The Key.—Part III.—Syntax (part 2)

"This would make it impossible for a noun, or any other word, ever to be in the possessive case."—O. B. Peirce cor. "A great part of our pleasure arises from finding the plan or story well conducted."—Dr. Blair cor. "And we have no reason to wonder that this was the case."—Id. "She objected only, (as Cicero says,) to Oppianicus as having two sons by his present wife."—Id. "The subjugation of the Britons by the Saxons, was a necessary consequence of their calling of these Saxons to their assistance."—Id. "What he had there said concerning the Saxons, that they expelled the Britons, and changed the customs, the religion, and the language of the country, is a clear and a good reason why our present language is Saxon, rather than British."—Id. "The only material difference between them, except that the one is short and the other more prolonged, is, that a metaphor is always explained by the words that are connected with it."—Id. et Mur. cor. "The description of Death, advancing to meet Satan on his arrival."—Rush cor. "Is not the bare fact, that God is the witness of it, sufficient ground for its credibility to rest upon?"—Chalmers cor. "As in the case of one who is entering upon a new study."—Beattie cor. "The manner in which these affect the copula, is called the imperative mood."—Wilkins cor. "We are freed from the trouble, because our nouns have scarcely any diversity of endings."—Buchanan cor. "The verb is rather indicative of the action as being doing, or done, than of the time of the event; but indeed the ideas are undistinguishable."—Booth cor. "Nobody would doubt that this is a sufficient proof."—Campbell cor. "Against the doctrine here maintained, that conscience as well as reason, is a natural faculty."—Beattie cor. "It is one cause why the Greek and English languages are much more easy to learn, than the Latin."—Bucke cor. "I have not been able to make out a solitary instance in which such has been the fact."—Lib. cor. "An angel, forming the appearance of a hand, and writing the king's condemnation on the wall, checked their mirth, and filled them with terror."—Wood cor. "The prisoners, in attempting to escape, aroused the keepers."—O. B. Peirce cor. "I doubt not, in the least, that this has been one cause of the multiplication of divinities in the heathen world."—Dr. Blair cor. "From the general rule he lays down, that the verb is the parent word of all language."—Tooke cor. "He was accused of being idle." Or: "He was accused of idleness."—Felch cor. "Our meeting is generally dissatisfied with him for so removing." Or: "with the circumstances of his removal."—Edmondson cor. "The spectacle is too rare, of men deserving solid fame while not seeking it."—Bush cor. "What further need was there that an other priest should rise?"—Heb., vii, 11.

Under Note Xi.—Reference of Participles.

"Viewing them separately, we experience different emotions." Or: "Viewed separately, they produce different emotions."—Kames cor. "But, this being left doubtful, an other objection occurs."—Id. "As he proceeded from one particular to an other, the subject grew under his hand."—Id. "But this is still an interruption, and a link of the chain is broken."—Id. "After some days' hunting,—(or, After some days spent in hunting,)—Cyrus communicated his design to his officers."—Rollin cor. "But it is made, without the appearance of being made in form."—Dr. Blair cor. "These would have had a better effect, had they been disjoined, thus."—Blair and Murray cor. "In an improper diphthong, but one of the vowels is sounded."—Murray, Alger, et al. cor. "And I being led to think of both together, my view is rendered unsteady."—Blair, Mur., and Jam. cor. "By often doing the same thing, we make the action habitual." Or: "What is often done, becomes habitual."—L. Murray cor. "They remain with us in our dark and solitary hours, no less than when we are surrounded with friends and cheerful society."—Id. "Besides showing what is right, one may further explain the matter by pointing out what is wrong."—Lowth cor. "The former teaches the true pronunciation of words, and comprises accent, quantity, emphasis, pauses, and tones."—L. Murray cor. "A person may reprove others for their negligence, by saying, 'You have taken great care indeed.'"—Id. "The word preceding and the word following it, are in apposition to each other."—Id. "He having finished his speech, the assembly dispersed."—Cooper cor. "Were the voice to fall at the close of the last line, as many a reader is in the habit of allowing it to do."—Kirkham cor. "The misfortunes of his countrymen were but negatively the effects of his wrath, which only deprived them of his assistance."—Kames cor. "Taking them as nouns, we may explain this construction thus."—Grant cor. "These have an active signification, except those which come from neuter verbs."—Id. "From its evidence not being universal." Or: "From the fact that its evidence is not universal."—Bp. Butler cor. "And this faith will continually grow, as we acquaint ourselves with our own nature."—Channing cor. "Monosyllables ending with any consonant but f, l, or s, never double the final consonant, when it is preceded by a single vowel; except add, ebb," &c.—Kirkham's Gram., p. 23. Or: "Words ending with any consonant except f, l, or s, do not double the final letter. Exceptions. Add, ebb, &c."—Bullions's E. Gram., p. 3. (See my 2d Rule for Spelling, of which this is a partial copy.) "The relation of Maria as being the object of the action, is expressed by the change of the noun Maria to Mariam;" [i. e., in the Latin language.]—Booth cor. "In analyzing a proposition, one must first divide it into its logical subject and predicate."—Andrews and Stoddard cor. "In analyzing a simple sentence, one should first resolve it into its logical subject and logical predicate."—Wells cor.

Under Note XII.—Of Participles and Nouns.

"The instant discovery of passions at their birth, is essential to our well-being."—Kames cor. "I am now to enter on a consideration of the sources of the pleasures of taste."—Blair cor. "The varieties in the use of them are indeed many."—Murray cor. "The changing of times and seasons, the removing and the setting-up of kings, belong to Providence alone."—Id. "Adherence to the partitions, seemed the cause of France; acceptance of the will, that of the house of Bourbon."—Bolingbroke cor. "An other source of darkness in composition, is the injudicious introduction of technical words and phrases."—Campbell cor. "These are the rules of grammar; by observing which, you may avoid mistakes."—L. Murray et al. cor. "By observing the rules, you may avoid mistakes."—Alger cor. "By observing these rules, he succeeded."—Frost cor. "The praise bestowed on him was his ruin."—Id. "Deception is not convincement."—Id. "He never feared the loss of a friend."—Id. "The making of books is his amusement."—Alger cor. "We call it the declining—(or, the declension—) of a noun."—Ingersoll cor. "Washington, however, pursued the same policy of neutrality, and opposed firmly the taking of any part in the wars of Europe."—Hall and Baker cor. "The following is a note of Interrogation, or of a question: (?)."—Inf. S. Gram. cor. "The following is a note of Admiration, or of wonder: (!)."—Id. "The use or omission of the article A forms a nice distinction in the sense."—Murray cor. "The placing of the preposition before the word, which it governs, is more graceful."—Churchill cor. (See Lowth's Gram., p. 96; Murray's, i, 200; Fisk's, 141; Smith's, 167.) "Assistance is absolutely necessary to their recovery, and the retrieving of their affairs."—Bp. Butler cor. "Which termination, [ish,] when added to adjectives, imports diminution, or a lessening of the quality."—Mur. and Kirkham cor. "After what has been said, will it be thought an excess of refinement, to suggest that the different orders are qualified for different purposes?"—Kames cor. "Who has nothing to think of, but the killing of time."—West cor. "It requires no nicety of ear, as in the distinguishing of tones, or the measuring of time."—Sheridan cor. "The possessive case [is that form or state of a noun or pronoun, which] denotes possession, or the relation of property."—S. R. Hall cor.

Under Note XIII.—Perfect Participles.

"Garcilasso was master of the language spoken by the Incas."—Robertson cor. "When an interesting story is broken off in the middle."—Kames cor. "Speaking of Hannibal's elephants driven back by the enemy."—Id. "If Du Ryer had not written for bread, he would have equalled them."—Formey cor. "Pope describes a rock broken off from a mountain, and hurling to the plain."—Kames cor. "I have written, Thou hast written, He hath or has written; &c."—Ash and Maltby cor. "This was spoken by a pagan."—Webster cor. "But I have chosen to follow the common arrangement."—Id. "The language spoken in Bengal."—Id. "And sound sleep thus broken off with sudden alarms, is apt enough to discompose any one."—Locke cor. "This is not only the case of those open sinners before spoken of."—Leslie cor. "Some grammarians have written a very perplexed and difficult doctrine on Punctuation."—Ensell cor. "There hath a pity arisen in me towards thee."—G. Fox Jun. cor. "Abel is the only man that has undergone the awful change of death."—De Genlis, Death of Adam.

"Meantime, on Afric's glowing sands, Smit with keen heat, the traveller stands."—Ode cor.

Chapter VIII.—Adverbs.

Corrections Under the Notes to Rule XXI.

Under Note I.—The Placing of Adverbs.

"Not all that is favoured by good use, is proper to be retained."—L. Murray corrected. "Not everything favoured by good use, is on that account worthy to be retained."—Campbell cor. "Most men dream, but not all."—Beattie cor. "By hasty composition, we shall certainly acquire a very bad style."—Dr. Blair cor. "The comparisons are short, touching on only one point of resemblance."—Id. "Having once had some considerable object set before us."—Id. "The positive seems to be improperly called a degree." —Adam and Gould cor. "In some phrases, the genitive only is used."—Iid. "This blunder is said to have actually occurred."—Smith cor. "But not every man is called James, nor every woman, Mary."—Buchanan cor. "Crotchets are employed for nearly the same purpose as the parenthesis."—Churchill cor. "There is a still greater impropriety in a double comparative."—Priestley cor. "We often have occasion to speak of time."—Lowth cor. "The following sentence cannot possibly be understood."—Id. "The words must generally be separated from the context."—Comly cor. "Words ending in ator, generally have the accent on the penultimate."—L. Mur. cor. "The learned languages, with respect to voices, moods, and tenses, are, in general, constructed differently from the English tongue."—Id. "Adverbs seem to have been originally contrived to express compendiously, in one word, what must otherwise have required two or more."—Id. "But it is so, only when the expression can be converted into the regular form of the possessive case."—Id. "'Enter boldly,' says he, 'for here too there are gods.'"—Harris cor. "For none ever work for so little a pittance that some cannot be found to work for less."—Sedgwick cor. "For sinners also lend to sinners, to receive again as much."—Bible cor. Or, as Campbell has it in his version:—"that they may receive as much in return."—Luke, vi, 34. "They must be viewed in exactly the same light."—L. Murray cor. "If he speaks but to display his abilities, he is unworthy of attention."—Id.

Under Note II.—Adverbs for Adjectives.

"Upward motion is commonly more agreeable than motion downward."—Dr. Blair cor. "There are but two possible ways of justification before God."—Cox cor. "This construction sounds rather harsh."—Mur. and Ing. cor. "A clear conception, in the mind of the learner, of regular and well-formed letters."—C. S. Jour. cor. "He was a great hearer of * * * Attalus, Sotion, Papirius, Fabianus, of whom he makes frequent mention."—L'Estrange cor. "It is only the frequent doing of a thing, that makes it a custom."—Leslie cor. "Because W. R. takes frequent occasion to insinuate his jealousies of persons and things."—Barclay cor. "Yet frequent touching will wear gold."—Shak. cor. "Uneducated persons frequently use an adverb when they ought to use an adjective: as, 'The country looks beautifully;' in stead of beautiful." — Bucke cor. "The adjective is put absolute, or without its substantive."—Ash cor. "A noun or a pronoun in the second person, may be put absolute in the nominative case."—Harrison cor. "A noun or a pronoun, when put absolute with a participle," &c.—Id. and Jaudon cor. "A verb in the infinitive mood absolute, stands independent of the remaining part of the sentence."—Wilbur and Liv. cor. "At my late return into England, I met a book entitled, 'The Iron Age.'"—Cowley cor. "But he can discover no better foundation for any of them, than the mere practice of Homer and Virgil."—Kames cor.

UNDER NOTE III.—HERE FOR HITHER, &C.

"It is reported, that the governor will come hither to-morrow."—Kirkham cor. "It has been reported that the governor will come hither to-morrow."—Id. "To catch a prospect of that lovely land whither his steps are tending."—Maturin cor. "Plautus makes one of his characters ask an other, whither he is going with that Vulcan shut up in a horn; that is, with a lantern in his hand."—Adams cor. "When we left Cambridge we intended to return thither in a few days."—Anon. cor. "Duncan comes hither to-night."—Churchill's Gram., p. 323. "They talked of returning hither last week."—See J. M. Putnam's Gram., p. 129.

UNDER NOTE IV.—FROM HENCE, &C.

"Hence he concludes, that no inference can be drawn from the meaning of the word, that a constitution has a higher authority than a law or statute,"—Webster cor. "Whence we may likewise date the period of this event."—L. Murray cor. "Hence it becomes evident that LANGUAGE, taken in the most comprehensive view, implies certain sounds, [or certain written signs,] having certain meanings."—Harris cor. "They returned to the city whence they came out."—A. Murray cor. "Respecting ellipses, some grammarians differ strangely in their ideas; and thence has arisen a very whimsical diversity in their systems of grammar."—G. Brown. "What am I, and whence? That is, What am I, and whence am I?"—Jaudon cor.

Under Note V.—The Adverb How.

"It is strange, that a writer so accurate as Dean Swift, should have stumbled on so improper an application of this particle."—Dr. Blair cor. "Ye know, that a good while ago God made choice among us," &c.—Bible cor. "Let us take care lest we sin; i.e.,—that we do not sin."—Priestley cor. "We see by these instances, that prepositions may be necessary, to connect such words as are not naturally connected by their own signification."—L. Murray cor. "Know ye not your own selves, that Jesus Christ is in you, except ye be reprobates?"—Bible cor. "That thou mayst know that the earth is the Lord's."—Id.

Under Note Vi.—When, While, or Where.

"ELLIPSIS is the omission of some word or words which are necessary to complete the construction, but not requisite to complete the sense."—Adam, Gould, and Fisk, cor. "PLEONASM is the insertion of some word or words more than are absolutely necessary either to complete the construction, or to express the sense."—Iid. cor. "HYSTERON-PROTERON is a figure in which that is put in the former part of the sentence, which, according to the sense, should be in the latter."—Adam and Gould cor. "HYSTERON-PROTERON is a rhetorical figure in which that is said last, which was done first."—Webster cor. "A BARBARISM is a foreign or strange word, an expression contrary to the pure idiom of the language."—Adam and Gould cor. "A SOLECISM is an impropriety in respect to syntax, an absurdity or incongruity in speech."—Iid. cor. "An IDIOTISM is a manner of expression peculiar to one language childishly transferred to an other."—Iid. cor. "TAUTOLOGY is a disagreeable repetition, either of the same words, or of the same sense in different words."—Iid. cor. "BOMBAST, or FUSTIAN, is an inflated or ambitious style, in which high-sounding words are used, with little or no meaning, or upon a trifling occasion."—Iid. cor. "AMPHIBOLOGY is ambiguity of construction, phraseology which may be taken in two different senses."—Iid. cor. "IRONY is a figure in which one means the contrary of what is said."—Adam and Gould cor. "PERIPHRASIS, or CIRCUMLOCUTION, is the use of several words, to express what might be said in fewer."—Iid. cor. "HYPERBOLE is a figure in which a thing is magnified above the truth."—Iid. cor. "PERSONIFICATION is a figure which ascribes human life, sentiments, or actions, to inanimate beings, or to abstract qualities."—Iid. cor. "APOSTROPHE is a turning from the tenor of one's discourse, into an animated address to some person, present or absent, living or dead, or to some object personified."—Iid. cor. "A SIMILE is a simple and express comparison; and is generally introduced by LIKE, AS, or so."—G. B., Inst., p. 233; Kirkham cor.; also Adam and Gould. "ANTITHESIS is a placing of things in opposition, to heighten their effect by contrast."—Inst., p. 234; Adam and Gould corrected. "VISION, or IMAGERY, is a figure in which what is present only to the mind, is represented as actually before one's eyes, and present to the senses."—G. B.; Adam cor. "EMPHASIS is a particular stress of voice laid on some word in a sentence."—Gould's Adam's Gram., p. 241. "EPANORTHOSIS, or CORRECTION, is the recalling or correcting by the speaker, of what he last said."—Ibid. "PARALIPSIS, or OMISSION, is the pretending to omit or pass by, what one at the same time declares."—Ibid. "INCREMENTUM, or CLIMAX in sense, is the rising of one member above an other to the highest."—Ibid. "METONYMY is a change of names: as when the cause is mentioned for the effect, or the effect for the cause; the container for the thing contained, or the sign for the thing signified."—Kirkham cor. "The Agreement of words is their similarity in person, number, gender, case, mood, tense, or form."—Brown's Inst., p. 104. "The Government of words is that power which one word has over an other, to cause it to assume some particular modification."—Ib. "Fusion is the converting of some solid substance into a fluid by heat."—G. B. "A proper diphthong is a diphthong in which both the vowels are sounded together; as, oi in voice, ou in house."—Fisher cor. "An improper diphthong is a diphthong in which the sound of but one of the two vowels is heard; as, eo in people."—Id.

Under Note VII.—The Adverb No for Not.

"An adverb is added to a verb to show how, or when, or where, or whether or not, one is, does, or suffers."—Buchanan cor. "We must be immortal, whether we will or not."—Maturin cor. "He cares not whether the world was made for Cæsar or not."—A. Q. Rev. cor. "I do not know whether they are out or not."—Byron cor. "Whether it can be proved or not, is not the thing."—Bp. Butler cor. "Whether he makes use of the means commanded by God, or not."—Id. "Whether it pleases the world or not, the care is taken."—L'Estrange cor. "How comes this to be never heard of, nor in the least questioned, whether the Law was undoubtedly of Moses's writing or not?"—Tomline cor. "Whether he be a sinner or not, I do not know." Or, as the text is more literally translated by Campbell: "Whether he be a sinner, I know not."—Bible cor. "Can I make men live, whether they will or not?"—Shak. cor.

"Can hearts not free, be tried whether they serve
Willing or not, who will but what they must?"—Milton cor.

Under Note VIII.—Of Double Negatives.

"We need not, nor do we, confine the purposes of God." Or: "We need not, and do not, confine," &c.—Bentley cor. "I cannot by any means allow him that."—Id. "We must try whether or not we can increase the attention by the help of the senses."—Brightland cor. "There is nothing more admirable or more useful."—Tooke cor. "And what in time to come he can never be said to have done, he can never be supposed to do."—R. Johnson cor. "No skill could obviate, no remedy dispel, the terrible infection."—Goldsmith cor. "Prudery cannot be an indication either of sense or of taste."—Spurzheim cor. "But neither that scripture, nor any other, speaks of imperfect faith."—Barclay cor. "But neither this scripture, nor any other, proves that faith was or is always accompanied with doubting."—Id. "The light of Christ is not, and cannot be, darkness."—Id. "Doth not the Scripture, which cannot lie, give some of the saints this testimony?"—Id. "Which do not continue, and are not binding."—Id. "It not being perceived directly, any more than the air."—Campbell cor. "Let us be no Stoics, and no stocks, I pray."—Shak. cor. "Where there is no marked or peculiar character in the style."—Dr. Blair cor. "There can be no rules laid down, nor any manner recommended."—Sheridan cor.

"Bates. 'He hath not told his thought to the king?' K. Henry. 'No; and it is not meet he should.'" Or thus: "'No; nor is it meet he should.'"—Shak. cor.

Under Note IX.—Ever and Never.

"The prayer of Christ is more than sufficient both to strengthen us, be we everso weak; and to overthrow all adversary power, be it everso strong."—Hooker cor. "He is like to have no share in it, or to be never the better for it." Or: "He is not likely to have any share in it, or to be ever the better for it."—Bunyan cor. "In some parts of Chili it seldom or never rains."—Willetts cor. "If Pompey shall but everso little seem to like it."—W. Walker cor. "Though everso great a posse of dogs and hunters pursue him."—Id. "Though you be everso excellent."—Id. "If you do amiss everso little."—Id. "If we cast our eyes everso little down."—Id. "A wise man scorneth nothing, be it everso small or homely."—M. F. Tupper cor. "Because they have seldom if ever an opportunity of learning them at all."—Clarkson cor. "We seldom or never see those forsaken who trust in God."—Atterbury cor.

"Where, playing with him at bo-peep,
He solved all problems, e'erso deep."—S. Butler cor.

Under Note X.—Of the Form of Adverbs.

"One can scarcely think that Pope was capable of epic or tragic poetry; but, within a certain limited region, he has been outdone by no poet."—Dr. Blair cor. "I who now read, have nearly finished this chapter."—Harris cor. "And yet, to refine our taste with respect to beauties of art or of nature, is scarcely endeavoured in any seminary of learning."—Kames cor. "The numbers being confounded, and the possessives wrongly applied, the passage is neither English nor grammar."—Buchanan cor. "The letter G is wrongly named Jee."—Creighton cor. "Lastly, remember that in science, as in morals, authority cannot make right what in itself is wrong."—O. B. Peirce cor. "They regulate our taste even where we are scarcely sensible of them."—Kames cor. "Slow action, for example, is imitated by words pronounced slowly."—Id. "Surely, if it be to profit withal, it must be in order to save."—Barclay cor. "Which is scarcely possible at best."—Sheridan cor. "Our wealth being nearly finished."—Harris cor.

Chapter IX.—Conjunctions.

Corrections Under the Notes to Rule XXII.

Under Note I.—Of Two Terms with One.

"The first proposal was essentially different from the second, and inferior to it."—Inst. "A neuter verb expresses the state which a subject is in, without acting upon any other thing, or being acted upon by an other."—A. Murray cor. "I answer, You may use stories and anecdotes, and ought to do so."—Todd cor. "ORACLE, n. Any person from whom, or place at which, certain decisions are obtained."—Webster cor. "Forms of government may, and occasionally must, be changed."—Lyttelton cor. "I have been, and I still pretend to be, a tolerable judge."—Sped. cor. "Are we not lazy in our duties, or do we not make a Christ of them?"—Baxter cor. "They may not express that idea which the author intends, but some other which only resembles it, or is akin to it."—Dr. Blair cor. "We may therefore read them, we ought to read them, with a distinguishing eye."—Ib. "Compare their poverty with what they might possess, and ought to possess."—Sedgwick cor. "He is much better acquainted with grammar than they are."—L. Murray cor. "He was more beloved than Cinthio, but [he was] not so much admired."—L. Murray's Gram., i, 222. "Will it be urged, that the four gospels are as old as tradition, and even older?"—Campbell's Rhet., p. 207. "The court of chancery frequently mitigates and disarms the common law."—Spect. and Ware cor. "Antony, coming along side of her ship, entered it without seeing her, or being seen by her."—Goldsmith cor. "Into candid minds, truth enters as a welcome guest."—L. Murray cor. "There are many designs in which we may succeed, to our ultimate ruin."—Id. "From many pursuits in which we embark with pleasure, we are destined to land sorrowfully."—Id. "They gain much more than I, by this unexpected event."—Id.

Under Note II.—Of Heterogeneous Terms.

"Athens saw them entering her gates and filling her academies."—Chazotte cor. "Neither have we forgot his past achievements, nor do we despair of his future success."—Duncan cor. "Her monuments and temples had long been shattered, or had crumbled into dust."—Journal cor. "Competition is excellent; it is the vital principle in all these things."—Id. "Whether provision should, or should not, be made, in order to meet this exigency."—Ib.. "That our Saviour was divinely inspired, and that he was endued with supernatural powers, are positions that are here taken for granted."—L. Mur. cor. "It would be much more eligible, to contract or enlarge their extent by explanatory notes and observations, than to sweep away our ancient landmarks and set up others."—Id. "It is certainly much better to supply defects and abridge superfluities by occasional notes and observations, than to disorganize or greatly alter a system which has been so long established."—Id. "To have only one tune, or measure, is not much better than to have none at all."—Dr. Blair cor. "Facts too well known and too obvious to be insisted on."—Id. "In proportion as all these circumstances are happily chosen, and are of a sublime kind."—Id. "If the description be too general, and be divested of circumstances."—Id. "He gained nothing but commendation."—L. Mur. cor. "I cannot but think its application somewhat strained and misplaced."—Vethake cor. "Two negatives standing in the same clause, or referring to the same thing, destroy each other, and leave the sense affirmative."—Maunder cor. "Slates are thin plates of stone, and are often used to cover the roofs of houses."—Webster cor. "Every man of taste, and of an elevated mind, ought to feel almost the necessity of apologizing for the power he possesses."—Translator of De Staël cor. "They very seldom trouble themselves with inquiries, or make any useful observations of their own."—Locke cor.

"We've both the field and honour won; Our foes are profligate, and run."—S. Butler cor.

Under Note III.—Import of Conjunctions.

"THE is sometimes used before adverbs in the comparative or the superlative degree."—Lennie, Bullions, and Brace cor. "The definite article THE is frequently applied to adverbs in the comparative or the superlative degree."—Lowth. Murray, et al, cor. "Conjunctions usually connect verbs in the same mood and tense." Or, more truly: "Verbs connected by a conjunction, are usually in the same mood and tense."—Sanborn cor. "Conjunctions connect verbs in the same style, and usually in the same mood, tense, and form." Or better: "Verbs connected by a conjunction, are usually of the same mood, tense, and form, as well as style."—Id. "The ruins of Greece or Rome are but the monuments of her former greatness."—P. E. Day cor. "It is not improbably, that in many of these cases the articles were used originally."—Priestley cor. "I cannot doubt that these objects are really what they appear to be."—Kames cor. "I question not that my reader will be as much pleased with it."—Spect. cor. "It is ten to one that my friend Peter is among them."—Id. "I doubt not that such objections as these will be made"—Locke cor. "I doubt not that it will appear in the perusal of the following sheets."—Buchanan cor. "It is not improbable, that in time these different constructions maybe appropriated to different uses."—Priestley cor. "But to forget and to remember at pleasure, are equally beyond the power of man."—Idler cor. "The nominative case follows the verb, in interrogative or imperative sentences."—L. Mur. cor. "Can the fig-tree, my brethren, bear olive berries? or a vine, figs?"—Bible cor. "Whose characters are too profligate for the managing of them to be of any consequence."—Swift cor. "You, that are a step higher than a philosopher, a divine, yet have too much grace and wit to be a bishop."—Pope cor. "The terms rich and poor enter not into their language."—Robertson cor. "This pause is but seldom, if ever, sufficiently dwelt upon." Or: "This pause is seldom or never sufficiently dwelt upon."—Gardiner cor. "There would be no possibility of any such thing as human life or human happiness."—Bp. Butler cor. "The multitude rebuked them, that they should hold their peace."—Bible cor.

Under Note IV.—The Conjunction Than.

"A metaphor is nothing else than a short comparison." Or: "A metaphor is nothing but a short comparison."—Adam and Gould cor. "There being no other dictator here than use."—Murray's Gram., i, 364. "This construction is no otherwise known in English, than by supplying the first or the second person plural."—Buchanan cor. "Cyaxares was no sooner on the throne, than he was engaged in a terrible war."—Rollin cor. "Those classics contain little else than histories of murders."—Am. Mu. cor. "Ye shall not worship any other than God."—Sale cor. "Their relation, therefore, is not otherwise to be ascertained, than by their place."—Campbell cor. "For he no sooner accosted her, than he gained his point."—Burder cor. "And all the modern writers on this subject, have done little else than translate them."—Dr. Blair cor. "One who had no other aim than to talk copiously and plausibly."—Id. "We can refer it to no other cause than the structure of the eye."—Id. "No more is required than singly an act of vision."—Kames cor. "We find no more in its composition, than the particulars now mentioned."—Id. "He does not pretend to say, that it has any other effect than to raise surprise."—Id. "No sooner was the princess dead, than he freed himself."—Dr. S. Johnson cor. "OUGHT is an imperfect verb, for it has no modification besides this one."—Priestley cor. "The verb is palpably nothing else than the tie."—Neef cor. "Does he mean that theism is capable of nothing else than of being opposed to polytheism or atheism?"—Dr. Blair cor. "Is it meant that theism is capable of nothing else than of being opposed to polytheism or atheism?"—L. Murray cor. "There is no other method of teaching that of which any one is ignorant, than by means of something already known."—Ingersoll's Grammar, Titlepage: Dr. Johnson cor. "O fairest flower, no sooner blown than blasted!"—Milton cor. "Architecture and gardening cannot otherwise entertain the mind, than by raising certain agreeable emotions or feelings."—Kames cor. "Or, rather, they are nothing else than nouns."—Brit. Gram. cor.

"As if religion were intended
For nothing else than to be mended."—S. Butler cor.

Under Note V.—Relatives Exclude Conjunctions.

"To prepare the Jews for the reception of a prophet mightier than himself, a teacher whose shoes he was not worthy to bear."—Anon, or Mur. cor. "Has this word, which represents an action, an object after it, on which the action terminates?"—Osborne cor. "The stores of literature lie before him, from which he may collect for use many lessons of wisdom."— Knapp cor. "Many and various great advantages of this grammar over others, might be enumerated."—Greenleaf cor. "The custom which still prevails, of writing in lines from left to right, is said to have been introduced about the time of Solon, the Athenian legislator."—Jamieson cor. "The fundamental rule for the construction of sentences, the rule into which all others might be resolved, undoubtedly is, to communicate, in the clearest and most natural order, the ideas which we mean to express."—Blair and Jamieson cor. "He left a son of a singular character, who behaved so ill that he was put in prison."—L. Murray cor. "He discovered in the youth some disagreeable qualities which to him were wholly unaccountable."—Id. "An emphatical pause is made after something of peculiar moment has been said, on which we wish to fix the hearer's attention." Or: "An emphatical pause is made after something has been said which is of peculiar moment, and on which we wish to fix the hearer's attention."—Blair and Murray cor. "But we have duplicates of each, agreeing in movement, though differing in measure, and making different impressions on the ear,"—Murray cor.

Under Note Vi.—Of the Word That.

"It will greatly facilitate the labours of the teacher, and, at the same time, it will relieve the pupil from many difficulties."—Frost cor. "While the pupil is engaged in the exercises just mentioned, it will be proper for him to study the whole grammar in course."—Bullions cor. "On the same ground on which a participle and an auxiliary are allowed to form a tense."—Beattie and Murray cor. "On the same ground on which the voices, moods, and tenses, are admitted into the English tongue."—L. Murray cor. "The five examples last mentioned, are corrected on the same principle that is applied to the errors preceding them."—Murray and Ingersoll cor. "The brazen age began at the death of Trajan, and lasted till Rome was taken by the Goths."—Gould cor. "The introduction to the duodecimo edition is retained in this volume, for the same reason for which the original introduction to the Grammar is retained in the first volume."—L. Murray cor. "The verb must also agree in person with its subject or nominative."—Ingersoll cor. "The personal pronoun 'THEIR' is plural for the same reason for which 'WHO' is plural."—Id. "The Sabellians could not justly be called Patripassians, in the same sense in which the Noëtians were so called."—R. Adam cor. "This is one reason why we pass over such smooth language without suspecting that it contains little or no meaning."—L. Murray cor. "The first place at which the two armies came within sight of each other, was on the opposite banks of the river Apsus."—Goldsmith cor. "At the very time at which the author gave him the first book for his perusal."—Campbell cor. "Peter will sup at the time at which Paul will dine."—Fosdick cor. "Peter will be supping when Paul will enter."—Id. "These, while they may serve as models to those who may wish to imitate them, will give me an opportunity to cast more light upon the principles of this book."—Id.

"Time was, like thee, they life possess'd,
And time shall be, when thou shalt rest."—Parnell cor.

Under Note VII.—Of the Correspondents.

"Our manners should be neither gross nor excessively refined."—Murray's Key, ii, 165. "A neuter verb expresses neither action nor passion, but being, or a state of being."—O. B. Peirce cor. "The old books are neither English grammars, nor in any sense grammars of the English language."—Id. "The author is apprehensive that his work is not yet so accurate and so much simplified as it may be."—Kirkham cor. "The writer could not treat some topics so extensively as [it] was desirable [to treat them]."—Id. "Which would be a matter of such nicety, that no degree of human wisdom could regulate it."—L. Murray cor. "No undertaking is so great or difficult, that he cannot direct it."—Duncan cor. "It is a good which depends neither on the will of others, nor on the affluence of external fortune."—Harris cor. "Not only his estate, but his reputation too, has suffered by his misconduct."—Murray and Ingersoll cor. "Neither do they extend so far as might be imagined at first view."—Dr. Blair cor. "There is no language so poor, but that it has (or, as not to have) two or three past tenses."—Id. "So far as this system is founded in truth, language appears to be not altogether arbitrary in its origin."—Id. "I have not such command of these convulsions as is necessary." Or: "I have not that command of these convulsions which is necessary."—Spect. cor. "Conversation with such as (or, those who) know no arts that polish life."—Id. "And which cannot be either very lively or very forcible."—Jamieson cor. "To such a degree as to give proper names to rivers."—Dr. Murray cor. "In the utter overthrow of such as hate to be reformed."—Barclay cor. "But still so much of it is retained, that it greatly injures the uniformity of the whole."—Priestley cor. "Some of them have gone to such a height of extravagance, as to assert," &c.—Id. "A teacher is confined, not more than a merchant, and probably not so much."—Abbott cor. "It shall not be forgiven him, neither in this world, nor in the world to come." Or: "It shall not be forgiven him, either in this world, or in the world to come."—Bible cor. "Which nobody presumes, or is so sanguine as to hope."—Swift cor. "For the torrent of the voice left neither time, nor power in the organs, to shape the words properly."—Sheridan cor. "That he may neither unnecessarily waste his voice by throwing out too much, nor diminish his power by using too little."—Id. "I have retained only such as appear most agreeable to the measures of analogy."—Littleton cor. "He is a man both prudent and industrious."—P. E. Day cor. "Conjunctions connect either words or sentences."—Brown's Inst., p. 169.

"Such silly girls as love to chat and play,
Deserve no care; their time is thrown away."—Tobitt cor.

"Vice is a monster of so frightful mien,
That to be hated she but needs be seen."—Pope cor.

"Justice must punish the rebellious deed;
Yet punish so that pity shall exceed."—Dryden cor.

Under Note VIII.—Improper Ellipses.

"THAT, WHOSE, and AS, relate either to persons or to things." Or better:—"relate as well to persons as to things."—Sanborn cor. "WHICH and WHAT, as adjectives, relate either to persons or to things." Or better:—"relate to persons as well as to things."—Id. "Whether of a public or of a private nature."—J. Q. Adams cor. "Which are included among both the public and the private wrongs."—Id. "I might extract, both from the Old and from the New Testament, numberless examples of induction."—Id. "Many verbs are used both in an active and in a neuter signification." Or thus: "Many verbs are used in both an active and a neuter signification."—Lowth, Mur., et al., cor. "Its influence is likely to be considerable, both on the morals and on the taste of a nation."—Dr. Blair cor. "The subject afforded a variety of scenes, both of the awful and of the tender kind."—Id. "Restlessness of mind disqualifies us both for the enjoyment of peace, and for the performance of our duty."—Mur. and Ing. cor. "Pronominal adjectives are of a mixed nature, participating the properties both of pronouns and of adjectives."—Mur. et al. cor. "Pronominal adjectives have the nature both of the adjective and of the pronoun."—Frost cor. Or: "[Pronominal adjectives] partake of the properties of both adjectives and pronouns."—Bucke's Gram., p. 55. "Pronominal adjectives are a kind of compound part of speech, partaking the nature both of pronouns and of adjectives."—Nutting cor. "Nouns are used either in the singular or in the plural number." Or perhaps better: "Nouns are used in either the singular or the plural number."—David Blair cor. "The question is not, whether the nominative or the accusative ought to follow the particles THAN and AS; but, whether these particles are, in such particular cases, to be regarded as conjunctions or as prepositions"—Campbell cor. "In English, many verbs are used both as transitives and as intransitives."—Churchill cor. "He sendeth rain both on the just and on the unjust."—See Matt., v, 45. "A foot consists either of two or of three syllables."—David Blair cor. "Because they participate the nature both of adverbs and of conjunctions."—L. Murray cor. "Surely, Romans, what I am now about to say, ought neither to be omitted, nor to pass without notice."—Duncan cor. "Their language frequently amounts, not only to bad sense, but to nonsense."—Kirkham cor. "Hence arises the necessity of a social state to man, both for the unfolding, and for the exerting, of his nobler faculties."—Sheridan cor. "Whether the subject be of the real or of the feigned kind."—Dr. H. Blair cor. "Not only was liberty entirely extinguished, but arbitrary power was felt in its heaviest and most oppressive weight."—Id. "This rule is also applicable both to verbal Critics and to Grammarians."—Hiley cor. "Both the rules and the exceptions of a language must have obtained the sanction of good usage."—Id.

Chapter X.—Prepositions.

Corrections Under the Notes to Rule XXIII.

Under Note I.—Choice of Prepositions.

"You have bestowed your favours upon the most deserving persons."—Swift corrected. "But, to rise above that, and overtop the crowd, is given to few."—Dr. Blair cor. "This [also is a good] sentence [, and] gives occasion for no material remark."—Blair's Rhet., p. 203. "Though Cicero endeavours to give some reputation to the elder Cato, and those who were his contemporaries." Or:—"to give some favourable account of the elder Cato," &c.—Dr. Blair cor. "The change that was produced in eloquence, is beautifully described in the dialogue."—Id. "Without carefully attending to the variation which they make in the idea."—Id. "All on a sudden, you are transported into a lofty palace."—Hazlitt cor. "Alike independent of one an other." Or: "Alike independent one of an other."—Campbell cor. "You will not think of them as distinct processes going on independently of each other."—Channing cor. "Though we say to depend on, dependent on, and dependence on, we say, independent of, and independently of."—Churchill cor. "Independently of the rest of the sentence."—Lowth's Gram., p. 80; Buchanan's, 83; Bullions's, 110; Churchill's, 348. "Because they stand independent of the rest of the sentence."—Allen Fisk cor. "When a substantive is joined with a participle, in English, independently of the rest of the sentence."—Dr. Adam cor. "CONJUNCTION comes from the two Latin words con, together, and jungo, to join."—Merchant cor. "How different from this is the life of Fulvia!"—Addison cor. "LOVED is a participle or adjective, derived from the word love."—Ash cor. "But I would inquire of him, what an office is."—Barclay cor. "For the capacity is brought into action."—Id. "In this period, language and taste arrive at purity."—Webster cor. "And, should you not aspire to (or after) distinction in the republic of letters."—Kirkham cor. "Delivering you up to the synagogues, and into prisons."—Luke, xxi, 12. "He that is kept from falling into a ditch, is as truly saved, as he that is taken out of one."—Barclay cor. "The best of it is, they are but a sort of French Hugonots."—Addison cor. "These last ten examples are indeed of a different nature from the former."—R. Johnson cor. "For the initiation of students into the principles of the English language."—Ann. Rev. cor. "Richelieu profited by every circumstance which the conjuncture afforded."—Bolingbroke cor. "In the names of drugs and plants, the mistake of a word may endanger life."—Merchant's Key, p. 185. Or better: "In naming drugs or plants, to mistake a word, may endanger life."—L. Murray cor. "In order to the carrying of its several parts into execution."—Bp. Butler cor. "His abhorrence of the superstitious figure."—Priestley. "Thy prejudice against my cause."—Id. "Which is found in every species of liberty."—Hume cor. "In a hilly region on the north of Jericho."—Milman cor. "Two or more singular nouns coupled by AND require a verb or pronoun in the plural."—Lennie cor.

"Books should to one of these four ends conduce, To wisdom, piety, delight, or use."—Denham cor.

Under Note II.—Two Objects or More.

"The Anglo-Saxons, however, soon quarrelled among themselves for precedence."—Const. Misc. cor. "The distinctions among the principal parts of speech are founded in nature."—Webster cor. "I think I now understand the difference between the active verbs and those which are passive or neuter."—Ingersoll cor. "Thus a figure including a space within three lines, is the real as well as nominal essence of a triangle."—Locke cor. "We must distinguish between an imperfect phrase and a simple sentence, and between a simple sentence and a compound sentence."—Lowth, Murray, et al., cor. "The Jews are strictly forbidden by their law to exercise usury towards one an other."—Sale cor. "All the writers have distinguished themselves among themselves."—Addison cor. "This expression also better secures the systematic uniformity of the three cases."—Nutting cor. "When two or more infinitives or clauses are connected disjunctively as the subjects of an affirmation, the verb must be singular."—Jaudon cor. "Several nouns or pronouns together in the same case, require a comma after each; [except the last, which must sometimes be followed by a greater point.]"—David Blair cor. "The difference between one vowel and an other is produced by opening the mouth differently, and placing the tongue in a different manner for each."—Churchill cor. "Thus feet composed of syllables, being pronounced with a sensible interval between one foot and an other, make a more lively impression than can be made by a continued sound."—Kames cor. "The superlative degree implies a comparison, sometimes between two, but generally among three or more."—R. C. Smith cor. "They are used to mark a distinction among several objects."—Lévizac cor.

Under Note III.—Omission of Prepositions.

"This would have been less worthy of notice."—Churchill cor. "But I passed it, as a thing unworthy of my notice."—Werter cor. "Which, in compliment to me, perhaps you may one day think worthy of your attention."—Bucke cor. "To think this small present worthy of an introduction to the young ladies of your very elegant establishment."— Id. "There are but a few miles of portage."—Jefferson cor. "It is worthy of notice, that our mountains are not solitary."—Id. "It is about one hundred feet in diameter." —Id. "Entering a hill a quarter or half of a mile."—Id. "And herself seems passing to an awful dissolution, whose issue it is not given to human foresight to scan."—Id. "It was of a spheroidical form, about forty feet in diameter at the base, and had been about twelve feet in altitude."—Id. "Before this, it was covered with trees of twelve inches in diameter; and, round the base, there was an excavation of five feet in depth and five in width."—Id. "Then thou mayst eat grapes to thy fill, at thine own pleasure."—Bible cor. "Then he brought me back by the way of the gate of the outward sanctuary."—Id. "They will bless God, that he has peopled one half of the world with a race of freemen."—Webster cor. "Of what use can these words be, till their meaning is known?"—Town cor. "The tents of the Arabs now are black, or of a very dark colour."—The Friend cor. "They may not be unworthy of the attention of young men."—Kirkham cor. "The pronoun THAT is frequently applied to persons as well as to things."—Merchant cor. "And 'who' is in the same case that 'man' is in."—Sanborn cor. "He saw a flaming stone, apparently about four feet in diameter."—The Friend cor. "Pliny informs us, that this stone was of the size of a cart."—Id. "Seneca was about twenty years of age in the fifth year of Tiberius, when the Jews were expelled from Rome."—L'Estrange cor. "I was prevented from reading a letter which would have undeceived me."—Hawkesworth cor. "If the problem can be solved, we may be pardoned for the inaccuracy of its demonstration."—Booth cor. "The army must of necessity be the school, not of honour, but of effeminacy."—Dr. Brown cor. "Afraid of the virtue of a nation in its opposing of bad measures:" or,—"in its opposition to bad measures."—Id. "The uniting of them in various ways, so as to form words, would be easy."—Gardiner cor. "I might be excused from taking any more notice of it."—Watson cor. "Watch therefore; for ye know not at what hour your Lord will come."—Bible cor. "Here, not even infants were spared from the sword."—M'Ilvaine cor. "To prevent men from turning aside to false modes of worship."—John Allen cor. "God expelled them from the garden of Eden."—Burder cor. "Nor could he refrain from expressing to the senate the agonies of his mind."—Hume cor. "Who now so strenuously opposes the granting to him of any new powers."—Duncan cor. "That the laws of the censors have banished him from the forum."—Id. "We read not that he was degraded from his office in any other way."—Barclay cor. "To all to whom these presents shall come, greeting."—Hutchinson cor. "On the 1st of August, 1834."—Brit. Parl. cor.

"Whether you had not some time in your life
Err'd in this point on which you censure him."—Shak. cor.

Under Note IV.—Of Needless Prepositions.

"And the apostles and elders came together to consider this matter."—Barclay cor.; also Acts. "Adjectives, in our language, have neither case, nor gender, nor number; the only variation they have, is comparison."—Buchanan cor. "'It is to you that I am indebted for this privilege;' that is, 'To you am I indebted;' or, 'It is you to whom I am indebted.'"—Sanborn cor. "BOOKS is a common noun, of the third person, plural number, and neuter gender."—Ingersoll cor. "BROTHER'S is a common noun, of the third person, singular number, masculine gender, and possessive case."—L. Murray cor. "VIRTUE'S is a common noun, of the third person, singular number, [neuter gender,] and possessive case."—Id. "When the authorities on one side greatly preponderate, it is vain to oppose the prevailing usage."—Campbell and Murray cor. "A captain of a troop of banditti, had a mind to be plundering Rome."—Collier cor. "And, notwithstanding its verbal power, we have added the TO and other signs of exertion."—Booth cor. "Some of these situations are termed CASES, and are expressed by additions to the noun, in stead of separate words:" or,—"and not by separate words."—Id. "Is it such a fast that I have chosen, that a man should afflict his soul for a day, and bow down his head like a bulrush?"—Bacon cor. Compare Isa., lviii, 5. "And this first emotion comes at last to be awakened by the accidental in stead of the necessary antecedent."—Wayland cor. "About the same time, the subjugation of the Moors was completed."—Balbi cor. "God divided between the light and the darkness."—Burder cor. "Notwithstanding this, we are not against outward significations of honour."—Barclay cor. "Whether these words and practices of Job's friends, ought to be our rule."—Id. "Such verb cannot admit an objective case after it."—Lowth cor. "For which, God is now visibly punishing these nations."—C. Leslie cor. "In this respect, Tasso yields to no poet, except Homer."—Dr. Blair cor. "Notwithstanding the numerous panegyrics on the ancient English liberty."—Hume cor. "Their efforts seemed to anticipate the spirit which became so general afterwards."—Id.

Under Note V.—The Placing of the Words.

"But how short of its excellency are my expressions!"—Baxter cor. "In his style, there is a remarkable union of harmony with ease."—Dr. H. Blair cor. "It disposes of the light and shade in the most artificial manner, that every thing may be viewed to the best advantage."—Id. "For brevity, Aristotle too holds an eminent rank among didactic writers."—Id. "In an introduction, correctness of expression should be carefully studied."—Id. "In laying down a method, one ought above all things to study precision."—Id. "Which shall make on the mind the impression of something that is one, whole, and entire."—Id. "At the same time, there are in the Odyssey some defects which must be acknowledged." Or: "At the same time, it must be acknowledged that there are some defects in the Odyssey."—Id. "In the concluding books, however, there are beauties of the tragic kind."—Id. "These forms of conversation multiplied by degrees, and grew troublesome."—Kames, El. of Crit., ii, 44. "When she has made her own choice, she sends, for form's sake, a congé-d'élire to her friends."—Ib., ii, 46. "Let us endeavour to establish to ourselves an interest in him who holds in his hand the reins of the whole creation."—Spectator cor.; also Kames. "Next to this, the measure most frequent in English poetry, is that of eight syllables."—David Blair cor. "To introduce as great a variety of cadences as possible."— Jamieson cor. "He addressed to them several exhortations, suitable to their circumstances."—L. Murray cor. "Habits of temperance and self-denial must be acquired."—Id. "In reducing to practice the rules prescribed."—Id. "But these parts must be so closely bound together, as to make upon the mind the impression of one object, not of many."—Blair and Mur. cor. "Errors with respect to the use of shall and will, are sometimes committed by the most distinguished writers."—N. Butler cor.

Chapter XI.—Promiscuous Exercises.

Corrections of the Promiscuous Examples.

Lesson I.—Any Parts of Speech.

"Such a one, I believe, yours will be proved to be."—Peet and Farnum cor. "Of the distinction between the imperfect and the perfect tense, it may be observed," &c.—L. Ainsworth cor. "The subject is certainly worthy of consideration."—Id. "By this means, all ambiguity and controversy on this point are avoided."—Bullions cor. "The perfect participle, in English, has both an active and a passive signification." Better: "The perfect participle, in English, has sometimes an active, and sometimes a passive, signification."—Id. "The old house has at length fallen down."—Id. "The king, the lords, and the commons, constitute the English form of government."—Id. "The verb in the singular agrees with the person next to it." Better: "The singular verb agrees in person with that nominative which is next to it."—Id. "Jane found Seth's gloves in James's hat."—O. C. Felton cor. "Charles's task is too great."—Id. "The conjugation of a verb is the naming of its several moods, tenses, numbers, and persons, in regular order."—Id. "The long-remembered beggar was his guest."—Id. "Participles refer to nouns or pronouns."—Id. "F has a uniform sound, in every position, except in OF." Better: "F has one unvaried sound, in every position, except in OF."—E. J. Hallock cor. "There are three genders; the masculine, the feminine, and the neuter."—Id. "When SO and THAT occur together, sometimes the particle SO is taken as an adverb."—Id. "The definition of the articles shows that they modify [the import of] the words to which they belong."—Id. "The auxiliary, SHALL, WILL, or SHOULD, is implied."—Id. "Single-rhymed trochaic omits the final short syllable."—Brown's Inst., p. 237. "Agreeably to this, we read of names being blotted out of God's book."—Burder, Hallock, and Webster, cor. "The first person is that which denotes the speaker."—Inst., p. 32. "Accent is the laying of a peculiar stress of the voice, on a certain letter or syllable in a word."—L. Murray's Gram., p. 235; Felton's, 134. "Thomas's horse was caught."—Felton cor. "You were loved."—Id. "The nominative and the objective end alike."—T. Smith cor. "The numbers of pronouns, like those of substantives, are two; the singular and the plural."—Id. "I is called the pronoun of the first person, because it represents the person speaking."—Frost cor. "The essential elements of the phrase are an intransitive gerundive and an adjective."—Hazen cor. "Wealth is no justification for such impudence."—Id. "That he was a soldier in the revolution, is not doubted."—Id. "Fishing is the chief employment of the inhabitants."—Id. "The chief employment of the inhabitants, is the catching of fish."—Id. "The cold weather did not prevent the work from being finished at the time specified."—Id. "The man's former viciousness caused him to be suspected of this crime."—Id. "But person and number, applied to verbs, mean certain terminations."—Barrett cor. "Robert felled a tree."—Id. "Charles raised himself up."—Id. "It might not be a useless waste of time."—Id. "Neither will you have that implicit faith in the writings and works of others, which characterizes the vulgar."—Id. "I is of the first person, because it denotes the speaker."—Ib. "I would refer the student to Hedge's or Watts's Logic."—Id. "Hedge's Watts's, Kirwin's, and Collard's Logic."—Parker and Fox cor. "Letters that make a full and perfect sound of themselves, are called vowels." Or: "The letters which make," &c.—Cutler cor. "It has both a singular and a plural construction."—Id. "For he beholds (or beholdeth) thy beams no more."—Id. Carthon. "To this sentiment the Committee have the candour to incline, as it will appear by their summing-up."—Macpherson cor. "This reduces the point at issue to a narrow compass."—Id. "Since the English set foot upon the soil."—Exiles cor. "The arrangement of its different parts is easily retained by the memory."—Hiley cor. "The words employed are the most appropriate that could have been selected."—Id. "To prevent it from launching!"—Id. "Webster has been followed in preference to others, where he differs from them." Or: "Webster's Grammar has been followed in preference to others, where it differs from them."—Frazee cor. "Exclamation and interrogation are often mistaken the one for the other."—Buchanan cor. "When all nature is hushed in sleep, and neither love nor guilt keeps its vigils."—Felton cor. Or thus:—

"When all nature's hush'd asleep.
Nor love, nor guilt, doth vigils keep."

Lesson II.—Any Parts of Speech.

"A Versifier and a Poet are two different things."—Brightland cor. "Those qualities will arise from the well-expressing of the subject."—Id. "Therefore the explanation of NETWORK is not noticed here."—Mason cor. "When emphasis or pathos is necessary to be expressed."—Humphrey cor. "Whether this mode of punctuation is correct, or whether it is proper to close the sentence with the mark of admiration, may be made a question."—Id. "But not every writer in those days was thus correct."—Id. "The sounds of A, in English orthoepy, are no fewer than four."—Id. "Our present code of rules is thought to be generally correct." Or: "The rules in our present code are thought to be generally correct."—Id. "To prevent it from running into an other"—Id. "Shakspeare, perhaps, the greatest poetical genius that England has produced."—Id. "This I will illustrate by example; but, before doing so, a few preliminary remarks may be necessary."—Id. "All such are entitled to two accents each, and some of them to two accents nearly equal."—Id. "But some cases of the kind are so plain, that no one needs to exercise (or, need exercise) his judgement therein."—Id. "I have forborne to use the word."—Id. "The propositions, 'He may study,' 'He might study,' 'He could study,' affirm an ability or power to study."—E. J. Hallock cor. "The divisions of the tenses have occasioned grammarians much trouble and perplexity."—Id. "By adopting a familiar, inductive method of presenting this subject, one may render it highly attractive to young learners."—Wells cor. "The definitions and rules of different grammarians were carefully compared with one an other:" or—"one with an other."—Id. "So as not wholly to prevent some sound from issuing."—Sheridan cor. "Letters of the Alphabet, not yet noticed."—Id. "'IT is sad,' 'IT is strange,' &c., seem to express only that the thing is sad, strange, &c."—Well-Wishers cor. "The winning is easier than the preserving of a conquest."—Same. "The United States find themselves the owners of a vast region of country at the west."—H. Mann cor. "One or more letters placed before a word are a prefix."—S. W. Clark cor. "One or more letters added to a word, are a Suffix."—Id. "Two thirds of my hair have fallen off." Or: "My hair has, two thirds of it, fallen off."—Id. "'Suspecting' describes us, the speakers, by expressing, incidentally, an act of ours."—Id. "Daniel's predictions are now about being fulfilled." Or thus: "Daniel's predictions are now receiving their fulfillment"—Id. "His scholarship entitles him to respect."—Id. "I doubted whether he had been a soldier."—Id. "The taking of a madman's sword to prevent him from doing mischief, cannot be regarded as a robbery."—Id. "I thought it to be him; but it was not he."—Id. "It was not I that you saw."—Id. "Not to know what happened before you were born, is always to be a boy."—Id. "How long were you going? Three days."—Id. "The qualifying adjective is placed next to the noun."—Id. "All went but I."—Id. "This is a parsing of their own language, and not of the author's."—Wells cor. "Those nouns which denote males, are of the masculine gender." Or: "Nouns that denote males, are of the masculine gender."—Wells, late Ed. "Those nouns which denote females, are of the feminine gender." Or: "Nouns that denote females, are of the feminine gender."—Wells, late Ed. "When a comparison among more than two objects of the same class is expressed, the superlative degree is employed."—Wells cor. "Where d or t goes before, the additional letter d or t, in this contracted form, coalesces into one letter with the radical d or t."—Dr. Johnson cor. "Write words which will show what kind of house you live in—what kind of book you hold in your hand—what kind of day it is."—Weld cor. "One word or more are often joined to nouns or pronouns to modify their meaning."—Id. "Good is an adjective; it explains the quality or character of every person to whom, or thing to which, it is applied." Or:—"of every person or thing that it is applied to."—Id. "A great public as well as private advantage arises from every one's devoting of himself to that occupation which he prefers, and for which he is specially fitted."—Wayland, Wells, and Weld, cor. "There was a chance for him to recover his senses." Or: "There was a chance that he might recover his senses."—Wells and Macaulay cor. "This may be known by the absence of any connecting word immediately preceding it."—Weld cor. "There are irregular expressions occasionally to be met with, which usage, or custom, rather than analogy, sanctions."—Id. "He added an anecdote of Quin relieving Thomson from prison." Or: "He added an anecdote of Quin as relieving Thomson from prison." Or: "He added an anecdote of Quin's relieving of Thomson from prison." Or better: "He also told how Quin relieved Thomson from prison."—Id. "The daily labour of her hands procures for her all that is necessary."—Id. "That it is I, should make no change in your determination."—Hart cor. "The classification of words into what are called the Parts of Speech."—Weld cor. "Such licenses may be explained among what are usually termed Figures."—Id.

"Liberal, not lavish, is kind Nature's hand."—Beattie.

"They fall successive, and successive rise."—Pope.

Lesson III.—Any Parts of Speech.

"A Figure of Etymology is an intentional deviation from the usual form of a word."—See Brown's Institutes, p. 229. "A Figure of Syntax is an intentional deviation from the usual construction of a word."—See Brown's Inst., p. 230. "Synecdoche is the naming of the whole of any thing for a part, or a part for the whole."—Weld cor. "Apostrophe is a turning-off from the regular course of the subject, to address some person or thing."—Id. "Even young pupils will perform such exercises with surprising interest and facility, and will unconsciously gain, in a little time, more knowledge of the structure of language, than they can acquire by a drilling of several years in the usual routine of parsing."—Id. "A few rules of construction are employed in this part, to guide the pupil in the exercise of parsing."—Id. "The name of any person, object, or thing, that can be thought of, or spoken of, is a noun."—Id. "A dot, resembling our period, is used between every two words, as well as at the close of each verse."—W. Day cor. "The casting of types in matrices was invented by Peter Schoeffer, in 1452."—Id. "On perusing it, he said, that, so far [was it] from showing the prisoner's guilt [that] it positively established his innocence."—Id. "By printing the nominative and verb in Italic letters, we shall enable the reader to distinguish them at a glance."—Id. "It is well, no doubt, to avoid unnecessary words."—Id. "I meeting a friend the other day, he said to me, 'Where are you going?'"—Id. "To John, apples were first denied; then they were promised to him; then they were offered to him."—Lennie cor. "Admission was denied him."—Wells cor. "A pardon was offered to them."—L. Murray's Gram., 8vo, p. 183. "A new potato was this day shown me."—Darwin, Webster, Frazee, and Weld, cor. "Those nouns or pronouns which denote males, are of the masculine gender."—S. S. Greene, cor. "There are three degrees of comparison; the positive, the comparative, and the superlative."—Id. "The first two refer to direction; the third refers to locality."—Id. "The following are some of the verbs which take a direct and an indirect object."—Id. "I was not aware that he was the judge of the supreme court."—Id. "An indirect question may refer to any of the five elements of a declarative sentence."—Id. "I am not sure that he will be present."—Id. "We left New York on Tuesday."—Id. "He left the city, as he told me, before the arrival of the steamer."—Id. "We told him that he must leave us;"—Id. "We told him to leave us."—Id. "Because he was unable to persuade the multitude, he left the place, in disgust."—Id. "He left the company, and took his brother with him."—Id. "This stating, or declaring, or denying of any thing, is called the indicative mood, or manner of speaking."—Weld cor. "This took place at our friend Sir Joshua Reynolds's."—Id. "The manner in which a young lady may employ herself usefully in reading, will be the subject of an other paper."—Id. "Very little time is necessary for Johnson to conclude a treaty with the bookseller."—Id. "My father is not now sick; but if he were, your services would be welcome."—Chandler's Common School Gram., Ed. of 1847, p. 79. "Before we begin to write or speak, we ought to fix in our minds a clear conception of the end to be aimed at."—Dr. Blair cor. "Length of days is in her right hand; and, in her left hand, are riches and honour."—See Proverbs, iii, 16. "The active and the passive present express different ideas."—Bullions cor. "An Improper Diphthong, (sometimes called a Digraph,) is a diphthong in which only one of the vowels is sounded."—Fowler cor. (See G. Brown's definition.) "The real origin of the words is to be sought in the Latin."—Fowler cor. "What sort of alphabet the Gothic languages possess, we know; what sort of alphabet they require, we can determine."—Id. "The Runic alphabet, whether borrowed or invented by the early Goths, is of greater antiquity than either the oldest Teutonic or the Moeso-Gothic alphabet."—Id. "Common to the masculine and neuter genders."—Id. "In the Anglo-Saxon, HIS was common to both the masculine and the Neuter Gender."—Id. "When time, number, or dimension, is specified, the adjective follows the substantive."—Id. "Nor pain, nor grief nor anxious fear, Invades thy bounds."—Id. "To Brighton, the Pavilion lends a lath-and-plaster grace."—Fowler cor. "From this consideration, I have given to nouns but one person, the THIRD."—D. C. Allen cor.

"For it seems to guard and cherish
E'en the wayward dreamer—me."—Anon. cor.

Chapter XII.—General Review.

Corrections Under All the Preceding Rules and Notes.

Lesson I.—Articles.

"And they took stones, and made a heap."—ALGER'S BIBLE: Gen., xxxi, 46. "And I do know many fools, that stand in better place."—Shak. cor. "It is a strong antidote to the turbulence of passion, and the violence of pursuit."—Kames cor. "The word NEWS may admit of either a singular or a plural application."—Wright cor. "He has gained a fair and honourable reputation."—Id. "There are two general forms, called the solemn and the familiar style." Or:—"called the solemn and familiar styles."—Sanborn cor. "Neither the article nor the preposition can be omitted."—Wright cor. "A close union is also observable between the subjunctive and the potential mood."—Id. "Should we render service equally to a friend, a neighbour, and an enemy?"—Id. "Till a habit is obtained, of aspirating strongly."—Sheridan cor. "There is a uniform, steady use of the same signs."—Id. "A traveller remarks most of the objects which he sees."—Jamieson cor. "What is the name of the river on which London stands? Thames."—G. B. "We sometimes find the last line of a couplet or a triplet stretched out to twelve syllables."—Adam cor. "The nouns which follow active verbs, are not in the nominative case."—David Blair cor. "It is a solemn duty to speak plainly of the wrongs which good men perpetrate."—Channing cor. "The gathering of riches is a pleasant torment."—L. Cobb cor. "It is worth being quoted." Or better: "It is worth quoting."—Coleridge cor. "COUNCIL is a noun which admits of a singular and a plural form."—Wright cor. "To exhibit the connexion between the Old Testament and the New."—Keith cor. "An apostrophe discovers the omission of a letter or of letters."—Guy cor. "He is immediately ordained, or rather acknowledged, a hero."—Pope cor. "Which is the same in both the leading and the following state."—Brightland cor. "Pronouns, as will be seen hereafter, have three distinct cases; the nominative, the possessive, and the objective."—D. Blair cor. "A word of many syllables is called a polysyllable."—Beck cor. "Nouns have two numbers; the singular and the plural."—Id. "They have three genders; the masculine, the feminine, and the neuter."—Id. "They have three cases; the nominative, the possessive, and the objective."—Id. "Personal pronouns have, like nouns, two numbers; the singular and the plural;—three genders; the masculine, the feminine, and the neuter;—three cases; the nominative, the possessive, and the objective."—Id. "He must be wise enough to know the singular from the plural"—Id. "Though they may be able to meet every reproach which any one of their fellows may prefer."—Chalmers cor. "Yet for love's sake I rather beseech thee, being such a one as Paul the aged."—Bible cor.; also Webster. "A people that jeoparded their lives unto death."—Bible cor. "By preventing too great an accumulation of seed within too narrow a compass."—The Friend cor. "Who fills up the middle space between the animal and the intellectual nature, the visible and the invisible world."—Addison cor. "The Psalms abound with instances of the harmonious arrangement of words."—Murray cor. "On an other table, were a ewer and a vase, likewise of gold."—Mirror cor. "TH is said to have two sounds, a sharp and a flat."—Wilson cor. "The SECTION (§) is sometimes used in the subdividing of a chapter into lesser parts."—Brightland cor. "Try it in a dog, or a horse, or any other creature."—Locke cor. "But particularly in the learning of languages, there is the least occasion to pose children."—Id. "Of what kind is the noun RIVER, and why?"—R. C. Smith cor. "Is WILLIAM'S a proper or a common noun?"—Id. "What kind of article, then, shall we call the?" Or better: "What then shall we call the article the?"—Id.

"Each burns alike, who can, or cannot write,
Or with a rival's, or a eunuch's spite."—Pope cor.

Lesson II.—Nouns, or Cases.

"And there are stamped upon their imaginations ideas that follow them with terror and affright."—Locke cor. "There's not a wretch that lives on common charity, but's happier than I."—Ven. Pres. cor. "But they overwhelm every one who is ignorant of them."—H. Mann cor. "I have received a letter from my cousin, her that was here last week."—Inst., p. 129. "Gentlemen's houses are seldom without variety of company."—Locke cor. "Because Fortune has laid them below the level of others, at their masters' feet."—Id. "We blamed neither John's nor Mary's delay."—Nixon cor. "The book was written by order of Luther the reformer."—Id. "I saw on the table of the saloon Blair's sermons, and somebody's else, (I forget whose,) and [about the room] a set of noisy children."—Byron cor. "Or saith he it altogether for our sake?"—Bible cor. "He was not aware that the Duke was his competitor."—Sanborn cor. "It is no condition of an adjective, that the word must be placed before a noun." Or: "It is no condition on which a word becomes an adjective, that it must be placed before a noun."—Id., and Fowle cor. "Though their reason corrected the wrong ideas which they had taken in."—Locke cor. "It was he that taught me to hate slavery."—Morris cor. "It is he and his kindred, who live upon the labour of others."—Id. "Payment of tribute is an acknowledgement of him as being King—(of him as King—or, that he is King—) to whom we think it due."—C. Leslie cor. "When we comprehend what is taught us."—Ingersoll cor. "The following words, and parts of words, must be noticed."—Priestley cor. "Hence tears and commiseration are so often employed."—Dr. H. Blair cor. "JOHN-A-NOKES, n. A fictitious name used in law proceedings."—A. Chalmers cor. "The construction of words denoting matter, and the part grasped."—B. F. Fisk cor. "And such other names as carry with them the idea of something terrible and hurtful."—Locke cor. "Every learner then would surely be glad to be spared from the trouble and fatigue."—Pike cor. "It is not the owning of one's dissent from an other, that I speak against."—Locke cor. "A man that cannot fence, will be more careful to keep out of bullies and gamesters' company, and will not be half so apt to stand upon punctilios."—Id. "From such persons it is, that one may learn more in one day, than in a year's rambling from one inn to an other."—Id. "A long syllable is generally considered to be twice as long as a short one."—D. Blair cor. "I is of the first person, and the singular number. THOU is of the second person singular. HE, SHE, or IT, is of the third person singular. WE is of the first person plural. YE or YOU is of the second person plural. THEY is of the third person plural."—Kirkham cor. "This actor, doer, or producer of the action, is denoted by some word in the nominative case."—Id. "Nobody can think, that a boy of three or seven years of age should be argued with as a grown man."—Locke cor. "This was in the house of one of the Pharisees, not in Simon the leper's."—Hammond cor. "Impossible! it can't be I."—Swift cor. "Whose grey top shall tremble, He descending."—Milton, P. L., xii, 227. "Of what gender is woman, and why?"—R. C. Smith cor. "Of what gender, then, is man, and why?"—Id. "Who is this I; whom do you mean when you say I?"—R. W. Green cor. "It has a pleasant air, but the soil is barren."—Locke cor. "You may, in three days' time, go from Galilee to Jerusalem."—W. Whiston cor. "And that which is left of the meat-offering, shall be Aaron's and his sons'."—FRIENDS' BIBLE.

"For none in all the world, without a lie,
Can say of this, '_'T_is mine,' but Bunyan, I."—Bunyan cor.

Lesson III.—Adjectives.

"When he can be their remembrancer and advocate at all assizes and sessions."—Leslie cor. "DOING denotes every manner of action; as, to dance, to play, to write, &c."—Buchanan cor. "Seven feet long,"—"eight feet long,"—"fifty feet long."—W. Walker cor. "Nearly the whole of these twenty-five millions of dollars is a dead loss to the nation."—Fowler cor. "Two negatives destroy each other."—R. W. Green cor. "We are warned against excusing sin in ourselves, or in one an other."—Friend cor. "The Russian empire is more extensive than any other government in the world."—Inst., p. 265. "You will always have the satisfaction to think it, of all your expenses, the money best laid out."—Locke cor. "There is no other passion which all mankind so naturally indulge, as pride."—Steele cor. "O, throw away the viler part of it."—Shak. cor. "He showed us an easier and more agreeable way."—Inst., p. 265. "And the last four are to point out those further improvements."—Jamieson and Campbell cor. "Where he has not clear ideas, distinct and different."—Locke cor. "Oh, when shall we have an other such Rector of Laracor!"—Hazlitt cor. "Speech must have been absolutely necessary previously to the formation of society." Or better thus: "Speech must have been absolutely necessary to the formation of society."—Jamieson cor. "Go and tell those boys to be still."—Inst., p. 265. "Wrongs are engraved on marble; benefits, on sand: those are apt to be requited; these, forgot."—G. B. "None of these several interpretations is the true one."—G. B. "My friend indulged himself in some freaks not befitting the gravity of a clergyman."—G. B. "And their pardon is all that any of their impropriators will have to plead."—Leslie cor. "But the time usually chosen to send young men abroad, is, I think, of all periods, that at which they are least capable of reaping those advantages."—Locke cor. "It is a mere figment of the human imagination, a rhapsody of the transcendently unintelligible."—Jamieson cor. "It contains a greater assemblage of sublime ideas, of bold and daring figures, than is perhaps anywhere else to be met with."—Dr. Blair cor. "The order in which the last two words are placed should have been reversed."—Dr. Blair cor.; also L. Murray. "In Demosthenes, eloquence shone forth with higher splendour, than perhaps in any other that ever bore the name of orator."—Dr. Blair cor. "The circumstance of his poverty (or, that he is poor) is decidedly favourable."—Todd cor. "The temptations to dissipation are greatly lessened by his poverty."—Id. "For, with her death, those tidings came."—Shak. cor. "The next objection is, that authors of this sort are poor."—Cleland cor. "Presenting Emma, as Miss Castlemain, to these acquaintances:" or,—"to these persons of her acquaintance."—Opie cor. "I doubt not that it will please more persons than the opera:" or,—"that it will be more pleasing than the opera."—Spect. cor. "The world knows only two; these are Rome and I."—Ben Jonson cor. "I distinguish these two things from each other."—Dr. Blair cor. "And, in this case, mankind reciprocally claim and allow indulgence to one an other."—Sheridan cor. "The last six books are said not to have received the finishing hand of the author."—Dr. Blair cor. "The best-executed part of the work, is the first six books."—Id.

"To reason how can we be said to rise?
So hard the task for mortals to be wise!"—Sheffield cor.

Lesson IV.—Pronouns.

"Once upon a time, a goose fed her young by a pond's side:" or—"by a pondside."—Goldsmith cor. (See OBS. 33d on Rule 4th.) "If either has a sufficient degree of merit to recommend it to the attention of the public."—J. Walker cor. "Now W. Mitchell's deceit is very remarkable."—Barclay cor. "My brother, I did not put the question to thee, for that I doubted of the truth of thy belief."—Bunyan cor. "I had two elder brothers, one of whom was a lieutenant-colonel."—De Foe cor. "Though James is here the object of the action, yet the word James is in the nominative case."—Wright cor. "Here John is the actor; and the word John is known to be in the nominative, by its answering to the question, 'Who struck Richard?'"—Id. "One of the most distinguished privileges that Providence has conferred upon mankind, is the power of communicating their thoughts to one an other."—Dr. Blair cor. "With some of the most refined feelings that belong to our frame."—Id. "And the same instructions that assist others in composing works of elegance, will assist them in judging of, and relishing, the beauties of composition."—Id. "To overthrow all that had been yielded in favour of the army."—Macaulay cor. "Let your faith stand in the Lord God, who changes not, who created all, and who gives the increase of all."—Friends cor. "For it is, in truth, the sentiment of passion which lies under the figured expression, that gives it all its merit."—Dr. Blair cor. "Verbs are words that affirm the being, doing, or suffering of a thing, together with the time at which it happens."—A. Murray cor. "The bias will always hang on that side on which nature first placed it."—Locke cor. "They should be brought to do the things which are fit for them."—Id. "The various sources from which the English language is derived."—L. Murray cor. "This attention to the several cases in which it is proper to omit or to redouble the copulative, is of considerable importance."—Dr. Blair cor. "Cicero, for instance, speaking of the cases in which it is lawful to kill an other in self-defence, uses the following words."—Id. "But there is no nation, hardly are there any persons, so phlegmatic as not to accompany their words with some actions, or gesticulations, whenever they are much in earnest."—Id. "William's is said to be governed by coat, because coat follows William's" Or better:—"because coat is the name of the thing possessed by William."—R. C. Smith cor. "In life, there are many occasions on which silence and simplicity are marks of true wisdom."—L. Murray cor. "In choosing umpires whose avarice is excited."—Nixon cor. "The boroughs sent representatives, according to law."—Id. "No man believes but that there is some order in the universe."—G. B. "The moon is orderly in her changes, and she could not be so by accident."—Id. "The riddles of the Sphynx (or, The Sphynx's riddles) are generally of two kinds."—Bacon cor. "They must generally find either their friends or their enemies in power."—Dr. Brown cor. "For, of old, very many took upon them to write what happened in their own time."—Whiston cor. "The Almighty cut off the family of Eli the high priest, for their transgressions."—The Friend, vii, 109. "The convention then resolved itself into a committee of the whole."—Inst., p. 269. "The severity with which persons of this denomination were treated, appeared rather to invite them to the colony, than to deter them from flocking thither."—H. Adams cor. "Many Christians abuse the Scriptures and the traditions of the apostles, to uphold things quite contrary to them."—Barclay cor. "Thus, a circle, a square, a triangle, or a hexagon, pleases the eye by its regularity, and is a beautiful figure."—Dr. Blair cor. "Elba is remarkable for being the place to which Bonaparte was banished in 1814."—Olney's Geog. "The editor has the reputation of being a good linguist and critic."—Rel. Herald. "It is a pride which should be cherished in them."—Locke cor. "And to restore to us the hope of fruits, to reward our pains in their season."—Id. "The comic representation of Death's victim relating his own tale."—Wright cor. "As for Scioppius's Grammar, that wholly concerns the Latin tongue."—Wilkins cor.

"And chiefly Thou, O Spirit, that dost prefer
Before all temples th' upright heart and pure,
Instruct me, for Thou knowst."—Milton, P. L., B. i, l. 17.

Lesson V.—Verbs.

"And there were in the same country shepherds abiding in the field."—Friends' Bible; also Bruce's, and Alger's. "Whereof every one bears [or beareth] twins."—BIBLE COR.: Song, vi, 6. "He strikes out of his nature one of the most divine principles that are planted in it."—Addison cor. "GENII [i.e., the word GENII] denotes aërial spirits."—Wright cor. "In proportion as the long and large prevalence of such corruptions has been obtained by force."—Halifax cor. "Neither of these is set before any word of a general signification, or before a proper name."—Brightland cor. "Of which, a few of the opening lines are all I shall give."—Moore cor. "The wealth we had in England, was the slow result of long industry and wisdom." Or: "The riches we had in England were," &c.—Davenant cor. "The following expression appears to be correct: 'Much public gratitude is due.'" Or this: "'Great public thanks are due.'"—-Wright cor. "He has been enabled to correct many mistakes."—Lowth cor. "Which road dost thou take here?"—Ingersoll cor. "Dost thou learn thy lesson?"—Id. "Did they learn their pieces perfectly?"—Id. "Thou learned thy task well."—Id. "There are some who can't relish the town, and others can't bear with the country."—Sir Wilful cor. "If thou meet them, thou must put on an intrepid mien."—Neef cor. "Struck with terror, as if Philip were something more than human."—Dr. Blair cor. "If the personification of the form of Satan were admissible, the pronoun should certainly have been masculine."—Jamieson cor. "If only one follows, there seems to be a defect in the sentence."—Priestley cor. "Sir, if thou hast borne him hence, tell me where thou hast laid him."—Bible cor. "Blessed are the people that know the joyful sound."—Id. "Every auditory takes in good part those marks of respect and awe with which a modest speaker commences a public discourse."—Dr. Blair cor. "Private causes were still pleaded in the forum; but the public were no longer interested, nor was any general attention drawn to what passed there."—Id. "Nay, what evidence can be brought to show, that the inflections of the classic tongues were not originally formed out of obsolete auxiliary words?"—L. Murray cor. "If the student observe that the principal and the auxiliary form but one verb, he will have little or no difficulty in the proper application of the present rule."—Id. "For the sword of the enemy, and fear, are on every side."—Bible cor. "Even the Stoics agree that nature, or certainty, is very hard to come at."—Collier cor. "His politeness, his obliging behaviour, was changed." Or thus: "His polite and obliging behaviour was changed."—Priestley and Hume cor. "War and its honours were their employment and ambition." Or thus: "War was their employment; its honours were their ambition."—Goldsmith cor. "Do A and AN mean the same thing?"—R. W. Green cor. "When several words come in between the discordant parts, the ear does not detect the error."—Cobbett cor. "The sentence should be, 'When several words come in,' &c."—Wright cor. "The nature of our language, the accent and pronunciation of it, incline us to contract even all our regular verbs."—Churchill's New Gram., p. 104. Or thus: "The nature of our language,—(that is, the accent and pronunciation of it,—) inclines us to contract even all our regular verbs."—Lowth cor. "The nature of our language, together with the accent and pronunciation of it, inclines us to contract even all our regular verbs."—Hiley cor. "Prompt aid, and not promises, is what we ought to give."—G. B. "The position of the several organs, therefore, as well as their functions, is ascertained."—Med. Mag. cor. "Every private company, and almost every public assembly, affords opportunities of remarking the difference between a just and graceful, and a faulty and unnatural elocution."—Enfield cor. "Such submission, together with the active principle of obedience, makes up in us the temper or character which answers to his sovereignty."—Bp. Butler cor. "In happiness, as in other things, there are a false and a true, an imaginary and a real."—A. Fuller cor. "To confound things that differ, and to make a distinction where there is no difference, are equally unphilosophical."—G. Brown.

"I know a bank wheron doth wild thyme blow,
Where oxlips and the nodding violet grow."—Shak. cor.

Lesson Vi.—Verbs.

"Whose business or profession prevents their attendance in the morning."—Ogilby cor. "And no church or officer has power over an other."—Lechford cor. "While neither reason nor experience is sufficiently matured to protect them."—Woodbridge cor. "Among the Greeks and Romans, almost every syllable was known to have a fixed and determined quantity." Or thus: "Among the Greeks and Romans, all syllables, (or at least the far greater number,) were known to have severally a fixed and determined quantity."—Blair and Jamieson cor. "Their vanity is awakened, and their passions are exalted, by the irritation which their self-love receives from contradiction."—Tr. of Mad. De Staël cor. "He and I were neither of us any great swimmer."—Anon. "Virtue, honour—nay, even self-interest, recommends the measure."—L. Murray cor. (See Obs. 5th on Rule 16th.) "A correct plainness, an elegant simplicity, is the proper character of an introduction."—Dr. Blair cor. "In syntax, there is what grammarians call concord or agreement, and there is government."—Inf. S. Gram. cor. "People find themselves able, without much study, to write and speak English intelligibly, and thus are led to think that rules are of no utility."—Webster cor. "But the writer must be one who has studied to inform himself well, who has pondered his subject with care, and who addresses himself to our judgement, rather than to our imagination."—Dr. Blair cor. "But practice has determined it otherwise; and has, in all the languages with which we are much acquainted, supplied the place of an interrogative mood, either by particles of interrogation, or by a peculiar order of the words in the sentence."—Lowth cor. "If the Lord hath stirred thee up against me, let him accept an offering."—Bible cor. "But if the priest's daughter be a widow, or divorced, and have no child, and she return unto her father's house, as in her youth, she shall eat of her father's meat."—Id. "Since we never have studied, and never shall study, your sublime productions."—Neef cor. "Enabling us to form distincter images of objects, than can be formed, with the utmost attention, where these particulars are not found."—Kames cor. "I hope you will consider that what is spoken comes from my love."—Shak. cor. "We shall then perceive how the designs of emphasis may be marred."—Rush cor. "I knew it was Crab, and went to the fellow that whips the dogs."—Shak. cor. "The youth was consuming by a slow malady."—Murray's Gram., p. 64; Ingersoll's, 45; Fisk, 82. "If all men thought, spoke, and wrote alike, something resembling a perfect adjustment of these points might be accomplished."—Wright cor. "If you will replace what has been, for a long time expunged from the language." Or: "If you will replace what was long ago expunged from the language."—Campbell and Murray cor. "As in all those faulty instances which I have just been giving."—Dr. Blair cor. "This mood is also used improperly in the following places."—L. Murray cor. "He seems to have been well acquainted with his own genius, and to have known what it was that nature had bestowed upon him."—Johnson cor. "Of which I have already given one instance, the worst indeed that occurred in the poem."—Dr. Blair cor. "It is strange he never commanded you to do it."—Anon. "History painters would have found it difficult, to invent such a species of beings."—Addison cor. "Universal Grammar cannot be taught abstractedly; it must be explained with referenc [sic—KTH] to some language already known."—Lowth cor. "And we might imagine, that if verbs had been so contrived as simply to express these, no other tenses would have been needful."—Dr. Blair cor. "To a writer of such a genius as Dean Swift's, the plain style is most admirably fitted."—Id. "Please to excuse my son's absence."—Inst., p. 279. "Bid the boys come in immediately."—Ib.

"Gives us the secrets of his pagan hell,
Where restless ghosts in sad communion dwell."—Crabbe cor.

"Alas! nor faith nor valour now remains;
Sighs are but wind, and I must bear my chains."—Walpole cor.

Lesson VII.—Participles.

"Of which the author considers himself, in compiling the present work, as merely laying the foundation-stone."—David Blair cor. "On the raising of such lively and distinct images as are here described."—Kames cor. "They are necessary to the avoiding of ambiguities."—Brightland cor. "There is no neglecting of it without falling into a dangerous error." Or better: "None can neglect it without falling," &c.—Burlamaqui cor. "The contest resembles Don Quixote's fighting of (or with) windmills."—Webster cor. "That these verbs associate with other verbs in all the tenses, is no proof that they have no particular time of their own."—L. Murray cor. "To justify myself in not following the track of the ancient rhetoricians."—Dr. H. Blair cor. "The putting-together of letters, so as to make words, is called Spelling."—Inf. S. Gram. cor. "What is the putting-together of vowels and consonants called?"—Id. "Nobody knows of their charitableness, but themselves." Or: "Nobody knows that they are charitable, but themselves."—Fuller cor. "Payment was at length made, but no reason was assigned for so long a postponement of it."—Murray et al. cor. "Which will bear to be brought into comparison with any composition of the kind."—Dr. Blair cor. "To render vice ridiculous, is to do real service to the world."—Id. "It is a direct copying from nature, a plain rehearsal of what passed, or was supposed to pass, in conversation."—Id. "Propriety of pronunciation consists in giving to every word that sound which the most polite usage of the language appropriates to it."—Murray's Key, 8vo, p. 200; and again, p. 219. "To occupy the mind, and prevent us from regretting the insipidity of a uniform plain."—Kames cor. "There are a hundred ways in which any thing may happen."—Steele cor. "Tell me, seignior, for what cause (or why) Antonio sent Claudio to Venice yesterday."—Bucke cor. "As you are looking about for an outlet, some rich prospect unexpectedly opens to view."—Kames cor. "A hundred volumes of modern novels may be read without communicating a new idea." Or thus: "A person may read a hundred volumes of modern novels without acquiring a new idea."—Webster cor. "Poetry admits of greater latitude than prose, with respect to the coining, or at least the new compounding, of words."—Dr. Blair cor. "When laws were written on brazen tablets, and enforced by the sword."—Pope cor. "A pronoun, which saves the naming of a person or thing a second time, ought to be placed as near as possible to the name of that person or thing."—Kames cor. "The using of a preposition in this case, is not always a matter of choice."—Id. "To save the multiplying of words, I would be understood to comprehend both circumstances."—Id. "Immoderate grief is mute: complaint is a struggle for consolation."—Id. "On the other hand, the accelerating or the retarding of the natural course, excites a pain."—Id. "Human affairs require the distributing of our attention."—Id. "By neglecting this circumstance, the author of the following example has made it defective in neatness."—Id. "And therefore the suppressing of copulatives must animate a description."—Id. "If the omission of copulatives gives force and liveliness, a redundancy of them must render the period languid."—Id. "It skills not, to ask my leave, said Richard."—Scott cor. "To redeem his credit, he proposed to be sent once more to Sparta."—Goldsmith cor. "Dumas relates that he gave drink to a dog."—Stone cor. "Both are, in a like way, instruments of our reception of such ideas from external objects."—Bp. Butler cor. "In order to your proper handling of such a subject."—Spect. cor. "For I do not recollect it preceded by an open vowel."—Knight cor. "Such is the setting up of the form above the power of godliness."—Barclay cor. "I remember that I was walking once with my young acquaintance."—Hunt cor. "He did not like to pay a debt."—Id. "I do not remember to have seen Coleridge when I was a child."—Id. "In consequence of the dry rot discovered in it, the mansion has undergone a thorough repair."—Maunder cor. "I would not advise the following of the German system in all its parts."—Lieber cor. "Would it not be to make the students judges of the professors?"—Id. "Little time should intervene between the proposing of them and the deciding upon them."—Verthake [sic—KTH] cor. "It would be nothing less than to find fault with the Creator."—Lit. Journal cor. "That we were once friends, is a powerful reason, both of prudence and of conscience, to restrain us from ever becoming enemies."—Secker cor. "By using the word as a conjunction, we prevent the ambiguity."—L. Murray cor.

"He forms his schemes the flood of vice to stem,
But faith in Jesus has no part in them."—J Taylor cor.

Lesson VIII.—Adverbs.

"Auxiliaries not only can be inserted, but are really understood."—Wright cor. "He was afterwards a hired scribbler in the Daily Courant."—Pope's Annotator cor. "In gardening, luckily, relative beauty never need stand (or, perhaps better, never needs to stand) in opposition to intrinsic beauty."—Kames cor. "I much doubt the propriety of the following examples."—Lowth cor. "And [we see] how far they have spread, in this part of the world, one of the worst languages possible"—Locke cor. "And, in this manner, merely to place him on a level with the beast of the forest."—R. C. Smith cor. "Whither, ah! whither, has my darling fled."—Anon. "As for this fellow, we know not whence he is."—Bible cor. "Ye see then, that by works a man is justified, and not by faith only."—Id. "The Mixed kind is that in which the poet sometimes speaks in his own person, and sometimes makes other characters speak."—Adam and Gould cor. "Interrogation is a rhetorical figure in which the writer or orator raises questions, and, if he pleases, returns answers."—Fisher cor. "Prevention is a figure in which an author starts an objection which he foresees may be made, and gives an answer to it."—Id. "Will you let me alone, or not?"—W. Walker cor. "Neither man nor woman can resist an engaging exterior."— Chesterfield cor. "Though the cup be everso clean."—Locke cor. "Seldom, or never, did any one rise to eminence, by being a witty lawyer." Or thus: "Seldom, if ever, has any one risen to eminence, by being a witty lawyer."—Dr. Blair cor. "The second rule which I give, respects the choice of the objects from which metaphors, and other figures, are to be drawn."—Id. "In the figures which it uses, it sets mirrors before us, in which we may behold objects reflected in their likeness."—Id. "Whose business it is, to seek the true measures of right and wrong, and not the arts by which he may avoid doing the one, and secure himself in doing the other."—Locke cor. "The occasions on which you ought to personify things, and those on which you ought not, cannot be stated in any precise rule."—Cobbett cor. "They reflect that they have been much diverted, but scarcely can they say about what."—Kames cor. "The eyebrows and shoulders should seldom or never be remarked by any perceptible motion."—J. Q. Adams cor. "And the left hand or arm should seldom or never attempt any motion by itself."—Id., right. "Not every speaker purposes to please the imagination."— Jamieson cor. "And, like Gallio, they care for none of these things." Or: "And, like Gallio, they care little for any of these things."—S. cor. "They may inadvertently be used where their meaning would be obscure."—L. Murray cor. "Nor can a man make him laugh."—Shak. cor. "The Athenians, in their present distress, scarcely knew whither to turn."—Goldsmith cor. "I do not remember where God ever delivered his oracles by the multitude."—Locke cor. "The object of this government is twofold, outward and inward."—Barclay cor. "In order rightly to understand what we read"—R. Johnson cor. "That a design had been formed, to kidnap or forcibly abduct Morgan."—Col. Stone cor. "But such imposture can never long maintain its ground."—Dr. Blair cor. "But surely it is as possible to apply the principles of reason and good sense to this art, as to any other that is cultivated among men."—Id. "It would have been better for you, to have remained illiterate, and even to have been hewers of wood."—L. Murray cor. "Dissyllables that have two vowels which are separated in the pronunciation, always have the accent on the first syllable."—Id. "And they all turned their backs, almost without drawing a sword." Or: "And they all turned their backs, scarcely venturing to draw a sword."—Kames cor. "The principle of duty naturally takes precedence of every other."—Id. "Not all that glitters, is gold."—Maunder cor. "Whether now, or everso many myriads of ages hence."—Edwards cor.

"England never did, nor ever shall,
Lie at the proud foot of a conqueror."—Shak. cor.

Lesson IX.—Conjunctions.

"He readily comprehends the rules of syntax, their use in the constructing of sentences, and their applicability to the examples before him."—Greenleaf cor. "The works of Æschylus have suffered more by time, than those of any other ancient tragedian."—Dr. Blair cor. "There is much more story, more bustle, and more action, than on the French theatre."—Id. (See Obs. 8th on Rule 16th.) "Such an unremitted anxiety, or such a perpetual application, as engrosses all our time and thoughts, is forbidden."—Jenyns cor. "It seems to be nothing else than the simple form of the adjective."—Wright cor. "But when I talk of reasoning, I do not intend any other than such as is suited to the child's capacity."—Locke cor. "Pronouns have no other use in language, than to represent nouns."—Jamieson cor. "The speculative relied no farther on their own judgement, than to choose a leader, whom they implicitly followed."—Kames cor. "Unaccommodated man is no more than such a poor, bare, forked animal as thou art."—Shak. cor. "A Parenthesis is a suggestion which is introduced into the body of a sentence obliquely, and which may be omitted without injuring the grammatical construction."—Mur. et al. cor. "The Caret (marked thus ^) is placed where something that happened to be left out, is to be put into the line."—Iid. "When I visit them, they shall be cast down."—Bible cor. "Neither our virtues nor our vices are all our own."—Johnson and Sanborn cor. "I could not give him so early an answer as he had desired."—O. B. Peirce cor. "He is not so tall as his brother."—Nixon cor. "It is difficult to judge whether Lord Byron is serious or not."—Lady Blessington cor. "Some nouns are of both the second and the third declension."—Gould cor. "He was discouraged neither by danger nor by misfortune."—Wells cor. "This is consistent neither with logic nor with history."—Dial cor. "Parts of sentences are either simple or compound."—David Blair cor. "English verse is regulated rather by the number of syllables, than by feet:" or,—"than by the number of feet."—Id. "I know not what more he can do, than pray for him."—Locke cor. "Whilst they are learning, and are applying themselves with attention, they are to be kept in good humour."—Id. "A man cannot have too much of it, nor have it too perfectly."—Id. "That you may so run, as to obtain; and so fight, as to overcome." Or thus: "That you may so run, that you may obtain; and so fight, that you may overcome."—Penn cor. "It is the artifice of some, to contrive false periods of business, that they may seem men of despatch."—Bacon cor. "'A tall man and a woman.' In this phrase, there is no ellipsis; the adjective belongs only to the former noun; the quality respects only the man."—Ash cor. "An abandonment of the policy is neither to be expected nor to be desired."—Jackson cor. "Which can be acquired by no other means than by frequent exercise in speaking."—Dr. Blair cor. "The chief or fundamental rules of syntax are common to the English and the Latin tongue." Or:—"are applicable to the English as well as to the Latin tongue."—Id. "Then I exclaim, either that my antagonist is void of all taste, or that his taste is corrupted in a miserable degree." Or thus: "Then I exclaim, that my antagonist is either void of all taste, or has a taste that is miserably corrupted."—Id. "I cannot pity any one who is under no distress either of body or of mind."—Kames cor. "There was much genius in the world, before there were learning and arts to refine it."—Dr. Blair cor. "Such a writer can have little else to do, than to new-model the paradoxes of ancient scepticism."—Dr. Brown cor. "Our ideas of them being nothing else than collections of the ordinary qualities observed in them."—Duncan cor. "A non-ens, or negative, can give neither pleasure nor pain."—Kames cor. "So that they shall not justle and embarrass one an other."—Dr. Blair cor. "He firmly refused to make use of any other voice than his own."—Murray's Sequel, p. 113. "Your marching regiments, sir, will not make the guards their example, either as soldiers or as subjects."—Junius cor. "Consequently they had neither meaning nor beauty, to any but the natives of each country."—Sheridan cor.

"The man of worth, who has not left his peer,
Is in his narrow house forever darkly laid."—Burns cor.

Lesson X.—Prepositions.

"These may be carried on progressively beyond any assignable limits."—Kames cor. "To crowd different subjects into a single member of a period, is still worse than to crowd them into one period."—Id. "Nor do we rigidly insist on having melodious prose."—Id. "The aversion we have to those who differ from us."—Id. "For we cannot bear his shifting of the scene at every line."—Halifax cor. "We shall find that we come by it in the same way."—Locke cor. "Against this he has no better defence than that."—Barnes cor. "Searching the person whom he suspects of having stolen his casket."—Dr. Blair cor. "Who, as vacancies occur, are elected by the whole Board."—Lit. Jour. cor. "Almost the only field of ambition for a German, is science."—Lieber cor. "The plan of education is very different from the one pursued in the sister country."—Coley cor. "Some writers on grammar have contended, that adjectives sometimes relate to verbs, and modify their action."—Wilcox cor. "They are therefore of a mixed nature, participating the properties both of pronouns and of adjectives."— Ingersoll cor. "For there is no authority which can justify the inserting of the aspirate or the doubling of the vowel."—Knight cor. "The distinction and arrangement of active, passive, and neuter verbs."— Wright cor. "And see thou a hostile world spread its delusive snares."—Kirkham cor. "He may be precautioned, and be made to see how those join in the contempt."—Locke cor. "The contenting of themselves in the present want of what they wished for, is a virtue."— Id. "If the complaint be about something really worthy of your notice."—Id. "True fortitude I take to be the quiet possession of a man's self, and an undisturbed doing of his duty."—Id. "For the custom of tormenting and killing beasts, will, by degrees, harden their minds even towards men."—Id. "Children are whipped to it, and made to spend many hours of their precious time uneasily at Latin."—Id. "On this subject, [the Harmony of Periods,] the ancient rhetoricians have entered into a very minute and particular detail; more particular, indeed, than on any other head that regards language."—See Blair's Rhet., p. 122. "But the one should not be omitted, and the other retained." Or: "But the one should not be used without the other."—Bullions cor. "From some common forms of speech, the relative pronoun is usually omitted."—Murray and Weld cor. "There are very many causes which disqualify a witness for being received to testify in particular cases."—Adams cor. "Aside from all regard to interest, we should expect that," &c.—Webster cor. "My opinion was given after a rather cursory perusal of the book."—L. Murray cor. "And, [on] the next day, he was put on board of his ship." Or thus: "And, the next day, he was put aboard his ship."—Id. "Having the command of no emotions, but what are raised by sight."—Kames cor. "Did these moral attributes exist in some other being besides himself." Or:—"in some other being than himself."—Wayland cor. "He did not behave in that manner from pride, or [from] contempt of the tribunal."—Murray's Sequel, p. 113. "These prosecutions against William seem to have been the most iniquitous measures pursued by the court."—Murray and Priestley cor. "To restore myself to the good graces of my fair critics."—Dryden cor. "Objects denominated beautiful, please not by virtue of any one quality common to them all."—Dr. Blair cor. "This would have been less worthy of notice, had not a writer or two of high rank lately adopted it."—Churchill cor.

"A Grecian youth, of talents rare,
Whom Plato's philosophic care," &c.—WHITEHEAD: E. R., p. 196.

Lesson Xi.—Promiscuous.

"To excel has become a much less considerable object."—Dr. Blair cor. "My robe, and my integrity to Heav'n, are all I dare now call my own."—Enfield's Speaker, p. 347. "For thou the garland wearst successively."—Shak. cor.; also Enfield. "If then thou art a Roman, take it forth."—Id. "If thou prove this to be real, thou must be a smart lad indeed."—Neef cor. "And an other bridge of four hundred feet in length."—Brightland cor. "METONYMY is the putting of one name for an other, on account of the near relation which there is between them."—Fisher cor. "ANTONOMASIA is the putting of an appellative or common name for a proper name."—Id. "That it is I, should make no difference in your determination."—Bullions cor. "The first and second pages are torn." Or. "The first and the second page are torn." Or: "The first page and the second are torn."—Id. "John's absence from home occasioned the delay."—Id. "His neglect of opportunities for improvement, was the cause of his disgrace."—Id. "He will regret his neglect of his opportunities for improvement, when it is too late."—Id. "His expertness at dancing does not entitle him to our regard."—Id. "Cæsar went back to Rome, to take possession of the public treasure, which his opponent, by a most unaccountable oversight, had neglected to carry away with him."—Goldsmith cor. "And Cæsar took out of the treasury, gold to the amount of three thousand pounds' weight, besides an immense quantity of silver." —Id. "Rules and definitions, which should always be as clear and intelligible as possible, are thus rendered obscure."—Greenleaf cor. "So much both of ability and of merit is seldom found." Or thus: "So much of both ability and merit is seldom found."—L. Murray cor. "If such maxims, and such practices prevail, what has become of decency and virtue?"—Murray's False Syntax, ii, 62. Or: "If such maxims and practices prevail, what will become of decency and virtue?"—Murray and Bullions cor. "Especially if the subject does not require so much pomp."—Dr. Blair cor. "However, the proper mixture of light and shade in such compositions,—the exact adjustment of all the figurative circumstances with the literal sense,—has ever been found an affair of great nicety."—Blair's Rhet., p. 151. "And adding to that hissing in our language, which is so much noticed by foreigners."—Addison, Coote, and Murray, cor. "To speak impatiently to servants, or to do any thing that betrays unkindness, or ill-humour, is certainly criminal." Or better: "Impatience, unkindness, or ill-humour, is certainly criminal."—Mur. et al. cor. "Here are a fullness and grandeur of expression, well suited to the subject."—Dr. Blair cor. "I single out Strada from among the moderns, because he had the foolish presumption to censure Tacitus."—L. Murray cor. "I single him out from among the moderns, because," &c.—Bolingbroke cor. "This rule is not always observed, even by good writers, so strictly as it ought to be."—Dr. Blair cor. "But this gravity and assurance, which are beyond boyhood, being neither wisdom nor knowledge, do never reach to manhood."—Pope cor. "The regularity and polish even of a turnpike-road, have some influence upon the low people in the neighbourhood."—Kames cor. "They become fond of regularity and neatness; and this improvement of their taste is displayed, first upon their yards and little enclosures, and next within doors."—Id. "The phrase, 'it is impossible to exist,' gives us the idea, that it is impossible for men, or any body, to exist."—Priestley cor. "I'll give a thousand pounds to look upon him."—Shak. cor. "The reader's knowledge, as Dr. Campbell observes, may prevent him from mistaking it."—Crombie and Murray cor. "When two words are set in contrast, or in opposition to each other, they are both emphatic."—L. Murray cor. "The number of the persons—men, women, and children—who were lost in the sea, was very great." Or thus: "The number of persons—men, women, and children—that were lost in the sea, was very great."—Id. "Nor is the resemblance between the primary and the resembling object pointed out."—Jamieson cor. "I think it the best book of the kind, that I have met with."—Mathews cor.

"Why should not we their ancient rites restore,
And be what Rome or Athens was before?"—Roscommon cor.

Lesson XII.—Two Errors.

"It is labour only that gives relish to pleasure."—L. Murray cor. "Groves are never more agreeable than in the opening of spring."—Id. "His Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful, soon made him known to the literati."—See Blair's Lect., pp. 34 and 45. "An awful precipice or tower from which we look down on the objects which are below."—Dr. Blair cor. "This passage, though very poetical, is, however, harsh and obscure; and for no other cause than this, that three distinct metaphors are crowded together."—Id. "I purpose to make some observations."—Id. "I shall here follow the same method that I have all along pursued."—Id. "Mankind at no other time resemble one an other so much as they do in the beginnings of society."—Id. "But no ear is sensible of the termination of each foot, in the reading of a hexameter line."—Id. "The first thing, says he, that a writer either of fables or of heroic poems does, is, to choose some maxim or point of morality."—Id. "The fourth book has always been most justly admired, and indeed it abounds with beauties of the highest kind."—Id. "There is in the poem no attempt towards the painting of characters."—Id. "But the artificial contrasting of characters, and the constant introducing of them in pairs and by opposites, give too theatrical and affected an air to the piece."—Id. "Neither of them is arbitrary or local."—Kames cor. "If the crowding of figures is bad, it is still worse to graft one figure upon an other."—Id. "The crowding-together of so many objects lessens the pleasure."—Id. "This therefore lies not in the putting-off of the hat, nor in the making of compliments."—Locke cor. "But the Samaritan Vau may have been used, as the Jews used the Chaldaic, both for a vowel and for a consonant."—Wilson cor. "But if a solemn and a familiar pronunciation really exist in our language, is it not the business of a grammarian to mark both?"—J. Walker cor. "By making sounds follow one an other agreeably to certain laws."—Gardiner cor. "If there were no drinking of intoxicating draughts, there could be no drunkards."—Peirce cor. "Socrates knew his own defects, and if he was proud of any thing, it was of being thought to have none."—Goldsmith cor. "Lysander, having brought his army to Ephesus, erected an arsenal for the building of galleys."—Id. "The use of these signs is worthy of remark."—Brightland cor. "He received me in the same manner in which I would receive you." Or thus: "He received me as I would receive you."—R. C. Smith cor. "Consisting of both the direct and the collateral evidence."—Bp. Butler cor. "If any man or woman that believeth hath widows, let him or her relieve them, and let not the church be charged."—Bible cor. "For men's sake are beasts bred."—W. Walker cor. "From three o'clock, there were drinking and gaming."—Id. "Is this he that I am seeking, or not?"—Id. "And for the upholding of every one's own opinion, there is so much ado."—Sewel cor. "Some of them, however, will necessarily be noticed."—Sale cor. "The boys conducted themselves very indiscreetly."—Merchant cor. "Their example, their influence, their fortune,—every talent they possess,—dispenses blessings on all persons around them."—Id. and Murray cor. "The two Reynoldses reciprocally converted each other."—Johnson cor. "The destroying of the last two, Tacitus calls an attack upon virtue itself."—Goldsmith cor. "Moneys are your suit."—Shak. cor. "Ch is commonly sounded like tch, as in church; but in words derived from Greek, it has the sound of k."—L. Murray cor. "When one is obliged to make some utensil serve for purposes to which it was not originally destined."—Campbell cor. "But that a baptism with water is a washing-away of sin, thou canst not hence prove."—Barclay cor. "Being spoken to but one, it infers no universal command."—Id. "For if the laying-aside of copulatives gives force and liveliness, a redundancy of them must render the period languid."—Buchanan cor. "James used to compare him to a cat, which always falls upon her legs."—Adam cor.

"From the low earth aspiring genius springs,
And sails triumphant borne on eagle's wings."—Lloyd cor.

Lesson XIII.—Two Errors

"An ostentatious, a feeble, a harsh, or an obscure style, for instance, is always faulty."—Dr. Blair cor. "Yet in this we find that the English pronounce quite agreeably to rule." Or thus: "Yet in this we find the English pronunciation perfectly agreeable to rule." Or thus: "Yet in this we find that the English pronounce in a manner perfectly agreeable to rule."—J. Walker cor. "But neither the perception of ideas, nor knowledge of any sort, is a habit, though absolutely necessary to the forming of habits."—Bp. Butler cor. "They were cast; and a heavy fine was imposed upon them."—Goldsmith cor. "Without making this reflection, he cannot enter into the spirit of the author, or relish the composition."—Dr. Blair cor. "The scholar should be instructed in relation to the finding of his words." Or thus: "The scholar should be told how to find his words."—Osborn cor. "And therefore they could neither have forged, nor have reversified them."—Knight cor. "A dispensary is a place at which medicines are dispensed to the poor."—L. Mur. cor. "Both the connexion and the number of words are determined by general laws."—Neef cor. "An Anapest has the first two syllables unaccented, and the last one accented; as, c~ontr~av=ene, acquiésce."—L. Mur. cor. "An explicative sentence is one in which a thing is said, in a direct manner, to be or not to be, to do or not to do, to suffer or not to suffer."—Lowth and Mur. cor. "BUT is a conjunction whenever it is neither an adverb nor a preposition." —R. C. Smith cor. "He wrote in the name of King Ahasuerus, and sealed the writing with the king's ring."—Bible cor. "Camm and Audland had departed from the town before this time."—Sewel cor. "Before they will relinquish the practice, they must be convinced."—Webster cor. "Which he had thrown up before he set out."—Grimshaw cor. "He left to him the value of a hundred drachms in Persian money."—Spect cor. "All that the mind can ever contemplate concerning them, must be divided among the three."—Cardell cor. "Tom Puzzle is one of the most eminent immethodical disputants, of all that have fallen under my observation."—Spect. cor. "When you have once got him to think himself compensated for his suffering, by the praise which is given him for his courage."—Locke cor. "In all matters in which simple reason, or mere speculation is concerned."—Sheridan cor. "And therefore he should be spared from the trouble of attending to anything else than his meaning."—Id. "It is this kind of phraseology that is distinguished by the epithet idiomatical; a species that was originally the spawn, partly of ignorance, and partly of affectation."—Campbell and Murray cor. "That neither the inflection nor the letters are such as could have been employed by the ancient inhabitants of Latium."—Knight cor. "In those cases in which the verb is intended to be applied to any one of the terms."—L. Murray cor. "But these people who know not the law, are accursed."—Bible cor. "And the magnitude of the choruses has weight and sublimity."—Gardiner cor. "Dares he deny that there are some of his fraternity guilty?"—Barclay cor. "Giving an account of most, if not all, of the papers which had passed betwixt them."—Id. "In this manner, as to both parsing and correcting, should all the rules of syntax be treated, being taken up regularly according to their order."—L. Murray cor. "To Ovando were allowed a brilliant retinue and a body-guard."—Sketch cor. "Was it I or he, that you requested to go?"—Kirkham cor. "Let thee and me go on."—Bunyan cor. "This I nowhere affirmed; and I do wholly deny it."—Barclay cor. "But that I deny; and it remains for him to prove it."—Id. "Our country sinks beneath the yoke: She weeps, she bleeds, and each new day a gash Is added to her wounds."—Shak. cor. "Thou art the Lord who chose Abraham and brought him forth out of Ur of the Chaldees."—Bible and Mur. cor. "He is the exhaustless fountain, from which emanate all these attributes that exist throughout this wide creation."—Wayland cor. "I am he who has communed with the son of Neocles; I am he who has entered the gardens of pleasure."—Wright cor.

"Such were in ancient times the tales received,
Such by our good forefathers were believed."—Rowe cor.

Lesson XIV.—Two Errors.

"The noun or pronoun that stands before the active verb, usually represents the agent."—A. Murray cor. "Such seem to have been the musings of our hero of the grammar-quill, when he penned the first part of his grammar."—Merchant cor. "Two dots, the one placed above the other [:], are called Sheva, and are used to represent a very short e."—Wilson cor. "Great have been, and are, the obscurity and difficulty, in the nature and application of them" [: i.e.—of natural remedies].—Butler cor. "As two are to four, so are four to eight."—Everest cor. "The invention and use of arithmetic, reach back to a period so remote, as to be beyond the knowledge of history."— Robertson cor. "What it presents as objects of contemplation or enjoyment, fill and satisfy his mind."—Id. "If he dares not say they are, as I know he dares not, how must I then distinguish?"—Barclay cor. "He had now grown so fond of solitude, that all company had become uneasy to him."—Life of Cic. cor. "Violence and spoil are heard in her; before me continually are grief and wounds."—Bible cor. "Bayle's Intelligence from the Republic of Letters, which makes eleven volumes in duodecimo, is truly a model in this kind."—Formey cor. "Pauses, to be rendered pleasing and expressive, must not only be made in the right place, but also be accompanied with a proper tone of voice."—L. Murray cor. "To oppose the opinions and rectify the mistakes of others, is what truth and sincerity sometimes require of us."—Locke cor. "It is very probable, that this assembly was called, to clear some doubt which the king had, whether it were lawful for the Hollanders to throw off the monarchy of Spain, and withdraw entirely their allegiance to that crown." Or:—"About the lawfulness of the Hollanders' rejection of the monarchy of Spain, and entire withdrawment of their allegiance to that crown."—L. Murray cor. "A naming of the numbers and cases of a noun in their order, is called the declining of it, or its declension."—Frost cor. "The embodying of them is, therefore, only a collecting of such component parts of words."—Town cor. "The one is the voice heard when Christ was baptized; the other, when he was transfigured."—Barclay cor. "An understanding of the literal sense"—or, "To have understood the literal sense, would not have prevented them from condemning the guiltless."—Bp. Butler cor. "As if this were, to take the execution of justice out of the hands of God, and to give it to nature."—Id. "They will say, you must conceal this good opinion of yourself; which yet is an allowing of the thing, though not of the showing of it." Or:—"which yet is, to allow the thing, though not the showing of it."—Sheffield cor. "So as to signify not only the doing of an action, but the causing of it to be done."—Pike cor. "This, certainly, was both a dividing of the unity of God, and a limiting of his immensity."—Calvin cor. "Tones being infinite in number, and varying in almost every individual, the arranging of them under distinct heads, and the reducing of them to any fixed and permanent rules, may be considered as the last refinement in language."—Knight cor. "The fierce anger of the Lord shall not return, until he hath done it, and until he hath performed the intents of his heart."—Bible cor. "We seek for deeds more illustrious and heroic, for events more diversified and surprising."—Dr. Blair cor. "We distinguish the genders, or the male and the female sex, in four different ways."—Buchanan cor. "Thus, ch and g are ever hard. It is therefore proper to retain these sounds in those Hebrew names which have not been modernized, or changed by public use."—Dr. Wilson cor. "A Substantive, or Noun, is the name of any thing which is conceived to subsist, or of which we have any notion."—Murray and Lowth cor. "A Noun is the name of any thing which exists, or of which we have, or can form, an idea."—Maunder cor. "A Noun is the name of any thing in existence, or of any thing of which we can form an idea."—Id. "The next thing to be attended to, is, to keep him exactly to the speaking of truth."—Locke cor. "The material, the vegetable, and the animal world, receive this influence according to their several capacities."—Dial cor. "And yet it is fairly defensible on the principles of the schoolmen; if those things can be called principles, which consist merely in words."—Campbell cor.

"Art thou so bare, and full of wretchedness,
And fearst to die? Famine is in thy cheeks,
Need and oppression starve in thy sunk eyes."—Shak. cor.

Lesson XV.—Three Errors.

"The silver age is reckoned to have commenced at the death of Augustus, and to have continued till the end of Trajan's reign."—Gould cor. "Language has indeed become, in modern times, more correct, and more determinate."—Dr. Blair cor. "It is evident, that those words are the most agreeable to the ear, which are composed of smooth and liquid sounds, and in which there is a proper intermixture of vowels and consonants."—Id. "It would have had no other effect, than to add to the sentence an unnecessary word."—Id. "But as rumours arose, that the judges had been corrupted by money in this cause, these gave occasion to much popular clamour, and threw a heavy odium on Cluentius."—Id. "A Participle is derived from a verb, and partakes of the nature both of the verb and of an adjective."—Ash and Devis cor. "I shall have learned my grammar before you will have learned yours."—Wilbur and Livingston cor. "There is no other earthly object capable of making so various and so forcible impressions upon the human mind, as a complete speaker."—Perry cor. "It was not the carrying of the bag, that made Judas a thief and a hireling."—South cor. "As the reasonable soul and the flesh are one man, so God and man are one Christ."—Creed cor. "And I will say to them who were not my people, Ye are my people; and they shall say, Thou art our God."—Bible cor. "Where there is in the sense nothing that requires the last sound to be elevated or suspended, an easy fall, sufficient to show that the sense is finished, will be proper."—L. Mur. cor. "Each party produce words in which the letter a is sounded in the manner for which they contend."—J. Walker cor. "To countenance persons that are guilty of bad actions, is scarcely one remove from an actual commission of the same crimes."—L. Mur. cor. "'To countenance persons that are guilty of bad actions,' is a phrase or clause which is made the subject of the verb 'is.'"—Id. "What is called the splitting of particles,—that is, the separating of a preposition from the noun which it governs, is always to be avoided."—Dr. Blair et al. cor. (See Obs. 15th on Rule 23d.) "There is properly but one pause, or rest, in the sentence; and this falls betwixt the two members into which the sentence is divided."—Iid. "To go barefoot, does not at all help a man on, in the way to heaven."—Steele cor. "There is nobody who does not condemn this in others, though many overlook it in themselves."—Locke cor. "Be careful not to use the same word in the same sentence either too frequently or in different senses."—L. Murray cor. "Nothing could have made her more unhappy, than to have married a man of such principles."—Id. "A warlike, various, and tragical age is the best to write of, but the worst to write in."—Cowley cor. "When thou instancest Peter's babtizing [sic—KTH] of Cornelius."—Barclay cor. "To introduce two or more leading thoughts or topics, which have no natural affinity or mutual dependence."—L. Murray cor. "Animals, again, are fitted to one an other, and to the elements or regions in which they live, and to which they are as appendices."—Id. "This melody, however, or so frequent varying of the sound of each word, is a proof of nothing, but of the fine ear of that people."—Jamieson cor. "They can, each in its turn, be used upon occasion."—Duncan cor. "In this reign, lived the poets Gower and Chaucer, who are the first authors that can properly be said to have written English."—Bucke cor. "In translating expressions of this kind, consider the [phrase] 'it is' as if it were they are."—W. Walker cor. "The chin has an important office to perform; for, by the degree of its activity, we disclose either a polite or a vulgar pronunciation."—Gardiner cor. "For no other reason, than that he was found in bad company."—Webster cor. "It is usual to compare them after the manner of polysyllables."—Priestley cor. "The infinitive mood is recognized more easily than any other, because the preposition TO precedes it."—Bucke cor. "Prepositions, you recollect, connect words, and so do conjunctions: how, then, can you tell a conjunction from a preposition?" Or:—"how, then, can you distinguish the former from the latter?"—R. C. Smith cor.

"No kind of work requires a nicer touch,
And, this well finish'd, none else shines so much."
—Sheffield cor.

Lesson XVI.—Three Errors.

"On many occasions, it is the final pause alone, that marks the difference between prose and verse: this will be evident from the following arrangement of a few poetical lines."—L. Murray cor. "I shall do all I can to persuade others to take for their cure the same measures that I have taken for mine."—Guardian cor.; also Murray. "It is the nature of extreme self-lovers, that they will set a house on fire, as it were, but to roast their eggs."—Bacon cor. "Did ever man struggle more earnestly in a cause in which both his honour and his life were concerned?"—Duncan cor. "So the rests, or pauses, which separate sentences or their parts, are marked by points."—Lowth cor. "Yet the case and mood are not influenced by them, but are determined by the nature of the sentence."—Id. "Through inattention to this rule, many errors have been committed: several of which are here subjoined, as a further caution and direction to the learner."—L. Murray cor. "Though thou clothe thyself with crimson, though thou deck thee with ornaments of gold, though thou polish thy face with painting, in vain shalt thou make thyself fair." —Bible cor. "But that the doing of good to others, will make us happy, is not so evident; the feeding of the hungry, for example, or the clothing of the naked." Or: "But that, to do good to others, will make us happy, is not so evident; to feed the hungry, for example, or to clothe the naked."—Kames cor. "There is no other God than he, no other light than his." Or: "There is no God but he, no light but his."—Penn cor. "How little reason is there to wonder, that a powerful and accomplished orator should be one of the characters that are most rarely found."—Dr. Blair cor. "Because they express neither the doing nor the receiving of an action."—Inf. S. Gram. cor. "To find the answers, will require an effort of mind; and, when right answers are given, they will be the result of reflection, and show that the subject is understood."—Id. "'The sun rises,' is an expression trite and common; but the same idea becomes a magnificent image, when expressed in the language of Mr. Thomson."—Dr. Blair cor. "The declining of a word is the giving of its different endings." Or: "To decline a word, is to give it different endings."—Ware cor. "And so much are they for allowing every one to follow his own mind."—Barclay cor. "More than one overture for peace were made, but Cleon prevented them from taking effect."—Goldsmith cor. "Neither in English, nor in any other language, is this word, or that which corresponds to it in meaning, any more an article, than TWO, THREE, or FOUR."—Webster cor. "But the most irksome conversation of all that I have met with in the neighbourhood, has been with two or three of your travellers."—Spect. cor. "Set down the first two terms of the supposition, one under the other, in the first place."—Smiley cor. "It is a useful practice too, to fix one's eye on some of the most distant persons in the assembly."—Dr. Blair cor. "He will generally please his hearers most, when to please them is not his sole or his chief aim."—Id. "At length, the consuls return to the camp, and inform the soldiers, that they could obtain for them no other terms than those of surrendering their arms and passing under the yoke."—Id. "Nor are mankind so much to blame, in their choice thus determining them."—Swift cor. "These forms are what are called the Numbers." Or: "These forms are called Numbers."—Fosdick cor. "In those languages which admit but two genders, all nouns are either masculine or feminine, even though they designate beings that are neither male nor female."—Id. "It is called Verb or Word by way of eminence, because it is the most essential word in a sentence, and one without which the other parts of speech cannot form any complete sense."—Gould cor. "The sentence will consist of two members, and these will commonly be separated from each other by a comma."—Jamieson cor. "Loud and soft in speaking are like the fortè and piano in music; they only refer to the different degrees of force used in the same key: whereas high and low imply a change of key."—Sheridan cor. "They are chiefly three: the acquisition of knowledge; the assisting of the memory to treasure up this knowledge; and the communicating of it to others."—Id.

"This kind of knaves I know, who in this plainness Harbour more craft, and hide corrupter ends, Than twenty silly ducking observants."—Shak. cor.

Lesson XVII.—Many Errors.

"A man will be forgiven, even for great errors, committed in a foreign language; but, in the use he makes of his own, even the least slips are justly pointed out and ridiculed."—Amer. Chesterfield cor. "LET expresses not only permission, but entreaty, exhortation, and command."—Lowth cor.; also Murray, et al. "That death which is our leaving of this world, is nothing else than the putting-off of these bodies."—Sherlock cor. "They differ from the saints recorded in either the Old or the New Testament."—Newton cor. "The nature of relation, therefore, consists in the referring or comparing of two things to each other; from which comparison, one or both come to be denominated."—Locke cor. "It is not credible, that there is any one who will say, that through the whole course of his life he has kept himself entirely undefiled, without the least spot or stain of sin."—Witsius cor. "If to act conformably to the will of our Creator,—if to promote the welfare of mankind around us,—if to secure our own happiness, is an object of the highest moment; then are we loudly called upon to cultivate and extend the great interests of religion and virtue." Or: "If, to act conformably to the will of our Creator, to promote the welfare of mankind around us, and to secure our own happiness, are objects of the highest moment; then," &c.—Murray et al. cor. "The verb being in the plural number, it is supposed, that the officer and his guard are joint agents. But this is not the case: the only nominative to the verb is 'officer.' In the expression, 'with his guard,' the noun 'guard' is in the objective case, being governed by the preposition with; and consequently it cannot form the nominative, or any part of it. The prominent subject for the agreement, the true nominative to the verb, or the term to which the verb peculiarly refers, is the word 'officer.'"—L. Murray cor. "This is an other use, that, in my opinion, contributes to make a man learned rather than wise; and is incapable of pleasing either the understanding or the imagination."—Addison cor. "The work is a dull performance; and is incapable of pleasing either the understanding or the imagination."—L. Murray cor. "I would recommend the 'Elements of English Grammar,' by Mr. Frost. The plan of this little work is similar to that of Mr. L. Murray's smallest Grammar; but, in order to meet the understanding of children, its definitions and language are simplified, so far as the nature of the subject will admit. It also embraces more examples for Parsing, than are usual in elementary treatises."—S. R. Hall cor. "More rain falls in the first two summer months, than in the first two months of winter; but what falls, makes a much greater show upon the earth, in winter than in summer, because there is a much slower evaporation."—L. Murray cor. "They often contribute also to render some persons prosperous, though wicked; and, what is still worse, to reward some actions, though vicious; and punish other actions, though virtuous."—Bp. Butler cor. "Hence, to such a man, arise naturally a secret satisfaction, a sense of security, and an implicit hope of somewhat further."—Id. "So much for the third and last cause of illusion, that was noticed above; which arises from the abuse of very general and abstract terms; and which is the principal source of the abundant nonsense that has been vented by metaphysicians, mystagogues, and theologians."—Campbell cor. "As to those animals which are less common, or which, on account of the places they inhabit, fall less under our observation, as fishes and birds, or which their diminutive size removes still further from our observation, we generally, in English, employ a single noun to designate both genders, the masculine and the feminine."—Fosdick cor. "Adjectives may always be distinguished by their relation to other words: they express the quality, condition, or number, of whatever things are mentioned."—Emmons cor. "An adverb is a word added to a verb, a participle, an adjective, or an other adverb; and generally expresses time, place, degree, or manner."—Brown's Inst., p. 29. "The joining-together of two objects, so grand, and the representing of them both, as subject at one moment to the command of God, produce a noble effect."—Dr. Blair cor. "Twisted columns, for instance, are undoubtedly ornamental; but, as they have an appearance of weakness, they displease the eye, whenever they are used to support any massy part of a building, or what seems to require a more substantial prop."—Id. "In a vast number of inscriptions, some upon rocks, some upon stones of a defined shape, is found an Alphabet different from the Greeks', the Latins', and the Hebrews', and also unlike that of any modern nation."—W. C. Fowler cor.

Lesson XVIII.—Many Errors.

"The empire of Blefuscu is an island situated on the northeast side of Lilliput, from which it is parted by a channel of only 800 yards in width."—Swift and Kames cor. "The nominative case usually denotes the agent or doer; and any noun or pronoun which is the subject of a finite verb, is always in this case."—R. C. Smith cor. "There are, in his allegorical personages, an originality, a richness, and a variety, which almost vie with the splendours of the ancient mythology."—Hazlitt cor. "As neither the Jewish nor the Christian revelation has been universal, and as each has been afforded to a greater or a less part of the world at different times; so likewise, at different times, both revelations have had different degrees of evidence."—Bp. Butler cor. "Thus we see, that, to kill a man with a sword, and to kill one with a hatchet, are looked upon as no distinct species of action; but, if the point of the sword first enter the body, the action passes for a distinct species, called stabbing."—Locke cor. "If a soul sin, and commit a trespass against the Lord, and lie unto his neighbour concerning that which was delivered him to keep, or deceive his neighbour, or find that which was lost, and lie concerning it, and swear falsely; in any of all these that a man doeth, sinning therein, then it shall be," &c.—Bible cor. "As, to do and teach the commandments of God, is the great proof of virtue; so, to break them, and to teach others to break them, are the great proofs of vice."—Wayland cor. "The latter simile, in Pope's terrific maltreatment of it, is true neither to the mind nor to the eye."—Coleridge cor. "And the two brothers were seen, transported with rage and fury, like Eteocles and Polynices, each endeavouring to plunge his sword into the other's heart, and to assure himself of the throne by the death of his rival."—Goldsmith cor. "Is it not plain, therefore, that neither the castle, nor the planet, nor the cloud, which you here see, is that real one which you suppose to exist at a distance?"—Berkley cor. "I have often wondered, how it comes to pass, that every body should love himself best, and yet value his neighbours' opinion about himself more than his own."—Collier cor. "Virtue, ([Greek: Aretæ], Virtus,) as well as most of its species, when sex is figuratively ascribed to it, is made feminine, perhaps from its beauty and amiable appearance."—Harris cor. "Virtue, with most of its species, is made feminine when personified; and so is Vice, perhaps for being Virtue's opposite."—Brit. Gram. cor.; also Buchanan. "From this deduction, it may easily be seen, how it comes to pass, that personification makes so great a figure in all compositions in which imagination or passion has any concern."—Dr. Blair cor. "An Article is a word placed before a noun, to point it out as such, and to show how far its signification extends."—Folker cor. "All men have certain natural, essential, and inherent rights;—among which are the rights of enjoying and defending life and liberty; of acquiring, possessing, and protecting property; and, in a word, of seeking and obtaining happiness."—Const. of N. H. cor. "From those grammarians who form their ideas and make their decisions, respecting this part of English grammar, from the principles and construction of other languages,—of languages which do not in these points accord with our own, but which differ considerably from it,—we may naturally expect grammatical schemes that will be neither perspicuous nor consistent, and that will tend rather to perplex than to inform the learner."—Murray and Hall cor. "Indeed there are but very few who know how to be idle and innocent, or who have a relish for any pleasures that are not criminal; every diversion which the majority take, is at the expense of some one virtue or other, and their very first step out of business is into vice or folly."—Addison cor.

"Hail, holy Love! thou bliss that sumst all bliss! Giv'st and receiv'st all bliss; fullest when most Thou giv'st; spring-head of all felicity!"—Pollok cor.

Chapter XIII—General Rule.

Corrections Under the General Rule.

Lesson I.—Articles.

(1.) "The article is a part of speech placed before nouns." Or thus: "An article is a word placed before nouns."—Comly cor. (2.) "The article is a part of speech used to limit nouns."—Gilbert cor. (3.) "An article is a word set before nouns to fix their vague signification."—Ash cor. (4.) "The adjective is a part of speech used to describe something named by a noun."—Gilbert cor. (5.) "A pronoun is a word used in stead of a noun."—Id. and Weld cor.: Inst., p. 45. (6.) "The pronoun is a part of speech which is often used in stead of a noun."—Brit. Gram. and Buchanan cor. (7.) "A verb is a word which signifies to be, to do, or to be acted upon."—Merchant cor. (8.) "The verb is a part of speech which signifies to be, to act, or to receive an action."—Comly cor. (9.) "The verb is the part of speech by which any thing is asserted."—Weld cor. (10.) "The verb is a part of speech, which expresses action or existence in a direct manner."—Gilbert cor. (11.) "A participle is a word derived from a verb, and expresses action or existence in an indirect manner."—Id. (12.) "The participle is a part of speech derived from the verb, and denotes being, doing, or suffering, and implies time, as a verb does."—Brit. Gram. and Buchanan cor. (13.) "The adverb is a part of speech used to add some modification to the meaning of verbs, adjectives, and participles."—Gilbert cor. (14.) "An adverb is an indeclinable word added to a verb, [a participle,] an adjective, or an other adverb, to express some circumstance, accident, or manner of its signification."—Adam and Gould cor. (15.) "An adverb is a word added to a verb, an adjective, a participle, or an other adverb, to express the circumstance of time, place, degree, or manner."—Dr. Ash cor. (16.) "An adverb is a word added to a verb, an adjective, a participle, or, sometimes, an other adverb, to express some circumstance respecting the sense."—Beck cor. (17.) "The adverb is a part of speech, which is added to verbs, adjectives, participles, or to other adverbs, to express some modification or circumstance, quality or manner, of their signification."—Buchanan cor. (18.) "The adverb is a part of speech which we add to the verb, (whence the name,) to the adjective or participle likewise, and sometimes even to an other adverb."—Bucke cor. (19.) "A conjunction is a word used to connect words or sentences."—Gilbert and Weld cor. (20.) "The conjunction is a part of speech that joins words or sentences together."—Ash cor. (21.) "The conjunction is that part of speech which connects sentences, or parts of sentences, or single words."—D. Blair cor. (22.) "The conjunction is a part of speech that is used principally to connect sentences, so as, out of two, three, or more sentences, to make one."—Bucke cor. (23.) "The conjunction is a part of speech that is used to connect words or sentences together; but, chiefly, to join simple sentences into such as are compound."—Kirkham cor. (24.) "A conjunction is a word which joins words or sentences together, and shows the manner of their dependence, as they stand in connexion."—Brit. Gram. et al. cor. (25.) "A preposition is a word used to show the relation between other words, and govern the subsequent term."—Gilbert cor. (26.) "A preposition is a governing word which serves to connect other words, and to show the relation between them."—Frost cor. (27.) "A preposition is a governing particle used to connect words and show their relation."—Weld cor. (28.) "The preposition is that part of speech which shows the various positions of persons or things, and the consequent relations that certain words bear toward one an other."—David Blair cor. (29.) "The preposition is a part of speech, which, being added to certain other parts of speech, serves to show their state of relation, or their reference to each other."—Brit. Gram. and Buchanan cor. (30.) "The interjection is a part of speech used to express sudden passion or strong emotion."—Gilbert cor. (31.) "An interjection is an unconnected word used in giving utterance to some sudden feeling or strong emotion."—Weld cor. (32.) "The interjection is that part of speech which denotes any sudden affection or strong emotion of the mind."—David Blair cor. (33.) "An interjection is an independent word or sound thrown into discourse, and denotes some sudden passion or strong emotion of the soul."—Brit. Gram. and Buchanan cor.

(34.) "The scene might tempt some peaceful sage
To rear a lonely hermitage."—Gent. of Aberdeen cor.

(35.) "Not all the storms that shake the pole,
Can e'er disturb thy halcyon soul,
And smooth unalter'd brow."—Barbauld's Poems, p. 42.

Lesson II.—Nouns.

"The throne of every monarchy felt the shock."—Frelinghuysen cor. "These principles ought to be deeply impressed upon the mind of every American."—Dr. N. Webster cor. "The words CHURCH and SHIRE are radically the same."—Id. "They may not, in their present form, be readily accommodated to every circumstance belonging to the possessive case of nouns."—L. Murray cor. "Will, in the second and third persons, only foretells."—Id.; Lowth's Gram., p. 41. "Which seem to form the true distinction between the subjunctive and the indicative mood."—L. Murray cor. "The very general approbation which this performance of Walker's has received from the public."—Id. "Lest she carry her improvements of this kind too far." Or thus: "Lest she carry her improvements in this way too far."—Id. and Campbell cor. "Charles was extravagant, and by his prodigality became poor and despicable."—L. Murray cor. "We should entertain no prejudice against simple and rustic persons."—Id. "These are indeed the foundation of all solid merit."—Dr. Blair cor. "And his embellishment, by means of figures, musical cadences, or other ornaments of speech."—Id. "If he is at no pains to engage us by the employment of figures, musical arrangement, or any other ornament of style."—Id. "The most eminent of the sacred poets, are, David, Isaiah, and the author of the Book of Job."—Id. "Nothing in any poem, is more beautifully described than the death of old Priam."—Id. "When two vowels meet together, and are joined in one syllable, they are called a diphthong."—Inf. S. Gram. cor. "How many Esses would goodness' then end with? Three; as goodness's."—Id. "Birds is a noun; it is the common name of feathered animals."—Kirkham cor. "Adam gave names to all living creatures." Or thus: "Adam gave a name to every living creature."—Bicknell cor. "The steps of a flight of stairs ought to be accommodated to the human figure." Or thus: "Stairs ought to be accommodated to the ease of the users."—Kames cor. "Nor ought an emblem, more than a simile, to be founded on a low or familiar object."—Id. "Whatever the Latin has not from the Greek, it has from the Gothic."—Tooke cor. "The mint, and the office of the secretary of state, are neat buildings."—The Friend cor. "The scenes of dead and still existence are apt to pall upon us."—Blair cor. "And Thomas Aquinas and Duns Scotus, the angelical doctor and the subtle, are the brightest stars in the scholastic constellation."—Lit. Hist. cor. "The English language has three methods of distinguishing the sexes."—Murray et al. cor.; also R. C. Smith. "In English, there are the three following methods of distinguishing the sexes."—Jaudon cor. "There are three ways of distinguishing the sexes."—Lennie et al. cor.; also Merchant. "The sexes are distinguished in three ways."—Maunder cor. "Neither discourse in general, nor poetry in particular, can be called altogether an imitative art."—Dr. Blair cor.

"Do we for this the gods and conscience brave,
That one may rule and all the rest enslave?"—Rowe cor.

Lesson III.—Adjectives.

"There is a deal more of heads, than of either heart or horns."—Barclay cor. "For, of all villains, I think he has the most improper name."—Bunyan cor. "Of all the men that I met in my pilgrimage, he, I think, bears the wrongest name."—Id. "I am surprised to see so much of the distribution, and so many of the technical terms, of the Latin grammar, retained in the grammar of our tongue."—Priestley cor. "Nor did the Duke of Burgundy bring him any assistance."—Hume and Priestley cor. "Else he will find it difficult to make an obstinate person believe him."—Brightland cor. "Are there any adjectives which form the degrees of comparison in a manner peculiar to themselves?"—Inf. S. Gram. cor. "Yet all the verbs are of the indicative mood."—Lowth cor. "The word candidate is absolute, in the nominative case."—L. Murray cor. "An Iambus has the first syllable unaccented, and the last accented."—L. Murray, D. Blair, Jamieson, Kirkham, Bullions, Guy, Merchant, and others. "A Dactyl has the first syllable accented, and the last two [syllables] unaccented."—Murray et al. cor. "It is proper to begin with a capital the first word of every book, chapter, letter, note, or other piece of writing."—Jaudon's Gram., p. 195; John Flint's, 105. "Five and seven make twelve, and one more makes thirteen."—L. Murray cor. "I wish to cultivate a nearer acquaintance with you."—Id. "Let us consider the means which are proper to effect our purpose." Or thus: "Let us consider what means are proper to effect our purpose."—Id. "Yet they are of so similar a nature as readily to mix and blend."—Dr. Blair cor. "The Latin is formed on the same model, but is more imperfect."—Id. "I know very well how great pains have been taken." Or thus: "I know very well how much care has been taken."—Temple cor. "The management of the breath requires a great deal of care."—Dr. Blair cor. "Because the mind, during such a momentary stupefaction, is, in a great measure, if not totally, insensible."—Kames cor. "Motives of reason and interest alone are not sufficient."—Id. "To render the composition distinct in its parts, and on the whole impressive."—Id. "A and an are named the Indefinite article, because they denote indifferently any one thing of a kind."—Maunder cor. "The is named the Definite article, because it points out some particular thing or things."—Id. "So much depends upon the proper construction of sentences, that, in any sort of composition, we cannot be too strict in our attention to it." Or:—"that, in every sort of composition, we ought to be very strict in our attention to it." Or:—"that, in no sort of composition, can we be too strict," &c.—Dr. Blair cor. "Every sort of declamation and public speaking was carried on by them." Or thus: "All sorts of declamation and public speaking, were carried on by them."—Id. "The former has, on many occasions, a sublimity to which the latter never attains."—Id. "When the words, therefore, consequently, accordingly, and the like, are used in connexion with conjunctions, they are adverbs."—Kirkham cor. "Rude nations make few or no allusions to the productions of the arts."—Jamieson cor. "While two of her maids knelt on each side of her." Or, if there were only two maids kneeling, and not four: "While two of her maids knelt one on each side of her."—Mirror cor. "The personal pronouns of the third person, differ from one an other in meaning and use, as follows."—Bullions cor. "It was happy for the state, that Fabius continued in the command with Minutius: the phlegm of the former was a check on the vivacity of the latter."—L. Murray and others cor.: see Maunders Gram., p. 4. "If it be objected, that the words must and ought, in the preceding sentences, are both in the present tense." Or thus: "If it be objected, that in all the preceding sentences the words must and ought are in the present tense."—L. Murray cor. "But it will be well, if you turn to them now and then." Or:—"if you turn to them occasionally."—Bucke cor. "That every part should have a dependence on, and mutually contribute to support, every other."—Rollin cor. "The phrase, 'Good, my lord,' is not common, and is low." Or:—"is uncommon, and low."—Priestley cor.

"That brother should not war with brother,
And one devour or vex an other."—Cowper cor.

Lesson IV.—Pronouns.

"If I can contribute to our country's glory." Or:—"to your glory and that of my country."—Goldsmith cor. "As likewise of the several subjects, which have in effect each its verb."—Lowth cor. "He is likewise required to make examples for himself." Or: "He himself is likewise required to make examples."—J. Flint cor. "If the emphasis be placed wrong, it will pervert and confound the meaning wholly." Or: "If the emphasis be placed wrong, the meaning will be perverted and confounded wholly." Or: "If we place the emphasis wrong, we pervert and confound the meaning wholly."—L. Murray cor.; also Dr. Blair. "It was this, that characterized the great men of antiquity; it is this, that must distinguish the moderns who would tread in their steps."—Dr. Blair cor. "I am a great enemy to implicit faith, as well the Popish as the Presbyterian; for, in that, the Papists and the Presbyterians are very much alike."—Barclay cor. "Will he thence dare to say, the apostle held an other Christ than him that died?"—Id. "Why need you be anxious about this event?" Or: "What need have you to be anxious about this event?"—Collier cor. "If a substantive can be placed after the verb, the latter is active."—A. Murray cor. "To see bad men honoured and prosperous in the world, is some discouragement to virtue." Or: "It is some discouragement to virtue, to see bad men," &c.—L. Murray cor. "It is a happiness to young persons, to be preserved from the snares of the world, as in a garden enclosed."—Id. "At the court of Queen Elizabeth, where all was prudence and economy."—Bullions cor. "It is no wonder, if such a man did not shine at the court of Queen Elizabeth, who was so remarkable for her prudence and economy."—Priestley, Murray, et al cor. "A defective verb is a verb that wants some parts. The defective verbs are chiefly the auxiliaries and the impersonal verbs."—Bullions cor. "Some writers have given to the moods a much greater extent than I have assigned to them."—L. Murray cor. "The personal pronouns give such information as no other words are capable of conveying."—M'Culloch cor. "When the article a, an, or the, precedes the participle, the latter also becomes a noun."—Merchant cor. "To some of these, there is a preference to be given, which custom and judgement must determine."—L. Murray cor. "Many writers affect to subjoin to any word the preposition with which it is compounded, or that of which it literally implies the idea."—Id. and Priestley cor.

"Say, dost thou know Vectidius? Whom, the wretch
Whose lands beyond the Sabines largely stretch?"—Dryden cor.

Lesson V.—Verbs.

"We should naturally expect, that the word depend would require from after it."—Priestley's Gram., p. 158. "A dish which they pretend is made of emerald."—L. Murray cor. "For the very nature of a sentence implies that one proposition is expressed."—Murray's Gram., 8vo, p. 311. "Without a careful attention to the sense, we should be naturally led, by the rules of syntax, to refer it to the rising and setting of the sun."—Dr. Blair cor. "For any rules that can be given, on this subject, must be very general."—Id. "He would be in the right, if eloquence were what he conceives it to be."—Id. "There I should prefer a more free and diffuse manner."—Id. "Yet that they also resembled one an other, and agreed in certain qualities."—Id. "But, since he must restore her, he insists on having an other in her place."—Id. "But these are far from being so frequent, or so common, as they have been supposed to be."—Id. "We are not led to assign a wrong place to the pleasant or the painful feelings."—Kames cor. "Which are of greater importance than they are commonly thought."—Id. "Since these qualities are both coarse and common, let us find out the mark of a man of probity."—Collier cor. "Cicero did what no man had ever done before him; he drew up a treatise of consolation for himself."—Biographer cor. "Then there can remain no other doubt of the truth."—Brightland cor. "I have observed that some satirists use the term." Or: "I have observed some satirists to use the term."—Bullions cor. "Such men are ready to despond, or to become enemies."—Webster cor. "Common nouns are names common to many things."—Inf. S. Gram. cor. "To make ourselves heard by one to whom we address ourselves."—Dr. Blair cor. "That, in reading poetry, he may be the better able to judge of its correctness, and may relish its beauties." Or:—"and to relish its beauties."—L. Murray cor. "On the stretch to keep pace with the author, and comprehend his meaning."—Dr. Blair cor. "For it might have been sold for more than three hundred pence, and the money have been given to the poor."—Bible cor. "He is a beam that has departed, and has left no streak of light behind."—Ossian cor. "No part of this incident ought to have been represented, but the whole should have been reserved for a narrative."—Kames cor. "The rulers and people debauching themselves, a country is brought to ruin." Or: "When the rulers and people debauch themselves, they bring ruin on a country."—Ware cor. "When a title, (as Doctor, Miss, Master, &c.,) is prefixed to a name, the latter only, of the two words, is commonly varied to form the plural; as, 'The Doctor Nettletons,'—'The two Miss Hudsons.'"—A. Murray cor. "Wherefore that field has been called, 'The Field of Blood,' unto this day."—Bible cor. "To comprehend the situations of other countries, which perhaps it may be necessary for him to explore."—Dr. Brown cor. "We content ourselves now with fewer conjunctive particles than our ancestors used."—Priestley cor. "And who will be chiefly liable to make mistakes where others have erred before them."—Id. "The voice of nature and that of revelation unite." Or: "Revelation and the voice of nature unite." Or: "The voice of nature unites with revelation." Or: "The voice of nature unites with that of revelation."—Wayland cor.

"This adjective, you see, we can't admit;
But, changed to 'WORSE,' the word is just and fit."—Tobitt cor.

Lesson Vi.—Participles.

"Its application is not arbitrary, or dependent on the caprice of readers."—L. Murray cor. "This is the more expedient, because the work is designed for the benefit of private learners."—Id. "A man, he tells us, ordered by his will, to have a statue erected for him."—Dr. Blair cor. "From some likeness too remote, and lying too far out of the road of ordinary thought."—Id. "In the commercial world, money is a fluid, running from hand to hand."—Dr. Webster cor. "He pays much attention to the learning and singing of songs."—Id. "I would not be understood to consider the singing of songs as criminal."—Id. "It is a case decided by Cicero, the great master of writing."—Editor of Waller cor. "Did they ever bear a testimony against the writing of books?"— Bates's Rep. cor. "Exclamations are sometimes mistaken for interrogations."—Hist. of Print, cor. "Which cannot fail to prove of service."—Smith cor. "Hewn into such figures as would make them incorporate easily and firmly."—Beat, or Mur. cor. "After the rule and example, there are practical inductive questions."—J. Flint cor. "I think it will be an advantage, that I have collected my examples from modern writings."—Priestley cor. "He was eager to recommend it to his fellow-citizens."—Id. and Hume cor. "The good lady was careful to serve me with every thing."—Id. "No revelation would have been given, had the light of nature been sufficient, in such a sense as to render one superfluous and useless."—Bp. Butler cor. "Description, again, is a representation which raises in the mind the conception of an object, by means of some arbitrary or instituted symbols."—Dr. Blair cor. "Disappointing the expectation of the hearers, when they look for an end." Or:—"for the termination of our discourse."—Id. "There is a distinction, which, in the use of them, is worthy of attention."— Maunder cor. "A model has been contrived, which is not very expensive, and which is easily managed."—Ed. Reporter cor. "The conspiracy was the more easily discovered, because the conspirators were many."—L. Murray cor. "Nearly ten years had that celebrated work been published, before its importance was at all understood."—Id. "That the sceptre is ostensibly grasped by a female hand, does not reverse the general order of government."—West cor. "I have hesitated about signing the Declaration of Sentiments."—Lib. cor. "The prolonging of men's lives when the world needed to be peopled, and the subsequent shortening of them when that necessity had ceased."—Rev. John Brown cor. "Before the performance commences, we see displayed the insipid formalities of the prelusive scene."—Kirkham cor. "It forbade the lending of money, or the sending of goods, or the embarking of capital in anyway, in transactions connected with that foreign traffic."—Brougham cor. "Even abstract ideas have sometimes the same important prerogative conferred upon them."—Jamieson cor. "Ment, like other terminations, changes y into i, when the y is preceded by a consonant."—Kirkham's Gram., p. 25. "The term PROPER is from the French propre, own, or the Latin proprius; and a Proper noun is so called, because it is peculiar to the individual or family bearing the name. The term COMMON is from the Latin communis, pertaining equally to several or many; and a Common noun is so called, because it is common to every individual comprised in the class."—Fowler cor.

"Thus oft by mariners are showed (Unless the men of Kent are liars)
Earl Godwin's castles overflowed, And palace-roofs, and steeple-
spires."—Swift cor.

Lesson VII.—Adverbs.

"He spoke to every man and woman who was there."—L. Murray cor. "Thought and language act and react upon each other."—Murray's Key, p. 264. "Thought and expression act and react upon each other."—Murray's Gram., 8vo, p. 356. "They have neither the leisure nor the means of attaining any knowledge, except what lies within the contracted circle of their several professions."—Campbell's Rhet., p. 160. "Before they are capable of understanding much, or indeed any thing, of most other branches of education."—Olney cor. "There is no more beauty in one of them, than in an other."—L. Murray cor. "Which appear to be constructed according to no certain rule."—Dr. Blair cor. "The vehement manner of speaking became less universal."—Or better:—"less general."—Id. "Not all languages, however, agree in this mode of expression." Or: "This mode of expression, however, is not common to all languages."—Id. "The great occasion of setting apart this particular day."—Atterbury cor. "He is much more promising now, than he was formerly."—L. Murray cor. "They are placed before a participle, without dependence on the rest of the sentence."—Id. "This opinion does not appear to have been well considered." Or: "This opinion appears to have been formed without due consideration."—Id. "Precision in language merits a full explication; and merits it the more, because distinct ideas are, perhaps, but rarely formed concerning it."—Dr. Blair cor. "In the more sublime parts of poetry, he is less distinguished." Or:—"he is not so highly distinguished."—Id. "Whether the author was altogether happy in the choice of his subject, may be questioned."—Id. "But, with regard to this matter also, there is a great error in the common practice."—Webster cor. "This order is the very order of the human mind, which makes things we are sensible of, a means to come at those that are not known." Or:—"which makes things that are already known, its means of finding out those that are not so."—Foreman cor. "Now, who is not discouraged, and does not fear want, when he has no money?"—C. Leslie cor. "Which the authors of this work consider of little or no use."—Wilbur and Liv. cor. "And here indeed the distinction between these two classes begins to be obscure."—Dr. Blair cor. "But this is a manner which deserves to be avoided." Or:—"which does not deserve to be imitated."—Id. "And, in this department, a person effects very little, whenever he attempts too much."—Campbell and Murray cor. "The verb that signifies mere being, is neuter."—Ash cor. "I hope to tire but little those whom I shall not happen to please."—Rambler cor. "Who were utterly unable to pronounce some letters, and who pronounced others very indistinctly."—Sheridan cor. "The learner may point out the active, passive, and neuter verbs in the following examples, and state the reasons for thus distinguishing them." Or: "The learner may point out the active, the passive, and the neuter verbs in the following examples, and state the reasons for calling them so."—C. Adams cor. "These words are almost always conjunctions."—Barrett cor.

"How glibly nonsense trickles from his tongue! How sweet the periods, neither said nor sung!"—Pope cor.

Lesson VIII.—Conjunctions.

"Who, at least, either knew not, or did not love to make, a distinction." Or better thus: "Who, at least, either knew no distinction, or did not like to make any."—Dr. Murray cor. "It is childish in the last degree to let this become the ground of estranged affection."—L. Murray cor. "When the regular, and when the irregular verb, is to be preferred [sic—KTH], p. 107."—Id. "The books were to have been sold this day." Or:—"on this day."—Priestley cor. "Do, an you will." Or: "Do, if you will."—Shak. cor. "If a man had a positive idea either of infinite duration or of infinite space, he could add two infinites together." Or: "If a man had a positive idea of what is infinite, either in duration or in space, he could," &c.—Murray's proof-text cor. "None shall more willingly agree to and advance the same than I."—Morton cor. "That it cannot but be hurtful to continue it."—Barclay cor. "A conjunction joins words or sentences."—Beck cor. "The copulative conjunction connects words or sentences together, and continues the sense."—Frost cor. "The copulative conjunction serves to connect [words or clauses,] and continue a sentence, by expressing an addition, a cause, or a supposition."—L. Murray cor. "All construction is either true or apparent; or, in other words, either literal or figurative."—Buchanan and Brit. Gram. cor. "But the divine character is such as none but a divine hand could draw." Or: "But the divine character is such, that none but a divine hand could draw it."—A. Keith cor. "Who is so mad, that, on inspecting the heavens, he is insensible of a God?"—Gibbons cor. "It is now submitted to an enlightened public, with little further desire on the part of the author, than for its general utility."—Town cor. "This will sufficiently explain why so many provincials have grown old in the capital without making any change in their original dialect."— Sheridan cor. "Of these, they had chiefly three in general use, which were denominated ACCENTS, the term being used in the plural number."—Id. "And this is one of the chief reasons why dramatic representations have ever held the first rank amongst the diversions of mankind."—Id. "Which is the chief reason why public reading is in general so disgusting."—Id. "At the same time in which they learn to read." Or: "While they learn to read."—Id. "He is always to pronounce his words with exactly the same accent that he uses in speaking."—Id. "In order to know what an other knows, and in the same manner in which he knows it."—Id. "For the same reason for which it is, in a more limited state, assigned to the several tribes of animals."—Id. "Were there masters to teach this, in the same manner in which other arts are taught." Or: "Were there masters to teach this, as other arts are taught."—Id.

"Whose own example strengthens all his laws; Who is himself that great sublime he draws."—Pope cor.

Lesson IX.—Prepositions.

"The word so has sometimes the same meaning as ALSO, LIKEWISE, or THE SAME."—Priestley cor. "The verb use relates not to 'pleasures of the imagination;' but to the terms fancy and imagination, which he was to employ as synonymous."—Dr. Blair cor. "It never can view, clearly and distinctly, more than one object at a time."—Id. "This figure [Euphemism] is often the same as the Periphrasis."—Adam and Gould cor. "All the intermediate time between youth and old age."—W. Walker cor. "When one thing is said to act upon an other, or do something to it."—Lowth cor. "Such a composition has as much of meaning in it, as a mummy has of life." Or: "Such a composition has as much meaning in it, as a mummy has life."—Lit. Conv. cor. "That young men, from fourteen to eighteen years of age, were not the best judges."—Id. "This day is a day of trouble, and of rebuke, and of blasphemy."—Isaiah, xxxvii, 3. "Blank verse has the same pauses and accents that occur in rhyme."—Kames cor. "In prosody, long syllables are distinguished by the macron (¯); and short ones by what is called the breve (~)."—Bucke cor. "Sometimes both articles are left out, especially from poetry."—Id. "From the following example, the pronoun and participle are omitted." Or: "In the following example, the pronoun and participle are not expressed."—L. Murray cor. [But the example was faulty. Say.] "Conscious of his weight and importance,"—or, "Being conscious of his own weight and importance, he did not solicit the aid of others."—Id. "He was an excellent person; even in his early youth, a mirror of the ancient faith."—Id. "The carrying of its several parts into execution."—Bp. Butler cor. "Concord is the agreement which one word has with an other, in gender, number, case, or person."—L. Murray's Gram., p. 142. "It might perhaps have given me a greater taste for its antiquities."—Addison cor. "To call on a person, and to wait on him."—Priestley cor. "The great difficulty they found in fixing just sentiments."—Id. and Hume cor. "Developing the differences of the three."—James Brown cor. "When the singular ends in x, ch soft, sh, ss, or s, we add es to form the plural."—L. Murray cor. "We shall present him a list or specimen of them." "It is very common to hear of the evils of pernicious reading, how it enervates the mind, or how it depraves the principles."—Dymond cor. "In this example, the verb arises is understood before 'curiosity' and before 'knowledge.'"—L. Murray et al. cor. "The connective is frequently omitted, when several words have the same construction."—Wilcox cor. "He shall expel them from before you, and drive them out from your sight."—Bible cor. "Who makes his sun to shine and his rain to descend, upon the just and the unjust." Or thus: "Who makes his sun shine, and his rain descend, upon the just and the unjust."—M'Ilvaine cor.

Lesson X.—Mixed Examples.

"This sentence violates an established rule of grammar."—L. Murray cor. "The words thou and shall are again reduced to syllables of short quantity."—Id. "Have the greatest men always been the most popular? By no means."—Lieber cor. "St. Paul positively stated, that 'He that loveth an other, hath fulfilled the law.'"—Rom., xiii, 8. "More organs than one are concerned in the utterance of almost every consonant."—M'Culloch cor. "If the reader will pardon me for descending so low."—Campbell cor. "To adjust them in such a manner as shall consist equally with the perspicuity and the grace of the period." Or: "To adjust them so, that they shall consist equally," &c.—Dr. Blair and L. Mur. cor. "This class exhibits a lamentable inefficiency, and a great want of simplicity."—Gardiner cor. "Whose style, in all its course, flows like a limpid stream, through which we see to the very bottom."—Dr. Blair cor.; also L. Murray. "We admit various ellipses." Or thus: "An ellipsis, or omission, of some words, is frequently admitted."—Lennie's Gram., p. 116. "The ellipsis, of articles may occur thus."—L. Murray cor. "Sometimes the article a is improperly applied to nouns of different numbers; as, 'A magnificent house and gardens.'"—Id. "In some very emphatical expressions, no ellipsis should be allowed."—Id. "Ellipses of the adjective may happen in the following manner."—Id. "The following examples show that there may be an ellipsis of the pronoun."—Id. "Ellipses of the verb occur in the following instances."—Id. "Ellipses of the adverb may occur in the following manner."—Id. "The following brief expressions are all of them elliptical." —Id. "If no emphasis be placed on any words, not only will discourse be rendered heavy and lifeless, but the meaning will often be left ambiguous."—Id.; also J. S. Hart and Dr. Blair cor. "He regards his word, but thou dost not regard thine."—Bullions, Murray, et al., cor. "I have learned my task, but you have not learned yours."—Iid. "When the omission of a word would obscure the sense, weaken the expression, or be attended with impropriety, no ellipsis must be indulged."—Murray and Weld cor. "And therefore the verb is correctly put in the singular number, and refers to them all separately and individually considered."—L. Murray cor. "He was to me the most intelligible of all who spoke on the subject."—Id. "I understood him better than I did any other who spoke on the subject."—Id. "The roughness found on the entrance into the paths of virtue and learning decreases as we advance." Or: "The roughnesses encountered in the paths of virtue and learning diminish as we advance."—Id. "There is nothing which more promotes knowledge, than do steady application and habitual observation."—Id. "Virtue confers on man the highest dignity of which he is capable; it should therefore be the chief object of his desire."—Id. and Merchant cor. "The supreme Author of our being has so formed the human soul, that nothing but himself can be its last, adequate, and proper happiness."—Addison and Blair cor. "The inhabitants of China laugh at the plantations of our Europeans: 'Because,' say they, 'any one may place trees in equal rows and uniform figures.'"—Iid. "The divine laws are not to be reversed by those of men."—L. Murray cor. "In both of these examples, the relative which and the verb was are understood."—Id. et al. cor. "The Greek and Latin languages, though for many reasons they cannot be called dialects of one and the same tongue, are nevertheless closely connected."—Dr. Murray cor. "To ascertain and settle whether a white rose or a red breathes the sweetest fragrance." Or thus: "To ascertain and settle which of the two breathes the sweeter fragrance, a white rose or a red one."—J. Q. Adams cor. "To which he can afford to devote but little of his time and labour."—Dr. Blair cor.

"Avoid extremes; and shun the fault of such As still are pleased too little or too much."—Pope cor.

Lesson Xi.—Of Bad Phrases.

"He might as well leave his vessel to the direction of the winds."—South cor. "Without good-nature and gratitude, men might as well live in a wilderness as in society."—L'Estrange cor. "And, for this reason, such lines very seldom occur together."—Dr. Blair cor. "His greatness did not make him happy."—Crombie cor. "Let that which tends to cool your love, be judged in all."—Crisp cor. "It is worth observing, that there is no passion in the mind of man so weak but it mates and masters the fear of death."—Bacon cor. "Accent dignifies the syllable on which it is laid, and makes it more audible than the rest."—Sheridan and Murray cor. "Before he proceeds to argue on either side."—Dr. Blair cor. "The general change of manners, throughout Europe."—Id. "The sweetness and beauty of Virgil's numbers, through all his works."—Id. "The French writers of sermons, study neatness and elegance in the division of their discourses."—Id. "This seldom fails to prove a refrigerant to passion."—Id. "But their fathers, brothers, and uncles, cannot, as good relations and good citizens, excuse themselves for not standing forth to demand vengeance."—Murray's Sequel, p. 114. "Alleging, that their decrial of the church of Rome, was a uniting with the Turks."—Barclay cor. "To which is added the Catechism by the Assembly of Divines."—N. E. Prim. cor. "This treachery was always present in the thoughts of both of them."— Robertson cor. "Thus far their words agree." Or: "Thus far the words of both agree."—W. Walker cor. "Aparithmesis is an enumeration of the several parts of what, as a whole, might be expressed in few words."—Gould cor. "Aparithmesis, or Enumeration, is a figure in which what might be expressed in a few words, is branched out into several parts."—Dr. Adam cor. "Which may sit from time to time, where you dwell, or in the vicinity."—J. O. Taylor cor. "Place together a large-sized animal and a small one, of the same species." Or: "Place together a large and a small animal of the same species."—Kames cor. "The weight of the swimming body is equal to that of the quantity of fluid displaced by it."—Percival cor. "The Subjunctive mood, in all its tenses, is similar to the Optative."—Gwilt cor. "No feeling of obligation remains, except that of an obligation to fidelity."—Wayland cor. "Who asked him why whole audiences should be moved to tears at the representation of some story on the stage."—Sheridan cor. "Are you not ashamed to affirm that the best works of the Spirit of Christ in his saints are as filthy rags?"—Barclay cor. "A neuter verb becomes active, when followed by a noun of kindred signification."—Sanborn cor. "But he has judged better in forbearing to repeat the article the."—Dr. Blair cor. "Many objects please us, and are thought highly beautiful, which have scarcely any variety at all."—Id. "Yet they sometimes follow them."—Emmons cor. "For I know of nothing more important in the whole subject, than this doctrine of mood and tense."—R. Johnson cor. "It is by no means impossible for an error to be avoided or suppressed."—Philol. Museum cor. "These are things of the highest importance to children and youth."—Murray cor. "He ought to have omitted the word many." Or: "He might better have omitted the word many."—Dr. Blair cor. "Which might better have been separated." Or: "Which ought rather to have been separated."—Id. "Figures and metaphors, therefore, should never be used profusely."—Id. and Jam. cor. "Metaphors, or other figures, should never be used in too great abundance."—Murray and Russell cor. "Something like this has been alleged against Tacitus."— Bolingbroke cor.

"O thou, whom all mankind in vain withstand,
Who with the blood of each must one day stain thy hand!"
—Sheffield cor.

Lesson XII.—Of Two Errors.

"Pronouns sometimes precede the terms which they represent."—L. Murray cor. "Most prepositions originally denoted relations of place."—Lowth cor. "WHICH is applied to brute animals, and to things without life."—Bullions cor. "What thing do they describe, or of what do they tell the kind?"—Inf. S. Gram. cor. "Iron cannons, as well as brass, are now universally cast solid."—Jamieson cor. "We have philosophers, more eminent perhaps than those of any other nation."—Dr. Blair cor. "This is a question about words only, and one which common sense easily determines."—Id. "The low pitch of the voice, is that which approaches to a whisper."—Id. "Which, as to the effect, is just the same as to use no such distinctions at all."—Id. "These two systems, therefore, really differ from each other but very little."—Id. "It is needless to give many instances, as examples occur so often."—Id. "There are many occasions on which this is neither requisite nor proper."—Id. "Dramatic poetry divides itself into two forms, comedy and tragedy."—Id. "No man ever rhymed with more exactness than he." [I.e., than Roscommon.]—Editor of Waller cor. "The Doctor did not reap from his poetical labours a profit equal to that of his prose."—Johnson cor. "We will follow that which we find our fathers practised." Or: "We will follow that which we find to have been our fathers' practice."—Sale cor. "And I should deeply regret that I had published them."—Inf. S. Gram. cor. "Figures exhibit ideas with more vividness and power, than could be given them by plain language."—Kirkham cor. "The allegory is finely drawn, though the heads are various."—Spect. cor. "I should not have thought it worthy of this place." Or: "I should not have thought it worthy of being placed here."—Crombie cor. "In this style, Tacitus excels all other writers, ancient or modern."—Kames cor. "No other author, ancient or modern, possesses the art of dialogue so completely as Shakspeare."— Id. "The names of all the things we see, hear, smell, taste, or feel, are nouns."—Inf. S. Gram. cor. "Of what number are the expressions, 'these boys,' 'these pictures,' &c.?"—Id. "This sentence has faults somewhat like those of the last."—Dr. Blair cor. "Besides perspicuity, he pursues propriety, purity, and precision, in his language; which qualities form one degree, and no inconsiderable one, of beauty."—Id. "Many critical terms have unfortunately been employed in a sense too loose and vague; none with less precision, than the word sublime."—Id. "Hence no word in the language is used with a more vague signification, than the word beauty."—Id. "But still, in speech, he made use of general terms only."—Id. "These give life, body, and colouring, to the facts recited; and enable us to conceive of them as present, and passing before our eyes."—Id. "Which carried an ideal chivalry to a still more extravagant height, than the adventurous spirit of knighthood had ever attained in fact."—Id. "We write much more supinely, and with far less labour, than did the ancients."—Id. "This appears indeed to form the characteristical difference between the ancient poets, orators, and historians, and the modern."—Id. "To violate this rule, as the English too often do, shows great incorrectness."—Id. "It is impossible, by means of any training, to prevent them from appearing stiff and forced."—Id. "And it also gives to the speaker the disagreeable semblance of one who endeavours to compel assent."—Id. "And whenever a light or ludicrous anecdote is proper to be recorded, it is generally better to throw it into a note, than to run the hazard of becoming too familiar."—Id. "It is the great business of this life, to prepare and qualify ourselves for the enjoyment of a better."—L. Murray cor. "From some dictionaries, accordingly, it was omitted; and in others it is stigmatized as a barbarism."—Crombie cor. "You cannot see a thing, or think of one, the name of which is not a noun."—Mack cor. "All the fleet have arrived, and are moored in safety." Or better: "The whole fleet has arrived, and is moored in safety."—L. Murray cor.

Lesson XIII.—Of Two Errors.

"They have severally their distinct and exactly-limited relations to gravity."—Hasler cor. "But where the additional s would give too much of the hissing sound, the omission takes place even in prose."—L. Murray cor. "After o, it [the w] is sometimes not sounded at all; and sometimes it is sounded like a single u."—Lowth cor. "It is situation chiefly, that decides the fortunes and characters of men."—Hume cor.; also Murray. "The vice of covetousness is that [vice] which enters more deeply into the soul than any other."—Murray et al. cor. "Of all vices, covetousness enters the most deeply into the soul."—Iid. "Of all the vices, covetousness is that which enters the most deeply into the soul."—Campbell cor. "The vice of covetousness is a fault which enters more deeply into the soul than any other."—Guardian cor. "WOULD primarily denotes inclination of will; and SHOULD, obligation: but they vary their import, and are often used to express simple events." Or:—"but both of them vary their import," &c. Or:—"but both vary their import, and are used to express simple events."—Lowth, Murray, et al. cor.; also Comly and Ingersoll; likewise Abel Flint. "A double condition, in two correspondent clauses of a sentence, is sometimes made by the word HAD; as, 'Had he done this, he had escaped.'"—Murray and Ingersoll cor. "The pleasures of the understanding are preferable to those of the imagination, as well as to those of sense."—L. Murray cor. "Claudian, in a fragment upon the wars of the giants, has contrived to render this idea of their throwing of the mountains, which in itself has so much grandeur, burlesque and ridiculous."—Dr. Blair cor. "To which not only no other writings are to be preferred, but to which, even in divers respects, none are comparable."—Barclay cor. "To distinguish them in the understanding, and treat of their several natures, in the same cool manner that we use with regard to other ideas."—Sheridan cor. "For it has nothing to do with parsing, or the analyzing of language."—Kirkham cor. Or: "For it has nothing to do with the parsing, or analyzing, of language."—Id. "Neither has that language [the Latin] ever been so common in Britain."—Swift cor. "All that I purpose, is, to give some openings into the pleasures of taste."—Dr. Blair cor. "But the following sentences would have been better without it."—L. Murray cor. "But I think the following sentence would be better without it." Or: "But I think it should be expunged from the following sentence."— Priestley cor. "They appear, in this case, like ugly excrescences jutting out from the body."—Dr. Blair cor. "And therefore the fable of the Harpies, in the third book of the Æneid, and the allegory of Sin and Death, in the second book of Paradise Lost, ought not to have been inserted in these celebrated poems."—Id. "Ellipsis is an elegant suppression, or omission, of some word or words, belonging to a sentence."—Brit. Gram. and Buchanan cor. "The article A or AN is not very proper in this construction."—D. Blair cor. "Now suppose the articles had not been dropped from these passages."—Bucke cor. "To have given a separate name to every one of those trees, would have been an endless and impracticable undertaking."—Blair cor. "Ei, in general, has the same sound as long and slender a." Or better: "Ei generally has the sound of long or slender a."—L. Murray cor. "When a conjunction is used with apparent redundance, the insertion of it is called Polysyndeton."—Adam and Gould cor. "EACH, EVERY, EITHER, and NEITHER, denote the persons or things that make up a number, as taken separately or distributively."—M'Culloch cor. "The principal sentence must be expressed by a verb in the indicative, imperative, or potential mood"—S. W. Clark cor. "Hence he is diffuse, where he ought to be urgent."—Dr. Blair cor. "All sorts of subjects admit of explanatory comparisons."—Id. et al. cor. "The present or imperfect participle denotes being, action, or passion, continued, and not perfected."—Kirkham cor. "What are verbs? Those words which chiefly express what is said of things."—Fowle cor.

"Of all those arts in which the wise excel,
The very masterpiece is writing-well."—Sheffield cor.

"Such was that muse whose rules and practice tell,
That art's chief masterpiece is writing-well."—Pope cor.

Lesson XIV.—Of Three Errors.

"From some words, the metaphorical sense has justled out the original sense altogether; so that, in respect to the latter, they have become obsolete."—Campbell cor. "Surely, never any other mortal was so overwhelmed with grief, as I am at this present moment."—Sheridan cor. "All languages differ from one an other in their modes of inflection."—Bullions cor. "The noun and the verb are the only indispensable parts of speech: the one, to express the subject spoken of; and the other, the predicate, or what is affirmed of the subject."—M'Culloch cor. "The words Italicized in the last three examples, perform the office of substantives."—L. Murray cor. "A sentence so constructed is always a mark of carelessness in the writer."—Dr. Blair cor. "Nothing is more hurtful to the grace or the vivacity of a period, than superfluous and dragging words at the conclusion."—Id. "When its substantive is not expressed with it, but is referred to, being understood."—Lowth cor. "Yet they always have substantives belonging to them, either expressed or understood."—Id. "Because they define and limit the import of the common names, or general terms, to which they refer."—Id. "Every new object surprises them, terrifies them, and makes a strong impression on their minds."—Dr. Blair cor. "His argument required a more full development, in order to be distinctly apprehended, and to have its due force."—Id. "Those participles which are derived from active-transitive verbs, will govern the objective case, as do the verbs from which they are derived."—Emmons cor. "Where, in violation of the rule, the objective case whom follows the verb, while the nominative I precedes it."—L. Murray cor. "To use, after the same conjunction, both the indicative and the subjunctive mood, in the same sentence, and under the same circumstances, seems to be a great impropriety."—Lowth, Murray, et al. cor. "A nice discernment of the import of words, and an accurate attention to the best usage, are necessary on these occasions."—L. Murray cor. "The Greeks and Romans, the former especially, were, in truth, much more musical than we are; their genius was more turned to take delight in the melody of speech."—Dr. Blair cor. "In general, if the sense admits it early, the sooner a circumstance is introduced, the better; that the more important and significant words may possess the last place, and be quite disencumbered."—Murray et al. cor.; also Blair and Jamieson. "Thus we find it in both the Greek and the Latin tongue."—Dr. Blair cor. "Several sentences, constructed in the same manner, and having the same number of members, should never be allowed to come in succession."— Blair et al. cor. "I proceed to lay down the rules to be observed in the conduct of metaphors; and these, with little variation, will be applicable to tropes of every kind."—Dr. Blair cor. "By selecting words with a proper regard to their sounds, we may often imitate other sounds which we mean to describe."—Dr. Blair and L. Mur. cor. "The disguise can scarcely be so perfect as to deceive."—Dr. Blair cor. "The sense does not admit of any other pause, than one after the second syllable 'sit;' this therefore must be the only pause made in the reading."—Id. "Not that I believe North America to have been first peopled so lately as in the twelfth century, the period of Madoc's migration."—Webster cor. "Money and commodities will always flow to that country in which they are most wanted, and in which they will command the most profit."—Id. "That it contains no visible marks of certain articles which are of the utmost importance to a just delivery."—Sheridan cor. "And Virtue, from her beauty, we call a fair and favourite maid."—Mack cor. "The definite article may relate to nouns of either number."—Inf. S. Gram. cor.

Lesson XV.—Of Many Errors.

(1.) "Compound words are[, by L. Murray and others, improperly] included among the derivatives."—L. Murray corrected. (2.) "The Apostrophe, placed above the line, thus ', is used to abbreviate or shorten words. But its chief use is, to denote the possessive case of nouns."—Id. (3.) "The Hyphen, made thus -, connects the parts of compound words. It is also used when a word is divided."—Id. (4.) "The Acute Accent, made thus ´, denotes the syllable on which stress is laid, and sometimes also, that the vowel is short: as, 'Fáncy.' The Grave Accent, made thus `, usually denotes, (when applied to English words,) that the stress is laid where a vowel ends the syllable: as, 'Fàvour.'"—Id. (5.) "The stress is laid on long vowels or syllables, and on short ones, indiscriminately. In order to distinguish the long or open vowels from the close or short ones, some writers of dictionaries have placed the grave accent on the former, and the acute on the latter."—Id. (6.) "The Diæresis, thus made ¨, is placed over one of two contiguous vowels, to show that they are not a diphthong."—Id. (7.) "The Section, made thus §, is sometimes used to mark the subdivisions of a discourse or chapter."—Id. (8.) "The Paragraph, made thus ¶, sometimes denotes the beginning of a new subject, or of a passage not connected with the text preceding. This character is now seldom used [for such a purpose], except in the Old and New Testaments." Or better:—"except in the Bible."—Id. (9.) "The Quotation Points, written thus " ", mark the beginning and the end of what is quoted or transcribed from some speaker or author, in his own words. In type, they are inverted commas at the beginning, apostrophes at the conclusion."—Id. (10.) "The Brace was formerly used in poetry at the end of a triplet, or where three lines rhymed together in heroic verse; it also serves to connect several terms with one, when the one is common to all, and thus to prevent a repetition of the common term."—Id. (11.) "Several asterisks put together, generally denote the omission of some letters belonging to a word, or of some bold or indelicate expression; but sometimes they imply a defect in the manuscript from which the text is copied."—Id. (12.) "The Ellipsis, made thus ——, or thus ****, is used where some letters of a word, or some words of a verse, are omitted."—Id. (13.) "The Obelisk, which is made thus [Obelisk]; and the Parallels, which are made thus ||; and sometimes the letters of the alphabet; and also the Arabic figures; are used as references to notes in the margin, or at the bottom, of the page."—Id. (14.) "The note of interrogation should not be employed, where it is only said that a question has been asked, and where the words are not used as a question; as, 'The Cyprians asked me why I wept.'"—Id. et al. cor. (15.) "The note of interrogation is improper after mere expressions of admiration, or of any other emotion, though they may bear the form of questions."—Iid. (16.) "The parenthesis incloses something which is thrown into the body of a sentence, in an under tone; and which affects neither the sense, nor the construction, of the main text."—Lowth cor. (17.) "Simple members connected by a relative not used restrictively, or by a conjunction that implies comparison, are for the most part divided by the comma."—Id. (18.) "Simple members, or sentences, connected as terms of comparison, are for the most part separated by the comma."—L. Murray et al. cor. (19.) "Simple sentences connected by a comparative particle, are for the most part divided by the comma."—Russell cor. (20.) "Simple sentences or clauses connected to form a comparison, should generally be parted by the comma."—Merchant cor. (21.) "The simple members of sentences that express contrast or comparison, should generally be divided by the comma."—Jaudon cor. (22.) "The simple members of a comparative sentence, when they are long, are separated by a comma."—Cooper cor. (23.) "Simple sentences connected to form a comparison, or phrases placed in opposition, or contrast, are usually separated by the comma."—Hiley and Bullions cor. (24.) "On whichever word we lay the emphasis,—whether on the first, the second, the third, or the fourth,—every change of it strikes out a different sense."—L. Murray cor. (25.) "To say to those who do not understand sea phrases, 'We tacked to the larboard, and stood off to sea,' would give them little or no information."—Murray and Hiley cor. (26.) "Of those dissyllables which are sometimes nouns and sometimes verbs, it may be observed, that the verb is commonly accented on the latter syllable, and the noun on the former."—L. Murray cor. (27.) "And this gives to our language an advantage over most others, in the poetical or rhetorical style."—Id. et al. cor. (28.) "And this gives to the English language an advantage over most others, in the poetical and the rhetorical style."—Lowth cor. (29.) "The second and the third scholar may read the same sentence; or as many may repeat the text, as are necessary to teach it perfectly to the whole class."—Osborn cor.

(30.) "Bliss is the same, in subject, or in king,
In who obtain defence, or who defend."
—Pope's Essay on Man, IV, 58.

Lesson XVI.—Of Many Errors.

"The Japanese, the Tonquinese, and the Coreans, speak languages differing from one an other, and from that of the inhabitants of China; while all use the same written characters, and, by means of them, correspond intelligibly with one an other in writing, though ignorant of the language spoken by their correspondents: a plain proof, that the Chinese characters are like hieroglyphics, and essentially independent of language."—Jamieson cor.; also Dr. Blair. "The curved line, in stead of remaining round, is changed to a square one, for the reason before mentioned."—Knight cor. "Every reader should content himself with the use of those tones only, that he is habituated to in speech; and should give to the words no other emphasis, than what he would give to the same words, in discourse. [Or, perhaps the author meant:—and should give to the emphatic words no other intonation, than what he would give, &c.] Thus, whatever he utters, will be delivered with ease, and will appear natural."—Sheridan cor. "A stop, or pause, is a total cessation of sound, during a perceptible, and, in musical or poetical compositions, a measurable space of time."— Id. "Pauses, or rests, in speaking or reading, are total cessations of the voice, during perceptible, and, in many cases, measurable spaces of time."—L. Murray et al. cor. "Those derivative nouns which denote small things of the kind named by their primitives, are called Diminutive Nouns: as, lambkin, hillock, satchel, gosling; from lamb, hill, sack, goose."—Bullions cor. "Why is it, that nonsense so often escapes detection, its character not being perceived either by the writer or by the reader?"—Campbell cor. "An Interjection is a word used to express sudden emotion. Interjections are so called, because they are generally thrown in between the parts of discourse, and have no reference to the structure of those parts."—M'Culloch cor. "The verb OUGHT has no other inflection than OUGHTEST, and this is nearly obsolete."— Macintosh cor. "But the arrangement, government, and agreement of words, and also their dependence upon others, are referred to our reason."—Osborn cor. "ME is a personal pronoun, of the first person, singular number, and objective case."—Guy cor. "The noun SELF is usually added to a pronoun; as, herself, himself, &c. The compounds thus formed are called reciprocal pronouns."— Id. "One cannot but think, that our author would have done better, had he begun the first of these three sentences, with saying, 'It is novelty, that bestows charms on a monster.'"—Dr. Blair cor. "The idea which they present to us, of nature resembling art, of art considered as an original, and nature as a copy, seems not very distinct, or well conceived, nor indeed very material to our author's purpose."—Id. "This faulty construction of the sentence, evidently arose from haste and carelessness."—Id. "Adverbs serve to modify terms of action or quality, or to denote time, place, order, degree, or some other circumstance which we have occasion to specify."—Id. "We may naturally expect, that the more any nation is improved by science, and the more perfect its language becomes, the more will that language abound with connective particles."—Id. "Mr. Greenleaf's book is far better adapted to the capacity of learners, than any other that has yet appeared, on the subject."—Feltus and Onderdonk's false praise Englished. "Punctuation is the art of marking, in writing or in print, the several pauses, or rests, which separate sentences, or the parts of sentences; so as to denote their proper quantity or proportion, as it is exhibited in a just and accurate delivery."—Lowth cor. "A compound sentence must generally be resolved into simple ones, and these be separated by the comma." Or better: "A compound sentence is generally divided, by the comma, into its simple members."—Greenleaf and Fisk cor. "Simple sentences should in general be separated from one an other by the comma, unless a greater point is required; as, 'Youth is passing away, age is approaching, and death is near.'"—S. R. Hall cor. "V has always one uniform sound, which is that of f flattened, as in thieve from thief: thus v bears to f the same relation that b does to p, d to t, hard g to k, or z to s."—L. Murray and Fisk cor.; also Walker; also Greenleaf. "The author is explaining the difference between sense and imagination, as powers of the human mind."—L. Murray cor. Or, if this was the critic's meaning: "The author is endeavouring to explain a very abstract point, the distinction between the powers of sense and those of imagination, as two different faculties of the human mind."— Id.; also Dr. Blair cor. "HE—(from the Anglo-Saxon HE—) is a personal pronoun, of the third person, singular number, masculine gender, and nominative case. Decline HE."—Fowler cor.

Corrections Under the Critical Notes.

Under Critical Note I.—Of the Parts of Speech.

"The passive voice denotes an action received." Or: "The passive voice denotes the receiving of an action."—Maunder corrected. "Milton, in some of his prose works, has many very finely-turned periods."—Dr. Blair and Alex. Jam. cor. "These will be found to be wholly, or chiefly, of that class."—Dr. Blair cor. "All appearances of an author's affecting of harmony, are disagreeable."—Id. and Jam. cor. "Some nouns have a double increase; that is, they increase by more syllables than one: as iter, itin~eris."—Adam et al. cor. "The powers of man are enlarged by progressive cultivation."—Gurney cor. "It is always important to begin well; to make a favourable impression at the first setting out."—Dr. Blair cor. "For if one take a wrong method at his first setting-out, it will lead him astray in all that follows."— Id. "His mind is full of his subject, and all his words are expressive."— Id. "How exquisitely is all this performed in Greek!"—Harris cor. "How unworthy is all this to satisfy the ambition of an immortal soul!"—L. Murray cor. "So as to exhibit the object in its full grandeur, and its most striking point of view."—Dr. Blair cor. "And that the author know how to descend with propriety to the plain style, as well as how to rise to the bold and figured."— Id. "The heart alone can answer to the heart."— Id. "Upon the first perception of it." Or: "As it is first perceived."—Harris cor. "Call for Samson, that he may make sport for us."—Bible cor. "And he made sport before them."— Id. "The term 'to suffer,' in this definition, is used in a technical sense; and means simply, to receive an action, or to be acted upon."—Bullions cor. "The text only is what is meant to be taught in schools."—Brightland cor. "The perfect participle denotes action or existence perfected or finished."—Kirkham cor. "From the intricacy and confusion which are produced when they are blended together."—L. Murray cor. "This very circumstance, that the word is employed antithetically renders it important in the sentence."—Kirkham cor. "It [the pronoun that,] is applied both to persons and to things."—L. Murray cor. "Concerning us, as being everywhere traduced."—Barclay cor. "Every thing else was buried in a profound silence."—Steele cor. "They raise fuller conviction, than any reasonings produce."—Dr. Blair cor. "It appears to me nothing but a fanciful refinement." Or: "It appears to me nothing more than a fanciful refinement"— Id. "The regular and thorough resolution of a complete passage."—Churchill cor. "The infinitive is distinguished by the word TO, which immediately precedes it."—Maunder cor. "It will not be a gain of much ground, to urge that the basket, or vase, is understood to be the capital."—Kames cor. "The disgust one has to drink ink in reality, is not to the purpose, where the drinking of it is merely figurative."— Id. "That we run not into the extreme of pruning so very closely."—See L. Murray's Gram., 8vo, p. 318. "Being obliged to rest for a little while on the preposition itself." Or: "Being obliged to rest a while on the preposition itself." Or: "Being obliged to rest [for] a moment on the preposition alone."—Blair and Jam. cor. "Our days on the earth are as a shadow, and there is no abiding."—Bible cor. "There may be attempted a more particular expression of certain objects, by means of imitative sounds."—Blair, Jam., and Mur. cor. "The right disposition of the shade, makes the light and colouring the more apparent."—Dr. Blair cor. "I observe that a diffuse style is apt to run into long periods."— Id. "Their poor arguments, which they only picked up in the highways."—Leslie cor. "Which must be little else than a transcribing of their writings."—Barclay cor. "That single impulse is a forcing-out of almost all the breath." Or: "That single impulse forces out almost all the breath."—Hush cor. "Picini compares modulation to the turning-off from a road."—Gardiner cor. "So much has been written on and off almost every subject."—Sophist cor. "By the reading of books written by the best authors, his mind became highly improved." Or: "By the study of the most instructive books, his mind became highly improved."—L. Mur. cor. "For I never made a rich provision a token of a spiritual ministry."—Barclay cor.

Under Critical Note II.—Of Doubtful Reference.

"However disagreeable the task, we must resolutely perform our duty."—L. Murray cor. "The formation of all English verbs, whether they be regular or irregular, is derived from the Saxon tongue."—Lowth cor. "Time and chance have an influence on all things human, and nothing do they affect more remarkably than language."—Campbell cor. "Time and chance have an influence on all things human, and on nothing a more remarkable influence than on language."—Jamieson cor. "That Archytases, who was a virtuous man, happened to perish once upon a time, is with him a sufficient ground." &c.—Phil Mu. cor. "He will be the better qualified to understand the meaning of the numerous words into which they enter as material parts."—L. Murray cor. "We should continually have the goal in view, that it may direct us in the race."— Id. "But Addison's figures seem to rise of their own accord from the subject and constantly to embellish it" Or:—"and they constantly embellish it."—Blair and Jam. cor. "So far as they signify persons, animals, and things that we can see, it is very easy to distinguish nouns."—Cobbett cor. "Dissyllables ending in y or mute e, or accented on the final syllable, may sometimes be compared like monosyllables."—Frost cor. "If the foregoing objection be admitted, it will not overrule the design."—Rush cor. "These philosophical innovators forget, that objects, like men, are known only by their actions."—Dr. Murray cor. "The connexion between words and ideas, is arbitrary and conventional; it has arisen mainly from the agreement of men among themselves."—Jamieson cor. "The connexion between words and ideas, may in general be considered as arbitrary and conventional, or as arising from the agreement of men among themselves."—Dr. Blair cor. "A man whose inclinations led him to be corrupt, and who had great abilities to manage and multiply and defend his corruptions."—Swift cor. "They have no more control over him than have any other men."—Wayland cor. "All his old words are true English, and his numbers are exquisite."—Spect. cor. "It has been said, that not Jesuits only can equivocate."—Mur. in Ex. and Key, cor. "In Latin, the nominative of the first or second person, is seldom expressed."—Adam and Gould cor. "Some words have the same form in both numbers."—Murray et al. cor. "Some nouns have the same form in both numbers."—Merchant et al. cor. "Others have the same form in both numbers; as, deer, sheep, swine."—Frost cor. "The following list denotes the consonant sounds, of which there are twenty-two." Or: "The following list denotes the twenty-two simple sounds of the consonants."—Mur. et al. cor. "And is the ignorance of these peasants a reason for other persons to remain ignorant; or does it render the subject the less worthy of our inquiry?"—Harris and Mur. cor. "He is one of the most correct, and perhaps he is the best, of our prose writers."—Lowth cor. "The motions of a vortex and of a whirlwind are perfectly similar." Or: "The motion of a vortex and that of a whirlwind are perfectly similar."—Jamieson cor. "What I have been saying, throws light upon one important verse in the Bible; which verse I should like to hear some one read."—Abbott cor. "When there are any circumstances of time, place, and the like, by which the principal terms of our sentence must be limited or qualified."—Blair, Jam. and Mur. cor. "Interjections are words that express emotion, affection, or passion, and that imply suddenness." Or: "Interjections express emotion, affection, or passion, and imply suddenness."—Bucke cor. "But the genitive expressing the measure of things, is used in the plural number only."—Adam and Gould cor. "The buildings of the institution have been enlarged; and an expense has been incurred, which, with the increased price of provisions, renders it necessary to advance the terms of admission."—L. Murray cor. "These sentences are far less difficult than complex ones."—S. S. Greene cor.

"Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife They sober lived, nor ever wished to stray."—Gray cor.

Under Critical Note III.—Of Definitions.

(1.) "A definition is a short and lucid description of a thing, or species, according to its nature and properties."—G. BROWN: Rev. David Blair cor. (2.) "Language, in general, signifies the expression of our ideas by certain articulate sounds, or written words, which are used as the signs of those ideas."—Dr. Hugh Blair cor. (3.) "A word is one or more syllables used by common consent as the sign of an idea."—Bullions cor. (4.) "A word is one or more syllables used as the sign of an idea, or of some manner of thought."—Hazen cor. (5.) "Words are articulate sounds, or their written signs, used to convey ideas."—Hiley cor. (6.) "A word is one or more syllables used orally or in writing, to represent some idea."—Hart cor. (7.) "A word is one or more syllables used as the sign of an idea."—S. W. Clark cor. (8.) "A word is a letter or a combination of letters, a sound or a combination of sounds, used as the sign of an idea."—Wells cor. (9.) "Words are articulate sounds, or their written signs, by which ideas are communicated."—Wright cor. (10.) "Words are certain articulate sounds, or their written representatives, used by common consent as signs of our ideas."—Bullions, Lowth, Murray, et al. cor. (11.) "Words are sounds or written symbols used as signs of our ideas."—W. Allen cor. (12.) "Orthography literally means correct writing"—Kirkham and Smith cor. [The word orthography stands for different things: as, 1. The art or practice of writing words with their proper letters; 2. That part of grammar which treats of letters, syllables, separate words, and spelling.] (13.) "A vowel is a letter which forms a perfect sound when uttered alone."—Inst., p. 16; Hazen, Lennie, and Brace, cor. (14-18.) "Spelling is the art of expressing words by their proper letters."—G. BROWN: Lowth and Churchill cor.; also Murray, Ing. et al.; also Comly; also Bullions; also Kirkham and Sanborn. (19.) "A syllable is one or more letters, pronounced by a single impulse of the voice, and constituting a word, or part of a word."—Lowth, Mur., et al., cor. (20.) "A syllable is a letter or a combination of letters, uttered in one complete sound."—Brit. Gram. and Buch. cor. (21.) "A syllable is one or more letters representing a distinct sound, or what is uttered by a single impulse of the voice."—Kirkham cor. (22.) "A syllable is so much of a word as is sounded at once, whether it be the whole or a part."—Bullions cor. (23.) "A syllable is so many letters as are sounded at once; and is either a word, or a part of a word."—Picket cor. (24.) "A diphthong is a union of two vowels in one syllable, as in bear and beat."—Bucke cor. Or: "A diphthong is the meeting of two vowels in one syllable."—Brit. Gram., p. 15; Buchanan's, 3. (25.) "A diphthong consists of two vowels put together in one syllable; as ea in beat, oi in voice."—Guy cor. (26.) "A triphthong consists of three vowels put together in one syllable; as, eau in beauty."—Id. (27.) "But a triphthong is the union of three vowels in one syllable."—Bucke cor. Or: "A triphthong is the meeting of three vowels in one syllable."—British Gram., p. 21; Buchanan's, 3. (28.) "What is a noun? A noun is the name of something; as, a man, a boy."—Brit. Gram. and Buchanan cor. (29.) "An adjective is a word added to a noun or pronoun, to describe the object named or referred to."—Maunder cor. (30.) "An adjective is a word added to a noun or pronoun, to describe or define the object mentioned."—R. C. Smith cor. (31.) "An adjective is a word which, without assertion or time, serves to describe or define something; as, a good man, every boy."—Wilcox cor. (32.) "An adjective is a word added to a noun or pronoun, and generally expresses a quality."—Mur. and Lowth cor. (33.) "An adjective expresses the quality, not of the noun or pronoun to which it is applied, but of the person or thing spoken of; and it may generally be known by the sense which it thus makes in connexion with its noun; as, 'A good man,' 'A genteel woman.'"—Wright cor. (34.) "An adverb is a word used to modify the sense of a verb, a participle, an adjective, or an other adverb."—Wilcox cor. (35.) "An adverb is a word added to a verb, a participle, an adjective, or an other adverb, to modify the sense, or denote some circumstance."—Bullions cor. (36.) "A substantive, or noun, is a name given to some object which the senses can perceive, the understanding comprehend, or the imagination entertain."—Wright cor. (37-54.) "Genders are modifications that distinguish objects in regard to sex."—Brown's Inst., p. 35: Bullions cor.: also Frost; also Perley; also Cooper; also L. Murray et al.; also Alden et al.; also Brit. Gram., with Buchanan; also Fowle; also Burn; also Webster; also Coar; also Hall; also Wright; also Fisher; also W. Allen; also Parker and Fox; also Weld; also Weld again. (55 and 56.) "A case, in grammar, is the state or condition of a noun or pronoun, with respect to some other word in the sentence."—Bullions cor.; also Kirkham. (57.) "Cases are modifications that distinguish the relations of nouns and pronouns to other words."—Brown's Inst., p. 36. (58.) "Government is the power which one word has over an other, to cause it to assume some particular modification."—Sanborn et al. cor. See Inst., p. 104. (59.) "A simple sentence is a sentence which contains only one assertion, command, or question."—Sanborn et al. cor. (60.) "Declension means the putting of a noun or pronoun through the different cases and numbers."—Kirkham cor. Or better: "The declension of a word is a regular arrangement of its numbers and cases."—See Inst., p. 37. (61.) "Zeugma is a figure in which two or more words refer in common to an other which literally agrees with only one of them."—B. F. Fish cor. (62.) "An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect participle by assuming d or ed; as, smite, smote, smitten."—Inst., p. 75. (63). "A personal pronoun is a pronoun that shows, by its form, of what person it is."—Inst., p. 46.

Under Critical Note IV.—Of Comparisons.

"Our language abounds more in vowel and diphthong sounds, than most other tongues." Or: "We abound more in vowel and diphthongal sounds, than most nations."—Dr. Blair cor. "A line thus accented has a more spirited air, than one which takes the accent on any other syllable."—Kames cor. "Homer introduces his deities with no greater ceremony, that [what] he uses towards mortals; and Virgil has still less moderation than he."—Id. "Which the more refined taste of later writers, whose genius was far inferior to theirs, would have taught them to avoid."—Dr. Blair cor. "As a poetical composition, however, the Book of Job is not only equal to any other of the sacred writings, but is superior to them all, except those of Isaiah alone."—Id. "On the whole, Paradise Lost is a poem which abounds with beauties of every kind, and which justly entitles its author to be equalled in fame with any poet."—Id. "Most of the French writers compose in short sentences; though their style, in general, is not concise; commonly less so than that of most English writers, whose sentences are much longer."—Id. "The principles of the Reformation were too deeply fixed in the prince's mind, to be easily eradicated."—Hume cor. "Whether they do not create jealousy and animosity, more than sufficient to counterbalance the benefit derived from them."—Leo Wolf cor. "The Scotch have preserved the ancient character of their music more entire, than have the inhabitants of any other country."—Gardiner cor. "When the time or quantity of one syllable exceeds that of the rest, that syllable readily receives the accent."—Rush cor. "What then can be more obviously true, than that it should be made as just as we can make it."—Dymond cor. "It was not likely that they would criminate themselves more than, they could not avoid."—Clarkson cor. "In their understandings they were the most acute people that have ever lived."—Knapp cor. "The patentees have printed it with neat types, and upon better paper than was used formerly."—John Ward cor. "In reality, its relative use is not exactly like that of any other word."—Felch cor. "Thus, in stead of having to purchase two books,—the Grammar and the Exercises,—the learner finds both in one, for a price at most not greater than that of the others."—Alb. Argus cor. "They are not improperly regarded as pronouns, though they are less strictly such than the others."—Bullions cor. "We have had, as will readily be believed, a much better opportunity of becoming conversant with the case, than the generality of our readers can be supposed to have had."—Brit. Friend cor.

Under Critical Note V.—Of Falsities.

"The long sound of i is like a very quick union of the sound of a, as heard in bar, and that of e, as heard in be."—Churchill cor. "The omission of a word necessary to grammatical propriety, is of course an impropriety, and not a true ellipsis."—Priestley cor. "Not every substantive, or noun, is necessarily of the third person."—A. Murray cor. "A noun is in the third person, when the subject is merely spoken of; and in the second person, when the subject is spoken to; and in the first person, when it names the speaker as such."—Nutting cor. "With us, no nouns are literally of the masculine or the feminine gender, except the names of male and female creatures."—Dr. Blair cor. "The apostrophe is a little mark, either denoting the possessive case of nouns, or signifying that something is shortened: as, 'William's hat;'—'the learn'd,' for 'the learned.'"—Inf. S. Gram. cor. "When a word beginning with a vowel coupled with one beginning with a consonant, the indefinite article must not be repeated, if the two words be adjectives belonging to one and the same noun; thus, 'Sir Matthew Hale was a noble and impartial judge;'—'Pope was an elegant and nervous writer.'"—Maunder cor. "W and y are consonants, when they precede a vowel heard in the same syllable: in every other situation, they are vowels."—L. Mur. et al. cor. See Inst., p. 16. "The is not varied before adjectives and substantives, let them begin as they will."—Bucke cor. "A few English prepositions, and many which we have borrowed from other languages, are often prefixed to words, in such a manner as to coalesce with them, and to become parts of the compounds or derivatives thus formed."—Lowth cor. "H, at the beginning of syllables not accented, is weaker, but not entirely silent; as in historian, widowhood."—Rev. D. Blair cor. "Not every word that will make sense with to before it, is a verb; for to may govern nouns, pronouns, or participles."—Kirkham cor. "Most verbs do, in reality, express actions; but they are not intrinsically the mere names of actions: these must of course be nouns."—Id. "The nominative denotes the actor or subject; and the verb, the action which is performed or received by this actor or subject."—Id. "But if only one creature or thing acts, more than one action may, at the same instant, be done; as, 'The girl not only holds her pen badly, but scowls and distorts her features, while she writes.'"—Id. "Nor is each of these verbs of the singular number because it denotes but one action which the girl performs, but because the subject or nominative is of the singular number, and the words must agree."—Id. "And when I say, 'Two men walk,' is it not equally apparent, that walk is plural because it agrees with men?"—Id. "The subjunctive mood is formed by using the simple verb in a suppositive sense, and without personal inflection."—Beck cor. "The possessive case of nouns, except in instances of apposition or close connexion, should always be distinguished by the apostrophe."—Frost cor. "'At these proceedings of the Commons:' Here of is a sign of the objective case; and 'Commons' is of that case, being governed by this preposition."—A. Murray cor. "Here let it be observed again, that, strictly speaking, all finite verbs have numbers and persons; and so have nearly all nouns and pronouns, even when they refer to irrational creatures and inanimate things."—Barrett cor. "The noun denoting the person or persons addressed or spoken to, is in the nominative case independent: except it be put in apposition with a pronoun of the second person; as, 'Woe to you lawyers;'—'You political men are constantly manoeuvring.'"—Frost cor. "Every noun, when used in a direct address and set off by a comma, becomes of the second person, and is in the nominative case absolute; as, 'Paul, thou art beside thyself."—Jaudon cor. "Does the conjunction ever join words together? Yes; the conjunction sometimes joins words together, and sometimes sentences, or certain parts of sentences."—Brit. Gram. cor.; also Buchanan. "Every noun of the possessive form has a governing noun, expressed or understood: as, St. James's. Here Palace is understood. But one possessive may govern an other; as, 'William's father's house.'"—Buchanan cor. "Every adjective (with the exceptions noted under Rule 9th) belongs to a noun or pronoun expressed or understood."—L. Murray et al. cor. "Not every adjective qualifies a substantive, expressed or understood."—Bullions cor. "Not every adjective belongs to a noun expressed or understood."—Ingersoll cor. "Adjectives belong to nouns or pronouns, and serve to describe things."—R. C. Smith cor. "English adjectives, in general, have no modifications in which they can agree with the nouns to which they relate."—Allen Fisk cor. "The adjective, if it denote unity or plurality, must agree with its substantive in number."—Buchanan cor. "Not every adjective and participle, by a vast many, belongs to some noun or pronoun, expressed or understood."—Frost cor. "Not every verb of the infinitive mood, supposes a verb before it, expressed or understood."—Buchanan cor. "Nor has every adverb its verb, expressed or understood; for some adverbs relate to participles, to adjectives, or to other adverbs."—Id. "A conjunction that connects one sentence to an other, is not always placed betwixt the two propositions or sentences which it unites."—Id. "The words for all that, are by no means 'low;' but the putting of this phrase for yet or still, is neither necessary nor elegant."—L. Murray cor.; also Dr. Priestley. "The reader or hearer then understands from AND, that the author adds one proposition, number, or thing, to an other. Thus AND often, very often, connects one thing with an other thing, or one word with an other word."—James Brown cor. "'Six AND six are twelve.' Here it is affirmed, that the two sixes added together are twelve."—Id. "'John AND his wife have six children.' This is an instance in which AND connects two nominatives in a simple sentence. It is not here affirmed that John has six children, and that his wife has six other children."—Id. "That 'Nothing can be great which is not right,' is itself a great falsity: there are great blunders, great evils, great sins."—L. Murray cor. "The highest degree of reverence should be paid to the most exalted virtue or goodness."—Id. "There is in all minds some knowledge, or understanding."—L. Murray et al. cor. "Formerly, the nominative and objective cases of our pronouns, were more generally distinguished in practice, than they now are."—Kirkham cor. "As it respects a choice of words and expressions, the just rules of grammar may materially aid the learner."—S. S. Greene cor. "The name of whatever exists, or is conceived to exist, is a noun."—Fowler cor. "As not all men are brave, brave is itself distinctive."—Id.

Under Critical Note Vi.—Of Absurdities.

(1.) "And sometimes two unaccented syllables come together."—Dr. Blair cor. (2.) "What nouns frequently stand together?" Or: "What nouns are frequently used one after an other?"—Sanborn cor. (3.) "Words are derived from other words in various ways."—Idem et al. cor. (4.) "The name PREPOSITION is derived from the two Latin words præ and pono, which signify before and place."—Mack cor. (5.) "He was much laughed at for such conduct."—Bullions cor. (6.) "Every pronominal adjective belongs to some noun, expressed or understood."—Ingersoll cor. (7.) "If he [Addison] fails in any thing, it is in strength and precision; the want of which renders his manner not altogether a proper model."—Dr. Blair cor. (8.) "Indeed, if Horace is deficient in any thing his fault is this, of not being sufficiently attentive to juncture, or the connexion of parts."—Id. (9.) "The pupil is now supposed to be acquainted with the ten parts of speech, and their most usual modifications."—Taylor cor. (10.) "I could see, feel, taste, and smell the rose."—Sanborn cor. (11.) "The vowels iou are sometimes pronounced distinctly in two syllables; as in various, abstemious; but not in bilious."—Murray and Walker cor. (12.) "The diphthong aa generally sounds like a short; as in Balaam, Canaan, Isaac; in Baäl and Gaäl, we make no diphthong."—L. Mur. cor. (13.) "Participles cannot be said to be 'governed by the article;' for any participle, with an article before it, becomes a substantive, or an adjective used substantively: as, the learning, the learned."—Id. (14.) "From words ending with y preceded by a consonant, we form the plurals of nouns, the persons of verbs, agent nouns, perfect participles, comparatives, and superlatives, by changing the y into i, and adding es, ed, er, eth, or est."—Walker, Murray, et al. cor. (15.) "But y preceded by a vowel, remains unchanged, in the derivatives above named; as, boy, boys."—L. Murray et al. cor. (16.) "But when the final y is preceded by a vowel, it remains unchanged before an additional syllable; as, coy, coyly."—Iid. (17.) "But y preceded by a vowel, remains unchanged, in almost all instances; as, coy, coyly."—Kirkham cor. (18.) "Sentences are of two kinds, simple and compound."—Wright cor. (19.) "The neuter pronoun it may be employed to introduce a nominative of any person, number, or gender: as, 'It is he:'—'It is she;'—'It is they;'—'It is the land.'"—Bucke cor. (20 and 21.) "It is and it was, are always singular; but they may introduce words of a plural construction: as, 'It was the heretics that first began to rail.' SMOLLETT."—Merchant cor.; also Priestley et al. (22.) "W and y, as consonants, have each of them one sound."—Town cor. (23.) "The word as is frequently a relative pronoun."—Bucke cor. (24.) "From a series of clauses, the conjunction may sometimes be omitted with propriety."—Merchant cor. (25.) "If, however, the two members are very closely connected, the comma is unnecessary; as, 'Revelation tells us how we may attain happiness.'"—L. Murray et al. cor. (26-27.) "The mind has difficulty in taking effectually, in quick succession, so many different views of the same object."—Dr. Blair cor.; also L. Mur. (28.) "Pronominal adjectives are a kind of definitives, which may either accompany their nouns, or represent them understood."—Kirkham cor. (29.) "When the nominative or antecedent is a collective noun conveying the idea of plurality, the verb or pronoun must agree with it in the plural number."—Id. et al. cor. (30-34.) "A noun or a pronoun in the possessive case, is governed by the name of the thing possessed."— Brown's Inst., p. 176; Greenleaf cor.; also Wilbur and Livingston; also Goldsbury; also P. E. Day; also Kirkham, Frazee, and Miller. (35.) "Here the boy is represented as acting: the word boy is therefore in the nominative case."—Kirkham cor. (36.) "Do, be, have, and will, are sometimes auxiliaries, and sometimes principal verbs."—Cooper cor. (37.) "Names of males are masculine. Names of females are feminine."—Adam's Gram., p. 10; Beck cor. (38.) "'To-day's lesson is longer than yesterday's.' Here to-day's and yesterday's are substantives."—L. Murray et al. cor. (39.) "In this example, to-day's and yesterday's are nouns in the possessive case."—Kirkham cor. (40.) "An Indian in Britain would be much surprised to find by chance an elephant feeding at large in the open fields."—Kames cor. (41.) "If we were to contrive a new language, we might make any articulate sound the sign of any idea: apart from previous usage, there would be no impropriety in calling oxen men, or rational beings oxen."—L. Murray cor. (42.) "All the parts of a sentence should form a consistent whole."—Id et al. cor.

(43.) "Full through his neck the weighty falchion sped, Along the pavement rolled the culprit's head."—Pope cor.

Under Critical Note VII.—Of Self-Contradiction.

(1.) "Though 'The king, with the lords and commons,' must have a singular rather than a plural verb, the sentence would certainly stand better thus: 'The king, the lords, and the commons, form an excellent constitution.'"—Mur. and Ing. cor. (2-3.) "L has a soft liquid sound; as in love, billow, quarrel. This letter is sometimes silent; as in half, task [sic for 'talk'—KTH], psalm."—Mur. and Fisk cor.; also Kirkham. (4.) "The words means and amends, though regularly derived from the singulars mean and amend, are not now, even by polite writers, restricted to the plural number. Our most distinguished modern authors often say, 'by this means,' as well as, 'by these means.'"—Wright cor. (5.) "A friend exaggerates a man's virtues; an enemy, his crimes."—Mur. cor. (6.) "The auxiliary have, or any form of the perfect tense, belongs not properly to the subjunctive mood. We suppose past facts by the indicative: as, If I have loved, If thou hast loved, &c."—Merchant cor. (7.) "There is also an impropriety in using both the indicative and the subjunctive mood with the same conjunction; as, 'If a man have a hundred sheep, and one of them is gone astray,' &c. [This is Merchant's perversion of the text. It should be, 'and one of them go astray:' or, 'be gone astray,' as in Matt., xviii. 12.]"—Id. (8.) "The rising series of contrasts conveys transcendent dignity and energy to the conclusion."—Jamieson cor. (9.) "A groan or a shriek is instantly understood, as a language extorted by distress, a natural language which conveys a meaning that words are not adequate to express. A groan or a shriek speaks to the ear with a far more thrilling effect than words: yet even this natural language of distress may be counterfeited by art."—Dr. Porter cor. (10.) "If these words [book and pen] cannot be put together in such a way as will constitute plurality, then they cannot be 'these words;' and then, also, one and one cannot be two."—James Brown cor. (11.) "Nor can the real pen and the real book be added or counted together in words, in such a manner as will not constitute plurality in grammar."—Id. (12.) "Our is a personal pronoun, of the possessive case. Murray does not decline it."—Mur. cor. (13.) "This and that, and their plurals these and those, are often opposed to each other in a sentence. When this or that is used alone, i.e., without contrast, this is applied to what is present or near; that, to what is absent or distant."—Buchanan cor. (14.) "Active and neuter verbs may be conjugated by adding their imperfect participle to the auxiliary verb be, through all its variations."—"Be is an auxiliary whenever it is placed before either the perfect or the imperfect participle of an other verb; but, in every other situation, it is a principal verb."—Kirkham cor. (15.) "A verb in the imperative mood is almost always of the second person."—"The verbs, according to a foreign idiom, or the poet's license, are used in the imperative, agreeing with a nominative of the first or third person."—Id. (16.) "A personal pronoun, is a pronoun that shows, by its form, of what person it is."—"Pronouns of the first person do not disagree in person with the nouns they represent."—Id. (17.) "Nouns have three cases; the nominative, the possessive, and the objective."—"Personal pronouns have, like nouns, three cases; the nominative, the possessive, and the objective."—Beck cor. (18.) "In many instances the preposition suffers a change and becomes an adverb by its mere application."—L. Murray cor. (19.) "Some nouns are used only in the plural; as, ashes, literati, minutiæ. Some nouns have the same form in both numbers; as, sheep, deer, series, species. Among the inferior parts of speech, there are some pairs or couples."—Rev. D. Blair cor. (20.) "Concerning the pronominal adjectives, that may, or may not, represent their nouns."—O. B. Peirce cor. (21.) "The word a is in a few instances employed in the sense of a preposition; as, 'Simon Peter saith unto them, I go a fishing;' i. e., I go to fishing."—Weld cor. (22.) "So, too, verbs that are commonly transitive, are used intransitively, when they have no object."—Bullions cor.

(23.) "When first young Maro, in his boundless mind, A work t' outlast imperial Rome design'd."—Pope cor.

Under Critical Note VIII.—Of Senseless Jumbling.