it refers, or the thing for which it stands, 'the language of Italy, Spain, or France,' is singular."—Dr. H. Blair cor. "The sentence would have run much better in this way:—'why our language is less refined than the Italian, the Spanish, or the French.'"—Id. "But when arranged in an entire sentence, as they must be to make a complete sense, they show it still more evidently."—L. Murray cor. "This is a more artificial and refined construction, than that in which the common connective is simply used."—Id. "I shall present to the reader a list of certain prepositions or prefixes, which are derived from the Latin and Greek languages."—Id. "A relative sometimes comprehends the meaning of a personal pronoun and a copulative conjunction."—Id. "Personal pronouns, being used to supply the places of nouns, are not often employed in the same clauses with the nouns which they represent."—Id. and Smith cor. "There is very seldom any occasion for a substitute where the principal word is present."—L. Mur. cor. "We hardly consider little children as persons, because the term person gives us the idea of reason, or intelligence."—Priestley et al. cor. "The occasions for exerting these two qualities are different."—Dr. Blair et al. cor. "I'll tell you with whom time ambles withal, with whom time trots withal, with whom time gallops withal, and with whom he stands still withal. I pray thee, with whom doth he trot withal?"—Buchanan's Gram., p. 122. "By greatness, I mean, not the bulk of any single object only but the largeness of a whole view."—Addison cor. "The question may then be put, What more does he than mean?"—Dr. Blair cor. "The question might be put, What more does he than mean?"—Id. "He is surprised to find himself at so great a distance from the object with which he set out."—Id.; also Murray cor. "Few rules can be given which will hold good in all cases."—Lowth and Mur. cor. "Versification is the arrangement of words into metrical lines, according to the laws of verse."—Johnson cor. "Versification is the arrangement of words into rhythmical lines of some particular length, so as to produce harmony by the regular alternation of syllables differing in quantity."—L. Murray et al. cor. "Amelia's friend Charlotte, to whom no one imputed blame, was too prompt in her own vindication."—L. Murray cor. "Mr. Pitt's joining of the war party in 1793, the most striking and the most fatal instance of this offence, is the one which at once presents itself."—Brougham cor. "To the framing of such a sound constitution of mind."—Lady cor. "'I beseech you,' said St. Paul to his Ephesian converts, 'that ye walk worthy of the vocation wherewith ye are called.' "—See Eph., iv, 1. "So as to prevent it from being equal to that."—Booth cor. "When speaking of an action as being performed." Or: "When speaking of the performance of an action."—Id. "And, in all questions of actions being so performed, est is added for the second person."—Id. "No account can be given of this, but that custom has blinded their eyes." Or: "No other account can be given of this, than that custom has blinded their eyes."—Dymond cor.

"Design, or chance, makes others wive;
But nature did this match contrive."—Waller cor.

Lesson II.—Under Various Rules.

"I suppose each of you thinks it is his own nail."—Abbott cor. "They are useless, because they are apparently based upon this supposition."—Id. "The form, or manner, in which this plan may be adopted is various."—Id. "The making of intellectual effort, and the acquiring of knowledge, are always pleasant to the human mind."—Id. "This will do more than the best lecture that ever was delivered."—Id. "The doing of easy things is generally dull work."—Id. "Such are the tone and manner of some teachers."—Id. "Well, the fault is, that some one was disorderly at prayer time."—Id. "Do you remember to have spoken on this subject in school?"—Id. "The course above recommended, is not the trying of lax and inefficient measures"—Id. "Our community agree that there is a God."—Id. "It prevents them from being interested in what is said."—Id. "We will also suppose that I call an other boy to me, whom I have reason to believe to be a sincere Christian."—Id. "Five minutes' notice is given by the bell."—Id. "The Annals of Education give notice of it." Or: "The work entitled 'Annals of Education' gives notice of it."—Id. "Teachers' meetings will be interesting and useful."—Id. "She thought a half hour's study would conquer all the difficulties."—Id. "The difference between an honest and a hypocritical confession."—Id. "There is no point of attainment at which we must stop."—Id. "Now six hours' service is as much as is expected of teachers."—Id. "How many are seven times nine?"—Id. "Then the reckoning proceeds till it comes to ten hundred."—Frost cor. "Your success will depend on your own exertions; see, then, that you be diligent."—Id. "Subjunctive Mood, Present Tense: If I be known, If thou be known, If he be known;" &c.—Id. "If I be loved, If thou be loved, If he be loved;" &c.—Frost right. "An Interjection is a word used to express sudden emotion. Interjections are so called because they are generally thrown in between the parts of discourse, without any reference to the structure of those parts."—Frost cor. "The Cardinal numbers are those which simply tell how many; as, one, two, three."—Id. "More than one organ are concerned in the utterance of almost every consonant." Or thus: "More organs than one are concerned in the utterance of almost any consonant."—Id. "To extract from them all the terms which we use in our divisions and subdivisions of the art."—Holmes cor. "And there were written therein lamentations, and mourning, and woe."—Bible cor. "If I were to be judged as to my behaviour, compared with that of John."—Whiston's Jos. cor. "The preposition to, signifying in order to, was anciently preceded by for; as, 'What went ye out for to see?'"—L. Murray's Gram., p. 184. "This makes the proper perfect tense, which in English is always expressed by the auxiliary verb have; as, 'I have written.'"—Dr. Blair cor. "Indeed, in the formation of character, personal exertion is the first, the second, and the third virtue."—Sanders cor. "The reducing of them to the condition of the beasts that perish."—Dymond cor. "Yet this affords no reason to deny that the nature of the gift is the same, or that both are divine." Or: "Yet this affords no reason to aver that the nature of the gift is not the same, or that both are not divine."—Id. "If God has made known his will."—Id. "If Christ has prohibited them, nothing else can prove them right."—Id. "That the taking of them is wrong, every man who simply consults his own heart, will know."—Id. "From these evils the world would be spared, if one did not write."—Id. "It is in a great degree our own fault."—Id. "It is worthy of observation, that lesson-learning is nearly excluded."—Id. "Who spares the aggressor's life, even to the endangering of his own."—Id. "Who advocates the taking of the life of an aggressor."—Id. "And thence up to the intentionally and voluntarily fraudulent."—Id. "And the contention was so sharp between them, that they departed asunder one from the other."—SCOTT'S, FRIENDS', ALGER'S, BRUCE'S BIBLE, AND OTHERS: Acts, xv, 39. "Here the man is John, and John is the man; so the words are imagination and fancy; but THE imagination and THE fancy are not words: they are intellectual powers."—Rev. M. Harrison cor. "The article, which is here so emphatic in the Greek, is quite forgotten in our translation."—Id. "We have no fewer than twenty-four pronouns."—Id. "It will admit of a pronoun joined to it."—Id. "From intercourse and from conquest, all the languages of Europe participate one with an other."—Id. "It is not always necessity, therefore, that has been the cause of our introducing of terms derived from the classical languages."—Id. "The man of genius stamps upon it any impression that pleases him." Or: "any impression that he chooses."—Id. "The proportion of names ending in SON preponderates greatly among the Dano-Saxon population of the North."—Id. "As a proof of the strong similarity between the English language and the Danish."—Id. "A century from the time when (or at which) Hengist and Horsa landed on the Isle of Thanet."—Id.

"I saw the colours waving in the wind,
And them within, to mischief how combin'd."—Bunyan cor.

Lesson III.—Under Various Rules.

"A ship excepted: of which we say, 'She sails well.'"—Jonson cor. "Honesty is reckoned of little worth."—Lily cor. "Learn to esteem life as you ought."—Dodsley cor. "As the soundest health is less perceived than the lightest malady, so the highest joy toucheth us less sensibly than the smallest sorrow."—Id. "Youth is no apology for frivolousness."—Whiting cor. "The porch was of the same width as the temple."—Milman cor. "The other tribes contributed neither to his rise nor to his downfall."—Id. "His whole religion, with all its laws, would have been shaken to its foundation."—Id. "The English has most commonly been neglected, and children have been taught only in the Latin syntax."—J. Ward cor. "They are not noticed in the notes."— Id. "He walks in righteousness, doing what he would have others do to him."—Fisher cor. "They stand independent of the rest of the sentence."—Ingersoll cor. "My uncle and his son were in town yesterday."—Lennie cor. "She and her sisters are well."—Id. "His purse, with its contents, was abstracted from his pocket."—Id. "The great constitutional feature of this institution being, that directly after the acrimony of the last election is over, the acrimony of the next begins."—Dickens cor. "His disregarding of his parents' advice has brought him into disgrace."—Farnum cor. "Can you tell me why his father made that remark?"—Id. "Why does our teacher detain us so long?"—Id. "I am certain that the boy said so."—Id. "WHICH means any thing or things before named; and THAT may represent any person or persons, thing or things, that have been speaking, spoken to, or spoken of."—Perley cor. "A certain number of syllables occurring in a particular order, form a foot. Poetic feet are so called because it is by their aid that the voice, as it were, steps along."—L. Murray et al. cor. "Questions asked by a principal verb only—as, 'Teach I?' 'Burns he?' &c.,—are archaisms, and now peculiar to the poets."—A. Murray cor. "Tell whether the 18th, the 19th, the 20th, the 21st, the 22d, or the 23d rule is to be used, and repeat the rule."—Parker and Fox cor. "The resolution was adopted without much deliberation, and consequently caused great dissatisfaction." Or: "The resolution, which caused great dissatisfaction, was adopted without much deliberation."— Iid. "The man is now much noticed by the people thereabouts."—Webb's Edward's Gram. cor. "The sand prevents them from sticking to one an other."—Id. "Defective verbs are those which are used only in some of the moods and tenses."—Greenleaf's Gram., p. 29; Ingersoll's, 121; Smith's, 90; Merchant's, 64; Nutting's, 68; L. Murray, Guy, Russell, Bacon, Frost, Alger, S. Putnam, Goldsbury, Felton, et al. cor. "Defective verbs are those which want some of the moods or tenses."—Lennie et al. cor. "Defective verbs want some of the parts common to other verbs."—Bullions cor. "A Defective verb is one that wants some of the parts common to verbs."—Id. "To the irregular verbs may be added the defective; which are not only irregular, but also wanting in some parts."—Lowth cor. "To the irregular verbs may be added the defective; which are not only wanting in some parts, but are, when inflected, irregular."—Churchill cor. "When two or more nouns occur together in the possessive case."—Farnum cor. "When several short sentences come together"—Id. "Words are divided into ten classes, called Parts of Speech."—L. Ainsworth cor. "A passive verb has its agent or doer always in the objective case, governed by a preposition."—Id. "I am surprised at your inattention."—Id. "SINGULAR: Thou lovest, not You love. You has always a plural verb."—Bullions cor. "How do you know that love is of the first person? Ans. Because we, the pronoun, is of the first person."—Id. and Lennie cor. "The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea."—Gray's Elegy, l. 2: Bullions cor. "Iambic verses have their second, fourth, and other even syllables accented."—Bullions cor. "Contractions that are not allowable in prose, are often made in poetry."—Id. "Yet to their general's voice they soon obey'd"— Milton. "It never presents to his mind more than one new subject at the same time."—Felton cor. "An abstract noun is the name of some particular quality considered apart from its substance."—Brown's Inst. of E. Gram., p. 32. "A noun is of the first person when it denotes the speaker."—Felton cor. "Which of the two brothers is a graduate?"— Hallock cor. "I am a linen-draper bold, As all the world doth know."—Cowper. "Oh the pain, the bliss of dying!"—Pope. "This do; take to you censers, thou, Korah, and all thy company."—Bible cor. "There are three participles; the imperfect, the perfect, and the preperfect: as, reading, read, having read. Transitive verbs have an active and passive participle: that is, their form for the perfect is sometimes active, and sometimes passive; as, read, or loved."—S. S. Greene cor.

"O Heav'n, in my connubial hour decree My spouse this man, or such a man as he."—Pope cor.

Lesson IV.—Under Various Rules.

"The past tenses (of Hiley's subjunctive mood) represent conditional past facts or events, of which the speaker is uncertain."—Hiley cor. "Care also should be taken that they be not introduced too abundantly."—Id. "Till they have become familiar to the mind." Or: "Till they become familiar to the mind."—Id. "When once a particular arrangement and phraseology have become familiar to the mind."—Id. "I have furnished the student with the plainest and most practical directions that I could devise."—Id. "When you are conversant with the Rules of Grammar, you will be qualified to commence the study of Style."—Id. "C before e, i, or y, always has a soft sound, like s."—L. Murray cor. "G before e, i, or y, is generally soft; as in genius, ginger, Egypt."—Id. "C before e, i, or y, always sounds soft, like s."—Hiley cor. "G is generally soft before e, i, or y; as in genius, ginger, Egypt."—Id. "A perfect alphabet must always contain just as many letters as there are elementary sounds in the language: the English alphabet, having fewer letters than sounds, and sometimes more than one letter for the same sound, is both defective and redundant."—Id. "A common noun is a name, given to a whole class or species, and is applicable to every individual of that class."—Id. "Thus an adjective has usually a noun either expressed or understood."—Id. "Emphasis is extraordinary force used in the enunciation of such words as we wish to make prominent in discourse." Or: "Emphasis is a peculiar stress of voice, used in the utterance of words specially significant."—Dr. H. Blair cor.; also L. Murray. "So simple a question as. 'Do you ride to town to-day?' is capable of as many as four different acceptations, the sense varying as the emphasis is differently placed."—Iid. "Thus, bravely, for 'in a brave manner.' is derived from brave-like."—Hiley cor. "In this manner, several different parts of speech are often formed from one root by means of different affixes."—Id. "Words derived from the same root, are always more or less allied in signification."—Id. "When a noun of multitude conveys the idea of unity, the verb and pronoun should be singular; but when it conveys the idea of plurality, the verb and pronoun must be plural."—Id. "They have spent their whole time to make the sacred chronology agree with the profane."—Id. "I have studied my lesson, but you have not looked at yours."—Id. "When words are connected in pairs, there is usually a comma after each pair."— Hiley, Bullions, and Lennie, cor. "When words are connected in pairs, the pairs should be marked by the comma."—Farnum cor. "His book entitled, 'Studies of Nature,' is deservedly a popular work."—Biog. Dict. cor.

"Here rests his head upon the lap of earth,
A youth to Fortune and to Fame unknown."—GRAY.

"'Youth,' here, is in the nominative case, (the verb 'rests' being, in this instance, transitive,) and is the subject of the sentence. The meaning is, 'A youth here rests his head,' &c."—Hart cor. "The pronoun I, as well as the interjection O, should be written with a capital." Or: "The pronoun I, and the interjection O, should be written with capitals"—Weld cor. "The pronoun I should always be written with a capital."—Id. "He went from London to York."—Id. "An adverb is a word added to a verb, a participle, an adjective, or an other adverb, to modify its meaning."—Id. (See Lesson 1st under the General Rule.) "SINGULAR signifies, 'expressing only one;' denoting but one person or thing. PLURAL, (Latin pluralis, from plus, more,) signifies, 'expressing more than one.'"—Weld cor. "When the present ends in e, d only is added to form the imperfect tense and the perfect participle of regular verbs."—Id. "Synæresis is the contraction of two syllables into one; as, seest for seëst, drowned for drown-ed."—Id. (See Brown's Inst. p. 230.) "Words ending in ee are often inflected by mere consonants, and without receiving an additional syllable beginning with e: as, see, seest, sees; agree, agreed, agrees."—Weld cor. "In monosyllables, final f, l, or s, preceded by a single vowel, is doubled; as in staff, mill, grass."—Id. "Before ing, words ending in ie drop the e, and change the i into y; as, die, dying."—Id." One number may be used for the other—or, rather, the plural may be used for the singular; as, we for I, you for thou."—S. S. Greene cor. "STR~OB'ILE, n. A pericarp made up of scales that lie one over an other."—Worcester cor.

"Yet ever, from the clearest source, hath run
Some gross alloy, some tincture of the man."—Lowth cor.

Lesson V.—Under Various Rules.

"The possessive case is usually followed by a noun, expressed or understood, which is the name of the thing possessed."—Felton cor. "Hadmer of Aggstein was as pious, devout, and praying a Christian, as was Nelson, Washington, or Jefferson; or as is Wellington, Tyler, Clay, or Polk."—H. C. Wright cor. "A word in the possessive case is not an independent noun, and cannot stand by itself."—J. W. Wright cor. "Mary is not handsome, but she is good-natured; and good-nature is better than beauty."—St. Quentin cor. "After the practice of joining all words together had ceased, a note of distinction was placed at the end of every word."—L. Murray et al. cor. "Neither Henry nor Charles dissipates his time."—Hallock cor. "'He had taken from the Christians above thirty small castles.' KNOLLES:"—Brown's Institutes, p. 200; Johnson's Quarto Dict., w. What. "In what character Butler was admitted, is unknown." Or: "In whatever character Butler was admitted, that character is unknown."—Hallock cor. "How are the agent of a passive and the object of an active verb often left?"—Id. "By SUBJECT, is meant the word of whose object something is declared." Or: "By SUBJECT, is meant the word which has something declared of the thing signified."—Chandler cor. "Care should also be taken that a transitive verb be not used in stead of a neuter or intransitive; as, lay for lie, raise for rise, set for sit, &c."—Id. "On them depends the duration of our Constitution and our country."—Calhoun cor. "In the present sentence, neither the sense nor the measure requires WHAT."—Chandler cor. "The Irish thought themselves oppressed by the law that forbid them to draw with their horses' tails."—Brightland cor. "So and willingly are adverbs. So is an adverb of degree, and qualifies willingly. Willingly is an adverb of manner, and qualifies deceives."—Cutler cor. "Epicurus, for experiment's sake, confined himself to a narrower diet than that of the severest prisons."—Id. "Derivative words are such as are formed from other words by prefixes or suffixes; as, injustice, goodness, falsehood."—Id. "The distinction here insisted on is as old as Aristotle, and should not be lost from sight." Or: "and it should still be kept in view."—Hart cor. "The Tenses of the Subjunctive and Potential Moods." Or: "The Tenses of the Subjunctive and the Potential Mood."—Id. "A triphthong is a union of three vowels, uttered by a single impulse of the voice; as, uoy in buoy"—Pardon Davis cor. "A common noun is the name of a species or kind."—Id. "The superlative degree implies a comparison either between two or among more."—Id. "An adverb is a word serving to give an additional idea to a verb, a participle, an adjective, or an other adverb."—Id. "When several nouns in the possessive case occur in succession, each showing possession of things of the same sort, it is generally necessary to add the sign of the possessive case to each of them: as, 'He sells men's, women's, and children's shoes.'—'Dogs', cats', and tigers' feet are digitated.'"—Id. "'A rail-road is being made,' should be, 'A railroad is making;' 'A school-house is being built,' should be, 'A schoolhouse is building.'"—Id. "Auxiliaries are of themselves verbs; yet they resemble, in their character and use, those terminational or other inflections which, in other languages, serve to express the action in the mood, tense, person, and number desired."—Id. "Please to hold my horse while I speak to my friend."—Id. "If I say, 'Give me the book,' I demand some particular book."—Noble Butler cor. "Here are five men."—Id. "After the active verb, the object may be omitted; after the passive, the name of the agent may be omitted."—Id. "The Progressive and Emphatic forms give, in each case, a different shade of meaning to the verb."—Hart cor. "THAT may be called a Redditive Conjunction, when it answers to so or SUCH."—Ward cor. "He attributes to negligence your want of success in that business."—Smart cor. "Do WILL and GO express but one action?" Or: "Does 'will go' express but one action?"—Barrett cor. "Language is the principal vehicle of thought."—G. Brown's Inst., Pref., p. iii. "Much is applied to things weighed or measured; many, to those that are numbered. Elder and eldest are applied to persons only; older and oldest, to either persons or things."—Bullions cor. "If there are any old maids still extant, while misogynists are so rare, the fault must be attributable to themselves."—Kirkham cor. "The second method, used by the Greeks, has never been the practice of any other people of Europe."—Sheridan cor. "Neither consonant nor vowel is to be dwelt upon beyond its common quantity, when it closes a sentence." Or: "Neither consonants nor vowels are to be dwelt upon beyond their common quantity, when they close a sentence." Or, better thus: "Neither a consonant nor a vowel, when it closes a sentence, is to be protracted beyond its usual length."—Id. "Irony is a mode of speech, in which what is said, is the opposite of what is meant."—McElligott's Manual, p. 103. "The person speaking, and the person or persons spoken to, are supposed to be present."—Wells cor.; also Murray. "A Noun is a name, a word used to express the idea of an object."—Wells cor. "A syllable is such a word, or part of a word, as is uttered by one articulation."—Weld cor.

"Thus wond'rous fair; thyself how wond'rous then!
Unspeakable, who sitst above these heavens."—Milton, B. v, l. 156.

"And feel thy sovran vital lamp; but thou
Revisitst not these eyes, that roll in vain."—Id., iii, 22.

"Before all temples th' upright heart and pure."—Id., i, 18.

"In forest wild, in thicket, brake, or den."—Id., vii, 458.

"The rogue and fool by fits are fair and wise;
And e'en the best, by fits, what they despise."—Pope cor.

The Key.—Part IV.—Prosody.

Chapter I.—Punctuation.

Section I.—The Comma.

Corrections Under Rule I.—Of Simple Sentences.

"A short simple sentence should rarely be divided by the comma."—Felton cor. "A regular and virtuous education is an inestimable blessing."—L. Mur. cor. "Such equivocal expressions mark an intention to deceive."—Id. "They are this and that, with their plurals these and those."—Bullions cor. "A nominative and a verb sometimes make a complete sentence; as, He sleeps."—Felton cor. "TENSE expresses the action as connected with certain relations of time; MOOD represents it as further modified by circumstances of contingency, conditionality, &c."—Bullions cor. "The word noun means name."—Ingersoll cor. "The present or active participle I explained then."—Id. "Are some verbs used both transitively and intransitively?"—Cooper cor. "Blank verse is verse without rhyme."—Brown's Institutes, p. 235. "A distributive adjective denotes each one of a number considered separately."—Hallock cor.

"And may at last my weary age
Find out the peaceful hermitage."
—MILTON: Ward's Gr., 158; Hiley's, 124.

Under the Exception Concerning Simple Sentences.

"A noun without an article to limit it, is taken in its widest sense."—Lennie, p. 6. "To maintain a steady course amid all the adversities of life, marks a great mind."—Day cor. "To love our Maker supremely and our neighbour as ourselves, comprehends the whole moral law."—Id. "To be afraid to do wrong, is true courage."—Id. "A great fortune in the hands of a fool, is a great misfortune."—Bullions cor. "That he should make such a remark, is indeed strange."—Farnum cor. "To walk in the fields and groves, is delightful."—Id. "That he committed the fault, is most certain."—Id. "Names common to all things of the same sort or class, are called Common nouns; as, man, woman, day."—Bullions cor. "That it is our duty to be pious, admits not of any doubt."—Id. "To endure misfortune with resignation, is the characteristic of a great mind."—Id. "The assisting of a friend in such circumstances, was certainly a duty."—Id. "That a life of virtue is the safest, is certain."—Hallock cor. "A collective noun denoting the idea of unity, should be represented by a pronoun of the singular number."—Id.

Under Rule II.—Of Simple Members.

"When the sun had arisen, the enemy retreated."—Day cor. "If he become rich, he may be less industrious."—Bullions cor. "The more I study grammar, the better I like it."—Id. "There is much truth in the old adage, that fire is a better servant than master."—Id. "The verb do, when used as an auxiliary, gives force or emphasis to the expression."—P. E. Day cor. "Whatsoever is incumbent upon a man to do, it is surely expedient to do well."—Adams cor. "The soul, which our philosophy divides into various capacities, is still one essence."—Channing cor. "Put the following words in the plural, and give the rule for forming it."—Bullions cor. "We will do it, if you wish."—Id. "He who does well, will be rewarded."—Id. "That which is always true, is expressed in the present tense."—Id. "An observation which is always true, must be expressed in the present tense."—Id. "That part of orthography which treats of combining letters to form syllables and words, is called SPELLING."—Day cor. "A noun can never be of the first person, except it is in apposition with a pronoun of that person."—Id. "When two or more singular nouns or pronouns refer to the same object, they require a singular verb and pronoun."—Id. "James has gone, but he will return in a few days."—Id. "A pronoun should have the same person, number, and gender, as the noun for which it stands."—Id. "Though he is out of danger, he is still afraid."—Bullions cor. "She is his inferior in sense, but his equal in prudence."—Murray's Exercises, p. 6. "The man who has no sense of religion, is little to be trusted."—Bullions cor. "He who does the most good, has the most pleasure."—Id. "They were not in the most prosperous circumstances, when we last saw them."—Id. "If the day continue pleasant, I shall return."—Felton cor. "The days that are past, are gone forever."—Id. "As many as are friendly to the cause, will sustain it."—Id. "Such as desire aid, will receive it."—Id. "Who gave you that book, which you prize so much?"—Bullions cor. "He who made it, now preserves and governs it."—Id.

"Shall he alone, whom rational we call,
Be pleas'd with nothing, if not blest with all?"—Pope.

Under the Exceptions Concerning Simple Members.

"Newcastle is the town in which Akenside was born."—Bucke cor. "The remorse which issues in reformation, is true repentance."—Campbell cor. "Men who are intemperate, are destructive members of community."— Alexander cor. "An active-transitive verb expresses an action which extends to an object."—Felton cor. "They to whom much is given, will have much, to answer for."—L. Murray cor. "The prospect which we have, is charming."—Cooper cor. "He is the person who informed me of the matter."—Id. "These are the trees that produce no fruit."—Id. "This is the book which treats of the subject."—Id. "The proposal was such as pleased me."—Id. "Those that sow in tears, shall reap in joy."—Id. "The pen with which I write, makes too large a mark."—Ingersoll cor. "Modesty makes large amends for the pain it gives the persons who labour under it, by the prejudice it affords every worthy person, in their favour."—Id. "Irony is a figure whereby we plainly intend something very different from what our words express."—Bucke cor. "Catachresis is a figure whereby an improper word is used in stead of a proper one."—Id. "The man whom you met at the party, is a Frenchman."—Frost cor.

Under Rule III.—Of More Than Two Words.

"John, James, and Thomas, are here: that is, John, and James, and Thomas, are here."—Cooper cor. "Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs."—Bullions, E. Gram., p. 116. "To Nouns belong Person, Gender, Number, and Case."—Id., ib., p. 9. "Wheat, corn, rye, and oats, are extensively cultivated."—Bullions cor. "In many, the definitions, rules, and leading facts, are prolix, inaccurate, and confused."—Finch cor. "Most people consider it mysterious, difficult, and useless."—Id. "His father, and mother, and uncle, reside at Rome."—Farnum cor. "The relative pronouns are who, which, and that."—Bullions, E. Gram., p. 23. "That is sometimes a demonstrative, sometimes a relative, and sometimes a conjunction."—Bullions cor. "Our reputation, virtue, and happiness, greatly depend on the choice of our companions."—Day cor. "The spirit of true religion is social, kind, and cheerful."—Felton cor. "Do, be, have, and will, are sometimes principal verbs."—Id. "John, and Thomas, and Peter, reside at Oxford."—Webster cor. "The most innocent pleasures are the most rational, the most delightful, and the most durable."—Id. "Love, joy, peace, and blessedness, are reserved for the good."—Id. "The husband, wife, and children, suffered extremely."—L. Murray cor. "The husband, wife, and children, suffer extremely."—Sanborn cor. "He, you, and I, have our parts assigned us."—Id.

"He moaned, lamented, tugged, and tried,
Repented, promised, wept, and sighed."—Cowper.

Under Rule IV.—Of Only Two Words.

"Disappointments derange and overcome vulgar minds."—L. Murray cor. "The hive of a city or kingdom, is in the best condition, when there is the least noise or buzz in it."—Id. "When a direct address is made, the noun or pronoun is in the nominative case, independent."—Ingersoll cor. "The verbs love and teach, make loved and taught, in the imperfect and participle."—Id. "Neither poverty nor riches were injurious to him."—Murray's Gram., 8vo, p. 152. "Thou or I am in fault."—Id., p. 152. "A verb is a word that expresses action or being."—P. E. Day cor. "The Objective Case denotes the object of a verb or a preposition."—Id. "Verbs of the second conjugation may be either transitive or intransitive."—Id. "Verbs of the fourth conjugation may be either transitive or intransitive."—Id. "If a verb does not form its past indicative by adding d or ed to the indicative present, it is said to be irregular."—Id. "The young lady is studying rhetoric and logic."—Cooper cor. "He writes and speaks the language very correctly."—Id. "Man's happiness or misery is, in a great measure, put into his own hands."—Mur. cor. "This accident or characteristic of nouns, is called their Gender."—Bullions cor.

"Grant that the powerful still the weak control;
Be man the wit and tyrant of the whole."—Pope cor.

Under Exception I.—Two Words with Adjuncts.

"Franklin is justly considered the ornament of the New World, and the pride of modern philosophy."—Day cor. "Levity, and attachment to worldly pleasures, destroy the sense of gratitude to Him."—L. Mur. cor. "In the following Exercise, point out the adjectives, and the substantives which they qualify."—Bullions cor. "When a noun or pronoun is used to explain, or give emphasis to, a preceding noun or pronoun."—Day cor. "Superior talents, and brilliancy of intellect, do not always constitute a great man."—Id. "A word that makes sense after an article, or after the phrase speak of, is a noun."—Bullions cor. "All feet used in poetry, are reducible to eight kinds; four of two syllables, and four of three."—Hiley cor. "He would not do it himself, not let me do it."—Lennie's Gram., p. 64. "The old writers give examples of the subjunctive mood, and give other moods to explain what is meant by the words in the subjunctive."—O. B. Peirce cor.

Under Exception II.—Two Terms Contrasted.

"We often commend, as well as censure, imprudently."—L. Mur. cor. "It is as truly a violation of the right of property, to take a little, as to take much; to purloin a book or a penknife, as to steal money; to steal fruit, as to steal a horse; to defraud the revenue, as to rob my neighbour; to overcharge the public, as to overcharge my brother; to cheat the post-office, as to cheat my friend."—Wayland cor. "The classification of verbs has been, and still is, a vexed question."—Bullions cor. "Names applied only to individuals of a sort or class, and not common to all, are called Proper nouns."—Id. "A hero would desire to be loved, as well as to be reverenced."—Day cor. "Death, or some worse misfortune, now divides them." Better: "Death, or some other misfortune, soon divides them."—Murray's Gram., p. 151. "Alexander replied, 'The world will not permit two suns, nor two sovereigns.'"—Goldsmith cor.

"From nature's chain, whatever link you strike,
Tenth, or ten-thousandth, breaks the chain alike."—Pope.

Under Exception III.—Of an Alternative of Words.

"Metre, or Measure, is the number of poetical feet which a verse contains."—Hiley cor. "The Cæsura, or division, is the pause which takes place in a verse, and which divides it into two parts."—Id. "It is six feet, or one fathom, deep."—Bullions cor. "A Brace is used in poetry, at the end of a triplet, or three lines which rhyme together."—Felton cor. "There are four principal kinds of English verse, or poetical feet."—Id. "The period, or full stop, denotes the end of a complete sentence."—Sanborn cor. "The scholar is to receive as many jetons, or counters, as there are words in the sentence."—St. Quentin cor. "That [thing], or the thing, which purifies, fortifies also the heart."—O. B. Peirce cor. "That thing, or the thing, which would induce a laxity in public or private morals, or indifference to guilt and wretchedness, should be regarded as the deadly Sirocco."—Id. "What is, elliptically, what thing, or that thing which."—Sanborn cor. "Demonstrate means show, or point out precisely."—Id. "The man, or that man, who endures to the end, shall be saved."—Hiley cor.

Under Exception IV.—Of a Second Comma.

"That reason, passion, answer one great aim."—POPE: Bullions and Hiley cor. "Reason, virtue, answer one great aim."—L. Murray's Gram., p. 269; Cooper's Murray, 182; Comly, 145; Ingersoll, 282; Sanborn, 268; Kirkham, 212; et al. "Every good gift, and every perfect gift, is from above."—James, i, 17. "Every plant, and every tree, produces others after its kind."—Day cor. "James, and not John, was paid for his services."—Id. "The single dagger, or obelisk [Dagger], is the second."—Id. "It was I, not he, that did it."—St. Quentin cor. "Each aunt, each cousin, hath her speculation."—Byron. "'I shall see you when you come,' is equivalent to, 'I shall see you then, or at that time, when you come.'"—N. Butler cor.

"Let wealth, let honour, wait the wedded dame;
August her deed, and sacred be her fame."—Pope cor.

Under Rule V.—Of Words in Pairs.

"My hopes and fears, joys and sorrows, centre in you."—Greenleaf or Sanborn cor. "This mood implies possibility or liberty, will or obligation."—Ingersoll cor. "Substance is divided into body and spirit, into extended and thinking."—Brightland cor. "These consonants, [d and t,] like p and b, f and v, k and hard g, and s and z, are letters of the same organ."—J. Walker cor. "Neither fig nor twist, pigtail nor Cavendish, has passed my lips since; nor ever shall again."—Cultivator cor. "The words whoever or whosoever, whichever or whichsoever, and whatever or whatsoever, are called Compound Relative Pronouns."—Day cor. "Adjectives signifying profit or disprofit, likeness or unlikeness, govern the dative."—Bullions cor.

Under Rule Vi.—Of Words Absolute.

"Thy rod and thy staff, they comfort me."—Psalm xxiii 4. "Depart, ye wicked."—J. W. Wright cor. "He saith unto his mother. Woman, behold thy son!"—John, xix, 26. "Thou, God, seest me."—Bullions cor. "John, write me a letter. Henry, go home."—O. B. Peirce cor., twice. "Now, G. Brown, let us reason together."—Id. "Mr. Smith, you say, on page 11th, 'The objective case denotes the object'"—Id. "Gentlemen, will you always speak as you mean?"—Id. "John, I sold my books to William, for his brothers."—Id. "Walter, and Seth, I will take my things, and leave yours."—Id. "Henry, Julia and Jane left their umbrella, and took yours."—Id. "John, harness the horses, and go to the mine for some coal."—Id. "William, run to the store, for a few pounds of tea."—Id. "The king being dead, the parliament was dissolved."—Chandler cor.

"Cease, fond Nature, cease thy strife,
And let me languish into life."
—Pope, Brit. Poets, vi, 317.

"Forbear, great man, in arms renown'd, forbear."
—Hiley's Gram., p. 127.

"Eternal sunshine of the spotless mind!
Each prayer accepted, and each wish resign'd."
—Pope, Brit. Poets, vi, 335.

Under Rule VII.—Of Words in Apposition.

"We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice," &c.—Constit. of U. S. "The Lord, the covenant God of his people, requires it."—A. S. Mag. cor. "He, as a patriot, deserves praise."—Hallock cor. "Thomson, the watchmaker and jeweller from London, was of the party."—Bullions cor. "Every body knows that the person here spoken of by the name of 'the Conqueror,' is William, duke of Normandy."—L. Mur. cor. "The words myself, thyself, himself, herself, itself, and their plurals, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves, are called Compound Personal Pronouns."—Day cor.

"For who, to dumb forgetfulness a prey,
This pleasing, anxious being e'er resign'd,
Left the warm precincts of the cheerful day
Nor cast one longing, ling'ring look behind?"—GRAY: Mur. Seq.

Under the Exceptions Concerning Apposition.

"Smith & Williams's store; Nicholas the emperor's army."—Day cor. "He was named William the Conqueror."—Id. "John the Baptist was beheaded."—Id. "Alexander the coppersmith did me much evil."—2 Tim., iv, 14. "A nominative in immediate apposition: as, 'The boy Henry speaks.'"—Smart cor. "A noun objective can be in apposition with some other; as, 'I teach the boy Henry.'"—Id.

Under Rule VIII.—Of Adjectives.

"But he found me, not singing at my work, ruddy with health, vivid with cheerfulness; but pale," &c.—DR. JOHNSON: Murray's Sequel, p. 4. "I looked up, and beheld an inclosure, beautiful as the gardens of paradise, but of a small extent."—HAWKESWORTH: ib., p. 20. "A is an article, indefinite, and belongs to 'book.'"—Bullions cor. "The first expresses the rapid movement of a troop of horse over the plain, eager for the combat."—Id. "He [, the Indian chieftain, King Philip,] was a patriot, attached to his native soil; a prince, true to his subjects, and indignant of their wrongs; a soldier, daring in battle, firm in adversity, patient of fatigue, of hunger, of every variety of bodily suffering, and ready to perish in the cause he had espoused."—W. Irving.

"For thee, who, mindful of th' unhonour'd dead,
Dost in these lines their artless tale relate."
—GRAY: Mur. Seq., p. 258.

"Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest;
Some Cromwell, guiltless of his country's blood."
—GRAY: Enf. Sp., p. 245.

"Idle after dinner [,] in his chair,
Sat a farmer, ruddy, fat, and fair."
—Murray's Gram., p. 257.

Under the Exception Concerning Adjectives.

"When an attribute becomes a title, or is emphatically applied to a name, it follows it: as, Charles the Great; Henry the First; Lewis the Gross."—Webster cor. "Feed me with food convenient for me."—Prov., xxx, 8. "The words and phrases necessary to exemplify every principle progressively laid down, will be found strictly and exclusively adapted to the illustration of the principles to which they are referred."—Ingersoll cor. "The Infinitive Mood is that form of the verb which expresses being or action unlimited by person or number."—Day cor. "A man diligent in his business, prospers."—Frost cor.

"Oh wretched state! oh bosom black as death!" —SHAK.: Enfield, p. 368.

Under Rule IX.—Of Finite Verbs.

"The Singular denotes one; the Plural, more than one."—Bullions and Lennie cor. "The Comma represents the shortest pause; the Semicolon, a pause longer than the comma; the Colon, longer than the semicolon; and the Period, longer than the colon."—Hiley cor. "The Comma represents the shortest pause; the Semicolon, a pause double that of the Comma; the Colon, double that of the semicolon; and the Period, double that of the colon."—L. Murray's Gram., p. 266. "WHO is applied only to persons; WHICH, to animals and things; WHAT, to things only; and THAT, to persons, animals, and things."—Day cor. "A or an is used before the singular number only; the, before either singular or plural."—Bullions cor. "Homer was the greater genius; Virgil, the better artist."—Day cor.; also Pope. "Words are formed of syllables; syllables, of letters."—St. Quentin cor. "The conjugation of an active verb is styled the ACTIVE VOICE; and that of a passive verb, the PASSIVE VOICE."—Frost cor.; also Smith: L. Murray's Gram., p. 77. "The possessive is sometimes called the genitive case; and the objective, the accusative."—L. Murray cor. "Benevolence is allied to few vices; selfishness, to fewer virtues."—Kames cor. "Orthography treats of Letters; Etymology, of words; Syntax, of Sentences; and Prosody, of Versification."—Hart cor.

"Earth praises conquerors for shedding blood;
Heaven, those that love their foes, and do them good."—Waller.

Under Rule X.—Of Infinitives.

"His business is, to observe the agreement or disagreement of words."—Bullions cor. "It is a mark of distinction, to be made a member of this society."—Farnum cor. "To distinguish the conjugations, let the pupil observe the following rules."—Day cor. "He was now sent for, to preach before the Parliament."—E. Williams cor. "It is incumbent on the young, to love and honour their parents."—Bullions cor. "It is the business of every man, to prepare for death."—Id. "It argued the sincerest candor, to make such an acknowledgement."—Id. "The proper way is, to complete the construction of the first member, and leave that of the second elliptical."—Id. "ENEMY is a name. It is a term of distinction, given to a certain person, to show the character in which he is represented."—Peirce cor. "The object of this is, to preserve the soft sounds of c and g."—Hart cor. "The design of grammar is, to facilitate the reading, writing, and speaking of a language."—Barrett cor. "Four kinds of type are used in the following pages, to indicate the portions that are considered more or less elementary."—Hart cor.

Under Rule Xi.—Of Participles.

"The chancellor, being attached to the king, secured his crown."—Murray's Grammar, p. 66. "The officer, having received his orders, proceeded to execute them."—Day cor. "Thus used, it is in the present tense."—Bullions, E. Gr., 2d Ed., p. 35. "The imperfect tense has three distinct forms, corresponding to those of the present tense."—Bullions cor. "Every possessive case is governed by some noun, denoting the thing possessed."—Id. "The word that, used as a conjunction, is [generally] preceded by a comma."—Hiley's Gram., p. 114. "His narrative, being composed upon so good authority, deserves credit."—Cooper cor. "The hen, being in her nest, was killed and eaten there by the eagle."—Murray cor. "Pronouns, being used in stead of nouns, are subject to the same modifications."—Sanborn cor. "When placed at the beginning of words, they are consonants."—Hallock cor. "Man, starting from his couch, shall sleep no more."—Young. "His and her, followed by a noun, are possessive pronouns; not followed by a noun, they are personal pronouns."—Bullions cor.

"He, with viny crown advancing,
First to the lively pipe his hand address'd."—Collins.

Under the Exception Concerning Participles.

"But when they convey the idea of many acting individually, or separately, they are of the plural number."—Day cor. "Two or more singular antecedents connected by and, [when they happen to introduce more than one verb and more than one pronoun,] require verbs and pronouns of the plural number."—Id. "Words ending in y preceded by a consonant change y into i, when a termination is added."—N. Butler cor. "A noun used without an article to limit it, is generally taken in its widest sense."—Ingersoll cor. "Two nouns meaning the same person or thing, frequently come together."—Bucke cor. "Each one must give an account to God for the use, or abuse, of the talents committed to him."—Cooper cor. "Two vowels united in one sound, form a diphthong."—Frost cor. "Three vowels united in one sound, form a triphthong."—Id. "Any word joined to an adverb, is a secondary adverb."—Barrett cor. "The person spoken to, is put in the Second person; the person spoken of, in the Third person."—Cutler cor. "A man devoted to his business, prospers."—Frost cor.

Under Rule XII.—Of Adverbs.

"So, in indirect questions; as, 'Tell me when he will come.'"—Butler cor. "Now, when the verb tells what one person or thing does to an other, it is transitive."—Bullions cor. "Agreeably to your request, I send this letter."—Id. "There seems, therefore, to be no good reason for giving them a different classification."—Id. "Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto a merchant-man seeking good pearls."—Scott's Bible, Smith's, and Bruce's. "Again, the kingdom of heaven is like unto a net that was cast into the sea."—Same. "Cease, however, is used as a transitive verb by our best writers."—Webster cor. "Time admits of three natural divisions; namely, Present, Past, and Future."—Day cor. "There are three kinds of comparison; namely, Regular, Irregular, and Adverbial"—Id. "There are five personal pronouns; namely, I, thou, he, she, and it."—Id. "Nouns have three cases: viz., the Nominative, the Possessive, and the Objective."—Bullions cor. "Hence, in studying Grammar, we have to study words."—Frazee cor. "Participles, like verbs, relate to nouns and pronouns."—Miller cor. "The time of the participle, like that of the infinitive, is estimated from the time of the leading verb."—Bullions cor.

"The dumb shall sing, the lame his crutch forego,
And leap exulting, like the bounding roe."—Pope.

Under Rule XIII.—Of Conjunctions.

"But he said, Nay; lest, while ye gather up the tares, ye root up also the wheat with them."—Scott's Bible et al. "Their intentions were good: but, wanting prudence, they missed the mark at which they aimed."—L. Mur. cor. "The verb be often separates the name from its attribute; as, 'War is expensive.'"—Webster cor. "Either and or denote an alternative; as, 'I will take either road at your pleasure.'"—Id. "Either is also a substitute for a name; as, 'Either of the roads is good.'"—Id. "But, alas! I fear the consequence."—Day cor. "Or, if he ask a fish, will he for a fish give him a serpent?"—Luke, xi, 11. "Or, if he shall ask an egg, will he offer him a scorpion?"—ALGER'S BIBLE: Luke, xi, 12. "The infinitive sometimes performs the office of a nominative case; as, 'To enjoy is to obey.'—POPE."—Cutler cor. "The plural is commonly formed by adding s to the singular; as, book, books."—Bullions, P. Lessons, p. 16. "As, 'I were to blame, if I did it.'"—Smart cor.

"Or, if it be thy will and pleasure,
Direct my plough to find a treasure."

Under Rule XIV.—Of Prepositions.

"Pronouns agree with the nouns for which they stand, in gender, number, and person."—Butler and Bullions cor. "In the first two examples, the antecedent is person, or something equivalent; in the last [one], it is thing."—N. Butler cor. "In what character he was admitted, is unknown."—Id. "To what place he was going, is not known."—Id. "In the preceding examples, John, Cæsar, and James, are the subjects."—Id. "Yes is generally used to denote assent, in answer to a question."—Id. "That, in its origin, is the passive participle of the Anglo-Saxon verb thean, [thegan, thicgan, thicgean, or thigan,] to take."—Id. "But, in all these sentences, as and so are adverbs."—Id. "After an interjection or an exclamatory sentence, is usually placed the mark of exclamation."—D. Blair cor. "Intransitive verbs, from their nature, can have no distinction of voice."—Bullions cor. "To the inflection of verbs, belong Voices, Moods, Tenses, Numbers, and Persons."—Id. "As and so, in the antecedent member of a comparison, are properly Adverbs." Better: "As OR so, in the antecedent member of a comparison, is properly an adverb."—Id. "In the following Exercise, point out the words in apposition."—Id. "In the following Exercise, point out the noun or pronoun denoting the possessor."—Id. "Its is not found in the Bible, except by misprint."—Brown's Institutes, p. 49. "No one's interest is concerned, except mine."—Hallock cor. "In most of the modern languages, there are four concords."—St. Quentin cor. "In illustration of these remarks, let us suppose a case."—Hart cor. "On the right management of the emphasis, depends the life of pronunciation."—J. S. Hart and L. Murray cor. See Blair's Rhet., p. 330.

Under Rule XV.—Of Interjections.

"Behold, he is in the desert."—Friend's Bible. "And Lot said unto them, Oh, not so, my Lord."—Alger's Bible. "Oh, let me escape thither, (is it not a little one?) and my soul shall live."—Friend's Bible, and Alger's. "Behold, I come quickly."—Rev., xxii, 7. "Lo, I am with you always."—Day cor. "And, lo, I am with you alway."—Alger's Bible: Day cor.; also Scott and Bruce. "Ha, ha, ha; how laughable that is!"—Bullions cor. "Interjections of laughter; ha, ha, Ha."—Wright cor.

Under Rule XVI.—Of Words Repeated.

"Lend, lend your wings!" &c.—Pope. "To bed, to bed, to bed. There is a knocking at the gate. Come, come, come. What is done, cannot be undone. To bed, to bed, to bed."—SHAKSPEARE: Burghs Speaker, p. 130. "I will roar, that the duke shall cry, Encore, encore, let him roar, let him roar, once more, once more."—Id., ib., p. 136.

"Vital spark of heavenly flame!
Quit, oh quit this mortal frame!"—Pope.

"O the pleasing, pleasing anguish,
When we love, and when we languish."—Addison.

"Praise to God, immortal praise,
For the love that crowns our days!"—Barbauld.

Under Rule XVII.—Of Dependent Quotations.

"Thus, of an infant, we say, 'It is a lovely creature.'"—Bullions cor. "No being can state a falsehood in saying, 'I am;' for no one can utter this, if it is not true."—Cardell cor. "I know they will cry out against this, and say, 'Should he pay,' means, 'If he should pay.'"—O. B. Peirce cor. "For instance, when we say, 'The house is building,' the advocates of the new theory ask,—'building what?' We might ask in turn, When you say, 'The field ploughs well,'—ploughs what? 'Wheat sells well,'—sells what? If usage allows us to say, 'Wheat sells at a dollar,' in a sense that is not active; why may it not also allow us to say, 'Wheat is selling at a dollar' in a sense that is not active?"—Hart cor. "Man is accountable,' equals, 'Mankind are accountable.'"—Barrett cor. "Thus, when we say, 'He may be reading,' may is the real verb; the other parts are verbs by name only."—Smart cor. "Thus we say, an apple, an hour, that two vowel sounds may not come together."—Id. "It would be as improper to say, an unit, as to say, an youth; to say, an one, as to say, an wonder."—Id. "When we say, 'He died for the truth,' for is a preposition."—Id. "We do not say, 'I might go yesterday;' but, 'I might have gone yesterday.'"—Id. "By student, we understand, one who has by matriculation acquired the rights of academical citizenship; but, by bursché, we understand, one who has already spent a certain time at the university."—Howitt cor.

Section II.—The Semicolon.

Corrections Under Rule I.—Of Complex Members.

"The buds spread into leaves, and the blossoms swell to fruit; but they know not how they grow, nor who causes them to spring up from the bosom of the earth."—Day cor. "But he used his eloquence chiefly against Philip, king of Macedon; and, in several orations, he stirred up the Athenians to make war against him."—Bullions cor. "For the sake of euphony, the n is dropped before a consonant; and, because most words begin with a consonant, this of course is its more common form."—Id. "But if I say, 'Will a man be able to carry this burden?' it is manifest the idea is entirely changed; the reference is not to number, but to the species; and the answer might be, 'No; but a horse will.'"—Id. "In direct discourse, a noun used by the speaker or writer to designate himself [in the special relation of speaker or writer], is said to be of the first person; used to designate the person addressed, it is said to be of the second person; and, when used to designate a person or thing [merely] spoken of, it is said to be of the third person."—Id. "Vice stings us, even in our pleasures; but virtue consoles us, even in our pains."—Day cor. "Vice is infamous, though in a prince; and virtue, honourable, though in a peasant."—Id. "Every word that is the name of a person or thing, is a noun; because, 'A noun is the name of any person, place, or thing.'"—Bullions cor.

"This is the sword with which he did the deed;
And that, the shield by which he was defended."—Bucke cor.

UNDER RULE II.—OF SIMPLE MEMBERS. "A deathlike paleness was diffused over his countenance; a chilling terror convulsed his frame; his voice burst out at intervals into broken accents."—Jerningham cor. "The Lacedemonians never traded; they knew no luxury; they lived in houses built of rough materials; they ate at public tables; fed on black broth; and despised every thing effeminate or luxurious."—Whelpley cor. "Government is the agent; society is the principal."—Wayland cor. "The essentials of speech were anciently supposed to be sufficiently designated by the Noun and the Verb; to which was subsequently added the Conjunction."—Bullions cor. "The first faint gleamings of thought in its mind, are but reflections from the parents' own intellect; the first manifestations of temperament, are from the contagious parental fountain; the first aspirations of soul, are but the warmings and promptings of the parental spirit."—Jocelyn cor. "Older and oldest refer to maturity of age; elder and eldest, to priority of right by birth. Farther and farthest denote place or distance; further and furthest, quantity or addition."—Bullions cor. "Let the divisions be natural; such as obviously suggest themselves to the mind; such as may aid your main design; and such as may be easily remembered."—Goldsbury cor.

"Gently make haste, of labour not afraid;
A hundred times consider what you've said."—Dryden cor.

UNDER RULE III.—OF APPOSITION, &C.

(1.) "Adjectives are divided [, in Frost's Practical Grammar,] into two classes; adjectives denoting quality, and adjectives denoting number."—Frost cor. (2.) "There are [, according to some authors,] two classes of adjectives; qualifying adjectives, and limiting adjectives."—N. Butler cor. (3-5.) "There are three genders; the masculine, the feminine, and the neuter."—Frost et al. cor.; also L. Mur. et al.; also Hendrick: Inst., p. 35. (6.) "The Singular denotes one; the Plural, more than one."—Hart cor. (7.) "There are three cases; viz., the Nominative, the Possessive, and the Objective."—Hendrick cor. (8.) "Nouns have three cases; the nominative, the possessive, and the objective."—Kirkham cor. (9.) "In English, nouns have three cases; the nominative, the possessive, and the objective."—Smith cor. (10.) "Grammar is divided into four parts; namely, Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, Prosody."—Hazen. (11.) "It is divided into four parts; viz., Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, Prosody."—Mur. et al. cor. (12.) "It is divided into four parts; viz., Orthography. Etymology, Syntax, Prosody."—Bucke cor. (13.) "It is divided into four parts; namely, Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody."—Lennie, Bullions, et al. (14.) "It is divided into four parts; viz., Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody."—Hendrick cor. (15.) "Grammar is divided into four parts; viz., Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody."—Chandler cor. (16.) "It is divided into four parts; Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody."—Cooper and Frost cor. (17.) "English Grammar has been usually divided into four parts; viz., Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody."—Nutting cor. (18.) "Temperance leads to happiness; intemperance, to misery."—Hiley and Hart cor. (19, 20.) "A friend exaggerates a man's virtues; an enemy, his crimes."—Hiley cor.; also Murray. (21.) "Many writers use a plural noun after the second of two numeral adjectives; thus, 'The first and second pages are torn.'"—Bullions cor. (22.) "Of these, [i. e., of Cases,] the Latin has six; the Greek, five; the German, four; the Saxon, six; the French, three; &c."—Id.

"In ing it ends, when doing is expressed;
In d, t, n, when suffering's confessed."—Brightland cor.

Mixed Examples Corrected.

"In old books, i is often used for j; v, for u; vv, for w; and ii or ij, for y."—Hart cor. "The forming of letters into words and syllables, is also called Spelling."—Id. "Labials are formed chiefly by the lips; dentals, by the teeth; palatals, by the palate; gutturals, by the throat; nasals, by the nose; and linguals, by the tongue."—Id. "The labials are p, b, f, v; the dentals, t, d, s, z; the palatals, g soft and j; the gutturals, k, q, and c and g hard; the nasals, m and n; and the linguals, l and r."—Id. "Thus, 'The man, having finished his letter, will carry it to the post-office.'"—Id. "Thus, in the sentence, 'He had a dagger concealed under his cloak,' concealed is passive, signifying being concealed; but, in the former combination, it goes to make up a form the force of which is active."—Id. "Thus, in Latin, 'He had concealed the dagger,' would be, 'Pugionem abdiderat;' but, 'He had the dagger concealed,' would be, 'Pugionem abditum habebat."—Id. "Here, for instance, means, 'in this place;' now, 'at this time;' &c."—Id. "Here when both declares the time of the action, and so is an adverb; and also connects the two verbs, and so resembles a conjunction."—Id. "These words were all, no doubt, originally other parts of speech; viz., verbs, nouns, and adjectives."—Id. "The principal parts of a sentence, are the subject, the attribute, and the object; in other words, the nominative, the verb, and the objective."—Id. "Thus, the adjective is connected with the noun; the adverb, with the verb or adjective; the pronoun, with its antecedent; &c." "Between refers to two; among, to more than two."—Id. "At is used after a verb of rest; to, after a verb of motion."—Id. "Verbs are of three kinds; Active, Passive, and Neuter."—L. Murray. [Active] "Verbs are divided into two classes; Transitive and Intransitive."—Hendrick cor. "The Parts of Speech, in the English language, are nine; viz., the Article, Noun, Adjective, Pronoun, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Interjection, and Conjunction."—Bullions cor. See Lennie. "Of these, the Noun, Pronoun, and Verb, are declined; the rest are indeclinable."—Bullions, Analyt. and Pract. Gram., p. 18. "The first expression is called 'the Active form;' the second, 'the Passive form.'"—Weld cor.

"O, 'tis a godlike privilege to save;
And he that scorns it, is himself a slave."—Cowper cor.

Section III.—The Colon.

Corrections Under Rule I.—Of Additional Remarks.

"Of is a preposition: it expresses the relation between fear and Lord."—Bullions cor. "Wealth and poverty are both temptations to man: that tends to excite pride; this, discontentment."—Id. et al cor. "Religion raises men above themselves; irreligion sinks them beneath the brutes: this binds them down to a poor pitiable speck of perishable earth; that opens for them a prospect to the skies."—Murray's Key, 8vo, p. 189. "Love not idleness: it destroys many."—Ingersoll cor. "Children, obey your parents: 'Honour thy father and mother,' is the first commandment with promise."—Bullions cor. "Thou art my hiding-place and my shield; I hope in thy word."—Psalm cxix, 114. "The sun shall not smite thee by day, nor the moon by night. The Lord shall preserve thee from all evil: he shall preserve thy soul."—Psalm cxxi, 6. "Here to Greece is assigned the highest place in the class of objects among which she is numbered—the nations of antiquity: she is one of them."—Bullions, E. Gram., p. 114.

"From short (as usual) and disturb'd repose,
I wake: how happy they who wake no more!"—Young, N. T., p. 3.

Under Rule II.—Of Greater Pauses.

"A taste of a thing, implies actual enjoyment of it; but a tase [sic—KTH] for it, implies only capacity for enjoyment: as, 'When we have had a true taste of the pleasures of virtue, we can have no relish for those of vice.'"—Bullions cor. "The Indicative mood simply declares a thing: as, 'He loves;' 'He is loved:' or it asks a question; as, 'Lovest thou me?'"—Id. and Lennie cor.; also Murray. "The Imperfect (or Past) tense represents an action or event indefinitely as past; as, 'Cæsar came, and saw, and conquered:' or it represents the action definitely as unfinished and continuing at a certain time now entirely past; as, 'My father was coming home when I met him.'"—Bullions cor. "Some nouns have no plural; as, gold, silver, wisdom: others have no singular: as, ashes, shears, tongs: others are alike in both numbers; as, sheep, deer, means, news."—Day cor. "The same verb may be transitive in one sense, and intransitive in an other: thus, in the sentence, 'He believes my story,' believes is transitive; but, in this phrase, 'He believes in God,' it is intransitive."—Butler cor. "Let the divisions be distinct: one part should not include an other, but each should have its proper place, and be of importance in that place; and all the parts, well fitted together and united, should present a perfect whole."—Goldsbury cor. "In the use of the transitive verb, there are always three things implied; the actor, the act, and the object acted upon: in the use of the intransitive, there are only two; the subject, or the thing spoken of, and the state or action attributed to it."—Bullions cor.

"Why labours reason? instinct were as well;
Instinct, far better: what can choose, can err."—Young, vii, 622.

Under Rule III.—Of Independent Quotations.

"The sentence may run thus: 'He is related to the same person, and is governed by him.'"—Hart cor. "Always remember this ancient proverb: 'Know thyself.'"—Hallock cor. "Consider this sentence: 'The boy runs swiftly.'"—Frazee cor. "The comparative is used thus: 'Greece was more polished than any other nation of antiquity.' The same idea is expressed by the superlative, when the word other is left out: thus, 'Greece was the most polished nation of antiquity.'"—Bullions and Lennie cor. "Burke, in his speech on the Carnatic war, makes the following allusion to the well known fable of Cadmus sowing dragon's teeth:—'Every day you are fatigued and disgusted with this cant: 'The Carnatic is a country that will soon recover, and become instantly as prosperous as ever.' They think they are talking to innocents, who believe that by the sowing of dragon's teeth, men may come up ready grown and ready made.'"—Hiley and Hart cor.

"For sects he car'd not: 'They are not of us,
Nor need we, brethren, their concerns discuss.'"—Crabbe cor.

"Habit, with him, was all the test of truth:
'It must be right; I've done it from my youth.'
Questions he answer'd in as brief a way:
'It must be wrong; it was of yesterday.'"—Id.

Mixed Examples Corrected.

"This would seem to say, 'I doubt nothing, save one thing; namely, that he will fulfill his promise:' whereas that is the very thing not doubted."—Bullions cor. "The common use of language requires, that a distinction be made between morals and manners: the former depend upon internal dispositions; the latter, upon outward and visible accomplishments."—Beattie cor. "Though I detest war in each particular fibre of my heart, yet I honour the heroes among our fathers, who fought with bloody hand. Peacemakers in a savage way, they were faithful to their light: the most inspired can be no more; and we, with greater light, do, it may be, far less."—T. Parker cor. "The article the, like a, must have a substantive joined with it; whereas that, like one, may have it understood: thus, speaking of books, I may select one, and say, 'Give me that;' but not, 'Give me the;'—[so I may say,] 'Give me one;' but not, 'Give me a.'"—Bullions cor. "The Present tense has three distinct forms: the simple; as, I read: the emphatic; as, I do read: and the progressive; as, I am reading." Or thus: "The Present tense has three distinct forms;—the simple; as, 'I read;'—the emphatic; as, 'I do read;'—and the progressive; as, 'I am reading.'"—Id. "The tenses in English are usually reckoned six: the Present, the Imperfect, the Perfect, the Pluperfect, the First-future, and the Second-future."—Id. "There are three participles; the Present or Active, the Perfect or Passive, and the Compound Perfect: as, loving, loved, having loved." Or, better: "There are three participles from each verb; namely, the Imperfect, the Perfect, and the Preperfect; as, turning, turned, having turned."—Murray et al. cor. "The participles are three; the Present, the Perfect, and the Compound Perfect: as, loving, loved, having loved." Better: "The participles of each verb are three; the Imperfect, the Perfect, and the Preperfect: as, turning, turned, having turned."—Hart cor. "Will is conjugated regularly, when it is a principal verb: as, present, I will; past, I willed; &c."—Frazee cor. "And both sounds of x are compound: one is that of gz, and the other, that of ks."—Id. "The man is happy; he is benevolent; he is useful."—L. Mur., p. 28: Cooper cor. "The pronoun stands in stead of the noun: as, 'The man is happy; he is benevolent; he is useful.'"—L. Murray cor. "A Pronoun is a word used in stead of a noun, to prevent too frequent a repetition of it: as, 'The man is happy; he is benevolent; he is useful.'"—Id. "A Pronoun is a word used in the room of a noun, or as a substitute for one or more words: as, 'The man is happy; he is benevolent; he is useful.'"—Cooper cor. "A common noun is the name of a sort, kind, or class, of beings or things; as, Animal, tree, insect, fish, fowl."—Id. "Nouns have three persons; the first, the second, and the third."—Id.

"So saying, her rash hand in evil hour
Forth reaching to the fruit, she pluck'd, she eat:
Earth felt the wound; and Nature from her seat,
Sighing through all her works, gave signs of woe,
That all was lost."—MILTON, P. L., Book ix, l. 780.

Section IV.—The Period.

Corrections Under Rule I.—Of Distinct Sentences.

"The third person is the position of a word by which an object is merely spoken of; as, 'Paul and Silas were imprisoned.'—'The earth thirsts.'—'The sun shines.'"—Frazee cor.

"Two, and three, and four, make nine. If he were here, he would assist his father and mother; for he is a dutiful son. They live together, and are happy, because they enjoy each other's society. They went to Roxbury, and tarried all night, and came back the next day."—Goldsbury cor.

"We often resolve, but seldom perform. She is wiser than her sister. Though he is often advised, yet he does not reform. Reproof either softens or hardens its object. He is as old as his classmates, but not so learned. Neither prosperity, nor adversity, has improved him. Let him that standeth, take heed lest he fall. He can acquire no virtue, unless he make some sacrifices."—Id.

"Down from his neck, with blazing gems array'd,
Thy image, lovely Anna! hung portray'd;
Th' unconscious figure, smiling all serene,
Suspended in a golden chain was seen."—Falconer.

Under Rule II.—Of Allied Sentences.

"This life is a mere prelude to an other which has no limits. It is a little portion of duration. As death leaves us, so the day of judgement will find us."—Merchant cor.

"He went from Boston to New York.—He went (I say) from Boston; he went to New York. In walking across the floor, he stumbled over a chair."—Goldsbury corrected.

"I saw him on the spot, going along the road, looking towards the house. During the heat of the day, he sat on the ground, under the shade of a tree."—Goldsbury corrected.

"'George came home; I saw him yesterday.' Here the word him can extend only to the individual George."—Barrett corrected.

"Commas are often used now, where parentheses were [adopted] formerly. I cannot, however, esteem this an improvement."—Bucke's Classical Grammar, p. 20.

"Thou, like a sleeping, faithless sentinel,
Didst let them pass unnotic'd, unimprov'd.
And know, for that thou slumberst on the guard,
Thou shalt be made to answer at the bar
For every fugitive."—COTTON: Hallock and Enfield cor.

Under Rule III.—Of Abbreviations.

"The term pronoun (Lat. pronomen) strictly means a word used for, or in stead of, a noun."—Bullions corrected.

"The period is also used after abbreviations; as, A. D., P. S., G. W.
Johnson."—N. Butler cor.

"On this principle of classification, the later Greek grammarians divided words into eight classes, or parts of speech: viz., the Article, Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Participle, Adverb, Preposition, and Conjunction."— Bullions cor.

"'Metre [Melody] is not confined to verse: there is a tune in all good prose; and Shakspeare's was a sweet one.'—Epea Pter., ii, 61. [First American Ed., ii, 50.] Mr. H. Tooke's idea was probably just, agreeing with Aristotle's; but [, if so, it is] not accurately expressed."— Churchill cor.

"Mr. J. H. Tooke was educated at Eton and at Cambridge, in which latter college he took the degree of A. M. Being intended for the established church of England, he entered into holy orders when young; and obtained the living of Brentford, near London, which he held ten or twelve years."—Tooke's Annotator cor.

"I, nor your plan, nor book condemn;
But why your name? and why A. M.?"—Lloyd cor.

Mixed Examples Corrected.

"If thou turn away thy foot from the sabbath," &c.—Isaiah, lviii, 13.
"He that hath eeris of hervnge, here he."—WICKLIFFE: Matt., xi, 15.
"See General Rules for Spelling, iii, v, and vii."—N. Butler cor. "False
witnesses did rise up."—Ps., xxxv, 11.

"An explicative sentence is used for explaining; an interrogative sentence, for inquiring; an imperative sentence, for commanding."— Barrett cor. "In October, corn is gathered in the field by men, who go from hill to hill with baskets, into which they put the ears.—Susan labours with her needle for a livelihood.—Notwithstanding his poverty, he is a man of integrity."—Golds, cor.

"A word of one syllable is called a monosyllable; a word of two syllables, a dissyllable; a word of three syllables, a trissyllable; a word of four or more syllables, a polysyllable."—Frazee cor.

"If I say, 'If it did not rain, I would take a walk;' I convey the idea that it does rain at the time of speaking. 'If it rained,' or, 'Did it rain,' in [reference to] the present time, implies that it does not rain. 'If it did not rain,' or, 'Did it not rain,' in [reference to the] present time, implies that it does rain. Thus, in this peculiar application, an affirmative sentence always implies a negation; and a negative sentence, an affirmation."—Id. "'If I were loved' and, 'Were I loved;' imply I am not loved: 'If I were not loved,' and, 'Were I not loved,' imply I am loved. A negative sentence implies an affirmation, and an affirmative sentence implies a negation, in these forms of the subjunctive."—Id.

"What is Rule III?"—Hart cor. "How is Rule III violated?"—Id. "How do you parse letter in the sentence, 'James writes a letter?' Ans. Letter is a common noun, of the third person, singular number, neuter gender, and objective case; and is governed by the verb writes, according to Rule III, which says, 'A transitive verb governs the objective case.'"—Id.

"Creation sleeps. 'Tis as the gen'ral pulse
Of life stood still, and nature made a pause;
An awful pause! prophetic of her end.
And let her prophecy be soon fulfill'd:
Fate, drop the curtain; I can lose no more."—Young.

Section V.—The Dash.

Corrections Under Rule I.—Of Abrupt Pauses.

"And there is something in your very strange story, that resembles—Does
Mr. Bevil know your history particularly?"—Burgh's Speaker, p. 149.
"Sir,—Mr. Myrtle—Gentlemen—You are friends—I am but a
servant—But—"—Ib., p. 118.

"An other man now would have given plump into this foolish story; but
I—No, no, your humble servant for that."—GARRICK, Neck or Nothing.

"Do not plunge thyself too far in anger, lest thou hasten thy trial; which if—Lord have mercy on thee for a hen!"—SHAKSPEARE, All's Well.

"But ere they came,—O, let me say no more!
Gather the sequel by that went before."—IDEM, Com. of Errors.

Under Rule II.—Of Emphatic Pauses.

"M,—Malvolio;—M,—why, that begins my name."—SINGER'S SHAK., Twelfth
Night.

"Thus, by the creative influence of the Eternal Spirit, were the heavens and the earth finished in the space of six days—so admirably finished—an unformed chaos changed into a system of perfect order and beauty—that the adorable Architect himself pronounced it very good, and all the sons of God shouted for joy."—Historical Reader, p. 10.

"If I were an American, as I am an Englishman, while a foreign troop remained in my country, I never would lay down my arms—never, never, never."—Pitt's Speech.

"Madam, yourself are not exempt in this,—
Nor your son Dorset;—Buckingham, nor you."—SHAK.

Under Rule III.—Of Faulty Dashes.

"'You shall go home directly, Le Fevre,' said my uncle Toby, 'to my house; and we'll send for a doctor to see what's the matter; and we'll have an apothecary; and the corporal shall be your nurse: and I'll be your servant, Le Fevre.'"—Sterne cor.

"He continued: 'Inferior artists may be at a stand, because they want materials.'"—Harris cor. "Thus, then, continued he: 'The end, in other arts, is ever distant and removed.'"—Id.

"The nouns must be coupled with and; and when a pronoun is used, it must be plural, as in the example. When the nouns are disjoined, the pronoun must be singular."—Lennie cor.

"Opinion is a common noun, or substantive, of the third person, singular number, neuter gender, and nominative case."—Wright cor.

"The mountain, thy pall and thy prison, may keep thee;
I shall see thee no more, but till death I will weep thee."
—See Felton's Gram., p. 93.

Mixed Examples Corrected.

"If to accommodate man and beast, heaven and earth—if this be beyond me, 'tis not possible.—What consequence then follows? Or can there be any other than this?—if I seek an interest of my own, detached from that of others, I seek an interest which is chimerical, and can never have existence."—Harris.

"Again: I must have food and clothing. Without a proper genial warmth, I instantly perish. Am I not related, in this view, to the very earth itself?—to the distant sun, from whose beams I derive vigour?"—Id.

"Nature instantly ebbed again; the film returned to its place; the pulse fluttered—stopped—went on—throbbed—stopped again—moved—stopped.— Shall I go on?—No."—Sterne cor.

"Write ten nouns of the masculine gender;—ten of the feminine;—ten of the neuter; ten indefinite in gender."—Davis cor.

"The infinitive mood has two tenses; the indicative, six; the potential, four; the subjunctive, two; and the imperative, one."—Frazee cor. "Now notice the following sentences: 'John runs.'—'Boys run.'—'Thou runnest.'"—Id.

"The Pronoun sometimes stands for a name; sometimes for an adjective, a sentence, or a part of a sentence; and, sometimes, for a whole series of propositions."—Peirce cor.

"The self-applauding bird, the peacock, see;
Mark what a sumptuous pharisee is he!"—Cowper cor.

Section VI.—The Eroteme.

Corrections Under Rule I.—Of Questions Direct.

"When will his ear delight in the sound of arms? When shall I, like Oscar, travel in the light of my steel?"—Ossian, Vol. i, p. 357. "Will Henry call on me, while he shall be journeying south?"—Peirce cor.

"An Interrogative Pronoun is one that is used in asking a question; as, 'Who is he? and what does he want?'"—P. E. Day cor. "Who is generally used when we would inquire about some unknown person or persons; as, 'Who is that man?'"—Id. "Your fathers, where are they? and the prophets, do they live forever?"—Zech., i. 5.

"It is true, that some of our best writers have used than whom; but it is also true that they have used other phrases which we have rejected as ungrammatical: then why not reject this too?—The sentences in the exercises, with than who, are correct as they stand."—Lennie cor.

"When the perfect participle of an active-intransitive verb is annexed to the neuter verb to be, what does the combination form?"—Hallock cor. "Those adverbs which answer to the question where? whither? or whence? are called adverbs of place."—Id. "Canst thou by searching find out God? canst thou find out the Almighty unto perfection? It is as high as heaven; what canst thou do? deeper than hell; what canst thou know?"—SCOTT, ALGER, BRUCE, AND OTHERS: Job, xi, 7 and 8.

"Where, where, for shelter shall the wicked fly,
When consternation turns the good man pale?"—Young.

Under Rule II.—Of Questions United.

"Who knows what resources are in store, and what the power of God may do for thee?"—STERNE: Enfield's Speaker, p. 307.

"God is not a man, that he should lie; neither the son of man, that he should repent: hath he said, and shall he not do it? or hath he spoken, and shall he not make it good?"—SCOTT'S BIBLE, ALGER'S, FRIENDS', BRUCE'S, AND OTHERS: Numb., xxiii, 19. "Hath the Lord said it, and shall he not do it? hath he spoken it, and shall he not make it good?"—Lennie and Bullions cor.

"Who calls the council, states the certain day,
Who forms the phalanx, and who points the way?"—Pope's Essay.

Under Rule III.—Of Questions Indirect.

"To be, or not to be;—that is the question."—Shak. et al. cor. "If it be asked, why a pause should any more be necessary to emphasis than to an accent,—or why an emphasis alone will not sufficiently distinguish the members of sentences from each other, without pauses, as accent does words,—the answer is obvious: that we are preacquainted with the sound of words, and cannot mistake them when distinctly pronounced, however rapidly; but we are not preacquainted with the meaning of sentences, which must be pointed out to us by the reader or speaker."—Sheridan cor.

"Cry, 'By your priesthood, tell me what you are.'"—Pope cor.

Mixed Examples Corrected.

"Who else can he be?"—Barrett cor. "Where else can he go?"—Id. "In familiar language, here, there, and where, are used for hither, thither, and whither."—N. Butler cor. "Take, for instance, this sentence: 'Indolence undermines the foundation of virtue.'"—Hart cor. "Take, for instance, the sentence before quoted: 'Indolence undermines the foundation of virtue.'"—Id. "Under the same head, are considered such sentences as these: 'He that hath ears to hear, let him hear.'—'Gad, a troop shall overcome him.'"—Id.

"Tenses are certain modifications of the verb, which point out the distinctions of time."—Bullions cor. "Calm was the day, and the scene, delightful."—Id. See Murray's Exercises, p. 5. "The capital letters used by the Romans to denote numbers, were C, I, L, V, X; which are therefore called Numeral Letters. I denotes one; V, five; X, ten; L, fifty; and C, a hundred."—Bullions cor. "'I shall have written;' viz., at or before some future time or event."—Id. "In Latin words, the liquids are l and r only; in Greek words, l, r, m, and n."—Id. "Each legion was divided into ten cohorts; each cohort, into three maniples; and each maniple, into two centuries."—Id. "Of the Roman literature previous to A. U. 514, scarcely a vestige remains."—Id.

"And that which He delights in, must be happy.
But when? or where? This world was made for Cæsar."—CATO.

"Look next on greatness. Say where greatness lies.
Where, but among the heroes and the wise?"—Pope.

Section VII—The Ecphoneme.

CORRECTIONS UNDER RULE I.—OF INTERJECTIONS, &c.

(1.) "O! that he were wise!"—Bullions cor. (2.) "O! that his heart were tender!"—See Murray's Ex. or Key, under Rule xix. (3 and 4.) "Oh! what a sight is here!"—Bullions, E. Gram., p. 71; (§37;) Pract. Les., p. 82; Analyt. and Pract. Gram., p. 111. (5-9.) "O Virtue! how amiable thou art!"—Farnum's Gram., p. 12; Bullions's Analyt. and Pract. Gram., p. 111. (10.) "Oh! that I had been more diligent!"—Hart cor.; and Hiley. (11.) "O! the humiliation to which vice reduces us!"—Farnum and Mur. cor. (12.) "O! that he were more prudent!"—Farnum cor. (13 and 14.) "Ah me!"—Davis cor.

(15.) "Lately, alas! I knew a gentle boy," &c.—Dial cor.

(16 and 17.) "Wo is me, Alhama!"—Byron's Poems: Wells cor.

Under Rule II.—Of Invocations.

"Weep on the rocks of roaring winds, O maid of Inistore!"—Ossian. "Cease a little while, O wind! stream, be thou silent a while! let my voice be heard around. Let my wanderer hear me! Salgar! it is Colma who calls. Here is the tree, and the rock. Salgar, my love! I am here. Why delayest thou thy coming? Lo! the calm moon comes forth. The flood is bright in the vale."—Id., Vol. i, p. 369.

"Ah, stay not, stay not! guardless and alone:
Hector! my lov'd, my dearest, bravest son!"—Pope, II., xxii, 61.

Under Rule III.—Of Exclamatory Questions.

"How much better is wisdom than gold!"—See Murray's Gram., 8vo, p. 272. "O Virtue! how amiable art thou!"—See Murray's Grammar, 2d Edition, p. 95. "At that hour, O how vain was all sublunary happiness!"—Brown's Institutes, p. 117; see English Reader, p. 135. "Alas! how few and transitory are the joys which this world affords to man!"—P. E. Day cor. "Oh! how vain and transitory are all things here below!"—Id.

"And O! what change of state, what change of rank,
In that assembly everywhere was seen!"—Pollok cor.; also Day.

Mixed Examples Corrected.

"O Shame! where is thy blush?"—Shak. "John, give me my hat."—Barrett cor. "What! is Moscow in flames?"—Id. "O! what happiness awaits the virtuous!"—Id.

"Ah, welladay! do what we can for him, said Trim, maintaining his point,—the poor soul will die."—Sterne or Enfield cor.; also Kirkham.

"Will John return to-morrow?"—Barrett cor. "Will not John return to-morrow?"—Id. "John, return to-morrow."—Id. "Soldiers, stand firm."—Id. "If mea, which means my, is an adjective in Latin, why may not my be so called in English? and if my is an adjective, why not Barrett's?"—Id.

"O Absalom, my son!"—See 2 Sam., xix, 4. "O star-eyed Science! whither hast thou fled?"—Peirce cor. "Why do you tolerate your own inconsistency, by calling it the present tense?"—Id. "Thus the declarative mood [i.e., the indicative mood] may be used in asking a question: as, 'What man is frail?'"—Id. "What connection has motive, wish, or supposition, with the the term subjunctive?"—Id. "A grand reason, truly, for calling it a golden key!"—Id. "What 'suffering' the man who can say this, must be enduring!"—Id. "What is Brown's Rule in relation to this matter?"—Id. "Alas! how short is life!"—P. E. Day cor. "Thomas, study your book."—Id. "Who can tell us who they are?"—Sanborn cor. "Lord, have mercy on my son; for he is lunatic, and sorely vexed."—See Matt., xvii, 15. "O ye wild groves! O where is now your bloom?"—Felton cor.

"O who of man the story will unfold?"—Farnum cor..

"Methought I heard Horatio say, To-morrow.
Go to—I will not hear of it—to-morrow!"—COTTON.

"How his eyes languish! how his thoughts adore
That painted coat which Joseph never wore!"

Section VIII.—The Curves.

Corrections Under Rule I.—Of Parentheses.

"Another [, better written as a phrase, An other,] is composed of the indefinite article an, (which etymologically means one,) and other; and denotes one other."—Hallock cor.

"Each mood has its peculiar Tense, Tenses, or Times."—Bucke cor.

"In some very ancient languages, (as the Hebrew,) which have been employed chiefly for expressing plain sentiments in the plainest manner, without aiming at any elaborate length or harmony of periods, this pronoun [the relative] occurs not so often."—L. Murray cor.

"Before I shall say those things, O Conscript Fathers! about the public affairs, which are to be spoken at this time; I shall lay before you, in few words, the motives of the journey and the return."—Brightland cor.

"Of well-chose words some take not care enough,
And think they should be, like the subject, rough."—Id.

"Then, having showed his wounds, he'd sit him down."—Bullions cor.

Under Rule II.—Of Included Points.

"Then Jael smote the nail into his temples, and fastened it into the ground: (for he was fast asleep, and weary:) so he died."—SCOTT'S BIBLE: Judges, iv, 21.

"Every thing in the Iliad has manners, (as Aristotle expresses it,) that is, every thing is acted or spoken."—Pope cor.

"Those nouns that end in f, or fe. (except some few which I shall mention presently,) form plurals by changing those letters into ves: as, thief, thieves: wife, wives."—Bucke cor.

"As requires as; (expressing equality of degree;) thus, 'Mine is as good as yours.' As [requires] so; (expressing equality or proportion;) thus, 'As the stars, so shall thy seed be.' So [requires] as; (with a negative expressing inequality;) as, 'He is not so wise as his brother.' So [requires] that; (expressing a consequence:) as, 'I am so weak that I cannot walk.'" —Bullions cor.

"A captious question, sir, (and yours is one,)
Deserves an answer similar, or none."—Cowper cor.

Mixed Examples Corrected.

"Whatever words the verb TO BE serves to unite, referring to the same thing, must be of the same case; (§61;) as, 'Alexander is a student.'"—Bullions cor. "When the objective is a relative or [an] interrogative, it comes before the verb that governs it: (§40, Rule 9:) Murray's 6th rule is unnecessary."—Id. "It is generally improper, except in poetry, to omit the antecedent to a relative; and always, to omit a relative, when of the nominative case."—Id. "In every sentence, there must be a verb and a nominative or subject, expressed or understood."—Id. "Nouns and pronouns, and especially words denoting time, are often governed by prepositions understood; or are used to restrict verbs or adjectives, without a governing word: (§50, Rem. 6 and Rule:) as, 'He gave [to] me a full account of the affair.'"—Id. "When should is used in stead of ought, to express present duty, (§20, 4,) it may be followed by the present; as, 'You should study that you may become learned.'"—Id. "The indicative present is frequently used after the words when, till, before, as soon as, after, to express the relative time of a future action: (§24, I, 4;) as, 'When he comes, he will be welcome.'"—Id. "The relative is parsed, [according to Bullions,] by stating its gender, number, case, and antecedent; (the gender and number being always the same as those of the antecedent;) thus, 'The boy who'—'Who is a relative pronoun, masculine, singular, the nominative; and refers to 'boy' as its antecedent."—Id.

"'Now, now, I seize, I clasp thy charms;
And now you burst, ah cruel! from my arms.'—Pope.

"Here is an unnecessary change from the second person singular to the second person plural. The text would have been better, thus:—

'Now, now, I seize, I clasp your charms;
And now you burst, ah cruel! from my arms.'"—John Burn cor.
See Lowth's Gram., p. 35; Churchill's, 293.

Section IX.—All Points.

Mixed Examples Corrected.

"The principal stops are the following: the Comma [,], the Semicolon [;], the Colon [:], the Period, or Full Stop [.], the Note of Interrogation [?], the Note of Exclamation [!], the Parenthesis [], and the Dash [—]."—Bullions cor. "The modern punctuation in Latin is the same as in English. The chief marks employed are the Comma [,], the Semicolon [;], the Colon [:], the Period [.], the Note of Interrogation [?], the Note of Exclamation (!), the Parenthesis [], and the Dash [—]."—Id.

"Plato reproving a young man for playing at some childish game, 'You chide me,' says the youth, 'for a trifling fault.' 'Custom,' replied the philosopher, 'is no trifle.' 'And,' adds Montaigne, 'he was in the right; for our vices begin in infancy.'"—Home cor.

"A merchant at sea asked the skipper what death his father died. 'My father,' says the skipper, 'my grandfather, and my great-grandfather, were all drowned.' 'Well,' replies the merchant, 'and are not you afraid of being drowned too?'"—Id.

"The use of inverted commas derives from France, where one Guillemet was the author of them; [and,] as an acknowledgement for the improvement, his countrymen call them after his name, GUILLEMETS."—Hist. cor.

"This, however, is seldom if ever done, unless the word following the possessive begins with s; thus, we do not say, 'the prince' feather;' but, 'the prince's feather.'"—Bullions cor. "And this phrase must mean, 'the feather of the prince;' but 'prince's-feather,' written as one word, [and with both apostrophe and hyphen,] is the name of a plant, a species of amaranth."—G. Brown. "Boëthius soon had the satisfaction of obtaining the highest honours his country could bestow."—Ingersoll cor.; also L. Murray.

"When an example, a quotation, or a speech, is introduced, it is separated from the rest of the sentence either by a comma or by a colon; as, 'The Scriptures give us an amiable representation of the Deity, in these words: God is love.'"—Hiley cor. "Either the colon or the comma may be used, [according to the nature of the case,] when an example, a quotation, or a speech, is introduced; as, 'Always remember this ancient maxim: Know thyself.'—'The Scriptures give us an amiable representation of the Deity, in these words: God is love.'"—Bullions cor.

"The first word of a quotation introduced after a colon, or of any sentence quoted in a direct form, must begin with a capital: as, 'Always remember this ancient maxim: Know thyself.'—'Our great lawgiver says, Take up thy cross daily, and follow me.'"—Bullions and Lennie cor.; also L. Murray; also Weld. See Luke, ix, 23.

"Tell me, in whose house do you live?"—N. Butler cor. "He that acts wisely, deserves praise."—Id. "He who steals my purse, steals trash."—Id. "The antecedent is sometimes omitted; as, 'Who steals my purse, steals trash.'—[Shak.] That is, 'He who,' or, 'The person who.'"—Id. "Thus, 'Whoever steals my purse, steals trash;'—'Whoever does no good, does harm.'"—Id. "Thus, 'Whoever sins, will suffer.' This means, that any one, without exception, who sins, will suffer."—Id.

"Letters form syllables; syllables, words; words, sentences; and sentences, combined and connected, form discourse."—Cooper cor. "A letter which forms a perfect sound when uttered by itself, is called a vowel; as, a, e, i."—Id. "A proper noun is the name of an individual, [or of a particular people or place]; as, John, Boston, Hudson, America."—Id.

"Many men have been capable of doing a wise thing; more, a cunning thing; but very few, a generous thing."—Davis cor. "In the place of an ellipsis of the verb, a comma must be inserted."—Id. "A common noun unlimited by an article, is sometimes understood in its broadest acceptation: thus, 'Fishes swim,' is understood to mean all fishes; 'Man is mortal,' all men."—Id.

"Thus, those sounds formed principally by the throat, are called gutturals; those formed principally by the palate, palatals; those formed by the teeth, dentals; those by the lips, labials; and those by the nose, nasals."—Davis cor.

"Some adjectives are compared irregularly: as, Good, letter, best; Bad, worse, worst; Little, less, least."—Felton cor.

"Under the fourth head of grammar, therefore, four topics will be considered; viz., PUNCTUATION, ORTHOEPY [sic—KTH], FIGURES, and VERSIFICATION."—Hart cor.

"Direct her onward to that peaceful shore,
Where peril, pain, and death, are felt no more!"—Falconer cor.

Good English Rightly Pointed.

Lesson I.—Under Various Rules.

"Discoveries of such a character are sometimes made in grammar also; and such, too, are often their origin and their end."—Bullions cor.

"TRAVERSE, [literally to cross,] To deny what the opposite party has alleged. To traverse an indictment, or the like, is to deny it."—Id.

"The Ordinal numerals denote the order, or succession, in which any number of persons or things are mentioned; as, first, second, third, fourth, &c."—Hiley cor.

"Nouns have three persons; the First, the Second, and the Third. The First person is that which denotes the speaker: the Second is that which denotes the person or thing spoken to; the Third is that which denotes the person or thing merely spoken of."—Hart cor.

"Nouns have three cases; the Nominative, the Possessive, and the Objective. The relations indicated by the cases of a noun, include three distinct ideas; viz., those of subject, object, and ownership."—Id.

"In speaking of animals that are of inferior size, or whose sex is not known or not regarded, we often treat them as without sex: thus, we say of a cat, 'It is treacherous;' of an infant, 'It is beautiful;' of a deer, 'It was killed.'"—Id.

"When THIS and THAT, or THESE and THOSE, refer to a preceding sentence; THIS or THESE represents the latter member or term, and THAT or THOSE, the former."—Churchill cor.; and Lowth.

"The rearing of them became his first care; their fruit, his first food; and the marking of their kinds, his first knowledge."—N. Butler cor.

"After the period used with abbreviations, we should employ other points, if the construction demands them; thus, after 'Esq.,' in the last example, there should be, besides the period, a comma."—Id.

"In the plural, the verb has the same form in all the persons; but still the principle in Rem. 5, under Rule iii, that the first or second person takes precedence, is applicable to verbs, in parsing."—Id.

"Rex and Tyrannus are of very different characters. The one rules his people by laws to which they consent; the other, by his absolute will and power: that government is called freedom; this, tyranny."—L. Murray cor.

"A noun is the name of any person, place, or thing, that can be known or mentioned: as, George, London, America, goodness, charity."—See Brown's Institutes, p. 31.

"Etymology treats of the classification of words, their various modifications, and their derivation"—P. E. Day cor.

"To punctuate correctly, implies a thorough acquaintance with the meaning of words and phrases, as well as with all their corresponding connexions."—W. Day cor.

"All objects that belong to neither the male nor the female kind, are said to be of the neuter gender, except certain things personified."—Weld cor twice.

"The Analysis of the Sounds in the English language, presented in the preceding statements, is sufficiently exact for the purpose in hand. Those who wish to pursue the subject further, can consult Dr. Rush's admirable work, 'The Philosophy of the Human Voice.'"—Fowler cor. "Nobody confounds the name of w or y with the sound of the letter, or with its phonetic import."—Id. [[Fist] This assertion is hardly true. Strange as such a blunder is, it has actually occurred. See, in Orthography, Obs. 5, on the Classes of the Letters, at p. 156.—G. B.]

"Order is Heav'n's first law; and, this confess'd,
Some are, and must be, greater than the rest."—Pope.

Lesson II—Under Various Rules.

"From adjectives of one syllable, and some of two, the comparative is formed by adding r or er to the positive; and the superlative, by adding st or est: as, sweet, sweeter, sweetest; able, abler, ablest."—Bullions cor.

"From monosyllables, or from dissyllables ending with a vowel or the accent, the comparative is formed by adding er or r to the positive; and the superlative, by adding est or st: as, tall, taller, tallest; wise, wiser, wisest; holy, holier, holiest; complete, completer, completest."—Id.

"By this method, the confusion and unnecessary labour occasioned by studying grammars, in these languages, constructed on different principles, are avoided; the study of one is rendered a profitable introduction to the study of an other; and an opportunity is furnished to the inquiring student, of comparing the languages in their grammatical structure, and of seeing at once wherein they agree, and wherein they differ."—Id.

"No larger portion should be assigned for each recitation, than the class can easily master; and, till the previous lessons are well learned, a new portion should not be given out."—Id. "The acquisitions made in every new lesson, should be riveted and secured by repeated revisals."—Id.

"The personal pronouns may be parsed briefly, thus: 'I is a personal pronoun, of the first person, singular number, masculine gender, (feminine, if the speaker is a female,) and nominative case.' 'His is a personal pronoun, of the third person, singular number, masculine gender, and possessive case.'"—Id.

"When the male and the female are expressed by distinct terms, as, shepherd, shepherdess, the masculine term has also a general meaning, expressing both male and female; and is always to be used when the office, occupation, or profession, and not the sex, of the individual, is chiefly to be expressed; the feminine term being used only when the discrimination of sex is indispensably necessary. Thus, when it is said, 'The poets of this country are distinguished for correctness of taste,' the term 'poets' clearly includes both male and female writers of poetry."—Id.

"Nouns and pronouns connected by conjunctions, must be in the same case"—Ingersoll cor.

"Verbs connected by and, or, or nor, must generally be in the same mood and tense; and, when the tense has different forms, they must be in the same form."—Id.

"This will habituate him to reflection; exercise his judgement on the meaning of the author; and, without any great effort on his part, impress indelibly on his memory the rules which he is required to give. After the exercises under any rule have been gone through, agreeably to the direction in the note at the bottom of page 88th, they may be read over again in a corrected state, the pupil making an emphasis on the correction made; or they may be presented in writing, at the next recitation."—Bullions cor.

"Man, but for that, no action could attend;
And, but for this, were active to no end."—Pope.

Lesson III.—Under Various Rules.

"'Johnson, the bookseller and stationer' indicates that bookseller and stationer are terms belonging to the same person; 'the bookseller and the stationer,' would indicate that they belong to different persons."—Bullions cor.

"Past is [commonly] an adjective; passed, the past tense or perfect participle of the verb: and they ought not (as they frequently are) to be confounded with each other."—Id.

"Not only the nature of the thoughts and sentiments, but the very selection or arrangement of the words, gives English poetry a character which separates it widely from common prose."—Id.

"Men of sound, discriminating, and philosophical minds—men prepared for the work by long study, patient investigation, and extensive acquirements—have laboured for ages to improve and perfect it; and nothing is hazarded in asserting, that, should it be unwisely abandoned, it will be long before an other, equal in beauty, stability, and usefulness, will be produced in its stead."—Id., on the common "system of English Grammar."

"The article the, on the other hand, is used to restrict; and is therefore termed Definite. Its proper office is, to call the attention to a particular individual or class, or to any number of such; and accordingly it is used with nouns of either number, singular or plural."—Id.

"Hence, also, the infinitive mood, a participle with its adjuncts, a member of a sentence, or a whole proposition, forming the subject of discourse, or the object of a verb or preposition, and being the name of an act or circumstance, is, in construction, regarded as a noun; and is usually called, 'a substantive phrase:' as, 'To play, is pleasant.'—'That he is an expert dancer, is no recommendation.'—'Let your motto be, Honesty is the best policy.'"—Id.

"In accordance with his definition, Murray has divided verbs into three classes: Active, Passive, and Neuter;—and included in the first class transitive verbs only; and, in the last, all verbs used intransitively"—Id.

"Moreover, as the name of the speaker or that of the person spoken to is seldom expressed, (the pronoun I being used for the former, and THOU or YOU for the latter,) a noun is very rarely in the first person; not often in the second; and hardly ever in either, unless it is a proper noun, or a common noun denoting an object personified."—Id.

"In using the parsing exercises, it will save much time, (and this saving is all-important,) if the pupil be taught to say all things belonging to the noun, in the fewest words possible; and to say them always in the same order, after the example above."—Id.

"In any phrase or sentence, the adjectives qualifying a noun may generally be found by prefixing the phrase, 'What kind of,' to the noun, in the form of a question; as, 'What kind of horse?' 'What kind of stone?' 'What kind of way?' The word containing the answer to the question, is an adjective."—Id.

"In the following exercise, let the pupil first point out the nouns, and then the adjectives; and tell how he knows them to be such."—Id.

"In the following sentences, point out the improper ellipses; show why they are improper; and correct them."—Id.

"SINGULAR. PLURAL. 1. I am smitten, 1. We are smitten, 2. Thou art smitten, 2. You are smitten, 3. He is smitten; 3. They are smitten."—Wright cor.

Chapter II.—Utterance.

The second chapter of Prosody, treating of articulation, pronunciation, elocution and the minor topics that come under Utterance, contains no exercises demanding correction in this Key.

Chapter III.—Figures.

In the third chapter of Prosody, the several Figures of speech are explained; and, as the illustrations embrace no errors for correction, nothing here corresponds to the chapter, but the title.

Chapter IV.—Versification.

False Prosody, or Errors of Metre, Corrected.

Lesson I.—Rhythm Restored.

"Where thy true treasure? Gold says, 'Not in me.'"
—Young.

"Canst thou grow sad, thou say'st, as earth grows bright."
—Dana.

"It must be so;—Plato, thou reason'st well"
—CATO: Enfield, p. 321.

"Slow rises worth by poverty depressed."
—Wells's Gram., Late Ed., p. 211.

"Rapt into future times, the bard begun."
—POPE.—Ib., p. 165.

"Is there not rain enough in the sweet heavens
To wash it white as snow? Whereto serves mercy
But to confront the visage of offence?"
—Shak., Hamlet.

"Look! in this place ran Cassius' dagger through."
—Id., J. Cæsar.

"And when they list, their lean and flashy songs
Grate on their scrannel pipes of wretched straw."
—Milton, Lycidas.

"Did not great Julius bleed for justice' sake?"
—Dodd and Shak. cor.

"May I express thee' unblam'd? since God is light"
—Milton, B. iii, l. 3.

"Or hear'st thou rather pure ethereal stream?"
—Id., B. iii, l. 7.

"Republics, kingdoms, empires, may decay;
Great princes, heroes, sages, sink to nought."
—Peirce or La-Rue cor.

"Thou bringst, gay creature as thou art,
A solemn image to my heart."
—Hallock cor.

"Know then thyself, presume not God to scan;
The proper study of mankind is Man."
—Pope, on Man, Ep. ii, l. 1.

"Raised on pilasters high of burnished gold."
—Dr. S. Butler cor.

"Love in Adalgise' breast has fixed his sting."
—Id.

"Thirty days each have September, April, June, and old November; Each of the rest has thirty-one, Bating February alone, Which has twenty-eight in fine, Till leap-year gives it twenty-nine." —Dean Colet cor.

Lesson II.—Rhythm Restored.

"'Twas not the fame of what he once had been,
Or tales in records old and annals seen."
—Rowe cor.

"And Asia now and Afric are explored
For high-priced dainties and the citron board."
—Rowe cor.

"Who knows not how the trembling judge beheld
The peaceful court with arm~ed legions fill'd?"
—Rowe cor.

"With thee the Scythian wilds we'll wander o'er,
With thee the burning Libyan sands explore."
—Rowe cor.

"Hasty and headlong, different paths they tread,
As impulse blind and wild distraction lead."
—Rowe cor.

"But Fate reserv'd him to perform its doom,
And be the minister of wrath to Rome."
—Rowe cor.

"Thus spoke the youth. When Cato thus express'd
The sacred counsels of his inmost breast."
—Rowe cor.

"These were the rigid manners of the man,
This was the stubborn course in which they ran;
The golden mean unchanging to pursue,
Constant to keep the purpos'd end in view."
—Rowe cor.

"What greater grief can on a Roman seize,
Than to be forced to live on terms like these!"
—Rowe cor.

"He views the naked town with joyful eyes,
While from his rage an arm~ed people flies."
—Rowe cor.

"For planks and beams, he ravages the wood,
And the tough oak extends across the flood."
—Rowe cor.

"A narrow pass the horn~ed mole divides.
Narrow as that where strong Euripus' tides
Beat on Euboean Chalcis' rocky sides."
—Rowe cor.

"No force, no fears their hands unarm~ed bear,"—or,
"No force, no fears their hands unarm'd now bear,
But looks of peace and gentleness they wear."
—Rowe cor.

"The ready warriors all aboard them ride,
And wait return of the retiring tide."
—Rowe cor.

"He saw those troops that long had faithful stood,
Friends to his cause, and enemies to good,
Grown weary of their chief, and satiate with blood."
—Rowe cor.

End of the Key.