← The 2004 CIA World Factbook, Volume 2
Chapter 5
@2001 GDP (part 5)
Canada
17 April 1982 (Constitution Act); originally, the machinery
of the government was set up in the British North America Act of
1867; charter of rights and unwritten customs
Cape Verde
new constitution came into force 25 September 1992;
underwent a major revision on 23 November 1995, substantially
increasing the powers of the president, and a further revision in
1999, to create the position of national ombudsman (Provedor de
Justica)
Cayman Islands
1959, revised 1972 and 1992
Central African Republic
passed by referendum 5 December 2004
Chad
passed by referendum 31 March 1996
Chile
11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981, amended 30 July
1989, 1993, and 1997
China
most recent promulgation 4 December 1982
Christmas Island
NA
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955
Colombia
5 July 1991
Comoros
23 December 2001
note: a Transitional National Unity Government (GUNT) was formed on
20 January 2002 following the passing of the new constitution; the
GUNT governed until the presidential elections on 14 April 2002
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
a new constitution was adopted 17
July 2003
Congo, Republic of the
constitution approved by referendum 20
January 2002
Cook Islands
4 August 1965
Costa Rica
7 November 1949
Cote d'Ivoire
a new constitution was adopted 4 August 2000
Croatia
adopted on 22 December 1990; revised 2000, 2001
Cuba
24 February 1976, amended July 1992 and June 2002
Cyprus
16 August 1960; from December 1963, the Turkish Cypriots no
longer participated in the government; negotiations to create the
basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the island and to
better relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held
intermittently since the mid-1960s; in 1975, following the 1974
Turkish intervention, Turkish Cypriots created their own
constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated
State of Cyprus," which became the "Turkish Republic of Northern
Cyprus" when the Turkish Cypriots declared their independence in
1983; a new constitution for the "TRNC" passed by referendum on 5
May 1985
Czech Republic
ratified 16 December 1992; effective 1 January 1993
Denmark
5 June 1849 adoption of original constitution; a major
overhaul of 5 June 1953 allowed for a unicameral legislature and a
female chief of state
Djibouti
multiparty constitution approved by referendum 4 September
1992
Dominica
3 November 1978
Dominican Republic
28 November 1966, amended 25 July 2002
East Timor
22 March 2002 (based on the Portuguese model)
Ecuador
10 August 1998
Egypt
11 September 1971
El Salvador
23 December 1983
Equatorial Guinea
approved by national referendum 17 November 1991;
amended January 1995
Eritrea
the transitional constitution, decreed on 19 May 1993, was
replaced by a new constitution adopted on 23 May 1997, but not yet
implemented
Estonia
adopted 28 June 1992
Ethiopia
ratified December 1994; effective 22 August 1995
European Union
based on a series of treaties: the Treaty of Paris,
which set up the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951;
the Treaties of Rome, which set up the European Economic Community
(EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) in 1957;
the Single European Act in 1986; the Treaty on European Union
(Maastrict) in 1992; the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997; and the Treaty
of Nice in 2001; note - a new draft Constitutional Treaty, signed on
29 October 2004 in Rome, gives member states two years for
ratification either by parliamentary vote or national referendum
before it is scheduled to take effect on 1 November 2006
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 3 October 1985; amended 1997 and 1998
Faroe Islands
5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)
Fiji
promulgated on 25 July 1990 and amended on 25 July 1997 to
allow nonethnic Fijians greater say in government and to make
multiparty government mandatory; entered into force 28 July 1998;
note - the May 1999 election was the first test of the amended
constitution and introduced open voting - not racially prescribed -
for the first time at the national level
Finland
1 March 2000
France
28 September 1958, amended concerning election of president
in 1962, amended to comply with provisions of 1992 EC Maastricht
Treaty, 1996 Amsterdam Treaty, 2000 Treaty of Nice; amended to
tighten immigration laws in 1993; amended in 2000 to change the
seven-year presidential term to a five-year term
French Guiana
28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
French Polynesia
28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
Gabon
adopted 14 March 1991
Gambia, The
24 April 1970; suspended July 1994; rewritten and
approved by national referendum 8 August 1996; reestablished January
1997
Georgia
adopted 17 October 1995
Germany
23 May 1949, known as Basic Law; became constitution of the
united German people 3 October 1990
Ghana
approved 28 April 1992
Gibraltar
30 May 1969
Greece
11 June 1975; amended March 1986 and April 2001
Greenland
5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)
Grenada
19 December 1973
Guadeloupe
28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
Guam
Organic Act of 1 August 1950
Guatemala
31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986; note - suspended
25 May 1993 by former President SERRANO; reinstated 5 June 1993
following ouster of president; amended November 1993
Guernsey
unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
Guinea
23 December 1990 (Loi Fundamentale)
Guinea-Bissau
16 May 1984, amended 4 May 1991, 4 December 1991, 26
February 1993, 9 June 1993, and 1996
Guyana
6 October 1980
Haiti
approved March 1987; suspended June 1988 with most articles
reinstated March 1989; in October 1991 government claimed to be
observing the constitution; returned to constitutional rule in
October 1994
Holy See (Vatican City) new Fundamental Law promulgated by Pope John Paul II on 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001 (replaces the first Fundamental Law of 1929)
Honduras
11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982; amended 1995
Hong Kong
Basic Law approved in March 1990 by China's National
People's Congress is Hong Kong's "mini-constitution"
Hungary
18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949, revised 19 April
1972; 18 October 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals
and constitutional checks on the authority of the prime minister and
also established the principle of parliamentary oversight; 1997
amendment streamlined the judicial system
Iceland
16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944
India
26 January 1950
Indonesia
August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and
Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959
Iran
2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the
presidency and eliminate the prime ministership
Iraq
interim constitution signed 8 March 2004; note - the
Transitional Administrative Law (TAL) was enacted 8 March 2004 to
govern the country until an elected Iraqi Transitional Government
can draft and ratify a new constitution in 2005
Ireland
29 December 1937; adopted 1 July 1937 by plebiscite
Israel
no formal constitution; some of the functions of a
constitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948),
the Basic Laws of the parliament (Knesset), and the Israeli
citizenship law
Italy
passed 11 December 1947; effective 1 January 1948; amended
many times
Jamaica
6 August 1962
Japan
3 May 1947
Jersey
unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
Jordan
8 January 1952
Kazakhstan
adopted by national referendum 30 August 1995; first
post-independence constitution was adopted 28 January 1993
Kenya
12 December 1963, amended as a republic 1964; reissued with
amendments 1979, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1997, and 2001
Kiribati
12 July 1979
Korea, North
adopted 1948, completely revised 27 December 1972,
revised again in April 1992 and September 1998
Korea, South
17 July 1948
Kuwait
approved and promulgated 11 November 1962
Kyrgyzstan
adopted 5 May 1993; note - amendment proposed by
President AKAYEV and passed in a national referendum on 2 February
2003 significantly expands the powers of the president at the
expense of the legislature
Laos
promulgated 14 August 1991
Latvia
15 February 1922; an October 1998 amendment on Fundamental
Human Rights replaced the 1991 Constitutional Law, which had
supplemented the constitution
Lebanon
23 May 1926, amended a number of times, most recently
Charter of Lebanese National Reconciliation (Ta'if Accord) of
October 1989
Lesotho
2 April 1993
Liberia
6 January 1986
Libya
11 December 1969, amended 2 March 1977
Liechtenstein
5 October 1921
Lithuania
adopted 25 October 1992
Luxembourg
17 October 1868, occasional revisions
Macau
Basic Law, approved in March 1993 by China's National People's
Congress, is Macau's "mini-constitution"
Macedonia
adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991
note: in November of 2001, the Macedonian Assembly approved a series
of new constitutional amendments strengthening minority rights
Madagascar
19 August 1992 by national referendum
Malawi
18 May 1994
Malaysia
31 August 1957, amended 16 September 1963
Maldives
adopted January 1998
Mali
adopted 12 January 1992
Malta
1964 constitution substantially amended on 13 December 1974
and again in 1987
Man, Isle of
unwritten; note - The Isle of Man Constitution Act,
1961, does not embody the unwritten Manx Constitution
Marshall Islands
1 May 1979
Martinique
28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
Mauritania
12 July 1991
Mauritius
12 March 1968; amended 12 March 1992
Mayotte
28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
Mexico
5 February 1917
Micronesia, Federated States of
10 May 1979
Moldova
new constitution adopted 28 July 1994; replaces old Soviet
constitution of 1979
Monaco
17 December 1962
Mongolia
12 February 1992
Montserrat
present constitution came into force 19 December 1989
Morocco
10 March 1972, revised 4 September 1992, amended (to create
bicameral legislature) September 1996
Mozambique
30 November 1990
Namibia
ratified 9 February 1990; effective 12 March 1990
Nauru
29 January 1968
Nepal
9 November 1990
Netherlands
adopted 1815; amended many times, last time 2002
Netherlands Antilles
29 December 1954, Statute of the Realm of the
Netherlands, as amended
New Caledonia
28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
New Zealand
consists of a series of legal documents, including
certain acts of the UK and New Zealand Parliaments and The
Constitution Act 1986 which is the principal formal charter
Nicaragua
9 January 1987, with reforms in 1995 and 2000
Niger
a new constitution was adopted 18 July 1999
Nigeria
new constitution adopted May 1999
Niue
19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act)
Norfolk Island
Norfolk Island Act of 1979
Northern Mariana Islands
Covenant Agreement effective 4 November
1986 and the Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Northern
Mariana Islands effective 1 January 1978
Norway
17 May 1814, modified in 1884
Oman
none; note - on 6 November 1996, Sultan QABOOS issued a royal
decree promulgating a basic law considered by the government to be a
constitution which, among other things, clarifies the royal
succession, provides for a prime minister, bars ministers from
holding interests in companies doing business with the government,
establishes a bicameral legislature, and guarantees basic civil
liberties for Omani citizens
Pakistan
10 April 1973, suspended 5 July 1977, restored with
amendments 30 December 1985; suspended 15 October 1999, restored 31
December 2002
Palau
1 January 1981
Panama
11 October 1972; major reforms adopted 1978, 1983, 1994, and
2004
Papua New Guinea
16 September 1975
Paraguay
promulgated 20 June 1992
Peru
31 December 1993
Philippines
2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987
Pitcairn Islands
1838; reformed 1904 with additional reforms in
1940; further refined by the Local Government Ordinance of 1964
Poland
adopted by the National Assembly 2 April 1997; passed by
national referendum 25 May 1997; effective 17 October 1997
Portugal
25 April 1976; revised 30 October 1982, 1 June 1989, 5
November 1992, 3 September 1997, 12 December 2001, and 24 July 2004
Puerto Rico
ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July
1952; effective 25 July 1952
Qatar
provisional constitution enacted 19 April 1972; in July 1999
Amir HAMAD issued a decree forming a committee to draft a permanent
constitution; in the 29 April 2003 referendum, 96.6% of Qatari
voters approved the new constitution; on 8 June 2004 the new
constitution came into force
Reunion
28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
Romania
8 December 1991; revision came into force 29 October 2003
Russia
adopted 12 December 1993
Rwanda
a new constitution was adopted 26 May 2003
Saint Helena
1 January 1989
Saint Kitts and Nevis
19 September 1983
Saint Lucia
22 February 1979
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
27 October 1979
Samoa
1 January 1962
San Marino
8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the
functions of a constitution
Sao Tome and Principe
approved March 1990; effective 10 September
1990
Saudi Arabia
governed according to Shari'a (Islamic law); the Basic
Law that articulates the government's rights and responsibilities
was introduced in 1993
Senegal
a new constitution was adopted 7 January 2001
Serbia and Montenegro
4 February 2003
Seychelles
18 June 1993
Sierra Leone
1 October 1991; subsequently amended several times
Singapore
3 June 1959, amended 1965 (based on preindependence State
of Singapore Constitution)
Slovakia
ratified 1 September 1992, fully effective 1 January 1993;
changed in September 1998 to allow direct election of the president;
amended February 2001 to allow Slovakia to apply for NATO and EU
membership
Slovenia
adopted 23 December 1991, effective 23 December 1991
Solomon Islands
7 July 1978
Somalia
25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979
note: the Transitional National Government formed in August 2000 had
a three-year mandate to create a new constitution and hold
elections, this goal was not achieved but the process is ongoing
South Africa
10 December 1996; this new constitution was certified
by the Constitutional Court on 4 December 1996, was signed by then
President MANDELA on 10 December 1996, and entered into effect on 3
February 1997; it is being implemented in phases
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
adopted 3 October 1985
Spain
6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978
Sri Lanka
adopted 16 August 1978
Sudan
12 April 1973, suspended following coup of 6 April 1985;
interim constitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following coup of
30 June 1989; new constitution implemented on 30 June 1998 partially
suspended 12 December 1999 by President BASHIR
Suriname
ratified 30 September 1987
Swaziland
a constitution was adopted 14 November 2003
Sweden
1 January 1975
Switzerland
revision of Constitution of 1874 approved by the Federal
Parliament 18 December 1998; adopted by referendum 18 April 1999;
officially entered into force 1 January 2000
Syria
13 March 1973
Taiwan
25 December 1946, amended in 1992, 1994, 1997, 1999, and 2000
Tajikistan
6 November 1994
Tanzania
25 April 1977; major revisions October 1984
Thailand
new constitution signed by King PHUMIPHON on 11 October 1997
Togo
multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of the
Republic 1 July 1992; adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992
Tokelau
administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as
amended in 1970
Tonga
4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967
Trinidad and Tobago
1 August 1976
Tunisia
1 June 1959; amended 12 July 1988
Turkey
7 November 1982
Turkmenistan
adopted 18 May 1992
Turks and Caicos Islands introduced 30 August 1976; suspended in 1986; restored and revised 5 March 1988
Tuvalu
1 October 1978
Uganda
8 October 1995; adopted by the interim, 284-member
Constituent Assembly, charged with debating the draft constitution
that had been proposed in May 1993; the Constituent Assembly was
dissolved upon the promulgation of the constitution in October 1995
Ukraine
adopted 28 June 1996
United Arab Emirates
2 December 1971 (made permanent in 1996)
United Kingdom
unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and
practice
United States
17 September 1787, effective 4 March 1789
Uruguay
27 November 1966, effective February 1967, suspended 27 June
1973, new constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980; two
constitutional reforms approved by plebiscite 26 November 1989 and 7
January 1997
Uzbekistan
new constitution adopted 8 December 1992
Vanuatu
30 July 1980
Venezuela
30 December 1999
Vietnam
15 April 1992
Virgin Islands
Revised Organic Act of 22 July 1954
Wallis and Futuna
28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
Yemen
16 May 1991; amended 29 September 1994 and February 2001
Zambia
24 August 1991
Zimbabwe
21 December 1979
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
@2064 Economic aid - recipient
Afghanistan
international pledges made by more than 60 countries and
international financial institutions at the Tokyo Donors Conference
for Afghan reconstruction in January 2002 reached $4.5 billion
through 2006, with $1.8 billion allocated for 2002; another $1.7
billion was pledged for 2003.
Albania
ODA: $315 million (top donors were Italy, EU, Germany) (2000
est.)
Algeria
$182 million (2001 est.)
American Samoa
important financial support from the US, more than
$40 million in 1994
Andorra
none
Angola
$383.5 million (1999)
Anguilla
$3.5 million (1995)
Antigua and Barbuda
$2.3 million (1995)
Argentina
$10 billion (2001 est.)
Armenia
ODA $170 million (2000)
Aruba
$26 million (1995); note - the Netherlands provided a $127
million aid package to Aruba and Suriname in 1996
Azerbaijan
ODA, $140 million (2000 est.)
Bahamas, The
$9.8 million (1995)
Bahrain
$150 million; note - $50 million annually since 1992 from
each of Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Kuwait (2002)
Bangladesh
$1.575 billion (2000 est.)
Barbados
$9.1 million (1995)
Belarus
$194.3 million (1995)
Belize
NA
Benin
$342.6 million (2000)
Bermuda
NA
Bhutan
substantial aid from India and other nations
Bolivia
$588 million (1997)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
$650 million (2001 est.)
Botswana
$73 million (1995)
Brazil
$30 billion IMF disbursement (2002)
British Virgin Islands
NA
Brunei
$4.3 million (1995)
Bulgaria
$300 million (2000 est.)
Burkina Faso
$484.1 million (1995)
Burma
$127 million (2001 est.)
Burundi
$92.7 million (2000)
Cambodia
$548 million pledged in grants and concessional loans for
2001 by international donors (actual disbursement in 2002 was about
$500 million)
Cameroon
on 23 January 2001, the Paris Club agreed to reduce
Cameroon's debt of $1.3 billion by $900 million; debt relief now
totals $1.26 billion
Cape Verde
$136 million (1999)
Cayman Islands
NA (1999)
Central African Republic
ODA $73 million; note - traditional budget
subsidies from France (2000 est.)
Chad
$238.3 million; note - $125 million committed by Taiwan (August
1997); $30 million committed by African Development Bank; ODA $150
million (2001 est.)
Chile
ODA, $40 million (2001 est.)
China
NA
Christmas Island
NA
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA
Colombia
NA
Comoros
$10 million (2001 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
$195.3 million (1995)
Congo, Republic of the
$159.1 million (1995)
Cook Islands
$13.1 million; note - New Zealand continues to furnish
the greater part (1995)
Cote d'Ivoire
ODA, $1 billion (1996 est.)
Croatia
ODA $66 million (2000)
Cuba
$68.2 million (1997 est.)
Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus - $17 million (1998); north Cyprus - $700
million from Turkey in grants and loans (1990-97), which are usually
forgiven (1998)
Czech Republic
$108 million; EU structural adjustment funds (2002)
Djibouti
$36 million (2001)
Dominica
$22.8 million (2003 est.)
Dominican Republic
$239.6 million (1995)
East Timor
$2.2 billion (1999-2002 est.)
Ecuador
$120 million (2001)
Egypt
ODA, $1.2 billion (2001)
El Salvador
total $252 million; $57 million from US (1995)
Equatorial Guinea
$33.8 million (1995)
Eritrea
$77 million (1999)
Estonia
$108 million (2000)
Ethiopia
$308 million (FY00/01)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
none (1997 est.)
Faroe Islands
$135 million (annual subsidy from Denmark) (1998)
Fiji
$40.3 million (1995)
French Guiana
NA (1995)
French Polynesia
$367 million (1997)
Gabon
$331 million (1995)
Gambia, The
$45.4 million (1995)
Gaza Strip
$800 million (includes West Bank) (2001 est.)
Georgia
ODA $150 million (2000 est.)
Ghana
$6.9 billion (1999)
Gibraltar
NA
Greece
$5.4 billion from EU (1995)
Greenland
$380 million subsidy from Denmark (1997)
Grenada
$8.3 million (1995)
Guadeloupe
$NA; note - substantial annual French subsidies (1995)
Guam
Guam receives large transfer payments from the US Federal
Treasury ($143 million in 1997) into which Guamanians pay no income
or excise taxes; under the provisions of a special law of Congress,
the Guam Treasury, rather than the US Treasury, receives federal
income taxes paid by military and civilian Federal employees
stationed in Guam (2001 est.)
Guatemala
$250 million (2000 est.)
Guernsey
NA
Guinea
$359.2 million (1998)
Guinea-Bissau
$115.4 million (1995)
Guyana
$84 million (1995), Heavily Indebted Poor Country Initiative
(HIPC) $253 million (1997) (2000 est.)
Haiti
$120 million (FY02)
Holy See (Vatican City)
none
Honduras
$557.8 million (1999)
Hungary
ODA $250 million (2000)
India
$2.9 billion (FY98/99)
Indonesia
$43 billion Indonesia finished its IMF program in December
2003 but still receives bilateral aid through the Consultative Group
on Indonesia (CGI), which pledged $2.8 billion in grants and loans
for 2004. (2003 est.)
Iran
$408 million (2002 est.)
Iraq
more than $33 billion in foreign aid pledged for 2004-07 (2004)
Israel
$662 million from US (2003 est.)
Jamaica
$16 million (2003)
Jersey
none
Jordan
ODA, $553 million (2000 est.)
Kazakhstan
$610 million in US assistance programs, 1992-2000 (2000)
Kenya
$453 million (1997)
Kiribati
$15.5 million largely from UK and Japan (2001 est.)
Korea, North
$NA; note - over $133 million in food aid through the
World Food Program in 2003 plus additional aid from bilateral donors
and non-governmental organizations
Kuwait
NA (2001)
Kyrgyzstan
$50 million from the US (2001)
Laos
$243 million (2001 est.)
Latvia
$96.2 million (1995)
Lebanon
$3.5 billion (pledges 1997-2001); $4.2 billion in soft loan
pledges November 2002 Paris II Aid Conference (2002)
Lesotho
$41.5 million (2000)
Liberia
$94 million (1999)
Libya
$15 million (2000)
Liechtenstein
none
Lithuania
$228.5 million (1995)
Macau
NA (1997)
Macedonia
$250 million (2003 est.)
Madagascar
$354 million (2001)
Malawi
$540 million (1999)
Maldives
NA (1995)
Mali
$596.4 million (2001)
Malta
NA
Man, Isle of
NA
Marshall Islands
more than $1 billion from the US, 1986-2002
Martinique
$NA; note - substantial annual aid from France (1998)
Mauritania
$220 million (2000)
Mauritius
$42 million (1997)
Mayotte
$107.7 million; note - extensive French financial assistance
(1995)
Mexico
$1.166 billion (1995)
Micronesia, Federated States of under terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US pledged $1.3 billion in grant aid during the period 1986-2001
Moldova
$100 million (2000)
Monaco
NA
Mongolia
$332 million (2003 est.)
Montserrat
As of 31 March 2003, UK's DFID had provided about $328
million in economic relief from volcanic activity, and by 31 March
2006, DFID aid is expected to total $411 million.
Morocco
$565.6 million (1995)
Mozambique
$632.8 million (2001)
Namibia
ODA $160 million (2000 est.)
Nauru
$2.25 million from Australia (FY96/97 est.) (2000 est.)
Nepal
$424 million (FY00/01)
Netherlands Antilles
IMF provided $61 million in 2000, and the
Netherlands continued its support with $40 million (2000)
New Caledonia
$880 million annual subsidy from France (1998)
Nicaragua
Substantial foreign support (2001)
Niger
$341 million (1997)
Nigeria
IMF $250 million (1998)
Niue
$2.6 million from New Zealand (2002)
Norfolk Island
NA
Northern Mariana Islands
extensive funding from US
Oman
$76.4 million (1995)
Pakistan
$2.4 billion (FY01/02)
Palau
$155.8 million ; note - the Compact of Free Association with
the US, entered into after the end of the UN trusteeship on 1
October 1994, provides Palau with up to $700 million in US aid over
15 years in return for furnishing military facilities
Panama
$197.1 million (1995)
Papua New Guinea
$400 million (1999 est.)
Paraguay
NA (2001)
Peru
$895.1 million (1995)
Philippines
ODA commitments, $1.2 billion (2002)
Pitcairn Islands
from UK'S DFID
Poland
EU structural adjustment funds (2000)
Puerto Rico
NA (2001)
Qatar
NA
Reunion
$NA; note - substantial annual subsidies from France (2001
est.)
Russia
in FY01 from US, $979 million (including $750 million in
non-proliferation subsidies); in 2001 from EU, $200 million (2000
est.)
Rwanda
$372.9 million (1999)
Saint Helena
$12.6 million (1995); note - $5.3 million from UK (1997)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
$8 million (2001)
Saint Lucia
$51.8 million (1995)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
approximately $60 million in annual grants
from France
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
$47.5 million (1995); note - EU
$34.5 million (1998)
Samoa
$42.9 million (1995)
San Marino
NA
Sao Tome and Principe $200 million in December 2000 under the HIPC program
Senegal $362.6 million (2002 est.)
Serbia and Montenegro $2 billion pledged in 2001 (disbursements to follow for several years)
Seychelles
$16.4 million (1995)
Sierra Leone
$103 million (2001 est.)
Singapore
NA
Slovakia
ODA $113 million (2000),; $92 million EU structural
adjustment funds (2000 est.)
Slovenia
ODA, $62 million (2000 est.)
Solomon Islands
$28 million annually, mainly from Australia (2001
est.)
Somalia
$60 million (1999 est.)
South Africa
$487.5 million (2000)
Sri Lanka
$577 million (1998)
Sudan
$172 million (2001)
Suriname
Netherlands provided $37 million for project and program
assistance, European Development Fund $4 million, Belgium $2 million
(1998)
Svalbard
$8.2 million from Norway (1998)
Swaziland
$104 million (2001)
Syria
$199 million (1997 est.)
Tajikistan
$60.7 million from US (2001)
Tanzania
$1.2 billion (2001)
Thailand
$131.5 million (1998 est.)
Togo
ODA $80 million (2000 est.)
Tokelau
from New Zealand about $4 million annually
Tonga
Australia $5.5 million, New Zealand $2.3 million (FY01/02)
Trinidad and Tobago
$24 million (1999 est.)
Tunisia
$378 million (2001)
Turkey
ODA, $300 million (2000)
Turkmenistan
$16 million from the US (2001)
Turks and Caicos Islands
$4.1 million (1997)
Tuvalu
$13 million ; note - major donors are Australia, Japan, and
the US (1999 est.)
Uganda
$1.4 billion (2000)
Ukraine
$637.7 million (1995); IMF Extended Funds Facility $2.2
billion (1998)
Uruguay
NA
Uzbekistan
$87.4 million from the US (2003)
Vanuatu
$45.8 million (1995)
Venezuela
$74 million (2000)
Vietnam
$2.8 billion in credits and grants pledged by international
donors for 2000 (2004)
Virgin Islands
NA
Wallis and Futuna
assistance from France
West Bank
$2 billion (includes Gaza Strip) (2001-02 est.)
Western Sahara
NA
World
official development assistance (ODA) $50 billion
Yemen
$2.3 billion (2003-07 disbursements)
Zambia
$651 million (2000 est.)
Zimbabwe
$178 million; note - the EU and the US provide food aid on
humanitarian grounds (2000 est.)
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
@2065 Currency
Afghanistan
afghani (AFA)
Albania
lek (ALL)
Algeria
Algerian dinar (DZD)
American Samoa
US dollar (USD)
Andorra
euro (EUR)
Angola
kwanza (AOA)
Anguilla
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Antigua and Barbuda
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Argentina
Argentine peso (ARS)
Armenia
dram (AMD)
Aruba
Aruban guilder/florin (AWG)
Australia
Australian dollar (AUD)
Austria
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by the financial institutions
of member countries; as of 1 January 2002, the euro became the only
legal tender in EMU member countries, including Austria
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani manat (AZM)
Bahamas, The
Bahamian dollar (BSD)
Bahrain
Bahraini dinar (BHD)
Bangladesh
taka (BDT)
Barbados
Barbadian dollar (BBD)
Belarus
Belarusian ruble (BYB/BYR)
Belgium
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Belize
Belizean dollar (BZD)
Benin
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Bermuda
Bermudian dollar (BMD)
Bhutan
ngultrum (BTN); Indian rupee (INR)
Bolivia
boliviano (BOB)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
marka (BAM)
Botswana
pula (BWP)
Brazil
real (BRL)
British Virgin Islands
US dollar (USD)
Brunei
Bruneian dollar (BND)
Bulgaria
lev (BGL)
Burkina Faso
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Burma
kyat (MMK)
Burundi
Burundi franc (BIF)
Cambodia
riel (KHR)
Cameroon
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note -
responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Canada
Canadian dollar (CAD)
Cape Verde
Cape Verdean escudo (CVE)
Cayman Islands
Caymanian dollar (KYD)
Central African Republic
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc
(XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central
African States
Chad
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible
authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Chile
Chilean peso (CLP)
China
yuan (CNY)
note:: also referred to as the Renminbi (RMB)
Christmas Island
Australian dollar (AUD)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Australian dollar (AUD)
Colombia
Colombian peso (COP)
Comoros
Comoran franc (KMF)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congolese franc (CDF)
Congo, Republic of the
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF);
note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African
States
Cook Islands
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Costa Rica
Costa Rican colon (CRC)
Cote d'Ivoire
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Croatia
kuna (HRK)
Cuba
Cuban peso (CUP)
Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: Cypriot pound (CYP); north Cyprus:
Turkish lira (TRL)
Czech Republic
Czech koruna (CZK)
Denmark
Danish krone (DKK)
Djibouti
Djiboutian franc (DJF)
Dominica
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Dominican Republic
Dominican peso (DOP)
East Timor
US dollar (USD)
Ecuador
US dollar (USD)
Egypt
Egyptian pound (EGP)
El Salvador
US dollar (USD)
Equatorial Guinea
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note
- responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Eritrea
nakfa (ERN)
Estonia
Estonian kroon (EEK)
Ethiopia
birr (ETB)
European Union
euro; pound (Cyprus), koruna (Czech Republic), krone
(Denmark), kroon (Estonia), forint (Hungary), lat (Latvia), litas
(Lithuania), lira (Malta), zloty (Poland), koruna (Slovakia), tolar
(Slovenia), krona (Sweden), pound (UK)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Falkland pound (FKP)
Faroe Islands
Danish krone (DKK)
Fiji
Fijian dollar (FJD)
Finland
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
France
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
French Guiana
euro (EUR)
French Polynesia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)
Gabon
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note -
responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Gambia, The
dalasi (GMD)
Gaza Strip
new Israeli shekel (ILS)
Georgia
lari (GEL)
Germany
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Ghana
cedi (GHC)
Gibraltar
Gibraltar pound (GIP)
Greece
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Greenland
Danish krone (DKK) is the official legal tender.
Grenada
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Guadeloupe
euro (EUR); French franc (FRF)
Guam
US dollar (USD)
Guatemala
quetzal (GTQ), US dollar (USD), others allowed
Guernsey
British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Guernsey pound
Guinea
Guinean franc (GNF)
Guinea-Bissau
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African
States; previously the Guinea-Bissau peso (GWP) was used
Guyana
Guyanese dollar (GYD)
Haiti
gourde (HTG)
Holy See (Vatican City)
euro (EUR)
Honduras
lempira (HNL)
Hong Kong
Hong Kong dollar (HKD)
Hungary
forint (HUF)
Iceland
Icelandic krona (ISK)
India
Indian rupee (INR)
Indonesia
Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
Iran
Iranian rial (IRR)
Iraq
New Iraqi dinar (NID) as of 22 January 2004
Ireland
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Israel
new Israeli shekel (ILS); note - NIS is the currency
abbreviation; ILS is the International Organization for
Standarization (ISO) code for the NIS
Italy
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Jamaica
Jamaican dollar (JMD)
Japan
yen (JPY)
Jersey
British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Jersey pound
Jordan
Jordanian dinar (JOD)
Kazakhstan
tenge (KZT)
Kenya
Kenyan shilling (KES)
Kiribati
Australian dollar (AUD)
Korea, North
North Korean won (KPW)
Korea, South
South Korean won (KRW)
Kuwait
Kuwaiti dinar (KWD)
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstani som (KGS)
Laos
kip (LAK)
Latvia
Latvian lat (LVL)
Lebanon
Lebanese pound (LBP)
Lesotho
loti (LSL); South African rand (ZAR)
Liberia
Liberian dollar (LRD)
Libya
Libyan dinar (LYD)
Liechtenstein
Swiss franc (CHF)
Lithuania
litas (LTL)
Luxembourg
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Macau
pataca (MOP)
Macedonia
Macedonian denar (MKD)
Madagascar
Malagasy franc (MGF)
Malawi
Malawian kwacha (MWK)
Malaysia
ringgit (MYR)
Maldives
rufiyaa (MVR)
Mali
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible
authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Malta
Maltese lira (MTL)
Man, Isle of
British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Manx pound
Marshall Islands
US dollar (USD)
Martinique
euro (EUR)
Mauritania
ouguiya (MRO)
Mauritius
Mauritian rupee (MUR)
Mayotte
euro (EUR)
Mexico
Mexican peso (MXN)
Micronesia, Federated States of
US dollar (USD)
Moldova
Moldovan leu (MDL)
Monaco
euro (EUR)
Mongolia
togrog/tugrik (MNT)
Montserrat
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Morocco
Moroccan dirham (MAD)
Mozambique
metical (MZM)
Namibia
Namibian dollar (NAD); South African rand (ZAR)
Nauru
Australian dollar (AUD)
Nepal
Nepalese rupee (NPR)
Netherlands
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Netherlands Antilles
Netherlands Antillean guilder (ANG)
New Caledonia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF); note -
may adopt the euro in 2003
New Zealand
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Nicaragua
gold cordoba (NIO)
Niger
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Nigeria
naira (NGN)
Niue
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Norfolk Island
Australian dollar (AUD)
Northern Mariana Islands
US dollar (USD)
Norway
Norwegian krone (NOK)
Oman
Omani rial (OMR)
Pakistan
Pakistani rupee (PKR)
Palau
US dollar (USD)
Panama
balboa (PAB); US dollar (USD)
Papua New Guinea
kina (PGK)
Paraguay
guarani (PYG)
Peru
nuevo sol (PEN)
Philippines
Philippine peso (PHP)
Pitcairn Islands
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Poland
zloty (PLN)
Portugal
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Puerto Rico
US dollar (USD)
Qatar
Qatari rial (QAR)
Reunion
euro (EUR)
Romania
leu (ROL)
Russia
Russian ruble (RUR)
Rwanda
Rwandan franc (RWF)
Saint Helena
Saint Helenian pound (SHP)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Saint Lucia
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
euro (EUR)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Samoa
tala (SAT)
San Marino
euro (EUR)
Sao Tome and Principe
dobra (STD)
Saudi Arabia
Saudi riyal (SAR)
Senegal
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Serbia and Montenegro
in Serbia the Serbian dinar (CSD) is legal
tender, but the euro (EUR) is the de facto currency; in Montenegro
and Kosovo the euro is legal tender. (2004)
Seychelles
Seychelles rupee (SCR)
Sierra Leone
leone (SLL)
Singapore
Singapore dollar (SGD)
Slovakia
Slovak koruna (SKK)
Slovenia
tolar (SIT)
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands dollar (SBD)
Somalia
Somali shilling (SOS)
South Africa
rand (ZAR)
Spain
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by the financial institutions
of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions with the member countries
Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan rupee (LKR)
Sudan
Sudanese dinar (SDD)
Suriname
Surinamese guilder (SRG)
Svalbard
Norwegian krone (NOK)
Swaziland
lilangeni (SZL)
Sweden
Swedish krona (SEK)
Switzerland
Swiss franc (CHF)
Syria
Syrian pound (SYP)
Taiwan
new Taiwan dollar (TWD)
Tajikistan
somoni
Tanzania
Tanzanian shilling (TZS)
Thailand
baht (THB)
Togo
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible
authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Tokelau
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Tonga
pa'anga (TOP)
Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TTD)
Tunisia
Tunisian dinar (TND)
Turkey
Turkish lira (TRL)
Turkmenistan
Turkmen manat (TMM)
Turks and Caicos Islands
US dollar (USD)
Tuvalu
Australian dollar (AUD); note - there is also a Tuvaluan
dollar
Uganda
Ugandan shilling (UGX)
Ukraine
hryvnia (UAH)
United Arab Emirates
Emirati dirham (AED)
United Kingdom
British pound (GBP)
United States
US dollar (USD)
Uruguay
Uruguayan peso (UYU)
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani sum (UZS)
Vanuatu
vatu (VUV)
Venezuela
bolivar (VEB)
Vietnam
dong (VND)
Virgin Islands
US dollar (USD)
Wallis and Futuna
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)
West Bank
new Israeli shekel (ILS); Jordanian dinar (JOD)
Western Sahara
Moroccan dirham (MAD)
Yemen
Yemeni rial (YER)
Zambia
Zambian kwacha (ZMK)
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwean dollar (ZWD)
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
@2066 Death rate (deaths/1,000 population)
Afghanistan
21.12 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Albania
5.02 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Algeria
4.61 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
American Samoa
3.39 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Andorra
5.9 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Angola
25.86 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Anguilla
5.46 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Antigua and Barbuda
5.55 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Argentina
7.57 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Armenia
8.12 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Aruba
6.47 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Australia
7.38 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Austria
9.56 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Azerbaijan
9.76 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Bahamas, The
8.82 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Bahrain
4.03 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Bangladesh
8.52 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Barbados
9.08 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Belarus
14.1 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Belgium
10.2 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Belize
6.04 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Benin
13.69 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Bermuda
7.55 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Bhutan
13.2 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Bolivia
7.77 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
8.33 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Botswana
33.63 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Brazil
6.14 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
British Virgin Islands
4.42 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Brunei
3.4 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Bulgaria
14.25 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Burkina Faso
18.79 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Burma
12.16 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Burundi
17.61 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Cambodia
9.1 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Cameroon
15.34 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Canada
7.67 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Cape Verde
6.72 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Cayman Islands
4.76 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Central African Republic
19.99 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Chad
16.38 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Chile
5.71 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
China
6.92 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Christmas Island
NA deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Colombia
5.61 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Comoros
8.63 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 14.64 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Congo, Republic of the
14.49 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Cook Islands
NA deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Costa Rica
4.32 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire
18.48 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Croatia
11.3 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Cuba
7.17 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Cyprus
7.63 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Czech Republic
10.54 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Denmark
10.53 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Djibouti
19.42 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Dominica
6.9 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Dominican Republic
7.1 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
East Timor
6.36 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Ecuador
4.26 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Egypt
5.3 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
El Salvador
5.93 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Equatorial Guinea
12.27 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Eritrea
13.36 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Estonia
13.27 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Ethiopia
20.36 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
European Union
10 deaths/1,000 population (July 2004 est.)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA deaths/1,000 population (2004
est.)
Faroe Islands
8.68 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Fiji
5.68 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Finland
9.69 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
France
9.06 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
French Guiana
4.82 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
French Polynesia
4.58 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Gabon
11.43 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Gambia, The
12.08 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Gaza Strip
3.95 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Georgia
8.98 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Germany
10.44 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Ghana
10.67 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Gibraltar
9.05 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Greece
10.08 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Greenland
7.7 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Grenada
7.31 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Guadeloupe
6.05 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Guam
4.35 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Guatemala
6.79 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Guernsey
9.87 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Guinea
15.53 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Guinea-Bissau
16.57 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Guyana
9.71 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Haiti
13.21 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Honduras
6.64 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Hong Kong
5.98 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Hungary
13.16 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Iceland
6.57 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
India
8.38 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Indonesia
6.26 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Iran
5.53 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Iraq
5.66 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Ireland
7.91 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Israel
6.19 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Italy
10.21 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Jamaica
5.4 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Japan
8.75 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Jersey
9.17 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Jordan
2.62 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Kazakhstan
9.59 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Kenya
16.31 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Kiribati
8.49 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Korea, North
6.99 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Korea, South
6.13 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Kuwait
2.44 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Kyrgyzstan
7.19 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Laos
12.1 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Latvia
13.73 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Lebanon
6.28 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Lesotho
24.79 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Liberia
17.86 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Libya
3.48 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Liechtenstein
6.94 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Lithuania
11.03 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Luxembourg
8.42 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Macau
4.23 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Macedonia
7.83 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Madagascar
11.62 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Malawi
23.01 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Malaysia
5.08 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Maldives
7.44 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Mali
19.12 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Malta
7.93 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Man, Isle of
11.35 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Marshall Islands
4.94 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Martinique
6.43 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Mauritania
12.74 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Mauritius
6.82 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Mayotte
8.11 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Mexico
4.73 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Micronesia, Federated States of 4.97 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Moldova
12.76 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Monaco
12.74 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Mongolia
7.1 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Montserrat
7.36 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Morocco
5.71 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Mozambique
23.86 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Namibia
21.02 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Nauru
6.95 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Nepal
9.66 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Netherlands
8.67 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Netherlands Antilles
6.4 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
New Caledonia
5.64 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
New Zealand
7.54 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Nicaragua
4.54 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Niger
21.51 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Nigeria
13.99 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Niue
NA deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Norfolk Island
NA deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Northern Mariana Islands
2.3 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Norway
9.51 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Oman
3.91 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Pakistan
8.67 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Palau
6.89 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Panama
6.39 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Papua New Guinea
7.5 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Paraguay
4.58 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Peru
6.29 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Philippines
5.53 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Pitcairn Islands
NA deaths/1,000 population
Poland
9.97 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Portugal
10.37 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Puerto Rico
7.77 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Qatar
4.52 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Reunion
5.48 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Romania
11.69 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Russia
15.17 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Rwanda
21.86 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Saint Helena
6.47 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
8.65 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Saint Lucia
5.18 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
6.72 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6.04 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Samoa
6.47 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
San Marino
7.96 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sao Tome and Principe
6.89 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Saudi Arabia
2.66 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Senegal
10.74 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Serbia and Montenegro
10.53 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Seychelles
6.41 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sierra Leone
20.62 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Singapore
4.05 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Slovakia
9.48 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Slovenia
10.15 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Solomon Islands
4.04 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Somalia
17.3 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
South Africa
20.54 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Spain
9.55 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sri Lanka
6.47 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sudan
9.37 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Suriname
6.99 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Svalbard
NA deaths/1,000 population
Swaziland
23.06 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sweden
10.38 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Switzerland
8.44 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Syria
4.96 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Taiwan
6.29 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Tajikistan
8.42 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Tanzania
17.45 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Thailand
6.94 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Togo
11.64 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Tokelau
NA deaths/1,000 population
Tonga
5.45 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Trinidad and Tobago
9.02 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Tunisia
5.05 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Turkey
5.95 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Turkmenistan
8.82 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands
4.26 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Tuvalu
7.24 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Uganda
16.61 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Ukraine
16.41 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
United Arab Emirates
4.14 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
United Kingdom
10.19 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
United States
8.34 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Uruguay
9.07 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Uzbekistan
7.95 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Vanuatu
8.02 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Venezuela
4.9 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Vietnam
6.14 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Virgin Islands
6.1 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Wallis and Futuna
NA deaths/1,000 population
West Bank
4.07 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Western Sahara
NA deaths/1,000 population
World
8.86 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Yemen
8.78 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Zambia
24.35 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Zimbabwe
23.3 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
@2067 Military expenditures - dollar figure
Afghanistan
$61 million (2003)
Albania
$56.5 million (FY02)
Algeria
$2,196.6 million (2003)
Angola
$265.1 million (2003)
Antigua and Barbuda
NA
Argentina
$4.3 billion (FY99)
Armenia
$135 million (FY01)
Australia
$14,120.1 million (2003)
Austria
$1.497 billion (FY01/02)
Azerbaijan
$121 million (FY99)
Bahamas, The
NA
Bahrain
$618.1 million (2003)
Bangladesh
$606.8 million (2003)
Barbados
NA
Belarus
$176.1 million (FY02)
Belgium
$3.999 billion (2003)
Belize
$18 million (2003)
Benin
$98.3 million (2003)
Bermuda
$4.03 million (2001)
Bhutan
$11.2 million (2003)
Bolivia
$127 million (2003)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
$234.3 million (FY02)
Botswana
$298.9 million (2003)
Brazil
$10,439.4 million (2003)
Brunei
$339.5 million (2003)
Bulgaria
$356 million (FY02)
Burkina Faso
$52.7 million (2003)
Burma
$39 million (FY97)
Burundi
$33.3 million (2003)
Cambodia
$112 million (FY01 est.)
Cameroon
$189.2 million (2003)
Canada
$9,801.7 million (2003)
Cape Verde
$12.3 million (2003)
Central African Republic
$14.5 million (2003)
Chad
$55.4 million (2003)
Chile
$2,839.6 million (2003)
China
$60 billion (2003 est.)
Colombia
$3.3 billion (FY01)
Comoros
$6 million (2003)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
$115.5 million (2003)
Congo, Republic of the
$68.6 million (2003)
Costa Rica
$64 million (2003)
Cote d'Ivoire
$173.6 million (2003)
Croatia
$520 million (2002 est.)
Cuba
$572.3 million (2003)
Cyprus
$384 million (FY02)
Czech Republic
$1,190.2 million (FY01)
Denmark
$3,271.6 million (2003)
Djibouti
$26.5 million (2003)
Dominica
NA
Dominican Republic
$180 million (1998)
East Timor
$4.4 million (FY03)
Ecuador
$650 million (2003)
Egypt
$2,443.2 million (2003)
El Salvador
$157 million (2003)
Equatorial Guinea
$75.1 million (2003)
Eritrea
$77.9 million (2003)
Estonia
$155 million (2002 est.)
Ethiopia
$345 million (2003)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA
Faroe Islands
NA
Fiji
$34 million (2003)
Finland
$1.8 billion (FY98/99)
France
$45,238.1 million (2003)
French Guiana
NA
Gabon
$149.3 million (2003)
Gambia, The
$900,000 (2003)
Gaza Strip
NA
Georgia
$23 million (FY00)
Germany
$35.063 billion (2003)
Ghana
$44 million (2003)
Greece
$7,288.9 million (2003)
Grenada
NA
Guatemala
$202.6 million (2003)
Guinea
$58.5 million (2003)
Guinea-Bissau
$8.4 million (2003)
Guyana
$6.5 million (2003)
Haiti
$25.8 million (2003)
Honduras
$99.8 million (2003)
Hong Kong
Hong Kong garrison is funded by China; figures are NA
Hungary
$1.08 billion (2002 est.)
Iceland
0
India
$14,018.8 million (2003)
Indonesia
$1 billion (FY98)
Iran
$4.3 billion (2003 est.)
Iraq
$1.3 billion (FY00)
Ireland
$700 million (FY00/01)
Israel
$9.11 billion (FY03)
Italy
$28,182.8 million (2003)
Jamaica
$31 million (2003)
Japan
$42,488.1 million (2003)
Jordan
$2,043.2 million (2003)
Kazakhstan
$221.8 million (Ministry of Defense expenditures) (FY02)
Kenya
$231 million (2003)
Kiribati
NA
Korea, North
$5,217.4 million (FY02)
Korea, South
$14.522 billion (FY03)
Kuwait
$2,500.4 million (2003)
Kyrgyzstan
$19.2 million (FY01)
Laos
$10.9 million (2003)
Latvia
$87 million (FY01)
Lebanon
$541 million (2002)
Lesotho
$32.5 million (2003)
Liberia
$10 million (2003)
Libya
$1.3 billion (FY99)
Lithuania
$230.8 million (FY01)
Luxembourg
$231.6 million (2003)
Macedonia
$200 million (FY01/02 est.)
Madagascar
$69.8 million (2003)
Malawi
$11.5 million (2003)
Malaysia
$1.69 billion (FY00 est.)
Maldives
$43.1 million (2003)
Mali
$51.1 million (2003)
Malta
$33.3 million (2003)
Marshall Islands
NA
Mauritania
$40.8 million (2003)
Mauritius
$11.2 million (2003)
Mexico
$5,168.3 million (2003)
Moldova
$9.5 million (FY03)
Mongolia
$23.1 million (FY02)
Morocco
$2,297.2 million (2003)
Mozambique
$101.3 million (2003)
Namibia
$111.6 million (2003)
Nauru
NA
Nepal
$295 million (FY03)
Netherlands
$8,044.4 million (2003)
New Caledonia
NA
New Zealand
$1.147 billion (FY03/04)
Nicaragua
$30.8 million (2003)
Niger
$21.7 million (2003)
Nigeria
$469.8 million (2003)
Norway
$4,033.5 million (2003)
Oman
$242.07 million (2003)
Pakistan
$2.7 billion (FY02/03)
Palau
NA
Panama
$145 million (2003)
Papua New Guinea
$16.9 million (2003)
Paraguay
$52.7 million (2003)
Peru
$829.4 million (2003)
Philippines
$995 million (FY98)
Poland
$3.5 billion (2002)
Portugal
$3,497.8 million (2003)
Qatar
$723 million (FY00)
Romania
$985 million (2002)
Russia
NA
Rwanda
$47.7 million (2003)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
NA
Saint Lucia
NA
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
NA
Samoa
NA
San Marino
$700,000 (FY00/01)
Sao Tome and Principe
$500,000 (2003)
Saudi Arabia
$18 billion (2002)
Senegal
$95.8 million (2003)
Serbia and Montenegro
$654 million (2002)
Seychelles
$11.6 million (2003)
Sierra Leone
$11.7 million (2003)
Singapore
$4.47 billion (FY01 est.)
Slovakia
$406 million (2002)
Slovenia
$370 million (FY00)
Solomon Islands
NA
Somalia
$18.9 million (2003)
South Africa
$2,653.4 million (2003)
Spain
$9,906.5 million (2003)
Sri Lanka
$518 million (2003)
Sudan
$581 million (2001 est.)
Suriname
$7.5 million (2003)
Swaziland
$29 million (2003)
Sweden
$4.395 billion (FY01)
Switzerland
$2.548 billion (FY01)
Syria
$858 million (FY00 est.); note - based on official budget data
that may understate actual spending
Taiwan
$7,611.7 million (2003)
Tajikistan
$35.4 million (FY01)
Tanzania
$20.3 million (2003)
Thailand
$1.775 billion (FY00)
Togo
$32.6 million (2003)
Tonga
NA
Trinidad and Tobago
$66.7 million (2003)
Tunisia
$356 million (FY99)
Turkey
$12.155 billion (2003)
Turkmenistan
$90 million (FY99)
Tuvalu
NA
Uganda
$128.2 million (2003)
Ukraine
$617.9 million (FY02)
United Arab Emirates
$1.6 billion (FY00)
United Kingdom
$42,836.5 million (2003)
United States
$370.7 billion (FY04 est.) (March 2003)
Uruguay
$217.9 million (2003)
Uzbekistan
$200 million (FY97)
Vanuatu
NA
Venezuela
$1,125.6 million (2003)
Vietnam
$650 million (FY98)
West Bank
NA
Western Sahara
NA
World
aggregate real expenditure on arms worldwide in 1999 remained
at approximately the 1998 level, about three-quarters of a trillion
dollars (1999 est.)
Yemen
$885.6 million (2003)
Zambia
$42.6 million (2003)
Zimbabwe
$105 million (2003)
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
@2068 Dependent areas
Australia
Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos
(Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald
Islands, Norfolk Island
France
Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French
Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands,
Juan de Nova Island, New Caledonia, Tromelin Island, Wallis and
Futuna
note: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica
Netherlands
Aruba, Netherlands Antilles
New Zealand
Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau
Norway
Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard
United Kingdom
Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory,
British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar,
Guernsey, Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint
Helena and Ascension, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands,
Turks and Caicos Islands
United States
American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island,
Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa
Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin
Islands, Wake Island
note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administered
the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. It entered into a
political relationship with all four political units: the Northern
Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the US
(effective 3 November 1986); Palau concluded a Compact of Free
Association with the US (effective 1 October 1994); the Federated
States of Micronesia signed a Compact of Free Association with the
US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands
signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21
October 1986)
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
@2070 Disputes - international
Afghanistan
despite largely successful UN efforts at voluntary
repatriation, 2-3 million Afghan refugees continue to reside in Iran
and Pakistan, many at their own choosing; Pakistan has sent troops
into remote tribal areas to control the border and stem organized
terrorist and other illegal cross-border activites; regular meetings
between Pakistani and coalition allies aim to resolve periodic
claims of boundary encroachments; occasional conflicts over
water-sharing arrangements with Amu Darya and Helmand River states
Albania
the Albanian Government calls for the protection of the
rights of ethnic Albanians in neighboring countries, and the
peaceful resolution of interethnic disputes; some ethnic Albanian
groups in neighboring countries advocate for a "greater Albania,"
but the idea has little appeal among Albanian nationals
Algeria
Algeria supports the exiled Sahrawi Polisario Front and
rejects Moroccan administration of Western Sahara; Algeria's border
with Morocco remains an irritant to bilateral relations; each nation
has accused the other of harboring militants and arms smuggling; in
an attempt to improve relations afer unilaterally imposing a visa
requirement on Algerians in the early 1990s, Morocco lifted the
requirement in mid-2004 - a gesture not reciprocated by Algeria;
Algeria remains concerned about armed bandits operating throughout
the Sahel who sometimes destabilize southern Algerian towns; dormant
disputes include Libyan claims of about 32,000 sq km still reflected
on its maps of southeastern Algeria and the FLN's assertions of a
claim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco
American Samoa
none
Andorra
none
Angola
continues to give shelter to refugees from the Democratic
Republic of the Congo while many Angolan refugees and Cabinda
exclave secessionists reside in neighboring states
Anguilla
none
Antarctica
Antarctic Treaty freezes claims (see Antarctic Treaty
Summary in Government type entry); sections (some overlapping)
claimed by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and UK;
the US and most other states do not recognize the territorial claims
of other states and have made no claims themselves (the US and
Russia reserve the right to do so); no claims have been made in the
sector between 90 degrees west and 150 degrees west; several states
with land claims in Antarctica have expressed their intention to
submit data to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental
Shelf to extend their continental shelf claims to adjoining undersea
ridges
Antigua and Barbuda
none
Arctic Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Argentina
UK continues to reject sovereignty talks requested by
Argentina, whose constitution still claims UK-administered Falkland
Islands (Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich
Islands, but in 1995 ceded the right to settle the dispute by force;
Beagle Channel islands dispute resolved through Papal mediation in
1984, but armed incidents persist since 1992 oil discovery;
territorial claim in Antarctica partially overlaps UK and Chilean
claims (see Antarctic disputes); unruly region at convergence of
Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money laundering,
smuggling, arms and drug trafficking, and fundraising for extremist
organizations; uncontested dispute between Brazil and Uruguay over
Braziliera Island in the Quarai/Cuareim River leaves the tripoint
with Argentina in question
Armenia
Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in
Nagorno-Karabakh and militarily occupies 16% of Azerbaijan -
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) continues
to mediate dispute; border with Turkey remains closed over
Nagorno-Karabakh dispute; traditional demands regarding former
Armenian lands in Turkey have subsided; ethnic Armenian groups in
Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy from the new
Georgian Government
Aruba
none
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
Indonesian groups challenge Australia's
claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed the surrounding waters
to Indonesian traditional fishing and has created a national park in
the region while continuing to prospect for hydrocarbons in the
vicinity
Atlantic Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Australia
the 1999 maritime delimitation established partial
maritime boundaries with East Timor over part of the Timor Gap but
temporary resource-sharing agreements over an unreconciled area
grant Australia 90% share of exploited gas reserves and hamper
creation of a southern maritime boundary with Indonesia (see Ashmore
and Cartier Islands disputes); Australia asserts a territorial claim
to Antarctica and to its continental shelf (see Antarctica)
Austria
minor disputes with the Czech Republic over the Temelin
Nuclear Power Plant
Azerbaijan
Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in
Nagorno-Karabakh and militarily occupies about one-sixth of
Azerbaijan - Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
(OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and
Russia ratify Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on
equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on an even one-fifth
allocation and challenges Azerbaijan's hydrocarbon exploration in
disputed waters; talks resume with Turkmenistan on dividing the
seabed in 2004 as both sides await an ICJ decision on contested
oilfields in the middle of the Caspian; Azerbaijan protests Georgian
constructions at the Red Bridge crossing and several other small
segments of boundary, which remain unresolved until delimitation
Bahamas, The
concerned about migrants fleeing Haiti's deteriorated
economic and political conditions
Bahrain
none
Baker Island
none
Bangladesh
discussions with India remain stalled to delimit a small
section of river boundary, exchange 162 miniscule enclaves in both
countries, allocate divided villages, and stop illegal cross-border
trade, migration, and violence; Bangladesh protests India's attempts
to fence off high-traffic sections of the porous boundary; dispute
with India over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay
of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; Burmese Muslim
refugees strain Bangladesh's meager resources
Barbados
Barbados intends to take its claim before UNCLOS
arbitration that the northern limit of Trinidad and Tobago's
maritime boundary with Venezuela extends into its waters; joins
other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island
sustains human habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which permits
Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion
of the Caribbean Sea
Bassas da India
claimed by Madagascar
Belarus
1997 boundary treaty with Ukraine remains unratified over
unresolved financial claims, preventing demarcation and diminishing
border security; boundaries with Latvia and Lithuania remain
undemarcated despite European Union financial support
Belgium
none
Belize
Guatemalan squatters continue to settle along the border
region; an OAS brokered Differendum in 2002 created a small
adjustment to the land boundary, a large Guatemalan maritime
corridor in Caribbean, a joint ecological park for disputed
Sapodilla Cays, and a substantial US-UK financial package, but
agreement was not brought to popular referendum leaving Guatemala to
continue to claim the southern half of Belize
Benin
two villages remain in dispute along the border with Burkina
Faso; accuses Burkina Faso of moving boundary pillars; much of
Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with Nigeria, remains
undemarcated, and ICJ ad hoc judges have been selected to rule on
disputed Niger and Mekrou River islands; several villages along the
Okpara River are in dispute with Nigeria; a joint boundary
commission continues to resurvey the boundary with Togo to verify
Benin's claim that Togo moved boundary stones
Bermuda
none
Bhutan
approximately 100,000 Bhutanese refugees living in Nepal, 90%
of whom reside in seven UN Office of the High Commissioner for
Refugees camps, place decades-long strains on Nepal
Bolivia
has reactivated its claim to restore the Atacama corridor,
ceded to Chile in 1884, to secure sovereign maritime access for
Bolivian natural gas
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia and
Montenegro have delimited most of their boundary, but sections along
the Drina River remain in dispute; discussions continue with Croatia
on problem sections around Kostajnica on the Una River and villages
at the base of Mount Pljesevica
Botswana
established a commission with Namibia to resolve small
residual disputes along the Caprivi Strip, including the Situngu
marshlands along the Linyanti River; downstream Botswana residents
protest Namibia's planned construction of the Okavango hydroelectric
dam at Popavalle (Popa Falls); Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and
Zimbabwe boundary convergence is not clearly defined or delimited
Bouvet Island
none
Brazil
unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay
borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and drug
trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations;
uncontested dispute with Uruguay over certain islands in the
Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada boundary streams and the resulting
tripoint with Argentina
British Indian Ocean Territory Mauritius and Seychelles claim the Chagos Archipelago and its former inhabitants, who reside chiefly in Mauritius, but in 2001 were granted UK citizenship and the right to repatriation since eviction in 1965; the UK resists the Chagossians' demand for an immediate return to the islands; repatriation is complicated by the exclusive US military lease of Diego Garcia that restricted access to the largest island in the chain
British Virgin Islands
none
Brunei
in 2003 Brunei and Malaysia ceased gas and oil exploration in
their offshore and deepwater seabeds until negotiations progress to
an agreement over allocation of disputed areas; Malaysia's land
boundary with Brunei around Limbang is in dispute; Brunei
established an exclusive economic fishing zone encompassing Louisa
Reef in southern Spratly Islands in 1984 but makes no public
territorial claim to the offshore reefs; the 2002 "Declaration on
the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions in
the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally binding "code of
conduct" desired by several of the disputants
Bulgaria
none
Burkina Faso
two villages are in dispute along the border with
Benin; Benin accuses Burkina Faso of moving boundary pillars;
Burkina Faso border regions have become a staging area for Liberia
and Cote d'Ivoire rebels and an asylum for refugees caught in
regional fighting; the Ivoirian Government accuses Burkina Faso of
supporting Ivoirian rebels
Burma
despite continuing border committee talks, significant
differences remain with Thailand over boundary alignment and the
handling of ethnic rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border
activities; groups in Burma and Thailand express concern over
China's construction of 13 hydroelectric dams on the Salween River
in Yunnan Province; India seeks cooperation from Burma to keep out
Indian Nagaland insurgents
Burundi
Tutsi, Hutu, and other conflicting ethnic groups, associated
political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces
continue fighting in the Great Lakes region, transcending the
boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and
Uganda to gain control over populated and natural resource areas;
government heads pledge to end conflict, but localized violence
continues despite UN peacekeeping efforts
Cambodia
land boundary disputes persist among Cambodian claims that
Thailand and Vietnam moved or destroyed boundary markers; maritime
boundary with Vietnam is hampered by dispute over offshore islands;
Cambodia periodically accuses Thailand of obstructing access to
Preah Vihear temple ruins awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in
1962; 2003 anti-Thai riots in Phnom Penh resulted in the destruction
of the Thai Embassy, damage to 17 Thai-owned businesses, and
disputes over full payment of compensation
Cameroon
ICJ ruled in 2002 on the entire Cameroon-Nigeria land and
maritime boundary but the parties formed a Joint Border Commission
to resolve differences bilaterally and have commenced with
demarcation in less-contested sections of the boundary, starting in
Lake Chad in the north; the ICF ruled on an equidistance settlement
of Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf
of Guinea, however, implementation of the decision is delayed due to
imprecisely defined coordinates, the unresolved Bakasi allocation,
and a sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon
over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River; Nigeria initially
rejected cession of the Bakasi Peninsula; Lake Chad Commission
continues to urge signatories Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria to
ratify delimitation treaty over the lake region, which remains the
site of armed clashes among local populations and militias
Canada
managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon
Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and around the
disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; uncontested dispute
with Denmark over Hans Island sovereignty in the Kennedy Channel
between Ellesmere Island and Greenland
Cape Verde
none
Cayman Islands
none
Central African Republic
internal political instabilities with
fighting and violence overlap into Chad and CAR, leaving refugees
and rebel groups in both countries; Sudan has pledged to work with
CAR to stem violent skirmishes over water and grazing rights among
related pastoral populations along the border
Chad
civil war in Sudan overlaps into Chad as both states step up
border patrols, leaving refugees and rebel groups in both countries;
Chad serves as an important mediator in the Sudanese civil conflict;
Chadian Aozou rebels reside in southern Libya; Lake Chad Commission
continues to urge signatories Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria to
ratify delimitation treaty over lake region; Chad rejects Nigerian
request to redemarcate boundary, the site of periodic cross-border
incidents
Chile
Bolivia has reactivated its claim to the Atacama corridor
ceded to Chile in 1884 to secure sovereign maritime access for
Bolivian natural gas; dispute with Peru over the economic zone
delimited by the maritime boundary; Beagle Channel islands dispute
resolved through Papal mediation in 1984, but armed incidents
persist since 1992 oil discovery; territorial claim in Antarctica
(Chilean Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps Argentine and
British claims
China
involved in complex dispute with Malaysia, Philippines,
Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei over the Spratly Islands; the
2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea"
has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code of
conduct" desired by several of the disputants; most of the rugged,
militarized boundary with India is in dispute, but the two sides are
committed to begin resolution with discussions on the least disputed
Middle Sector; Kashmir remains the world's largest and highly
militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto
administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and
Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas), but recent discussion
and confidence-building measures among parties are beginning to
defuse tensions, India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding lands to
China in a 1964 boundary agreement; China and Taiwan continue to
assert their claims to the Japanese-administered Senkaku Islands
(Diaoyu Tai) with increased media coverage and protest actions;
certain islands in Yalu and Tumen rivers are in an uncontested
dispute with North Korea and a section of boundary around Mount
Paektu is indefinite - China has been attempting to manage illegal
migration of North Koreans into northern China; China and Russia in
2004 resolved their last border dispute over islands in the Amur and
Argun Rivers, but details on demarcation have not yet been
worked-out; boundary delimitation agreements signed in 2002 with
Tajikistan cedes 1,000 sq km of Pamir Mountain range to China in
return for China's relinquishing claims to 28,000 sq km, but
demarcation has not commenced; agreements with Vietnam demarcating
maritime boundaries and fisheries cooperation in the Gulf of Tonkin
were ratified in June, and demarcation of the land boundary
continues; China occupies some of the Paracel Islands also claimed
by Vietnam and Taiwan; in response to groups in Burma and Thailand
expressing concern over China's plans to construct 13 hydroelectric
dams on the Nu River in Yunnan Province (Salween River in Burma),
Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao suspended the project to conduct an
environmental impact assessment, a smaller scale version of only 4
dams is now scheduled to move forward
Christmas Island
none
Clipperton Island
none
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
none
Colombia
Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in 1999 and
against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over disputed maritime boundary
involving 50,000 sq km in the Caribbean Sea, including the
Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank;
maritime boundary dispute with Venezuela in the Gulf of Venezuela;
Colombian drug activities penetrate Peruvian border area; the
continuing civil disorder in Colombia has created a serious refugee
crisis in neighboring states, especially Ecuador
Comoros
claims French-administered Mayotte
Congo, Democratic Republic of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is in the grip of a civil war, tribal conflict, and rebel gang fighting that has drawn in neighboring states of Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda; in the Great Lakes region and Sudan, heads of the Great Lakes states and UN pledge to end conflict, but unchecked localized violence continues unabated; the location of the boundary in the broad Congo River with the Republic of the Congo is indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area
Congo, Republic of the
the location of the boundary in the broad
Congo River with the Democratic Republic of the Congo is indefinite
except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area
Cook Islands
none
Coral Sea Islands
none
Costa Rica
legal dispute over navigational rights of Rio San Juan on
the border with Nicaragua remains unsolved
Cote d'Ivoire
continuing rebel fighting extends to neighboring
states and has kept out foreign workers from nearby countries; the
Ivorian Government accuses Burkina Faso and Liberia of supporting
Ivorian rebels
Croatia
discussions continue with Bosnia and Herzegovina over
disputed territory around Kostajnica on the Una River and villages
at the base of Mount Pljesevica; the Croatia-Slovenia land and
maritime boundary agreement, which would have ceded most of Pirin
Bay and maritime access to Slovenia and several villages to Croatia,
remains controversial, has not been ratified, and has been
complicated by Croatia's declaration of an ecological-fisheries zone
in the Adriatic Sea
Cuba
US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutual
agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease
Cyprus
hostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de facto
autonomous areas, a Greek Cypriot area controlled by the
internationally recognized Cypriot Government and a Turkish Cypriot
area, separated by a UN buffer zone; March 2003 reunification talks
failed, but Turkish Cypriots later opened their borders to temporary
visits by Greek Cypriots
Czech Republic
Liechtenstein's royal family claims restitution for
1,600 sq km of land in the Czech Republic confiscated in 1918;
individual Sudeten Germans seek restitution for property confiscated
in connection with their expulsion after World War II; Austria has
minor dispute with Czech Republic over the Temelin Nuclear Power
Plant
Denmark
Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark,
Iceland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary
agreement in the Rockall area) remains dormant; dispute with Iceland
over the Faroe Islands' fisheries median line boundary within 200
nm; disputes with Iceland, the UK, and Ireland over the Faroe
Islands continental shelf boundary outside 200 nm; Faroese continue
to study proposals for full independence; uncontested dispute with
Canada over Hans Island sovereignty in the Kennedy Channel between
Ellesmere Island and Greenland
Djibouti
Djibouti maintains economic ties and border accords with
"Somaliland" leadership while maintaining some political ties to
various factions in Somalia including the Somali Transitional
National Government in Mogadishu
Dominica
joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim
that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under
UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf
over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea
Dominican Republic
despite efforts to control illegal migration,
destitute Haitians fleeing poverty and violence continue to cross
into the Dominican Republic; illegal migration of Dominicans and
other nationals across the Mona Passage to Puerto Rico has increased
in the last year
East Timor
East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to
meet, survey, and delimit the land boundary, but several sections of
the boundary especially around the Oekussi enclave remain
unresolved; Indonesia and East Timor contest the sovereignty of the
uninhabited coral island of Palau Batek/Fatu Sinai, which may delay
decision on the northern maritime boundaries; numbers of East Timor
refugees in Indonesia refuse repatriation; East Timor and Australia
continue to disagree over the delimitation of a permanent maritime
boundary and over the sharing of petroleum resources that fall
outside the Joint Petroleum Development Area covered by the 2002
Timor Sea Treaty
Ecuador
the continuing civil disorder in Colombia has created a
serious refugee crisis in neighboring states, especially Ecuador
Egypt
Egypt and Sudan retain claims to administer the triangular
areas that extend north and south of the 1899 Treaty boundary along
the 22nd Parallel, but have withdrawn their military presence; Egypt
is economically developing and effectively administers the "Hala'ib
Triangle" north of the Treaty line
El Salvador
in 1992, the ICJ ruled on the delimitation of "bolsones"
(disputed areas) along the El Salvador-Honduras boundary, and the
OAS is assisting with a technical resolution of undemarcated
bolsones; in 2003, the ICJ rejected El Salvador's request to revise
its decision on one part of the bolsones; the 1992 ICJ ruling
advised a tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf
of Fonseca with consideration of Honduran access to the Pacific; El
Salvador continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not mentioned by the
ICJ, off Honduras in the Gulf de Fonseca
Equatorial Guinea
in 2002, ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement
of Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf
of Guinea, but a dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over
an island at the mouth of the Ntem River, imprecisely defined
coordinates in the ICJ decision, and the unresolved Bakasi
allocation contribute to the delay in implementation; creation of a
maritime boundary in hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay with Gabon is
hampered by dispute over Mbane Island, administered and occupied by
Gabon since the 1970s
Eritrea
Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002
Ethiopia-Eritrea Border Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision,
but demarcation has been delayed, despite intense international
intervention, by Ethiopian insistence that the decision ignored
"human geography," made technical errors in the delimitation, and
incorrectly awarded Badme, the focus of the 1998-2000 war, and other
areas to Eritrea and Eritrea's insistence on not deviating from the
commission's decision; UN Peacekeeping Mission to Ethiopia and
Eritrea (UNMEE) continues to monitor a 25km-wide Temporary Security
Zone in Eritrea until the demarcation; Sudan accuses Eritrea of
supporting Sudanese rebel groups; Eritrea protests Yemeni fishing
around the Hanish Islands awarded to Eritrea by the ICJ in 1999
Estonia
Russia continues to reject signing and ratifying the joint
December 1996 technical border agreement with Estonia
Ethiopia
Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by the 2002
independent boundary commission's delimitation decision, but
demarcation has been delayed, despite intense international
intervention, by Ethiopian insistence that the decision ignored
"human geography," made technical errors in the delimitation, and
incorrectly awarded Badme - the focus of the 1998-2000 war - and
other areas to Eritrea and Eritrea's insistence on not deviating
from the commission's decision; Ethiopia maintains only an
administrative line and no international border with the Oromo
region of southern Somalia and maintains alliances with local clans
in opposition to the Transitional National Government, which lost
its mandate in August 2003, in Mogadishu; "Somaliland" secessionists
provide port facilities and trade ties to landlocked Ethiopia;
efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Sudan have been
delayed by civil war
Europa Island
claimed by Madagascar
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) claimed by Argentina whose forces briefly occupied it in 1982, but now declares it will no longer seek settlement by force; UK continues to reject Argentine requests for sovereignty talks
Faroe Islands
Faroese are considering proposals for full
independence; Denmark dispute with Iceland over the Faroe Islands
fisheries median line boundary of 200 nm; Denmark disputes with
Iceland, the UK, and Ireland the Faroe Islands claim extending its
continental shelf boundary beyond 200 nm
Fiji
none
Finland
none
France
Madagascar claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso
Islands, and Juan de Nova Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius
claims Tromelin Island; territorial dispute between Suriname and
French Guiana; territorial claim in Antarctica (Adelie Land);
Matthew and Hunter Islands, east of New Caledonia, claimed by France
and Vanuatu
French Guiana
Suriname claims area between Riviere Litani and
Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa)
French Polynesia
none
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
French claim to "Adelie Land" in
Antarctica is not recognized by the US
Gabon
creation of a maritime boundary in hydrocarbon-rich Corisco
Bay with Equatorial Guinea is hampered by dispute over Mbane Island,
administered and occupied by Gabon since the 1970s
Gambia, The
attempts to stem refugees, cross-border raids, arms
smuggling, other illegal activities, and political instability from
separatist movement in southern Senegal's Casamance region
Gaza Strip
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with
current status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement
- permanent status to be determined through further negotiation
Georgia
about a third of the boundary with Russia remains
undelimited, and none of it demarcated, with several small,
strategic segments remaining in dispute; OSCE observers monitor
volatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and
the Argun Gorge in Abkhazia; Meshkheti Turks scattered throughout
the former Soviet Union seek to return to Georgia; boundary with
Armenia remains undemarcated; ethnic Armenian groups in Javakheti
region of Georgia seek greater autonomy from the Georgian
government; Azerbaijan protests Georgian construction at the Red
Bridge crossing and several other small segments of boundary, which
remain unresolved until delimitation
Germany
none
Ghana
Ghana must still deal with refugees and returning nationals
escaping rebel fighting in Cote d'Ivoire
Gibraltar
since Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by
referendum in 2003 against a "total shared sovereignty" arrangement,
talks between the UK and Spain over the fate of the 300-year-old UK
colony have stalled; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant
Gibraltar greater autonomy
Glorioso Islands
claimed by Madagascar
Greece
Greece and Turkey have resumed discussions to resolve their
complex maritime, air, territorial, and boundary disputes in the
Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Turkey; dispute with the Republic
of Macedonia over its name
Greenland
uncontested dispute between Canada and Denmark over Hans
Island in the Kennedy Channel between Canada's Ellesmere Island and
Greenland
Grenada
none
Guadeloupe
none
Guam
none
Guatemala
Guatemalan squatters continue to settle in Belize border
region; OAS brokered Differendum in 2002 creating small adjustment
to land boundary, large Guatemalan maritime corridor in Caribbean,
joint ecological park for disputed Sapodilla Cays, and substantial
US-UK financial package, but agreement was not brought to popular
referendum leaving Guatemala to continue to claim the southern half
of Belize intact; numbers of Guatemalans enter Mexico seeking work
or transit to the US
Guernsey
none
Guinea
domestic fighting among disparate rebel groups in Guinea,
domestic fighting among disparate rebel groups, warlords, and youth
gangs in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone have created
insurgencies, street violence, looting, arms trafficking, ethnic
conflicts skirmishes, deaths, and refugees in border areas; in 2003,
Guinea and Sierra Leone established a boundary commission to resolve
a dispute over the town of Yenga
Guinea-Bissau
attempts to stem refugees and cross-border raids, arms
smuggling, and political instability from a separatist movement in
Senegal's Casamance region
Guyana
all of the area west of the Essequibo (river) is claimed by
Venezuela preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana
has expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims
before UNCLOS that Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with
Venezuela extends into their waters; Suriname claims a triangle of
land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a historic dispute
over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks UNCLOS
arbitration to resolve the long-standing dispute with Suriname over
the axis of the territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-rich
waters
Haiti
despite efforts to control illegal migration, Haitians fleeing
economic privation and civil unrest continue to cross into Dominican
Republic and to sail to neighboring countries; Haiti claims
US-administered Navassa Island
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
none
Holy See (Vatican City)
none
Honduras
in 1992, ICJ ruled on the delimitation of "bolsones"
(disputed areas) along the El Salvador-Honduras border, and the OAS
is assisting with a technical resolution of bolsones; in 2003, the
ICJ rejected El Salvador's request to revise its decision on one
bolsone; the 1992 ICJ ruling advised a tripartite resolution to a
maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca with consideration of
Honduran access to the Pacific; El Salvador continues to claim tiny
Conejo Island, not mentioned by the ICJ, off Honduras in the Gulf of
Fonseca; Honduras claims Sapodilla Cays off the coast of Belize but
agreed to creation of a joint ecological park and Guatemalan
corridor in the Caribbean in the failed 2002 Belize-Guatemala
Differendum; Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in 1999 and
against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over a complex maritime dispute
in the Caribbean Sea
Hong Kong
none
Howland Island
none
Hungary
Hungary amended the status law extending special social and
cultural benefits to ethnic Hungarians in neighboring states, who
had objected to the law; Slovakia and Hungary have renewed
discussions on ways to resolve differences over the
Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam on the Danube, with possible
resort again to the ICJ for final resolution
Iceland
Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark,
Iceland, and the UK (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary
agreement in the Rockall area) remains dormant; dispute with Denmark
over the Faroe Islands' fisheries median line boundary within 200
nm; disputes with Denmark, the UK, and Ireland over the Faroe
Islands continental shelf boundary outside 200 nm
India
Kashmir remains the world's most highly militarized
territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration
of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad
Kashmir and Northern Areas), but recent discussions and
confidence-building measures among parties are beginning to defuse
tensions; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding lands to China
in the 1965 boundary agreement; disputes with Pakistan over Indus
River water sharing and the terminus of the Sir Creek Estuary at the
mouth of the Rann of Kutch, which prevents maritime boundary
delimitation; Pakistani maps continue to show Junagadh claim in
Indian Gujarat State; most of the rugged, militarized boundary with
China is in dispute, but sides have committed to begin resolution
with discussions on the least disputed Middle Sector; Joint Border
Committee with Nepal continues to work on resolution of minor
disputed boundary sections; discussions with Bangladesh remain
stalled to delimit a small section of river boundary, to exchange
162 miniscule enclaves in both countries, to allocate divided
villages, and to stop illegal cross-border trade, migration, and
violence; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to fence off
high-traffic sections of the porous boundary; dispute with
Bangladesh over volcanic New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in
the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; India seeks
cooperation from Bhutan and Burma to keep out Indian Nagaland
insurgents; joint border commission continues to work on small
disputed sections of boundary with Nepal; India has instituted a
stricter border regime to restrict transit of Maoist insurgents and
illegal cross-border activities from Nepal
Indian Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Indonesia
East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet,
survey and delimit land boundary, but several sections of the
boundary remain unresolved; Indonesia and East Timor contest the
sovereignty of the uninhabited coral island of Palau Batek/Fatu
Sinai, which hinders a decision on a northern maritime boundary;
numbers of East Timor refugees in Indonesia refuse repatriation; a
1997 treaty between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of
their maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award
of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 prompted
Indonesia to assert claims to and to establish a presence on its
smaller outer islands; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and
illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea
Iran
Iran protests Afghanistan's limiting flow of dammed waters on
Helmand River tributaries in periods of drought; thousands of Afghan
refugees still reside in Iran; creation of a maritime boundary with
Iraq remains in hiatus until full sovereignty is restored in Iraq;
Iran and UAE engage in direct talks and solicit Arab League support
to resolve disputes over Iran's occupation of Tunb Islands and Abu
Musa Island; Iran stands alone among littoral states in insisting
upon a division of the Caspian Sea into five equal sectors
Iraq
coalition forces assist Iraqis in monitoring boundary security,
but resolution of disputes and creation of maritime boundaries with
neighboring states will remain in hiatus until full sovereignty is
restored in Iraq; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of
Kurds in Iraq
Ireland
disputes with Iceland, Denmark, and the UK over the Faroe
Islands continental shelf boundary outside 200 nm
Israel
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current
status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement -
permanent status to be determined through further negotiation; Golan
Heights is Israeli-occupied (Lebanon claims the Shab'a Farms area of
Golan Heights)
Italy
none
Jamaica
none
Jan Mayen
none
Japan
The sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu,
Kunashiri, and Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as
the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kuril
Islands", occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by
Russia and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to
signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities;
intensified media coverage and protests highlight dispute over the
fishing-rich Liancourt Rocks (Tok-do/Take-shima) also claimed by
South Korea; China and Taiwan have intensified their claims to the
Senkaku Islands (Diaoyu Tai) administered by Japan
Jarvis Island
none
Jersey
none
Johnston Atoll
none
Jordan
border dispute settled with Syria in 2004
Juan de Nova Island
claimed by Madagascar
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan and China have resolved their border dispute
and are working to demarcate their borders to control population
migration, illegal activities, and trade; delimitation of boundary
with Russia is almost complete - delimitations with Turkmenistan and
Uzbekistan are complete with demarcations underway - delimitation
with Kyrgyzstan is largely complete; creation of a seabed boundary
with Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea is under discussion;
equidistant seabed treaties have been signed with Azerbaijan and
Russia in the Caspian Sea, but no resolution has been made on
dividing the water column among any of the littoral states
Kenya
Kenya's administrative boundary still extends into the Sudan,
creating the "Ilemi Triangle"; Kenya has acted as an important
mediator in Sudan's north-south civil war; Kenya and Uganda are
working together to stem cattle rustling and violence by Lord's
Resistance Army along the border
Kingman Reef
none
Kiribati
none
Korea, North
with China, certain islands in Yalu and Tumen rivers
are in uncontested dispute; a section of boundary around Paektu-san
(mountain) is indefinite; China has been attempting to stop mass
illegal migration of North Koreans escaping famine, economic
privation, and oppression into northern China; Military Demarcation
Line within the 4-km wide Demilitarized Zone has separated North
from South Korea since 1953; periodic maritime disputes with South
Korea
Korea, South
Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide
Demilitarized Zone has separated North from South Korea since 1953;
periodic maritime disputes with North Korea over the Northern Limit
Line; unresolved dispute with Japan over Liancourt Rocks
(Tok-do/Take-shima) and occasional protests over fishing rights in
grounds also claimed by Japan
Kuwait
Kuwait and Saudi Arabia continue negotiating a joint maritime
boundary with Iran; no maritime boundary exists with Iraq in the
Persian Gulf
Kyrgyzstan
boundary with China is fully demarcated; delimitation
with Kazakhstan is largely complete with only minor disputed areas;
disputes in Isfara Valley delay completion of delimitation with
Tajikistan; delimitation is underway with Uzbekistan but serious
disputes around enclaves and elsewhere continue to mar progress for
some 130 km of border
Laos
demarcation of boundaries with Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam
is largely complete, but with Thailand several areas including
Mekong River islets remain in dispute; ongoing disputes with
Thailand and Vietnam over squatters; concern among Mekong Commission
members that China's construction of dams on the Mekong River will
affect water levels
Latvia
the Russian Duma refuses to ratify boundary delimitation
treaty with Latvia; the Latvian Parliament has not ratified its 1998
maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to concerns
over oil exploration rights
Lebanon
Syrian troops in central and eastern Lebanon since October
1976; Lebanese Government claims Shab'a Farms area of
Israeli-occupied Golan Heights
Lesotho
none
Liberia
domestic fighting among disparate rebel groups, warlords,
and youth gangs in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone have created
insurgencies, street violence, looting, arms trafficking, and ethnic
conflicts and refugees in border areas; the Cote d'Ivoire Government
accuses Liberia of supporting Ivorian rebels
Libya
Libya has claimed more than 32,000 sq km in southeastern
Algeria and about 25,000 sq km in Niger in currently dormant
disputes; various Chadian rebels from the Aozou region reside in
southern Libya
Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein's royal family claims restitution for
1,600 sq km of land in the Czech Republic confiscated in 1918
Lithuania
in May 2003, the Russian Parliament ratified the 1997 land
and maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, which ratified the
treaty in 1999, legalizing limits of former Soviet republic borders;
both states also implement a simplified transit regime for Russian
nationals transiting Lithuania to and from the Russian Kaliningrad
coastal enclave; the Latvian Parliament has not ratified its 1998
maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to concerns
over oil exploration rights
Luxembourg
none
Macau
none
Macedonia
the Albanian government calls for the protection of the
rights of ethnic Albanians in Macedonia while continuing to seek
regional cooperation; ethnic Albanians in Kosovo resist demarcation
of a small section of the Macedonia-Kosovo boundary in accordance
with the 2000 delimitation treaty, which transferred a small amount
of land to Macedonia; dispute with Greece over country's name
persists
Madagascar
claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands,
and Juan de Nova Island (all administered by France)
Malawi
dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake
Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant
Malaysia
involved in complex dispute with China, Philippines,
Taiwan, Vietnam and possibly Brunei over the Spratly Islands; the
2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea"
has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code of
conduct" desired by several of the disputants; disputes over
deliveries of fresh water to Singapore, Singapore's land
reclamation, bridge construction, maritime boundaries, and Pedra
Branca Island/Pulau Batu Putih persist - parties agree to ICJ
arbitration on island dispute within three years; ICJ awarded
Ligitan and Sipadan islands off the coast of Sabah, also claimed by
Indonesia and Philippines, to Malaysia; a 1 kilometer segment at the
mouth of the Golok River remains in dispute with Thailand;
Philippines retains a now dormant claim to Malaysia's Sabah State in
northern Borneo based on the Sultanate of Sulu's granting the
Philippines Government power of attorney to pursue the Sultanate's
sovereignty claim; in 2003 Brunei and Malaysia ceased gas and oil
exploration in their offshore and deepwater seabeds until
negotiations progress to an agreement over allocation of disputed
areas; Malaysia's land boundary with Brunei around Limbang is in
dispute
Maldives
none
Mali
none
Malta
none
Man, Isle of
none
Marshall Islands
claims US territory of Wake Island
Martinique
none
Mauritania
Mauritanian claims to Western Sahara have been dormant in
recent years
Mauritius
Mauritius claims the Chagos Archipelago (UK-administered
British Indian Ocean Territory), and its former inhabitants, who
reside chiefly in Mauritius, were granted UK citizenship and the
right to repatriation in 2001; claims French-administered Tromelin
Island
Mayotte
claimed by Comoros
Mexico
prolonged drought, population growth, and outmoded practices
and infrastructure in the border region have strained water-sharing
arrangements with the US; nationals from Central America slip into
Mexico seeking work or transit into the US; undocumented Mexican
nationals continue to enter the United States
Micronesia, Federated States of
none
Midway Islands
none
Moldova
difficulties with the Transnistria region complicate
controlling border crossing and customs regimes with Ukraine,
despite concordance on 2003 delimitation and customs protocols and
OSCE assistance
Monaco
none
Mongolia
none
Montserrat
none
Morocco
claims and administers Western Sahara whose sovereignty
remains unresolved - UN-administered cease-fire has remained in
effect since September 1991, but attempts to hold a referendum have
failed and parties thus far have rejected all brokered proposals;
Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta,
Melilla, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, the islands of Penon de
Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; Morocco also
rejected Spain's unilateral designation of a median line from the
Canary Islands in 2002 to set limits to undersea resource
exploration and refugee interdiction, but agreed in 2003 to discuss
a comprehensive maritime delimitation; Morocco serves as one of the
primary launching areas of illegal migration into Spain from North
Africa
Mozambique
none
Namibia
commission established with Botswana to resolve small
residual disputes along the Caprivi Strip, including the Situngu
marshlands along the Linyanti River; Botswana residents protest
Namibia's planned construction of the Okavango hydroelectric dam on
Popa Falls; managed dispute with South Africa over the location of
the boundary in the Orange River; Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and
Zimbabwe boundary convergence is not clearly defined or delimited;
Angolan rebels and refugees still reside in Namibia
Nauru
none
Navassa Island
claimed by Haiti, source of subsistence fishing
Nepal
joint border commission continues to work on small disputed
sections of boundary with India; India has instituted a stricter
border regime to restrict transit of Maoist insurgents and illegal
cross-border activities
Netherlands
none
Netherlands Antilles
none
New Caledonia
Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia
claimed by France and Vanuatu
New Zealand
territorial claim in Antarctica (Ross Dependency)
Nicaragua
territorial disputes with Colombia over the Archipelago de
San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank region; the 1992 ICJ
ruling for El Salvador and Honduras advised a tripartite resolution
to establish a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca, which
considers Honduran access to the Pacific; legal dispute over
navigational rights of San Juan River on border with Costa Rica
Niger
Libya claims about 25,000 sq km in a currently dormant
dispute; much of Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with
Nigeria, remains undemarcated, and ICJ ad hoc judges have been
selected to rule on disputed Niger and Mekrou River islands; Lake
Chad Commission continues to urge signatories Cameroon, Chad, Niger,
and Nigeria to ratify delimitation treaty over the lake region,
which remains the site of armed clashes among local populations and
militias
Nigeria
ICJ ruled in 2002 on the entire Cameroon-Nigeria land and
maritime boundary but the parties formed a Joint Border Commission
to resolve differences bilaterally and have commenced with
demarcation in less-contested sections of the boundary, starting in
Lake Chad in the north; Nigeria initially rejected cession of the
Bakasi Peninsula; the ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement of
Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf of
Guinea, but imprecisely defined coordinates in the ICJ decision, the
unresolved Bakasi allocation, and a sovereignty dispute between
Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the
Ntem River all contribute to the delay in implementation; several
villages along the Okpara River are in dispute with Benin; Lake Chad
Commission continues to urge signatories Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and
Nigeria to ratify delimitation treaty over lake region, which
remains the site of armed clashes among local populations and
militias
Niue
none
Norfolk Island
none
Northern Mariana Islands
none
Norway
Norway asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud
Land and its continental shelf); despite recent discussions, Russia
and Norway continue to dispute their maritime limits in the Barents
Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits
within the Svalbard Treaty zone
Oman
boundary agreement signed and ratified with UAE in 2003 for
entire border, including Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al Madhah
enclaves
Pacific Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Pakistan
Kashmir remains the world's largest and most highly
militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto
administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and
Pakistan (Azad Kashmir, and Northern Areas), but recent discussions
and confidence-building measures among the parties are beginning to
defuse tensions; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding lands to
China in 1965 boundary agreement; disputes with Pakistan over Indus
River water sharing and the terminus of the Sir Creek Estuary at the
mouth of the Rann of Kutch, which prevents maritime boundary
delimitation; Pakistani maps continue to show Junagadh claim in
India's Gujarat State; despite largely successful UN efforts at
voluntary repatriation, 2-3 million Afghan refugees continue to
reside in Pakistan, many at their own choosing; Pakistan has sent
troops into remote tribal areas to control the border with
Afghanistan to stem organized terrorist and other illegal
cross-border activities; regular meetings with Afghan and coalition
allies aim to resolve periodic claims of boundary encroachments
Palau
border delineation disputes being negotiated with Philippines,
Indonesia
Palmyra Atoll
none
Panama
none
Papua New Guinea
seeks assistance from Australia to control illegal
cross-border activities from primarily Indonesia, including
smuggling, drug trafficking, and Indonesian squatters and
secessionists
Paracel Islands
occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam
Paraguay
unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay
borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and drug
trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations
Peru
Bolivia has reanimated its claim to restore the Atacama
corridor ceded to Chile and adjoining Peru in 1884 to secure
sovereign maritime assess for Bolivian natural gas
Philippines
involved in complex dispute with China, Malaysia,
Taiwan, Vietnam and possibly Brunei over the Spratly Islands, known
locally as the Kalayaan (Freedom) Islands, the 2002 "Declaration on
the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea," has eased tensions
but falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct" desired by
several of the disputants; Philippines retains a dormant claim to
Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo based on the Sultanate of
Sulu's granting the Philippines Government power of attorney to
pursue a sovereignty claim
Pitcairn Islands
none
Poland
none
Portugal
some Portuguese groups assert dormant claims to territories
ceded to Spain around the town of Olivenza
Puerto Rico
none
Qatar
none
Reunion
none
Romania
has not resolved claims to Ukrainian-administered Zmyinyy
(Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary despite ongoing talks
based on 1997 friendship treaty to find a solution in two years;
Hungary amended status law extending special social and cultural
benefits to ethnic Hungarians in Romania, who had objected to the law
Russia
China and Russia in 2004 resolved their last border dispute
over islands in the Amur and Argun Rivers, but details on
demarcation have not yet been worked-out; the sovereignty dispute
over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai
group known in Japan as the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as
the "Southern Kurils," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now
administered by Russia, and claimed by Japan, remains the primary
sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War
II hostilities; about a third of the boundary with Georgia remains
undelimited and none of it demarcated with several small, strategic
segments remaining in dispute; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas
such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Kodori Gorge
in Abkhazia; equidistant seabed treaties have been signed with
Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan in the Caspian Sea but no consensus on
dividing the water column among the littoral states; Russia and
Norway dispute their maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's
fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the
Svalbard Treaty zone; Russia continues to reject signing and
ratifying the joint 1996 technical border agreement with Estonia;
the Russian Parliament refuses to consider ratification of the
boundary treaties with Estonia and Latvia, but in May 2003, ratified
land and maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, which ratified the
1997 treaty in 1999, legalizing limits of former Soviet republic
borders; a simplified transit regime was adopted in July 2003 for
residents of the Kaliningrad coastal exclave to travel through
Lithuania to Russia; delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine is
complete, but demarcation remains unresolved; Ukraine protests
Russia's construction of a causeway in the direction of
Ukrainian-administered Tuzla Island in the Kerch Strait; Kazakhstan
and Russia will complete delimitation of their interstate border in
2004 and demarcation is underway; Russian Duma has not yet ratified
1990 Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US in the Bering Sea
Rwanda
Tutsi, Hutu, Hema, Lendu, and other conflicting ethnic
groups, associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various
government forces continue fighting in Great Lakes region,
transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda to gain control over populated areas and
natural resources - government heads pledge to end conflicts, but
localized violence continues despite UN peacekeeping efforts
Saint Helena
none
Saint Kitts and Nevis
joins other Caribbean states to counter
Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a
criterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its
EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea
Saint Lucia
joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's
claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under
UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf
over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
none
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea
Samoa
none
San Marino
none
Sao Tome and Principe
none
Saudi Arabia
nomadic groups on border region with Yemen resist
demarcation of boundary; Yemen protests Saudi erection of a
concrete-filled pipe as a security barrier in 2004 to stem illegal
cross-border activities in sections of the boundary; Kuwait and
Saudi Arabia continue discussions on a maritime boundary with Iran;
because the treaties have not been made public, the exact alignment
of the boundary with the UAE is still unknown and labeled approximate
Senegal
The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau attempt to stem refugees, cross
border raids, arms smuggling, and political instability from a
separatist movement in Senegal's Casamance region
Serbia and Montenegro
the future status of Kosovo remains an
unresolved issue in South Central Europe with Kosovo Albanians
overwhelmingly supporting and Serbian officials opposing Kosovo
independence; the international community has agreed to begin a
process to determine final status only after significant progress
has been made in solidifying multi-ethnic democracy in Kosovo as
outlined in the policy of "standards before status"; the Contact
group (including the US, UK, France, Germany, Italy, and Russia)
will review progress on the UNMIK standard around mid-2005; ethnic
Albanians in Kosovo resist demarcation of the F.Y.R.O.M. boundary in
accordance with the 2000 delimitation treaty, which transfers on net
a small amount of land to F.Y.R.O.M.; Serbia and Montenegro have
delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina,
but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute
Seychelles
together with Mauritius, Seychelles claims the Chagos
Archipelago (UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory)
Sierra Leone
domestic fighting among disparate rebel groups,
warlords, and youth gangs in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone have
created insurgencies, street violence, looting, arms trafficking,
ethnic conflicts, and refugees in border areas; in 2003, Guinea and
Sierra Leone established a boundary commission to resolve a dispute
over the town of Yenga
Singapore
disputes with Malaysia over deliveries of fresh water to
Singapore, Singapore's land reclamation works, bridge construction,
maritime boundaries, and Pedra Branca Island/Pulau Batu Putih
persist - parties agree to ICJ arbitration on island dispute within
three years
Slovakia
Hungary amended its status law extending special social and
cultural benefits to ethnic Hungarians in Slovakia, many of whom had
protested the law; Slovakia and Hungary have renewed discussions on
ways to resolve differences over the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros
hydroelectric dam on the Danube, with possible resort again to the
ICJ for final resolution
Slovenia
the Croatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement,
which would have ceded most of Piran Bay and maritime access to
Slovenia and several villages to Croatia, remains controversial, has
not been ratified, and has been complicated by Croatia's declaration
of an ecological-fisheries zone in the Adriatic Sea
Solomon Islands
Australian defense personnel are dispatched at the
invitation of the Solomon Islands' Government to restore law and
order on the islands and reinforce regional security
Somalia
"Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities to
land-locked Ethiopia and establish commercial ties with regional
states; "Puntland" secessionists clash with "Somaliland"
secessionists to establish territorial limits and clan loyalties,
each seeking support from neighboring states; Ethiopia maintains
only an administrative line with the Oromo region of southern
Somalia and maintains alliances with local Somali clans opposed to
the unrecognized Transitional National Government in Mogadishu
South Africa
managed dispute with Namibia over the location of the
boundary in the Orange River
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
briefly occupied by
military force in 1982 - claimed by Argentina in constitution but
declares it will no longer seek settlement by force
Southern Ocean
Antarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarctica
entry), but Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and UK
assert claims (some overlapping), including the continental shelf in
the Southern Ocean; several states have expressed an interest in
extending those continental shelf claims under the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to include undersea
ridges; the US and most other states do not recognize the land or
maritime claims of other states and have made no claims themselves
(the US and Russia have reserved the right to do so); no formal
claims have been made in the sector between 90 degrees west and 150
degrees west
Spain
since Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum
in 2003 against a "total shared sovereignty" arrangement, talks
between the UK and Spain over the fate of the 300-year old UK colony
have stalled; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant Gibraltar
greater autonomy; Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal
enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and the islands of Penon de Velez de la
Gomera, Penon de Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding
waters; Morocco serves as the primary launching area of illegal
migration into Spain from North Africa; Morocco rejected Spain's
unilateral designation of a median line from the Canary Islands in
2002 to set limits to undersea resource exploration and refugee
interdiction, but agreed in 2003 to discuss a comprehensive maritime
delimitation; some Portuguese groups assert dormant claims to
territories ceded to Spain around the town of Olivenza
Spratly Islands
all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China,
Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and the
Philippines; in 1984, Brunei established an exclusive fishing zone
that encompasses Louisa Reef in the southern Spratly Islands but has
not publicly claimed the reef; claimants in November 2002 signed the
"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea,"
which has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code
of conduct"
Sri Lanka
none
Sudan
the north-south civil war has affected Sudan's neighbors by
drawing them into the fighting and by forcing them to provide
shelter to refugees, to contend with infiltration by rebel groups,
and to serve as mediators; Sudan has provided shelter to Ugandan
refugees and cover to Lord's Resistance Army soldiers; Sudan accuses
Eritrea of supporting Sudanese rebel groups; efforts to demarcate
the porous boundary with Ethiopia have been delayed by fighting in
Sudan; Kenya's administrative boundary still extends into the Sudan,
creating the "Ilemi Triangle"; Egypt and Sudan retain claims to
administer the triangular areas that extend north and south of the
1899 Treaty boundary along the 22nd Parallel, but have withdrawn
their military presence; Egypt is economically developing and
currently effectively administers the "Hala'ib Triangle" north of
the Treaty Line; Sudan has pledged to work with the Central African
Republic to stem violent skirmishes over water and grazing among
related pastoral populations along the border
Suriname
area claimed by French Guiana between Riviere Litani and
Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa); Suriname claims a
triangle of land between the New and Kutari/Koetari Rivers in a
historic dispute over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks
UNCLOS arbitration to resolve the long-standing dispute with
Suriname over the axis of the territorial sea boundary in
potentially oil-rich waters
Svalbard
despite recent discussions, Russia and Norway dispute their
maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights
beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone
Swaziland
none
Sweden
none
Switzerland
none
Syria
Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied; Lebanon claims Shaba'a
farms in Golan Heights; Syrian troops have been stationed in Lebanon
since October 1976; Syria protests Turkish hydrological projects
regulating upper Euphrates waters; settled border dispute with
Jordan in 2004
Taiwan
involved in complex dispute with China, Malaysia,
Philippines, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei over the Spratly Islands;
the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China
Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code
of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; Paracel Islands
are occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam; in 2003,
China and Taiwan asserted claims to the Japanese-administered
Senkaku Islands (Diaoyu Tai) with increased media coverage and
protest actions
Tajikistan
prolonged regional drought created water-sharing
difficulties for Amu Darya river states; boundary agreements signed
in 2002 cede 1,000 sq km of Pamir Mountain range to China in return
for China relinquishing claims to 28,000 sq km of Tajikistani lands
but demarcation has not yet commenced; talks continue with
Uzbekistan to delimit border and remove minefields; disputes in
Isfara Valley delay delimitation with Kyrgyzstan
Tanzania
disputes with Malawi over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake
Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant
Thailand
a 1 kilometer segment at the mouth of the Golok River
remains in dispute with Malaysia; demarcation with Laos complete
except for certain Mekong River islets and complaints of Thai
squatters; despite continuing border committee talks, significant
differences remain with Burma over boundary alignment and the
handling of ethnic rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border
activities; Cambodia accuses Thailand of moving boundary markers and
obstructing access to Preah Vihear temple ruins awarded to Cambodia
by ICJ decision in 1962; 2003 anti-Thai riots in Phnom Penh resulted
in the destruction of the Thai Embassy and damage to 17 Thai-owned
businesses and disputes over payments of full compensation persist;
groups in Burma and Thailand express concern over China's
construction of 13 hydroelectric dams on the Salween River in Yunnan
Province
Togo
in 2001 Benin claimed Togo moved boundary monuments - joint
commission continues to resurvey the boundary
Tokelau
none
Tonga
none
Trinidad and Tobago
Barbados will assert its claim before UNCLOS
that the northern limit of Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary
with Venezuela extends into its waters; Guyana has also expressed
its intention to challenge this boundary as it may extend into its
waters as well
Tromelin Island
claimed by Mauritius
Tunisia
none
Turkey
complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greece
in the Aegean Sea; Cyprus question remains with Greece; Syria and
Iraq protest Turkish hydrological projects to control upper
Euphrates waters; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of
Kurds in Iraq; border with Armenia remains closed over
Nagorno-Karabakh
Turkmenistan
prolonged regional drought created water-sharing
difficulties for Amu Darya river states; Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan
reached an agreement on improving water usage along the Amu Darya in
2004; delimitation of Caspian seabed remains unresolved
Turks and Caicos Islands have received Haitians fleeing economic collapse and civil unrest
Tuvalu
none
Uganda
Tutsi, Hutu, Lendu, Hema, and other ethnic groups, associated
political rebels, armed gangs, militias, and various government
forces continue fighting in the Great Lakes region, transcending the
boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and
Uganda to gain control over populated areas and natural resources;
government heads pledge to end conflict, but localized violence
continues despite UN peacekeeping efforts; civil conflict in Sudan
has extended Sudanese rebel forces and refugees into Uganda and
given shelter to Ugandan Lord's Resistance Army soldiers in Sudan;
Kenya and Uganda are working together to stem cattle rustling and
violence by Lord's Resistance Army along the border
Ukraine
1997 boundary treaty with Belarus remains unratified due to
unresolved financial claims, preventing demarcation and reducing
border security; delimitation of land boundary with Russia is
complete but boundary through the Sea of Azov and Kerch Strait
remains unresolved despite a December 2003 framework agreement and
on-going expert-level discussions; Ukraine protests Russia's
construction of a causeway in the direction of
Ukrainian-administered Tuzla Island in the Kerch Strait;
difficulties with Moldova's Transnistria region complicate
controlling border crossing and customs regimes despite concordance
on the 2003 delimitation and customs protocols and OSCE assistance;
has not resolved Romanian claims to Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy
(Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary despite ongoing talks
based on 1997 friendship treaty to find a solution in two years;
ongoing dispute between Ukraine and Romania over the Danube River
delta
United Arab Emirates
because the treaties have not been made public,
the exact alignment of the boundary with Saudi Arabia is still
unknown and labeled approximate; boundary agreement signed and
ratified with Oman in 2003 for entire border, including Oman's
Musandam Peninsula and Al Madhah enclaves; UAE engage in direct
talks and solicit Arab League support to resolve disputes over
Iran's occupation of Lesser and Greater Tunb Islands and Abu Musa
Island
United Kingdom
since Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by
referendum in 2003 against a "total shared sovereignty" arrangement,
talks between the UK and Spain over the fate of the 300-year old UK
colony have stalled; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant
Gibraltar greater autonomy; Mauritius and Seychelles claim the
Chagos Archipelago (British Indian Ocean Territory), and its former
inhabitants since their eviction in 1965; most reside chiefly in
Mauritius, and in 2001 were granted UK citizenship and the right to
repatriation; UK continues to reject sovereignty talks requested by
Argentina, which still claims the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Rockall
continental shelf dispute involving Denmark and Iceland remains
dormant; territorial claim in Antarctica (British Antarctic
Territory) overlaps Argentine claim and partially overlaps Chilean
claim; disputes with Iceland, Denmark, and Ireland over the Faroe
Islands continental shelf boundary outside 200 nm
United States
Prolonged drought, population growth, and outmoded
practices and infrastructure in the border region has strained
water-sharing arrangements with Mexico; undocumented nationals from
Mexico and Central America continue to enter the United States
illegally; 1990 Maritime Boundary Agreement in the Bering Sea still
awaits Russian Duma ratification; managed maritime boundary disputes
with Canada at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca,
and around the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; The
Bahamas have not been able to agree on a maritime boundary; US Naval
Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased from Cuba and only mutual agreement
or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease; Haiti claims
US-administered Navassa Island; US has made no territorial claim in
Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not
recognize the claims of any other state; Marshall Islands claims
Wake Island
Uruguay
uncontested dispute with Brazil over certain islands in the
Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada streams and the resulting tripoint with
Argentina
Uzbekistan
prolonged drought and cotton monoculture creates
water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; delimitation
with Kazakhstan complete with demarcation underway; delimitation is
underway with Kyrgyzstan but serious disputes around enclaves and
elsewhere continue to mar progress for some 130 km of border; talks
continue with Tajikistan to determine and delimit border
Vanuatu
Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia claimed by
Vanuatu and France
Venezuela
claims all of the area west of the Essequibo River,
preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana has
expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims before
UNCLOS that the Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with
Venezuela extends into their waters; maritime boundary dispute with
Colombia in the Gulf of Venezuela and the Caribbean Sea; US, France
and the Netherlands recognize Venezuela's claim to give full effect
to Aves Island, which creates a Venezuelan EEZ/continental shelf
extending over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea; Dominica, Saint
Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
protest Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation
and other states' recognition of it
Vietnam
demarcation of the land boundary with China continues, but
maritime boundary and joint fishing zone agreement remains
unimplemented; Cambodia and Laos protest Vietnamese squatters and
armed encroachments along border; China occupies Paracel Islands
also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; involved in complex dispute with
China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and possibly Brunei over the
Spratly Islands; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in
the South China Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally
binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants
Virgin Islands
none
Wake Island
claimed by Marshall Islands
Wallis and Futuna
none
West Bank
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current
status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement -
permanent status to be determined through further negotiation
Western Sahara
Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, whose
sovereignty remains unresolved - UN-administered cease-fire has
remained in effect since September 1991 but attempts to hold a
referendum have failed and parties thus far have rejected all
brokered proposals
World
stretching over 250,000 km, the world's 325 international land
boundaries separate the 192 independent states and 72 dependencies,
areas of special sovereignty, and other miscellaneous entities;
ethnicity, culture, race, religion, and language have divided states
into separate political entities as much as history, physical
terrain, political fiat, or conquest, resulting in sometimes
arbitrary and imposed boundaries; maritime states have claimed
limits and have so far established over 130 maritime boundaries and
joint development zones to allocate ocean resources and to provide
for national security at sea; boundary, borderland/resource, and
territorial disputes vary in intensity from managed or dormant to
violent or militarized; most disputes over the alignment of
political boundaries are confined to short segments and are today
less common and less hostile than borderland, resource, and
territorial disputes; undemarcated, indefinite, porous, and
unmanaged boundaries, however, encourage illegal cross-border
activities, uncontrolled migration, and confrontation; territorial
disputes may evolve from historical and/or cultural claims, or they
may be brought on by resource competition; ethnic clashes continue
to be responsible for much of the territorial fragmentation around
the world; disputes over islands at sea or in rivers frequently form
the source of territorial and boundary conflict; other sources of
contention include access to water and mineral (especially
petroleum) resources, fisheries, and arable land; nonetheless, most
nations cooperate to clarify their international boundaries and to
resolve territorial and resource disputes peacefully; regional
discord directly affects the sustenance and welfare of local
populations, often leaving the world community to cope with
resultant refugees, hunger, disease, impoverishment, deforestation,
and desertification
Yemen
Yemen protests Eritrea fishing around the Hanish Islands
awarded to Yemen by the ICJ in 1999; nomadic groups in border region
with Saudi Arabia resist demarcation of boundary in accordance wih
2000 Jeddah Treaty; Yemen protests Saudi erection of a
concrete-filled pipe as a security barrier in 2004 to stem illegal
cross-border activities in sections of the boundary
Zambia
the Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe boundary
convergence is not clearly defined or delimited
Zimbabwe
the Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe boundary
convergence is not clearly defined or delimited
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
@2075 Ethnic groups (%)
Afghanistan
Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Aimak 4%,
Turkmen 3%, Baloch 2%, other 4%
Albania
Albanian 95%, Greek 3%, other 2% (Vlach, Roma (Gypsy), Serb,
and Macedonian or Bulgarian) (1989 est.)
note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from
1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization)
Algeria
Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%
note: almost all Algerians are Berber in origin, not Arab; the
minority who identify themselves as Berber live mostly in the
mountainous region of Kabylie east of Algeirs; the Berbers are also
Muslim but identify with their Berber rather than Arab cultural
heritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes violently, for
autonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but has
offered to begin sponsoring teaching Berber language in schools
American Samoa
Samoan (Polynesian) 89%, Caucasian 2%, Tongan 4%,
other 5%
Andorra
Spanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other
6% (1998)
Angola
Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed
European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%
Anguilla
black (predominant), mulatto, white
Antigua and Barbuda
black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian
Argentina
white (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%, mestizo,
Amerindian, or other nonwhite groups 3%
Armenia
Armenian 93%, Azeri 1%, Russian 2%, other (mostly Yezidi
Kurds) 4% (2002)
note: as of the end of 1993, virtually all Azeris had emigrated from
Armenia
Aruba
mixed white/Caribbean Amerindian 80%
Australia
Caucasian 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1%
Austria
German 88.5%, indigenous minorities 1.5% (includes
Croatians, Slovenes, Hungarians, Czechs, Slovaks, Roma), recent
immigrant groups 10% (includes Turks, Bosnians, Serbians, Croatians)
(2001)
Azerbaijan
Azeri 90%, Dagestani 3.2%, Russian 2.5%, Armenian 2%,
other 2.3% (1998 est.)
note: almost all Armenians live in the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh
region
Bahamas, The
black 85%, white 12%, Asian and Hispanic 3%
Bahrain
Bahraini 63%, Asian 19%, other Arab 10%, Iranian 8%
Bangladesh
Bengali 98%, tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims (1998)
Barbados
black 90%, white 4%, Asian and mixed 6%
Belarus
Belarusian 81.2%, Russian 11.4%, Polish, Ukrainian, and
other 7.4%
Belgium
Fleming 58%, Walloon 31%, mixed or other 11%
Belize
mestizo 48.7%, Creole 24.9%, Maya 10.6%, Garifuna 6.1%, other
9.7%
Benin
African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja,
Yoruba, Bariba), Europeans 5,500
Bermuda
black 58%, white 36%, other 6%
Bhutan
Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35% (includes Lhotsampas - one of
several Nepalese ethnic groups), indigenous or migrant tribes 15%
Bolivia
Quechua 30%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry)
30%, Aymara 25%, white 15%
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serb 37.1%, Bosniak 48%, Croat 14.3%, other
0.6% (2000)
note: Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid
confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam
Botswana
Tswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other,
including Kgalagadi and white 7%
Brazil
white (includes Portuguese, German, Italian, Spanish, Polish)
55%, mixed white and black 38%, black 6%, other (includes Japanese,
Arab, Amerindian) 1%
British Virgin Islands
black 83%, white, Indian, Asian and mixed
Brunei
Malay 67%, Chinese 15%, indigenous 6%, other 12%
Bulgaria
Bulgarian 83.9%, Turk 9.4%, Roma 4.7%, other 2% (including
Macedonian, Armenian, Tatar, Circassian) (2001)
Burkina Faso
Mossi over 40%, Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande,
Fulani
Burma
Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian
2%, Mon 2%, other 5%
Burundi
Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%,
Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000
Cambodia
Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%
Cameroon
Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%,
Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, other
African 13%, non-African less than 1%
Canada
British Isles origin 28%, French origin 23%, other European
15%, Amerindian 2%, other, mostly Asian, African, Arab 6%, mixed
background 26%
Cape Verde
Creole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%
Cayman Islands
mixed 40%, white 20%, black 20%, expatriates of
various ethnic groups 20%
Central African Republic
Baya 33%, Banda 27%, Mandjia 13%, Sara 10%,
Mboum 7%, M'Baka 4%, Yakoma 4%, other 2%
Chad
200 distinct groups; in the north and center: Arabs, Gorane
(Toubou, Daza, Kreda), Zaghawa, Kanembou, Ouaddai, Baguirmi,
Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Hausa, Boulala, and Maba, most of whom are
Muslim; in the south: Sara (Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye), Moundang,
Moussei, Massa, most of whom are Christian or animist; about 1,000
French citizens live in Chad
Chile
white and white-Amerindian 95%, Amerindian 3%, other 2%
China
Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao,
Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%
Christmas Island
Chinese 70%, European 20%, Malay 10%
note: no indigenous population (2001)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Europeans, Cocos Malays
Colombia
mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed
black-Amerindian 3%, Amerindian 1%
Comoros
Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
over 200 African ethnic groups of
which the majority are Bantu; the four largest tribes - Mongo, Luba,
Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about
45% of the population
Congo, Republic of the
Kongo 48%, Sangha 20%, M'Bochi 12%, Teke 17%,
Europeans and other 3%
note: Europeans estimated at 8,500, mostly French, before the 1997
civil war; may be half that in 1998, following the widespread
destruction of foreign businesses in 1997
Cook Islands
Polynesian (full blood) 81.3%, Polynesian and European
7.7%, Polynesian and non-European 7.7%, European 2.4%, other 0.9%
Costa Rica
white (including mestizo) 94%, black 3%, Amerindian 1%,
Chinese 1%, other 1%
Cote d'Ivoire
Akan 42.1%, Voltaiques or Gur 17.6%, Northern Mandes
16.5%, Krous 11%, Southern Mandes 10%, other 2.8% (includes 130,000
Lebanese and 14,000 French) (1998)
Croatia
Croat 89.6%, Serb 4.5%, Bosniak 0.5%, Hungarian 0.4%,
Slovene 0.3%, Czech 0.2%, Roma 0.2%, Albanian 0.1%, Montenegrin
0.1%, others 4.1% (2001)
Cuba
mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%
Cyprus
Greek 77%, Turkish 18%, other 5% (2001)
Czech Republic
Czech 81.2%, Moravian 13.2%, Slovak 3.1%, Polish
0.6%, German 0.5%, Silesian 0.4%, Roma 0.3%, Hungarian 0.2%, other
0.5% (1991)
Denmark
Scandinavian, Inuit, Faroese, German, Turkish, Iranian,
Somali
Djibouti
Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian
5%
Dominica
black, mixed black and European, European, Syrian, Carib
Amerindian
Dominican Republic
white 16%, black 11%, mixed 73%
East Timor
Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian), Papuan, small Chinese
minority
Ecuador
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%,
Spanish and others 7%, black 3%
Egypt
Eastern Hamitic stock (Egyptians, Bedouins, and Berbers) 99%,
Greek, Nubian, Armenian, other European (primarily Italian and
French) 1%
El Salvador
mestizo 90%, Amerindian 1%, white 9%
Equatorial Guinea
Bioko (primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos), Rio Muni
(primarily Fang), Europeans less than 1,000, mostly Spanish
Eritrea
ethnic Tigrinya 50%, Tigre and Kunama 40%, Afar 4%, Saho
(Red Sea coast dwellers) 3%, other 3%
Estonia
Estonian 65.3%, Russian 28.1%, Ukrainian 2.5%, Belarusian
1.5%, Finn 1%, other 1.6% (1998)
Ethiopia
Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigre 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%,
Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1%
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
British
Faroe Islands
Scandinavian
Fiji
Fijian 51% (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesian
admixture), Indian 44%, European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas
Chinese, and other 5% (1998 est.)
Finland
Finn 93.4%, Swede 5.7%, Russian 0.4%, Estonian 0.2%, Roma
0.2%, Sami 0.1%
France
Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African,
Indochinese, Basque minorities
French Guiana
black or mulatto 66%, white 12%, East Indian, Chinese,
Amerindian 12%, other 10%
French Polynesia
Polynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%,
metropolitan French 4%
Gabon
Bantu tribes including four major tribal groupings (Fang,
Bapounou, Nzebi, Obamba), other Africans and Europeans 154,000,
including 10,700 French and 11,000 persons of dual nationality
Gambia, The
African 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola
10%, Serahuli 9%, other 4%), non-African 1%
Gaza Strip
Palestinian Arab and other 99.4%, Jewish 0.6%
Georgia
Georgian 70.1%, Armenian 8.1%, Russian 6.3%, Azeri 5.7%,
Ossetian 3%, Abkhaz 1.8%, other 5%
Germany
German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of
Greek, Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish)
Ghana
black African 98.5% (major tribes - Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba
16%, Ewe 13%, Ga 8%, Gurma 3%, Yoruba 1%), European and other 1.5%
(1998)
Gibraltar
Spanish, Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese, German,
North Africans
Greece
Greek 98%, other 2%
note: the Greek Government states there are no ethnic divisions in
Greece
Greenland
Greenlander 88% (Inuit and Greenland-born whites), Danish
and others 12% (January 2000)
Grenada
black 82%, mixed black and European 13%, European and East
Indian 5% , and trace of Arawak/Carib Amerindian
Guadeloupe
black or mulatto 90%, white 5%, East Indian, Lebanese,
Chinese less than 5%
Guam
Chamorro 37%, Filipino 26%, white 10%, Chinese, Japanese,
Korean, and other 27%
Guatemala
Mestizo (mixed Amerindian-Spanish or assimilated
Amerindian - in local Spanish called Ladino), approximately 55%,
Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian, approximately 43%, whites
and others 2%
Guernsey
UK and Norman-French descent with small percentages from
other European countries
Guinea
Peuhl 40%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, smaller ethnic groups 10%
Guinea-Bissau
African 99% (Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca 14%,
Mandinga 13%, Papel 7%), European and mulatto less than 1%
Guyana
East Indian 50%, black 36%, Amerindian 7%, white, Chinese,
and mixed 7%
Haiti
black 95%, mulatto and white 5%
Holy See (Vatican City)
Italians, Swiss, other
Honduras
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European) 90%, Amerindian 7%,
black 2%, white 1%
Hong Kong
Chinese 95%, other 5%
Hungary
Hungarian 89.9%, Roma 4%, German 2.6%, Serb 2%, Slovak 0.8%,
Romanian 0.7%
Iceland
homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts 94%,
population of foreign origin 6%
India
Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)
Indonesia
Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays
7.5%, other 26%
Iran
Persian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%,
Arab 3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%
Iraq
Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5%
Ireland
Celtic, English
Israel
Jewish 80.1% (Europe/America-born 32.1%, Israel-born 20.8%,
Africa-born 14.6%, Asia-born 12.6%), non-Jewish 19.9% (mostly Arab)
(1996 est.)
Italy
Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and
Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and
Greek-Italians in the south)
Jamaica
black 90.9%, East Indian 1.3%, white 0.2%, Chinese 0.2%,
mixed 7.3%, other 0.1%
Japan
Japanese 99%, others 1% (Korean 511,262, Chinese 244,241,
Brazilian 182,232, Filipino 89,851, other 237,914)
note: up to 230,000 Brazilians of Japanese origin migrated to Japan
in the 1990s to work in industries; some have returned to Brazil
(2004)
Jersey
UK and Norman-French descent
Jordan
Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%
Kazakhstan
Kazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%, Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek
2.5%, German 2.4%, Uygur 1.4%, other 6.6% (1999 census)
Kenya
Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii
6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, and
Arab) 1%
Kiribati
predominantly Micronesian with some Polynesian
Korea, North
racially homogeneous; there is a small Chinese
community and a few ethnic Japanese
Korea, South
homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)
Kuwait
Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%,
other 7%
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyz 64.9%, Uzbek 13.8%, Russian 12.5%, Dungan 1.1%,
Ukrainian 1%, Uygur 1%, other 5.7% (1999 census)
Laos
Lao Loum (lowland) 68%, Lao Theung (upland) 22%, Lao Soung
(highland) including the Hmong and the Yao 9%, ethnic
Vietnamese/Chinese 1%
Latvia
Latvian 57.7%, Russian 29.6%, Belarusian 4.1%, Ukrainian
2.7%, Polish 2.5%, Lithuanian 1.4%, other 2% (2002)
Lebanon
Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%
Lesotho
Sotho 99.7%, Europeans, Asians, and other 0.3%,
Liberia
indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio,
Kru, Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, Dei, Bella,
Mandingo, and Mende), Americo-Liberians 2.5% (descendants of
immigrants from the US who had been slaves), Congo People 2.5%
(descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean who had been slaves)
Libya
Berber and Arab 97%, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians,
Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, Tunisians
Liechtenstein
Alemannic 86%, Italian, Turkish, and other 14%
Lithuania
Lithuanian 80.6%, Russian 8.7%, Polish 7%, Belarusian
1.6%, other 2.1%
Luxembourg
Celtic base (with French and German blend), Portuguese,
Italian, Slavs (from Montenegro, Albania, and Kosovo) and European
(guest and resident workers)
Macau
Chinese 95%, Macanese (mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry),
Portuguese, other
Macedonia
Macedonian 64.2%, Albanian 25.2%, Turkish 3.8%, Roma 2.7%,
Serb 1.8%, other 2.3% (2002)
Madagascar
Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers
(mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry -
Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian,
Creole, Comoran
Malawi
Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuka, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni,
Ngonde, Asian, European
Malaysia
Malay and other indigenous 58%, Chinese 24%, Indian 8%,
others 10% (2000)
Maldives
South Indians, Sinhalese, Arabs
Mali
Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%,
Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%
Malta
Maltese (descendants of ancient Carthaginians and Phoenicians,
with strong elements of Italian and other Mediterranean stock)
Man, Isle of
Manx (Norse-Celtic descent), Briton
Marshall Islands
Micronesian
Martinique
African and African-white-Indian mixture 90%, white 5%,
East Indian, Chinese less than 5%
Mauritania
mixed Maur/black 40%, Moor 30%, black 30%
Mauritius
Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%,
Franco-Mauritian 2%
Mayotte
NA
Mexico
mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly
Amerindian 30%, white 9%, other 1%
Micronesia, Federated States of
nine ethnic Micronesian and
Polynesian groups
Moldova
Moldovan/Romanian 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13%,
Jewish 1.5%, Bulgarian 2%, Gagauz and other 5.2% (1989 est.)
note: internal disputes with ethnic Slavs in the Transnistrian region
Monaco
French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%
Mongolia
Mongol (mostly Khalkha) 94.9%, Turkic (mostly Kazakh) 5%,
other (including Chinese and Russian) 0.1% (2000)
Montserrat
black, white
Morocco
Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%
Mozambique
indigenous tribal groups 99.66% (Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe,
Sena, and others), Europeans 0.06%, Euro-Africans 0.2%, Indians 0.08%
Namibia
black 87.5%, white 6%, mixed 6.5%
note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9%
to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups are: Herero 7%, Damara
7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5%
Nauru
Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European
8%
Nepal
Brahman, Chetri, Newar, Gurung, Magar, Tamang, Rai, Limbu,
Sherpa, Tharu, and others (1995)
Netherlands
Dutch 83%, other 17% (of which 9% are non-Western origin
mainly Turks, Moroccans, Antilleans, Surinamese and Indonesians)
(1999 est.)
Netherlands Antilles
mixed black 85%, Carib Amerindian, white, East
Asian
New Caledonia
Melanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%,
Polynesian 3.8%, Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3%
New Zealand
New Zealand European 74.5%, Maori 9.7%, other European
4.6%, Pacific Islander 3.8%, Asian and others 7.4%
Nicaragua
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 69%, white 17%, black
9%, Amerindian 5%
Niger
Hausa 56%, Djerma 22%, Fula 8.5%, Tuareg 8%, Beri Beri
(Kanouri) 4.3%, Arab, Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%, about 1,200
French expatriates
Nigeria
Nigeria, which is Africa's most populous country, is
composed of more than 250 ethnic groups; the following are the most
populous and politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba
21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5%
Niue
Polynesian (with some 200 Europeans, Samoans, and Tongans)
Norfolk Island
descendants of the Bounty mutineers, Australian, New
Zealander, Polynesians
Northern Mariana Islands
Chamorro, Carolinians and other
Micronesians, Caucasian, Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, Korean
Norway
Norwegian, Sami 20,000
Oman
Arab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan,
Bangladeshi), African
Pakistan
Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir
(immigrants from India at the time of partition and their
descendants)
Palau
Palauan (Micronesian with Malayan and Melanesian admixtures)
70%, Asian (mainly Filipinos, followed by Chinese, Taiwanese, and
Vietnamese) 28%, white 2% (2000 est.)
Panama
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 70%, Amerindian and
mixed (West Indian) 14%, white 10%, Amerindian 6%
Papua New Guinea
Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian
Paraguay
mestizo (mixed Spanish and Amerindian) 95%
Peru
Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white
15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%
Philippines
Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese 1.5%,
other 3%
Pitcairn Islands
descendants of the Bounty mutineers and their
Tahitian wives
Poland
Polish 96.7%, German 0.4%, Belarusian 0.1%, Ukrainian 0.1%,
other 2.7% (2002)
Portugal
homogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black African
descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less
than 100,000; since 1990 East Europeans have entered Portugal
Puerto Rico
white (mostly Spanish origin) 80.5%, black 8%,
Amerindian 0.4%, Asian 0.2%, mixed and other 10.9%
Qatar
Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%
Reunion
French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, Indian
Romania
Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%, Roma 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%,
German 0.3%, Russian 0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002)
Russia
Russian 81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash 1.2%,
Bashkir 0.9%, Belarusian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1% (1989)
Rwanda
Hutu 84%, Tutsi 15%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%
Saint Helena
African descent 50%, white 25%, Chinese 25%
Saint Kitts and Nevis predominantly black; some British, Portuguese, and Lebanese
Saint Lucia
black 90%, mixed 6%, East Indian 3%, white 1%
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Basques and Bretons (French fishermen)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
black 66%, mixed 19%, East Indian
6%, Carib Amerindian 2%, other 7%
Samoa
Samoan 92.6%, Euronesians 7% (persons of European and
Polynesian blood), Europeans 0.4%
San Marino
Sammarinese, Italian
Sao Tome and Principe
mestico, angolares (descendants of Angolan
slaves), forros (descendants of freed slaves), servicais (contract
laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children
of servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)
Saudi Arabia
Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%
Senegal
Wolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%, Mandinka
3%, Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%
Serbia and Montenegro
Serb 62.6%, Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%,
Hungarian 3.3%, other 12.6% (1991)
Seychelles
mixed French, African, Indian, Chinese, and Arab
Sierra Leone
20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%,
other 30%), Creole (Krio) 10% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves
who were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century),
refugees from Liberia's recent civil war, small numbers of
Europeans, Lebanese, Pakistanis, and Indians
Singapore
Chinese 76.7%, Malay 14%, Indian 7.9%, other 1.4%
Slovakia
Slovak 85.7%, Hungarian 10.6%, Roma 1.6% (the 1992 census
figures underreport the Gypsy/Romany community, which is about
500,000), Czech, Moravian, Silesian 1.1%, Ruthenian and Ukrainian
0.6%, German 0.1%, Polish 0.1%, other 0.2% (1996)
Slovenia
Slovene 92%, Croat 1%, Serb 0.5%, Hungarian 0.4%, Bosniak
0.3%, other 5.8% (1991)
Solomon Islands
Melanesian 93%, Polynesian 4%, Micronesian 1.5%,
European 0.8%, Chinese 0.3%, other 0.4%
Somalia
Somali 85%, Bantu and other non-Somali 15% (including Arabs
30,000)
South Africa
black 75.2%, white 13.6%, Colored 8.6%, Indian 2.6%
Spain
composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types
Sri Lanka
Sinhalese 74%, Tamil 18%, Moor 7%, Burgher, Malay, and
Vedda 1%
Sudan
black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1%
Suriname
Hindustani (also known locally as "East Indians"; their
ancestors emigrated from northern India in the latter part of the
19th century) 37%, Creole (mixed white and black) 31%, Javanese 15%,
"Maroons" (their African ancestors were brought to the country in
the 17th and 18th centuries as slaves and escaped to the interior)
10%, Amerindian 2%, Chinese 2%, white 1%, other 2%
Svalbard
Norwegian 55.4%, Russian and Ukrainian 44.3%, other 0.3%
(1998)
Swaziland
African 97%, European 3%
Sweden
indigenous population: Swedes and Finnish and Sami
minorities; foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns,
Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks
Switzerland
German 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other
6%
Syria
Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%
Taiwan
Taiwanese (including Hakka) 84%, mainland Chinese 14%,
aborigine 2%
Tajikistan
Tajik 64.9%, Uzbek 25%, Russian 3.5% (declining because
of emigration), other 6.6%
Tanzania
mainland - native African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu
consisting of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian,
European, and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, native African, mixed Arab and
native African
Thailand
Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%
Togo
native African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe,
Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%
Tokelau
Polynesian
Tonga
Polynesian, Europeans about 300
Trinidad and Tobago
East Indian (a local term - primarily immigrants
from northern India) 40.3%, black 39.5%, mixed 18.4%, white 0.6%,
Chinese and other 1.2%
Tunisia
Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%
Turkey
Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (estimated)
Turkmenistan
Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003)
Turks and Caicos Islands
black 90%, mixed, European, or North
American 10%
Tuvalu
Polynesian 96%, Micronesian 4%
Uganda
Baganda 17%, Ankole 8%, Basoga 8%, Iteso 8%, Bakiga 7%, Langi
6%, Rwanda 6%, Bagisu 5%, Acholi 4%, Lugbara 4%, Batoro 3%, Bunyoro
3%, Alur 2%, Bagwere 2%, Bakonjo 2%, Jopodhola 2%, Karamojong 2%,
Rundi 2%, non-African (European, Asian, Arab) 1%, other 8%
Ukraine
Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan
0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian
0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001)
United Arab Emirates
Emirati 19%, other Arab and Iranian 23%, South
Asian 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians)
8% (1982)
note: less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)
United Kingdom
English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh 1.9%,
Ulster 1.8%, West Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other 2.8%
United States
white 77.1%, black 12.9%, Asian 4.2%, Amerindian and
Alaska native 1.5%, native Hawaiian and other Pacific islander 0.3%,
other 4% (2000)
note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the US
Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean a person of Latin American
descent (including persons of Cuban, Mexican, or Puerto Rican
origin) living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group
(white, black, Asian, etc.)
Uruguay
white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian, practically
nonexistent
Uzbekistan
Uzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak
2.5%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.)
Vanuatu
indigenous Melanesian 98%, French, Vietnamese, Chinese,
other Pacific Islanders
Venezuela
Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African,
indigenous people
Vietnam
Vietnamese 85%-90%, Chinese, Hmong, Thai, Khmer, Cham,
mountain groups
Virgin Islands
black 78%, white 10%, other 12%
note: West Indian 81% (49% born in the Virgin Islands and 32% born
elsewhere in the West Indies), US mainland 13%, Puerto Rican 4%,
other 2%
Wallis and Futuna
Polynesian
West Bank
Palestinian Arab and other 83%, Jewish 17%
Western Sahara
Arab, Berber
Yemen
predominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians, Europeans
Zambia
African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%
Zimbabwe
African 98% (Shona 82%, Ndebele 14%, other 2%), mixed and
Asian 1%, white less than 1%
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
@2076 Exchange rates
Afghanistan
afghanis per US dollar - 50 (2003), 50 (2002), 3,000
(2001), 3,000 (2000), 3,000 (1999)
note: in 2002, the afghani was revalued and the currency stabilized
at about 50 afghanis to the dollar; before 2002, the market rate
varied widely from the official rate
Albania
leke per US dollar - 121.863 (2003), 140.155 (2002), 143.485
(2001), 143.709 (2000), 137.691 (1999)
Algeria
Algerian dinars per US dollar - 77.395 (2003), 79.6819
(2002), 77.215 (2001), 75.2598 (2000), 66.5739 (1999)
American Samoa
the US dollar is used
Andorra
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.12
(2001), 1.09 (2000), 0.94 (1999)
Angola
kwanza per US dollar - 74.6063 (2003), 43.5302 (2002),
22.0579 (2001), 10.041 (2000), 2.791 (1999), 0.393 (1998); note - in
December 1999 the kwanza was revalued with six zeroes dropped off
the old value
Anguilla
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.70 (fixed rate
since 1976)
Antigua and Barbuda
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7
(2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999), 2.7 (1998)
(fixed rate since 1976)
Argentina
Argentine pesos per US dollar - 2.9003 (2003), 3.0633
(2002), 0.9995 (2001), 0.9995 (2000), 0.9995 (1999)
Armenia
drams per US dollar - 578.763 (2002), 555.078 (2001),
539.526 (2000), 535.062 (1999)
Aruba
Aruban guilders/florins per US dollar - 1.79 (2003), 1.79
(2002), 1.79 (2001), 1.79 (2000), 1.79 (1999)
Australia
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406
(2002), 1.9334 (2001), 1.7248 (2000), 1.55 (1999)
Austria
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani manats per US dollar - 4,910.73 (2003),
4,860.82 (2002), 4,656.58 (2001), 4,474.15 (2000), 4,120.17 (1999)
Bahamas, The
Bahamian dollars per US dollar - 1 (2003), 1 (2002), 1
(2001), 1 (2000), 1 (1999)
Bahrain
Bahraini dinars per US dollar - 0.376 (2003), 0.376 (2002),
0.376 (2001), 0.376 (2000), 0.376 (1999)
Bangladesh
taka per US dollar - 58.15 (2003), 57.888 (2002), 55.8067
(2001), 52.1417 (2000), 49.0854 (1999)
Barbados
Barbadian dollars per US dollar - 2 (2003), 2 (2002), 2
(2001), 2 (2000), 2 (1999)
Belarus
Belarusian rubles per US dollar - 1,790.92 (2003), 1,920
(2002), 1,390 (2001), 876.75 (2000), 248.795 (1999)
Belgium
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)
Belize
Belizean dollars per US dollar - 2 (2003), 2 (2002), 2
(2001), 2 (2000), 2 (1999)
Benin
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976 (2000),
615.699 (1999)
Bermuda
Bermudian dollar per US dollar - 1.0000 (fixed rate pegged
to the US dollar)
Bhutan
ngultrum per US dollar - 46.5806 (2003), 48.6103 (2002),
47.1864 (2001), 44.9416 (2000), 43.0554 (1999)
Bolivia
bolivianos per US dollar - 7.6592 (2003), 7.17 (2002),
6.6069 (2001), 6.1835 (2000), 5.8124 (1999)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
marka per US dollar - 1.7329 (2003), 1.7329
(2002), 2.1857 (2001), 2.1244 (2000), 1.8371 (1999)
Botswana
pulas per US dollar - 4.9499 (2003), 6.3278 (2002), 5.8412
(2001), 5.1018 (2000), 4.6244 (1999)
Brazil
reals per US dollar - 3.0771 (2003), 2.9208 (2002), 2.3577
(2001), 1.8301 (2000), 1.8147 (1999)
note: from October 1994 through 14 January 1999, the official rate
was determined by a managed float; since 15 January 1999, the
official rate floats independently with respect to the US dollar
British Virgin Islands
the US dollar is used
Brunei
Bruneian dollars per US dollar - 1.7422 (2003), 1.7906
(2002), 1.7917 (2001), 1.724 (2000), 1.695 (1999)
Bulgaria
leva per US dollar - 1.7327 (2003), 2.077 (2002), 2.1847
(2001), 2.1233 (2000), 1.8364 (1999)
note: on 5 July 1999, the lev was redenominated; the post-5 July
1999 lev is equal to 1,000 of the pre-5 July 1999 lev
Burkina Faso
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976
(2000), 615.699 (1999)
Burma
kyats per US dollar - 6.0764 (2003), 6.5734 (2002), 6.6841
(2001), 6.5167 (2000), 6.2858 (1999)
note: these are official exchange rates; unofficial exchange rates
ranged in 2003 from 100 kyat/US dollar to nearly 1000 kyat/US dollar
Burundi
Burundi francs per US dollar - 1,082.62 (2003), 930.75
(2002), 830.35 (2001), 720.67 (2000), 563.56 (1999)
Cambodia
riels per US dollar - 3,973.33 (2003), 3,912.08 (2002),
3,916.33 (2001), 3,840.75 (2000), 3,807.83 (1999)
Cameroon
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar
- 581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976 (2000),
615.699 (1999)
Canada
Canadian dollars per US dollar - 1.4011 (2003), 1.5693
(2002), 1.5488 (2001), 1.4851 (2000), 1.4857 (1999)
Cape Verde
Cape Verdean escudos (CVE) per US dollar - 97.703 (2003),
117.168 (2002), 123.228 (2001), 115.877 (2000), 102.7 (1999)
Cayman Islands
Caymanian dollars per US dollar - 0.82 (29 October
2001), 0.83 (3 November 1995), 0.85 (22 November 1993)
Central African Republic
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs
(XAF) per US dollar - 581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001),
711.976 (2000), 615.699 (1999)
Chad
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -
581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976 (2000),
615.699 (1999)
Chile
Chilean pesos per US dollar - 691.433 (2003), 688.936 (2002),
634.938 (2001), 535.466 (2000), 508.777 (1999)
China
yuan per US dollar - 8.277 (2003), 8.277 (2002), 8.2771
(2001), 8.2785 (2000), 8.2783 (1999)
Christmas Island
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.5419 (2003),
1.9354 (2002), 1.9320 (2001), 1.7173(2000), 1.5497 (1999)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.5419
(2003), 1.9354 (2002), 1.9320 (2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999)
Colombia
Colombian pesos per US dollar - 2,877.65 (2003), 2,504.24
(2002), 2,299.63 (2001), 2,087.9 (2000), 1,756.23 (1999)
Comoros
Comoran francs (KMF) per US dollar - 435.9 (2003), 522.741
(2002), 549.779 (2001), 533.982 (2000), 461.775 (1999)
note: prior to January 1999, the official rate was pegged to the
French franc at 75 Comoran francs per French franc; since 1 January
1999, the Comoran franc is pegged to the euro at a rate of 491.9677
Comoran francs per euro
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congolese francs per US dollar -
NA (2003), 346.485 (2002), 206.617 (2001), 21.82 (2000), 4.02 (1999)
Congo, Republic of the
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF)
per US dollar - 581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.98
(2000), 615.7 (1999)
Cook Islands
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.7229 (2003),
2.1622 (2002), 2.3776 (2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999)
Costa Rica
Costa Rican colones per US dollar - 398.663 (2003),
359.817 (2002), 328.871 (2001), 308.187 (2000), 285.685 (1999)
Cote d'Ivoire
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976
(2000), 615.699 (1999)
Croatia
kuna per US dollar - 6.7035 (2003), 7.8687 (2002), 8.34
(2001), 8.2766 (2000), 7.1124 (1999)
Cuba
Cuban pesos per US dollar - 1.0000 (nonconvertible, official
rate, for international transactions, pegged to the US dollar);
convertible peso sold for domestic use at a rate of 27 pesos per US
dollar by the Government of Cuba (2002)
Cyprus
Cypriot pounds per US dollar - 0.5174 (2003), 0.6107 (2002),
0.6431 (2001), 0.6224 (2000), 0.5429 (1999), Turkish lira per US
dollar 1.505 million (2003), 1.507 million (2002), 1,225,590 (2001),
625,218 (2000), 418,783 (1999)
Czech Republic
koruny per US dollar - 28.209 (2003), 32.7385 (2002),
38.0353 (2001), 38.5984 (2000), 34.5692 (1999)
Denmark
Danish kroner per US dollar - 6.5877 (2003), 7.8947 (2002),
8.3228 (2001), 8.0831 (2000), 6.9762 (1999)
Djibouti
Djiboutian francs per US dollar - 177.721 (2003), 177.721
(2002), 177.721 (2001), 177.721 (2000), 177.721 (1999)
Dominica
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2003), 2.7
(2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999)
Dominican Republic
Dominican pesos per US dollar - 30.8307 (2003),
18.6098 (2002), 16.9516 (2001), 16.415 (2000), 16.0331 (1999)
East Timor
the US dollar is the legal tender
Ecuador
Ecuador formally adopted the US dollar as legal tender in
March 2000
Egypt
Egyptian pounds per US dollar - 5.8509 (2003), 4.4997 (2002),
3.973 (2001), 3.4721 (2000), 3.3953 (1999)
El Salvador
the US dollar is the legal tender
Equatorial Guinea
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per
US dollar - 581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976
(2000), 615.699 (1999)
Eritrea
nakfa (ERN) per US dollar - NA (2003), 13.9582 (2002),
11.3095 (2001), 9.5 (2000), 7.6 (1999)
Estonia
krooni per US dollar - 13.8564 (2003), 16.6118 (2002),
17.4781 (2001), 16.9686 (2000), 14.6776 (1999)
Ethiopia
birr per US dollar - NA (2003), 8.5678 (2002), 8.4575
(2001), 8.2173 (2000), 7.9423 (1999)
note: since 24 October 2001 exchange rates are determined on a daily
basis via interbank transactions regulated by the Central Bank
European Union
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Falkland pounds per US dollar -
0.6125 (2003), 0.6661 (2002), 0.6944 (2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.618
(1999), 0.6037 (1998); note - the Falkland pound is at par with the
British pound
Faroe Islands
Danish kroner per US dollar - 6.5877 (2003), 7.89
(2002), 8.323 (2001), 8.083 (2000), 6.976 (1999)
Fiji
Fijian dollars per US dollar - 1.8958 (2003), 2.1869 (2002),
2.2766 (2001), 2.1286 (2000), 1.9696 (1999)
Finland
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)
France
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)
French Guiana
Euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)
French Polynesia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US
dollar - 105.73 (2003), 126.72 (2002), 133.26 (2001), 129.43 (2000),
111.93 (1999)
note: pegged at the rate of 119.25 XPF to the euro
Gabon
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -
581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976 (2000),
615.699 (1999)
Gambia, The
dalasi per US dollar - NA (2003), 19.9182 (2002),
15.6872 (2001), 12.7876 (2000), 11.3951 (1999)
Gaza Strip
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.55 (2003), 4.74
(2002), 4.21 (2001), 4.08 (2000), 4.14 (1999)
Georgia
lari per US dollar - 2.1457 (2003), 2.1957 (2002), 2.073
(2001), 1.9762 (2000), 2.0245 (1999)
Germany
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)
Ghana
cedis per US dollar - NA (2003), 7,932.7 (2002), 7,170.76
(2001), 5,455.06 (2000), 2,669.3 (1999)
Gibraltar
Gibraltar pounds per US dollar - 0.6661 (2002), 0.6944
(2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998); note - the
Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound
Greece
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 365.399 (2000), 305.647 (1999)
Greenland
Danish kroner per US dollar - 6.5877 (2003), 7.8947
(2002), 8.323 (2001), 8.083 (2000), 6.976 (1999)
Grenada
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2003), 2.7
(2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999)
Guadeloupe
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)
Guam
the US dollar is used
Guatemala
quetzales per US dollar - 7.9409 (2003), 7.8216 (2002),
7.8586 (2001), 7.7632 (2000), 7.3856 (1999)
Guernsey
Guernsey pounds per US dollar - 0.6661 (2002), 0.6944
(2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998); note - the
Guernsey pound is at par with the British pound
Guinea
Guinean francs per US dollar - NA (2003), 1,975.84 (2002),
1,950.56 (2001), 1,746.87 (2000), 1,387.4 (1999)
Guinea-Bissau
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976
(2000), 615.699 (1999)
note: as of 1 May 1997, Guinea-Bissau adopted the XOF franc as the
national currency; since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc is pegged to
the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro
Guyana
Guyanese dollars per US dollar - NA (2003), 190.665 (2002),
187.321 (2001), 182.43 (2000), 177.995 (1999)
Haiti
gourdes per US dollar - 40.5 (2003), 29.2505 (2002), 24.4291
(2001), 21.1707 (2000), 16.9379 (1999)
Holy See (Vatican City)
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003),1.1324
(2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)
Honduras
lempiras per US dollar - 17.3453 (2003), 16.4334 (2002),
15.4737 (2001), 14.8392 (2000), 14.2132 (1999)
Hong Kong
Hong Kong dollars per US dollar - 7.7868 (2003), 7.7989
(2002), 7.7988 (2001), 7.7912 (2000), 7.7575 (1999)
Hungary
forints per US dollar - 224.307 (2003), 257.887 (2002),
286.49 (2001), 282.179 (2000), 237.146 (1999)
Iceland
Icelandic kronur per US dollar - 76.709 (2003), 91.6617
(2002), 97.4246 (2001), 78.6159 (2000), 72.3353 (1999)
India
Indian rupees per US dollar - 46.5806 (2003), 48.6103 (2002),
47.1864 (2001), 44.9416 (2000), 43.0554 (1999)
Indonesia
Indonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 8,577.13 (2003),
9,311.19 (2002), 10,260.8 (2001), 8,421.77 (2000), 7,855.15 (1999)
Iran
rials per US dollar - 8,193.89 (2003), 6,906.96 (2002),
1,753.56 (2001), 1,764.43 (2000), 1,752.93 (1999)
note: Iran has been using a managed floating exchange rate regime
since unifying multiple exchange rates in March 2002.
Iraq
New Iraqi dinars per US dollar - 1,890 (second half, 2003)
Ireland
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)
Israel
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.5541 (2003), 4.7378
(2002), 4.2057 (2001), 4.0773 (2000), 4.1397 (1999)
Italy
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)
Jamaica
Jamaican dollars per US dollar - 57.7409 (2003), 48.4159
(2002), 45.9962 (2001), 42.7011 (2000), 39.0435 (1999)
Japan
yen per US dollar - 115.933 (2003), 125.388 (2002), 121.529
(2001), 107.765 (2000), 113.907 (1999)
Jersey
Jersey pounds per US dollar - 0.6661 (2002), 0.6944 (2001),
0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999); the Jersey pound is at par with the
British pound
Jordan
Jordanian dinars per US dollar - 0.709 (2003), 0.709 (2002),
0.709 (2001), 0.709 (2000), 0.709 (1999)
Kazakhstan
tenge per US dollar - 149.576 (2003), 153.279 (2002),
146.736 (2001), 142.133 (2000), 119.523 (1999)
Kenya
Kenyan shillings per US dollar - 75.9356 (2003), 78.7491
(2002), 78.5632 (2001), 76.1755 (2000), 70.3262 (1999)
Kiribati
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.5419 (2003), 1.8406
(2002), 1.9334 (2001), 1.7248 (2000), 1.55 (1999)
Korea, North
official: North Korean won per US dollar - 150
(December 2002), 2.15 (December 2001), 2.15 (May 1994), 2.13 (May
1992), 2.14 (September 1991), 2.1 (January 1990); market: North
Korean won per US dollar - 300-600 (December 2002), 200 (December
2001)
Korea, South
South Korean won per US dollar - 1,191.61 (2003),
1,251.09 (2002), 1,290.99 (2001), 1,130.96 (2000), 1,188.82 (1999)
Kuwait
Kuwaiti dinars per US dollar - 0.298 (2003), 0.3039 (2002),
0.3067 (2001), 0.3068 (2000), 0.3044 (1999)
Kyrgyzstan
soms per US dollar - 43.6484 (2003), 46.9371 (2002),
48.378 (2001), 47.7038 (2000), 39.0077 (1999)
Laos
kips per US dollar - 10,443 (2003), 10,056.3 (2002), 8,954.58
(2001), 7,887.64 (2000), 7,102.02 (1999)
Latvia
lati per US dollar - 0.5715 (2003), 0.6182 (2002), 0.6279
(2001), 0.6065 (2000), 0.5852 (1999)
Lebanon
Lebanese pounds per US dollar - 1,507.5 (2003), 1,507.5
(2002), 1,507.5 (2001), 1,507.5 (2000), 1,507.84 (1999)
Lesotho
maloti per US dollar - 7.5648 (2003), 10.5407 (2002), 8.6092
(2001), 6.9398 (2000), 6.1095 (1999)
Liberia
Liberian dollars per US dollar - NA (2003), 61.7542 (2002),
48.5833 (2001), 40.9525 (2000), 41.9025 (1999)
Libya
Libyan dinars per US dollar - 1.2929 (2003), 1.2707 (2002),
0.6051 (2001), 0.4994 (2000), 0.3936 (1999)
Liechtenstein
Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.3467 (2003), 1.5586
(2002), 1.6876 (2001), 1.6888 (2000), 1.5022 (1999)
Lithuania
litai per US dollar - 3.0609 (2003), 3.677 (2002), 4
(2001), 4 (2000), 4 (1999)
Luxembourg
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)
Macau
patacas per US dollar - 8.0212 (2003), 8.0334 (2002), 8.0335
(2001), 8.0259 (2000), 7.9919 (1999)
Macedonia
Macedonian denars per US dollar - NA (2003), 64.3498
(2002), 68.0371 (2001), 65.9039 (2000), 56.9018 (1999)
Madagascar
Malagasy francs per US dollar - 6,210 (2003), 6,831.96
(2002), 6,588.49 (2001), 6,767.48 (2000), 6,283.77 (1999)
Malawi
Malawian kwachas per US dollar - NA (2003), 76.6866 (2002),
72.1973 (2001), 59.5438 (2000), 44.0881 (1999)
Malaysia
ringgits per US dollar - 3.8 (2003), 3.8 (2002), 3.8
(2001), 3.8 (2000), 3.8 (1999)
Maldives
rufiyaa per US dollar - 12.8 (2003), 12.8 (2002), 12.2421
(2001), 11.77 (2000), 11.77 (1999)
Mali
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976 (2000),
615.699 (1999)
Malta
Maltese liri per US dollar - 0.3772 (2003), 0.4336 (2002),
0.4501 (2001), 0.4382 (2000), 0.3989 (1999)
Man, Isle of
Manx pounds per US dollar - 0.6125 (2003), 0.6661
(2002), 0.6944 (2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999); the Manx pound
is at par with the British pound
Marshall Islands
the US dollar is the legal tender
Martinique
euros per US dollar - 0.8860 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US
dollar - 5.8995 (1998)
Mauritania
ouguiyas per US dollar - NA (2003), 271.739 (2002),
255.629 (2001)
Mauritius
Mauritian rupees per US dollar - 27.9015 (2003), 29.962
(2002), 29.1293 (2001), 26.2496 (2000), 25.1858 (1999)
Mayotte
euros per US dollar - 0.8860 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)
Mexico
Mexican pesos per US dollar - 10.789 (2003), 9.656 (2002),
9.3423 (2001), 9.4556 (2000), 9.5604 (1999)
Micronesia, Federated States of
the US dollar is used
Moldova
lei per US dollar - 13.9449 (2003), 13.5705 (2002), 12.8651
(2001), 12.4342 (2000), 10.5158 (1999)
Monaco
euros per US dollar - 0.8860 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)
Mongolia
togrogs/tugriks per US dollar - 1,171 (2003), 1,110.31
(2002), 1,097.7 (2001), 1,076.67 (2000), 1,021.87 (1999)
Montserrat
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate
since 1976)
Morocco
Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 9.5744 (2003), 11.0206
(2002), 11.303 (2001), 10.6256 (2000), 9.8044 (1999)
Mozambique
meticais per US dollar - 23,782.3 (2003), 23,678 (2002),
20,703.6 (2001), 15,447.1 (2000), 13,028.6 (1999)
note: effective October 2000, the exchange rate is determined as the
weighted average of buying and selling exchange rates of all
transactions of commercial banks and stock exchanges with the public
Namibia
Namibian dollars per US dollar - 7.5648 (2003), 10.5407
(2002), 8.6092 (2001), 6.9398 (2000), 6.1095 (1999)
Nauru
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.5419 (2003), 1.2641
(2002) 1.9320 (2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999)
Nepal
Nepalese rupees per US dollar - 76.1414 (2003), 77.8766
(2002), 74.9492 (2001), 71.0938 (2000), 68.2394 (1999)
Netherlands
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002),
1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)
Netherlands Antilles
Netherlands Antillean guilders per US dollar -
1.79 (2003), 1.79 (2002), 1.79 (2001), 1.79 (2000), 1.79 (1999)
New Caledonia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US
dollar - 105.73 (2003), 126.72 (2002), 133.26 (2001), 129.44 (2000),
111.93 (1999)
New Zealand
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.7229 (2003),
2.1622 (2002), 2.3788 (2001), 2.2012 (2000), 1.8896 (1999)
Nicaragua
gold cordobas per US dollar - 14.2513 (2003), 14.2513
(2002), 13.3719 (2001), 12.6844 (2000), 11.8092 (1999)
Niger
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976 (2000),
615.699 (1999)
Nigeria
nairas per US dollar - 129.222 (2003), 120.578 (2002),
111.231 (2001), 101.697 (2000), 92.3381 (1999)
Niue
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.7229 (2003), 2.1620
(2002), 2.3776 (2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999)
Norfolk Island
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.5419 (2003),
1.8406 (2002), 1.9320 (2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999)
Northern Mariana Islands
the US dollar is used
Norway
Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 7.0802 (2003), 7.9838
(2002), 8.9917 (2001), 8.8018 (2000), 7.7992 (1999)
Oman
Omani rials per US dollar - 0.3845 (2003), 0.3845 (2002),
0.3845 (2001), 0.3845 (2000), 0.3845 (1999)
Pakistan
Pakistani rupees per US dollar - 57.752 (2003), 59.7238
(2002), 61.9272 (2001), 53.6482 (2000), 49.1183 (1999)
Palau
the US dollar is used
Panama
balboas per US dollar - 1 (2003), 1 (2002), 1 (2001), 1
(2000), 1 (1999)
Papua New Guinea
kina per US dollar - 3.5635 (2003), 3.8952 (2002),
3.3887 (2001), 2.7822 (2000), 2.5708 (1999)
Paraguay
guarani per US dollar - 6,424.34 (2003), 5,716.26 (2002),
4,105.92 (2001), 3,486.35 (2000), 3,119.07 (1999)
Peru
nuevo sol per US dollar - 3.4785 (2003), 3.5165 (2002), 3.5068
(2001), 3.49 (2000), 3.3833 (1999)
Philippines
Philippine pesos per US dollar - 54.2033 (2003), 51.6036
(2002), 50.9926 (2001), 44.1922 (2000), 39.089 (1999)
Pitcairn Islands
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.7229 (2003),
2.162 (2002), 2.3776 (2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999)
Poland
zlotych per US dollar - 3.8891 (2003), 4.08 (2002), 4.0939
(2001), 4.3461 (2000), 3.9671 (1999)
note: zlotych is the plural form of zloty
Portugal
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)
Puerto Rico
the US dollar is used
Qatar
Qatari rials per US dollar - 3.64 (2003), 3.64 (2002), 3.64
(2001), 3.64 (2000), 3.64 (1999)
Reunion
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)
Romania
lei per US dollar - 33,200.1 (2003), 33,055.4 (2002),
29,060.8 (2001), 21,708.7 (2000), 15,332.8 (1999)
Russia
Russian rubles per US dollar - 30.692 (2003), 31.3485 (2002),
29.1685 (2001), 28.1292 (2000), 24.6199 (1999)
note: the post-1 January 1998 ruble is equal to 1,000 of the pre-1
January 1998 rubles
Rwanda
Rwandan francs per US dollar - 537.658 (2003), 476.327
(2002), 442.801 (2001), 389.696 (2000), 333.942 (1999)
Saint Helena
Saint Helenian pounds per US dollar - 0.6661 (2002),
0.6944 (2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998),
Saint Kitts and Nevis
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7
(2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999)
Saint Lucia
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7 (2003), 2.7
(2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626
(2002), 1.0626 (2001), 1.08540 (2000), 0.93863 (1999)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
East Caribbean dollars per US
dollar - 2.7 (2003), 2.7 (2002), 2.7 (2001), 2.7 (2000), 2.7 (1999)
Samoa
tala per US dollar - 2.9732 (2003), 3.3763 (2002), 3.478
(2001), 3.2864 (2000), 3.0132 (1999)
San Marino
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)
Sao Tome and Principe
dobras per US dollar - 9,347.58 (2003),
9,088.32 (2002), 8,842.11 (2001), 7,978.17 (2000), 7,118.96 (1999)
Saudi Arabia
Saudi riyals per US dollar - 3.745 (2003), 3.745
(2002), 3.745 (2001), 3.745 (2000), 3.745 (1999)
Senegal
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976 (2000),
615.699 (1999)
Serbia and Montenegro
new Yugoslav dinars per US dollar - official
rate: 65 (2002)
Seychelles
Seychelles rupees per US dollar - 5.4007 (2003), 5.48
(2002), 5.8575 (2001), 5.7138 (2000), 5.3426 (1999)
Sierra Leone
leones per US dollar - 2,347.94 (2003), 2,099.03
(2002), 1,986.15 (2001), 2,092.12 (2000), 1,804.19 (1999)
Singapore
Singapore dollars per US dollar - 1.7422 (2003), 1.7906
(2002), 1.7917 (2001), 1.724 (2000), 1.695 (1999)
Slovakia
koruny per US dollar - 36.7729 (2003), 45.3267 (2002),
48.3548 (2001), 46.0352 (2000), 41.3628 (1999)
Slovenia
tolars per US dollar - 207.099 (2003), 240.248 (2002),
242.749 (2001), 222.656 (2000), 181.769 (1999)
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands dollars per US dollar - NA (2003),
6.7488 (2002), 5.278 (2001), 5.0889 (2000), 4.8381 (1999)
Somalia
Somali shillings per US dollar - 11,000 (November 2000),
2,620 (January 1999), 7,500 (November 1997 est.), 7,000 (January
1996 est.), 5,000 (1 January 1995)
note: the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared independent
country not recognized by any foreign government, issues its own
currency, the Somaliland shilling
South Africa
rand per US dollar - 7.5648 (2003), 10.5407 (2002),
8.6092 (2001), 6.9398 (2000), 6.1095 (1999)
Spain
euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175
(2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)
Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan rupees per US dollar - 96.521 (2003), 95.6621
(2002), 89.383 (2001), 77.0051 (2000), 70.6354 (1999)
Sudan
Sudanese dinars per US dollar - 260.983 (2003), 263.306
(2002), 258.702 (2001), 257.122 (2000), 252.55 (1999)
Suriname
Surinamese guilders per US dollar - NA (2003), 2,346.75
(2002), 2,178.5 (2001), 1,322.47 (2000), 859.437 (1999)
note: during 1998, the exchange rate splintered into four distinct
rates; in January 1999 the government floated the guilder, but
subsequently fixed it when the black-market rate plunged; the
government currently allows trading within a band of SRG 500 around
the official rate
Svalbard
Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 7.0802 (2003), 7.9838
(2002), 8.9917 (2001), 8.8018 (2000), 7.7992 (1999)
Swaziland
emalangeni per US dollar - 7.5648 (2003), 10.5407 (2002),
8.6092 (2001), 6.9398 (2000), 6.1095 (1999)
Sweden
Swedish kronor per US dollar - 8.0853 (2003), 9.7371 (2002),
10.3291 (2001), 9.1622 (2000), 8.2624 (1999)
Switzerland
Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.3467 (2003), 1.5586
(2002), 1.6876 (2001), 1.6888 (2000), 1.5022 (1999)
Syria
Syrian pounds per US dollar - (Official rate): 11.225 (2003),
11.225 (2002), 11.225 (2001), 11.225 (2000), 11.225 (1999), (Free
market rate): 49.65 (2001), 49.4 (2000), 51.7 (1999)
Taiwan
new Taiwan dollars per US dollar - 34.418 (2003), 34.575
(2002), 33.8 (2001), 33.09 (2000), 31.6 (1999)
Tajikistan
Tajikistani somoni per US dollar - 3.0614 (2003), 2.7641
(2002), 2.3722 (2001), 2.0763 (2000), 1.2378 (1999)
note: the new unit of exchange was introduced on 30 October 2000,
with one somoni equal to 1,000 of the old Tajikistani rubles
Tanzania
Tanzanian shillings per US dollar - NA (2003), 966.583
(2002), 876.412 (2001), 800.409 (2000), 744.759 (1999)
Thailand
baht per US dollar - 41.4846 (2003), 42.9601 (2002),
44.4319 (2001), 40.1118 (2000), 37.8137 (1999)
Togo
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
581.2 (2003), 696.988 (2002), 733.039 (2001), 711.976 (2000),
615.699 (1999)
Tokelau
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.7229 (2003), 2.154
(2002), 2.3776 (2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999)
Tonga
pa'anga per US dollar - NA (2003), 2.1952 (2002), 2.1236
(2001), 1.7585 (2000), 1.5991 (1999)
Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago dollars per US dollar -
6.2929 (2003), 6.2487 (2002), 6.2332 (2001), 6.2998 (2000), 6.2989
(1999)
Tunisia
Tunisian dinars per US dollar - 1.2885 (2003), 1.4217
(2002), 1.4387 (2001), 1.3707 (2000), 1.1862 (1999)
Turkey
Turkish liras per US dollar - NA (2003), 1,507,230 (2002),
1,225,590 (2001), 625,218 (2000), 418,783 (1999), 151,865 (1997)
Turkmenistan
Turkmen manats per US dollar - 5,200 (2003), 5,200
(2002), 5,200 (2001), 5,200 (2000), 5,200 (1999);note - the official
exchange rate has not varied for the last six years; the unofficial
rate has fluctuated slightly, hovering around 21,000 manats to the
dollar
Turks and Caicos Islands
the US dollar is used
Tuvalu
Tuvaluan dollars or Australian dollars per US dollar -
1.5419, (2003), 1.8406 (2002), 1.9320 (2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497
(1999)
Uganda
Ugandan shillings per US dollar - 1,963.72 (2003), 1,797.55
(2002), 1,755.66 (2001), 1,644.48 (2000), 1,454.83 (1999)
Ukraine
hryvnia per US dollar - 5.3327 (2003), 5.3266 (2002), 5.3722
(2001), 5.4402 (2000), 4.1304 (1999)
United Arab Emirates
Emirati dirhams per US dollar - 3.67 (2003),
3.6725 (2002), 3.6725 (2001), 3.6725 (2000), 3.6725 (1999)
United Kingdom
British pounds per US dollar - 0.55 (2004), 0.61
(2003), 0.67 (2002), 0.69 (2001), 0.66 (2000), 0.62 (1999)
United States
British pounds per US dollar - 0.6139 (2003), 0.6661
(2002), 0.6944 (2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), Canadian
dollars per US dollar - 1.4045 (2003), 1.5693 (2002), 1.5488 (2001),
1.4851 (2000), 1.4857 (1999), Japanese yen per US dollar - 116.08
(2003), 125.39 (2002), 121.53 (2001), 107.77 (2000), 113.91 (1999),
euros per US dollar - 0.8866 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001),
1.08540 (2000), 0.93863 (1999)
Uruguay
Uruguayan pesos per US dollar - 28.2091 (2003), 21.257
(2002), 13.3191 (2001), 12.0996 (2000), 11.3393 (1999)
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani sums per US dollar - 115.9 (2003), 125.3
(2002), NA (2001), 236.608 (2000), 124.625 (1999)
Vanuatu
vatu per US dollar - 122.189 (2003), 139.198 (2002), 145.312
(2001), 137.643 (2000), 129.075 (1999)
Venezuela
bolivares per US dollar - 1,607.79 (2003), 1,160.95
(2002), 723.666 (2001), 679.96 (2000), 605.717 (1999)
Vietnam
dong per US dollar - 15,279.5 (2003), 15,279.5 (2002),
14,725.2 (2001), 14,167.7 (2000), 13,943.2 (1999)
Virgin Islands
the US dollar is used
Wallis and Futuna
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per
US dollar - 105.73 (2003), 126.72 (2002), 133.26 (2001), 129.43
(2000), 111.93 (1999), 107.25 (1998)
West Bank
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.5541 (2003), 4.7378
(2002), 4.2057 (2001), 4.0773 (2000), 4.1397 (1999); Jordanian
dinars per US dollar - fixed rate of 0.7090 (from 1996)
Western Sahara
Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 9.574 (2003), 11.584
(2002), 11.303 (2001), 10.626 (2000), 9.804 (1999)
Yemen
Yemeni rials per US dollar - NA (2003), 175.625 (2002),
168.672 (2001), 161.718 (2000), 155.718 (1999)
Zambia
Zambian kwacha per US dollar - 4,733.77 (2003), 4,398.59
(2002), 3,610.93 (2001), 3,110.84 (2000), 2,388.02 (1999)
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwean dollars per US dollar - NA (2003), 55.0358
(2002), 55.0521 (2001), 44.4179 (2000), 38.3012 (1999); note - these
are official exchange rates, non-official rates vary significantly
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
@2077 Executive branch
Afghanistan
chief of state: President of the Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan, Hamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government; former
King ZAHIR Shah holds the honorific, "Father of the Country," and
presides symbolically over certain occasions, but lacks any
governing authority; the honorific is not hereditary
head of government: President of the Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan, Hamid KARZAI (since 7 December 2004); note - the
president is both chief of state and head of government
cabinet: 27 ministers; note - under the new constitution, ministers
are appointed by the president and approved by the National Assembly
elections: the president and two vice presidents are elected by
direct vote for a five-year term; if no candidate receives 50% or
more of the vote in the first round of voting, the two candidates
with the most votes will participate in a second round; a president
can only be elected for two terms; election last held 9 October 2004
(next to be held in 2009)
election results: Hamid KARZAI elected president; percent of vote -
Hamid KARZAI - 55.4%, Yunus QANOONI - 16.3%, Mohammad MOHAQEQ -
11.6%, Abdul Rashid DOSTAM 10.0%, Abdul Latif PEDRAM - 1.4%, Masooda
JALAL - 1.2%
Akrotiri
chief of state: Queen Elizabeth II (since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Administrator Maj. Gen. Peter Tomas Clayton
PEARSON (since 9 May 2003) note - reports to the British Ministry of
Defence
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the administrator is
appointed by the monarch
Albania
chief of state: President of the Republic Alfred MOISIU
(since 24 July 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Fatos NANO (since 31 July 2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister,
nominated by the president, and approved by Parliament
elections: president elected by the People's Assembly for a
five-year term; election last held 24 June 2002 (next to be held NA
June 2007); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Alfred MOISIU elected president; People's Assembly
vote by number - total votes 116, for 97, against 19
Algeria
chief of state: President Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (since 28
April 1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Ahmed OUYAHIA (since 9 May 2003)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 8 April 2004 (next to be held NA April 2009);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA reelected president for
second term; percent of vote - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA 85%, Ali BENFLIS
6.4%, Abdallah DJABALLAH 5%
American Samoa
chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US
(since 20 January 2001) and Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since
20 January 2001)
head of government: Governor Togiola TULAFONO (since 7 April 2003)
cabinet: NA
elections: US president and vice president elected on the same
ticket for four-year terms; governor and lieutenant governor elected
on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election
last held 2 and 16 November 2004 (next to be held November 2008)
election results: Togiola TULAFONO elected governor; percent of
vote: Togiola TULAFONO 55.7%, Afoa Moega LUTU 44.3%
Andorra
chief of state: French Coprince Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May
1995), represented by Philippe MASSONI (since 26 July 2002); Spanish
Coprince Bishop Joan Enric VIVES i SICILIA (since 12 May 2003),
represented by Nemesi MARQUES i OSTE (since NA)
head of government: Executive Council President Marc FORNE Molne
(since 21 December 1994)
cabinet: Executive Council or Govern designated by the Executive
Council president
elections: Executive Council president elected by the General
Council and formally appointed by the coprinces for a four-year
term; election last held 4 March 2001 (next to be held April-May
2005)
election results: Marc FORNE Molne elected executive council
president; percent of General Council vote - NA%
Angola
chief of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21
September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21
September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and
head of government; Fernando de Piedade Dias DOS SANTOS was
appointed Prime Minister on 6 December 2002, but this is not a
position of real power
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by universal ballot for a NA-year term;
President DOS SANTOS originally elected (in 1979) without opposition
under a one-party system and stood for reelection in Angola's first
multiparty elections 29-30 September 1992 (next to be held NA)
election results: DOS SANTOS 49.6%, Jonas SAVIMBI 40.1%, making a
run-off election necessary; the run-off was not held and SAVIMBI's
National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)
repudiated the results of the first election; the civil war resumed
Anguilla
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
represented by Governor Alan Eden HUCKLE (since 28 May 2004)
head of government: Chief Minister Osbourne FLEMING (since 3 March
2000)
cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from among the
elected members of the House of Assembly
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed chief minister by the governor
Antigua and Barbuda
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by Governor General James B. CARLISLE
(since 10 June 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Baldwin SPENCER (since 24 March
2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the governor general on
the advice of the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general chosen
by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister; following
legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the
leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister
by the governor general
Argentina
chief of state: President Nestor KIRCHNER (since 25 May
2003); Vice President Daniel SCIOLI (since 25 May 2003); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Nestor KIRCHNER (since 25 May 2003);
Vice President Daniel SCIOLI (since 25 May 2003); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms; the last election held was the
presidential primary election of 27 April 2003 (next election to be
held NA 2007)
election results: results of the presidential primary of 27 April
2003: Carlos Saul MENEM 24.3%, Nestor KIRCHNER 22%, Ricardo Lopez
MURPHY 16.4%, Adolfo Rodriguez SAA 14.4%, Elisa CARRIO 14.2%, other
8.7%; the subsequent runoff election slated for 25 May 2003 was
awarded to KIRCHNER by default after MENEM withdrew his candidacy on
the eve of the election
Armenia
chief of state: President Robert KOCHARIAN (since 30 March
1998)
head of government: Prime Minister Andranik MARKARYAN (since 12 May
2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 19 February and 5 March 2003 (next to be held NA
2008); prime minister appointed by the president; the prime minister
and Council of Ministers must resign if the National Assembly
refuses to accept their program
election results: Robert KOCHARIAN reelected president; percent of
vote - Robert KOCHARIAN 67.5%, Stepan DEMIRCHYAN 32.5%
Aruba
chief of state: Queen BEATRIX of the Netherlands (since 30
April 1980), represented by Governor General Fredis REFUNJOL (since
11 May 2004)
head of government: Prime Minister Nelson O. ODUBER (since 30
October 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers (elected by the Staten)
elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed for
a six-year term by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime
minister elected by the Staten for four-year terms; election last
held 28 September 2001 (next to be held by December 2005)
election results: Nelson O. ODUBER elected prime minister; percent
of legislative vote - NA
Australia
chief of state: Queen of Australia ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by Governor General Maj. Gen. (Ret.)
Michael JEFFERY (since 11 August 2003)
head of government: Prime Minister John Winston HOWARD (since 11
March 1996); Deputy Prime Minister John ANDERSON (since 20 July 1999)
cabinet: Parliament nominates and selects, from among its members, a
list of candidates to serve as government ministers; from this list,
the governor general swears in the final selections for the Cabinet
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime
minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or leader of a majority coalition is sworn in as
prime minister by the governor general
note: government coalition - Liberal Party and National Party
Austria
chief of state: President Heinz FISCHER (since 8 July 2004)
head of government: Chancellor Wolfgang SCHUESSEL (OeVP)(since 4
February 2000); Vice Chancellor Hubert GORBACH (since 21 October
2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the advice
of the chancellor
elections: president elected by direct popular vote for a six-year
term; presidential election last held 25 April 2004 (next to be held
NA April 2010); chancellor traditionally chosen by the president
from the plurality party in the National Council; vice chancellor
chosen by the president on the advice of the chancellor
election results: Heinz FISCHER elected president; percent of vote -
Heinz FISCHER (SPOe) 52.4%, Benita FERRERO-WALDNER (OeVP) 47.6%
note: government coalition - OeVP and FPOe
Azerbaijan
chief of state: President Ilham ALIYEV (since 31 October
2003)
head of government: Prime Minister Artur RASIZADE (since 4 November
2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Abbas ABBASOV (since 10 November
2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and
confirmed by the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote to a five-year term;
election last held 15 October 2003 (next to be held NA October
2008); prime minister and first deputy prime ministers appointed by
the president and confirmed by the National Assembly
election results: Ilham ALIYEV elected president; percent of vote -
Ilham ALIYEV 76.8%, Isa GAMBAR 14%
Bahamas, The
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor General Dame Ivy DUMONT (since NA May
2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Perry CHRISTIE (since 3 May 2002)
and Deputy Prime Minister Cynthia PRATT (since 7 May 2002)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the prime
minister's recommendation
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; the
prime minister recommends the deputy prime minister
Bahrain
chief of state: King HAMAD bin Isa Al Khalifa (since 6 March
1999); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad (son of the
monarch, born 21 October 1969)
head of government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al Khalifa
(since NA 1971)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister
appointed by the monarch
Bangladesh
chief of state: President Iajuddin AHMED (since 6
September 2002); note - the president's duties are normally
ceremonial, but with the 13th amendment to the constitution
("Caretaker Government Amendment"), the president's role becomes
significant at times when Parliament is dissolved and a caretaker
government is installed - at presidential direction - to supervise
the elections
head of government: Prime Minister Khaleda ZIA (since 10 October
2001)
cabinet: Cabinet selected by the prime minister and appointed by the
president
elections: president elected by National Parliament for a five-year
term; election scheduled for 16 September 2002 was not held since
Iajuddin AHMED was the only presidential candidate; he was sworn in
on 6 September 2002 (next election to be held by NA 2007); following
legislative elections, the leader of the party that wins the most
seats is usually appointed prime minister by the president
election results: Iajuddin AHMED declared by the Election Commission
elected unopposed as president; percent of National Parliament vote
- NA
Barbados
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Sir Clifford Straughn HUSBANDS
(since 1 June 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister Owen Seymour ARTHUR (since 6
September 1994); Deputy Prime Minister Mia MOTTLEY (since 26 May
2003)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; the
prime minister recommends the deputy prime minister
Belarus
chief of state: President Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20
July 1994)
head of government: Prime Minister Sergei SIDORSKY (since 19
December 2003); First Deputy Prime Minister Vladimir SEMASHKO (since
December 2003); Deputy Prime Ministers Andrei KOBYAKOV (since
December 2003), Vladimir DRAZHIN (since 24 September 2001), Ivan
BAMBIZA (since 25 May 2004), Anatoly TYUTYUNOV (since July 2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
first election took place 23 June and 10 July 1994; according to the
1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in 1999,
however LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via a November 1996
referendum; new election held 9 September 2001; October 2004
referendum ended presidential term limits allowing president to run
for a third term in September 2006; prime minister and deputy prime
ministers appointed by the president
election results: Aleksandr LUKASHENKO reelected president; percent
of vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO 75.6%, Vladimir GONCHARIK 15.4%
Belgium
chief of state: King ALBERT II (since 9 August 1993); Heir
Apparent Prince PHILIPPE, son of the monarch
head of government: Prime Minister Guy VERHOFSTADT (since 13 July
1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers formally appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the
monarch and then approved by Parliament
note: government coalition - VLD, MR, PS, SP.A-Spirit
Belize
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Sir Colville YOUNG, Sr. (since 17
November 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Said Wilbert MUSA (since 28
August 1998); Deputy Prime Minister John BRICENO (since 1 September
1998)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; prime
minister recommends the deputy prime minister
Benin
chief of state: President Mathieu KEREKOU (since 4 April
1996); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Mathieu KEREKOU (since 4 April 1996);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president reelected by popular vote for a five-year term;
runoff election held 22 March 2001 (next to be held NA March 2006)
election results: Mathieu KEREKOU reelected president; percent of
vote - Mathieu KEREKOU 84.1%, Bruno AMOUSSOU 15.9%
note: the four top-ranking contenders following the first-round
presidential elections were: Mathieu KEREKOU (incumbent) 45.4%,
Nicephore SOGOLO (former president) 27.1%, Adrien HOUNGBEDJI
(National Assembly Speaker) 12.6%, and Bruno AMOUSSOU (Minister of
State) 8.6%; the second-round balloting, originally scheduled for 18
March 2001, was postponed four days because both SOGOLO and
HOUNGBEDJI withdrew alleging electoral fraud; this left KEREKOU to
run against his own Minister of State, AMOUSSOU, in what was termed
a "friendly match"
Bermuda
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor Sir John VEREKER (since NA April 2002)
head of government: Premier Alex SCOTT (since 24 July 2003); Deputy
Premier Ewart BROWN
cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the premier, appointed by the governor
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed premier by the governor
Bhutan
chief of state: King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July
1972)
head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Lyonpo
Yeshey ZIMBA (since 20 August 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog) nominated by the
monarch, approved by the National Assembly; members serve fixed,
five-year terms; note - there is also a Royal Advisory Council
(Lodoi Tsokde), members nominated by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary, but democratic reforms
in July 1998 grant the National Assembly authority to remove the
monarch with two-thirds vote
Bolivia
chief of state: President Carlos Diego MESA Gisbert (since
17 October 2003); Vice President (vacant); note - the president is
both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Carlos Diego MESA Gisbert (since 17
October 2003); Vice President (vacant); note - the president is both
the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 30 June 2002
(next to be held NA June 2007)
election results: as a result of no candidate winning a majority in
the 30 June 2002 election, Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA Bustamante was
chosen president by Congress; Congressional votes - Gonzalo SANCHEZ
DE LOZADA Bustamante 84, Evo MORALES 43; note - following the
resignation of the elected president on 17 October 2003, Vice
President Carlos Diego MESA Gisbert assumed the presidency
Bosnia and Herzegovina
chief of state: Chairman of the Presidency
Borislav PARAVAC (chairman since 28 October 2004; presidency member
since 10 April 2003 - Serb) other members of the three-member
rotating (every eight months) presidency: Dragan COVIC (since 5
October 2002 - Croat) and Sulejman TIHIC (since 5 October 2002 -
Bosniak); note - Mirko SAROVIC resigned 2 April 2003
head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Adnan
TERZIC (since 20 December 2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman;
approved by the National House of Representatives
elections: the three members of the presidency (one Bosniak, one
Croat, one Serb) are elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
the member with the most votes becomes the chairman unless he or she
was the incumbent chairman at the time of the election, but the
chairmanship rotates every eight months; election last held 5
October 2002 (next to be held NA 2006); the chairman of the Council
of Ministers is appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the
National House of Representatives
election results: percent of vote - Mirko SAROVIC with 35.5% of the
Serb vote was elected chairman of the collective presidency for the
first eight months; Dragan COVIC received 61.5% of the Croat vote;
Sulejman TIHIC received 37% of the Bosniak vote
note: President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Niko
LOZANCIC (since 27 January 2003); Vice Presidents Sahbaz DZIHANOVIC
(since NA 2003) and Desnica RADIVOJEVIC (since NA 2003); President
of the Republika Srpska: Dragan CAVIC (since 28 November 2002)
Botswana
chief of state: President Festus MOGAE (since 1 April 1998)
and Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998); note -
the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Festus MOGAE (since 1 April 1998) and
Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a
five-year term; election last held 16 October 1999 (next to be held
NA October 2004); vice president appointed by the president
election results: Festus MOGAE elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote - 54.3%
Brazil
chief of state: President Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (since 1
January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Luiz Inacio LULA DA SILVA (since 1
January 2003); Vice President Jose ALENCAR (since 1 January 2003);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 6 October
2002 (next to be held 1 October 2006, with a runoff on 29 October
2006 if necessary); runoff election held 27 October 2002
election results: in runoff election 27 October 2002, Luiz Inacio
LULA DA SILVA (PT) was elected with 61.3% of the vote; Jose SERRA
(PSDB) 38.7%
British Indian Ocean Territory
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II
(since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Commissioner Tony CROMBIE (since January 2004);
Administrator Charles A. HAMILTON (since 2002); note - both reside
in the UK
cabinet: NA
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; commissioner and
administrator appointed by the monarch
British Virgin Islands
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by Governor Tom MACAN (since 14 October
2002)
head of government: Chief Minister Orlando D. SMITH (since 17 June
2003)
cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from members of
the Legislative Council
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed chief minister by the governor
Brunei
chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL
Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chief
of state and head of government
head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah
(since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chief of
state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Cabinet Ministers appointed and presided over by
the monarch; deals with executive matters; note - there is also a
Religious Council (members appointed by the monarch) that advises on
religious matters, a Privy Council (members appointed by the
monarch) that deals with constitutional matters, and the Council of
Succession (members appointed by the monarch) that determines the
succession to the throne if the need arises
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary
Bulgaria
chief of state: President Georgi PURVANOV (since 22 January
2002); Vice President Angel MARIN (since 22 January 2002)
head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime
Minister) Simeon SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA (since 24 July 2001); Deputy
Prime Ministers Nikolay VASILEV (since 24 July 2001), Lidiya SHULEVA
(since 24 July 2001), and Plamen PANAYOTOV (since 17 July 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and
elected by the National Assembly
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 11 November
and 18 November 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); chairman of the
Council of Ministers (prime minister) nominated by the president and
elected by the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers nominated
by the prime minister and elected by the National Assembly
election results: Georgi PURVANOV elected president; percent of vote
- Georgi PURVANOV 54.13%, Petar STOYANOV 45.87%
Burkina Faso
chief of state: President Blaise COMPAORE (since 15
October 1987)
head of government: Prime Minister Ernest Paramanga YONLI (since 6
November 2000)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 15 November 1998 (next to be held NA 2005); in
April 2000, the constitution was amended reducing the presidential
term from seven to five years, enforceable as of 2005, and allowing
the president to be reelected only once; it is unclear whether this
amendment will be applied retroactively or not; prime minister
appointed by the president with the consent of the legislature
election results: Blaise COMPAORE reelected president with 87.5%
percent of the vote
Burma
chief of state: Chairman of the State Peace and Development
Council Sr. Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992)
head of government: Prime Minister, Gen SOE WIN (since 19 October
2004)
cabinet: State Peace and Development Council (SPDC); military junta,
so named 15 November 1997, which initially assumed power 18
September 1988 under the name State Law and Order Restoration
Council (SLORC); the SPDC oversees the cabinet
elections: none
Burundi
chief of state: President Domitien NDAYIZEYE (since 30 April
2003); note - NDAYIZEYE, a Hutu, was sworn in as president for the
second half of the three-year transitional government inaugurated on
1 November 2001; Vice President Frederic NGENZEBUHORO (since 11
November 2004)
head of government: President Domitien NDAYIZEYE (since 30 April
2003); note - NDAYIZEYE, a Hutu, was sworn in as president for the
second half of the three-year transitional government inaugurated on
1 November 2001; Vice President Frederic NGENZEBUHORO (since 11
November 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by president
elections: NA; current president assumed power on 30 April 2003 as
part of the transitional government established by the 2000 Arusha
Accord
Cambodia
chief of state: King Norodom SIHAMONI (since 29 October
2004)
head of government: Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 14 January 1985)
and Deputy Prime Ministers SAR KHENG (since 3 February 1992),
Norodom SIRIVUDH, SOK AN, LU LAY SRENG, TEA BANH, HOR NAMHONG, NHEK
BUNCHHAY (since 16 July 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers in theory appointed by the monarch; in
practice named by the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is chosen by a Royal Throne Council;
following legislative elections, a member of the majority party or
majority coalition is named prime minister by the Chairman of the
National Assembly and appointed by the king
Cameroon
chief of state: President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982)
head of government: Prime Minister Ephraim INONI (since 8 Dec 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from proposals submitted
by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 11 October 2004 (next to be held NA October
2011); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: President Paul BIYA reelected; percent of vote -
Paul BIYA 70.9%, John FRU NDI 17.4%, Adamou Ndam NJOYA 4.5%, Garga
Haman ADJI 3.7%
Canada
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Adrienne CLARKSON (since 7 October
1999)
head of government: Prime Minister Paul MARTIN (since 12 December
2003); Deputy Prime Minister Anne MCLELLAN (since 12 December 2003)
cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister from among
the members of his own party sitting in Parliament
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a
five-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition in the House
of Commons is automatically designated prime minister by the
governor general
Cape Verde
chief of state: President Pedro PIRES (since 22 March
2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Jose Maria Pereira NEVES (since 1
February 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 11 and 25 February 2001 (next to be held NA
February 2006); prime minister nominated by the National Assembly
and appointed by the president
election results: Pedro PIRES elected president; percent of vote -
Pedro PIRES (PAICV) 49.43%, Carlos VIEGA (MPD) 49.42%; note - the
election was won by only twelve votes
Cayman Islands
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952); Governor Bruce DINWIDDY (since 29 May 2002)
head of government: Chief Secretary W. McKeeva BUSH (since NA
December 2001)
cabinet: Executive Council (three members appointed by the governor,
four members elected by the Legislative Assembly)
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the governor is
appointed by the monarch; the chief secretary is appointed by the
governor
Central African Republic
chief of state: President Francois BOZIZE
(since 15 March 2003 coup) and Vice President Abel GOUMA (since 12
December 2003)
head of government: Prime Minister Celestin GAOMBALET (since 12
December 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: NA; municipal, legislative and presidential elections
scheduled for December 2004 or January 2005; prime minister
appointed by the president
Chad
chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY (since 4
December 1990)
head of government: Prime Minister Pascal YOADIMNADJI (since 3
February 2005)
cabinet: Council of State, members appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote to serve five-year
term; if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the
two candidates receiving the most votes must stand for a second
round of voting; last held 20 May 2001 (next to be held NA 2006);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY reelected president; percent
of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 63%, Ngarlegy YORONGAR 16%, Saleh
KEBZABO 7%
note: government coalition - MPS, UNDR, and URD
Chile
chief of state: President Ricardo LAGOS Escobar (since 11
March 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
head of government: President Ricardo LAGOS Escobar (since 11 March
2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;
election last held 12 December 1999, with runoff election held 16
January 2000 (next to be held NA December 2005)
election results: Ricardo LAGOS Escobar elected president; percent
of vote - Ricardo LAGOS Escobar 51.32%, Joaquin LAVIN 48.68%
China
chief of state: President HU Jintao (since 15 March 2003) and
Vice President ZENG Qinghong (since 15 March 2003)
head of government: Premier WEN Jiabao (since 16 March 2003); Vice
Premiers HUANG Ju (since 17 March 2003), WU Yi (17 March 2003), ZENG
Peiyan (since 17 March 2003), and HUI Liangyu (since 17 March 2003)
cabinet: State Council appointed by the National People's Congress
(NPC)
elections: president and vice president elected by the National
People's Congress for five-year terms; elections last held 15-17
March 2003 (next to be held mid-March 2008); premier nominated by
the president, confirmed by the National People's Congress
election results: HU Jintao elected president by the Tenth National
People's Congress with a total of 2,937 votes (4 delegates voted
against him, 4 abstained, and 38 did not vote); ZENG Qinghong
elected vice president by the Tenth National People's Congress with
a total of 2,578 votes (177 delegates voted against him, 190
abstained, and 38 did not vote); 2 seats were vacant
Christmas Island
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by the Australian governor general
head of government: Administrator Evan WILLIAMS (since 1 November
2003)
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed
by the governor general of Australia and represents the monarch and
Australia
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by the Australian governor general
head of government: Administrator (nonresident) Evan WILLIAMS (since
1 November 2003)
cabinet: NA
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed
by the governor general of Australia and represents the monarch and
Australia
Colombia
chief of state: President Alvaro URIBE Velez (since 7
August 2002); Vice President Francisco SANTOS (since 7 August 2002);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Alvaro URIBE Velez (since 7 August
2002); Vice President Francisco SANTOS (since 7 August 2002); note -
the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet consists of a coalition of the two dominant parties
- the PL and PSC - and independents
elections: president and vice president elected by popular vote for
a four-year term; election last held 26 May 2002 (next to be held NA
May 2006)
election results: President Alvaro URIBE Velez received 53% of the
vote; Vice President Francisco SANTOS was elected on the same ticket
Comoros
chief of state: President AZALI Assoumani (since 26 May
2002); note - following a 1999 coup AZALI was appointed president;
in January 2002 he resigned his position to run in the 14 April 2002
presidential elections; Prime Minister Hamada Madi BOLERO was
appointed interim president until replaced again by AZALI in May
2002 when BOLERO was appointed Minister of External Defense and
Territorial Security; the president is both the chief of state and
the head of government
head of government: President AZALI Assoumani (since 26 May 2002);
note - following a 1999 coup AZALI was appointed president; in
January 2002 he resigned his position to run in the 14 April 2002
presidential elections; Prime Minister Hamada Madi BOLERO was
appointed interim president until replaced again by AZALI in May
2002 when BOLERO was appointed Minister of External Defense and
Territorial Security; the president is both the chief of state and
the head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: as defined by the 2001 constitution, the presidency
rotates every four years among the elected presidents from the three
main islands in the Union; election last held 14 April 2002 (next to
be held NA April 2007); prime minister appointed by the president;
note - AZALI has not appointed a Prime Minister since he was sworn
into office in May 2002
election results: President AZALI Assoumani elected president with
75% of the vote
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
chief of state: President Joseph
KABILA (since 26 January 2001); note - following the assassination
of his father, Laurent Desire KABILA, on 16 January 2001, Joseph
KABILA succeeded to the presidency; the president is both the chief
of state and head of government
head of government: President Joseph KABILA (since 26 January 2001);
note - following the assassination of his father, Laurent Desire
KABILA, on 16 January 2001, Joseph KABILA succeeded to the
presidency; the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: National Executive Council, appointed by the president
elections: prior to the overthrow of MOBUTU Sese Seko, the president
was elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last
held 29 July 1984 (next was scheduled to be held in May 1997);
formerly, there was also a prime minister who was elected by the
High Council of the Republic; note - a Transitional Government is
drafting a new constitution with free elections scheduled to be held
in NA 2005
election results: results of the last election were: MOBUTU Sese
Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga reelected president in 1984 without
opposition
note: Joseph KABILA succeeded his father, Laurent Desire KABILA,
following the latter's assassination in January 2001, negotiations
with rebel leaders led to the establishment of a transitional
government in July 2003 with free elections scheduled to be held in
NA 2005
Congo, Republic of the
chief of state: President Denis
SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 25 October 1997, following the civil war in
which he toppled elected president Pascal LISSOUBA); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 25 October
1997, following the civil war in which he toppled elected president
Pascal LISSOUBA); note - the president is both the chief of state
and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term
(eligible for a second seven-year term); election last held 10 March
2002 (next to be held NA 2009)
election results: Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO reelected president; percent
of vote - Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO 89.4%, Joseph Kignoumbi Kia MBOUNGOU
2.7%
Cook Islands
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Frederick GOODWIN (since 9 February 2001); New
Zealand High Commissioner Kurt MEYER (since July 2001),
representative of New Zealand
head of government: Prime Minister Jim MARURAI (since 14 December
2004); Deputy Prime Minister SIR Geoffrey HENRY (since 14 December
2004)
cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister; collectively
responsible to Parliament
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the UK representative is
appointed by the monarch; the New Zealand high commissioner is
appointed by the New Zealand Government; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition usually becomes prime minister
Coral Sea Islands
administered from Canberra by the Department of
the Environment, Sport, and Territories
Costa Rica
chief of state: President Abel PACHECO (since 8 May
2002); First Vice President Lineth SABORIO (since 8 May 2002);
Second Vice President Luis FISHMAN (since 8 May 2002); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Abel PACHECO (since 8 May 2002); First
Vice President Lineth SABORIO (since NA May 2002); Second Vice
President Luis FISHMAN (since NA May 2002); note - the president is
both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet selected by the president
elections: president and vice presidents elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 3 February
2002; run-off election held 7 April 2002 (next to be held NA
February 2006)
election results: Abel PACHECO elected president; percent of vote -
Abel PACHECO (PUSC) 58%; Rolando ARAYA (PLN) 42%
Cote d'Ivoire
chief of state: President Laurent GBAGBO (since 26
October 2000); note - seized power following a popular overthrow of
the interim leader Gen. Robert GUEI who had claimed a dubious
victory in presidential elections; Gen. GUEI himself had assumed
power on 25 December 1999, following a military coup against the
government of former President Henri Konan BEDIE
head of government: Prime Minister Seydou DIARRA (since 25 January
2003); note - appointed as transitional Prime Minister by President
GBAGBO as part of a French brokered peace plan
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 26 October 2000 (next to be held NA 2005); prime
minister appointed by the president
election results: Laurent GBAGBO elected president; percent of vote
- Laurent GBAGBO 59.4%, Robert GUEI 32.7%, Francis WODIE 5.7%, other
2.2%
Croatia
chief of state: President Stjepan (Stipe) MESIC (since 18
February 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Ivo SANADER (since 9 December
2003); Deputy Prime Ministers Jadranka KOSOR (since 23 December
2003) and Andrija HEBRANG (since 23 December 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and
approved by the parliamentary Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 16 January 2005 (next to be held January 2010);
prime minister nominated by the president in line with the balance
of power in the Assembly
election results: Stjepan MESIC reelected president; percent of vote
- Stjepan MESIC (HNS) 66%, Jadranka KOSOR (HDZ) 34%
Cuba
chief of state: President of the Council of State and President
of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (prime minister from
February 1959 until 24 February 1976 when office was abolished;
president since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the
Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of
Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President of the Council of State and President
of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (prime minister from
February 1959 until 24 February 1976 when office was abolished;
president since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the
Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of
Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the president of the
Council of State and appointed by the National Assembly or the
31-member Council of State, elected by the Assembly to act on its
behalf when it is not in session
elections: president and vice presidents elected by the National
Assembly for a term of five years; election last held 6 March 2003
(next to be held in 2008)
election results: Fidel CASTRO Ruz reelected president; percent of
legislative vote - 100%; Raul CASTRO Ruz elected vice president;
percent of legislative vote - 100%
Cyprus
chief of state: President Tassos PAPADOPOULOS (since 1 March
2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government; post of vice president is currently vacant; under the
1960 constitution, the post is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot
head of government: President Tassos PAPADOPOULOS (since 1 March
2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government; post of vice president is currently vacant; under the
1960 constitution, the post is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed jointly by the president and
vice president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 16 February 2003 (next to be held NA February
2008)
election results: Tassos PAPADOPOULOS elected president; percent of
vote - Tassos PAPADOPOULOS 51.5%, Glafkos KLIRIDIS 38.8%, Alekos
MARKIDIS 6.6%
note: Rauf R. DENKTASH has been "president" of north Cyprus since 13
February 1975 ("president" elected by popular vote for a five-year
term); elections last held 15 April 2000 (next to be held April
2005); results - Rauf R. DENKTASH reelected president after the
other contender withdrew; Mehmet Ali TALAT, who had been "prime
minister" of north Cyprus since mid-January 2004, currently serving
in a caretaker capacity following the failure of the governing
coalition to pass a budget; "parliamentary" elections are planned
for 20 February 2005; there is a Council of Ministers (cabinet) in
north Cyprus, appointed by the "prime minister"
Czech Republic
chief of state: President Vaclav KLAUS (since 7 March
2003)
note: the Czech Republic's first president Vaclav HAVEL stepped down
from office on 2 February 2003 having served exactly 10 years;
parliament finally elected a successor on 28 February 2003 after two
inconclusive elections in January 2003
head of government: Prime Minister Stanislav GROSS (since 26 July
2004), Deputy Prime Ministers Zdenek SKROMACH (since 4 August 2004),
Martin JAHN (since 4 August 2004), Pavel NEMEC (since 4 August
2004); Milan SIMONOVSKY (since 4 August 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of
the prime minister
elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term;
last successful election held 28 February 2003 (after earlier
elections held 15 and 24 January 2003 were inconclusive; next
election to be held NA January 2008); prime minister appointed by
the president
election results: Vaclav KLAUS elected president on 28 February
2003; Vaclav KLAUS 142 votes, Jan SOKOL 124 votes (third round;
combined votes of both chambers of parliament)
Denmark
chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972);
Heir Apparent Crown Prince FREDERIK, elder son of the monarch (born
26 May 1968)
head of government: Prime Minister Anders Fogh RASMUSSEN (since 27
November 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister and approved by
Parliament
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the monarch
Dhekelia
chief of state: Queen Elizabeth II (since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Administrator Maj. Gen. Peter Tomas Clayton
PEARSON (since 9 May 2003) note - reports to the British Ministry of
Defence
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the administrator is
appointed by the monarch
Djibouti
chief of state: President Ismail Omar GUELLEH (since 8 May
1999)
head of government: Prime Minister DILEITA Mohamed Dileita (since 4
March 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers responsible to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;
election last held 9 April 1999 (next to be held NA 2005); prime
minister appointed by the president
election results: Ismail Omar GUELLEH elected president; percent of
vote - Ismail Omar GUELLEH 74.4%, IDRIS Moussa Ahmed 25.6%
Dominica
chief of state: President Nicholas J. O. LIVERPOOL (since
October 2003)
head of government: Prime Minister Roosevelt SKERRIT (since 8
January 2004); note - assumed post after death of Prime Minister
Pierre CHARLES
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the advice of the
prime minister
elections: president elected by the House of Assembly for a
five-year term; election last held 1 October 2003 (next to be held
NA October 2008); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Nicholas LIVERPOOL elected president; percent of
legislative vote - NA
Dominican Republic
chief of state: President Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna
(since 16 August 2004); Vice President Rafael ALBURQUERQUE de Castro
(since 16 August 2004); note - the president is both the chief of
state and head of government
head of government: President Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna (since 16
August 2004); Vice President Rafael ALBURQUERQUE de Castro (since 16
August 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 16 May 2004
(next to be held in May 2008)
election results: Leonel FERNANDEZ elected president; percent of
vote - Leonel FERNANDEZ (PLD) 57.1%, Rafael Hipolito MEJIA Dominguez
(PRD) 33.7%, Eduardo ESTRELLA (PRSC) 8.7%
East Timor
chief of state: President Kay Rala Xanana GUSMAO (since
20 May 2002); note - the president plays a largely symbolic role but
is able to veto some legislation; he formerly used the name Jose
Alexandre GUSMAO
head of government: Prime Minister Mari Bin Amude ALKATIRI (since 20
May 2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 14 April 2002 (next to be held NA April 2007);
after the first legislative elections, the leader of the majority
party was appointed prime minister by the president, suggesting a
precedent for the future
election results: Kay Rala Xanana GUSMAO elected president; percent
of vote - Kay Rala Xanana GUSMAO 82.7%, Francisco Xavier do AMARAL
17.3%
Ecuador
chief of state: President Lucio GUTIERREZ (since 15 January
2003); Vice President Alfredo PALACIO (since 15 January 2003); note
- the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Lucio GUTIERREZ (since 15 January
2003); Vice President Alfredo PALACIO (since 15 January 2003); note
- the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: the president and vice president are elected on the same
ticket by popular vote for a four-year term (no immediate
reelection); election last held 20 October 2002; runoff election
held 24 November 2002 (next to be held NA October 2006)
election results: results of the 24 November 2002 runoff election -
Lucio GUTIERREZ elected president; percent of vote - Lucio GUTIERREZ
54.3%; Alvaro NOBOA 45.7%
Egypt
chief of state: President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (since 14
October 1981)
head of government: Prime Minister Ahmed NAZIF (since 9 July 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president nominated by the People's Assembly for a
six-year term, the nomination must then be validated by a national,
popular referendum; national referendum last held 26 September 1999
(next to be held NA October 2005); prime minister appointed by the
president
election results: national referendum validated President MUBARAK's
nomination by the People's Assembly to a fourth term
El Salvador
chief of state: President Elias Antonio SACA (since 1
June 2004); Vice President Ana Vilma DE ESCOBAR (since 1 June 2004);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Elias Antonio SACA (since 1 June
2004); Vice President Ana Vilma DE ESCOBAR (since 1 June 2004); note
- the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers selected by the president
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 21 March
2004 (next to be held NA March 2009)
election results: Elias Antonio SACA elected president; percent of
vote - Elias Antonio SACA (ARENA) 57.7%, Schafik HANDAL (FMLN)
35.6%, Hector SILVA (CDU-PDC) 3.9%, other 2.8%
Equatorial Guinea
chief of state: President Brig. Gen. (Ret.)
Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO (since 3 August 1979 when he seized
power in a military coup)
head of government: Prime Minister Miguel Abia BITEO BORICO (since
14 June 2004); First Deputy Prime Minister Miguel OYONO NDONG (since
NA January 1998); Deputy Prime Minister Demetrio Elo NDONG NZE FUMU
(since NA January 1998)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 15 December 2002 (next to be held NA December
2009); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the
president
election results: Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO reelected president;
percent of vote - Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO 97.1%, Celestino
Bonifacio BACALE 2.2%; elections marred by widespread fraud
Eritrea
chief of state: President ISAIAS Afworki (since 8 June
1993); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government and is head of the State Council and National Assembly
head of government: President ISAIAS Afworki (since 8 June 1993);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government and is head of the State Council and National Assembly
cabinet: State Council is the collective executive authority;
members appointed by the president
elections: president elected by the National Assembly; election last
held 8 June 1993 (next election date uncertain as the National
Assembly did not hold a presidential election in December 2001 as
anticipated)
election results: ISAIAS Afworki elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote - ISAIAS Afworki 95%
Estonia
chief of state: President Arnold RUUTEL (since 8 October
2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Juhan PARTS (since 10 April 2003)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister,
approved by Parliament
elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term; if
he or she does not secure two-thirds of the votes after three rounds
of balloting in the Parliament, then an electoral assembly (made up
of Parliament plus members of local governments) elects the
president, choosing between the two candidates with the largest
percentage of votes; election last held 21 September 2001 (next to
be held in the fall of 2006); prime minister nominated by the
president and approved by Parliament
election results: Arnold RUUTEL elected president on 21 September
2001 by a 367-member electoral assembly that convened following
Parliament's failure in August to elect then-President MERI's
successor; on the second ballot of voting, RUUTEL received 186 votes
to Parliament Speaker Toomas SAVI's 155; the remaining 26 ballots
were either left blank or invalid
Ethiopia
chief of state: President GIRMA Woldegiorgis (since 8
October 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister MELES Zenawi (since NA August
1995)
cabinet: Council of Ministers as provided for in the December 1994
constitution; ministers are selected by the prime minister and
approved by the House of People's Representatives
elections: president elected by the House of People's
Representatives for a six-year term; election last held 8 October
2001 (next to be held NA October 2007); prime minister designated by
the party in power following legislative elections
election results: GIRMA Woldegiorgis elected president; percent of
vote by the House of People's Representatives - 100%
European Union
chief of union: President of the European Commission
Jose DURAO BARROSO (since 22 November 2004)
cabinet: European Commission (composed of 25 members, one from each
member country; each commissioner responsible for one or more policy
areas)
elections: the president of the European Commission is designated by
member governments; the president-designate then chooses the other
Commission members; the European Parliament confirms the entire
Commission for a five-year term; election last held 18 November 2004
(next to be held 2009)
election results: European Parliament approved the European
Commission by an approval vote of 449-149 with 82 abstentions
note: the European Council brings together heads of state and
government and the president of the European Commission and meets at
least twice a year; its aim is to provide the impetus for the major
political issues relating to European integration and to issue
general policy guidelines
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II
(since 6 February 1952)
head of government: Governor Howard PEARCE (since 3 December 2002);
Chief Executive Chris SIMPKINS (since NA March 2003); Financial
Secretary Derek F. HOWATT (since NA)
cabinet: Executive Council; three members elected by the Legislative
Council, two ex officio members (chief executive and the financial
secretary), and the governor
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch
Faroe Islands
chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark (since
14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Birgit KLEIS,
chief administrative officer (since 1 November 2001)
head of government: Prime Minister Joannes EIDESGAARD (since 3
February 2004)
cabinet: Landsstyri appointed by the prime minister
elections: the monarch is hereditary; high commissioner appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
elected prime minister by the Faroese Parliament; election last held
20 January 2004 (next to be held no later than January 2008)
election results: Joannes EIDESGAARD elected prime minister; percent
of parliamentary vote - NA%
note: coalition of Social Democrats, Union Party, and People's Party
Fiji
chief of state: President Ratu Josefa ILOILOVATU Uluivuda
(since 18 July 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Laisenia QARASE (since 10
September 2000)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from among the
members of Parliament and is responsible to Parliament; note - there
is also a Presidential Council that advises the president on matters
of national importance and a Great Council of Chiefs, which consists
of the highest ranking members of the traditional chief system
elections: president elected by the Great Council of Chiefs for a
five-year term; prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Ratu Josefa ILOILOVATU Uluivuda elected president
by the Great Council of Chiefs; percent of vote - NA%
Finland
chief of state: President Tarja HALONEN (since 1 March 2000)
head of government: Prime Minister Matti VANHANEN (since 24 June
2003) and Deputy Prime Minister Antti KALLIOMAKI (since 17 April
2003); note - former Prime Minister Anneli JAATTEENMAKI resigned
cabinet: Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the
president, responsible to Parliament
elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;
election last held 16 January 2000 and 6 February 2000 (next to be
held February 2006); the president appoints the prime minister and
deputy prime minister from the majority party or the majority
coalition after Parliamentary elections and the Parliament must
approve the appointment
election results: Tarja HALONEN elected president; percent of vote -
Tarja HALONEN (SDP) 51.6%, Esko AHO (Kesk) 48.4%
note: government coalition - KESK, SDP, and SFP
France
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May 1995)
head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Pierre RAFFARIN (since 7 May
2002)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
suggestion of the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(changed from seven-year term in October 2000); election last held
21 April and 5 May 2002 (next to be held, first round April 2007,
second round May 2007); prime minister nominated by the National
Assembly majority and appointed by the president
election results: Jacques CHIRAC reelected president; percent of
vote, second ballot - Jacques CHIRAC (RPR) 81.96%, Jean-Marie LE PEN
(FN) 18.04%
French Guiana
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France
(since 17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Ange MANCINI (since 31
July 2002)
head of government: President of the General Council Joseph
HO-TEN-YOU (since 26 March 2001); President of the Regional Council
Antoine KARAM (since 22 March 1992)
cabinet: NA
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the
French Ministry of Interior; presidents of the General and Regional
Councils are appointed by the members of those councils
French Polynesia
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France
(since 17 May 1995), represented by High Commissioner of the
Republic Michel MATHIEU (since 24 October 2001)
head of government: President of the Territorial Government of
French Polynesia Gaston FLOSSE (since 9 October 2004); President of
the Territorial Assembly Lucette TAERO (since 17 May 2001)
cabinet: Council of Ministers; president submits a list of members
of the Territorial Assembly for approval by them to serve as
ministers
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; high commissioner appointed by the French president on the
advice of the French Ministry of Interior; president of the
Territorial Government and the president of the Territorial Assembly
are elected by the members of the assembly
Gabon
chief of state: President El Hadj Omar BONGO (since 2 December
1967)
head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Francois NTOUTOUME-EMANE
(since 23 January 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in
consultation with the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 6 December 1998 (next to be held NA 2005); prime
minister appointed by the president
election results: President El Hadj Omar BONGO reelected; percent of
vote - El Hadj Omar BONGO 66.6%, Pierre MAMBOUNDOU 16.5%, Fr. Paul
M'BA-ABESSOLE 13.4%
Gambia, The
chief of state: President Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH (since
18 October 1996; note - from 1994 to 1996 he was Chairman of the
Junta); Vice President Isatou Njie SAIDY (since 20 March 1997); note
- the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH (since 18
October 1996; note - from 1994 to 1996 was he Chairman of the
Junta); Vice President Isatou Njie SAIDY (since 20 March 1997); note
- the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
the number of terms is not restricted; election last held 18 October
2001 (next to be held October 2006)
election results: Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH reelected president; percent
of vote - Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH 52.9%, Ousainou DARBOE 32.7%
Georgia
chief of state: President Mikheil SAAKASHVILI (since 25
January 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government for the power ministries: state security
(includes interior) and defense
head of government: President Mikheil SAAKASHVILI (since 25 January
2004); Prime Minister Zurab ZHVANIA (since 9 February 2004); note -
the president is the chief of state and head of government for the
power ministries: state security (includes interior) and defense;
the prime minister is head of the remaining ministries of government
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 4 January 2004 (next to be held NA 2009)
election results: Mikheil SAAKASHVILI elected president; percent of
vote - Mikheil SAAKASHVILI 96.3%, Temur SHASHIASHVILI 1.9%
Germany
chief of state: President Horst KOEHLER (since 1 July 2004)
head of government: Chancellor Gerhard SCHROEDER (since 27 October
1998); Vice Chancellor Joschka FISCHER (since 17 October 1998)
cabinet: Cabinet or Bundesminister (Federal Ministers) appointed by
the president on the recommendation of the chancellor
elections: president elected for a five-year term by a Federal
Convention including all members of the Federal Assembly and an
equal number of delegates elected by the state parliaments; election
last held 23 May 2004 (next to be held 23 May 2009); chancellor
elected by an absolute majority of the Federal Assembly for a
four-year term; election last held 22 September 2002 (next to be
held September 2006)
election results: Horst KOEHLER elected president; received 604
votes of the Federal Convention against 589 for Gesine SCHWAN;
Gerhard SCHROEDER elected chancellor; percent of Federal Assembly
vote 50.7%
Ghana
chief of state: President John Agyekum KUFUOR (since 7 January
2001); Vice President Alhaji Aliu MAHAMA (since 7 January 2001);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President John Agyekum KUFUOR (since 7 January
2001); Vice President Alhaji Aliu MAHAMA (since 7 January 2001);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Council of Ministers; president nominates members subject
to approval by Parliament
elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket
by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 7 December
2004 (next to be held December 2008)
election results: John Agyekum KUFUOR reelected president in
election; percent of vote - John KUFUOR 53.4%, John Atta MILLS 43.7%
Gibraltar
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor and Commander-in-Chief Sir Francis
RICHARDS (since 27 May 2003)
head of government: Chief Minister Peter CARUANA (since 17 May 1996)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed from among the 15 elected
members of the House of Assembly by the governor in consultation
with the chief minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the
majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually
appointed chief minister by the governor
Greece
chief of state: President Konstandinos (Kostis)
STEPHANOPOULOS (since 10 March 1995)
head of government: Prime Minister Konstandinos KARAMANLIS (since 7
March 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of
the prime minister
elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term;
election last held 8 February 2000 (next to be held by February
2005); according to the Greek Constitution, presidents may only
serve two terms; president appoints leader of the party securing
plurality of vote in election to become prime minister and form a
government
election results: Konstandinos STEPHANOPOULOS reelected president;
percent of Parliament vote - 90%
Greenland
chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark (since 14
January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Peter LAURITEEN
(since NA 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Hans ENOKSEN (since 14 December
2002)
cabinet: Home Rule Government is elected by the Parliament
(Landstinget) on the basis of the strength of parties
elections: the monarchy is hereditary; high commissioner appointed
by the monarch; prime minister is elected by Parliament (usually the
leader of the majority party); election last held 3 December 2002
(next to be held December 2006)
election results: Hans ENOKSEN elected prime minister
note: government coalition - Siumut and Inuit Ataqatigiit
Grenada
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Daniel WILLIAMS (since 9 August 1996)
head of government: Prime Minister Keith MITCHELL (since 22 June
1995)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of
the prime minister
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the
leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general
Guadeloupe
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since
17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Paul GIROT DE LANGLADE (since
17 August 2004)
head of government: President of the General Council Jacques GILLOT
(since 26 March 2001); President of the Regional Council Victorin
LUREL (since 2 April 2004)
cabinet: NA
elections: French president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the
French Ministry of Interior; the presidents of the General and
Regional Councils are elected by the members of those councils
election results: NA
Guam
chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US (since 20
January 2001); Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20 January
2001)
head of government: Governor Felix P. P. CAMACHO (since 6 January
2003) and Lieutenant Governor Kaleo MOYLAN (since 6 January 2003)
cabinet: executive departments; heads appointed by the governor with
the consent of the Guam legislature
elections: US president and vice president elected on the same
ticket for a four-year term; governor and lieutenant governor
elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year term;
election last held 5 November 2002 (next to be held NA November 2006)
election results: Felix P. P. CAMACHO elected governor; percent of
vote - Felix P. P. CAMACHO (Republican Party) 55.4%, Robert A.
UNDERWOOD (Democratic Party) 44.6%
Guatemala
chief of state: President Oscar Jose Rafael BERGER Perdomo
(since 14 January 2004); Vice President Eduardo STEIN Barillas
(since 14 January 2004); note - the president is both the chief of
state and head of government
head of government: President Oscar Jose Rafael BERGER Perdomo
(since 14 January 2004); Vice President Eduardo STEIN Barillas
(since 14 January 2004); note - the president is both the chief of
state and head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
election last held 9 November 2003; runoff held 28 December 2003
(next to be held NA November 2007)
election results: Oscar BERGER Perdomo elected president; percent of
vote - Oscar BERGER Perdomo (GANA) 54.1%, Alvaro COLOM (UNE) 45.9%
Guernsey
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Lieutenant Governor and Commander-in-Chief Lt. Gen.
Sir John FOLEY (since NA 2000)
head of government: Chief Minister Laurie MORGAN (since 1 May 2004)
cabinet: Policy Council elected by the States of Deliberation
elections: the monarch is hereditary; lieutenant governor appointed
by the monarch; chief minister is elected by States of Delibertion
election results: Laurie MORGAN elected chief minister, percent of
vote of the States of Deliberation NA
Guinea
chief of state: President Lansana CONTE (head of military
government since 5 April 1984, elected president 19 December 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Cellou Dalein DIALLO (since 9
December 2004)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
candidate must receive a majority of the votes cast to be elected
president; election last held 21 December 2003 (next to be held NA
December 2008); the prime minister is appointed by the president
election results: Lansana CONTE reelected president; percent of vote
- Lansana CONTE (PUP) 95.3%, Mamadou Boye BARRY (UPR) 4.6%
Guinea-Bissau
chief of state: President Henrique ROSA (interim;
since 28 September 2003); note - a September 2003 coup overthrew the
elected government of Kumba YALA; General Verissimo Correia SEABRA
served as interim president from 14 to 28 September 2003
head of government: Prime Minister Carlos GOMES Junior (since 9 May
2004)
cabinet: NA
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 28 November 1999 and 16 January 2000 (next to be
held NA 2004); prime minister appointed by the president after
consultation with party leaders in the legislature
election results: Kumba YALA elected president; percent of vote,
second ballot - Kumba YALA (PRS) 72%, Malan Bacai SANHA (PAIGC) 28%
note: a bloodless coup led to the dissolution of the elected
government of Kumba YALA in September 2003; General Verissimo
Correia SEABRA served as interim president from 14 September 2003
until stepping aside on 28 September 2003 with the establishment of
a caretaker government
Guyana
chief of state: President Bharrat JAGDEO (since 11 August
1999); note - assumed presidency after resignation of President
Janet JAGAN
head of government: Prime Minister Samuel HINDS (since NA December
1997)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president,
responsible to the legislature
elections: president elected by the majority party in the National
Assembly following legislative elections, which must be held at
least every five years; elections last held 19 March 2001 (next to
be held by March 2006); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: President Bharrat JAGDEO reelected; percent of
legislative vote - NA
Haiti
chief of state: Interim President Boniface ALEXANDRE (since 29
February 2004)
note: Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE resigned as president on 29 February
2004; ALEXANDRE, as Chief of the Supreme Court, constitutionally
succeeded Aristide
head of government: Interim Prime Minister Gerald LATORTUE (since 12
March 2004), chosen by extraconstitutional Council of Eminent
Persons representing cross-section of political and civic interests
cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister in consultation with
the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 26 November 2000 (next to be held in November
2005); prime minister appointed by the president, ratified by the
National Assembly
election results: Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE elected president; percent
of vote - Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE 92%
Holy See (Vatican City)
chief of state: Pope JOHN PAUL II (since 16
October 1978)
head of government: Secretary of State Cardinal Angelo SODANO (since
1 December 1990)
cabinet: Pontifical Commission appointed by the pope
elections: pope elected for life by the College of Cardinals;
election last held 16 October 1978 (next to be held after the death
of the current pope); secretary of state appointed by the pope
election results: Karol WOJTYLA elected pope