@2001 Gdp (part 3)

Argentina
environmental problems (urban and rural) typical of an
industrializing economy such as deforestation, soil degradation,
desertification, air pollution, and water pollution
note: Argentina is a world leader in setting voluntary greenhouse
gas targets

Armenia
soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; the energy
crisis of the 1990s led to deforestation when citizens scavenged for
firewood; pollution of Hrazdan (Razdan) and Aras Rivers; the
draining of Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan), a result of its use as a
source for hydropower, threatens drinking water supplies; restart of
Metsamor nuclear power plant in spite of its location in a
seismically active zone

Aruba
NA

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
NA

Atlantic Ocean
endangered marine species include the manatee, seals,
sea lions, turtles, and whales; drift net fishing is hastening the
decline of fish stocks and contributing to international disputes;
municipal sludge pollution off eastern US, southern Brazil, and
eastern Argentina; oil pollution in Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico,
Lake Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea; industrial waste
and municipal sewage pollution in Baltic Sea, North Sea, and
Mediterranean Sea

Australia
soil erosion from overgrazing, industrial development,
urbanization, and poor farming practices; soil salinity rising due
to the use of poor quality water; desertification; clearing for
agricultural purposes threatens the natural habitat of many unique
animal and plant species; the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast
coast, the largest coral reef in the world, is threatened by
increased shipping and its popularity as a tourist site; limited
natural fresh water resources

Austria
some forest degradation caused by air and soil pollution;
soil pollution results from the use of agricultural chemicals; air
pollution results from emissions by coal- and oil-fired power
stations and industrial plants and from trucks transiting Austria
between northern and southern Europe

Azerbaijan
local scientists consider the Abseron Yasaqligi (Apsheron
Peninsula) (including Baku and Sumqayit) and the Caspian Sea to be
the ecologically most devastated area in the world because of severe
air, soil, and water pollution; soil pollution results from oil
spills, from the use of DDT as a pesticide, and from toxic
defoliants used in the production of cotton

Bahamas, The
coral reef decay; solid waste disposal

Bahrain
desertification resulting from the degradation of limited
arable land, periods of drought, and dust storms; coastal
degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation)
resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers,
oil refineries, and distribution stations; lack of freshwater
resources, groundwater and seawater are the only sources for all
water needs

Baker Island
no natural fresh water resources

Bangladesh
many people are landless and forced to live on and
cultivate flood-prone land; water-borne diseases prevalent in
surface water; water pollution, especially of fishing areas, results
from the use of commercial pesticides; ground water contaminated by
naturally occurring arsenic; intermittent water shortages because of
falling water tables in the northern and central parts of the
country; soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; severe
overpopulation

Barbados
pollution of coastal waters from waste disposal by ships;
soil erosion; illegal solid waste disposal threatens contamination
of aquifers

Bassas da India
NA

Belarus
soil pollution from pesticide use; southern part of the
country contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor accident
at Chornobyl' in northern Ukraine

Belgium
the environment is exposed to intense pressures from human
activities: urbanization, dense transportation network, industry,
extensive animal breeding and crop cultivation; air and water
pollution also have repercussions for neighboring countries;
uncertainties regarding federal and regional responsibilities (now
resolved) have slowed progress in tackling environmental challenges

Belize
deforestation; water pollution from sewage, industrial
effluents, agricultural runoff; solid and sewage waste disposal

Benin
inadequate supplies of potable water; poaching threatens
wildlife populations; deforestation; desertification

Bermuda
asbestos disposal; water pollution; preservation of open
space; sustainable development

Bhutan
soil erosion; limited access to potable water

Bolivia
the clearing of land for agricultural purposes and the
international demand for tropical timber are contributing to
deforestation; soil erosion from overgrazing and poor cultivation
methods (including slash-and-burn agriculture); desertification;
loss of biodiversity; industrial pollution of water supplies used
for drinking and irrigation

Bosnia and Herzegovina
air pollution from metallurgical plants;
sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; water shortages and
destruction of infrastructure because of the 1992-95 civil strife

Botswana
overgrazing; desertification; limited fresh water resources

Bouvet Island
NA

Brazil
deforestation in Amazon Basin destroys the habitat and
endangers a multitude of plant and animal species indigenous to the
area; there is a lucrative illegal wildlife trade; air and water
pollution in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and several other large
cities; land degradation and water pollution caused by improper
mining activities; wetland degradation; severe oil spills

British Indian Ocean Territory
NA

British Virgin Islands
limited natural fresh water resources (except
for a few seasonal streams and springs on Tortola, most of the
islands' water supply comes from wells and rainwater catchments)

Brunei
seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in Indonesia

Bulgaria
air pollution from industrial emissions; rivers polluted
from raw sewage, heavy metals, detergents; deforestation; forest
damage from air pollution and resulting acid rain; soil
contamination from heavy metals from metallurgical plants and
industrial wastes

Burkina Faso
recent droughts and desertification severely affecting
agricultural activities, population distribution, and the economy;
overgrazing; soil degradation; deforestation

Burma
deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and water;
inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease

Burundi
soil erosion as a result of overgrazing and the expansion of
agriculture into marginal lands; deforestation (little forested land
remains because of uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel); habitat
loss threatens wildlife populations

Cambodia
illegal logging activities throughout the country and strip
mining for gems in the western region along the border with Thailand
have resulted in habitat loss and declining biodiversity (in
particular, destruction of mangrove swamps threatens natural
fisheries); soil erosion; in rural areas, a majority of the
population does not have access to potable water; toxic waste
delivery from Taiwan sparked unrest in Kampong Saom (Sihanoukville)
in December 1998

Cameroon
water-borne diseases are prevalent; deforestation;
overgrazing; desertification; poaching; overfishing

Canada
air pollution and resulting acid rain severely affecting
lakes and damaging forests; metal smelting, coal-burning utilities,
and vehicle emissions impacting on agricultural and forest
productivity; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to
agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities

Cape Verde
soil erosion; demand for wood used as fuel has resulted
in deforestation; desertification; environmental damage has
threatened several species of birds and reptiles; illegal beach sand
extraction; overfishing

Cayman Islands
no natural fresh water resources; drinking water
supplies must be met by rainwater catchments

Central African Republic
tap water is not potable; poaching has
diminished its reputation as one of the last great wildlife refuges;
desertification; deforestation

Chad
inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal
in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution;
desertification

Chile
widespread deforestation and mining threaten natural
resources; air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions;
water pollution from raw sewage

China
air pollution (greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide particulates)
from reliance on coal produces acid rain; water shortages,
particularly in the north; water pollution from untreated wastes;
deforestation; estimated loss of one-fifth of agricultural land
since 1949 to soil erosion and economic development;
desertification; trade in endangered species

Christmas Island
NA

Clipperton Island
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
fresh water resources are limited to
rainwater accumulations in natural underground reservoirs

Colombia
deforestation; soil and water quality damage from overuse
of pesticides; air pollution, especially in Bogota, from vehicle
emissions

Comoros
soil degradation and erosion results from crop cultivation
on slopes without proper terracing; deforestation

Congo, Democratic Republic of the poaching threatens wildlife populations; water pollution; deforestation; refugees responsible for significant deforestation, soil erosion, and wildlife poaching; mining of minerals (coltan - a mineral used in creating capacitors, diamonds, and gold) causing environmental damage

Congo, Republic of the
air pollution from vehicle emissions; water
pollution from the dumping of raw sewage; tap water is not potable;
deforestation

Cook Islands
NA

Coral Sea Islands
no permanent fresh water resources

Costa Rica
deforestation and land use change, largely a result of
the clearing of land for cattle ranching and agriculture; soil
erosion; coastal marine pollution; fisheries protection; solid waste
management; air pollution

Cote d'Ivoire
deforestation (most of the country's forests - once
the largest in West Africa - have been heavily logged); water
pollution from sewage and industrial and agricultural effluents

Croatia
air pollution (from metallurgical plants) and resulting acid
rain is damaging the forests; coastal pollution from industrial and
domestic waste; landmine removal and reconstruction of
infrastructure consequent to 1992-95 civil strife

Cuba
air and water pollution; biodiversity loss; deforestation

Cyprus
water resource problems (no natural reservoir catchments,
seasonal disparity in rainfall, sea water intrusion to island's
largest aquifer, increased salination in the north); water pollution
from sewage and industrial wastes; coastal degradation; loss of
wildlife habitats from urbanization

Czech Republic
air and water pollution in areas of northwest Bohemia
and in northern Moravia around Ostrava present health risks; acid
rain damaging forests; efforts to bring industry up to EU code
should improve domestic pollution

Denmark
air pollution, principally from vehicle and power plant
emissions; nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of the North Sea;
drinking and surface water becoming polluted from animal wastes and
pesticides

Djibouti
inadequate supplies of potable water; limited arable land;
desertification; endangered species

Dominica
NA

Dominican Republic
water shortages; soil eroding into the sea
damages coral reefs; deforestation; Hurricane Georges damage

East Timor
widespread use of slash and burn agriculture has led to
deforestation and soil erosion

Ecuador
deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; water
pollution; pollution from oil production wastes in ecologically
sensitive areas of the Galapagos Islands

Egypt
agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown
sands; increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam;
desertification; oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and
marine habitats; other water pollution from agricultural pesticides,
raw sewage, and industrial effluents; very limited natural fresh
water resources away from the Nile which is the only perennial water
source; rapid growth in population overstraining the Nile and
natural resources

El Salvador
deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution;
contamination of soils from disposal of toxic wastes

Equatorial Guinea
tap water is not potable; deforestation

Eritrea
deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; overgrazing;
loss of infrastructure from civil warfare

Estonia
air polluted with sulfur dioxide from oil-shale burning
power plants in northeast; however, the amount of pollutants emitted
to the air have fallen steadily, the emissions of 2000 were 80% less
than in 1980; the amount of unpurified wastewater discharged to
water bodies in 2000 was one twentieth the level of 1980; in
connection with the start-up of new water purification plants, the
pollution load of wastewater decreased; Estonia has more than 1,400
natural and manmade lakes, the smaller of which in agricultural
areas need to be monitored; coastal seawater is polluted in certain
locations

Ethiopia
deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification;
water shortages in some areas from water-intensive farming and poor
management

Europa Island
NA

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) overfishing by unlicensed vessels is a problem; reindeer were introduced to the islands in 2001 for commercial reasons; this is the only commercial reindeer herd in the world unaffected by the Chornobyl disaster

Faroe Islands
NA

Fiji
deforestation; soil erosion

Finland
air pollution from manufacturing and power plants
contributing to acid rain; water pollution from industrial wastes,
agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations

France
some forest damage from acid rain (major forest damage
occurred as a result of severe December 1999 windstorm); air
pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution
from urban wastes, agricultural runoff

French Guiana
NA

French Polynesia
NA

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
NA

Gabon
deforestation; poaching

Gambia, The
deforestation; desertification; water-borne diseases
prevalent

Gaza Strip
desertification; salination of fresh water; sewage
treatment; water-borne disease; soil degradation; depletion and
contamination of underground water resources

Georgia
air pollution, particularly in Rust'avi; heavy pollution of
Mtkvari River and the Black Sea; inadequate supplies of potable
water; soil pollution from toxic chemicals

Germany
emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries
contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfur
dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; pollution in the Baltic Sea
from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern
Germany; hazardous waste disposal; government established a
mechanism for ending the use of nuclear power over the next 15
years; government working to meet EU commitment to identify nature
preservation areas in line with the EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat
directive

Ghana
recurrent drought in north severely affects agricultural
activities; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; poaching and
habitat destruction threatens wildlife populations; water pollution;
inadequate supplies of potable water

Gibraltar
limited natural freshwater resources: large concrete or
natural rock water catchments collect rainwater (no longer used for
drinking water) and adequate desalination plant

Glorioso Islands
NA

Greece
air pollution; water pollution

Greenland
protection of the arctic environment; preservation of the
Inuit traditional way of life, including whaling and seal hunting

Grenada
NA

Guadeloupe
NA

Guam
extirpation of native bird population by the rapid
proliferation of the brown tree snake, an exotic, invasive species

Guatemala
deforestation in the Peten rainforest; soil erosion; water
pollution

Guernsey
NA

Guinea
deforestation; inadequate supplies of potable water;
desertification; soil contamination and erosion; overfishing,
overpopulation in forest region; poor mining practices have led to
environmental damage

Guinea-Bissau
deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; overfishing

Guyana
water pollution from sewage and agricultural and industrial
chemicals; deforestation

Haiti
extensive deforestation (much of the remaining forested land
is being cleared for agriculture and used as fuel); soil erosion;
inadequate supplies of potable water

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
NA

Holy See (Vatican City)
NA

Honduras
urban population expanding; deforestation results from
logging and the clearing of land for agricultural purposes; further
land degradation and soil erosion hastened by uncontrolled
development and improper land use practices such as farming of
marginal lands; mining activities polluting Lago de Yojoa (the
country's largest source of fresh water), as well as several rivers
and streams, with heavy metals

Hong Kong
air and water pollution from rapid urbanization

Howland Island
no natural fresh water resources

Hungary
the approximation of Hungary's standards in waste
management, energy efficiency, and air, soil, and water pollution
with environmental requirements for EU accession will require large
investments

Iceland
water pollution from fertilizer runoff; inadequate
wastewater treatment

India
deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; desertification; air
pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle emissions; water
pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural pesticides; tap
water is not potable throughout the country; huge and growing
population is overstraining natural resources

Indian Ocean
endangered marine species include the dugong, seals,
turtles, and whales; oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf,
and Red Sea

Indonesia
deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes,
sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest
fires

Iran
air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle
emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents;
deforestation; overgrazing; desertification; oil pollution in the
Persian Gulf; wetland losses from drought; soil degradation
(salination); inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollution
from raw sewage and industrial waste; urbanization

Iraq
government water control projects have drained most of the
inhabited marsh areas east of An Nasiriyah by drying up or diverting
the feeder streams and rivers; a once sizable population of Marsh
Arabs, who inhabited these areas for thousands of years, has been
displaced; furthermore, the destruction of the natural habitat poses
serious threats to the area's wildlife populations; inadequate
supplies of potable water; development of the Tigris and Euphrates
rivers system contingent upon agreements with upstream riparian
Turkey; air and water pollution; soil degradation (salination) and
erosion; desertification

Ireland
water pollution, especially of lakes, from agricultural
runoff

Israel
limited arable land and natural fresh water resources pose
serious constraints; desertification; air pollution from industrial
and vehicle emissions; groundwater pollution from industrial and
domestic waste, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides

Italy
air pollution from industrial emissions such as sulfur
dioxide; coastal and inland rivers polluted from industrial and
agricultural effluents; acid rain damaging lakes; inadequate
industrial waste treatment and disposal facilities

Jamaica
heavy rates of deforestation; coastal waters polluted by
industrial waste, sewage, and oil spills; damage to coral reefs; air
pollution in Kingston results from vehicle emissions

Jan Mayen
NA

Japan
air pollution from power plant emissions results in acid rain;
acidification of lakes and reservoirs degrading water quality and
threatening aquatic life; Japan is one of the largest consumers of
fish and tropical timber, contributing to the depletion of these
resources in Asia and elsewhere

Jarvis Island
no natural fresh water resources

Jersey
NA

Johnston Atoll
no natural fresh water resources

Jordan
limited natural fresh water resources; deforestation;
overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Juan de Nova Island
NA

Kazakhstan
radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with its
former defense industries and test ranges throughout the country
pose health risks for humans and animals; industrial pollution is
severe in some cities; because the two main rivers which flowed into
the Aral Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it is drying up and
leaving behind a harmful layer of chemical pesticides and natural
salts; these substances are then picked up by the wind and blown
into noxious dust storms; pollution in the Caspian Sea; soil
pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals and salination from
poor infrastructure and wasteful irrigation practices

Kenya
water pollution from urban and industrial wastes; degradation
of water quality from increased use of pesticides and fertilizers;
water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; deforestation; soil
erosion; desertification; poaching

Kingman Reef
none

Kiribati
heavy pollution in lagoon of south Tarawa atoll due to
heavy migration mixed with traditional practices such as lagoon
latrines and open-pit dumping; ground water at risk

Korea, North
water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water;
water-borne disease; deforestation; soil erosion and degradation

Korea, South
air pollution in large cities; acid rain; water
pollution from the discharge of sewage and industrial effluents;
drift net fishing

Kuwait
limited natural fresh water resources; some of world's
largest and most sophisticated desalination facilities provide much
of the water; air and water pollution; desertification

Kyrgyzstan
water pollution; many people get their water directly
from contaminated streams and wells; as a result, water-borne
diseases are prevalent; increasing soil salinity from faulty
irrigation practices

Laos
unexploded ordnance; deforestation; soil erosion; a majority of
the population does not have access to potable water

Latvia
Latvia's environment has benefited from a shift to service
industries after the country regained independence; the main
environmental priorities are improvement of drinking water quality
and sewage system, household and hazardous waste management, and
reduction of air pollution; in 2001, Latvia closed the EU accession
negotiation chapter on environment committing to full enforcement of
EU environmental directives by 2010

Lebanon
deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution
in Beirut from vehicular traffic and the burning of industrial
wastes; pollution of coastal waters from raw sewage and oil spills

Lesotho
population pressure forcing settlement in marginal areas
results in overgrazing, severe soil erosion, and soil exhaustion;
desertification; Highlands Water Project controls, stores, and
redirects water to South Africa

Liberia
tropical rain forest deforestation; soil erosion; loss of
biodiversity; pollution of coastal waters from oil residue and raw
sewage

Libya
desertification; very limited natural fresh water resources;
the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development
scheme in the world, is being built to bring water from large
aquifers under the Sahara to coastal cities

Liechtenstein
NA

Lithuania
contamination of soil and groundwater with petroleum
products and chemicals at military bases

Luxembourg
air and water pollution in urban areas, soil pollution of
farmland

Macau
NA

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
air pollution from
metallurgical plants

Madagascar
soil erosion results from deforestation and overgrazing;
desertification; surface water contaminated with raw sewage and
other organic wastes; several species of flora and fauna unique to
the island are endangered

Malawi
deforestation; land degradation; water pollution from
agricultural runoff, sewage, industrial wastes; siltation of
spawning grounds endangers fish populations

Malaysia
air pollution from industrial and vehicular emissions;
water pollution from raw sewage; deforestation; smoke/haze from
Indonesian forest fires

Maldives
depletion of freshwater aquifers threatens water supplies;
global warming and sea level rise; coral reef bleaching

Mali
deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; inadequate
supplies of potable water; poaching

Malta
very limited natural fresh water resources; increasing
reliance on desalination

Man, Isle of
waste disposal (both household and industrial);
transboundary air pollution

Marshall Islands
inadequate supplies of potable water; pollution of
Majuro lagoon from household waste and discharges from fishing
vessels

Martinique
NA

Mauritania
overgrazing, deforestation, and soil erosion aggravated
by drought are contributing to desertification; very limited natural
fresh water resources away from the Senegal, which is the only
perennial river

Mauritius
water pollution, degradation of coral reefs

Mayotte
NA

Mexico
scarcity of hazardous waste disposal facilities; rural to
urban migration; natural fresh water resources scarce and polluted
in north, inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme
southeast; raw sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in
urban areas; deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification;
deteriorating agricultural lands; serious air and water pollution in
the national capital and urban centers along US-Mexico border; land
subsidence in Valley of Mexico caused by groundwater depletion
note: the government considers the lack of clean water and
deforestation national security issues

Micronesia, Federated States of
overfishing, climate change,
pollution

Midway Islands
NA

Moldova
heavy use of agricultural chemicals, including banned
pesticides such as DDT, has contaminated soil and groundwater;
extensive soil erosion from poor farming methods

Monaco
NA

Mongolia
limited natural fresh water resources in some areas; the
policies of former Communist regimes promoted rapid urbanization and
industrial growth that had negative effects on the environment; the
burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of
environmental laws severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar;
deforestation, overgrazing, and the converting of virgin land to
agricultural production increased soil erosion from wind and rain;
desertification and mining activities had a deleterious effect on
the environment

Montserrat
land erosion occurs on slopes that have been cleared for
cultivation

Morocco
land degradation/desertification (soil erosion resulting
from farming of marginal areas, overgrazing, destruction of
vegetation); water supplies contaminated by raw sewage; siltation of
reservoirs; oil pollution of coastal waters

Mozambique
a long civil war and recurrent drought in the hinterlands
have resulted in increased migration of the population to urban and
coastal areas with adverse environmental consequences;
desertification; pollution of surface and coastal waters; elephant
poaching for ivory is a problem

Namibia
very limited natural fresh water resources; desertification;
wildlife poaching; land degradation has led to few conservation areas

Nauru
limited natural fresh water resources, roof storage tanks
collect rainwater, but mostly dependent on a single, aging
desalination plant; intensive phosphate mining during the past 90
years - mainly by a UK, Australia, and NZ consortium - has left the
central 90% of Nauru a wasteland and threatens limited remaining
land resources

Navassa Island
NA

Nepal
deforestation (overuse of wood for fuel and lack of
alternatives); contaminated water (with human and animal wastes,
agricultural runoff, and industrial effluents); wildlife
conservation; vehicular emissions

Netherlands
water pollution in the form of heavy metals, organic
compounds, and nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates; air
pollution from vehicles and refining activities; acid rain

Netherlands Antilles
NA

New Caledonia
erosion caused by mining exploitation and forest fires

New Zealand
deforestation; soil erosion; native flora and fauna
hard-hit by species introduced from outside

Nicaragua
deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution

Niger
overgrazing; soil erosion; deforestation; desertification;
wildlife populations (such as elephant, hippopotamus, giraffe, and
lion) threatened because of poaching and habitat destruction

Nigeria
soil degradation; rapid deforestation; urban air and water
pollution; desertification; oil pollution - water, air, and soil;
has suffered serious damage from oil spills; loss of arable land;
rapid urbanization

Niue
increasing attention to conservationist practices to counter
loss of soil fertility from traditional slash and burn agriculture

Norfolk Island
NA

Northern Mariana Islands
contamination of groundwater on Saipan may
contribute to disease; clean-up of landfill; protection of
endangered species conflicts with development

Norway
water pollution; acid rain damaging forests and adversely
affecting lakes, threatening fish stocks; air pollution from vehicle
emissions

Oman
rising soil salinity; beach pollution from oil spills; very
limited natural fresh water resources

Pacific Ocean
endangered marine species include the dugong, sea
lion, sea otter, seals, turtles, and whales; oil pollution in
Philippine Sea and South China Sea

Pakistan
water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and
agricultural runoff; limited natural fresh water resources; a
majority of the population does not have access to potable water;
deforestation; soil erosion; desertification

Palau
inadequate facilities for disposal of solid waste; threats to
the marine ecosystem from sand and coral dredging, illegal fishing
practices, and overfishing

Palmyra Atoll
NA

Panama
water pollution from agricultural runoff threatens fishery
resources; deforestation of tropical rain forest; land degradation
and soil erosion threatens siltation of Panama Canal; air pollution
in urban areas; mining threatens natural resources

Papua New Guinea
rain forest subject to deforestation as a result of
growing commercial demand for tropical timber; pollution from mining
projects; severe drought

Paracel Islands
NA

Paraguay
deforestation; water pollution; inadequate means for waste
disposal present health risks for many urban residents; loss of
wetlands

Peru
deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing
of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion;
desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and
coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes

Philippines
uncontrolled deforestation in watershed areas; soil
erosion; air and water pollution in Manila; increasing pollution of
coastal mangrove swamps that are important fish breeding grounds

Pitcairn Islands
deforestation (only a small portion of the original
forest remains because of burning and clearing for settlement)

Poland
situation has improved since 1989 due to decline in heavy
industry and increased environmental concern by post-Communist
governments; air pollution nonetheless remains serious because of
sulfur dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants, and the
resulting acid rain has caused forest damage; water pollution from
industrial and municipal sources is also a problem, as is disposal
of hazardous wastes; pollution levels should continue to decrease as
industrial establishments bring their facilities up to European
Union code, but at substantial cost to business and the government

Portugal
soil erosion; air pollution caused by industrial and
vehicle emissions; water pollution, especially in coastal areas

Puerto Rico
erosion; occasional drought causing water shortages

Qatar
limited natural fresh water resources are increasing
dependence on large-scale desalination facilities

Reunion
NA

Romania
soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution
in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta
wetlands

Russia
air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired
electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial,
municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and
seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from
improper application of agricultural chemicals; scattered areas of
sometimes intense radioactive contamination; groundwater
contamination from toxic waste; urban solid waste management;
abandoned stocks of obsolete pesticides

Rwanda
deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of trees for
fuel; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; widespread poaching

Saint Helena
NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis
NA

Saint Lucia
deforestation; soil erosion, particularly in the
northern region

Saint Pierre and Miquelon recent test drilling for oil in waters around Saint Pierre and Miquelon may bring future development that would impact the environment

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines pollution of coastal waters and shorelines from discharges by pleasure yachts and other effluents; in some areas, pollution is severe enough to make swimming prohibitive

Samoa
soil erosion, deforestation, invasive species, overfishing

San Marino
NA

Sao Tome and Principe
deforestation; soil erosion and exhaustion

Saudi Arabia
desertification; depletion of underground water
resources; the lack of perennial rivers or permanent water bodies
has prompted the development of extensive seawater desalination
facilities; coastal pollution from oil spills

Senegal
wildlife populations threatened by poaching; deforestation;
overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; overfishing

Serbia and Montenegro
pollution of coastal waters from sewage
outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air
pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water
pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows
into the Danube

Seychelles
water supply depends on catchments to collect rainwater

Sierra Leone
rapid population growth pressuring the environment;
overharvesting of timber, expansion of cattle grazing, and
slash-and-burn agriculture have resulted in deforestation and soil
exhaustion; civil war depleting natural resources; overfishing

Singapore
industrial pollution; limited natural fresh water
resources; limited land availability presents waste disposal
problems; seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in
Indonesia

Slovakia
air pollution from metallurgical plants presents human
health risks; acid rain damaging forests

Slovenia
Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste;
pollution of coastal waters with heavy metals and toxic chemicals;
forest damage near Koper from air pollution (originating at
metallurgical and chemical plants) and resulting acid rain

Solomon Islands
deforestation; soil erosion; many of the surrounding
coral reefs are dead or dying

Somalia
famine; use of contaminated water contributes to human
health problems; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion;
desertification

South Africa
lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires
extensive water conservation and control measures; growth in water
usage outpacing supply; pollution of rivers from agricultural runoff
and urban discharge; air pollution resulting in acid rain; soil
erosion; desertification

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
NA

Southern Ocean
increased solar ultraviolet radiation resulting from
the Antarctic ozone hole in recent years, reducing marine primary
productivity (phytoplankton) by as much as 15% and damaging the DNA
of some fish; illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing in recent
years, especially the landing of an estimated five to six times more
Patagonian toothfish than the regulated fishery, which is likely to
affect the sustainability of the stock; large amount of incidental
mortality of seabirds resulting from long-line fishing for toothfish
note: the now-protected fur seal population is making a strong
comeback after severe overexploitation in the 18th and 19th centuries

Spain
pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from raw sewage and
effluents from the offshore production of oil and gas; water quality
and quantity nationwide; air pollution; deforestation;
desertification

Spratly Islands
NA

Sri Lanka
deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations
threatened by poaching and urbanization; coastal degradation from
mining activities and increased pollution; freshwater resources
being polluted by industrial wastes and sewage runoff; waste
disposal; air pollution in Colombo

Sudan
inadequate supplies of potable water; wildlife populations
threatened by excessive hunting; soil erosion; desertification;
periodic drought

Suriname
deforestation as timber is cut for export; pollution of
inland waterways by small-scale mining activities

Svalbard
NA

Swaziland
limited supplies of potable water; wildlife populations
being depleted because of excessive hunting; overgrazing; soil
degradation; soil erosion

Sweden
acid rain damage to soils and lakes; pollution of the North
Sea and the Baltic Sea

Switzerland
air pollution from vehicle emissions and open-air
burning; acid rain; water pollution from increased use of
agricultural fertilizers; loss of biodiversity

Syria
deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification;
water pollution from raw sewage and petroleum refining wastes;
inadequate potable water

Taiwan
air pollution; water pollution from industrial emissions, raw
sewage; contamination of drinking water supplies; trade in
endangered species; low-level radioactive waste disposal

Tajikistan
inadequate sanitation facilities; increasing levels of
soil salinity; industrial pollution; excessive pesticides

Tanzania
soil degradation; deforestation; desertification;
destruction of coral reefs threatens marine habitats; recent
droughts affected marginal agriculture; wildlife threatened by
illegal hunting and trade, especially for ivory

Thailand
air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from
organic and factory wastes; deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife
populations threatened by illegal hunting

Togo
deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and
the use of wood for fuel; water pollution presents health hazards
and hinders the fishing industry; air pollution increasing in urban
areas

Tokelau
very limited natural resources and overcrowding are
contributing to emigration to New Zealand

Tonga
deforestation results as more and more land is being cleared
for agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs from
starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors; overhunting
threatens native sea turtle populations

Trinidad and Tobago
water pollution from agricultural chemicals,
industrial wastes, and raw sewage; oil pollution of beaches;
deforestation; soil erosion

Tromelin Island
NA

Tunisia
toxic and hazardous waste disposal is ineffective and poses
health risks; water pollution from raw sewage; limited natural fresh
water resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion;
desertification

Turkey
water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air
pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; concern for
oil spills from increasing Bosporus ship traffic

Turkmenistan
contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural
chemicals, pesticides; salination, water-logging of soil due to poor
irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large
share of the flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to
that river's inability to replenish the Aral Sea; desertification

Turks and Caicos Islands
limited natural fresh water resources,
private cisterns collect rainwater

Tuvalu
since there are no streams or rivers and groundwater is not
potable, most water needs must be met by catchment systems with
storage facilities (the Japanese Government has built one
desalination plant and plans to build one other); beachhead erosion
because of the use of sand for building materials; excessive
clearance of forest undergrowth for use as fuel; damage to coral
reefs from the spread of the Crown of Thorns starfish; Tuvalu is
very concerned about global increases in greenhouse gas emissions
and their effect on rising sea levels, which threaten the country's
underground water table; in 2000, the government appealed to
Australia and New Zealand to take in Tuvaluans if rising sea levels
should make evacuation necessary

Uganda
draining of wetlands for agricultural use; deforestation;
overgrazing; soil erosion; water hyacinth infestation in Lake
Victoria; poaching is widespread

Ukraine
inadequate supplies of potable water; air and water
pollution; deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeast
from 1986 accident at Chornobyl' Nuclear Power Plant

United Arab Emirates
lack of natural freshwater resources
compensated by desalination plants; desertification; beach pollution
from oil spills

United Kingdom
continues to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (has met
Kyoto Protocol target of a 12.5% reduction from 1990 levels and
intends to meet the legally binding target and move towards a
domestic goal of a 20% cut in emissions by 2010); by 2005 the
government aims to reduce the amount of industrial and commercial
waste disposed of in landfill sites to 85% of 1998 levels and to
recycle or compost at least 25% of household waste, increasing to
33% by 2015; between 1998-99 and 1999-2000, household recycling
increased from 8.8% to 10.3%

United States
air pollution resulting in acid rain in both the US
and Canada; the US is the largest single emitter of carbon dioxide
from the burning of fossil fuels; water pollution from runoff of
pesticides and fertilizers; very limited natural fresh water
resources in much of the western part of the country require careful
management; desertification

Uruguay
water pollution from meat packing/tannery industry;
inadequate solid/hazardous waste disposal

Uzbekistan
shrinkage of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing
concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these
substances are then blown from the increasingly exposed lake bed and
contribute to desertification; water pollution from industrial
wastes and the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides is the cause
of many human health disorders; increasing soil salination; soil
contamination from buried nuclear processing and agricultural
chemicals, including DDT

Vanuatu
a majority of the population does not have access to a
potable and reliable supply of water; deforestation

Venezuela
sewage pollution of Lago de Valencia; oil and urban
pollution of Lago de Maracaibo; deforestation; soil degradation;
urban and industrial pollution, especially along the Caribbean
coast; threat to the rainforest ecosystem from irresponsible mining
operations

Vietnam
logging and slash-and-burn agricultural practices contribute
to deforestation and soil degradation; water pollution and
overfishing threaten marine life populations; groundwater
contamination limits potable water supply; growing urban
industrialization and population migration are rapidly degrading
environment in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City

Virgin Islands
lack of natural freshwater resources

Wake Island
NA

Wallis and Futuna
deforestation (only small portions of the original
forests remain) largely as a result of the continued use of wood as
the main fuel source; as a consequence of cutting down the forests,
the mountainous terrain of Futuna is particularly prone to erosion;
there are no permanent settlements on Alofi because of the lack of
natural fresh water resources

West Bank
adequacy of fresh water supply; sewage treatment

Western Sahara
sparse water and lack of arable land

World
large areas subject to overpopulation, industrial disasters,
pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances), loss of
vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of
wildlife, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion

Yemen
very limited natural fresh water resources; inadequate
supplies of potable water; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Zambia
air pollution and resulting acid rain in the mineral
extraction and refining region; chemical runoff into watersheds;
poaching seriously threatens rhinoceros, elephant, antelope, and
large cat populations; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification;
lack of adequate water treatment presents human health risks

Zimbabwe
deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air and
water pollution; the black rhinoceros herd - once the largest
concentration of the species in the world - has been significantly
reduced by poaching; poor mining practices have led to toxic waste
and heavy metal pollution

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

@2033 Environment - international agreements

Afghanistan
party to: Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban
signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation

Albania
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Algeria
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban

Andorra
party to: Hazardous Wastes
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Angola
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law
of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Antigua and Barbuda
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Argentina
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Armenia
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Australia
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Austria
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol

Azerbaijan
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bahamas, The
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bahrain
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bangladesh
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Barbados
party to: Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity

Belarus
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 85, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Belgium
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto
Protocol, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Belize
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Benin
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bhutan
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Nuclear Test Ban
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Bolivia
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection

Bosnia and Herzegovina
party to: Air Pollution, Climate Change,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear
Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Botswana
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Brazil
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine
Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Brunei
party to: Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bulgaria
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85,
Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol

Burkina Faso
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life
Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban

Burma
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Burundi
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban

Cambodia
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping

Cameroon
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban

Canada
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Law
of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation

Cape Verde
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Central African Republic
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Tropical Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Chad
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping

Chile
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine
Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Nuclear
Test Ban

China
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Colombia
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of
the Sea, Marine Dumping

Comoros
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Congo, Democratic Republic of the party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Congo, Republic of the party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Cook Islands
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Costa Rica
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine Life
Conservation

Cote d'Ivoire
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Croatia
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Cuba
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine Life Conservation

Cyprus
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Czech Republic
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen
Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol

Denmark
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of
the Sea

Djibouti
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Dominica
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Dominican Republic
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

East Timor
NA

Ecuador
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Egypt
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

El Salvador
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Equatorial Guinea
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of
the Sea, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Eritrea
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Estonia
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Ship Pollution, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Ethiopia
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the
Sea, Nuclear Test Ban

Fiji
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea,
Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Finland
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

France
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Gabon
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Gambia, The
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Georgia
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Germany
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Ghana
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Greece
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic
Treaty, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Grenada
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Guatemala
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol

Guinea
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Guinea-Bissau
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Guyana
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Haiti
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
Protection
signed, but not ratified: Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban

Holy See (Vatican City)
party to: none of the selected agreements
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution, Environmental Modification

Honduras
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Hong Kong
party to: Marine Dumping (associate member), Ship
Pollution (associate member)

Hungary
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Law of the Sea

Iceland
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Environmental Protection through Criminal Law, Hazardous Wastes,
Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,
Oil Pollution, Ozone Layer Protection, Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Ship Pollution, Transboundary Air Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation

India
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine
Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Indonesia
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine Life
Conservation

Iran
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the
Sea, Marine Life Conservation

Iraq
party to: Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Ireland
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Endangered Species, Marine Life Conservation

Israel
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine Life
Conservation

Italy
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Jamaica
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea,
Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Japan
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine
Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling

Jordan
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Kazakhstan
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Kenya
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Kiribati
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Korea, North
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of
the Sea

Korea, South
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Kuwait
party to: Climate Change, Desertification, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Endangered Species, Marine
Dumping

Kyrgyzstan
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Laos
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Latvia
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Lebanon
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation

Lesotho
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life
Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping

Liberia
party to: Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change, Environmental
Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
Conservation

Libya
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban

Liechtenstein
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen
Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea

Lithuania
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Luxembourg
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,
Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur
85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic
Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
party to: Air Pollution,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Madagascar
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life
Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Malawi
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear
Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Malaysia
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life
Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Maldives
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mali
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Nuclear
Test Ban

Malta
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Marshall Islands
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Mauritania
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mauritius
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mexico
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Micronesia, Federated States of
party to: Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Moldova
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Monaco
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic
Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Mongolia
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Morocco
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea

Mozambique
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Namibia
party to: Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Nauru
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Nepal
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation

Netherlands
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,
Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur
85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic
Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living
Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands,
Whaling

New Zealand
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Antarctic Seals, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Marine Life Conservation

Nicaragua
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Niger
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Law of the
Sea

Nigeria
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Niue
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Norway
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Oman
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Pakistan
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban

Palau
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Panama
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Papua New Guinea
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol

Paraguay
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban

Peru
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine
Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Philippines
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Poland
party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Portugal
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Environmental
Modification, Nuclear Test Ban

Qatar
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Romania
party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol

Russia
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Persistent Organic Pollutants

Rwanda
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Saint Kitts and Nevis
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Saint Lucia
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
party to: Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Samoa
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

San Marino
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Nuclear Test Ban
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution

Sao Tome and Principe
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law
of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Saudi Arabia
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Senegal
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping

Serbia and Montenegro
party to: Air Pollution, Climate Change,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity

Seychelles
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Sierra Leone
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Life
Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Singapore
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Slovakia
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol

Slovenia
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Solomon Islands
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Somalia
party to: Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection
signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban

South Africa
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine
Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Southern Ocean
the Southern Ocean is subject to all international
agreements regarding the world's oceans; in addition, it is subject
to these agreements specific to the Antarctic region: International
Whaling Commission (prohibits commercial whaling south of 40 degrees
south [south of 60 degrees south between 50 degrees and 130 degrees
west]); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (limits
sealing); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living
Resources (regulates fishing)
note: many nations (including the US) prohibit mineral resource
exploration and exploitation south of the fluctuating Polar Front
(Antarctic Convergence) which is in the middle of the Antarctic
Circumpolar Current and serves as the dividing line between the very
cold polar surface waters to the south and the warmer waters to the
north

Spain
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification

Sri Lanka
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Sudan
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Suriname
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Swaziland
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered
Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Desertification, Law of the Sea

Sweden
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Switzerland
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,
Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur
85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic
Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear
Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber
83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea

Syria
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Taiwan
party to: none of the selected agreements because of Taiwan's
international status
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements because of
Taiwan's international status

Tajikistan
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tanzania
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban

Thailand
party to: Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Law of the Sea

Togo
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tonga
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law
of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Trinidad and Tobago
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear
Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber
83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tunisia
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Turkey
party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Environmental Modification

Turkmenistan
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone
Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tuvalu
party to: Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Law of the Sea

Uganda
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life
Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Ukraine
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic
Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol

United Arab Emirates
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

United Kingdom
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen
Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic
Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living
Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands,
Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

United States
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen
Oxides, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living
Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Hazardous Wastes

Uruguay
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine
Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation,
Nuclear Test Ban

Uzbekistan
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Vanuatu
party to: Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Venezuela
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life
Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping

Vietnam
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Nuclear
Test Ban

Western Sahara
party to: none of the selected agreements
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Yemen
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban

Zambia
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Zimbabwe
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

@2034 Military expenditures - percent of GDP (%)

Afghanistan
7.7% (FY02)

Albania
1.49% (FY02)

Algeria
4.1% (FY99)

Angola
5.4% (FY02)

Antigua and Barbuda
NA%

Argentina
1.3% (FY00)

Armenia
6.5% (FY01)

Australia
2.9% (FY02)

Austria
0.8% (FY01/02)

Azerbaijan
2.6% (FY99)

Bahamas, The
0.7% (FY99)

Bahrain
6.7% (FY01)

Bangladesh
1.8% (FY96)

Barbados
NA%

Belarus
1.4% (FY02)

Belgium
1.4% (FY01/02)

Belize
1.87% (FY00/01)

Benin
2.7% (FY02)

Bermuda
0.11% (FY00/01)

Bhutan
1.9% (FY02)

Bolivia
1.8% (FY99)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
4.5% (FY02)

Botswana
3.5% (FY02)

Brazil
1.9% (FY99)

Brunei
5% (FY02)

Bulgaria
2.7% (FY02)

Burkina Faso
1.4% (FY02)

Burma
2.1% (FY97)

Burundi
5.3% (FY02)

Cambodia
3% (FY01 est.)

Cameroon
1.4% (FY98)

Canada
1.1% (FY01/02)

Cape Verde
1.6% (FY02)

Central African Republic
1.1% (FY02)

Chad
1.9% (FY02)

Chile
3.1% (FY99)

China
4.3% (FY02)

Colombia
3.4% (FY01)

Comoros
3% (FY02)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
4.6% (FY97)

Congo, Republic of the
2.8% (FY01)

Costa Rica
1.6% (FY99)

Cote d'Ivoire
1.4% (FY02)

Croatia
2.39% (2002 est.)

Cuba
roughly 4% (FY95 est.)

Cyprus
3.8% (FY02)

Czech Republic
2.1% (FY01)

Denmark
1.4% (FY99/00)

Djibouti
4.4% (FY02)

Dominica
NA%

Dominican Republic
1.1% (FY98)

East Timor
NA%

Ecuador
3.4% (FY98)

Egypt
4.1% (FY99)

El Salvador
0.7% (FY99)

Equatorial Guinea
2.5% (FY02)

Eritrea
12% (FY02)

Estonia
2% (2002 est.)

Ethiopia
12.6% (FY00)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA%

Faroe Islands
NA%

Fiji
2.2% (FY02)

Finland
2% (FY98/99)

France
2.57% (2002)

French Guiana
NA%

Gabon
2% (FY02)

Gambia, The
0.3% (FY02)

Gaza Strip
NA%

Georgia
0.59% (FY00)

Germany
1.38% (2002)

Ghana
0.6% (FY02)

Greece
4.91% (FY99/00 est.)

Grenada
NA%

Guatemala
0.6% (FY99)

Guinea
3.3% (FY02)

Guinea-Bissau
2.8% (FY02)

Guyana
NA%

Haiti
1.3% (FY00)

Honduras
0.6% (FY99)

Hong Kong
NA% (FY02)

Hungary
1.75% (2002 est.)

India
2.3% (FY02)

Indonesia
1.3% (FY98)

Iran
3.1% (FY00)

Iraq
NA%

Ireland
0.9% (FY00/01)

Israel
8.75% (FY02)

Italy
1.64% (2002)

Jamaica
NA%

Japan
1% (FY02)

Jordan
8.6% (FY01)

Kazakhstan
0.9% (Ministry of Defense expenditures) (FY02)

Kenya
1.8% (FY02)

Kiribati
NA%

Korea, North
33.9% (FY02)

Korea, South
2.8% (FY02)

Kuwait
5.5% (FY01)

Kyrgyzstan
1.4% (FY01)

Laos
4.2% (FY96)

Latvia
1.2% (FY01)

Lebanon
4.8% (FY99)

Lesotho
NA%

Liberia
1.3% (FY02)

Libya
3.9% (FY99)

Lithuania
1.9% (FY01)

Luxembourg
0.8% (FY01/02)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
6% (FY01/02 est.)

Madagascar
1.2% (FY02)

Malawi
0.7% (FY02)

Malaysia
2.03% (FY00)

Maldives
8.6% (FY02)

Mali
15% (FY02)

Malta
1.7% (2000)

Marshall Islands
NA%

Mauritania
3.7% (FY02)

Mauritius
0.2% (FY02)

Mexico
1% (FY99)

Moldova
0.4% (FY02)

Mongolia
2.2% (FY02)

Morocco
4% (FY99)

Mozambique
1% (2000 est.)

Namibia
2.4% (FY02)

Nauru
NA%

Nepal
1.1% (FY02)

Netherlands
1.5% (FY00/01 est.)

New Caledonia
5.3% (FY96)

New Zealand
1% (FY02)

Nicaragua
1.2% (FY98)

Niger
1.1% (FY02)

Nigeria
1% (FY02)

Norway
2.13% (2002)

Oman
12.2% (FY01)

Pakistan
4.6% (FY02)

Palau
NA%

Panama
1.3% (FY99)

Papua New Guinea
1.4% (FY02)

Paraguay
1.4% (FY98)

Peru
1.8% (FY01)

Philippines
1.5% (FY98)

Poland
1.71% (2002)

Portugal
2.2% (FY99/00)

Qatar
10% (FY00)

Romania
2.47% (2002)

Russia
NA%

Rwanda
3% (FY02)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
NA%

Saint Lucia
$NA

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
NA%

Samoa
NA%

San Marino
NA%

Sao Tome and Principe
0.8% (FY01)

Saudi Arabia
13% (FY00)

Senegal
1.4% (FY02)

Serbia and Montenegro
NA%

Seychelles
1.8% (FY02)

Sierra Leone
1.5% (FY02)

Singapore
4.9% (FY01)

Slovakia
1.89% (2002)

Slovenia
1.7% (FY00)

Solomon Islands
NA%

Somalia
0.9% (FY02)

South Africa
1.7% (FY02)

Spain
1.15% (2002)

Sri Lanka
4.2% (FY98)

Sudan
2.5% (1999)

Suriname
1.6% (FY97 est.)

Swaziland
4.75% (FY00)

Sweden
2.1% (FY01)

Switzerland
1% (FY01)

Syria
5.9% (FY00)

Taiwan
2.7% (FY02)

Tajikistan
3.9% (FY01)

Tanzania
0.2% (FY02)

Thailand
1.4% (FY00)

Togo
1.8% (FY02)

Tonga
NA%

Trinidad and Tobago
1.4% (1999)

Tunisia
1.5% (FY99)

Turkey
4.5% (2002 est.)

Turkmenistan
3.4% (FY99)

Tuvalu
NA%

Uganda
2.1% (FY02)

Ukraine
1.4% (FY02)

United Arab Emirates
3.1% (FY00)

United Kingdom
2.32% (2002)

United States
3.2% (FY99 est.)

Uruguay
1.1% (2000)

Uzbekistan
2% (FY97)

Vanuatu
NA%

Venezuela
0.9% (FY99)

Vietnam
2.5% (FY98)

West Bank
NA%

Western Sahara
NA%

World
roughly 2% of gross world product (1999 est.)

Yemen
5.2% (FY01)

Zambia
0.9% (FY02)

Zimbabwe
3.2% (FY02)

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

@2038 Electricity - production (kWh)

Afghanistan
334.8 million kWh (2001)

Albania
5.289 billion kWh (2001)

Algeria
24.69 billion kWh (2001)

American Samoa
130 million kWh (2001)

Andorra
NA kWh

Angola
1.45 billion kWh (2001)

Anguilla
NA (2000)

Antigua and Barbuda
105.3 million kWh (2001)

Argentina
97.17 billion kWh (2001)

Armenia
6.479 billion kWh (2001)

Aruba
531.9 million kWh (2001)

Australia
198.2 billion kWh (2001)

Austria
58.75 billion kWh (2001)

Azerbaijan
18.23 billion kWh (2001)

Bahamas, The
1.56 billion kWh (2001)

Bahrain
6.257 billion kWh (2001)

Bangladesh
15.33 billion kWh (2001)

Barbados
780 million kWh (2001)

Belarus
24.4 billion kWh (2001)

Belgium
74.28 billion kWh (2001)

Belize
199.5 million kWh (2001)

Benin
274.3 million kWh (2001)

Bermuda
643.7 million kWh (2001)

Bhutan
1.896 billion kWh (2001)

Bolivia
3.901 billion kWh (2001)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
9.979 billion kWh (2001)

Botswana
409.8 million kWh (2001)

Brazil
321.2 billion kWh (2001)

British Indian Ocean Territory
NA kWh; note - electricity supplied
by the US military

British Virgin Islands
38.1 million kWh (2001)

Brunei
2.497 billion kWh (2001)

Bulgaria
41.38 billion kWh (2001)

Burkina Faso
279.2 million kWh (2001)

Burma
6.139 billion kWh (2001)

Burundi
155.4 million kWh (2001)

Cambodia
119 million kWh (2001)

Cameroon
3.613 billion kWh (2001)

Canada
566.3 billion kWh (2001)

Cape Verde
42.03 million kWh (2001)

Cayman Islands
381.9 million kWh (2001)

Central African Republic
106 million kWh (2001)

Chad
94.04 million kWh (2001)

Chile
41.66 billion kWh (2001)

China
1.42 trillion kWh (2001)

Christmas Island
NA kWh

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA kWh

Colombia
42.99 billion kWh (2001)

Comoros
21.27 million kWh (2001)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
5.243 billion kWh (2001)

Congo, Republic of the
358.1 million kWh (2001)

Cook Islands
27.43 million kWh (2001)

Costa Rica
6.839 billion kWh (2001)

Cote d'Ivoire
4.605 billion kWh (2001)

Croatia
12.12 billion kWh (2001)

Cuba
14.38 billion kWh (2001)

Cyprus
3.401 billion kWh; Turkish Cypriot area: NA kWh (2001)

Czech Republic
70.04 billion kWh (2001)

Denmark
35.47 billion kWh (2001)

Djibouti
180 million kWh (2001)

Dominica
72.41 million kWh (2001)

Dominican Republic
9.186 billion kWh (2001)

East Timor
NA kWh (2001)

Ecuador
75.23 billion kWh (2001)

Egypt
75.23 billion kWh (2001)

El Salvador
3.729 billion kWh (2001)

Equatorial Guinea
23.56 million kWh (2001)

Eritrea
220.5 million kWh (2001)

Estonia
7.937 billion kWh (2001)

Ethiopia
1.713 billion kWh (2001)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
16.33 million kWh (2001)

Faroe Islands
160.4 million kWh (2001)

Fiji
520.1 million kWh (2001)

Finland
71.2 billion kWh (2001)

France
520.1 billion kWh (2001)

French Guiana
455 million kWh (2001)

French Polynesia
428.3 million kWh (2001)

Gabon
798.4 million kWh (2001)

Gambia, The
85.33 million kWh (2001)

Gaza Strip
NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Israel

Georgia
7.27 billion kWh (2001)

Germany
544.8 billion kWh (2001)

Ghana
8.801 billion kWh (2001)

Gibraltar
100 million kWh (2001)

Greece
49.79 billion kWh (2001)

Greenland
245 million kWh (2001)

Grenada
138 million kWh (2001)

Guadeloupe
1.155 billion kWh (2001)

Guam
830 million kWh (2001)

Guatemala
6.237 billion kWh (2001)

Guernsey
NA kWh

Guinea
790.6 million kWh (2001)

Guinea-Bissau
55 million kWh (2001)

Guyana
852 million kWh (2001)

Haiti
580 million kWh (2001)

Holy See (Vatican City)
NA kWh

Honduras
3.778 billion kWh (2001)

Hong Kong
30.48 billion kWh (2001)

Hungary
34.39 billion kWh (2001)

Iceland
7.894 billion kWh (2001)

India
533.3 billion kWh (2001)

Indonesia
95.78 billion kWh (2001)

Iran
124.6 billion kWh (2001)

Iraq
36.01 billion kWh (2001)

Ireland
23.53 billion kWh (2001)

Israel
42.24 billion kWh (2001)

Italy
258.8 billion kWh (2001)

Jamaica
6.272 billion kWh (2001)

Japan
1.037 trillion kWh (2001)

Johnston Atoll
44.2 million kWh; note - approximate annual
production; there are six 25,000 kWh generators operated by the base
operating support contractor (1999)

Jordan
7.091 billion kWh (2001)

Kazakhstan
52.43 billion kWh (2001)

Kenya
4.033 billion kWh (2001)

Kiribati
7 million kWh (2001)

Korea, North
30.01 billion kWh (2001)

Korea, South
290.7 billion kWh (2001)

Kuwait
31.49 billion kWh (2001)

Kyrgyzstan
13.45 billion kWh (2001)

Laos
1.317 billion kWh (2001)

Latvia
4.365 billion kWh (2001)

Lebanon
6.728 billion kWh (2001)

Lesotho
0 kWh NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by South Africa
(2001)

Liberia
468.8 million kWh (2001)

Libya
20.18 billion kWh (2001)

Lithuania
14.62 billion kWh (2001)

Luxembourg
457 million kWh (2001)

Macau
1.611 billion kWh (2002)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
6.465 billion kWh (2001)

Madagascar
830.2 million kWh (2001)

Malawi
769.2 million kWh (2001)

Malaysia
68.34 billion kWh (2001)

Maldives
117 million kWh (2001)

Mali
480.2 million kWh (2001)

Malta
1.768 billion kWh (2001)

Martinique
1.151 billion kWh (2001)

Mauritania
157.4 million kWh (2001)

Mauritius
1.311 billion kWh (2001)

Mayotte
NA kWh

Mexico
198.6 billion kWh (2001)

Micronesia, Federated States of
NA kWh

Moldova
3.394 billion kWh (2001)

Mongolia
2.225 billion kWh (2001)

Montserrat
2.5 million kWh (2001)

Morocco
13.35 billion kWh (2001)

Mozambique
7.193 billion kWh (2001)

Namibia
26.95 million kWh (2001)

Nauru
30 million kWh (2001)

Nepal
1.755 billion kWh (2001)

Netherlands
88.32 billion kWh (2001)

Netherlands Antilles
1.061 billion kWh (2001)

New Caledonia
1.613 billion kWh (2001)

New Zealand
37.51 billion kWh (2001)

Nicaragua
2.549 billion kWh (2001)

Niger
242 million kWh (2001)

Nigeria
15.67 billion kWh (2001)

Niue
3 million kWh (2001)

Norfolk Island
NA kWh

Northern Mariana Islands
NA kWh

Norway
120.1 billion kWh (2001)

Oman
9.274 billion kWh (2001)

Pakistan
66.96 billion kWh (2001)

Panama
4.039 billion kWh (2001)

Papua New Guinea
1.496 billion kWh (2001)

Paraguay
44.89 billion kWh (2001)

Peru
20.59 billion kWh (2001)

Philippines
45.21 billion kWh (2001)

Pitcairn Islands
NA kWh; note - electric power is provided by a
small diesel-powered generator

Poland
135 billion kWh (2001)

Portugal
44.32 billion kWh (2001)

Puerto Rico
20.9 billion kWh (2001)

Qatar
9.264 billion kWh (2001)

Reunion
1.08 billion kWh (2001)

Romania
50.86 billion kWh (2001)

Russia
846.5 billion kWh (2001)

Rwanda
96.78 million kWh (2001)

Saint Helena
5 million kWh (2001)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
100.3 million kWh (2001)

Saint Lucia
120.2 million kWh (2001)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
42.03 million kWh (2001)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
92.48 million kWh (2001)

Samoa
105.1 million kWh (2001)

San Marino
NA

Sao Tome and Principe
17 million kWh (2001)

Saudi Arabia
122.4 billion kWh (2001)

Senegal
1.518 billion kWh (2001)

Serbia and Montenegro
31.71 billion kWh (2001)

Seychelles
160 million kWh (2001)

Sierra Leone
250.1 million kWh (2001)

Singapore
30.48 billion kWh (2001)

Slovakia
30.29 billion kWh (2001)

Slovenia
13.69 billion kWh (2001)

Solomon Islands
32 million kWh (2001)

Somalia
245.1 million kWh (2001)

South Africa
195.6 billion kWh (2001)

Spain
222.5 billion kWh (2001)

Sri Lanka
6.36 billion kWh (2001)

Sudan
2.389 billion kWh (2001)

Suriname
1.959 billion kWh (2001)

Svalbard
NA kWh

Swaziland
348.3 million kWh (2001)

Sweden
152.9 billion kWh (2001)

Switzerland
68.68 billion kWh (2001)

Syria
23.26 billion kWh (2001)

Taiwan
151.1 billion kWh (2001)

Tajikistan
14.18 billion kWh (2001)

Tanzania
2.906 billion kWh (2001)

Thailand
97.6 billion kWh (2001)

Togo
101.6 million kWh (2001)

Tokelau
NA kWh

Tonga
27.27 million kWh (2001)

Trinidad and Tobago
5.315 billion kWh (2001)

Tunisia
10.48 billion kWh (2001)

Turkey
116.6 billion kWh (2001)

Turkmenistan
10.18 billion kWh (2001)

Turks and Caicos Islands
5 million kWh (2001)

Uganda
1.928 billion kWh (2001)

Ukraine
164.7 billion kWh (2001)

United Arab Emirates
37.74 billion kWh (2001)

United Kingdom
360.9 billion kWh (2001)

United States
3.719 trillion kWh (2001)

Uruguay
7.963 billion kWh (2001)

Uzbekistan
44.49 billion kWh (2001)

Vanuatu
43.46 million kWh (2001)

Venezuela
87.6 billion kWh (2001)

Vietnam
29.8 billion kWh (2001)

Virgin Islands
1.03 billion kWh (2001)

Wake Island
NA

Wallis and Futuna
NA kWh

West Bank
NA kWh; note - most electricity imported from Israel; East
Jerusalem Electric Company buys and distributes electricity to
Palestinians in East Jerusalem and its concession in the West Bank;
the Israel Electric Company directly supplies electricity to most
Jewish residents and military facilities; some Palestinian
municipalities, such as Nablus and Janin, generate their own
electricity from small power plants

Western Sahara
90 million kWh (2001)

World
14.85 trillion kWh (2001 est.)

Yemen
3.01 billion kWh (2001)

Zambia
7.751 billion kWh (2001)

Zimbabwe
6.735 billion kWh (2001)

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

@2042 Electricity - consumption (kWh)

Afghanistan
511.4 million kWh (2001)

Albania
5.898 billion kWh (2001)

Algeria
22.9 billion kWh (2001)

American Samoa
120.9 million kWh (2001)

Andorra
NA kWh

Angola
1.348 billion kWh (2001)

Anguilla
42.6 million kWh

Antigua and Barbuda
97.89 million kWh (2001)

Argentina
92.12 billion kWh (2001)

Armenia
5.784 billion kWh (2001)

Aruba
494.7 million kWh (2001)

Australia
184.4 billion kWh (2001)

Austria
54.85 billion kWh (2001)

Azerbaijan
16.65 billion kWh (2001)

Bahamas, The
1.451 billion kWh (2001)

Bahrain
5.819 billion kWh (2001)

Bangladesh
14.25 billion kWh (2001)

Barbados
725.4 million kWh (2001)

Belarus
26.69 billion kWh (2001)

Belgium
78.18 billion kWh (2001)

Belize
185.5 million kWh (2001)

Benin
631.1 million kWh (2001)

Bermuda
598.6 million kWh (2001)

Bhutan
379.5 million kWh (2001)

Bolivia
3.634 billion kWh (2001)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
8.116 billion kWh (2001)

Botswana
1.564 billion kWh (2001)

Brazil
335.9 billion kWh (2001)

British Indian Ocean Territory
NA kWh

British Virgin Islands
35.43 million kWh (2001)

Brunei
2.322 billion kWh (2001)

Bulgaria
32.52 billion kWh (2001)

Burkina Faso
259.6 million kWh (2001)

Burma
5.709 billion kWh (2001)

Burundi
177.5 million kWh (2001)

Cambodia
110.6 million kWh (2001)

Cameroon
3.36 billion kWh (2001)

Canada
504.4 billion kWh (2001)

Cape Verde
39.08 million kWh (2001)

Cayman Islands
355.2 million kWh (2001)

Central African Republic
98.63 million kWh (2001)

Chad
87.46 million kWh (2001)

Chile
40.13 billion kWh (2001)

China
1.312 trillion kWh (2001)

Christmas Island
NA kWh

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA kWh

Colombia
39.81 billion kWh (2001)

Comoros
19.78 million kWh (2001)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
3.839 billion kWh (2001)

Congo, Republic of the
633 million kWh (2001)

Cook Islands
25.51 million kWh (2001)

Costa Rica
6.109 billion kWh (2001)

Cote d'Ivoire
2.983 billion kWh (2001)

Croatia
14.27 billion kWh (2001)

Cuba
13.38 billion kWh (2001)

Cyprus
Greek Cypriot area: 3.163 billion kWh; Turkish Cypriot area:
NA kWh (2001)

Czech Republic
55.6 billion kWh (2001)

Denmark
32.41 billion kWh (2001)

Djibouti
167.4 million kWh (2001)

Dominica
67.35 million kWh (2001)

Dominican Republic
8.543 billion kWh (2001)

East Timor
NA kWh (2001)

Ecuador
69.96 billion kWh (2001)

Egypt
69.96 billion kWh (2001)

El Salvador
3.777 billion kWh (2001)

Equatorial Guinea
21.91 million kWh (2001)

Eritrea
205.1 million kWh (2001)

Estonia
6.192 billion kWh (2001)

Ethiopia
1.594 billion kWh (2001)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
15.19 million kWh (2001)

Faroe Islands
149.1 million kWh (2001)

Fiji
483.7 million kWh (2001)

Finland
76.18 billion kWh (2001)

France
415.3 billion kWh (2001)

French Guiana
423.2 million kWh (2001)

French Polynesia
398.3 million kWh (2001)

Gabon
742.5 million kWh (2001)

Gambia, The
79.36 million kWh (2001)

Gaza Strip
NA kWh

Georgia
7.611 billion kWh (2001)

Germany
506.8 billion kWh (2001)

Ghana
8.835 billion kWh (2001)

Gibraltar
93 million kWh (2001)

Greece
48.8 billion kWh (2001)

Greenland
227.9 million kWh (2001)

Grenada
128.3 million kWh (2001)

Guadeloupe
1.074 billion kWh (2001)

Guam
771.9 million kWh (2001)

Guatemala
5.559 billion kWh (2001)

Guernsey
NA kWh

Guinea
735.2 million kWh (2001)

Guinea-Bissau
51.15 million kWh (2001)

Guyana
792.4 million kWh (2001)

Haiti
539.4 million kWh (2001)

Holy See (Vatican City)
NA kWh

Honduras
3.822 billion kWh (2001)

Hong Kong
37.12 billion kWh (2001)

Hungary
35.15 billion kWh (2001)

Iceland
7.341 billion kWh (2001)

India
497.2 billion kWh (2001)

Indonesia
89.08 billion kWh (2001)

Iran
115.9 billion kWh (2001)

Iraq
33.49 billion kWh (2001)

Ireland
21.63 billion kWh (2001)

Israel
37.82 billion kWh (2001)

Italy
289.1 billion kWh (2001)

Jamaica
5.833 billion kWh (2001)

Japan
964.2 billion kWh (2001)

Johnston Atoll
2.002 million kWh; note - approximate annual
consumption

Jordan
6.86 billion kWh (2001)

Kazakhstan
48.36 billion kWh (2001)

Kenya
3.981 billion kWh (2001)

Kiribati
6.51 million kWh (2001)

Korea, North
27.91 billion kWh (2001)

Korea, South
270.3 billion kWh (2001)

Kuwait
29.29 billion kWh (2001)

Kyrgyzstan
10.46 billion kWh (2001)

Laos
824.7 million kWh (2001)

Latvia
6.046 billion kWh (2001)

Lebanon
7.44 billion kWh (2001)

Lesotho
40 million kWh (2001)

Liberia
435.9 million kWh (2001)

Libya
18.77 billion kWh (2001)

Liechtenstein
NA kWh

Lithuania
8.683 billion kWh (2001)

Luxembourg
6.07 billion kWh (2001)

Macau
1.688 billion kWh (2002)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
6.112 billion kWh (2001)

Madagascar
772.1 million kWh (2001)

Malawi
715.3 million kWh (2001)

Malaysia
63.48 billion kWh (2001)

Maldives
108.8 million kWh (2001)

Mali
446.6 million kWh (2001)

Malta
1.644 billion kWh (2001)

Martinique
1.07 billion kWh (2001)

Mauritania
146.3 million kWh (2001)

Mauritius
1.219 billion kWh (2001)

Mayotte
NA kWh

Mexico
186.7 billion kWh (2001)

Micronesia, Federated States of
NA kWh

Moldova
3.216 billion kWh (2001)

Monaco
NA kWh

Mongolia
2.194 billion kWh (2001)

Montserrat
2.325 million kWh (2001)

Morocco
14.61 billion kWh (2001)

Mozambique
1.39 billion kWh (2001)

Namibia
603.1 million kWh (2001)

Nauru
27.9 million kWh (2001)

Nepal
1.764 billion kWh (2001)

Netherlands
99.42 billion kWh (2001)

Netherlands Antilles
986.8 million kWh (2001)

New Caledonia
1.5 billion kWh (2001)

New Zealand
34.88 billion kWh (2001)

Nicaragua
2.388 billion kWh (2001)

Niger
325.1 million kWh (2001)

Nigeria
14.55 billion kWh (2001)

Niue
2.79 million kWh (2001)

Norfolk Island
NA kWh

Northern Mariana Islands
NA kWh

Norway
115.3 billion kWh (2001)

Oman
8.625 billion kWh (2001)

Pakistan
62.27 billion kWh (2001)

Panama
3.681 billion kWh (2001)

Papua New Guinea
1.391 billion kWh (2001)

Paraguay
2.637 billion kWh (2001)

Peru
19.15 billion kWh (2001)

Philippines
42.04 billion kWh (2001)

Pitcairn Islands
NA kWh

Poland
118.8 billion kWh (2001)

Portugal
41.48 billion kWh (2001)

Puerto Rico
19.44 billion kWh (2001)

Qatar
8.616 billion kWh (2001)

Reunion
1.005 billion kWh (2001)

Romania
46.1 billion kWh (2001)

Russia
773 billion kWh (2001)

Rwanda
140 million kWh (2001)

Saint Helena
4.65 million kWh (2001)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
93.26 million kWh (2001)

Saint Lucia
111.8 million kWh (2001)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
39.08 million kWh (2001)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
86 million kWh (2001)

Samoa
97.74 million kWh (2001)

San Marino
NA (2000)

Sao Tome and Principe
15.81 million kWh (2001)

Saudi Arabia
113.8 billion kWh (2001)

Senegal
1.412 billion kWh (2001)

Serbia and Montenegro
32.37 billion kWh (2001)

Seychelles
148.8 million kWh (2001)

Sierra Leone
232.6 million kWh (2001)

Singapore
28.35 billion kWh (2001)

Slovakia
24.41 billion kWh (2001)

Slovenia
13.83 billion kWh (2001)

Solomon Islands
29.76 million kWh (2001)

Somalia
227.9 million kWh (2001)

South Africa
181.2 billion kWh (2001)

Spain
210.4 billion kWh (2001)

Sri Lanka
5.915 billion kWh (2001)

Sudan
2.222 billion kWh (2001)

Suriname
1.822 billion kWh (2001)

Svalbard
NA kWh

Swaziland
962.9 million kWh (2001)

Sweden
134.9 billion kWh (2001)

Switzerland
53.43 billion kWh (2001)

Syria
21.63 billion kWh (2001)

Taiwan
140.5 billion kWh (2001)

Tajikistan
14.52 billion kWh (2001)

Tanzania
2.752 billion kWh (2001)

Thailand
90.91 billion kWh (2001)

Togo
614.5 million kWh (2001)

Tokelau
NA kWh

Tonga
25.36 million kWh (2001)

Trinidad and Tobago
4.943 billion kWh (2001)

Tunisia
9.748 billion kWh (2001)

Turkey
112.6 billion kWh (2001)

Turkmenistan
8.509 billion kWh (2001)

Turks and Caicos Islands
4.65 million kWh (2001)

Uganda
1.62 billion kWh (2001)

Ukraine
152.4 billion kWh (2001)

United Arab Emirates
35.1 billion kWh (2001)

United Kingdom
346.1 billion kWh (2001)

United States
3.602 trillion kWh (2001)

Uruguay
6.152 billion kWh (2001)

Uzbekistan
47.07 billion kWh (2001)

Vanuatu
40.42 million kWh (2001)

Venezuela
81.47 billion kWh (2001)

Vietnam
27.71 billion kWh (2001)

Virgin Islands
957.9 million kWh (2001)

Wallis and Futuna
NA kWh

West Bank
NA kWh

Western Sahara
83.7 million kWh (2001)

World
13.93 trillion kWh (2001 est.)

Yemen
2.8 billion kWh (2001)

Zambia
5.458 billion kWh (2001)

Zimbabwe
9.813 billion kWh (2001)

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

@2043 Electricity - imports (kWh)

Afghanistan
200 million kWh (2001)

Albania
1.2 billion kWh (2001)

Algeria
275 million kWh (2001)

American Samoa
0 kWh (2001)

Andorra
NA kWh; note - most electricity supplied by Spain and
France; Andorra generates a small amount of hydropower

Angola
0 kWh (2001)

Antigua and Barbuda
0 kWh (2001)

Argentina
7.417 billion kWh (2001)

Armenia
463 million kWh; note - imports an unknown quantity from
Iran (2001)

Aruba
0 kWh (2001)

Australia
0 kWh (2001)

Austria
14.47 billion kWh (2001)

Azerbaijan
400 million kWh (2001)

Bahamas, The
0 kWh (2001)

Bahrain
0 kWh (2001)

Bangladesh
0 kWh (2001)

Barbados
0 kWh (2001)

Belarus
4.3 billion kWh (2001)

Belgium
15.82 billion kWh (2001)

Belize
0 kWh (2001)

Benin
376 million kWh (2001)

Bermuda
0 kWh (2001)

Bhutan
16 million kWh (2001)

Bolivia
9 million kWh (2001)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
1.405 billion kWh (2001)

Botswana
1.183 billion kWh (2001)

Brazil
37.19 billion kWh; note - supplied by Paraguay (2001)

British Virgin Islands
0 kWh (2001)

Brunei
0 kWh (2001)

Bulgaria
830 million kWh (2001)

Burkina Faso
0 kWh (2001)

Burma
0 kWh (2001)

Burundi
33 million kWh; note - supplied by the Democratic Republic
of the Congo (2001)

Cambodia
0 kWh (2001)

Cameroon
0 kWh (2001)

Canada
16.11 billion kWh (2001)

Cape Verde
0 kWh (2001)

Cayman Islands
0 kWh (2001)

Central African Republic
0 kWh (2001)

Chad
0 kWh (2001)

Chile
1.386 billion kWh (2001)

China
1.55 billion kWh (2001)

Colombia
40 million kWh (2001)

Comoros
0 kWh (2001)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
60 million kWh (2001)

Congo, Republic of the
300 million kWh (2001)

Cook Islands
0 kWh (2001)

Costa Rica
128 million kWh (2001)

Cote d'Ivoire
0 kWh (2001)

Croatia
3.386 billion kWh (2001)

Cuba
0 kWh (2001)

Cyprus
0 kWh (2001)

Czech Republic
9.38 billion kWh (2001)

Denmark
8.199 billion kWh (2001)

Djibouti
0 kWh (2001)

Dominica
0 kWh (2001)

Dominican Republic
0 kWh (2001)

East Timor
0 kWh (2001)

Ecuador
0 kWh (2001)

Egypt
0 kWh (2001)

El Salvador
353 million kWh (2001)

Equatorial Guinea
0 kWh (2001)

Eritrea
0 kWh NA kWh (2001)

Estonia
0 kWh (2001)

Ethiopia
0 kWh (2001)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
0 kWh (2001)

Faroe Islands
0 kWh (2001)

Fiji
0 kWh (2001)

Finland
11.77 billion kWh (2001)

France
4.2 billion kWh (2001)

French Guiana
0 kWh (2001)

French Polynesia
0 kWh (2001)

Gabon
0 kWh (2001)

Gambia, The
0 kWh (2001)

Gaza Strip
NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Israel (2001)

Georgia
850 million kWh (2001)

Germany
44 billion kWh (2001)

Ghana
950 million kWh (2001)

Gibraltar
0 kWh (2001)

Greece
3.562 billion kWh (2001)

Greenland
0 kWh (2001)

Grenada
0 kWh (2001)

Guadeloupe
0 kWh (2001)

Guam
0 kWh (2001)

Guatemala
95 million kWh (2001)

Guernsey
0 kWh (2002)

Guinea
0 kWh (2001)

Guinea-Bissau
0 kWh (2001)

Guyana
0 kWh (2001)

Haiti
0 kWh (2001)

Holy See (Vatican City)
NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Italy

Honduras
308 million kWh (2001)

Hong Kong
10.36 billion kWh (2001)

Hungary
10.43 billion kWh (2001)

Iceland
0 kWh (2001)

India
1.54 billion kWh (2001)

Indonesia
0 kWh (2001)

Iran
0 kWh (2001)

Iraq
0 kWh (2001)

Ireland
38 million kWh (2001)

Israel
0 kWh (2001)

Italy
48.93 billion kWh (2001)

Jamaica
0 kWh (2001)

Japan
0 kWh (2001)

Jersey
NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by France

Jordan
267 million kWh (2001)

Kazakhstan
3.2 billion kWh (2001)

Kenya
230 million kWh (2001)

Kiribati
0 kWh (2001)

Korea, North
0 kWh (2001)

Korea, South
0 kWh (2001)

Kuwait
0 kWh (2001)

Kyrgyzstan
200 million kWh (2001)

Laos
0 kWh (2001)

Latvia
2.69 billion kWh (2001)

Lebanon
1.183 billion kWh (2001)

Lesotho
40 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by South Africa
(2001)

Liberia
0 kWh (2001)

Libya
0 kWh (2001)

Liechtenstein
0 kWh (2002)

Lithuania
1.389 billion kWh (2001)

Luxembourg
6.389 billion kWh (2001)

Macau
193 million kWh (2002)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
100 million kWh (2001)

Madagascar
0 kWh (2001)

Malawi
0 kWh (2001)

Malaysia
0 kWh (2001)

Maldives
0 kWh (2001)

Mali
0 kWh (2001)

Malta
0 kWh (2001)

Martinique
0 kWh (2001)

Mauritania
0 kWh (2001)

Mauritius
0 kWh (2001)

Mexico
2.068 billion kWh (2001)

Moldova
60 million kWh (2001)

Monaco
NA kWh
note: electricity supplied by France

Mongolia
196 million kWh (2001)

Montserrat
0 kWh (2001)

Morocco
2.2 billion kWh (2001)

Mozambique
500 million kWh (2001)

Namibia
578 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by South Africa
(2001)

Nauru
0 kWh (2001)

Nepal
227 million kWh (2001)

Netherlands
21.49 billion kWh (2001)

Netherlands Antilles
0 kWh (2001)

New Caledonia
0 kWh (2001)

New Zealand
0 kWh (2001)

Nicaragua
17 million kWh (2001)

Niger
100 million kWh (2001)

Nigeria
0 kWh (2001)

Niue
0 kWh (2001)

Northern Mariana Islands
0 kWh

Norway
10.76 billion kWh (2001)

Oman
0 kWh (2001)

Pakistan
0 kWh (2001)

Panama
43 million kWh (2001)

Papua New Guinea
0 kWh (2001)

Paraguay
0 kWh (2001)

Peru
0 kWh (2001)

Philippines
0 kWh (2001)

Poland
4.306 billion kWh (2001)

Portugal
3.743 billion kWh (2001)

Puerto Rico
0 kWh (2001)

Qatar
0 kWh (2001)

Reunion
0 kWh (2001)

Romania
400 million kWh (2001)

Russia
7 billion kWh (2001)

Rwanda
50 million kWh (2001)

Saint Helena
0 kWh (2001)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
0 kWh (2001)

Saint Lucia
0 kWh (2001)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
0 kWh (2001)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
0 kWh (2001)

Samoa
0 kWh (2001)

San Marino 0 kWh note: electricity supplied by Italy

Sao Tome and Principe
0 kWh (2001)

Saudi Arabia
0 kWh (2001)

Senegal
0 kWh (2001)

Serbia and Montenegro
3.33 billion kWh (2001)

Seychelles
0 kWh (2001)

Sierra Leone
0 kWh (2001)

Singapore
0 kWh (2001)

Slovakia
1.381 billion kWh (2001)

Slovenia
4.1 billion kWh (2001)

Solomon Islands
0 kWh (2001)

Somalia
0 kWh (2001)

South Africa
6.2 billion kWh (2001)

Spain
7.588 billion kWh (2001)

Sri Lanka
0 kWh (2001)

Sudan
0 kWh (2001)

Suriname
0 kWh (2001)

Swaziland
639 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by South
Africa (2001)

Sweden
11.14 billion kWh (2001)

Switzerland
24.1 billion kWh (2001)

Syria
0 kWh (2001)

Taiwan
0 kWh (2001)

Tajikistan
5.242 billion kWh (2001)

Tanzania
50 million kWh (2001)

Thailand
350 million kWh (2001)

Togo
520 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by Ghana (2001)

Tonga
0 kWh (2001)

Trinidad and Tobago
0 kWh (2001)

Tunisia
1 million kWh (2001)

Turkey
4.579 billion kWh (2001)

Turkmenistan
20 million kWh (2001)

Turks and Caicos Islands
0 kWh (2001)

Uganda
1 million kWh (2001)

Ukraine
0 kWh (2001)

United Arab Emirates
0 kWh (2001)

United Kingdom
10.66 billion kWh (2001)

United States
38.48 billion kWh (2001)

Uruguay
123 million kWh (2001)

Uzbekistan
9.7 billion kWh (2001)

Vanuatu
0 kWh (2001)

Venezuela
0 kWh (2001)

Vietnam
0 kWh (2001)

Virgin Islands
0 kWh (2001)

Wallis and Futuna
0 kWh (2002)

West Bank
NA kWh

Western Sahara
0 kWh (2001)

Yemen
0 kWh (2001)

Zambia
0 kWh (2001)

Zimbabwe
3.55 billion kWh (2001)

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

@2044 Electricity - exports (kWh)

Afghanistan
0 kWh (2001)

Albania
221 million kWh (2001)

Algeria
340 million kWh (2001)

American Samoa
0 kWh (2001)

Andorra
0 kWh (2002)

Angola
0 kWh (2001)

Antigua and Barbuda
0 kWh (2001)

Argentina
5.662 billion kWh (2001)

Armenia
704 million kWh; note - exports an unknown quantity to
Georgia; includes exports to Nagorno-Karabakh region in Azerbaijan
(2001)

Aruba
0 kWh (2001)

Australia
0 kWh (2001)

Austria
14.25 billion kWh (2001)

Azerbaijan
700 million kWh (2001)

Bahamas, The
0 kWh (2001)

Bahrain
0 kWh (2001)

Bangladesh
0 kWh (2001)

Barbados
0 kWh (2001)

Belarus
300 million kWh (2001)

Belgium
6.712 billion kWh (2001)

Belize
0 kWh (2001)

Benin
0 kWh (2001)

Bermuda
0 kWh (2001)

Bhutan
1.4 billion kWh (2001)

Bolivia
3 million kWh (2001)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
2.569 billion kWh (2001)

Botswana
0 kWh (2001)

Brazil
0 kWh (2001)

British Virgin Islands
0 kWh (2001)

Brunei
0 kWh (2001)

Bulgaria
6.79 billion kWh (2001)

Burkina Faso
0 kWh (2001)

Burma
0 kWh (2001)

Burundi
0 kWh (2001)

Cambodia
0 kWh (2001)

Cameroon
0 kWh (2001)

Canada
38.4 billion kWh (2001)

Cape Verde
0 kWh (2001)

Cayman Islands
0 kWh (2001)

Central African Republic
0 kWh (2001)

Chad
0 kWh (2001)

Chile
0 kWh (2001)

China
10.3 billion kWh (2001)

Colombia
210 million kWh (2001)

Comoros
0 kWh (2001)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
1.097 billion kWh (2001)

Congo, Republic of the
0 kWh (2001)

Cook Islands
0 kWh (2001)

Costa Rica
379 million kWh (2001)

Cote d'Ivoire
1.3 billion kWh (2001)

Croatia
386 million kWh (2001)

Cuba
0 kWh (2001)

Cyprus
0 kWh (2001)

Czech Republic
18.92 billion kWh (2001)

Denmark
8.775 billion kWh (2001)

Djibouti
0 kWh (2001)

Dominica
0 kWh (2001)

Dominican Republic
0 kWh (2001)

East Timor
0 kWh (2001)

Ecuador
0 kWh (2001)

Egypt
0 kWh (2001)

El Salvador
44 million kWh (2001)

Equatorial Guinea
0 kWh (2001)

Eritrea
0 kWh NA kWh (2001)

Estonia
1.19 billion kWh (2001)

Ethiopia
0 kWh (2001)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
0 kWh (2001)

Faroe Islands
0 kWh (2001)

Fiji
0 kWh (2001)

Finland
1.81 billion kWh (2001)

France
72.6 billion kWh (2001)

French Guiana
0 kWh (2001)

French Polynesia
0 kWh (2001)

Gabon
0 kWh (2001)

Gambia, The
0 kWh (2001)

Gaza Strip
0 kWh (2001)

Georgia
0 kWh (2001)

Germany
43.9 billion kWh (2001)

Ghana
300 million kWh (2001)

Gibraltar
0 kWh (2001)

Greece
1.062 billion kWh (2001)

Greenland
0 kWh (2001)

Grenada
0 kWh (2001)

Guadeloupe
0 kWh (2001)

Guam
0 kWh (2001)

Guatemala
336 million kWh (2001)

Guernsey
0 kWh (2002)

Guinea
0 kWh (2001)

Guinea-Bissau
0 kWh (2001)

Guyana
0 kWh (2001)

Haiti
0 kWh (2001)

Holy See (Vatican City)
0 kWh

Honduras
0 kWh (2001)

Hong Kong
1.581 billion kWh (2001)

Hungary
7.261 billion kWh (2001)

Iceland
0 kWh (2001)

India
321 million kWh (2001)

Indonesia
0 kWh (2001)

Iran
0 kWh (2001)

Iraq
0 kWh (2001)

Ireland
285 million kWh (2001)

Israel
1.457 billion kWh (2001)

Italy
556 million kWh (2001)

Jamaica
0 kWh (2001)

Japan
0 kWh (2001)

Jordan
2 million kWh (2001)

Kazakhstan
3.6 billion kWh (2001)

Kenya
0 kWh (2001)

Kiribati
0 kWh (2001)

Korea, North
0 kWh (2001)

Korea, South
0 kWh (2001)

Kuwait
0 kWh (2001)

Kyrgyzstan
2.25 billion kWh (2001)

Laos
400 million kWh (2001)

Latvia
703 million kWh (2001)

Lebanon
0 kWh (2001)

Lesotho
0 kWh (2001)

Liberia
0 kWh (2001)

Libya
0 kWh (2001)

Liechtenstein
0 kWh (2002)

Lithuania
6.3 billion kWh (2001)

Luxembourg
744 million kWh (2001)

Macau
1 million kWh (2001)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
0 kWh (2001)

Madagascar
0 kWh (2001)

Malawi
0 kWh (2001)

Malaysia
75 million kWh (2001)

Maldives
0 kWh (2001)

Mali
0 kWh; note - recent hydropower developments may be providing
electricity to Senegal and Mauritania (2001)

Malta
0 kWh (2001)

Martinique
0 kWh (2001)

Mauritania
0 kWh (2001)

Mauritius
0 kWh (2001)

Mexico
77 million kWh (2001)

Moldova
0 kWh (2001)

Mongolia
25 million kWh (2001)

Montserrat
0 kWh (2001)

Morocco
0 kWh (2001)

Mozambique
5.8 billion kWh (2001)

Namibia
0 kWh (2001)

Nauru
0 kWh (2001)

Nepal
95 million kWh (2001)

Netherlands
4.209 billion kWh (2001)

Netherlands Antilles
0 kWh (2001)

New Caledonia
0 kWh (2001)

New Zealand
0 kWh (2001)

Nicaragua
0 kWh (2001)

Niger
0 kWh (2001)

Nigeria
20 million kWh (2001)

Niue
0 kWh (2001)

Northern Mariana Islands
0 kWh

Norway
7.162 billion kWh (2001)

Oman
0 kWh (2001)

Pakistan
0 kWh (2001)

Panama
118 million kWh (2001)

Papua New Guinea
0 kWh (2001)

Paraguay
39.11 billion kWh (2001)

Peru
0 kWh (2001)

Philippines
0 kWh (2001)

Poland
11.04 billion kWh (2001)

Portugal
3.479 billion kWh (2001)

Puerto Rico
0 kWh (2001)

Qatar
0 kWh (2001)

Reunion
0 kWh (2001)

Romania
1.6 billion kWh (2001)

Russia
21.16 billion kWh (2001)

Rwanda
0 kWh (2001)

Saint Helena
0 kWh (2001)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
0 kWh (2001)

Saint Lucia
0 kWh (2001)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
0 kWh (2001)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
0 kWh (2001)

Samoa
0 kWh (2001)

San Marino 0 kWh note: electric power supplied by Italy

Sao Tome and Principe
0 kWh (2001)

Saudi Arabia
0 kWh (2001)

Senegal
0 kWh (2001)

Serbia and Montenegro
446 million kWh (2001)

Seychelles
0 kWh (2001)

Sierra Leone
0 kWh (2001)

Singapore
0 kWh (2001)

Slovakia
5.141 billion kWh (2001)

Slovenia
3 billion kWh (2001)

Solomon Islands
0 kWh (2001)

Somalia
0 kWh (2001)

South Africa
6.91 billion kWh (2001)

Spain
4.138 billion kWh (2001)

Sri Lanka
0 kWh (2001)

Sudan
0 kWh (2001)

Suriname
0 kWh (2001)

Swaziland
0 kWh (2001)

Sweden
18.45 billion kWh (2001)

Switzerland
34.54 billion kWh (2001)

Syria
0 kWh (2001)

Taiwan
0 kWh (2001)

Tajikistan
3.909 billion kWh (2001)

Tanzania
0 kWh (2001)

Thailand
200 million kWh (2001)

Togo
0 kWh (2001)

Tonga
0 kWh (2001)

Trinidad and Tobago
0 kWh (2001)

Tunisia
0 kWh (2001)

Turkey
433 million kWh (2001)

Turkmenistan
980 million kWh (2001)

Turks and Caicos Islands
0 kWh (2001)

Uganda
174 million kWh (2001)

Ukraine
800 million kWh (2001)

United Arab Emirates
0 kWh (2001)

United Kingdom
264 million kWh (2001)

United States
18.17 billion kWh (2001)

Uruguay
1.377 billion kWh (2001)

Uzbekistan
3.998 billion kWh (2001)

Vanuatu
0 kWh (2001)

Venezuela
0 kWh (2001)

Vietnam
0 kWh (2001)

Virgin Islands
0 kWh (2001)

Wallis and Futuna
0 kWh (2002)

Western Sahara
0 kWh (2001)

Yemen
0 kWh (2001)

Zambia
1.75 billion kWh (2001)

Zimbabwe
0 kWh (2001)

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

@2045 Electricity - production by source (%)

Afghanistan
fossil fuel: 36.3%
hydro: 63.7%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Albania
fossil fuel: 2.9%
hydro: 97.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Algeria
fossil fuel: 99.7%
hydro: 0.3%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

American Samoa
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Andorra
fossil fuel: 0%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0%

Angola
fossil fuel: 36.4%
hydro: 63.6%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Anguilla
fossil fuel: NA%
hydro: NA%
nuclear: NA%
other: NA%

Antigua and Barbuda
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Argentina
fossil fuel: 52.2%
hydro: 40.8%
nuclear: 6.7%
other: 0.2% (2001)

Armenia
fossil fuel: 42.3%
hydro: 27%
nuclear: 30.7%
other: 0% (2001)

Aruba
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Australia
fossil fuel: 90.8%
hydro: 8.3%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.9% (2001)

Austria
fossil fuel: 29.3%
hydro: 67.2%
nuclear: 0%
other: 3.5% (2001)

Azerbaijan
fossil fuel: 89.7%
hydro: 10.3%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Bahamas, The
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Bahrain
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Bangladesh
fossil fuel: 93.7%
hydro: 6.3%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Barbados
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Belarus
fossil fuel: 99.5%
hydro: 0.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.4% (2001)

Belgium
fossil fuel: 38.4%
hydro: 0.6%
nuclear: 59.3%
other: 1.8% (2001)

Belize
fossil fuel: 59.9%
hydro: 40.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Benin
fossil fuel: 14.2%
hydro: 85.8%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Bermuda
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Bhutan
fossil fuel: 0.1%
hydro: 99.9%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Bolivia
fossil fuel: 44.4%
hydro: 54%
nuclear: 0%
other: 1.5% (2001)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
fossil fuel: 53.5%
hydro: 46.5%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Botswana
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Brazil
fossil fuel: 8.3%
hydro: 82.7%
nuclear: 4.4%
other: 4.6% (2001)

British Virgin Islands
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Brunei
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Bulgaria
fossil fuel: 47.8%
hydro: 8.1%
nuclear: 44.1%
other: 0% (2001)

Burkina Faso
fossil fuel: 69.9%
hydro: 30.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Burma
fossil fuel: 44.4%
hydro: 55.6%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Burundi
fossil fuel: 0.6%
hydro: 99.4%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Cambodia
fossil fuel: 65%
hydro: 35%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Cameroon
fossil fuel: 2.7%
hydro: 97.3%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Canada
fossil fuel: 28%
hydro: 57.9%
nuclear: 12.9%
other: 1.3% (2001)

Cape Verde
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Cayman Islands
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Central African Republic
fossil fuel: 19.8%
hydro: 80.2%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Chad
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Chile
fossil fuel: 47%
hydro: 51.5%
nuclear: 0%
other: 1.4% (2001)

China
fossil fuel: 80.2%
hydro: 18.5%
nuclear: 1.2%
other: 0.1% (2001)

Christmas Island
fossil fuel: NA%
hydro: NA%
nuclear: NA%
other: NA%

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
fossil fuel: NA%
hydro: NA%
nuclear: NA%
other: NA%

Colombia
fossil fuel: 26%
hydro: 72.7%
nuclear: 0%
other: 1.3% (2001)

Comoros
fossil fuel: 90.6%
hydro: 9.4%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
fossil fuel: 1.8%
hydro: 98.2%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Congo, Republic of the
fossil fuel: 0.3%
hydro: 99.7%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Cook Islands
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Costa Rica
fossil fuel: 1.5%
hydro: 81.9%
nuclear: 0%
other: 16.6% (2001)

Cote d'Ivoire
fossil fuel: 61.9%
hydro: 38.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Croatia
fossil fuel: 33.6%
hydro: 66%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.4% (2001)

Cuba
fossil fuel: 93.9%
hydro: 0.6%
nuclear: 0%
other: 5.4% (2001)

Cyprus
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Czech Republic
fossil fuel: 76.1%
hydro: 2.9%
nuclear: 20%
other: 1% (2001)

Denmark
fossil fuel: 82.7%
hydro: 0.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 17.3% (2001)

Djibouti
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Dominica
fossil fuel: 47.1%
hydro: 52.9%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Dominican Republic
fossil fuel: 92%
hydro: 7.6%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.4% (2001)

East Timor
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Ecuador
fossil fuel: 81%
hydro: 19%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Egypt
fossil fuel: 81%
hydro: 19%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

El Salvador
fossil fuel: 44%
hydro: 30.9%
nuclear: 0%
other: 25.1% (2001)

Equatorial Guinea
fossil fuel: 94.3%
hydro: 5.7%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Eritrea
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Estonia
fossil fuel: 99.8%
hydro: 0.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.2% (2001)

Ethiopia
fossil fuel: 1.3%
hydro: 97.6%
nuclear: 0%
other: 1.2% (2001)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Faroe Islands
fossil fuel: 62.4%
hydro: 37.6%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Fiji
fossil fuel: 18.5%
hydro: 81.5%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Finland
fossil fuel: 39%
hydro: 18.7%
nuclear: 30.4%
other: 11.8% (2001)

France
fossil fuel: 8.2%
hydro: 14%
nuclear: 77.1%
other: 0.7% (2001)

French Guiana
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

French Polynesia
fossil fuel: 60.7%
hydro: 39.3%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0%; note - sun, wind, biomass (2001)

Gabon
fossil fuel: 34.5%
hydro: 65.5%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Gambia, The
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Georgia
fossil fuel: 19.7%
hydro: 80.3%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Germany
fossil fuel: 61.8%
hydro: 4.2%
nuclear: 29.9%
other: 4.1% (2001)

Ghana
fossil fuel: 5%
hydro: 95%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Gibraltar
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Greece
fossil fuel: 94.5%
hydro: 3.8%
nuclear: 0%
other: 1.7% (2001)

Greenland
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0%
note: Greenland is shifting its electricity production from fossil
fuel to hydropower production (2001)

Grenada
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Guadeloupe
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Guam
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Guatemala
fossil fuel: 51.9%
hydro: 35.2%
nuclear: 0%
other: 12.9% (2001)

Guernsey
fossil fuel: 0%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0%

Guinea
fossil fuel: 45.5%
hydro: 54.5%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Guinea-Bissau
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Guyana
fossil fuel: 99.4%
hydro: 0.6%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Haiti
fossil fuel: 60.3%
hydro: 39.7%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Honduras
fossil fuel: 50.2%
hydro: 49.8%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Hong Kong
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Hungary
fossil fuel: 60.1%
hydro: 0.5%
nuclear: 39%
other: 0.3% (2001)

Iceland
fossil fuel: 0.1%
hydro: 82.5%
nuclear: 0%
other: 17.5% (2001)

India
fossil fuel: 81.7%
hydro: 14.5%
nuclear: 3.4%
other: 0.3% (2001)

Indonesia
fossil fuel: 86.9%
hydro: 10.5%
nuclear: 0%
other: 2.5% (2001)

Iran
fossil fuel: 97.1%
hydro: 2.9%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Iraq
fossil fuel: 98.4%
hydro: 1.6%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Ireland
fossil fuel: 95.9%
hydro: 2.3%
nuclear: 0%
other: 1.7% (2001)

Israel
fossil fuel: 99.9%
hydro: 0.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Italy
fossil fuel: 78.6%
hydro: 18.4%
nuclear: 0%
other: 3% (2001)

Jamaica
fossil fuel: 96.8%
hydro: 1.8%
nuclear: 0%
other: 1.5% (2001)

Japan
fossil fuel: 60%
hydro: 8.4%
nuclear: 29.8%
other: 1.8% (2001)

Jordan
fossil fuel: 99.4%
hydro: 0.6%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Kazakhstan
fossil fuel: 84.3%
hydro: 15.7%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Kenya
fossil fuel: 71%
hydro: 17.7%
nuclear: 0%
other: 11.3% (2001)

Kiribati
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Korea, North
fossil fuel: 29%
hydro: 71%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Korea, South
fossil fuel: 62.4%
hydro: 0.8%
nuclear: 36.6%
other: 0.2% (2001)

Kuwait
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Kyrgyzstan
fossil fuel: 7.6%
hydro: 92.4%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Laos
fossil fuel: 1.4%
hydro: 98.6%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Latvia
fossil fuel: 29.1%
hydro: 70.9%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Lebanon
fossil fuel: 97.2%
hydro: 2.8%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Liberia
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Libya
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Liechtenstein
fossil fuel: 0%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2002)

Lithuania
fossil fuel: 16.5%
hydro: 5.7%
nuclear: 77.7%
other: 0% (2001)

Luxembourg
fossil fuel: 57.3%
hydro: 25.2%
nuclear: 0%
other: 17.5% (2001)

Macau
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
fossil fuel: 83.7%
hydro: 16.3%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Madagascar
fossil fuel: 36.1%
hydro: 63.9%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Malawi
fossil fuel: 3.3%
hydro: 96.7%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Malaysia
fossil fuel: 89.5%
hydro: 10.5%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Maldives
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Mali
fossil fuel: 41.7%
hydro: 58.3%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Malta
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Marshall Islands
fossil fuel: 99%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 1% (solar)

Martinique
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Mauritania
fossil fuel: 85.9%
hydro: 14.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Mauritius
fossil fuel: 90.8%
hydro: 9.2%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Mayotte
fossil fuel: 0%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0%

Mexico
fossil fuel: 78.7%
hydro: 14.2%
nuclear: 4.2%
other: 2.9% (2001)

Micronesia, Federated States of
fossil fuel: 0%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0%

Moldova
fossil fuel: 90.6%
hydro: 9.4%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Mongolia
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Montserrat
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Morocco
fossil fuel: 95.4%
hydro: 4.6%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Mozambique
fossil fuel: 2.9%
hydro: 97.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Namibia
fossil fuel: 0%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0%

Nauru
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Nepal
fossil fuel: 8.5%
hydro: 91.5%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Netherlands
fossil fuel: 89.9%
hydro: 0.1%
nuclear: 4.3%
other: 5.7% (2001)

Netherlands Antilles
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

New Caledonia
fossil fuel: 76.3%
hydro: 23.7%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

New Zealand
fossil fuel: 31.6%
hydro: 57.8%
nuclear: 0%
other: 10.7% (2001)

Nicaragua
fossil fuel: 83.9%
hydro: 7.7%
nuclear: 0%
other: 8.4% (2001)

Niger
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Nigeria
fossil fuel: 61.9%
hydro: 38.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Niue
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Norfolk Island
fossil fuel: 0%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2002)

Norway
fossil fuel: 0.4%
hydro: 99.3%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.4% (2001)

Oman
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Pakistan
fossil fuel: 68.8%
hydro: 28.2%
nuclear: 3%
other: 0% (2001)

Palau
0%

Panama
fossil fuel: 37%
hydro: 61.3%
nuclear: 0%
other: 1.7% (2001)

Papua New Guinea
fossil fuel: 54.1%
hydro: 45.9%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Paraguay
fossil fuel: 0%
hydro: 99.9%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.1% (2001)

Peru
fossil fuel: 14.5%
hydro: 84.7%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.8% (2001)

Philippines
fossil fuel: 55.6%
hydro: 17.5%
nuclear: 0%
other: 26.9% (2001)

Poland
fossil fuel: 98.1%
hydro: 1.5%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.4% (2001)

Portugal
fossil fuel: 64.5%
hydro: 31.3%
nuclear: 0%
other: 4.1% (2001)

Puerto Rico
fossil fuel: 99.2%
hydro: 0.8%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Qatar
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Reunion
fossil fuel: 55.5%
hydro: 44.5%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Romania
fossil fuel: 62.5%
hydro: 27.6%
nuclear: 9.9%
other: 0% (2001)

Russia
fossil fuel: 64.3%
hydro: 20.5%
nuclear: 14.8%
other: 0.4% (2001)

Rwanda
fossil fuel: 2.3%
hydro: 97.7%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Saint Helena
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Saint Lucia
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
fossil fuel: 69.3%
hydro: 30.7%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Samoa
fossil fuel: 58%
hydro: 42%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

San Marino
fossil fuel: 41.18%
hydro: 58.82%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0%

Sao Tome and Principe
fossil fuel: 41.2%
hydro: 58.8%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Saudi Arabia
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Senegal
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Serbia and Montenegro
fossil fuel: 62.9%
hydro: 37.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Seychelles
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Sierra Leone
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Singapore
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Slovakia
fossil fuel: 30.3%
hydro: 16%
nuclear: 53.6%
other: 0% (2001)

Slovenia
fossil fuel: 35.2%
hydro: 27.3%
nuclear: 36.8%
other: 0.7% (2001)

Solomon Islands
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Somalia
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

South Africa
fossil fuel: 93.5%
hydro: 1.1%
nuclear: 5.5%
other: 0% (2001)

Spain
fossil fuel: 50.4%
hydro: 18.2%
nuclear: 27.2%
other: 4.1% (2001)

Sri Lanka
fossil fuel: 51.7%
hydro: 48.3%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Sudan
fossil fuel: 52.1%
hydro: 47.9%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Suriname
fossil fuel: 25.2%
hydro: 74.8%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Svalbard
fossil fuel: 58%
hydro: 42%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0%

Swaziland
fossil fuel: 58%
hydro: 42%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Sweden
fossil fuel: 4%
hydro: 50.8%
nuclear: 43%
other: 2.3% (2001)

Switzerland
fossil fuel: 1.3%
hydro: 59.5%
nuclear: 37.1%
other: 2% (2001)

Syria
fossil fuel: 57.6%
hydro: 42.4%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Taiwan
fossil fuel: 71.4%
hydro: 6%
nuclear: 22.6%
other: 0% (2001)

Tajikistan
fossil fuel: 1.9%
hydro: 98.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Tanzania
fossil fuel: 18.9%
hydro: 81.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Thailand
fossil fuel: 91.3%
hydro: 6.4%
nuclear: 0%
other: 2.4% (2001)

Togo
fossil fuel: 98.7%
hydro: 1.3%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Tokelau
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Tonga
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Trinidad and Tobago
fossil fuel: 99.8%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.2% (2001)

Tunisia
fossil fuel: 99.5%
hydro: 0.5%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Turkey
fossil fuel: 79.3%
hydro: 20.4%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.3% (2001)

Turkmenistan
fossil fuel: 99.9%
hydro: 0.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Turks and Caicos Islands
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Tuvalu
fossil fuel: NA%
hydro: NA%
nuclear: NA%
other: NA%

Uganda
fossil fuel: 0.9%
hydro: 99.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Ukraine
fossil fuel: 48.6%
hydro: 7.9%
nuclear: 43.5%
other: 0% (2001)

United Arab Emirates
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

United Kingdom
fossil fuel: 73.8%
hydro: 0.9%
nuclear: 23.7%
other: 1.6% (2001)

United States
fossil fuel: 71.4%
hydro: 5.6%
nuclear: 20.7%
other: 2.3% (2001)

Uruguay
fossil fuel: 0.7%
hydro: 99.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.3% (2001)

Uzbekistan
fossil fuel: 88.2%
hydro: 11.8%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Vanuatu
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Venezuela
fossil fuel: 31.7%
hydro: 68.3%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Vietnam
fossil fuel: 43.7%
hydro: 56.3%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Virgin Islands
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Wallis and Futuna
fossil fuel: 0%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0%

West Bank
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0%

Western Sahara
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

World
fossil fuel: NA%
hydro: NA%
nuclear: NA%
other: NA%

Yemen
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Zambia
fossil fuel: 0.5%
hydro: 99.5%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

Zimbabwe
fossil fuel: 47%
hydro: 53%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001)

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

@2046 Population below poverty line (%)

Afghanistan
NA%

Albania
30% (2001 est.)

Algeria
23% (1999 est.)

American Samoa
NA%

Andorra
NA%

Angola
NA%

Anguilla
NA%

Antigua and Barbuda
NA%

Argentina
37% (2001 est.)

Armenia
50% (2002 est.)

Aruba
NA%

Australia
NA%

Austria
NA%

Azerbaijan
49% (2002 est.)

Bahamas, The
NA%

Bahrain
NA%

Bangladesh
35.6% (FY 95/96 est.)

Barbados
NA%

Belarus
22% (1995 est.)

Belgium
4%

Belize
33% (1999 est.)

Benin
37% (2001 est.)

Bermuda
NA%

Bhutan
NA%

Bolivia
70% (1999 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
NA%

Botswana
47%

Brazil
22% (1998 est.)

British Virgin Islands
NA%

Brunei
NA%

Bulgaria
12.6% (2001 est.)

Burkina Faso
45% (2001 est.)

Burma
25% (2000 est.)

Burundi
70% (2002 est.)

Cambodia
36% (1997 est.)

Cameroon
48% (2000 est.)

Canada
NA%

Cape Verde
30% (2000)

Cayman Islands
NA%

Central African Republic
NA%

Chad
80% (2001 est.)

Chile
21% (1998 est.)

China
10% (2001 est.)

Christmas Island
NA%

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA%

Colombia
55% (2001)

Comoros
60% (2002 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
NA%

Congo, Republic of the
NA%

Cook Islands
NA%

Costa Rica
20.6% (1999 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
37% (1995)

Croatia
NA%

Cuba
NA%

Cyprus
NA%

Czech Republic
NA%

Denmark
NA%

Djibouti
50% (2001 est.)

Dominica
30% (2002 est.)

Dominican Republic
25%

East Timor
42% (2002 est.)

Ecuador
70% (2001 est.)

Egypt
22.9% (FY 95/96 est.)

El Salvador
48% (1999 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
NA%

Eritrea
53% (1993/94)

Estonia
NA% (2000)

Ethiopia
45% (2002 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA%

Faroe Islands
NA%

Fiji
25.5% (1990-91)

Finland
NA%

France
6.4% (1999)

French Guiana
NA%

French Polynesia
NA%

Gabon
NA%

Gambia, The
NA%

Gaza Strip
60% (2002 est.)

Georgia
54% (2001 est.)

Germany
NA%

Ghana
31.4% (1992 est.)

Gibraltar
NA%

Greece
NA%

Greenland
NA%

Grenada
32% (2000)

Guadeloupe
NA%

Guam
23% (2001 est.)

Guatemala
75% (2002 est.)

Guernsey
NA%

Guinea
40% (1994 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
NA%

Guyana
NA%

Haiti
80% (2002 est.)

Holy See (Vatican City)
NA%

Honduras
53% (1993 est.)

Hong Kong
NA%

Hungary
8.6% (1993 est.)

Iceland
NA%

India
25% (2002 est.)

Indonesia
27% (1999)

Iran
40% (2002 est.)

Iraq
NA

Ireland
10% (1997 est.)

Israel
18% (2001 est.)

Italy
NA%

Jamaica
34.2% (1992 est.)

Japan
NA%

Jersey
NA%

Jordan
30% (2001 est.)

Kazakhstan
26% (2001 est.)

Kenya
50% (2000 est.)

Kiribati
NA%

Korea, North
NA%

Korea, South
4% (2001 est.)

Kuwait
NA%

Kyrgyzstan
55% (2001 est.)

Laos
40% (2002 est.)

Latvia
NA%

Lebanon
28% (1999 est.)

Lesotho
49% (1999)

Liberia
80%

Libya
NA%

Liechtenstein
NA%

Lithuania
NA%

Luxembourg
NA%

Macau
NA%

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
24% (2001 est.)

Madagascar
71% (1999 est.)

Malawi
54% (FY 90/91 est.)

Malaysia
8% (1998 est.)

Maldives
NA%

Mali
64% average; 30% of the total population living in urban areas;
70% of the total population living in rural areas) (2001 est.)

Malta
NA%

Man, Isle of
NA%

Marshall Islands
NA%

Martinique
NA%

Mauritania
50% (2001 est.)

Mauritius
10% (2001 est.)

Mayotte
NA%

Mexico
40% (2001 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
26.7%

Moldova
80% (2001 est.)

Monaco
NA%

Mongolia
36% (2001 est.)

Montserrat
NA%

Morocco
19% (1999 est.)

Mozambique
70% (2001 est.)

Namibia
50% (2002 est.)

Nauru
NA%

Nepal
42% (1995-96)

Netherlands
NA%

Netherlands Antilles
NA%

New Caledonia
NA%

New Zealand
NA%

Nicaragua
50% (2001 est.)

Niger
63% (1993 est.)

Nigeria
60% (2000 est.)

Niue
NA%

Norfolk Island
NA%

Northern Mariana Islands
NA%

Norway
NA%

Oman
NA%

Pakistan
35% (2001 est.)

Palau
NA%

Panama
37% (1999 est.)

Papua New Guinea
37% (2002 est.)

Paraguay
36% (2001 est.)

Peru
50% (2000 est.)

Philippines
40% (2001 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
NA%

Poland
18.4% (2000 est.)

Portugal
NA%

Puerto Rico
NA%

Qatar
NA%

Reunion
NA%

Romania
44.5% (2000)

Russia
25% (37622 est.)

Rwanda
60% (2001 est.)

Saint Helena
NA%

Saint Kitts and Nevis
NA%

Saint Lucia
NA%

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
NA%

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
NA%

Samoa
NA%

San Marino
NA%

Sao Tome and Principe
NA%

Saudi Arabia
NA%

Senegal
54% (2001 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro
30%

Seychelles
NA%

Sierra Leone
68% (1989 est.)

Singapore
NA%

Slovakia
NA%

Slovenia
NA%

Solomon Islands
NA%

Somalia
NA%

South Africa
50% (2000 est.)

Spain
NA%

Sri Lanka
22% (1997 est.)

Sudan
NA%

Suriname
70% (2002 est.)

Svalbard
NA%

Swaziland
40% (1995)

Sweden
NA%

Switzerland
NA%

Syria
15%-25%

Taiwan
1% (2000 est.)

Tajikistan
60% (2001 est.)

Tanzania
36% (2002 est.)

Thailand
12.5% (1998 est.)

Togo
32% (1989 est.)

Tokelau
NA%

Tonga
NA%

Trinidad and Tobago
21% (1992 est.)

Tunisia
6% (2000 est.)

Turkey
NA%

Turkmenistan
34.4% (2001 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
NA%

Tuvalu
NA%

Uganda
35% (2001 est.)

Ukraine
29% (2001 est.)

United Arab Emirates
NA%

United Kingdom
17%

United States
12.7% (2001 est.)

Uruguay
6% (1997)

Uzbekistan
NA%

Vanuatu
NA%

Venezuela
47% (1998 est.)

Vietnam
37% (1998 est.)

Virgin Islands
NA%

Wallis and Futuna
NA%

West Bank
60% (2002 est.)

Western Sahara
NA%

Yemen
NA

Zambia
86% (1993)

Zimbabwe
70% (2002 est.)

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

@2047 Household income or consumption by percentage share (%)

Afghanistan
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Albania
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Algeria
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 26.8% (1995)

American Samoa
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Andorra
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Angola
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Anguilla
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Antigua and Barbuda
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Argentina
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Armenia
lowest 10%: 2.3%
highest 10%: 46.2% (1999)

Aruba
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Australia
lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 25.4% (1994)

Austria
lowest 10%: 2.5%
highest 10%: 22.5% (1995)

Azerbaijan
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 27.8% (1995)

Bahamas, The
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Bahrain
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Bangladesh
lowest 10%: 3.9%
highest 10%: 28.6% (1995-96 est.)

Barbados
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Belarus
lowest 10%: 5.1%
highest 10%: 20% (1998)

Belgium
lowest 10%: 3.2%
highest 10%: 23% (1996)

Belize
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Benin
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Bermuda
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Bhutan
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Bolivia
lowest 10%: 1.3%
highest 10%: 32% (1999)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Botswana
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Brazil
lowest 10%: 0.7%
highest 10%: 48% (1998)

British Virgin Islands
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Brunei
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Bulgaria
lowest 10%: 4.5%
highest 10%: 22.8% (1997)

Burkina Faso
lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 46.8% (1994)

Burma
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 32.4% (1998)

Burundi
lowest 10%: 1.8%
highest 10%: 32.9% (1998)

Cambodia
lowest 10%: 2.9%
highest 10%: 33.8% (1997)

Cameroon
lowest 10%: 1.9%
highest 10%: 36.6% (1996)

Canada
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 23.8% (1994)

Cape Verde
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Cayman Islands
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Central African Republic
lowest 10%: 0.7%
highest 10%: 47.7% (1993)

Chad
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Chile
lowest 10%: 1.3%
highest 10%: 45.6% (1998)

China
lowest 10%: 2.4%
highest 10%: 30.4% (1998)

Christmas Island
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Colombia
lowest 10%: 1%
highest 10%: 44% (1999)

Comoros
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Congo, Republic of the
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Cook Islands
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Costa Rica
lowest 10%: 1.7%
highest 10%: 34.6% (2001)

Cote d'Ivoire
lowest 10%: 3.1%
highest 10%: 28.8% (1995)

Croatia
lowest 10%: 3.7%
highest 10%: 23.3% (1998)

Cuba
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Cyprus
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Czech Republic
lowest 10%: 4.3%
highest 10%: 22.4% (1996)

Denmark
lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 24% (2000 est.)

Djibouti
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Dominica
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Dominican Republic
lowest 10%: 2.1%
highest 10%: 37.9% (1998)

East Timor
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Ecuador
lowest 10%: 2.2%
highest 10%: 33.8% (1995)

Egypt
lowest 10%: 4.4%
highest 10%: 25% (1995)

El Salvador
lowest 10%: 1.4%
highest 10%: 39.3% (2001)

Equatorial Guinea
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Eritrea
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Estonia
lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 29.8% (1998)

Ethiopia
lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 33.7% (1995)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Faroe Islands
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Fiji
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Finland
lowest 10%: 4.2%
highest 10%: 21.6% (1991)

France
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 25.1% (1995)

French Guiana
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

French Polynesia
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Gabon
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Gambia, The
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Gaza Strip
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Georgia
lowest 10%: 2.3%
highest 10%: 27.9% (1996)

Germany
lowest 10%: 3.6%
highest 10%: 25.1% (1997)

Ghana
lowest 10%: 2.2%
highest 10%: 30.1% (1999)

Gibraltar
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Greece
lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 25.3% (1993 est.)

Greenland
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Grenada
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Guadeloupe
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Guam
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Guatemala
lowest 10%: 1.6%
highest 10%: 46% (1998)

Guernsey
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Guinea
lowest 10%: 2.6%
highest 10%: 32% (1994)

Guinea-Bissau
lowest 10%: 0.5%
highest 10%: 42.4% (1991)

Guyana
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Haiti
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Holy See (Vatican City)
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Honduras
lowest 10%: 0.6%
highest 10%: 42.7% (1998)

Hong Kong
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Hungary
lowest 10%: 4.1%
highest 10%: 20.5% (1998)

Iceland
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

India
lowest 10%: 3.5%
highest 10%: 33.5% (1997)

Indonesia
lowest 10%: 4%
highest 10%: 26.7% (1999)

Iran
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Iraq
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Ireland
lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 27.3% (1997)

Israel
lowest 10%: 2.4%
highest 10%: 28.3% (1997)

Italy
lowest 10%: 2.1%
highest 10%: 26.6% (2000)

Jamaica
lowest 10%: 2.7%
highest 10%: 30.3% (2000)

Japan
lowest 10%: 4.8%
highest 10%: 21.7% (1993)

Jersey
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Jordan
lowest 10%: 3.3%
highest 10%: 29.8% (1997)

Kazakhstan
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 27.3% (2001)

Kenya
lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 37.2% (2000)

Kiribati
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Korea, North
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Korea, South
lowest 10%: 2.6%
highest 10%: 24.8% (1998 est.)

Kuwait
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Kyrgyzstan
lowest 10%: 3.2%
highest 10%: 27.7% (1999)

Laos
lowest 10%: 3.2%
highest 10%: 30.6% (1997)

Latvia
lowest 10%: 2.9%
highest 10%: 25.9% (1998)

Lebanon
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Lesotho
lowest 10%: 0.9%
highest 10%: 43.4%

Liberia
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Libya
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Liechtenstein
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Lithuania
lowest 10%: 3.1%
highest 10%: 25.6% (1996)

Luxembourg
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Macau
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Madagascar
lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 29% (1999)

Malawi
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Malaysia
lowest 10%: 1.7%
highest 10%: 38.4% (1997 est.)

Maldives
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Mali
lowest 10%: 1.8%
highest 10%: 40.4% (1994)

Malta
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Man, Isle of
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Marshall Islands
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Martinique
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Mauritania
lowest 10%: 2.5%
highest 10%: 30.2% (2000)

Mauritius
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Mayotte
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Mexico
lowest 10%: 1.6%
highest 10%: 41.1% (2001)

Micronesia, Federated States of
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Moldova
lowest 10%: 2.2%
highest 10%: 30.7% (1997)

Monaco
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Mongolia
lowest 10%: 2.9%
highest 10%: 24.5% (1995)

Montserrat
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Morocco
lowest 10%: 2.6%
highest 10%: 30.9% (1998-99)

Mozambique
lowest 10%: 2.5%
highest 10%: 31.7% (1997)

Namibia
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Nauru
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Nepal
lowest 10%: 3.2%
highest 10%: 29.8% (1995-96)

Netherlands
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 25.1% (1994)

Netherlands Antilles
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

New Caledonia
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

New Zealand
lowest 10%: 0.3%
highest 10%: 29.8% (1991 est.)

Nicaragua
lowest 10%: 0.7%
highest 10%: 48.8% (1998)

Niger
lowest 10%: 0.8%
highest 10%: 35.4% (1995)

Nigeria
lowest 10%: 1.6%
highest 10%: 40.8% (1996-97)

Niue
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Norfolk Island
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Northern Mariana Islands
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Norway
lowest 10%: 4.1%
highest 10%: 21.8% (1995)

Oman
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Pakistan
lowest 10%: 4.1%
highest 10%: 27.6% (1996-97)

Palau
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Panama
lowest 10%: 1.2%
highest 10%: 35.7% (1997)

Papua New Guinea
lowest 10%: 1.7%
highest 10%: 40.5% (1996)

Paraguay
lowest 10%: 0.5%
highest 10%: 43.8% (1998)

Peru
lowest 10%: 1.6%
highest 10%: 35.4% (1996)

Philippines
lowest 10%: 1.5%
highest 10%: 39.3% (1998)

Pitcairn Islands
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Poland
lowest 10%: 3.2%
highest 10%: 24.7% (1998)

Portugal
lowest 10%: 3.1%
highest 10%: 28.4% (1995 est.)

Puerto Rico
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Qatar
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Reunion
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Romania
lowest 10%: 3.2%
highest 10%: 25% (1998)

Russia
lowest 10%: 5.9%
highest 10%: 47% (2001)

Rwanda
lowest 10%: 4.2%
highest 10%: 24.2% (1985)

Saint Helena
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Saint Kitts and Nevis
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Saint Lucia
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Samoa
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

San Marino
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Sao Tome and Principe
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Saudi Arabia
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Senegal
lowest 10%: 2.6%
highest 10%: 33.5% (1995)

Serbia and Montenegro
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Seychelles
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Sierra Leone
lowest 10%: 0.5%
highest 10%: 43.6% (1989)

Singapore
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Slovakia
lowest 10%: 5.1%
highest 10%: 18.2% (1992)

Slovenia
lowest 10%: 3.9%
highest 10%: 23% (1998)

Solomon Islands
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Somalia
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

South Africa
lowest 10%: 1.1%
highest 10%: 45.9% (1994)

Spain
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 25.2% (1990)

Sri Lanka
lowest 10%: 3.5%
highest 10%: 28% (1995)

Sudan
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Suriname
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Svalbard
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Swaziland
lowest 10%: 1%
highest 10%: 50.2% (1995)

Sweden
lowest 10%: 3.7%
highest 10%: 20.1% (1992)

Switzerland
lowest 10%: 2.6%
highest 10%: 25.2% (1992)

Syria
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Taiwan
lowest 10%: 6.4%
highest 10%: 41.1% (2002 est.)

Tajikistan
lowest 10%: 3.2%
highest 10%: 25.2% (1998)

Tanzania
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 30.1% (1993)

Thailand
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 32.4% (1998)

Togo
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Tokelau
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Tonga
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Trinidad and Tobago
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Tunisia
lowest 10%: 2.3%
highest 10%: 31.8% (1995)

Turkey
lowest 10%: 2.3%
highest 10%: 32.3% (1994)

Turkmenistan
lowest 10%: 2.6%
highest 10%: 31.7% (1998)

Turks and Caicos Islands
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Tuvalu
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Uganda
lowest 10%: 4%
highest 10%: 21% (2000)

Ukraine
lowest 10%: 3.7%
highest 10%: 23.2% (1999)

United Arab Emirates
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

United Kingdom
lowest 10%: 2.3%
highest 10%: 27.7% (1995)

United States
lowest 10%: 1.8%
highest 10%: 30.5% (1997)

Uruguay
lowest 10%: 3.7%
highest 10%: 25.8% (1997)

Uzbekistan
lowest 10%: 1.2%
highest 10%: 32.8% (1998)

Vanuatu
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Venezuela
lowest 10%: 0.8%
highest 10%: 36.5% (1998)

Vietnam
lowest 10%: 3.6%
highest 10%: 29.9% (1998)

Virgin Islands
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Wallis and Futuna
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

West Bank
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Western Sahara
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

World
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%

Yemen
lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 25.9% (1998)

Zambia
lowest 10%: 1.1%
highest 10%: 41% (1998)

Zimbabwe
lowest 10%: 1.97%
highest 10%: 40.42% (1995)

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

@2048 Labor force - by occupation (%)

Afghanistan
agriculture 80%, industry 10%, services 10% (1990 est.)

Albania
agriculture 50%, industry and services 50%

Algeria
government 29%, agriculture 25%, construction and public
works 15%, industry 11%, other 20% (1996 est.)

American Samoa
government 33%, tuna canneries 34%, other 33% (1990)

Andorra
agriculture 1%, industry 21%, services 78% (2000 est.)

Angola
agriculture 85%, industry and services 15% (1997 est.)

Anguilla
commerce 36%, services 29%, construction 18%,
transportation and utilities 10%, manufacturing 3%,
agriculture/fishing/forestry/mining 4% (2000 est,)

Antigua and Barbuda commerce and services 82%, agriculture 11%, industry 7% (1983)

Argentina
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Armenia
agriculture 45%, services 30%, industry 25% (2002 est.)

Aruba
most employment is in wholesale and retail trade and repair,
followed by hotels and restaurants; oil refining

Australia
services 73%, industry 22%, agriculture 5% (1997 est.)

Austria
services 67%, industry and crafts 29%, agriculture and
forestry 4% (2001 est.)

Azerbaijan
agriculture and forestry 41%, industry 7%, services 52%
(2001)

Bahamas, The
tourism 50%, other services 40%, industry 5%,
agriculture 5% (1999 est.)

Bahrain
industry, commerce, and service 79%, government 20%,
agriculture 1% (1997 est.)

Bangladesh
agriculture 63%, services 26%, industry 11% (FY 95/96)

Barbados
services 75%, industry 15%, agriculture 10% (1996 est.)

Belarus
industry and construction NA%, agriculture and forestry NA%,
services NA%

Belgium
services 73%, industry 25%, agriculture 2% (1999 est.)

Belize
agriculture 27%, industry 18%, services 55% (2001 est.)

Bermuda
clerical 22%, services 20%, laborers 17%, professional and
technical 17%, administrative and managerial 13%, sales 8%,
agriculture and fishing 3% (2000 est.)

Bhutan
agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry and commerce 2%

Bolivia
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Bosnia and Herzegovina
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Botswana
NA

Brazil
services 53%, agriculture 23%, industry 24%

British Virgin Islands
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Brunei
government 48%, production of oil, natural gas, services, and
construction 42%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 10% (1999 est.)

Bulgaria
agriculture 26%, industry 31%, services 43% (1998 est.)

Burkina Faso
agriculture 90% (2000 est.)

Burma
agriculture 70%, industry 7%, services 23% (2001 est.)

Burundi
NA

Cambodia
agriculture 80% (2001 est.)

Cameroon
agriculture 70%, industry and commerce 13%, other 17%

Canada
services 74%, manufacturing 15%, construction 5%, agriculture
3%, other 3% (2000)

Cayman Islands
agriculture 1.4%, industry 12.6%, services 86% (1995)

Chad
agriculture more than 80% (subsistence farming, herding, and
fishing)

Chile
agriculture 14%, industry 27%, services 59% (1997 est.)

China
agriculture 50%, industry 22%, services 28% (2001 est.)

Christmas Island
tourism 400 people, mining 100 people (1995)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands the Cocos Islands Cooperative Society Ltd. employs construction workers, stevedores, and lighterage workers; tourism employs others

Colombia
services 46%, agriculture 30%, industry 24% (1990)

Comoros
agriculture 80%

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
NA

Cook Islands
agriculture 29%, industry 15%, services 56%
note: shortage of skilled labor (1995)

Costa Rica
agriculture 20%, industry 22%, services 58% (1999 est.)

Croatia
agriculture 13.2% NA, industry 25.4% NA, services 46.4% NA
(2002)

Cuba
agriculture 24%, industry 25%, services 51% (1999)

Cyprus
Greek Cypriot area: services 73%, industry 22%, agriculture
5% (2000); Turkish Cypriot area: services 56.4%, industry 22.8%,
agriculture 20.8% (1998)

Czech Republic
agriculture 5%, industry 35%, services 60% (2001 est.)

Denmark
services 79%, industry 17%, agriculture 4% (2002 est.)

Djibouti
NA%

Dominica
agriculture 40%, industry and commerce 32%, services 28%

Dominican Republic
services and government 58.7%, industry 24.3%,
agriculture 17% (1998 est.)

East Timor
NA

Ecuador
agriculture 30%, industry 25%, services 45% (2001 est.)

Egypt
agriculture 29%, industry 22%, services 49% (2000 est.)

El Salvador
agriculture 30%, industry 15%, services 55% (1999 est.)

Eritrea
agriculture 80%, industry and services 20%

Estonia
industry 20%, agriculture 11%, services 69% (1999 est.)

Ethiopia
agriculture and animal husbandry 80%, government and
services 12%, industry and construction 8% (1985)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
agriculture 95% (mostly
sheepherding and fishing)

Faroe Islands
fishing, fish processing, and manufacturing 33%,
construction and private services 33%, public services 34%

Fiji
agriculture, including subsistence agriculture 70% (2001 est.)

Finland
public services 32%, industry 22%, commerce 14%, finance,
insurance, and business services 10%, agriculture and forestry 8%,
transport and communications 8%, construction 6%

France
services 71%, industry 25%, agriculture 4% (1997)

French Guiana
services, government, and commerce 60.6%, industry
21.2%, agriculture 18.2% (1980)

French Polynesia
agriculture 13%, industry 19%, services 68% (1997)

Gabon
agriculture 60%, services 25%, industry 15%

Gambia, The
agriculture 75%, industry, commerce, and services 19%,
government 6%

Gaza Strip
services 66%, industry 21%, agriculture 13% (1996)

Georgia
industry 20%, agriculture 40%, services 40% (1999 est.)

Germany
industry 33.4%, agriculture 2.8%, services 63.8% (1999)

Ghana
agriculture 60%, industry 15%, services 25% (1999 est.)

Gibraltar
services 60%, industry 40%, agriculture NEGL%

Greece
industry 20%, agriculture 20%, services 59% (2000 est.)

Grenada
services 62%, agriculture 24%, industry 14% (1999 est.)

Guadeloupe
NA

Guam
federal and territorial government 26%, private 74% (trade 24%,
other services 40%, industry 10%) (2000 est.)

Guatemala
agriculture 50%, industry 15%, services 35% (1999 est.)

Guinea
agriculture 80%, industry and services 20% (2000 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
agriculture 82% (2000 est.)

Guyana
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Haiti
agriculture 66%, services 25%, industry 9%

Holy See (Vatican City) essentially services with a small amount of industry; note - dignitaries, priests, nuns, guards, and 3,000 lay workers live outside the Vatican

Honduras
agriculture 34%, industry 21%, services 45% (2001 est.)

Hong Kong
wholesale and retail trade, restaurants, and hotels 31%,
financing, insurance, and real estate 13%, community and social
services 12%, manufacturing 6%, transport and communications 6%,
construction 5%, other 25% (2002 est.)

Hungary
services 65%, industry 27%, agriculture 8% (1996)

Iceland
agriculture 5.1%, fishing and fish processing 11.8%,
manufacturing 12.9%, construction 10.7%, other services 59.5% (1999)

India
agriculture 60%, services 23%, industry 17% (1999)

Indonesia
agriculture 45%, industry 16%, services 39% (1999 est.)

Iran
agriculture 30%, industry 25%, services 45% (2001 est.)

Iraq
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Ireland
agriculture 8%, industry 29%, services 64% (2002 est.)

Israel
public services 31.2%, manufacturing 20.2%, finance and
business 13.1%, commerce 12.8%, construction 7.5%, personal and
other services 6.4%, transport, storage, and communications 6.2%,
agriculture, forestry, and fishing 2.6% (1996)

Italy
services 63%, industry 32%, agriculture 5% (2001)

Jamaica
services 60%, agriculture 21%, industry 19% (1998)

Japan
services 70%, industry 25%, agriculture 5% (2002 est.)

Jordan
services 82.5%, industry 12.5%, agriculture 5% (2001 est.)

Kazakhstan
industry 30%, agriculture 20%, services 50% (2002 est.)

Kenya
agriculture 75% 75%-80%

Korea, North
agricultural 36%, nonagricultural 64%

Korea, South
services 69%, industry 21.5%, agriculture 9.5% (2001)

Kuwait
agriculture NA, industries NA, services NA

Kyrgyzstan
agriculture 55%, industry 15%, services 30% (2000 est.)

Laos
agriculture 80% (1997 est.)

Latvia
agriculture 15%, industry 25%, services 60% (2000 est.)

Lebanon
services NA%, industry NA%, agriculture NA%

Lesotho
86% of resident population engaged in subsistence
agriculture; roughly 35% of the active male wage earners work in
South Africa

Liberia
agriculture 70%, industry 8%, services 22% (2000 est.)

Libya
services 54%, industry 29%, agriculture 17% (1997 est.)

Liechtenstein
industry 47.4%, services 51.3%, agriculture 1.3%
(37256 est.)

Lithuania
industry 30%, agriculture 20%, services 50% (1997 est.)

Luxembourg
services 90.1%, industry 8%, agriculture 1.9% (1999 est.)

Macau
restaurants and hotels 12%, manufacturing 20%, other services
and agriculture 68% (2002 est.)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
agriculture NA%, industry
NA%, services NA%

Malawi
agriculture 86% (1997 est.)

Malaysia
local trade and tourism 28%, manufacturing 27%,
agriculture, forestry, and fisheries 16%, services 10%, government
10%, construction 9% (2000 est.)

Maldives
agriculture 22%, industry 18%, services 60% (1995)

Mali
agriculture and fishing 80% (2001 est.)

Malta
industry 24%, services 71%, agriculture 5% (1999 est.)

Man, Isle of
agriculture, forestry and fishing 3%, manufacturing
11%, construction 10%, transport and communication 8%, wholesale and
retail distribution 11%, professional and scientific services 18%,
public administration 6%, banking and finance 18%, tourism 2%,
entertainment and catering 3%, miscellaneous services 10%

Marshall Islands
agriculture 21.4%, industry 20.9%, services 57.7%

Martinique
agriculture 10%, industry 17%, services 73% (1997)

Mauritania
agriculture 50%, services 40%, industry 10% (2001 est.)

Mauritius
construction and industry 36%, services 24%, agriculture
and fishing 14%, trade, restaurants, hotels 16%, transportation and
communication 7%, finance 3% (1995)

Mexico
agriculture 20%, industry 24%, services 56% (1998)

Micronesia, Federated States of
two-thirds are government employees

Moldova
agriculture 40%, industry 14%, services 46% (1998)

Mongolia
primarily herding/agricultural

Montserrat
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Morocco
agriculture 50%, services 35%, industry 15% (1999 est.)

Mozambique
agriculture 81%, industry 6%, services 13% (1997 est.)

Namibia
agriculture 47%, industry 20%, services 33% (1999 est.)

Nauru
employed in mining phosphates, public administration,
education, and transportation

Nepal
agriculture 81%, services 16%, industry 3%

Netherlands
services 73%, industry 23%, agriculture 4% (1998 est.)

Netherlands Antilles agriculture 1%, industry 13%, services 86% (2000 est.)

New Caledonia
agriculture 7%, industry 23%, services 70% (1999 est.)

New Zealand
services 65%, industry 25%, agriculture 10% (1995)

Nicaragua
services 43%, agriculture 42%, industry 15% (1999 est.)

Niger
agriculture 90%, industry and commerce 6%, government 4%

Nigeria
agriculture 70%, industry 10%, services 20% (1999 est.)

Niue
most work on family plantations; paid work exists only in
government service, small industry, and the Niue Development Board

Norfolk Island
tourism NA%, subsistence agriculture NA%

Northern Mariana Islands
NA

Norway
services 74%, industry 22%, agriculture, forestry, and
fishing 4% (1995)

Oman
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Pakistan
agriculture 44%, industry 17%, services 39% (1999 est.)

Palau
agriculture 20%, industry NA%, services NA% (1990)

Panama
agriculture 20.8%, industry 18%, services 61.2% (1995 est.)

Papua New Guinea
agriculture 85%, industry NA%, services NA%

Paraguay
agriculture 45%

Peru
agriculture, mining and quarrying, manufacturing, construction,
transport, services

Philippines
agriculture 45%, industry 15%, services 40% (2003 est.)

Pitcairn Islands no business community in the usual sense; some public works; subsistence farming and fishing

Poland
industry 22.1%, agriculture 27.5%, services 50.4% (1999)

Portugal
services 60%, industry 30%, agriculture 10% (1999 est.)

Puerto Rico
agriculture 3%, industry 20%, services 77% (2000 est.)

Reunion
agriculture 13%, industry 12%, services 75% (2000)

Romania
agriculture 40%, industry 25%, services 35% (1998)

Russia
agriculture 12.3%, industry 22.7%, services 65% (2002 est.)

Rwanda
agriculture 90%

Saint Helena
agriculture and fishing 6%, industry (mainly
construction) 48%, services 46% (1987 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
NA

Saint Lucia
agriculture 21.7%, services 53.6%, industry, commerce,
and manufacturing 24.7% (2002 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
fishing 18%, industry (mainly
fish-processing) 41%, services 41% (1996 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
agriculture 26%, industry 17%,
services 57% (1980 est.)

Samoa
NA

San Marino
services 57%, industry 42%, agriculture 1% (2000 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe population mainly engaged in subsistence agriculture and fishing note: shortages of skilled workers

Saudi Arabia
agriculture 12%, industry 25%, services 63% (1999 est.)

Senegal
agriculture 70%

Serbia and Montenegro
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Seychelles
industry 19%, services 71%, agriculture 10% (1989)

Sierra Leone
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Singapore
financial, business, and other services 35%, manufacturing
21%, construction 13%, transportation and communication 9%, other 22%

Slovakia
industry 29.3%, agriculture 8.9%, construction 8%,
transport and communication 8.2%, services 45.6% (1994)

Slovenia
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Solomon Islands
agriculture 75%, industry 5%, services 20% (2000
est.)

Somalia
agriculture (mostly pastoral nomadism) 71%, industry and
services 29%

South Africa
agriculture 30%, industry 25%, services 45% (1999 est.)

Spain
services 64%, manufacturing, mining, and construction 29%,
agriculture 7% (2001 est.)

Sri Lanka
services 45%, agriculture 38%, industry 17% (1998 est.)

Sudan
agriculture 80%, industry and commerce 7%, government 13%
(1998 est.)

Suriname
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Swaziland
NA

Sweden
agriculture 2%, industry 24%, services 74% (2000 est.)

Switzerland
services 69.1%, industry 26.3%, agriculture 4.6% (1998)

Syria
agriculture, industry, services NA (2002)

Taiwan
services 58%, industry 35%, agriculture 7% (2001 est.)

Tajikistan
agriculture 67.2%, industry 7.5%, services 25.3% (2000
est.)

Tanzania
agriculture 80%, industry and services 20% (2002 est.)

Thailand
agriculture 54%, industry 15%, services 31% (1996 est.)

Togo
agriculture 65%, industry 5%, services 30% (1998 est.)

Tonga
agriculture 65% (1997 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
construction and utilities 12.4%, manufacturing,
mining, and quarrying 14%, agriculture 9.5%, services 64.1% (1997
est.)

Tunisia
services 55%, industry 23%, agriculture 22% (1995 est.)

Turkey
agriculture 39.7%, services 37.9%, industry 22.4% (3rd
quarter, 2001)

Turkmenistan
agriculture 48%, industry 15%, services 37% (1998 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
about 33% in government and 20% in
agriculture and fishing; significant numbers in tourism, financial,
and other services

Tuvalu
people make a living mainly through exploitation of the sea,
reefs, and atolls and from wages sent home by those abroad (mostly
workers in the phosphate industry and sailors)

Uganda
agriculture 82%, industry 5%, services 13% (1999 est.)

Ukraine
industry 32%, agriculture 24%, services 44% (1996)

United Arab Emirates services 78%, industry 15%, agriculture 7% (2000 est.)

United Kingdom
agriculture 1%, industry 25%, services 74% (1999)

United States
managerial and professional 31%, technical, sales and
administrative support 28.9%, services 13.6%, manufacturing, mining,
transportation, and crafts 24.1%, farming, forestry, and fishing 2.4%
note: figures exclude the unemployed (2001)

Uruguay
agriculture 14%, industry 16%, services 70%

Uzbekistan
agriculture 44%, industry 20%, services 36% (1995)

Vanuatu
agriculture 65%, services 30%, industry 5% (2000 est.)

Venezuela
services 64%, industry 23%, agriculture 13% (1997 est.)

Vietnam
agriculture 63%, industry and services 37% (2000 est.)

Virgin Islands
agriculture 1%, industry 20%, services 79% (1990 est.)

Wallis and Futuna agriculture, livestock, and fishing 80%, government 4% (2001 est.)

West Bank
services 66%, industry 21%, agriculture 13% (1996)

Western Sahara
animal husbandry and subsistence farming 50%

World
agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Yemen
most people are employed in agriculture and herding; services,
construction, industry, and commerce account for less than
one-fourth of the labor force

Zambia
agriculture 85%, industry 6%, services 9%

Zimbabwe
agriculture 66%, services 24%, industry 10% (1996)

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

@2049 Exports - commodities

Afghanistan
opium, fruits and nuts, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton,
hides and pelts, precious and semi-precious gems

Albania
textiles and footwear; asphalt, metals and metallic ores,
crude oil; vegetables, fruits, tobacco

Algeria
petroleum, natural gas, and petroleum products 97%

American Samoa
canned tuna 93%

Andorra
tobacco products, furniture

Angola
crude oil, diamonds, refined petroleum products, gas, coffee,
sisal, fish and fish products, timber, cotton

Anguilla
lobster, fish, livestock, salt, concrete blocks, rum

Antigua and Barbuda
petroleum products 48%, manufactures 23%,
machinery and transport equipment 17%, food and live animals 4%,
other 8%

Argentina
edible oils, fuels and energy, cereals, feed, motor
vehicles

Armenia
diamonds, mineral products, foodstuffs, energy

Aruba
live animals and animal products, art and collectibles,
machinery and electrical equipment, transport equipment

Australia
coal, gold, meat, wool, alumina, iron ore, wheat,
machinery and transport equipment

Austria
machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, paper and
paperboard, metal goods, chemicals, iron and steel; textiles,
foodstuffs

Azerbaijan
oil and gas 90%, machinery, cotton, foodstuffs

Bahamas, The
fish and crawfish; rum, salt, chemicals; fruit and
vegetables

Bahrain
petroleum and petroleum products, aluminum, textiles

Bangladesh
garments, jute and jute goods, leather, frozen fish and
seafood (2001)

Barbados
sugar and molasses, rum, other foods and beverages,
chemicals, electrical components

Belarus
machinery and equipment, mineral products, chemicals,
metals; textiles, foodstuffs

Belgium
machinery and equipment, chemicals, diamonds, metals and
metal products, foodstuffs

Belize
sugar, bananas, citrus, clothing, fish products, molasses,
wood

Benin
cotton, crude oil, palm products, cocoa

Bermuda
reexports of pharmaceuticals

Bhutan
electricity (to India), cardamom, gypsum, timber,
handicrafts, cement, fruit, precious stones, spices

Bolivia
soybeans, natural gas, zinc, gold, wood (2000)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
metals, clothing, wood products

Botswana
diamonds 90%, copper, nickel, soda ash, meat, textiles

Brazil
transport equipment, iron ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee,
autos

British Virgin Islands
rum, fresh fish, fruits, animals; gravel, sand

Brunei
crude oil, natural gas, refined products

Bulgaria
clothing, footwear, iron and steel, machinery and
equipment, fuels

Burkina Faso
cotton, livestock, gold

Burma
gas, wood products, pulses, beans, fish, rice

Burundi
coffee, tea, sugar, cotton, hides

Cambodia
timber, garments, rubber, rice, fish

Cameroon
crude oil and petroleum products, lumber, cocoa beans,
aluminum, coffee, cotton

Canada
motor vehicles and parts, industrial machinery, aircraft,
telecommunications equipment; chemicals, plastics, fertilizers; wood
pulp, timber, crude petroleum, natural gas, electricity, aluminum

Cape Verde
fuel, shoes, garments, fish, hides

Cayman Islands
turtle products, manufactured consumer goods

Central African Republic
diamonds, timber, cotton, coffee, tobacco

Chad
cotton, cattle, gum arabic

Chile
copper, fish, fruits, paper and pulp, chemicals

China
machinery and equipment; textiles and clothing, footwear, toys
and sporting goods; mineral fuels

Christmas Island
phosphate

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
copra

Colombia
petroleum, coffee, coal, apparel, bananas, cut flowers

Comoros
vanilla, ylang-ylang, cloves, perfume oil, copra

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
diamonds, copper, crude oil,
coffee, cobalt

Congo, Republic of the
petroleum, lumber, plywood, sugar, cocoa,
coffee, diamonds

Cook Islands
copra, papayas, fresh and canned citrus fruit, coffee;
fish; pearls and pearl shells; clothing

Costa Rica
coffee, bananas, sugar; pineapples; textiles, electronic
components, medical equipment

Cote d'Ivoire
cocoa, coffee, timber, petroleum, cotton, bananas,
pineapples, palm oil, fish

Croatia
transport equipment, textiles, chemicals, foodstuffs, fuels

Cuba
sugar, nickel, tobacco, fish, medical products, citrus, coffee

Cyprus
Greek Cypriot area: citrus, potatoes, pharmaceuticals,
cement, clothing and cigarettes; Turkish Cypriot area: citrus,
potatoes, textiles

Czech Republic
machinery and transport equipment 44%, intermediate
manufactures 25%, chemicals 7%, raw materials and fuel 7% (2000)

Denmark
machinery and instruments, meat and meat products, dairy
products, fish, chemicals, furniture, ships, windmills

Djibouti
reexports, hides and skins, coffee (in transit)

Dominica
bananas, soap, bay oil, vegetables, grapefruit, oranges

Dominican Republic
ferronickel, sugar, gold, silver, coffee, cocoa,
tobacco, meats, consumer goods

East Timor
coffee, sandalwood, marble; note - the potential for oil
and vanilla exports

Ecuador
petroleum, bananas, shrimp, coffee, cocoa, cut flowers, fish

Egypt
crude oil and petroleum products, cotton, textiles, metal
products, chemicals

El Salvador
offshore assembly exports, coffee, sugar, shrimp,
textiles, chemicals, electricity

Equatorial Guinea
petroleum, methanol, timber, cocoa

Eritrea
livestock, sorghum, textiles, food, small manufactures (2000)

Estonia
machinery and equipment 33%, wood and paper 15%, textiles
14%, food products 8%, furniture 7%, metals, chemical products (2001)

Ethiopia
coffee, qat, gold, leather products, live animals, oilseeds

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
wool, hides, meat

Faroe Islands
fish and fish products 94%, stamps, ships (1999)

Fiji
sugar, garments, gold, timber, fish, molasses, coconut oil

Finland
machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals; timber, paper,
pulp (1999)

France
machinery and transportation equipment, aircraft, plastics,
chemicals, pharmaceutical products, iron and steel, beverages

French Guiana
shrimp, timber, gold, rum, rosewood essence, clothing

French Polynesia cultured pearls 50%, coconut products, mother-of-pearl, vanilla, shark meat (1997)

Gabon
crude oil 77%, timber, manganese, uranium (2001)

Gambia, The
peanut products, fish, cotton lint, palm kernels,
re-exports

Gaza Strip
citrus, flowers

Georgia
scrap metal, machinery, chemicals; fuel reexports; citrus
fruits, tea, wine

Germany
machinery, vehicles, chemicals, metals and manufactures,
foodstuffs, textiles

Ghana
gold, cocoa, timber, tuna, bauxite, aluminum, manganese ore,
diamonds

Gibraltar
(principally reexports) petroleum 51%, manufactured goods
41%, other 8%

Greece
food and beverages, manufactured goods, petroleum products,
chemicals, textiles

Greenland
fish and fish products 94% (prawns 63%)

Grenada
bananas, cocoa, nutmeg, fruit and vegetables, clothing, mace

Guadeloupe
bananas, sugar, rum

Guam
mostly transshipments of refined petroleum products;
construction materials, fish, food and beverage products

Guatemala
coffee, sugar, bananas, fruits and vegetables, cardamom,
meat, apparel, petroleum, electricity

Guernsey
tomatoes, flowers and ferns, sweet peppers, eggplant, other
vegetables

Guinea
bauxite, alumina, gold, diamonds, coffee, fish, agricultural
products

Guinea-Bissau
cashew nuts, shrimp, peanuts, palm kernels, sawn lumber

Guyana
sugar, gold, bauxite/alumina, rice, shrimp, molasses, rum,
timber

Haiti
manufactures, coffee, oils, cocoa

Honduras
coffee, bananas, shrimp, lobster, meat; zinc, lumber (2000)

Hong Kong
electrical machinery and appliances, textiles, apparel,
footwear, watches and clocks, toys, plastics, precious stones

Hungary
machinery and equipment 57.6%, other manufactures 31.0%,
food products 7.5%, raw materials 1.9%, fuels and electricity 1.9%
(2001)

Iceland
fish and fish products 70%, animal products, aluminum,
diatomite, ferrosilicon

India
textile goods, gems and jewelry, engineering goods, chemicals,
leather manufactures

Indonesia
oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles,
rubber

Iran
petroleum 85%, carpets, fruits and nuts, iron and steel,
chemicals

Iraq
crude oil

Ireland
machinery and equipment, computers, chemicals,
pharmaceuticals; live animals, animal products (1999)

Israel
machinery and equipment, software, cut diamonds, agricultural
products, chemicals, textiles and apparel

Italy
engineering products, textiles and clothing, production
machinery, motor vehicles, transport equipment, chemicals; food,
beverages and tobacco; minerals and nonferrous metals

Jamaica
alumina, bauxite; sugar, bananas, rum

Japan
motor vehicles, semiconductors, office machinery, chemicals

Jersey
light industrial and electrical goods, foodstuffs, textiles

Jordan
phosphates, fertilizers, potash, agricultural products,
manufactures, pharmaceuticals

Kazakhstan
oil and oil products 58%, ferrous metals 24%, chemicals
5%, machinery 3%, grain, wool, meat, coal (2001)

Kenya
tea, horticultural products, coffee, petroleum products, fish,
cement

Kiribati
copra 62%, coconuts, seaweed, fish

Korea, North
minerals, metallurgical products, manufactures
(including armaments); textiles and fishery products

Korea, South
electronic products, machinery and equipment, motor
vehicles, steel, ships; textiles, clothing, footwear; fish

Kuwait
oil and refined products, fertilizers

Kyrgyzstan
cotton, wool, meat, tobacco; gold, mercury, uranium,
natural gas, hydropower; machinery; shoes

Laos
wood products, garments, electricity, coffee, tin

Latvia
wood and wood products, machinery and equipment, metals,
textiles, foodstuffs

Lebanon
foodstuffs and tobacco, textiles, chemicals, precious
stones, metal products, electrical products, jewelry, paper products

Lesotho
manufactures 75% (clothing, footwear, road vehicles), wool
and mohair, food and live animals (2000)

Liberia
rubber, timber, iron, diamonds, cocoa, coffee

Libya
crude oil, refined petroleum products (1999)

Liechtenstein
small specialty machinery, connectors for audio and
video, parts for motor vehicles, dental products, hardware, prepared
foodstuffs, electronic equipment, optical products

Lithuania
mineral products 23%, textiles and clothing 16%, machinery
and equipment 11%, chemicals 6%, wood and wood products 5%,
foodstuffs 5% (2001)

Luxembourg
machinery and equipment, steel products, chemicals,
rubber products, glass

Macau
clothing, textiles, footwear, cement, machines, and parts

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
food, beverages, tobacco;
miscellaneous manufactures, iron and steel

Madagascar
coffee, vanilla, shellfish, sugar; cotton cloth,
chromite, petroleum products

Malawi
tobacco 60%, tea, sugar, cotton, coffee, peanuts, wood
products, apparel

Malaysia
electronic equipment, petroleum and liquefied natural gas,
wood and wood products, palm oil, rubber, textiles, chemicals (2000)

Maldives
fish, clothing

Mali
cotton, gold, livestock

Malta
machinery and transport equipment, manufactures

Man, Isle of
tweeds, herring, processed shellfish, beef, lamb

Marshall Islands
copra cake, coconut oil, handicrafts, fish

Martinique
refined petroleum products, bananas, rum, pineapples
(2001 est.)

Mauritania
iron ore, fish and fish products, gold

Mauritius
clothing and textiles, sugar, cut flowers, molasses

Mayotte
ylang-ylang (perfume essence), vanilla, copra, coconuts,
coffee, cinnamon

Mexico
manufactured goods, oil and oil products, silver, fruits,
vegetables, coffee, cotton

Micronesia, Federated States of
fish, garments, bananas, black pepper

Moldova
foodstuffs, textiles, machinery

Mongolia
copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides,
fluorspar, other nonferrous metals

Montserrat
electronic components, plastic bags, apparel, hot
peppers, live plants, cattle

Morocco
clothing, fish, inorganic chemicals, transistors, crude
minerals, fertilizers (including phosphates), petroleum products,
fruits, vegetables

Mozambique
aluminum, prawns, cashews, cotton, sugar, citrus, timber;
bulk electricity

Namibia
diamonds, copper, gold, zinc, lead, uranium; cattle,
processed fish, karakul skins

Nauru
phosphates

Nepal
carpets, clothing, leather goods, jute goods, grain

Netherlands
machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels; foodstuffs

Netherlands Antilles
petroleum products

New Caledonia
ferronickels, nickel ore, fish

New Zealand
dairy products, meat, wood and wood products, fish,
machinery

Nicaragua
coffee, shrimp and lobster, cotton, tobacco, bananas,
beef, sugar, gold

Niger
uranium ore, livestock, cowpeas, onions

Nigeria
petroleum and petroleum products 95%, cocoa, rubber

Niue
canned coconut cream, copra, honey, vanilla, passion fruit
products, pawpaws, root crops, limes, footballs, stamps, handicrafts

Norfolk Island
postage stamps, seeds of the Norfolk Island pine and
Kentia palm, small quantities of avocados

Northern Mariana Islands
garments

Norway
petroleum and petroleum products, machinery and equipment,
metals, chemicals, ships, fish

Oman
petroleum, reexports, fish, metals, textiles

Pakistan
textiles (garments, cotton cloth, and yarn), rice, leather,
sports goods, and carpets and rugs

Palau
shellfish, tuna, copra, garments

Panama
bananas, shrimp, sugar, coffee, clothing (1999)

Papua New Guinea oil, gold, copper ore, logs, palm oil, coffee, cocoa, crayfish, prawns

Paraguay
soybeans, feed, cotton, meat, edible oils, electricity

Peru
fish and fish products, gold, copper, zinc, crude petroleum and
byproducts, lead, coffee, sugar, cotton

Philippines
electronic equipment, machinery and transport equipment,
garments, coconut products, chemicals

Pitcairn Islands
fruits, vegetables, curios, stamps

Poland
machinery and transport equipment 30.2%, intermediate
manufactured goods 25.5%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 20.9%,
food and live animals 8.5% (1999)

Portugal
clothing and footwear, machinery, chemicals, cork and paper
products, hides

Puerto Rico
chemicals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna, rum,
beverage concentrates, medical equipment

Qatar
petroleum products, fertilizers, steel

Reunion
sugar 63%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 2%, lobster
3%, (1993)

Romania
textiles and footwear, metals and metal products, machinery
and equipment, minerals and fuels

Russia
petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood
products, metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and
military manufactures

Rwanda
coffee, tea, hides, tin ore

Saint Helena
fish (frozen, canned, and salt-dried skipjack, tuna),
coffee, handicrafts

Saint Kitts and Nevis
machinery, food, electronics, beverages,
tobacco

Saint Lucia
bananas 41%, clothing, cocoa, vegetables, fruits,
coconut oil

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
fish and fish products, soybeans, animal
feed, mollusks and crustaceans, fox and mink pelts

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
bananas 39%, eddoes and dasheen
(taro), arrowroot starch, tennis racquets

Samoa
fish, coconut oil and cream, copra, taro, automotive parts,
garments, beer

San Marino
building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, wheat, wine, baked
goods, hides, ceramics

Sao Tome and Principe
cocoa 80%, copra, coffee, palm oil

Saudi Arabia
petroleum and petroleum products 90%

Senegal
fish, groundnuts (peanuts), petroleum products, phosphates,
cotton

Serbia and Montenegro
manufactured goods, food and live animals, raw
materials

Seychelles
canned tuna, frozen fish, cinnamon bark, copra, petroleum
products (reexports)

Sierra Leone
diamonds, rutile, cocoa, coffee, fish (1999)

Singapore
machinery and equipment (including electronics), consumer
goods, chemicals, mineral fuels

Slovakia
machinery and transport equipment 39.4%, intermediate
manufactured goods 27.5%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 13%,
chemicals 8% (1999)

Slovenia
manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment,
chemicals, food

Solomon Islands
timber, fish, copra, palm oil, cocoa

Somalia
livestock, bananas, hides, fish, charcoal, scrap metal

South Africa
gold, diamonds, platinum, other metals and minerals,
machinery and equipment (1998 est.)

Spain
machinery, motor vehicles; foodstuffs, other consumer goods

Sri Lanka
textiles and apparel, tea, diamonds, coconut products,
petroleum products

Sudan
oil and petroleum products; cotton, sesame, livestock,
groundnuts, gum arabic, sugar

Suriname
alumina, crude oil, lumber, shrimp and fish, rice, bananas

Swaziland
soft drink concentrates, sugar, wood pulp, cotton yarn,
refrigerators, citrus and canned fruit

Sweden
machinery 35%, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and wood,
iron and steel products, chemicals

Switzerland
machinery, chemicals, metals, watches, agricultural
products

Syria
crude oil 70%, petroleum products 7%, fruits and vegetables
5%, cotton fiber 4%, clothing 3%, meat and live animals 2% (2000
est.)

Taiwan
machinery and electrical equipment 54%, metals, textiles,
plastics, chemicals (2002)

Tajikistan
aluminum, electricity, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil,
textiles

Tanzania
gold, coffee, cashew nuts, manufactures, cotton

Thailand
computers, transistors, seafood, clothing, rice (2000)

Togo
reexports, cotton, phosphates, coffee, cocoa

Tokelau
stamps, copra, handicrafts

Tonga
squash, fish, vanilla beans, root crops

Trinidad and Tobago
petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals,
steel products, fertilizer, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus, flowers

Tunisia
textiles, mechanical goods, phosphates and chemicals,
agricultural products, hydrocarbons

Turkey
apparel, foodstuffs, textiles, metal manufactures, transport
equipment

Turkmenistan
gas 57%, oil 26%, cotton fiber 3%, textiles 2% (2001)

Turks and Caicos Islands
lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shells

Tuvalu
copra, fish

Uganda
coffee, fish and fish products, tea; gold, cotton, flowers,
horticultural products

Ukraine
ferrous and nonferrous metals, fuel and petroleum products,
chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, food products

United Arab Emirates
crude oil 45%, natural gas, reexports, dried
fish, dates

United Kingdom
manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals; food,
beverages, tobacco

United States
capital goods, automobiles, industrial supplies and
raw materials, consumer goods, agricultural products

Uruguay
meat, rice, leather products, wool, vehicles, dairy products

Uzbekistan
cotton 41.5%, gold 9.6%, energy products 9.6%, mineral
fertilizers, ferrous metals, textiles, food products, automobiles
(1998 est.)

Vanuatu
copra, beef, cocoa, timber, kava, coffee

Venezuela
petroleum, bauxite and aluminum, steel, chemicals,
agricultural products, basic manufactures

Vietnam
crude oil, marine products, rice, coffee, rubber, tea,
garments, shoes

Virgin Islands
refined petroleum products

Wallis and Futuna
copra, chemicals, construction materials

West Bank
olives, fruit, vegetables, limestone

Western Sahara
phosphates 62%

World
the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and
services

Yemen
crude oil, coffee, dried and salted fish

Zambia
copper 55%, cobalt, electricity, tobacco, flowers, cotton

Zimbabwe
tobacco, gold, ferroalloys, textiles/clothing

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

@2050 Exports - partners (%)

Afghanistan
Pakistan 26.8%, India 26.5%, Finland 5.8%, Germany 5.1%,
UAE 4.4%, Belgium 4.3%, Russia 4.2%, US 4.2% (2002)

Albania
Italy 76.6%, Germany 5.6%, Greece 2.7% (2002)

Algeria
Italy 18.9%, Spain 13.1%, France 13%, US 12.1%, Netherlands
6%, Brazil 5.9%, Canada 5.7%, Turkey 5.3%, Belgium 5.1% (2002)

American Samoa
Indonesia 71.1%, Japan 7.7%, Samoa 7.7%, Australia
6.7% (2002)

Andorra
Spain 58%, France 34% (2000)