FAX: (202) 483-9326 (part 3)

Taiwan:
new Taiwan dollars per US dollar - 33.082 (yearend 2000),
31.395 (yearend 1999), 32.216 (1998), 32.052 (1997), 27.5 (1996)

@Executive branch

Afghanistan:
on 27 September 1996, the ruling members of the Afghan
Government were displaced by members of the Islamic Taliban
movement; the Islamic State of Afghanistan has no functioning
government at this time, and the country remains divided among
fighting factions

note: the Taliban have declared themselves the legitimate government of Afghanistan; however, the UN still recognizes the government of Burhanuddin RABBANI; the Organization of the Islamic Conference has left the Afghan seat vacant until the question of legitimacy can be resolved through negotiations among the warring factions; the country is essentially divided along ethnic lines; the Taliban controls the capital of Kabul and approximately two-thirds of the country including the predominately ethnic Pashtun areas in southern Afghanistan; opposing factions have their stronghold in the ethnically diverse north

Albania:
chief of state: President of the Republic Rexhep MEIDANI
(since 24 July 1997)

head of government: Prime Minister Ilir META (since 29 October 1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and approved by the president

elections: president elected by the People's Assembly for a five-year term; election last held 24 July 1997 (next to be held NA 2002); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Rexhep MEIDANI elected president; People's
Assembly vote by number - total votes 122, for 110, against 3,
abstained 2, invalid 7

Algeria:
chief of state: President Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA (since 28
April 1999)

head of government: Prime Minister Ali BENFLIS (since 26 August 2000)

cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 15 April 1999 (next to be held NA April 2004); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA elected president; percent
of vote - Abdelaziz BOUTEFLIKA over 70%; note - his six opposing
candidates withdrew on the eve of the election citing electoral fraud

American Samoa:
chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US
(since 20 January 2001) and Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since
20 January 2001)

head of government: Governor Tauese P. SUNIA (since 3 January 1997) and Lieutenant Governor Togiola TULAFONO (since 3 January 1997)

cabinet: NA

elections: US president and vice president elected on the same ticket for four-year terms; governor and lieutenant governor elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2004)

election results: Tauese P. SUNIA reelected governor; percent of vote - Tauese P. SUNIA (Democrat) 50.7%, Lealaifuaneva Peter REID (independent) 47.8%

Andorra:
chief of state: French Coprince Jacques CHIRAC (since 17
May 1995), represented by Frederic de SAINT-SERNIN (since NA);
Spanish Coprince Episcopal Monseigneur Joan MARTI Alanis (since 31
January 1971), represented by Nemesi MARQUES OSTE (since NA)

head of government: Executive Council President Marc FORNE Molne
(since 21 December 1994)

cabinet: Executive Council or Govern designated by the Executive
Council president

elections: Executive Council president elected by the General Council and formally appointed by the coprinces for a four-year term; election last held 16 February 1997 (next to be held NA 2001)

election results: Marc FORNE Molne elected executive council president; percent of General Council vote - 64%

Angola:
chief of state: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21
September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and
head of government

head of government: President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21 September 1979); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: President DOS SANTOS originally elected (in 1979) without opposition under a one-party system and stood for reelection in Angola's first multiparty elections 29-30 September 1992 (next to be held NA)

election results: DOS SANTOS 49.6%, Jonas SAVIMBI 40.1%, making a
run-off election necessary; the run-off was not held and SAVIMBI's
National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)
repudiated the results of the first election; the civil war resumed

Anguilla:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952); represented by Governor Peter JOHNSTON (since NA February
2000)

head of government: Chief Minister Osbourne FLEMING (since 3 March
2000)

cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from among the elected members of the House of Assembly

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; chief minister appointed by the governor from among the members of the House of Assembly

Antigua and Barbuda:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by Governor General James B. CARLISLE
(since NA 1993)

head of government: Prime Minister Lester Bryant BIRD (since 8
March 1994)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the governor general on
the advice of the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general chosen
by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister; prime minister
appointed by the governor general

Argentina:
chief of state: President Fernando DE LA RUA (since 10
December 1999); Vice President Carlos "Chacho" ALVAREZ resigned 6
October 2000 and a replacement has not yet been named; note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Fernando DE LA RUA (since 10 December 1999); Vice President Carlos "Chacho" ALVAREZ resigned 6 October 2000 and a replacement has not yet been named; note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 24 October 1999 (next to be held NA October 2003)

election results: Fernando DE LA RUA elected president; percent of vote - 48.5%

Armenia:
chief of state: President Robert KOCHARIAN (since 30 March
1998)

head of government: Prime Minister Andranik MARKARYAN (since 12 May 2000)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; special election last held 30 March 1998 (next to be held NA March 2003); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Robert KOCHARIAN elected president; percent of vote - Robert KOCHARIAN 59.5%, Karen DEMIRCHYAN 40.5%

Aruba:
chief of state: Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard of the
Netherlands (since 30 April 1980), represented by Governor General
Olindo KOOLMAN (since 1 January 1992)

head of government: Prime Minister Jan (Henny) H. EMAN (since 29
July 1994) and Deputy Prime Minister Lili BEKE-MARTINEZ

cabinet: Council of Ministers (elected by the Staten)

elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed for a six-year term by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime minister elected by the Staten for four-year terms; election last held 12 July 1997 (next to be held by December 2001)

election results: Jan (Henny) H. EMAN elected prime minister; percent of legislative vote - NA%; Lili BEKE-MARTINEZ elected deputy prime minister; percent of legislative vote - NA%

Australia:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor General Rev. Peter HOLLINGSWORTH
(since 29 June 2001)

head of government: Prime Minister John Winston HOWARD (since 11
March 1996); Deputy Prime Minister John ANDERSON (since NA)

cabinet: Cabinet selected from among the members of Federal Parliament by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general for a three-year term

note: government coalition - Liberal Party and National Party

Austria:
chief of state: President Thomas KLESTIL (since 8 July
1992)

head of government: Chancellor Wolfgang SCHUESSEL (OeVP)(since 4
February 2000); Vice Chancellor Susanne RIESS-PASSER (FPOe) (since 4
February 2000)

cabinet: Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the advice of the chancellor

elections: president elected by direct popular vote for a six-year term; presidential election last held 19 April 1998 (next to be held in the spring of 2004); chancellor traditionally chosen by the president from the plurality party in the National Council; in the case of the current coalition, the chancellor was chosen from another party after the plurality party failed to form a government; vice chancellor chosen by the president on the advice of the chancellor

election results: Thomas KLESTIL reelected president; percent of vote - Thomas KLESTIL 63%, Gertraud KNOLL 14%, Heide SCHMIDT 11%, Richard LUGNER 10%, Karl NOWAK 2%

note: government coalition - OeVP and FPOe

Azerbaijan:
chief of state: President Heydar ALIYEV (since 18 June
1993)

head of government: Prime Minister Artur RASIZADE (since 26
November 1996)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and
confirmed by the National Assembly

elections: president elected by popular vote to a five-year term; election last held 11 October 1998 (next to be held NA October 2003); prime minister and first deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly

election results: Heydar ALIYEV reelected president; percent of vote - Heydar ALIYEV 77.6%, Etibar MAMEDOV 11.8%, Nizami SULEYMANOV 8.2%

Bahamas, The:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor General Sir Orville TURNQUEST (since
2 January 1995)

head of government: Prime Minister Hubert Alexander INGRAHAM (since 19 August 1992) and Deputy Prime Minister Frank WATSON (since December 1994)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the prime minister's recommendation

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the governor general

Bahrain:
chief of state: Amir HAMAD bin Isa Al Khalifa (since 6
March 1999); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad (son of the
monarch, born 21 October 1969)

head of government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al Khalifa (since NA 1971)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch

Bangladesh:
chief of state: President Shahabuddin AHMED (since 9
October 1996); note - the president's duties are normally
ceremonial, but with the 13th amendment to the constitution
("Caretaker Government Amendment"), the president's role becomes
significant at times when Parliament is dissolved and a caretaker
government is installed - at presidential direction - to supervise
the elections

head of government: Prime Minister Sheikh HASINA (since 13 July
1996)

cabinet: Cabinet selected by the prime minister and appointed by the president

elections: president elected by National Parliament for a five-year term; election last held 24 July 1996 (next to be held by NA October 2001); following legislative elections, the leader of the party that wins the most seats is usually appointed prime minister by the president

election results: Shahabuddin AHMED elected president without opposition; percent of National Parliament vote - NA%

Barbados:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor General Sir Clifford Straughn
HUSBANDS (since 1 June 1996)

head of government: Prime Minister Owen Seymour ARTHUR (since 6
September 1994); Deputy Prime Minister Billie MILLER (since 6
September 1994)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch; prime minister appointed by the governor
general

Belarus:
chief of state: President Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20
July 1994)

head of government: Prime Minister Vladimir YERMOSHIN (since 18 February 2000); First Deputy Prime Minister Andrey KOBYAKOV (since 13 March 2000); Deputy Prime Ministers Mikhail DEMCHUK (since 14 July 2000), Mikhail KHORSTOV (since 27 November 2000), Valeriy KOKOREV (since 23 August 1994), Leonid KOZIK (since 4 February 1997), Gennadiy NOVITSKIY (since 11 February 1997), Aleksandr POPKOV (since 10 November 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; first election took place 23 June and 10 July 1994 (next to be held NA; according to the 1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in 1999, however LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via the November 1996 referendum); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president

election results: Aleksandr LUKASHENKO elected president; percent of vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO 85%, Vyacheslav KEBICH 15%

Belgium:
chief of state: King ALBERT II (since 9 August 1993); Heir
Apparent Prince PHILIPPE, son of the monarch

head of government: Prime Minister Guy VERHOFSTADT (since 13 July
1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch and approved
by Parliament

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch and then approved by Parliament

note: government coalition - VLD, PRL, PS, SP, AGALEV, and ECOLO

Belize:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Sir Colville YOUNG (since 17
November 1993)

head of government: Prime Minister Said MUSA (since 27 August
1998); Deputy Prime Minister John BRICENO (since 1 September 1998)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; governor general appoints the member of the House of Representatives who is leader of the majority party to be prime minister

Benin:
chief of state: President Mathieu KEREKOU (since 4 April
1996); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government

head of government: President Mathieu KEREKOU (since 4 April 1996); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president reelected by popular vote for a five-year term; runoff election held 22 March 2001 (next to be held NA March 2006)

election results: Mathieu KEREKOU reelected president; percent of vote - Mathieu KEREKOU 84.1%, Bruno AMOUSSOU 15.9%

note: the four top-ranking contenders following the first round presidential elections were: Mathieu KEREKOU (incumbent) 45.4%, Nicephore SOGOLO (former president) 27.1%, Adrien HOUNGBEDJI (National Assembly Speaker) 12.6%, and Bruno AMOUSSOU (Minister of State) 8.6%; the second round balloting, originally scheduled for 18 March, was postponed four days because both SOGOLO and HOUNGBEDJI withdrew alleging electoral fraud; this left KEREKOU to run against his own Minister of State, AMOUSSOU, in what was termed a "friendly match"

Bermuda:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor Thorold MASEFIELD (since NA June 1997)

head of government: Premier Jennifer SMITH (since 10 November 1998)

cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the premier, appointed by the governor

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch; governor invites leader of largest party in Parliament
to form a government as premier

Bhutan:
chief of state: King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July
1972)

head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Sangay
NGEDUP (since NA 1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog) nominated by the monarch, approved by the National Assembly; members serve fixed, five-year terms; note - there is also a Royal Advisory Council (Lodoi Tsokde), members nominated by the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary, but democratic reforms in July 1998 give the National Assembly authority to remove the monarch with two-thirds vote

Bolivia:
chief of state: President Hugo BANZER Suarez (since 6
August 1997); Vice President Jorge Fernando QUIROGA Ramirez (since 6
August 1997); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government

head of government: President Hugo BANZER Suarez (since 6 August 1997); Vice President Jorge Fernando QUIROGA Ramirez (since 6 August 1997); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 1 June 1997 (next to be held May or June 2002)

election results: Hugo BANZER Suarez elected president; percent of vote - Hugo BANZER Suarez (ADN) 22%; Jaime PAZ Zamora (MIR) 17%, Juan Carlos DURAN (MNR) 18%, Ivo KULJIS (UCS) 16%, Remedios LOZA (CONDEPA) 17%; no candidate received a majority of the popular vote; Hugo BANZER Suarez won a congressional runoff election on 5 August 1997 after forming a "megacoalition" with MIR, UCS, CONDEPA, NFR, and PDC

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
chief of state: Chairman of the Presidency
Jozo KRIZANOVI (chairman since 14 June 2001, presidency member since
NA March 2001 - Croat); other members of the three-member rotating
(every 8 months) presidency: Zivko RADISIC (since 13 October 1998 -
Serb) and Beriz BELKIC (since NA March 2001 - Bosniak); note - Ante
JELAVIC was dismissed from his post by the UN High Representative in
March 2001

head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Zlatko
LAGUMDZIJA (since 18 July 2001)

cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman;
approved by the National House of Representatives

elections: the three members of the presidency (one Bosniak, one Croat, one Serb) are elected by popular vote for a four-year term; the member with the most votes becomes the chairman unless he or she was the incumbent chairman at the time of the election; election last held 12-13 September 1998 (next to be held NA September 2002); the chairman of the Council of Ministers is appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the National House of Representatives

election results: percent of vote - Zivko RADISIC with 52% of the Serb vote was elected chairman of the collective presidency for the first 8 months; Ante JELAVIC with 52% of the Croat vote followed RADISIC in the rotation; Alija IZETBEGOVIC with 87% of the Bosniak vote won the highest number of votes in the election but was ineligible to serve a second term until RADISIC and JELAVIC had each served a first term as Chairman of the Presidency; IZETBEGOVIC retired from the presidency 14 October 2000 and was temporarily replaced by Halid GENJAC; Ante JELAVIC was replaced by Jozo KRIZANOVIC in March 2001

note: President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Karlo FILIPOVIC (since 27 February 2001); Vice President Safet HALILOVIC (since 27 February 2001); note - president and vice president rotate every year; President of the Republika Srpska: Mirko SAROVIC (since 11 November 2000)

Botswana:
chief of state: President Festus MOGAE (since 1 April
1998) and Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government

head of government: President Festus MOGAE (since 1 April 1998) and Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term; election last held 16 October 1999 (next to be held NA October 2004); vice president appointed by the president

election results: Festus MOGAE elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote - 54.3%

Brazil:
chief of state: President Fernando Henrique CARDOSO (since
1 January 1995); Vice President Marco MACIEL (since 1 January 1995);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government

head of government: President Fernando Henrique CARDOSO (since 1 January 1995); Vice President Marco MACIEL (since 1 January 1995); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 4 October 1998 (next to be held NA October 2002)

election results: Fernando Henrique CARDOSO reelected president; percent of vote - 53%

British Indian Ocean Territory: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)

head of government: Commissioner John WHITE (since NA); Administrator Louise SAVILL (since NA); note - both reside in the UK

cabinet: NA

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; commissioner and administrator appointed by the monarch

British Virgin Islands: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Francis J. SAVAGE (since NA)

head of government: Chief Minister Ralph T. O'NEAL (since 15 May 1995)

cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor from members of the Legislative Council

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; chief minister appointed by the governor from among the members of the Legislative Council

Brunei:
chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL
Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chief
of state and head of government

head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister Sir HASSANAL Bolkiah (since 5 October 1967); note - the monarch is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Cabinet Ministers appointed and presided over by the monarch; deals with executive matters; note - there is also a Religious Council (members appointed by the monarch) that advises on religious matters, a Privy Council (members appointed by the monarch) that deals with constitutional matters, and the Council of Succession (members appointed by the monarch) that determines the succession to the throne if the need arises

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary

Bulgaria:
chief of state: President Petar STOYANOV (since 22
January 1997); Vice President Todor KAVALDZHIEV (since 22 January
1997)

head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime
Minister) Ivan KOSTOV (since 19 May 1997); Deputy Prime Minister
Petur ZHOTEV (since 21 December 1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the National Assembly

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 27 October and 3 November 1996 (next to be held NA 2001); chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister) nominated by the president; deputy prime ministers nominated by the prime minister

election results: Petar STOYANOV elected president; percent of vote
- Petar STOYANOV 59.73%

Burkina Faso:
chief of state: President Blaise COMPAORE (since 15
October 1987)

head of government: Prime Minister Ernest Paramanga YONLI (since 6
November 2000)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister

elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; the president may serve unlimited terms; election last held 15 November 1998 (next to be held NA 2005); prime minister appointed by the president with the consent of the legislature

election results: Blaise COMPAORE reelected president with 87.5% percent of the vote, 56% of voter turnout

note: President COMPAORE faces an increasingly well-coordinated opposition; recent charges against a former member of his Presidential Guard in the 1998 assassination of a newspaper editor signify an attempt to defuse chronic areas of dissatisfaction

Burma:
chief of state: Prime Minister and Chairman of the State
Peace and Development Council Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992);
note - the prime minister is both the chief of state and head of
government

head of government: Prime Minister and Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992); note - the prime minister is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: State Peace and Development Council (SPDC); military junta, so named 15 November 1997, which initially assumed power 18 September 1988 under the name State Law and Order Restoration Council; the SPDC oversees the cabinet

elections: none; the prime minister assumed power upon resignation of the former prime minister

Burundi:
chief of state: President Pierre BUYOYA (interim president
since 27 September 1996, officially sworn in 11 June 1998), First
Vice President Frederic BAMVUGINYUMVIRA (since NA June 1998), Second
Vice President Mathias SINAMENYE (since NA June 1998); note - the
president is both chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Pierre BUYOYA (interim president since 27 September 1996, officially sworn in 11 June 1998), First Vice President Frederic BAMVUGINYUMVIRA (since NA June 1998), Second Vice President Mathias SINAMENYE (since NA June 1998); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by president

elections: NA; current president assumed power following a coup on 25 July 1996 in which former President NTIBANTUNGANYA was overthrown

Cambodia:
chief of state: King Norodom SIHANOUK (reinstated 24
September 1993)

head of government: Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 30 November 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is chosen by a Royal Throne Council;
prime minister appointed by the monarch after a vote of confidence
by the National Assembly

Cameroon:
chief of state: President Paul BIYA (since 6 November
1982)

head of government: Prime Minister Peter Mafany MUSONGE (since 19
September 1996)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from proposals
submitted by the Prime Minister

elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 12 October 1997 (next to be held NA October 2004); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: President Paul BIYA reelected; percent of vote -
Paul BIYA 92.6%; note - supporters of the opposition candidates
boycotted the elections, making a comparison of vote shares
relatively meaningless

Canada:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Adrienne CLARKSON (since 7 October
1999)

head of government: Prime Minister Jean CHRETIEN (since 4 November
1993)

cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister from among the members of his own party sitting in Parliament

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a five-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party in the House of Commons is automatically designated by the governor general to become prime minister

Cape Verde:
chief of state: President Pedro PIRES (since 22 March
2001)

head of government: Prime Minister Jose Maria Pereira NEVES (since 1 February 1991)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister from among the members of the National Assembly

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 11 and 25 February 2001 (next to be held NA February 2006); prime minister nominated by the National Assembly and appointed by the president

election results: Pedro PIRES elected president; percent of vote - Pedro PIRES (PAICV) 49.43%, Carlos VIEGA (MPD) 49.42%; note: the election was won by only twelve votes

Cayman Islands:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952); Governor and President of the Executive Council
Peter SMITH (since 5 May 1999)

head of government: Kurt TIBBETTS (since November 2000)

cabinet: Executive Council (three members appointed by the governor, four members elected by the Legislative Assembly)

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the governor is appointed by the monarch

Central African Republic: chief of state: President Ange-Felix PATASSE (since 22 October 1993)

head of government: Prime Minister Martin ZIGUELE (since 1 April 2001)

cabinet: Council of Ministers

elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 19 September 1999 (next to be held NA 2005); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Ange-Felix PATASSE reelected president; percent
of vote - Ange-Felix PATASSE 51.63%, Andre KOLINGBA 19.38%, David
DACKO 11.15%

Chad:
chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY (since 4
December 1990)

head of government: Prime Minister Nagoum YAMASSOUM (since 13
December 1999)

cabinet: Council of State, members appointed by the president on
the recommendation of the prime minister

elections: president elected by popular vote to serve five-year term; if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the two candidates receiving the most votes must stand for a second round of voting; last held 20 May 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY elected president; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 63%, Ngarlegy YORONGAR 16%, Saleh KEBZABO 7%

note: government coalition - MPS, UNDR, and URD

Chile:
chief of state: President Ricardo LAGOS Escobar (since 11
March 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government

head of government: President Ricardo LAGOS Escobar (since 11 March 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 12 December 1999, with runoff election held 16 January 2000 (next to be held NA December 2005)

election results: Ricardo LAGOS Escobar elected president; percent of vote - Ricardo LAGOS Escobar 51.32%, Joaquin LAVIN 48.68%

China:
chief of state: President JIANG Zemin (since 27 March 1993)
and Vice President HU Jintao (since 16 March 1998)

head of government: Premier ZHU Rongji (since 18 March 1998); Vice Premiers QIAN Qichen (since 29 March 1993), LI Lanqing (29 March 1993), WU Bangguo (since 17 March 1995), and WEN Jiabao (since 18 March 1998)

cabinet: State Council appointed by the National People's Congress (NPC)

elections: president and vice president elected by the National People's Congress for five-year terms; elections last held 16-18 March 1998 (next to be held NA March 2003); premier nominated by the president, confirmed by the National People's Congress

election results: JIANG Zemin reelected president by the Ninth National People's Congress with a total of 2,882 votes (36 delegates voted against him, 29 abstained, and 32 did not vote); HU Jintao elected vice president by the Ninth National People's Congress with a total of 2,841 votes (67 delegates voted against him, 39 abstained, and 32 did not vote)

Christmas Island: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by the Australian governor general

head of government: Administrator William Leonard TAYLOR (since 4 February 1999)

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed by the governor general of Australia and represents the monarch and Australia

Cocos (Keeling) Islands: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by the Australian governor general

head of government: Administrator (non-resident) William Leonard TAYLOR (since 4 February 1999)

cabinet: NA

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed by the governor general of Australia and represents the monarch and Australia

Colombia:
chief of state: President Andres PASTRANA (since 7 August
1998); Vice President Gustavo BELL Lemus (since 7 August 1998); note
- the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Andres PASTRANA (since 7 August 1998); Vice President Gustavo BELL Lemus (since 7 August 1998); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet Cabinet consists of a coalition of the two dominant parties - the PL and PSC - and independents

elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 31 May 1998 (next to be held NA May 2002); vice president elected by popular vote for a four-year term in a new procedure that replaces the traditional designation of vice presidents by newly elected presidents; election last held 31 May 1998 (next to be held NA May 2002)

election results: no candidate received more than 50% of the total vote, therefore, a run-off election to select a president from the two leading candidates was held 21 June 1998; Andres PASTRANA elected president; percent of vote - 50.3%; Gustavo BELL elected vice president; percent of vote - 50.3%

Comoros:
chief of state: President AZALI Assoumani (since 6 May
1999); note - the interim government of President Tajiddine Ben Said
MASSOUNDE, which had assumed power on 6 November 1998 upon the death
of President Mohamed TAKI Abdulkarim, was overthrown in a bloodless
coup on 30 April 1999

head of government: Prime Minister Hamada MADI (since late November 2000)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 6 and 16 March 1996 (next to be held NA); prime minister appointed by the president

note: President AZALI claimed a one-year term at the time of the coup; but elections, promised for spring 2000, were not held

election results: results of the last presidential election before the coup were: Mohamed TAKI Abdulkarim elected president; percent of vote - 64.3%

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: chief of state: Joseph KABILA (since 26 January 2001); note - the president succeeded his father Laurent Desire KABILA after his assassination on 16 January 2001; as president he is both chief of state and head of government

head of government: Joseph KABILA (since 26 January 2001); note - the president succeeded his father Laurent Desire KABILA after his assassination on 16 January 2001; as president he is both chief of state and head of government

cabinet: National Executive Council, appointed by the president

elections: before Laurent Desire KABILA seized power, the president was elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 29 July 1984 (next was scheduled to be held in May 1997); formerly, the prime minister was elected by the High Council of the Republic; note - elections were not held in 1991 as called for by the constitution

election results: results of the last election were: MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga reelected president in 1984 without opposition

note: Marshal MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga was president from 24 November 1965 until forced into exile on 16 May 1997 when his government was overthrown militarily by Laurent Desire KABILA, who immediately assumed governing authority; KABILA pledged to hold elections by April 1999, but in December 1998 announced that elections would be postponed until all foreign military forces attempting to topple the government had withdrawn from the country; KABILA was assassinated in January 2001 and was succeeded by his son Joseph KABILA

Congo, Republic of the:
chief of state: President Denis
SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 25 October 1997, following the civil war in
which he toppled elected president Pascal LISSOUBA); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO (since 25 October 1997, following the civil war in which he toppled elected president Pascal LISSOUBA); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 16 August 1992 (next was to be held 27 July 1997 but will be delayed for several years pending the drafting of a new constitution)

election results: Pascal LISSOUBA elected president in 1992; percent of vote - Pascal LISSOUBA 61.3%, Bernard KOLELAS 38.7%; note - LISSOUBA was deposed in 1997, replaced by Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO

Cook Islands:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Apenera SHORT (since NA); New Zealand High
Commissioner Jon JONESSEN (since NA January 1998), representative of
New Zealand

head of government: Prime Minister Dr. Terepai MAOATE (since 18
November 1999); Deputy Prime Minister Norman GEORGE (since NA)

cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister; collectively
responsible to Parliament

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the UK representative is appointed by the monarch; the New Zealand high commissioner is appointed by the New Zealand Government; following legislative elections, the leader of the party that wins the most seats usually becomes prime minister

note: ten years of rule by the Cook Islands Party (CIP) came to an end 18 November 1999 with the resignation of Prime Minister Joe WILLIAMS; WILLIAMS had led a minority government since October 1999 when the New Alliance Party (NAP) left the government coalition and joined the main opposition Democratic Alliance Party (DAP); on 18 November 1999, DAP leader Dr. Terepai MAOATE was sworn in as prime minister

Coral Sea Islands: administered from Canberra by the Department of the Environment, Sport, and Territories

Costa Rica:
chief of state: President Miguel Angel RODRIGUEZ (since
8 May 1998); First Vice President Astrid FISCHEL Volio (since 8 May
1998), Second Vice President Elizabeth ODIO Benito (since 8 May
1998); note - president is both the chief of state and head of
government

head of government: President Miguel Angel RODRIGUEZ (since 8 May 1998); First Vice President Astrid FISCHEL Volio (since 8 May 1998), Second Vice President Elizabeth ODIO Benito (since 8 May 1998); note - president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet selected by the president

elections: president and vice presidents elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 1 February 1998 (next to be held 3 February 2002)

election results: Miguel Angel RODRIGUEZ elected president; percent
of vote - Miguel Angel RODRIGUEZ (PUSC) 46.6%, Jose Miguel CORRALES
(PLN) 44.6%

Cote d'Ivoire:
chief of state: President Laurent GBAGBO (since 26
October 2000); note - took power following a popular overthrow of
the interim leader Gen. Robert GUEI who had claimed a dubious
victory in presidential elections; Gen. GUEI himself had assumed
power on 25 December 1999, following a military coup against the
government of former President Henri Konan BEDIE

head of government: Prime Minister and Minister of Planning and Development Affi N'GUESSAN (since 27 October 2000) appointed by the president

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 26 October 2000 (next is scheduled to be held NA 2005); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Laurent GBAGBO elected president; percent of vote
- Laurent GBAGBO 59.4%, Robert GUEI 32.7%, Francis WODIE 5.7%, other
2.2%

Croatia:
chief of state: President Stjepan (Stipe) MESIC (since 18
February 2000)

head of government: Prime Minister Ivica RACAN (since 27 January 2000); Deputy Prime Ministers Goran GRANIC (since 27 January 2000), Zeljka ANTUNOVIC (since 27 January 2000), Slavko LINIC (since 27 January 2000)

cabinet: Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and approved by the House of Representatives

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 7 February 2000 (next to be held NA 2005); prime minister nominated by the president in line with the balance of power in the Assembly

election results: Stjepan MESIC elected president; percent of vote - Stjepan MESIC (HNS) 56%, Drazen BUDISA (HSLS) 44%

note: government coalition - SDP, HSLS, HSS, LP, HNS, IDS

Cuba:
chief of state: President of the Council of State and
President of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (prime
minister from February 1959 until 24 February 1976 when office was
abolished; president since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of
the Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of
Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government: President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (prime minister from February 1959 until 24 February 1976 when office was abolished; president since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the president of the Council of State, appointed by the National Assembly; note - there is also a Council of State whose members are elected by the National Assembly

elections: president and vice president elected by the National Assembly; election last held 24 February 1998 (next election unscheduled)

election results: Fidel CASTRO Ruz elected president; percent of
legislative vote - 100%; Raul CASTRO Ruz elected vice president;
percent of legislative vote - 100%

Cyprus:
chief of state: President Glafcos CLERIDES (since 28
February 1993); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government; post of vice president is currently vacant;
under the 1960 constitution, the post is reserved for a Turkish
Cypriot

head of government: President Glafcos CLERIDES (since 28 February 1993); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; post of vice president is currently vacant; under the 1960 constitution, the post is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed jointly by the president and vice president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 15 February 1998 (next to be held NA February 2003)

election results: Glafcos CLERIDES reelected president; percent of vote - Glafcos CLERIDES 50.8%, George IAKOVOU 49.2%

note: Rauf R. DENKTASH has been "president" of the Turkish Cypriot area since 13 February 1975 ("president" elected by popular vote for a five-year term); elections last held 15 April 2000 (next to be held NA April 2005); results - Rauf R. DENKTASH reelected president after the other contender withdrew; Dervis EROGLU has been "prime minister" of the Turkish Cypriot area since 16 August 1996; there is a Council of Ministers (cabinet) in the Turkish Cypriot area

Czech Republic:
chief of state: President Vaclav HAVEL (since 2
February 1993)

head of government: Prime Minister Milos ZEMAN (since 17 July 1998); Deputy Prime Ministers Vladimir SPIDLA (since 22 July 1998), Pavel RYCHETSKY (since 22 July 1998), Jan KAVAN (since 8 December 1999)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister

elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term; election last held 20 January 1998 (next to be held NA January 2003); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Vaclav HAVEL reelected president; Vaclav HAVEL
received 47 of 81 votes in the Senate and 99 out of 200 votes in the
Chamber of Deputies (second round of voting)

Denmark:
chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January
1972); Heir Apparent Crown Prince FREDERIK, elder son of the monarch
(born 26 May 1968)

head of government: Prime Minister Poul Nyrup RASMUSSEN (since 25
January 1993)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister and approved by
Parliament

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister
appointed by the monarch

Djibouti:
chief of state: President GUELLEH Ismail Omar (since 8
May 1999);

head of government: Prime Minister DILLEITA Mohamed Dilleita (since 4 March 2001)

cabinet: Council of Ministers responsible to the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 9 April 1999 (next to be held NA 2005); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: GUELLEH Ismail Omar elected president; percent of vote - GUELLEH Ismail Omar 74.4%, IDRIS Moussa Ahmed 25.6%

Dominica:
chief of state: President Vernon Lordon SHAW (since 6
October 1998)

head of government: Prime Minister Pierre CHARLES (since 1 October
2000); note - assumed post after death of Roosevelt DOUGLAS

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister

elections: president elected by the House of Assembly for a five-year term; election last held 6 October 1998 (next to be held NA October 2003); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Vernon Lordon SHAW elected president; percent of legislative vote - NA%

Dominican Republic:
chief of state: President Rafael Hipolito MEJIA
Dominguez (since 16 August 2000); Vice President Milagros
ORTIZ-BOSCH (since 16 August 2000); note - the president is both the
chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Rafael Hipolito MEJIA Dominguez (since 16 August 2000); Vice President Milagros ORTIZ-BOSCH (since 16 August 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the president

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year term; election last held 16 May 2000 (next to be held NA May 2004)

election results: Raphael Hipolito MEJIA Dominguez elected
president; percent of vote - Rafael Hipolito MEJIA Dominguez (PRD)
49.87%, Danilo MEDINA (PLD) 24.95%, Joaquin BALAGUER (PRSC) 24.6%

Ecuador:
chief of state: President Gustavo NOBOA Bejarano (since 22
January 2000) selected president following coup that deposed
President MAHUAD; Vice President Pedro PINTO Rubianes (since 28
January 2000) elected by National Congress from a slate of
candidates submitted by President NABOA; note - the president is
both the chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Gustavo NOBOA Bejarano (since 22 January 2000) selected president following coup that deposed President MAHUAD; Vice President Pedro PINTO Rubianes (since 28 January 2000) elected by National Congress from a slate of candidates submitted by President NABOA; note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year term (no reelection); election last held 31 May 1998; runoff election held 12 July 1998 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results: results of the last election prior to the coup were: Jamil MAHUAD elected president; percent of vote - 51%

note: a military-indigenous coup toppled democratically elected President Jamil MAHAUD on 21 January 2000; the military quickly handed power over to Vice President Gustavo NOBOA on 22 January; National Congress then elected a new vice president from a slate of candidates submitted by NOBOA; the new administration is scheduled to complete the remainder of MAHAUD's term, due to expire in January 2003

Egypt:
chief of state: President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (since 14
October 1981)

head of government: Prime Minister Atef OBEID (since 5 October 1999)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections: president nominated by the People's Assembly for a six-year term, the nomination must then be validated by a national, popular referendum; national referendum last held 26 September 1999 (next to be held NA October 2005); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: national referendum validated President MUBARAK's nomination by the People's Assembly to a fourth term

El Salvador:
chief of state: President Francisco FLORES Perez
(since 1 June 1999); Vice President Carlos QUINTANILLA Schmidt
(since 1 June 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state
and head of government

head of government: President Francisco FLORES Perez (since 1 June 1999); Vice President Carlos QUINTANILLA Schmidt (since 1 June 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: cabinet selected by the president

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 7 March 1999 (next to be held NA March 2004)

election results: Francisco FLORES Perez elected president; percent
of vote - Francisco FLORES (ARENA) 52%, Facundo GUARDADO (FMLN) 29%,
Ruben ZAMORA (CDU) 7.5%, other (no individual above 3%) 11.5%

Equatorial Guinea:
chief of state: President Brig. Gen. (Ret.)
Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO (since 3 August 1979 when he seized
power in a military coup)

head of government: Prime Minister Candido Muatetema RIVAS (since
26 February 2001); First Deputy Prime Minister Miguel OYONO NDONG
(since NA January 1998); Deputy Prime Minister Demetrio Elo NDONG
NZE FUMU (since NA January 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote to a seven-year term; election last held 25 February 1996 (next to be held NA February 2003); prime minister and vice prime ministers appointed by the president

election results: President Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO reelected with 98% of popular vote in elections marred by widespread fraud

Eritrea:
chief of state: President ISAIAS Afworki (since 8 June
1993); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government and is head of the State Council and National Assembly

head of government: President ISAIAS Afworki (since 8 June 1993); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government and is head of the State Council and National Assembly

cabinet: State Council is the collective executive authority

elections: president elected by the National Assembly; election last held 8 June 1993 (next tentatively scheduled for December 2001)

election results: ISAIAS Afworki elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote - ISAIAS Afworki 95%

Estonia:
chief of state: President Lennart MERI (since 5 October
1992)

head of government: Prime Minister Mart LAAR (since 29 March 1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister, approved by Parliament

elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term; if he or she does not secure two-thirds of the votes after three rounds of balloting, then an electoral assembly (made up of Parliament plus members of local governments) elects the president, choosing between the two candidates with the largest percentage of votes; election last held August-September 1996 (next to be held in the fall of 2001); prime minister nominated by the president and approved by Parliament

election results: Lennart MERI reelected president by an electoral assembly after Parliament was unable to break a deadlock between MERI and RUUTEL; percent of electoral assembly vote - Lennart MERI 61%, Arnold RUUTEL 39%

Ethiopia:
chief of state: President NEGASSO Gidada (since 22 August
1995)

head of government: Prime Minister MELES Zenawi (since NA August 1995)

cabinet: Council of Ministers as provided for in the December 1994 constitution; ministers are selected by the prime minister and approved by the House of People's Representatives

elections: president elected by the House of People's Representatives for a six-year term; election last held NA June 1995 (next to be held NA May 2001); prime minister designated by the party in power following legislative elections

election results: NEGASSO Gidada elected president; percent of vote by the House of People's Representatives - NA%

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH
II (since 6 February 1952)

head of government: Governor Donald LAMONT (since NA May 1999);
Chief Executive A. M. GURR (since NA); Financial Secretary D. F.
HOWATT (since NA)

cabinet: Executive Council; three members elected by the
Legislative Council, two ex officio members (chief executive and the
financial secretary), and the governor

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by
the monarch

Faroe Islands:
chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark (since
14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Ms. Vibeke
LARSEN, chief administrative officer (since NA)

head of government: Prime Minister Anfinn KALLSBERG (since 15 May 1998)

cabinet: Landsstyri appointed by the prime minister

elections: the monarch is hereditary; high commissioner appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the party that wins the most seats is usually elected prime minister by the Faroese Parliament; election last held 30 April 1998 (next to be held no later than April 2002)

election results: Anfinn KALLSBERG elected prime minister; percent of parliamentary vote - 52.8%

note: coalition of People's Party, Republican Party and Home Rule
Party

Fiji:
note: armed ethnic Fijian terrorists, led by George SPEIGHT
stormed the Parliament building on 19 May 2000; ethnic Indo-Fijian
Prime Minister Mahendra CHAUDHRY and his government were held
hostage for 56 days; following the attempted coup, the Commander of
the Fiji Military Forces, naval Commodore Frank BAINIMARAMA declared
martial law and dissolved the government on 29 May 2000; an interim
government, headed by interim Prime Minister Laisenia QARASE, was
appointed to serve until a new constitution was initiated and
subsequent elections held; in November 2000, Fiji's High Court
upheld the 1997 constitution and ruled that Ratu Sir Kamisese MARA
remained the president; Justice Anthony GATES concluded that MARA
should recall the pre-May 19th Parliament and appoint a prime
minister to form a new government; the Fiji Court of Appeals upheld
GATES' decision on 1 March 2001; it ruled that the 1997 constitution
had not been abrogated, Parliament had not been dissolved, only
prorogued for six months, and that the presidency remained vacant
since MARA's resignation took effect 15 December 2000; President
Ratu Josefa ILOILO reinstated QARASE's interim government as the
caretaker government and elections were scheduled for August 2001;
approximately 23 fluid political parties are currently jockeying for
power

chief of state: President Ratu Josefa ILOILO (since NA 2000); Vice
President Jope SENILOLI (since NA 2000)

head of government: Prime Minister Laisenia QARASE (since NA 2000);
Deputy Prime Minister Epeli NAILATIKAU (since NA 2000)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from among the members of Parliament and is responsible to Parliament; note -there is also a Presidential Council that advises the president on matters of national importance and a Great Council of Chiefs which consists of the highest ranking members of the traditional chiefly system

elections: president elected by the Great Council of Chiefs for a five-year term; prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Ratu Josefa ILOILO elected president by the Great
Council of Chiefs; percent of vote - NA%

Finland:
chief of state: President Tarja HALONEN (since 1 March
2000)

head of government: Prime Minister Paavo LIPPONEN (since 13 April
1995) and Deputy Prime Minister Sauli NIINISTO (since 13 April 1995)

cabinet: Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to Parliament

elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 6 February 2000 (next to be held NA February 2006); prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed from the majority party by the president after parliamentary elections

election results: Tarja HALONEN elected president; percent of vote
- Tarja HALONEN (SDP) 51.6%, Esco AHO (Kesk) 48.4%

note: government coalition - SDP, Kok, Leftist Alliance (People's
Democratic Union and Democratic Alternative), SFP, and Green Union

France:
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May 1995)

head of government: Prime Minister Lionel JOSPIN (since 3 June 1997)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the suggestion of the prime minister

elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 23 April and 7 May 1995 (next to be held by May 2002); prime minister nominated by the National Assembly majority and appointed by the president

election results: Jacques CHIRAC elected president; percent of vote, second ballot - Jacques CHIRAC (RPR) 52.64%, Lionel JOSPIN (PS) 47.36%

French Guiana:
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France
(since 17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Dominique VIAN (since NA
January 1997)

head of government: President of the General Council Andre LECANTE (since NA March 1998); President of the Regional Council Antoine KARAM (since 22 March 1992)

cabinet: NA

elections: French president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of Interior; presidents of the General and Regional Councils are appointed by the members of those councils

French Polynesia:
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of
France (since 17 May 1995), represented by High Commissioner of the
Republic Paul RONCIERE (since NA 1994)

head of government: President of the Territorial Government of
French Polynesia Gaston FLOSSE (since 4 April 1991); President of
the Territorial Assembly Justin ARAPARI (since 13 May 1996)

cabinet: Council of Ministers; president submits a list of members of the Territorial Assembly for approval by them to serve as ministers

elections: French president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; high commissioner appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of Interior; president of the Territorial Government and the president of the Territorial Assembly are elected by the members of the assembly

Gabon:
chief of state: President El Hadj Omar BONGO (since 2
December 1967)

head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Francois NTOUTOUME-EMANE
(since 23 January 1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in consultation with the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 6 December 1998 (next to be held NA 2005); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: President El Hadj Omar BONGO reelected; percent
of vote - El Hadj Omar BONGO 66.6%, Pierre MAMBOUNDOU 16.5%, Fr.
Paul M'BA-ABESSOLE 13.4%

Gambia, The:
chief of state: President Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH (since
18 October 1996); Vice President Isatou Njie SAIDY (since 20 March
1997); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government

head of government: President Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH (since 18 October 1996); Vice President Isatou Njie SAIDY (since 20 March 1997); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet is appointed by the president

elections: the president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term; the number of terms is not restricted; election last held 26 September 1996 (next to be held NA October 2001)

election results: Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH elected president; percent of vote - Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH 55.8%, Ousainou DARBOE 35.8%

Georgia:
chief of state: President Eduard Amvrosiyevich
SHEVARDNADZE (previously elected chairman of the Government Council
10 March 1992; Council has since been disbanded; previously elected
chairman of Parliament 11 October 1992; president since 26 November
1995); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government

head of government: President Eduard Amvrosiyevich SHEVARDNADZE (previously elected chairman of the Government Council 10 March 1992; Council has since been disbanded; previously elected chairman of Parliament 11 October 1992; president since 26 November 1995); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 9 April 2000 (next to be held NA 2005)

election results: Eduard SHEVARDNADZE reelected president; percent
of vote - Eduard SHEVARDNADZE 80%

Germany:
chief of state: President Johannes RAU (since 1 July 1999)

head of government: Chancellor Gerhard SCHROEDER (since 27 October
1998)

cabinet: Cabinet or Bundesminister (Federal Ministers) appointed by
the president on the recommendation of the chancellor

elections: president elected for a five-year term by a Federal Convention including all members of the Federal Assembly and an equal number of delegates elected by the state parliaments; election last held 23 May 1999 (next to be held 23 May 2004); chancellor elected by an absolute majority of the Federal Assembly for a four-year term; election last held 27 September 1998 (next to be held in the fall of 2002)

election results: Johannes RAU elected president; percent of Federal Convention vote - 57.6%; Gerhard SCHROEDER elected chancellor; percent of Federal Assembly - 52.7%

Ghana:
chief of state: President John Agyekum KUFUOR (since 7
January 2001); Vice President Alhaji Aliu MAHAMA (since 7 January
2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government

head of government: President John Agyekum KUFUOR (since 7 January 2001); Vice President Alhaji Aliu MAHAMA (since 7 January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Ministers; president nominates members subject to approval by Parliament

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 7 and 28 December 2000 (next to be held NA December 2004)

election results: John Agyekum KUFUOR elected president in runoff; percent of vote - John KUFUOR 56.4%, John Atta MILLS 43.6%

Gibraltar:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor and Commander-in-Chief David DURIE
(since 5 April 2000); note - DURIE was appointed in February 2000
but took office in April 2000

head of government: Chief Minister Peter CARUANA (since 17 May 1996)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed from among the 15 elected members of the House of Assembly by the governor in consultation with the chief minister; note - there is also a Gibraltar Council that advises the governor

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; chief minister appointed by the governor

Greece:
chief of state: President Konstandinos (Kostis)
STEPHANOPOULOS (since 10 March 1995)

head of government: Prime Minister Konstandinos SIMITIS (since 19
January 1996)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation
of the prime minister

elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term; election last held 8 February 2000 (next to be held by NA March 2005); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Konstandinos STEPHANOPOULOS reelected president; percent of Parliament vote - 90%

Greenland:
chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark (since 14
January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Gunnar MARTENS
(since NA 1995)

head of government: Prime Minister Jonathan MOTZFELDT (since 19
September 1997)

cabinet: Home Rule Government is elected by the Parliament
(Landstinget) on the basis of the strength of parties

elections: the monarch is hereditary; high commissioner appointed by the monarch; prime minister is elected by Parliament (usually the leader of the majority party); election last held 16 February 1999 (next to be held NA February 2003)

election results: Jonathan MOTZFELDT reelected prime minister following the 16 February 1999 elections; percent of parliamentary vote - 57.3%

note: government coalition - Siumut and Inuit Ataqatigiit (IA)

Grenada:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor General Daniel WILLIAMS (since 9
August 1996)

head of government: Prime Minister Keith MITCHELL (since 22 June
1995)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; prime minister appointed by the governor general from among the members of the House of Assembly

Guadeloupe:
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France
(since 17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Jean FEDINI (since NA
1996)

head of government: President of the General Council Marcellin
LUBETH (since NA March 1998); President of the Regional Council
Lucette MICHAUX-CHEVRY (since 22 March 1992)

cabinet: NA

elections: French president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of Interior; the presidents of the General and Regional Councils are elected by the members of those councils

election results: NA

Guam:
chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US (since 20
January 2001); Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20 January
2001)

head of government: Governor Carl GUTIERREZ (since 8 November 1994)
and Lieutenant Governor Madeleine BORDALLO (since 8 November 1994)

cabinet: executive departments; heads appointed by the governor with the consent of the Guam legislature

elections: US president and vice president elected on the same ticket for a four-year term; governor and lieutenant governor elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 3 November 1998 (next to be held NA November 2002)

election results: Carl GUTIERREZ reelected governor; percent of vote - Carl GUTIERREZ (Democrat) 53.2%, Joseph ADA (Republican) 46.8%

Guatemala:
chief of state: President Alfonso Antonio PORTILLO
Cabrera (since 14 January 2000); Vice President Juan Francisco REYES
Lopez (since 14 January 2000); note - the president is both the
chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Alfonso Antonio PORTILLO Cabrera (since 14 January 2000); Vice President Juan Francisco REYES Lopez (since 14 January 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Ministers named by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 7 November 1999; runoff held 26 December 1999 (next to be held NA November 2003)

election results: Alfonso Antonio PORTILLO Cabrera elected president; percent of vote - Alfonso Antonio PORTILLO Cabrera (FRG) 68%, Oscar BERGER Perdomo (PAN) 32%

Guernsey: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)

head of government: Lieutenant Governor and Commander-in-Chief Lt. Gen. Sir John FOLEY (since NA 2000) and Bailiff De Vic G. CAREY (since NA)

cabinet: Advisory and Finance Committee appointed by the Assembly of the States

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; lieutenant governor
appointed by the monarch; bailiff appointed by the monarch

Guinea:
chief of state: President Lansana CONTE (head of military
government since 5 April 1984, elected president 19 December 1993)

head of government: Prime Minister Lamine SIDIME (since 8 March 1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; candidate must receive a majority of the votes cast to be elected president; election last held 14 December 1998 (next to be held NA December 2003); the prime minister is appointed by the president

election results: Lansana CONTE reelected president; percent of
vote - Lansana CONTE (PUP) 56.1%, Mamadou Boye BA (UNR-PRP) 24.6%,
Alpha CONDE (RPG) 16.6%,

Guinea-Bissau:
chief of state: President Koumba YALLA (since 18
February 2000)

head of government: Prime Minister Faustino IMBALI (since 20 March 2001)

cabinet: NA

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 28 November 1999 and 16 January 2000 (next to be held NA 2004); prime minister appointed by the president after consultation with party leaders in the legislature

election results: Koumba YALLA elected president; percent of vote, second ballot - Koumba YALLA (PRS) 72%, Malan Bacai SANHA (PAIGC) 28%

Guyana:
chief of state: President Bharrat JAGDEO (since 11 August
1999); note - assumed presidency after resignation of President JAGAN

head of government: Prime Minister Samuel HINDS (since NA December
1997)

cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president, responsible to the legislature

elections: president elected by the majority party in the National Assembly following legislative elections, which must be held at least every five years; elections last held 19 March 2001 (next to be held NA); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: President Bharrat JAGDEO reelected; percent of legislative vote - NA%

Haiti:
chief of state: President Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE (since 7
February 2001)

head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Marie CHERESTAL (since 9
February 2001)

cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister in consultation with
the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 26 November 2000 (next to be held NA 2005); prime minister appointed by the president, ratified by the Congress

election results: Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE elected president; percent of vote - Jean-Bertrand ARISTIDE 92%

Holy See (Vatican City): chief of state: Pope JOHN PAUL II (since 16 October 1978)

head of government: Secretary of State Cardinal Angelo SODANO (since 2 December 1990)

cabinet: Pontifical Commission appointed by the pope

elections: pope elected for life by the College of Cardinals; election last held 16 October 1978 (next to be held after the death of the current pope); secretary of state appointed by the pope

election results: Karol WOJTYLA elected pope

Honduras:
chief of state: President Carlos Roberto FLORES Facusse
(since 27 January 1998); note - the president is both the chief of
state and head of government; First Vice President William HANDAL
(since NA); Second Vice President Gladys CABALLERO de Arevalo (since
NA); Third Vice President Hector Vidal CERRATO Hernandez (since NA)

head of government: President Carlos Roberto FLORES Facusse (since 27 January 1998); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; First Vice President William HANDAL (since NA); Second Vice President Gladys CABALLERO de Arevalo (since NA); Third Vice President Hector Vidal CERRATO Hernandez (since NA)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 30 November 1997 (next to be held 25 November 2001)

election results: Carlos Roberto FLORES Facusse elected president;
percent of vote - Carlos Roberto FLORES Facusse (PL) 50%, Nora de
MELGAR (PN) 40%, other 10%

Hong Kong:
chief of state: President of China JIANG Zemin (since 27
March 1993)

head of government: Chief Executive TUNG Chee-hwa (since 1 July 1997)

cabinet: Executive Council consists of three ex-officio members and 10 appointed members; ex-officio members are: Chief Secretary Anson CHAN (since 29 November 1993), Financial Secretary Donald TSANG (since 7 March 1995), and Secretary of Justice Elsie LEUNG (since 1 July 1997)

elections: NA

Hungary: chief of state: Ferenc MADL (since NA August 2000)

head of government: Prime Minister Viktor ORBAN (since 6 July 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president

elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term; election last held 6 June 2000 (next to be held by June 2005); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president

election results: Ferenc MADL elected president; percent of legislative vote - NA% (but by a simple majority in the third round of voting); Viktor ORBAN elected prime minister; percent of legislative vote - NA%

note: to be elected, the president must win two-thirds of
legislative vote in the first two rounds or a simple majority in the
third round

Iceland:
chief of state: President Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON (since 1
August 1996)

head of government: Prime Minister David ODDSSON (since 30 April
1991)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister and approved by
Parliament

elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 29 June 1996 (next to be held NA June 2004); President GRIMSSON ran unopposed in June 2000 so there were no elections; prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON elected president;
President GRIMSSON ran unopposed

India:
chief of state: President Kicheril Raman NARAYANAN (since 25
July 1997); Vice President Krishnan KANT (since 21 August 1997)

head of government: Prime Minister Atal Behari VAJPAYEE (since 19
March 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister

elections: president elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament and the legislatures of the states for a five-year term; election last held 14 July 1997 (next to be held NA July 2002); vice president elected by both houses of Parliament for a five-year term; election last held 16 August 1997 (next to be held NA August 2002); prime minister elected by parliamentary members of the majority party following legislative elections; election last held NA October 1999 (next to be held NA October 2004)

election results: Kicheril Raman NARAYANAN elected president; percent of electoral college vote - NA%; Krishnan KANT elected vice president; percent of Parliament vote - NA%; Atal Behari VAJPAYEE elected prime minister; percent of vote - NA%

Indonesia:
chief of state: President Abdurrahman WAHID (since 20
October 1999) and Vice President MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri (since 21
October 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government

head of government: President Abdurrahman WAHID (since 20 October 1999) and Vice President MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri (since 21 October 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections: president and vice president elected separately by the 700-member People's Consultative Assembly or MPR for five-year terms; election last held 20 and 21 October 1999 (next to be held by NA 2004)

election results: Abdurrahman WAHID elected president, receiving 373 votes to 313 votes for MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri; MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri elected vice president, defeating Hamzah HAZ; vote totals NA

note: the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR) plus 200 indirectly selected members; it meets every five years to elect the president and vice president and to approve the broad outlines of national policy

Iran:
chief of state: Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah
Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI (since 4 June 1989)

head of government: President (Ali) Mohammad KHATAMI-Ardakani
(since 3 August 1997); First Vice President Dr. Mohammad Reza
AREF-YAZDI (since NA August 2001)

cabinet: Council of Ministers selected by the president with legislative approval

elections: leader of the Islamic Revolution appointed for life by the Assembly of Experts; president elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 8 June 2001 (next to be held NA 2005)

election results: (Ali) Mohammad KHATAMI-Ardakani reelected president; percent of vote - (Ali) Mohammad KHATAMI-Ardakani 77%

Iraq:
chief of state: President SADDAM Husayn (since 16 July 1979);
Vice Presidents Taha Muhyi al-Din MARUF (since 21 April 1974) and
Taha Yasin RAMADAN (since 23 March 1991)

head of government: Prime Minister SADDAM Husayn (since 29 May 1994); Deputy Prime Ministers Tariq Mikhail AZIZ (since NA 1979), Hikmat Mizban Ibrahim al-AZZAWI (since 30 July 1999), Ahmad Husayn al-KHUDAYIR (since NA July 2001), and Abd al-Tawab Mullah al-HUWAYSH (since NA July 2001)

cabinet: Council of Ministers; note - there is also a Revolutionary Command Council or RCC (Chairman SADDAM Husayn, Vice Chairman Izzat IBRAHIM al-Duri) which controls the ruling Ba'th Party, and is the most powerful political entity in the country

elections: president and vice presidents elected by a two-thirds majority of the Revolutionary Command Council; election last held 17 October 1995 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results: SADDAM Husayn reelected president; percent of
vote - 99%; Taha Muhyi al-Din MARUF and Taha Yasin RAMADAN elected
vice presidents; percent of vote - NA%

Ireland:
chief of state: President Mary MCALEESE (since 11 November
1997)

head of government: Prime Minister Bertie AHERN (since 26 June 1997)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with previous nomination by the prime minister and approval of the House of Representatives

elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 31 October 1997 (next to be held NA November 2004); prime minister nominated by the House of Representatives and appointed by the president

election results: Mary MCALEESE elected president; percent of vote
- Mary MCALEESE 44.8%, Mary BANOTTI 29.6%

note: government coalition - Fianna Fail and the Progressive
Democrats

Israel:
chief of state: President Moshe KATSAV (since 31 July 2000)

head of government: Prime Minister Ariel SHARON (since 2 March 2001)

cabinet: Cabinet selected by prime minister and approved by the Knesset

elections: president elected by the Knesset for a five-year term; election last held 31 July 2000 (next to be held NA July 2005); prime minister elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 6 February 2001 (next to be held NA 2005); note - in March 1992, the Knesset approved legislation, effective in 1996, which allowed for the direct election of the prime minister, but in 2001 the Knesset voted to restore the previous method under which the legislators will choose the next prime minister after the next legislative elections in 2003

election results: Moshe KATSAV elected president by the 120-member Knesset with a total of 60 votes, other candidate, Shimon PERES, received 57 votes (there were three abstentions); Ariel SHARON elected prime minister; percent of vote - Ariel SHARON 62.5%, Ehud BARAK 37.4%; note - after the next legislative elections scheduled for 2003, the prime minister will be elected by the Knesset

Italy:
chief of state: President Carlo Azeglio CIAMPI (since 13 May
1999)

head of government: Prime Minister (referred to in Italy as the
president of the Council of Ministers) Silvio BERLUSCONI (since 10
June 2001)

cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and approved by the president

elections: president elected by an electoral college consisting of both houses of Parliament and 58 regional representatives for a seven-year term; election last held 13 May 1999 (next to be held NA May 2006); prime minister appointed by the president and confirmed by parliament

election results: Carlo Azeglio CIAMPI elected president; percent of electoral college vote - 70%

note: a 12-party government coalition; note - BERLUSCONI's coalition includes Forza Italian, National Alliance, Christian Democratic Center, Christian Northern League

Jamaica:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor General Sir Howard Felix COOKE (since
1 August 1991)

head of government: Prime Minister Percival James PATTERSON (since 30 March 1992) and Deputy Prime Minister Seymour MULLINGS (since NA 1993)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the governor general

Japan:
chief of state: Emperor AKIHITO (since 7 January 1989)

head of government: Prime Minister Junichiro KOIZUMI (since 24
April 2001)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the Diet designates the prime minister; the constitution requires that the prime minister must command a parliamentary majority, therefore, following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition in the House of Representatives usually becomes prime minister

note: following the resignation of Prime Minister Yoshiro MORI, Junichiro KOIZUMI was elected as the new president of the majority Liberal Democratic Party, and soon thereafter designated by the Diet to become the next prime minister

Jersey: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)

head of government: Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief Air Chief Marshall Sir John CHESHIRE (since 24 January 2001) and Bailiff Philip Martin BAILHACHE (since NA February 1995)

cabinet: committees appointed by the Assembly of the States

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; lieutenant governor and bailiff appointed by the monarch

Jordan:
chief of state: King ABDALLAH II (since 7 February 1999);
Crown Prince HAMZAH (half brother of the monarch, born 29 March 1980)

head of government: Prime Minister Ali Abul RAGHEB (since 19 June
2000)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister in consultation
with the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister
appointed by the monarch

Kazakhstan:
chief of state: President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV
(chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 22 February 1990, elected
president 1 December 1991)

head of government: Prime Minister Kazymzhomart TOKAYEV (since 2
October 1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 10 January 1999, a year before it was previously scheduled (next to be held NA 2006); note - President NAZARBAYEV's previous term had been extended to 2000 by a nationwide referendum held 30 April 1995; prime minister and first deputy prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV reelected president; percent of vote - Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV 81.7%, Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN 12.1%, Gani KASYMOV 4.7%, other 1.5%

note: President NAZARBAYEV expanded his presidential powers by decree: only he can initiate constitutional amendments, appoint and dismiss the government, dissolve Parliament, call referenda at his discretion, and appoint administrative heads of regions and cities

Kenya:
chief of state: President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI (since
14 October 1978); note - the president is both the chief of state
and head of government

head of government: President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI (since 14 October 1978); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote from among the members of the National Assembly for a five-year term; in addition to receiving the largest number of votes in absolute terms, the presidential candidate must also win 25% or more of the vote in at least five of Kenya's seven provinces and one area to avoid a runoff; election last held 29 December 1997 (next to be held by early 2003); vice president appointed by the president

election results: President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI reelected;
percent of vote - Daniel T. arap MOI (KANU) 40.6%, Mwai KIBAKI (DP)
31.5%, Raila ODINGA (NDP) 11.1%, Michael WAMALWA (FORD-K) 8.4%,
Charity NGILU (SDP) 7.8%

Kiribati:
chief of state: President Teburoro TITO (since 1 October
1994); Vice President Tewareka TENTOA (since 12 October 1994); note
- the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Teburoro TITO (since 1 October 1994);
Vice President Tewareka TENTOA (since 12 October 1994); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members of the House of Assembly, includes the president, vice president, attorney general, and up to eight other ministers

elections: the House of Assembly chooses the presidential candidates from among their members and then those candidates compete in a general election; president is elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 27 November 1998 (next to be held by NA November 2002); vice president appointed by the president

election results: Teburoro TITO reelected president; percent of vote - Teburoro TITO 52.3%, Dr. Harry TONG 45.8%, Amberoti NIKORA 1.9%, Taberannang TIMEON 0%

Korea, North:
chief of state: KIM Chong-il (since NA July 1994);
note - in September 1998, KIM Chong-il was reelected Chairman of the
National Defense Commission, a position accorded the nation's
"highest administrative authority"; KIM Yong-nam was named President
of the Supreme People's Assembly Presidium and given the
responsibility of representing the state and receiving diplomatic
credentials

head of government: Premier HONG Song-nam (since 5 September 1998)

cabinet: Cabinet (Naegak), members, except for the Minister of
People's Armed Forces, are appointed by the Supreme People's Assembly

elections: premier elected by the Supreme People's Assembly;
election last held NA September 1998 (next to be held NA)

election results: HONG Song-nam elected premier; percent of Supreme
People's Assembly vote - NA%

Korea, South:
chief of state: President KIM Dae-jung (since 25
February 1998)

head of government: Prime Minister YI Han-tong (since 23 May 2000)

cabinet: State Council appointed by the president on the prime minister's recommendation

elections: president elected by popular vote for a single five-year term; election last held 18 December 1997 (next to be held by 18 December 2002); prime minister appointed by the president; deputy prime ministers appointed by the president on the prime minister's recommendation

election results: KIM Dae-jung elected president; percent of vote -
KIM Dae-jung (NCNP) 40.3% (with ULD partnership), YI Hoe-chang (GNP)
38.7%, YI In-che (NPP) 19.2%

Kuwait:
chief of state: Amir JABIR al-Ahmad al-Jabir Al Sabah
(since 31 December 1977)

head of government: Prime Minister and Crown Prince SAAD al-Abdallah al-Salim Al Sabah (since 8 February 1978); First Deputy Prime Minister SABAH al-Ahmad al-Jabir Al Sabah (since 17 October 1992); Deputy Prime Ministers JABIR MUBARAK al-Hamud Al Sabah (since NA) and MUHAMMAD KHALID al-Hamed Al Sabah (since NA)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister and approved by the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and
deputy prime ministers appointed by the monarch

Kyrgyzstan:
chief of state: President Askar AKAYEV (since 28
October 1990)

head of government: Prime Minister Kurmanbek BAKIYEV (since 22
December 2000)

cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister

elections: president reelected by popular vote for a five-year
term; elections last held 29 October 2000 (next to be held November
or December 2005); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Askar AKAYEV reelected president; percent of vote
- Askar AKAYEV 74%, Omurbek TEKEBAYEV 14%, other candidates 12%;
note - election marred by serious irregularities

Laos:
chief of state: President Gen. KHAMTAI Siphandon (since 26
February 1998) and Vice President Lt. Gen. CHOUMMALI Saignason
(since NA March 2001)

head of government: Prime Minister BOUNGNANG Volachit (since NA
March 2001); Deputy Prime Ministers THONGLOUN Sisolit (since NA
March 2001), SOMSAVAT Lengsavat (since 26 February 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the National Assembly

elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term; election last held 21 December 1997 (next to be held NA 2002); prime minister appointed by the president with the approval of the National Assembly for a five-year term

election results: KHAMTAI Siphandon elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote - NA%

Latvia:
chief of state: President Vaira VIKE-FREIBERGA (since 8
July 1999)

head of government: Prime Minister Andris BERZINS (since 5 May 2000)

cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and appointed by the Parliament

elections: president elected by Parliament for a four-year term; election last held 17 June 1999 (next to be held by NA June 2003); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Vaira VIKE-FREIBERGA elected as a compromise candidate in second phase of balloting, second round (after five rounds in first phase failed); percent of parliamentary vote - Vaira VIKE-FREIBERGA 53%, Valdis BIRKAVS 20%, Ingrida UDRE 9%

Lebanon:
chief of state: President Emile LAHUD (since 24 November
1998)

head of government: Prime Minister Rafiq HARIRI (since 23 October 2000); Deputy Prime Minister Issam FARES (since 23 October 2000)

cabinet: Cabinet chosen by the prime minister in consultation with the president and members of the National Assembly; the current Cabinet was formed in 1998

elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a six-year term; election last held 15 October 1998 (next to be held NA 2004); prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the president in consultation with the National Assembly; by custom, the president is a Maronite Christian, the prime minister is a Sunni Muslim, and the speaker of the legislature is a Shi'a Muslim

election results: Emile LAHUD elected president; National Assembly vote - 118 votes in favor, 0 against, 10 abstentions

Lesotho:
chief of state: King LETSIE III (since 7 February 1996);
note - King LETSIE III formerly occupied the throne from November
1990 to February 1995, while his father was in exile

head of government: Prime Minister Pakalitha MOSISILI (since 23 May 1998)

cabinet: Cabinet

elections: none; according to the constitution, the leader of the majority party in the assembly automatically becomes prime minister; the monarch is hereditary, but, under the terms of the constitution which came into effect after the March 1993 election, the monarch is a "living symbol of national unity" with no executive or legislative powers; under traditional law the college of chiefs has the power to determine who is next in the line of succession, who shall serve as regent in the event that the successor is not of mature age, and may even depose the monarch

Liberia:
chief of state: President Charles Ghankay TAYLOR (since 2
August 1997); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government

head of government: President Charles Ghankay TAYLOR (since 2 August 1997); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate

elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term (renewable); election last held 19 July 1997 (next to be held NA July 2003)

election results: Charles Ghankay TAYLOR elected president; percent
of vote - Charles Ghankay TAYLOR (NPP) 75.3%, Ellen Johnson SIRLEAF
(UP) 9.6%, Alhaji KROMAH (ALCOP) 4%, other 11.1%

Libya:
chief of state: Revolutionary Leader Col. Muammar Abu Minyar
al-QADHAFI (since 1 September 1969); note - holds no official title,
but is de facto chief of state

head of government: Secretary of the General People's Committee
(Premier) Mubarak al-SHAMEKH (since 2 March 2000)

cabinet: General People's Committee established by the General
People's Congress

elections: national elections are indirect through a hierarchy of people's committees; head of government elected by the General People's Congress; election last held 2 March 2000 (next to be held NA)

election results: Mubarak al-SHAMEKH elected premier; percent of
General People's Congress vote - NA%

Liechtenstein:
chief of state: Prince HANS ADAM II (since 13
November 1989, assumed executive powers 26 August 1984); Heir
Apparent Prince ALOIS, son of the monarch (born 11 June 1968)

head of government: Head of Government Mario FRICK (since 15
December 1993) and Deputy Head of Government Michael RITTER (since 2
February 1997)

cabinet: Cabinet elected by the Diet; confirmed by the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party in the Diet is usually appointed the head of government by the monarch and the leader of the largest minority party in the Diet is usually appointed the deputy head of government by the monarch

Lithuania:
chief of state: President Valdas ADAMKUS (since 26
February 1998)

head of government: Premier Algirdas BRAZAUSKAS (since 3 July 2001)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the nomination of the premier

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 21 December 1997 and 4 January 1998 (next to be held NA 2002); premier appointed by the president on the approval of the Parliament

election results: Valdas ADAMKUS elected president; percent of vote
- Valdas ADAMKUS 50.4%, Arturas PAULAUSKAS 49.6%

Luxembourg:
chief of state: Grand Duke HENRI (since 7 October
2000); Heir Apparent Prince GUILLAUME (son of the monarch, born 11
November 1981);

head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Claude JUNCKER (since 1 January 1995) and Vice Prime Minister Lydie POLFER (since 7 August 1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister and appointed by the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and vice prime minister appointed by the monarch, following popular election to the Chamber of Deputies; they are responsible to the Chamber of Deputies

note: government coalition - CSV and DP

Macau:
chief of state: President of China JIANG Zemin (since 27
March 1993)

head of government: Chief Executive Edmund HO Hau-wah (since 20
December 1999)

cabinet: Executive Council consists of all five government
secretaries, three legislators, and two businessmen

elections: NA

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: chief of state: President Boris TRAJKOVSKI (since 15 December 1999)

head of government: Prime Minister Ljubco GEORGIEVSKI (since 30 November 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the majority vote of all the deputies in the Assembly; note - current cabinet formed by the government coalition parties VMRO-DPMNE, LDP, and DPA

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 14 November 1999 (next to be held NA October 2004); prime minister elected by parliament; election last held NA November 1998 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results: Boris TRAJKOVSKI elected president on
second-round ballot; percent of vote - Boris TRAJKOVSKI 52.4%, Tito
PETKOVSKI 46.2%

Madagascar:
chief of state: President Didier RATSIRAKA (since 10
February 1997)

head of government: Prime Minister Tantely Rene Gabriot
ANDRIANARIVO (since NA 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 29 December 1996 (next to be held NA November 2001); prime minister appointed by the president from a list of candidates nominated by the National Assembly

election results: Didier RATSIRAKA elected president; percent of vote - Didier RATSIRAKA (AREMA) 50.7%, Albert ZAFY (AFFA) 49.3%

Malawi:
chief of state: President Bakili MULUZI (since 21 May
1994); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government

head of government: President Bakili MULUZI (since 21 May 1994); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: 36-member Cabinet named by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 15 June 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: Bakili MULUZI reelected president; percent of vote - Bakili MULUZI (UDF) 51.4%, Gwandaguluwe CHAKUAMBA (MCP-AFORD) 44.3%

Malaysia:
chief of state: Paramount Ruler Sultan TUNKU SALAHUDDIN
Abdul Aziz Shah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Hisammuddin Alam Shah (since
26 April 1999); Deputy Paramount Ruler Sultan MIZAN Zainal Abidin
ibni A-Marhum Sultan Mahmud Al-Muktafi Billah Shah

head of government: Prime Minister Dr. MAHATHIR bin Mohamad (since 16 July 1981); Deputy Prime Minister ABDULLAH bin Ahmad Badawi (since 8 January 1999)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from among the members of Parliament with consent of the paramount ruler

elections: paramount ruler and deputy paramount ruler elected by and from the hereditary rulers of nine of the states for five-year terms; election last held 27 February 1999 (next to be held NA 2004); prime minister designated from among the members of the House of Representatives; following legislative elections, the leader of the party that wins a plurality of seats in the House of Representatives becomes prime minister

election results: Sultan TUNKU SALAHUDDIN Abdul Aziz Shah ibni
Al-Marhum Sultan Hisammuddin Alam Shah elected paramount ruler;
Sultan MIZAN Zainal Abidin ibni A-Marhum Sultan Mahmud Al-Muktafi
Billah Shah elected deputy paramount ruler

Maldives:
chief of state: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since 11
November 1978); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government

head of government: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since 11 November 1978); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: appointed by the president; note - need not be members of Majlis

elections: president nominated by the Majlis and then that nomination must be ratified by a national referendum (at least a 51% approval margin is required); president elected for a five-year term; election last held 16 October 1998 (next to be held NA October 2003)

election results: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM reelected; percent of popular vote - Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM 90.9%

Mali:
chief of state: President Alpha Oumar KONARE (since 8 June
1992)

head of government: Prime Minister Mande SIDIBE (since September 2000)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 11 May 1997 (next to be held NA May 2002); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Alpha Oumar KONARE reelected president; percent of vote - Alpha Oumar KONARE 95.9%, Mamadou DIABY 4.1%

Malta:
chief of state: President Guido DE MARCO (since 4 April 1999)

head of government: Prime Minister Eddie FENECH ADAMI (since 6 September 1998); Deputy Prime Minister Lawrence GONZE (since 4 April 1999)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister

elections: president elected by the House of Representatives for a five-year term; election last held NA April 1999 (next to be held by NA April 2004); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the president for a five-year term; the deputy prime minister is appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister

election results: Guido DE MARCO elected president; percent of
House of Representatives vote - 54%

Man, Isle of:
chief of state: Lord of Mann Queen ELIZABETH II
(since 6 February 1952), represented by Lieutenant Governor His
Excellency Sir Timothy DAUNT (since 27 October 1995)

head of government: Chief Minister Donald GELLING (since 3 December 1996)

cabinet: Council of Ministers

elections: the monarch is hereditary; lieutenant governor appointed by the monarch for a five-year term; the Chief Minister is elected by the Tynwald; election last held 3 December 1996 (next to be held NA 2001)

election results: Donald GELLING elected chief minister by the
Tynwald

Marshall Islands:
chief of state: President Kessai Hesa NOTE (since
3 January 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government

head of government: President Kessai Hesa NOTE (since 3 January 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet selected by the president from among the members of Parliament

elections: president elected by Parliament from among its own members for a four-year term; election last held 15 November 1999 (next to be held NA November 2003)

election results: Kessai Hesa NOTE elected president; percent of
Parliament vote - 100%

Martinique:
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France
(since 17 May 1995); Prefect Jean-Francois CORDET (since NA)

head of government: President of the General Council Claude LISE
(since 22 March 1992); President of the Regional Council Alfred
MARIE-JEANNE (since NA March 1998)

cabinet: NA

elections: French president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of Interior; the presidents of the General and Regional Councils are elected by the members of those councils

Mauritania:
chief of state: President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed
TAYA (since 12 December 1984)

head of government: Prime Minister Cheik El Avia Ould Mohamed
KHOUNA (since 17 November 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers

elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 12 December 1997 (next to be held NA December 2003); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA reelected with 90.9% of the vote

Mauritius:
chief of state: President Cassam UTEEM (since 1 July
1992) and Vice President Angidi Verriah CHETTIAR (since 28 June 1997)

head of government: Prime Minister Sir Anerood JUGNAUTH (since 17
September 2000) and Deputy Prime Minister Paul BERENGER (since 17
September 2000)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister

elections: president and vice president elected by the National Assembly for five-year terms; election last held 28 June 1997 (next to be held NA 2002); prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the president and are responsible to the National Assembly

election results: Cassam UTEEM reelected president and Angidi
Verriah CHETTIAR elected vice president; percent of vote by the
National Assembly - NA%

Mayotte:
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since
17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Pierre BAYLE (since 15 July
1998)

head of government: President of the General Council Younoussa
BAMANA (since NA 1977)

cabinet: NA

elections: French president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of the Interior; president of the General Council elected by the members of the General Council for a six-year term

Mexico:
chief of state: President Vicente FOX Quesada (since 1
December 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government

head of government: President Vicente FOX Quesada (since 1 December 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president; note - appointment of attorney general requires consent of the Senate

elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held NA July 2006)

election results: Vicente FOX Quesada elected president; percent of vote - Vicente FOX Quesada (PAN) 42.52%, Francisco LABASTIDA Ochoa (PRI) 36.1%, Cuauhtemoc CARDENAS Solorzano (PRD) 16.64%, other 4.74%

Micronesia, Federated States of: chief of state: President Leo A. FALCAM (since 21 July 1999); Vice President Redley KILLION (since 21 July 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Leo A. FALCAM (since 21 July 1999); Vice President Redley KILLION (since 21 July 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet

elections: president and vice president elected by Congress from among the four senators-at-large for four-year terms; election last held NA May 1999 (next to be held NA May 2003)

election results: Leo A. FALCAM elected president; percent of
Congress vote - NA%; Redley KILLION elected vice president; percent
of Congress vote - NA%

Moldova:
chief of state: President Vladimir VORONIN (since 4 April
2001)

head of government: Prime Minister Vasile TARLEV (since 15 April
2001), three Deputy Prime Ministers: Valerian CRISTEA, Andrei CUCU,
and Dmitri TODOROGLO (all since 19 April 2001)

cabinet: selected by prime minister, subject to approval of
Parliament

elections: president elected by Parliament for a four-year term; election last held 4 April 2001; presidential elections were scheduled for December 2000, but in July 2000, Parliament canceled direct popular elections; Parliament's failure to chose a new president in December 2000 led to early parliamentary elections (moved up a year to February 2001); according to the Moldovan constitution, the president, on consulting with Parliament, will designate a candidate for the office of prime minister; within 15 days from designation, the prime minister-designate will request a vote of confidence from the Parliament regarding his/her work program and entire cabinet; prime minister designated on 15 April 2001, cabinet received vote of confidence on 19 April 2001

election results: Vladimir VORONIN elected president; parliamentary votes - Vladimir VORONIN 71, Dumitru BRAGHIS 15, Valerian CHRISTEA 3; Vasile TARLEV elected Prime Minister; parliamentary votes of confidence - 75 of 101

Monaco:
chief of state: Prince RAINIER III (since 9 May 1949); Heir
Apparent Prince ALBERT Alexandre Louis Pierre, son of the monarch
(born 14 March 1958)

head of government: Minister of State Patrick LECLERQUE (since 5
January 2000)

cabinet: Council of Government is under the authority of the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; minister of state
appointed by the monarch from a list of three French national
candidates presented by the French Government

Mongolia:
chief of state: President Natsagiyn BAGABANDI (since 20
June 1997)

head of government: Prime Minister Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR (since 26
July 2000)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the State Great Hural in consultation
with the president

elections: president nominated by parties in the State Great Hural and elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 20 May 2001 (next to be held NA May 2005); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by the State Great Hural; election last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: Natsagiyn BAGABANDI reelected president; percent of vote - NA%; Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR elected prime minister by a vote in the State Great Hural of 68 to 3

Montserrat:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor Anthony John ABBOTT (since NA
September 1997)

head of government: Chief Minister David BRANDT (since 22 August 1997)

cabinet: Executive Council consists of the governor, the chief minister, three other ministers, the attorney general, and the finance secretary

elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party usually becomes chief minister; note - as a result of the last election, a coalition party was formed between NPP, NDP, and one of the independent candidates

Morocco:
chief of state: King MOHAMED VI (since 23 July 1999)

head of government: Prime Minister Abderrahmane YOUSSOUFI (since 14
March 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch following legislative elections

Mozambique:
chief of state: President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO
(since 6 November 1986); note - before being popularly elected,
CHISSANO was elected president by Frelimo's Central Committee 4
November 1986 (reelected by the Committee 30 July 1989)

head of government: Prime Minister Pascoal MOCUMBI (since NA
December 1994)

cabinet: Cabinet

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 3-5 December 1999 (next to be held NA 2004); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO reelected president;
percent of vote - Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO 52.29%, Afonso DHLAKAMA
47.71%

Namibia:
chief of state: President Sam Shafishuna NUJOMA (since 21
March 1990); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government

head of government: President Sam Shafishuna NUJOMA (since 21 March 1990); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 30 November-1 December 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: Sam Shafishuna NUJOMA elected president; percent of vote - Sam Shafishuna NUJOMA 77%

Nauru:
chief of state: President Bernard DOWIYOGO (since 19 April
2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government

head of government: President Bernard DOWIYOGO (since 19 April 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members of Parliament

elections: president elected by Parliament for a three-year term;
election last held 8 April 2000 (next to be held NA 2003)

election results: Bernard DOWIYOGO elected president by a vote in
Parliament of nine to eight

note: former President Rene HARRIS was deposed in a no-confidence vote; this is the eighth change of government in Nauru since the fall of the Lagumont HARRIS government in a no-confidence motion in early November 1996; six of the last eight governments have resulted because of parliamentary no-confidence motions

Nepal:
chief of state: King GYANENDRA Bir Bikram Shah (succeeded to
the throne 4 June 2001 following the death of his nephew King
DIPENDRA Bir Bikram Shah)

head of government: Prime Minister Girija Prasad KOIRALA (since 22
March 2000)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of
the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the monarch

note: King BIRENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev died in a bloody shooting at the royal palace on 1 June 2001 that also claimed the lives of most of the royal family; King BIRENDRA's son, Crown Price DIPENDRA, is believed to have been responsible for the shootings before fatally wounding himself; immediately following the shootings and while still clinging to life, DIPENDRA was crowned king; he died three days later and was succeeded by his uncle

Netherlands:
chief of state: Queen BEATRIX (since 30 April 1980);
Heir Apparent WILLEM-ALEXANDER (born 27 April 1967), son of the
monarch

head of government: Prime Minister Wim KOK (since 22 August 1994) and Vice Prime Ministers Annemarie JORRITSMA (since 3 August 1998) and Els BORST-EILERS (since 3 August 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following Second Chamber elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the monarch; vice prime ministers appointed by the monarch

note: government coalition - PvdA, VVD, and D'66; there is also a
Council of State composed of the monarch, heir apparent, and
councilors consulted by the executive on legislative and
administrative policy

Netherlands Antilles:
chief of state: Queen BEATRIX of the
Netherlands (since 30 April 1980), represented by Governor General
Jaime SALEH (since NA October 1989)

head of government: Prime Minister Miguel POURIER (since 8 November
1999); Deputy Prime Minister Susanne CAMELIA-ROMER (since NA)

note: Miguel POURIER assumed prime ministership following the resignation of Susanne CAMELIA-ROMER

cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the Staten

elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch for a six-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party is usually elected prime minister by the Staten; election last held 30 January 1998 (next to be held by NA 2002)

note: government coalition - PDB, DP-St. M, FOL, PLKP, PNP

New Caledonia:
chief of state: President of France Jacques CHIRAC
(since 17 May 1995), represented by High Commissioner Thierry
LATASTE (since 19 July 1999)

head of government: President of the Government Jean LEQUES (since 28 May 1999)

cabinet: Consultative Committee

elections: French president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; high commissioner appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of Interior; president of the government elected by the members of the Territorial Congress

New Zealand:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor General Dame Silvia CARTWRIGHT (since
4 April 2001)

head of government: Prime Minister Helen CLARK (since 10 December
1999) and Deputy Prime Minister Jim ANDERTON (since 10 December 1999)

cabinet: Executive Council appointed by the governor general on the recommendation of the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general for a three-year term; deputy prime minister appointed by the governor general

Nicaragua:
chief of state: President Arnoldo ALEMAN Lacayo (since
10 January 1997); Vice President Leopoldo NAVARRO (since 24 October
2000); note - the president is both chief of state and head of
government

head of government: President Arnoldo ALEMAN Lacayo (since 10 January 1997); Vice President Leopoldo NAVARRO (since 24 October 2000); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 20 October 1996 (next to be held 4 November 2001); note - in July 1995 the term of the office of the president was amended to five years

election results: Arnoldo ALEMAN Lacayo (Liberal Alliance - ruling party - includes PLC, PALI, PLIUN, and PUCA) 51.03%, Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (FSLN) 37.75%, Guillermo OSORNO (PCCN) 4.10%, Noel VIDAURRE (PCN) 2.26%, Benjamin LANZAS (PRONAL) 0.53%, other (18 other candidates) 4.33%

Niger:
chief of state: President Mamadou TANDJA (since 22 December
1999); note - the president is both chief of state and head of
government

head of government: President Mamadou TANDJA (since 22 December 1999); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government; Prime Minister Hama AMADOU (since 31 December 1999) was appointed by the president and shares some executive responsibilities with the president

note: President Ibrahim BARE was assassinated on 9 April 1999; subsequent elections were held under the nine-month provisional government of Major Daouda Mallam WANKE

cabinet: 23-member cabinet appointed by President TANDJA

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; last held 24 November 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: Mamadou TANDJA elected president; percent of vote
- Mamadou TANDJA 59.9%, Mahamadou ISSOUFOU 40.1%

Nigeria:
chief of state: President Olusegun OBASANJO (since 29 May
1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government

head of government: President Olusegun OBASANJO (since 29 May 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Federal Executive Council

elections: president is elected by popular vote for no more than two four-year terms; election last held 27 February 1999 (next to be held NA 2003)

election results: Olusegun OBASANJO elected president; percent of vote - Olusegun OBASANJO (PDP) 62.8%, Olu FALAE (APP-AD) 37.2%

Niue:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952);
the UK and New Zealand are represented by New Zealand High
Commissioner John BRYAN (since NA May 2000)

head of government: Premier Sani LAKATANI (since 1 April 1999)

cabinet: Cabinet consists of the premier and three ministers

elections: the monarch is hereditary; premier elected by the Legislative Assembly for a three-year term; election last held 19 March 1999 (next to be held NA March 2002)

election results: Sani LAKATANI elected premier; percent of
Legislative Assembly vote - NA%

Norfolk Island:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952); the UK and Australia are represented by
Administrator Anthony J. MESSNER (since 4 August 1997)

head of government: Assembly President and Chief Minister Ronald
Coane NOBBS (since 23 February 2000)

cabinet: Executive Council is made up of four of the nine members of the Legislative Assembly; the council devises government policy and acts as an advisor to the Administrator

elections: the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed by the governor general of Australia; chief minister elected by the Legislative Assembly for a term of not more than three years; election last held 23 February 2000 (next to be held by March 2003)

election results: Ronald Coane NOBBS elected chief minister; percent of Legislative Assembly vote - NA%

Northern Mariana Islands: chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US (since 20 January 2001); Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20 January 2001)

head of government: Governor Pedro P. TENORIO (since NA January 1998) and Lieutenant Governor Jesus R. SABLAN (since NA January 1998)

cabinet: NA

elections: US president and vice president elected on the same ticket for four-year terms; governor and lieutenant governor elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held in NA November 1997 (next to be held NA November 2001)

election results: Pedro P. TENORIO elected governor in a three-way race; percent of vote - Pedro P. TENORIO (Republican Party) 47%

Norway:
chief of state: King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991); Heir
Apparent Crown Prince HAAKON MAGNUS, son of the monarch (born 20
July 1973)

head of government: Prime Minister Jens STOLTENBERG (since 17 March
2000)

cabinet: State Council appointed by the monarch with the approval of the Parliament

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following parliamentary elections, the leader of the largest party or leader of a coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the monarch with the approval of the Parliament

Oman:
chief of state: Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Said Al
Said (since 23 July 1970); note - the monarch is both the chief of
state and head of government

head of government: Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Said Al Said (since 23 July 1970); note - the monarch is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary

Pakistan:
note: following a military takeover on 12 October 1999,
Chief of Army Staff and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Committee, Gen. Pervez MUSHARRAF suspended Pakistan's constitution
and assumed the additional title of Chief Executive; exercising the
powers of the head of the government, he appointed an eight-member
National Security Council to function as Pakistan's supreme
governing body; President Mohammad Rafiq TARAR remains the
ceremonial chief of state; on 12 May 2000, Pakistan's Supreme Court
unanimously validated the October 1999 coup and granted MUSHARRAF
executive and legislative authority for three years from the coup
date

chief of state: President Mohammad Rafiq TARAR (since 31 December
1997)

head of government: Chief Executive Gen. Pervez MUSHARRAF (since 12
October 1999)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the chief executive

elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term; election last held 31 December 1997 (next to be held NA 2002); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by the National Assembly; election last held 3 February 1997 (next to be held NA); note - Gen. Pervez MUSHARRAF overthrew the government of Prime Minister Mohammad Nawaz SHARIF in the military takeover of 12 October 1999; in May 2000, the Supreme Court validated the October 1999 coup and set a three-year limit in office for Chief Executive MUSHARRAF

election results: Rafiq TARAR elected president; percent of
Parliament and provincial vote - NA%; results are for the last
election for prime minister prior to the military takeover of 12
October 1999 - Mohammad Nawaz SHARIF elected prime minister; percent
of National Assembly vote - NA%

Palau:
chief of state: President Tommy Esang REMENGESAU Jr. (since
19 January 2001) and Vice President Sandra PIERANTOZZI (since 19
January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government

head of government: President Tommy Esang REMENGESAU Jr. (since 19 January 2001) and Vice President Sandra PIERANTOZZI (since 19 January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet

elections: president and vice president elected on separate tickets by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2004)

election results: Tommy Esang REMENGESAU Jr. elected president; percent of vote - Tommy Esang REMENGESAU Jr. 53%, Peter SUGIYAMA 46%; Sandra PIERANTOZZI elected vice president; percent of vote - Sandra PIERANTOZZI 52%, Alan SEID 45%

Panama:
chief of state: President Mireya Elisa MOSCOSO Rodriguez
(since 1 September 1999); First Vice President Arturo Ulises
VALLARINO (since 1 September 1999); Second Vice President Dominador
"Kaiser" Baldonero BAZAN Jimenez (since 1 September 1999); note -
the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Mireya Elisa MOSCOSO Rodriguez (since 1 September 1999); First Vice President Arturo Ulises VALLARINO (since 1 September 1999); Second Vice President Dominador "Kaiser" Baldonero BAZAN Jimenez (since 1 September 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections: president and vice presidents elected on the same ticket by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 2 May 1999 (next to be held NA May 2004)

election results: Mireya Elisa MOSCOSO Rodriguez elected president; percent of vote - Mireya Elisa MOSCOSO Rodriguez (PA) 44%, Martin TORRIJOS (PRD) 37%

note: government coalition - PA, MOLIRENA, Democratic Change,
MORENA, PLN, PS

Papua New Guinea:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by Governor General Silas ATOPARE (since
13 November 1997)

head of government: Prime Minister Mekere MORAUTA (since NA August
1999); Deputy Prime Minister Michael OGIO (since 3 November 2000)

cabinet: National Executive Council appointed by the governor general on the recommendation of the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the National Executive Council; prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the governor general for up to five years on the basis of majority support in National Parliament

Paraguay:
chief of state: President Luis GONZALEZ MACCHI (since 28
March 1999); vice president Julio Cesar FRANCO (since NA August
2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government

head of government: President Luis GONZALEZ MACCHI (since 28 March 1999); vice president Julio Cesar FRANCO (since NA August 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the president

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 10 May 1998 (next to be held NA May 2003)

election results: Raul CUBAS Grau elected president; percent of vote - 55.3%; resigned 28 March 1999

note: President Luis GONZALEZ MACCHI, formerly president of the Chamber of Senators, constitutionally succeeded President Raul CUBAS Grau, who resigned after being impeached soon after the assassination of Vice President Luis Maria ARGANA; the successor to ARGANA was decided in an election held in August 2000

Peru:
chief of state: President Alejandro TOLEDO (since 28 July
2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government; additionally two vice presidents are provided for by the
Constitution, First Vice President Raul DIEZ Conseco (since 28 July
2001) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July 2001)

head of government: President Alejandro TOLEDO (since 28 July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; additionally two vice presidents are provided for by the Constitution, First Vice President Raul DIEZ Conseco (since 28 July 2001) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July 2001)

note: Prime Minister Roberto DANINO (since 28 July 2001) does not exercise executive power; this power is in the hands of the president

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; special presidential election held 8 April 2001 with runoff election 3 June 2001); next to be held NA 2006

election results: President TOLEDO elected in runoff election; percent of vote - Alejandro TOLEDO 53.1%, Alan GARCIA 46.9%

Philippines:
chief of state: President Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO
(since 20 January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of
state and head of government

head of government: President Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO (since 20 January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with the consent of the Commission of Appointments

elections: president and vice president elected on separate tickets by popular vote for six-year terms; election last held 11 May 1998 (next to be held 16 May 2004)

election results: results of the last presidential election - Joseph Ejercito ESTRADA elected president; percent of vote - approximately 40%; Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO elected vice president; percent of vote - NA%; note - on 20 January 2001, Vice President Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO was sworn in as the constitutional successor to President Joseph ESTRADA after the Supreme Court declared that President ESTRADA was unable to rule in view of the mass resignations from his government; according to the Constitution, only in cases of death, permanent disability, removal from office, or resignation of the president, can the vice president serve for the unexpired term

Pitcairn Islands:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by UK High Commissioner to New Zealand
and Governor (nonresident) of the Pitcairn Islands Martin WILLIAMS
(since NA May 1998); Commissioner (nonresident) Leon SALT (since NA;
is the liaison person between the governor and the Island Council)

head of government: Island Magistrate and Chairman of the Island
Council Jay WARREN (since NA)

cabinet: NA

elections: the monarch is hereditary; high commissioner and commissioner appointed by the monarch; island magistrate elected every three years in December by popular vote for a three-year term; last election held NA December 1999 (next to be held NA December 2002)

election results: Lea BROWN elected island magistrate; percent of vote - NA%

Poland:
chief of state: President Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI (since 23
December 1995)

head of government: Prime Minister Jerzy BUZEK - Solidarity
Electoral Union - (since 31 October 1997), Deputy Prime Ministers
Janusz STEINHOFF (since 12 June 2000), Longin KOMOLOWSKI (since 19
October 1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers responsible to the prime minister and the Sejm; the prime minister proposes, the president appoints, and the Sejm approves the Council of Ministers

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election held 8 October 2000 (next to be held NA October 2005); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the Sejm

election results: Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI reelected president;
percent of popular vote - Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI 53.9%, Andrzj
OLECHOWSKI 17.3%, Marian KRZAKLEWSKI 15.6%, Lech WALESA 1%

Portugal:
chief of state: President Jorge SAMPAIO (since 9 March
1996)

head of government: Prime Minister Antonio Manuel de Oliviera
GUTERRES (since 28 October 1995)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister

note: there is also a Council of State that acts as a consultative
body to the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 14 January 2001 (next to be held NA January 2006); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the president

election results: Jorge SAMPAIO re-elected president; percent of vote - Jorge SAMPAIO (Socialist) 55.8%, Joaquim FERREIRA Do Amaral (Social Democrat) 34.5%, Antonio ABREU (Communist) 5.1%

Puerto Rico:
chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US
(since 20 January 2001); Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20
January 2001)

head of government: Governor Sila M. CALDERON (since NA January
2001)

cabinet: appointed by the governor with the consent of the legislature

elections: US president and vice president elected on the same ticket for four-year terms; governor elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2004)

election results: Sila M. CALDERON (PDP) elected governor; percent of vote - 48.8%

Qatar:
chief of state: Amir HAMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani (since 27
June 1995 when, as crown prince, he ousted his father, Amir KHALIFA
bin Hamad Al Thani, in a bloodless coup); Crown Prince JASSIM bin
Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, third son of the monarch (selected crown
prince by the monarch 22 October 1996); note - Amir HAMAD also holds
the positions of minister of defense and commander-in-chief of the
armed forces

head of government: Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Khalifa Al Thani, brother of the monarch (since 30 October 1996); Deputy Prime Minister MUHAMMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani, brother of the monarch (since 20 January 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary

note: in March 1999 Qatar held nationwide elections for a 29-member
Central Municipal Council, which has consultative powers aimed at
improving the provision of municipal services

Reunion:
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since
17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Robert POMMIES (since NA 1996)

head of government: President of the General Council Jean-Luc
POUDROUX (since NA March 1998) and President of the Regional Council
Paul VERGES (since NA March 1993)

cabinet: NA

elections: French president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of the Interior; the presidents of the General and Regional Councils are elected by the members of those councils

Romania:
chief of state: President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 December
2000)

head of government: Prime Minister Adrian NASTASE (since 29
December 2000)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 26 November 2000, with runoff between the top two candidates held 10 December 2000 (next to be held NA November/December 2004); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: percent of vote - Ion ILIESCU 66.84%, Corneliu
Vadim TUDOR 33.16%

Russia:
chief of state: President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN
(acting president since 31 December 1999, president since 7 May 2000)

head of government: Premier Mikhail Mikhaylovich KASYANOV (since 7
May 2000); First Deputy Premier Aleksey Leonidovich KUDRIN (since 18
May 2000), Deputy Premiers Aleksey Vasilyevich GORDEYEV (since 20
May 2000), Viktor Borisovich KHRISTENKO (since 31 May 1999), Ilya
Iosifovich KLEBANOV (since 31 May 1999), Valentina Ivanovna
MATVIYENKO (since 22 September 1998)

cabinet: Ministries of the Government or "Government" composed of the premier and his deputies, ministers, and other agency heads; all are appointed by the president

note: there is also a Presidential Administration (PA) that provides staff and policy support to the president, drafts presidential decrees, and coordinates policy among government agencies; a Security Council also reports directly to the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 26 March 2000 (next to be held NA 2004); note - no vice president; if the president dies in office, cannot exercise his powers because of ill health, is impeached, or resigns, the premier succeeds him; the premier serves as acting president until a new presidential election is held, which must be within three months; premier appointed by the president with the approval of the Duma

election results: Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN elected president;
percent of vote - PUTIN 52.9%, Gennadiy Aadreyevich ZYUGANOV 29.2%,
Grigoriy Alekseyevich YAVLINSKIY 5.8%

Rwanda:
chief of state: President Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME (FPR)
(since 22 April 2000)

head of government: Prime Minister Bernard MAKUZA (since 8 March 2000)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: normally the president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term; special election for new president by deputies of the National Assembly and governmental ministers held 17 April 2000 (next national election to be held NA 2003); prime minister is appointed by the president

election results: Paul KAGAME (FPR) elected president in a special parliamentary/ministerial ballot receiving 81 of a possible 86 votes

Saint Helena:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952)

head of government: Governor and Commander in Chief David HOLLAMBY
(since NA June 1999)

cabinet: Executive Council consists of the governor, two ex officio
officers, and six elected members of the Legislative Council

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor is appointed
by the monarch

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by Governor General Perlette LOUISY
(since September 1997)

head of government: Prime Minister Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS (since 6 July
1995) and Deputy Prime Minister Sam CONDOR (since 6 July 1995)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general in consultation with the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the governor general is appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; deputy prime minister appointed by the governor general

Saint Lucia:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952), represented by Governor General Dr. Perlette LOUISY (since
September 1997)

head of government: Prime Minister Kenneth ANTHONY (since 24 May
1997) and Deputy Prime Minister Mario MICHEL (since 24 May 1997)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the governor general is appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of France (since 17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Remi THUAU (since NA)

head of government: President of the General Council Bernard LE SOAVEC (since NA 1996)

cabinet: NA

elections: French president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 7 May 1995 (next to be held NA May 2002); prefect appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of Interior; president of the General Council is elected by the members of the council

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH
II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General David
JACK (since 29 September 1989)

head of government: Prime Minister Ralph GONSALVES (since 29 March
2001)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the governor general is appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party is usually appointed prime minister by the governor general; deputy prime minister appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister

Samoa:
chief of state: Chief Susuga MALIETOA Tanumafili II (cochief
of state from 1 January 1962 until becoming sole chief of state 5
April 1963)

head of government: Prime Minister TUILA'EPA Sailele Malielegaoi (since 24 November 1998); note - TUILA'EPA served as deputy prime minister since 1992; he assumed the prime ministership in November 1998 when former Prime Minister TOFILAU Eti Alesana resigned in poor health; the post of deputy prime minister is currently vacant

cabinet: Cabinet consists of 12 members, appointed by the chief of state with the prime minister's advice

elections: upon the death of Chief Susuga MALIETOA Tanumafili II, a new chief of state will be elected by the Legislative Assembly to serve a five-year term; prime minister appointed by the chief of state with the approval of the Legislative Assembly

San Marino:
chief of state: cochiefs of state Captain Regent Luigi
LONFERNINI and Captain Regent Fabio BERARDI (for the period 1 April
2001-30 September 2001)

head of government: Secretary of State for Foreign and Political
Affairs Gabriele GATTI (since NA July 1986)

cabinet: Congress of State elected by the Great and General Council
for a five-year term

elections: cochiefs of state (captain regents) elected by the Great and General Council for a six-month term; election last held NA March 2001 (next to be held NA September 2001); secretary of state for foreign and political affairs elected by the Great and General Council for a five-year term; election last held NA June 1998 (next to be held NA June 2003)

election results: Luigi LONFERNINI and Fabio BERARDI elected captain regents; percent of legislative vote - NA; Gabriele GATTI reelected secretary of state for foreign and political affairs; percent of legislative vote - NA

note: the popularly elected parliament (Grand and General Council) selects two of its members to serve as the Captains Regent (cochiefs of state) for a six-month period; they preside over meetings of the Grand and General Council and its cabinet (Congress of State) which has ten other members, all selected by the Grand and General Council; assisting the captains regent are three secretaries of state - Foreign Affairs, Internal Affairs, and Finance - and several additional secretaries; the secretary of state for Foreign Affairs has assumed many of the prerogatives of a prime minister

Sao Tome and Principe: chief of state: President Miguel TROVOADA (since 4 April 1991)

head of government: Prime Minister Guilherma Posser da COSTA (since 30 December 1998)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the proposal of the prime minister

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 30 June and 21 July 1996 (next to be held NA July 2001); prime minister chosen by the National Assembly and approved by the president

election results: Miguel TROVOADA reelected president in Sao Tome's second multiparty presidential election; percent of vote - Miguel TROVOADA 52.74%, Manuel Pinto da COSTA 47.26%

Saudi Arabia:
chief of state: King and Prime Minister FAHD bin Abd
al-Aziz Al Saud (since 13 June 1982); Crown Prince and First Deputy
Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (half-brother to the
monarch, heir to the throne since 13 June 1982, regent from 1
January to 22 February 1996); note - the monarch is both the chief
of state and head of government

head of government: King and Prime Minister FAHD bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 13 June 1982); Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (half-brother to the monarch, heir to the throne since 13 June 1982, regent from 1 January to 22 February 1996); note - the monarch is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Ministers is appointed by the monarch and includes many royal family members

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary

Senegal:
chief of state: President Abdoulaye WADE (since 1 April
2000)

head of government: Prime Minister Madior BOYE (since 3 March 2001)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in consultation with the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 27 February and 19 March 2000 (next to be held 27 February 2007); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Abdoulaye WADE elected president; percent of vote
in the second round of voting - Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 58.49%, Abdou
DIOUF (PS) 41.51%

Seychelles:
chief of state: President France Albert RENE (since 5
June 1977); note - the president is both the chief of state and head
of government

head of government: President France Albert RENE (since 5 June 1977); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 20-22 March 1998 (next to be held by NA 2003)

election results: France Albert RENE reelected president; percent of vote - France Albert RENE (SPPF) 66.7%, Wavel RAMKALAWAN (UO) 19.5%, Sir James MANCHAM (DP) 13.8%

Sierra Leone:
chief of state: President Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (since
29 March 1996, reinstated 10 March 1998); note - the president is
both the chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (since 29 March
1996, reinstated 10 March 1998); note - the president is both the
chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Ministers of State appointed by the president with the approval of the House of Representatives; the cabinet is responsible to the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election held 26-27 February and 15 March 1996 (next to be held NA September 2001); note - president's tenure of office is limited to two five-year terms

election results: Ahmad Tejan KABBAH elected president; percent of
vote - Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (SLPP) 59.5%, John KAREFA-SMART (UNPP)
40.5%

Singapore:
chief of state: President Sellapan Rama (S. R.) NATHAN
(since 1 September 1999)

head of government: Prime Minister GOH Chok Tong (since 28 November
1990) and Deputy Prime Ministers LEE Hsien Loong (since 28 November
1990) and Tony TAN Keng Yam (since 1 August 1995)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president, responsible to
Parliament

elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 28 August 1999 (next to be held NA August 2005); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the president; deputy prime ministers appointed by the president

election results: Sellapan Rama (S. R.) NATHAN elected president unopposed

Slovakia:
chief of state: President Rudolf SCHUSTER (since 15 June
1999)

head of government: Prime Minister Mikulas DZURINDA (since 30
October 1998)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation
of the prime minister

elections: president elected by direct popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 29 May 1999 (next to be held NA May/June 2004); following National Council elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the president

election results: Rudolf SCHUSTER elected president in the first direct, popular election; percent of vote - Rudolf SCHUSTER 57%

note: government coalition - SDK, SDL, SMK, SOP, KDH

Slovenia:
chief of state: President Milan KUCAN (since 22 April
1990)

head of government: Prime Minister Janez DRNOVSEK (since 15 October
2000);

cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister and elected by the National Assembly

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 24 November 1997 (next to be held NA 2002); following National Assembly elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition is usually nominated to become prime minister by the president and elected by the National Assembly; election last held 15 October 2000 (next to be held NA October 2004)

election results: Milan KUCAN elected president; percent of vote - Milan KUCAN 56.3%, Janez PODOBNIK 18%; Janez DRNOVSEK elected prime minister; percent of National Assembly vote - NA

Solomon Islands:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by Governor General Father John LAPLI
(since NA 1999)

head of government: Prime Minister Mannaseh Damukana SOGAVARE (since 1 July 2000); Assistant Prime Minister Nathaniel WAENA (since 1 July 2000); Deputy Prime Minister Allan KEMAKEZA (since 1 July 2000); note - Prime Minister Bartholomew ULUFA'ALU was forced to resign his position in June 2000 following the armed takeover of the capital by elements supporting the opposition parties; Mannaseh Damukana SOGAVARE, who had been opposition leader, was then elected prime minister at a sitting of National Parliament on 30 June 2000

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister from among the members of Parliament

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of Parliament for up to five years; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by Parliament; deputy prime minister appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister from among the members of Parliament

Somalia:
chief of state: ABDIKASSIM Salad Hassan (since 26 August
2000); note - Interim President ABDIKASSIM was chosen for a
three-year term by a 245-member National Assembly serving as a
transitional government; the present political situation is still
unstable, particularly in the south, with interclan fighting and
random banditry

head of government: ALI Khalifa Galaydh, appointed by the president
8 October 2000

cabinet: appointed by the prime minister and sworn in on 20 October 2000

election results: ABDIKASSIM Salad Hassan was elected president of an interim government at the Djibouti-sponsored Arta Peace Conference on 26 August 2000 by a broad representation of Somali clans that comprised a transitional National Assembly.

South Africa:
chief of state: President Thabo MBEKI (since 16 June
1999); Executive Deputy President Jacob ZUMA (since 17 June 1999);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government

head of government: President Thabo MBEKI (since 16 June 1999); Executive Deputy President Jacob ZUMA (since 17 June 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president

elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term; election last held 2 June 1999 (next scheduled for sometime between May and July 2004)

election results: Thabo MBEKI elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 100% (by acclamation)

note: ANC-IFP governing coalition

Spain:
chief of state: King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975);
Heir Apparent Prince FELIPE, son of the monarch, born 30 January 1968

head of government: President of the Government Jose Maria AZNAR Lopez (since 5 May 1996); First Vice President Juan Jose LUCAS (since 28 February 2000) and Second Vice President (and Minister of Economy) Rodrigo RATO Figaredo (since 5 May 1996)

cabinet: Council of Ministers designated by the president

note: there is also a Council of State that is the supreme consultative organ of the government

elections: the monarch is hereditary; president proposed by the monarch and elected by the National Assembly following legislative elections; election last held 12 March 2000 (next to be held NA March 2004); vice presidents appointed by the monarch on proposal of the president

election results: Jose Maria AZNAR Lopez (PP) elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - 44%

Sri Lanka:
chief of state: President Chandrika Bandaranaike
KUMARATUNGA (since 12 November 1994); note - Ratnasiri
WICKRAMANAYAKE (since 10 August 2000) is the prime minister; in Sri
Lanka the president is considered to be both the chief of state and
the head of the government, this is in contrast to the more common
practice of dividing the roles between the president and the prime
minister when both offices exist

head of government: President Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA (since 12 November 1994); note - Ratnasiri WICKRAMANAYAKE (since 10 August 2000) is the prime minister; in Sri Lanka the president is considered to be both the chief of state and the head of the government, this is in contrast to the more common practice of dividing the roles between the president and the prime minister when both offices exist

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president in consultation with the prime minister

elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 21 December 1999 (next to be held NA December 2005)

election results: Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA reelected
president; percent of vote - Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA (PA)
51%, Ranil WICKREMASINGHE (UNP) 42%, other 7%

Sudan:
chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Umar Hasan Ahmad
al-BASHIR (since 16 October 1993); First Vice President Ali Uthman
Muhammad TAHA (since 17 February 1998), Second Vice President Moses
MACHAR (since 12 February 2001); note - the president is both the
chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Lt. Gen. Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 16 October 1993); First Vice President Ali Uthman Muhammad TAHA (since 17 February 1998), Second Vice President Moses MACHAR (since 12 February 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - the National Congress Party (front for the National Islamic Front or NIF) dominates BASHIR's cabinet

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 13-23 December 2000 (next to be held NA 2005)

election results: Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR reelected president; percent of vote - Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR 86.5%, Ja'afar Muhammed NUMAYRI 9.6%, three other candidates received less than a combined 4% of the vote

note: BASHIR assumed supreme executive power in 1989 and retained it through several transitional governments in the early and mid-90s before being popularly elected for the first time in March 1996

Suriname:
chief of state: President Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN (since
12 August 2000); Vice President Jules Rattankoemar AJODHIA (since 12
August 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government

head of government: President Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN (since 12 August 2000); Vice President Jules Rattankoemar AJODHIA (since 12 August 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly

elections: president and vice president elected by the National Assembly or, if no presidential or vice presidential candidate receives a constitutional majority vote in the National Assembly after two votes, by the larger People's Assembly (869 representatives from the national, local, and regional councils), for five-year terms; election last held 6 May 2000 (next to be held NA May 2005)

note: widespread demonstrations during the summer of 1999 led to the calling of elections a year early

election results: Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN elected president; percent of legislative vote - 72.5; National Assembly elected the president - Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN (New Front) 37 votes, Rashied DOEKHIE (NDP) 10 votes

Svalbard:
chief of state: King HARALD V of Norway (since 17 January
1991)

head of government: Governor Morten RUUD (since NA November 1998) and Assistant Governor Odd Redar HUMLEGAARD (since NA)

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor and assistant governor responsible to the Polar Department of the Ministry of Justice

Swaziland:
chief of state: King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986)

head of government: Prime Minister Sibusiso Barnabas DLAMINI (since
9 August 1996)

cabinet: Cabinet recommended by the prime minister and confirmed by
the monarch

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister
appointed by the monarch

Sweden:
chief of state: King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 19 September
1973); Heir Apparent Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree,
daughter of the monarch (born 14 July 1977)

head of government: Prime Minister Goran PERSSON (since 21 March 1996)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister

elections: the monarch is hereditary; prime minister elected by the Parliament; election last held NA September 1998 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results: Goran PERSSON reelected prime minister with 131 out of 349 votes

Switzerland:
chief of state: President Moritz LEUENBERGER (since 1
January 2001); Vice President Kaspar VILLIGER (since 1 January
2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government

head of government: President Moritz LEUENBERGER (since 1 January
2001); Vice President Kaspar VILLIGER (since 1 January 2001); note -
the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Federal Council or Bundesrat (in German), Conseil Federal (in French), Consiglio Federale (in Italian) elected by the Federal Assembly from among its own members for a four-year term

elections: president and vice president elected by the Federal Assembly from among the members of the Federal Council for one-year terms that run concurrently; election last held 6 December 2000 (next to be held NA December 2001)

election results: Moritz LEUENBERGER elected president; percent of Federal Assembly vote - 76%; Kaspar VILLIGER elected vice president; percent of legislative vote - 72%

Syria:
chief of state: President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July
2000); Vice Presidents Abd al-Halim ibn Said KHADDAM (since 11 March
1984) and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984)

head of government: Prime Minister Muhammad Mustafa MIRU (since 13
March 2000), Deputy Prime Ministers Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11
March 1984), Khalid RA'D (since 13 March 2000), Muhammad NAJI 'UTRI
(since 13 March 2000)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; referendum/election last held 10 July 2000 - after the death of President Hafez al-ASAD, father of Bashar al-ASAD - (next to be held NA 2007); vice presidents appointed by the president; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president

election results: Bashar al-ASAD elected president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.29%

note: Hafiz al-ASAD died 10 June 2000; 20 June 2000 the Ba'th Party nominated Bashar al-ASAD for president and presented his name to the People's Council 25 June 2000

Tajikistan:
chief of state: President Emomali RAHMONOV (since 6
November 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly chairman since 19
November 1992)

head of government: Prime Minister Oqil OQILOV (since 20 January
1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Supreme Assembly

elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 6 November 1999 (next to be held NA 2006); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Emomali RAHMONOV elected president; percent of vote - Emomali RAHMONOV 97%, Davlat USMON 2%

Tanzania:
chief of state: President Benjamin William MKAPA (since
23 November 1995); Vice President Omar Ali JUMA (since 23 November
1995); note - the president is both chief of state and head of
government

head of government: President Benjamin William MKAPA (since 23 November 1995); Vice President Omar Ali JUMA (since 23 November 1995); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

note: Zanzibar elects a president who is head of government for matters internal to Zanzibar; Amani Abeid KARUME was elected to that office on 29 October 2000

cabinet: Cabinet ministers, including the prime minister, are appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ballot by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 29 October 2000 (next to be held NA October 2005); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Benjamin William MKAPA reelected president;
percent of vote - Benjamin William MKAPA 71.7%, Ibrahim Haruna
LIPUMBA 16.3%, Augustine Lyatonga MREME 7.8%, John Momose CHEYO 4.2%

Thailand:
chief of state: King PHUMIPHON Adunyadet (since 9 June
1946)

head of government: Prime Minister THAKSIN Chinnawat (since NA
January 2001)

cabinet: Council of Ministers

note: there is also a Privy Council

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister designated from among the members of the House of Representatives; following a national election for the House of Representatives, the leader of the party that can organize a majority coalition usually becomes prime minister

Togo:
chief of state: President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14
April 1967)

head of government: Prime Minister Agbeyome KODJO (since 29 August
2000)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and the prime minister

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 21 June 1998 (next to be held NA 2003); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Gnassingbe EYADEMA reelected president; percent
of vote - Gnassingbe EYADEMA 52.13%, Gilchrist OLYMPIO 34.12%, other
13.75%

Tokelau:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February
1952); the UK and New Zealand are represented by Administrator
Lindsay WATT (since NA March 1993)

head of government: Aliki Faipule FALIMATEAO (since NA 1997)

cabinet: the Council of Faipule, consisting of three elected leaders, one from each atoll; functions as a cabinet

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade in New Zealand; the head of government is chosen from the Council of Faipule and serves a one-year term

Tonga:
chief of state: King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December
1965)

head of government: Prime Minister Prince Lavaka ata ULUKALALA
(since NA February 2000) and Deputy Prime Minister Tevita TOPOU
(since NA January 2001)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch

note: there is also a Privy Council that consists of the monarch and the Cabinet

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed for life by the monarch

Trinidad and Tobago: chief of state: President Arthur Napoleon Raymond ROBINSON (since 19 March 1997)

head of government: Prime Minister Basdeo PANDAY (since 9 November 1995)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed from among the members of Parliament

elections: president elected by an electoral college, which consists of the members of the Senate and House of Representatives, for a five-year term; election last held 11 December 2000 (next to be held by NA 2005); prime minister appointed from among the members of Parliament; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives is usually appointed prime minister

election results: Arthur Napoleon Raymond ROBINSON elected president; percent of electoral college vote - 69%

Tunisia:
chief of state: President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI (since 7
November 1987)

head of government: Prime Minister Mohamed GHANNOUCHI (since 17
November 1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 24 October 1999 (next to be held NA 2004); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI reelected for a
third term without opposition; percent of vote - Zine El Abidine BEN
ALI nearly 100%

Turkey:
chief of state: President Ahmed Necdet SEZER (since 16 May
2000)

head of government: Prime Minister Bulent ECEVIT (since 11 January
1999)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
nomination of the prime minister

note: there is also a National Security Council that serves as an advisory body to the president and the cabinet

elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a seven-year term; election last held 5 May 2000 (next scheduled to be held NA May 2007); prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Ahmed Necdet SEZER elected president on the third ballot; percent of National Assembly vote - 60%

note: president must have a two-thirds majority of the National Assembly on the first two ballots and a simple majority on the third ballot

Turkmenistan:
chief of state: President and Chairman of the Cabinet
of Ministers Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October 1990, when the
first direct presidential election occurred); note - the president
is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government: President and Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October 1990, when the first direct presidential election occurred); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

note: NIYAZOV's term in office was extended indefinitely on 28 December 1999 by the Assembly (Majlis) during a session of the People's Council (Halk Maslahaty)

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 21 June 1992 (next scheduled to be held NA); note - President NIYAZOV was unanimously approved as president for life by the Assembly on 28 December 1999); deputy chairmen of the cabinet of ministers are appointed by the president

election results: Saparmurat NIYAZOV elected president without opposition; percent of vote - Saparmurat NIYAZOV 99.5%

Turks and Caicos Islands: chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953), represented by Governor Mervyn JONES (since 27 January 2000)

head of government: Chief Minister Derek H. TAYLOR (since 31 January 1995)

cabinet: Executive Council consists of three ex officio members and five appointed by the governor from among the members of the Legislative Council

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; chief minister appointed by the governor

Tuvalu:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952),
represented by Governor General Sir Tomasi PUAPUA (since 26 June
1998)

head of government: Acting Prime Minister Lagitupu (of Nanumea)
TUILIMU (since 8 December 2000); note - TUILIMU took over after
Prime Minister Ionatana IONATANA died suddenly of a heart attack on
8 December 2000

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the recommendation of the prime minister

elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; prime minister and deputy prime minister elected by and from the members of Parliament; election last held 27 April 1999 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results: results of the last election for prime minister - Ionatana IONATANA elected prime minister; percent of Parliament vote - NA%; Lagitupu (of Nanumea) TUILIMU elected deputy prime minister; percent of Parliament vote - NA%; note - Deputy Prime Minister Lagitupu (of Nanumea) TUILIMU became acting prime minister following the death of Prime Minister Ionatana IONATANA on 8 December 2000

Uganda:
chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI
(since seizing power 29 January 1986); note - the president is both
chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since seizing power 29 January 1986); Prime Minister Apollo NSIBAMBI (since 5 April 1999); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government; the prime minister assists the president in the supervision of the cabinet

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among elected legislators

elections: president reelected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 12 March 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); note - first popular election for president since independence in 1962 was held in 1996; prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI elected
president; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI 69.3%,
Kizza BESIGYE 27.8%

Ukraine:
chief of state: President Leonid D. KUCHMA (since 19 July
1994)

head of government: Prime Minister Anatoliy KINAKH (since 29 May
2001), First Deputy Prime Minister Oleh DUBYNA (since 29 May 2001)

cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president and approved by the Supreme Council

note: there is also a National Security and Defense Council or NSDC originally created in 1992 as the National Security Council, but significantly revamped and strengthened under President KUCHMA; the NSDC staff is tasked with developing national security policy on domestic and international matters and advising the president; a Presidential Administration that helps draft presidential edicts and provides policy support to the president; and a Council of Regions that serves as an advisory body created by President KUCHMA in September 1994 that includes chairmen of the Kyyiv (Kiev) and Sevastopol' municipalities and chairmen of the oblasti

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 31 October and 14 November 1999 (next to be held NA 2004); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and approved by the Supreme Council

election results: Leonid D. KUCHMA elected president; percent of vote - Leonid KUCHMA 57.7%, Petro SYMONENKO 38.8%

United Arab Emirates:
chief of state: President ZAYID bin Sultan Al
Nuhayyan (since 2 December 1971), ruler of Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi)
(since 6 August 1966) and Vice President MAKTUM bin Rashid al-Maktum
(since 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy (Dubai)

head of government: Prime Minister MAKTUM bin Rashid al-Maktum (since 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy (Dubai); Deputy Prime Minister SULTAN bin Zayid Al Nuhayyan (since 20 November 1990)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

note: there is also a Federal Supreme Council (FSC) which is composed of the seven emirate rulers; the council is the highest constitutional authority in the UAE; establishes general policies and sanctions federal legislation, Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi) and Dubayy (Dubai) rulers have effective veto power; meets four times a year

elections: president and vice president elected by the FSC (a group of seven electors) for five-year terms; election last held NA October 1996 (next to be held NA October 2001); prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the president

election results: ZAYID bin Sultan Al Nuhayyan reelected president;
percent of FSC vote - NA, but believed to be unanimous; MAKTUM bin
Rashid al-Maktum elected vice president; percent of FSC vote - NA%,
but believed to be unanimous

United Kingdom:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952); Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES (son of the queen, born
14 November 1948)

head of government: Prime Minister Anthony C. L. (Tony) BLAIR (since 2 May 1997)

cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the prime minister is the leader of the majority party in the House of Commons (assuming there is no majority party, a prime minister would have a majority coalition or at least a coalition that was not rejected by the majority)

United States:
chief of state: President George W. BUSH (since 20
January 2001) and Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20 January
2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government

head of government: President George W. BUSH (since 20 January 2001) and Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (since 20 January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with Senate approval

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by a college of representatives who are elected directly from each state; president and vice president serve four-year terms; election last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2004)

election results: George W. BUSH elected president; percent of
popular vote - George W. BUSH (Republican Party) 48%, Albert A.
GORE, Jr. (Democratic Party) 48%, Ralph NADER (Green Party) 3%,
other 1%

Uruguay:
chief of state: President Jorge BATLLE (since 1 March
2000) and Vice President Luis HIERRO (since 1 March 2000); note -
the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Jorge BATLLE (since 1 March 2000) and Vice President Luis HIERRO (since 1 March 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president with parliamentary approval

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for five-year terms; election last held 31 October 1999 with run-off election on 28 November 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results: Jorge BATLLE elected president; percent of vote -
Jorge BATLLE 52% in a runoff against Tabare VAZQUEZ 44%

Uzbekistan:
chief of state: President Islom KARIMOV (since 24 March
1990, when he was elected president by the then Supreme Soviet)

head of government: Prime Minister Otkir SULTONOV (since 21
December 1995)

cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president with
approval of the Supreme Assembly

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 9 January 2000 (next to be held NA January 2005); note - extension of President KARIMOV's original term for an additional five years overwhelmingly approved - 99.6% of total vote in favor - by national referendum held 27 March 1995; prime minister and deputy ministers appointed by the president

election results: Islom KARIMOV reelected president; percent of vote - Islom KARIMOV 91.9%, Abdulkhafiz DZHALALOV 4.2%

Vanuatu:
chief of state: President Father John BANI (since 25 March
1999)

head of government: Prime Minister Edward NATAPEI (since 16 April
2001); Deputy Prime Minister Serge VOHOR (since 16 April 2001)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister, responsible to Parliament

elections: president elected for a four-year term by an electoral college consisting of Parliament and the presidents of the regional councils for a five-year term; election for president last held 25 March 1999 (next to be held NA 2003); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by Parliament from among its members; election for prime minister last held 16 April 2001 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results: Father John BANI elected president; percent of electoral college vote - NA%; Edward NATAPEI elected prime minister by Parliament with a total of 27 out of 52 votes

note: the government of Prime Minister Barak SOPE was ousted in a
no confidence vote on 14 April 2001 and Edward NATAPEI was elected
the new prime minister by Parliament

Venezuela:
chief of state: President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias (since 3
February 1999); Vice President Adina BASTIDAS Castillo; note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government: President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias (since 3 February 1999); Vice President Adina BASTIDAS Castillo; note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 30 July 2000 (next to be held NA 2006)

election results: Hugo CHAVEZ Frias elected president; percent of
vote - 60%

note: government coalition - Patriotic Pole or Polo Patriotico
consists of MVR, MAS, and PPT

Vietnam:
chief of state: President Tran Duc LUONG (since 24
September 1997) and Vice President Nguyen Thi BINH (since NA October
1992)

head of government: Prime Minister Phan Van KHAI (since 25 September 1997); First Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen Tan DUNG (since 29 September 1997); Deputy Prime Ministers Nguyen Cong TAN (since 29 September 1997), Nguyen Manh CAM (since 29 September 1997), and Pham Gia KHIEM (since 29 September 1997)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the proposal of the prime minister and ratification of the National Assembly

elections: president elected by the National Assembly from among its members for a five-year term; election last held 25 September 1997 (next to be held when National Assembly meets following legislative elections in NA 2002); prime minister appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers appointed by the prime minister

election results: Tran Duc LUONG elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote - NA%

Virgin Islands:
chief of state: President George W. BUSH of the US
(since 20 January 2001); Vice President Richard B. CHENEY (Since 20
January 2001)

head of government: Governor Dr. Charles Wesley TURNBULL (since 5
January 1999) and Lieutenant Governor Gererd LUZ James II (since 5
January 1999)

cabinet: NA

elections: US president and vice president elected on the same ticket for four-year terms; governor and lieutenant governor elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 3 November 1998 (next to be held NA November 2002)

election results: Dr. Charles Wesley TURNBULL elected governor; percent of vote - Dr. Charles W. TURNBULL (Democrat) 58.9%, former Governor Roy L. SCHNEIDER (ICM) 41.1%

Wallis and Futuna:
chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC of
France (since 17 May 1995), represented by High Administrator
Christian DORS (since NA)

head of government: President of the Territorial Assembly Soane
UHILA (since NA)

cabinet: Council of the Territory consists of three kings and three members appointed by the high administrator on the advice of the Territorial Assembly

note: there are three traditional kings with limited powers

elections: French president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; high administrator appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of the Interior; the presidents of the Territorial Government and the Territorial Assembly are elected by the members of the assembly

Western Sahara:
none

Yemen:
chief of state: President Field Marshall Ali Abdallah SALIH
(since 22 May 1990, the former president of North Yemen, assumed
office upon the merger of North and South Yemen); Vice President
Maj. Gen. Abd al-Rab Mansur al-HADI (since 3 October 1994)

head of government: Prime Minister Abd al-Qadir BA JAMAL (since 4
April 2001)

cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
advice of the prime minister

elections: president elected by direct, popular vote for a five-year term (a new constitution amendment extends the term by two years to a seven-year term); election last held 23 September 1999 (next to be held NA 2006); vice president appointed by the president; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president

election results: Ali Abdallah SALIH elected president; percent of vote: Ali Abdallah SALIH 96.3%, Najeeb Qahtan AL-SHAABI 3.7%

Yugoslavia:
chief of state: President Vojislav KOSTUNICA (since 7
October 2000)

head of government: Prime Minister Dragisa PESIC (since 24 July 2001); Deputy Prime Minister Miroljub LABUS (since 25 January 2001)

cabinet: Federal Executive Council

elections: president elected by direct popular vote for up to two, four-year terms; election last held 24 September 2000 (next to be held NA 2004); prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Vojislav KOSTUNICA elected president; percent of vote - Vojislav KOSTUNICA 55%, Slobodan MILOSEVIC 35%

Zambia:
chief of state: President Frederick CHILUBA (since 2
November 1991); Vice President Enoch KAVINDELE (since 4 May 2001);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government

head of government: President Frederick CHILUBA (since 2 November 1991); Vice President Enoch KAVINDELE (since 4 May 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly

elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 18 November 1996 (next to be held NA October 2001); vice president appointed by the president

election results: Frederick CHILUBA reelected president; percent of
vote - Frederick CHILUBA 72.5%, Dean MUNGO'MBA 12.6%, Humphrey
MULEMBA 7%, Akashambatwa LEWANIKA 4.7%, Chama CHAKOMBOKA 3.2%

Zimbabwe:
chief of state: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE
(since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice Presidents Simon Vengai MUZENDA
(since 31 December 1987) and Joseph MSIKA (since 23 December 1999);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government

head of government: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice Presidents Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987) and Joseph MSIKA (since 23 December 1999); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president; responsible to the House of Assembly

elections: presidential candidates nominated with a nomination paper signed by at least 10 registered voters (at least one from each province) and elected by popular vote; election last held 16-17 March 1996 (next to be held NA March 2002); co-vice presidents appointed by the president

election results: Robert Gabriel MUGABE reelected president;
percent of electoral college vote - Robert Gabriel MUGABE 92.7%,
Abel MUZOREWA 4.8%; Ndabaningi SITHOLE 2.4%

Taiwan:
chief of state: President CHEN Shui-bien (20 May 2000) and
Vice President Annette LU (since 20 May 2000)

head of government: Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) CHANG
Chun-hsiung (since NA October 2000) and Vice Premier (Vice President
of the Executive Yuan) LAI In-jaw (since NA October 2000)

cabinet: Executive Yuan appointed by the president

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 18 March 2000 (next to be held NA March 2004); premier appointed by the president; vice premiers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the premier

election results: CHEN Shui-bien elected president; percent of vote - CHEN Shui-bien (DPP) 39.3%, James SOONG (independent) 36.84%, LIEN Chan (KMT) 23.1%, HSU Hsin-liang (independent) 0.63%, LEE Ao (CNP) 0.13%

@Exports

Afghanistan:
$80 million (does not include opium) (1996 est.)

Albania:
$310 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Algeria:
$19.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

American Samoa:
$500 million (1998)

Andorra:
$58 million (f.o.b., 1998)

Angola:
$7.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Anguilla:
$4.5 million (1998)

Antigua and Barbuda:
$38 million (1998)

Argentina:
$26.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Armenia:
$284 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Aruba:
$2.2 billion (including oil reexports) (2000 est.)

Australia:
$69 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Austria:
$63.2 billion (2000 est.)

Azerbaijan:
$1.9 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Bahamas, The:
$376.8 million (2000 est.)

Bahrain:
$5.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Bangladesh:
$5.9 billion (2000)

Barbados:
$260 million (2000 est.)

Belarus:
$7.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Belgium:
$181.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Belize:
$235.7 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Benin:
$396 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Bermuda:
$56 million (2000 est.)

Bhutan:
$154 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Bolivia:
$1.26 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
$950 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Botswana:
$2.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Brazil:
$55.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

British Virgin Islands:
$6.2 million (2000 est.)

Brunei:
$2.55 billion (f.o.b., 1999 est.)

Bulgaria:
$4.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Burkina Faso:
$220 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Burma:
$1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1999)

Burundi:
$32 million (f.o.b., 2000)

Cambodia:
$942 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Cameroon:
$2.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Canada:
$272.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Cape Verde:
$40 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Cayman Islands:
$1.5 million (1998)

Central African Republic:
$166 million (f.o.b., 2000)

Chad:
$172 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Chile:
$18 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

China:
$232 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Christmas Island:
$NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
$NA

Colombia:
$14.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Comoros:
$7.9 million (f.o.b., 1999 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
$960 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Congo, Republic of the:
$2.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Cook Islands:
$3 million (f.o.b., 1999 est.)

Costa Rica:
$6.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire:
$3.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Croatia:
$4.3 billion (f.o.b., 1999)

Cuba:
$1.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Cyprus:
Greek Cypriot area: $1 billion (f.o.b., 1999 est.); Turkish
Cypriot area: $51.1 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Czech Republic:
$28.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Denmark:
$50.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Djibouti:
$260 million (f.o.b., 1999 est.)

Dominica:
$60.7 million (2000 est.)

Dominican Republic:
$5.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Ecuador:
$5.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Egypt:
$7.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

El Salvador:
$2.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Equatorial Guinea:
$860 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Eritrea:
$26 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Estonia:
$3.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Ethiopia:
$460 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
$7.6 million (1995)

Faroe Islands:
$471 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Fiji:
$537 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Finland:
$44.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

France:
$325 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

French Guiana:
$155 million (f.o.b., 1997)

French Polynesia:
$205 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Gabon:
$3.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Gambia, The:
$125.8 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Gaza Strip:
$682 million (f.o.b., 1998 est.) (includes West Bank)

Georgia:
$372 million (2000 est.)

Germany:
$578 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Ghana:
$1.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Gibraltar:
$81.1 million (f.o.b., 1997)

Greece:
$15.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Greenland:
$276 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Grenada:
$62.3 million (2000 est.)

Guadeloupe:
$140 million (f.o.b., 1997)

Guam:
$75.7 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Guatemala:
$2.9 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Guernsey:
$NA

Guinea:
$820 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Guinea-Bissau:
$80 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Guyana:
$570 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Haiti:
$186 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Honduras:
$2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Hong Kong:
$204 billion (including reexports; f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Hungary:
$25.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Iceland:
$2 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

India:
$43.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Indonesia:
$64.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Iran:
$25 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Iraq:
$21.8 billion (2000 est.)

Ireland:
$73.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Israel:
$31.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Italy:
$241.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Jamaica:
$1.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Japan:
$450 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Jersey:
$NA

Jordan:
$2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Kazakhstan:
$8.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Kenya:
$1.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Kiribati:
$6 million (f.o.b., 1998)

Korea, North:
$520 million (f.o.b., 1999 est.)

Korea, South:
$172.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Kuwait:
$23.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Kyrgyzstan:
$482 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Laos:
$323 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Latvia:
$2.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Lebanon:
$700 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Lesotho:
$175 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Liberia:
$55 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Libya:
$13.9 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Liechtenstein:
$2.47 billion (1996)

Lithuania:
$3.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Luxembourg:
$7.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Macau:
$2.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Madagascar:
$538 million (f.o.b., 1998)

Malawi:
$416 million (f.o.b., 2000)

Malaysia:
$97.9 billion (2000 est.)

Maldives:
$88 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Mali:
$480 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Malta:
$2 billion (f.o.b., 1999)

Man, Isle of:
$NA

Marshall Islands:
$28 million (f.o.b., 1997 est.)

Martinique:
$250 million (f.o.b., 1997)

Mauritania:
$333 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Mauritius:
$1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1999)

Mayotte:
$3.44 million (f.o.b., 1997)

Mexico:
$168 billion (f.o.b., 2000), includes in-bond industries
(assembly plant operations)

Micronesia, Federated States of:
$73 million (f.o.b., 1996 est.)

Moldova:
$500 million (f.o.b., 2000)

Monaco:
$NA; full customs integration with France, which collects
and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market
system through customs union with France

Mongolia:
$454.3 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Montserrat:
$1.5 million (1998)

Morocco:
$7.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Mozambique:
$390 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Namibia:
$1.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Nauru:
$25.3 million (f.o.b., 1991)

Nepal:
$485 million (f.o.b., 1998), but does not include unrecorded
border trade with India

Netherlands:
$210.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Netherlands Antilles:
$276 million (f.o.b., 2000)

New Caledonia:
$411 million (f.o.b., 1999)

New Zealand:
$14.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Nicaragua:
$631 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Niger:
$385 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Nigeria:
$22.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Niue:
$117,500 (f.o.b., 1989)

Norfolk Island:
$1.5 million (f.o.b., FY91/92)

Northern Mariana Islands:
$NA

Norway:
$59.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Oman:
$11.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Pakistan:
$8.6 billion (f.o.b., FY99/00)

Palau:
$14.3 million (f.o.b., 1996)

Panama:
$5.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Papua New Guinea:
$2.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Paraguay:
$3.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Peru:
$7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Philippines:
$38 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Pitcairn Islands:
$NA

Poland:
$28.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Portugal:
$26.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Puerto Rico:
$38.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Qatar:
$9.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Reunion:
$214 million (f.o.b., 1997)

Romania:
$11.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Russia:
$105.1 billion (2000 est.)

Rwanda:
$68.4 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Saint Helena:
$704,000 (f.o.b., 1995)

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
$53.2 million (2000 est.)

Saint Lucia:
$68.3 million (2000 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
$12 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
$53.7 million (2000 est.)

Samoa:
$17 million (f.o.b., 2000)

San Marino:
trade data are included with the statistics for Italy

Sao Tome and Principe:
$3.2 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Saudi Arabia:
$81.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Senegal:
$959 million (f.o.b., 2000)

Seychelles:
$111 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Sierra Leone:
$65 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Singapore:
$137 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Slovakia:
$12 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Slovenia:
$8.9 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Solomon Islands:
$165 million (f.o.b., 1999 est.)

Somalia:
$186 million (f.o.b., 1999 est.)

South Africa:
$30.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Spain:
$120.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Sri Lanka:
$5.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Sudan:
$1.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Suriname:
$443 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Svalbard:
$NA

Swaziland:
$881 million (f.o.b., 2000)

Sweden:
$95.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Switzerland:
$91.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Syria:
$4.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Tajikistan:
$761 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Tanzania:
$937 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Thailand:
$68.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Togo:
$336 million (f.o.b., 2000)

Tokelau:
$98,000 (f.o.b., 1983)

Tonga:
$8 million (f.o.b., 1998)

Trinidad and Tobago:
$3.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Tunisia:
$6.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Turkey:
$26.9 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Turkmenistan:
$2.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands:
$4.7 million (1993)

Tuvalu:
$165,000 (f.o.b., 1989)

Uganda:
$500.1 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Ukraine:
$14.6 billion (2000 est.)

United Arab Emirates:
$46 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

United Kingdom:
$282 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

United States:
$776 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Uruguay:
$2.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Uzbekistan:
$2.9 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Vanuatu:
$25.3 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Venezuela:
$32.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Vietnam:
$14.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Virgin Islands:
$NA

Wallis and Futuna:
$250,000 (f.o.b., 1999)

West Bank:
$682 million (includes Gaza Strip) (f.o.b., 1998 est.)

Western Sahara:
$NA

World:
$6 trillion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Yemen:
$4.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Yugoslavia:
$1.5 billion (1999)

Zambia:
$928 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Zimbabwe:
$1.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Taiwan:
$148.38 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

@Exports - commodities

Afghanistan:
opium, fruits and nuts, handwoven carpets, wool,
cotton, hides and pelts, precious and semi-precious gems

Albania:
textiles and footwear; asphalt, metals and metallic ores,
crude oil; vegetables, fruits, tobacco

Algeria:
petroleum, natural gas, and petroleum products 97%

American Samoa:
canned tuna 93%

Andorra:
tobacco products, furniture

Angola:
crude oil 90%, diamonds, refined petroleum products, gas,
coffee, sisal, fish and fish products, timber, cotton

Anguilla:
lobster, fish, livestock, salt

Antigua and Barbuda:
petroleum products 48%, manufactures 23%,
machinery and transport equipment 17%, food and live animals 4%,
other 8%

Argentina:
edible oils, fuels and energy, cereals, feed, motor
vehicles

Armenia:
diamonds, scrap metal, machinery and equipment, brandy,
copper ore

Aruba:
live animals and animal products, art and collectibles,
machinery and electrical equipment, transport equipment

Australia:
coal, gold, meat, wool, alumina, iron ore, wheat,
machinery and transport equipment

Austria:
machinery and equipment, paper and paperboard, metal goods,
chemicals, iron and steel; textiles, foodstuffs

Azerbaijan:
oil and gas 75%, machinery, cotton, foodstuffs

Bahamas, The:
pharmaceuticals, cement, rum, crawfish, refined
petroleum products

Bahrain:
petroleum and petroleum products 61%, aluminum 7%

Bangladesh:
garments, jute and jute goods, leather, frozen fish and
seafood

Barbados:
sugar and molasses, rum, other foods and beverages,
chemicals, electrical components, clothing

Belarus:
machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, textiles,
foodstuffs

Belgium:
machinery and equipment, chemicals, diamonds, metals and
metal products

Belize:
sugar, bananas, citrus, clothing, fish products, molasses,
wood

Benin:
cotton, crude oil, palm products, cocoa

Bermuda:
reexports of pharmaceuticals

Bhutan:
cardamom, gypsum, timber, handicrafts, cement, fruit,
electricity (to India), precious stones, spices

Bolivia:
soybeans, natural gas, zinc, gold, wood

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
NA

Botswana:
diamonds 72%, vehicles, copper, nickel, meat (1998)

Brazil:
manufactures, iron ore, soybeans, footwear, coffee

British Virgin Islands: rum, fresh fish, fruits, animals; gravel, sand

Brunei:
crude oil, natural gas, refined products

Bulgaria:
clothing, footwear, iron and steel, machinery and
equipment, fuels

Burkina Faso:
cotton, animal products, gold

Burma:
apparel 36%, foodstuffs 22%, wood products 21%, precious
stones 5% (1999)

Burundi:
coffee, tea, sugar, cotton, hides

Cambodia:
timber, garments, rubber, rice, fish

Cameroon:
crude oil and petroleum products, lumber, cocoa beans,
aluminum, coffee, cotton

Canada:
motor vehicles and parts, newsprint, wood pulp, timber,
crude petroleum, machinery, natural gas, aluminum,
telecommunications equipment, electricity

Cape Verde:
fuel, shoes, garments, fish, bananas, hides

Cayman Islands:
turtle products, manufactured consumer goods

Central African Republic:
diamonds, timber, cotton, coffee, tobacco

Chad:
cotton, cattle, textiles

Chile:
copper, fish, fruits, paper and pulp, chemicals

China:
machinery and equipment; textiles and clothing, footwear,
toys and sporting goods; mineral fuels

Christmas Island:
phosphate

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
copra

Colombia:
petroleum, coffee, coal, apparel, bananas, cut flowers

Comoros:
vanilla, ylang-ylang, cloves, perfume oil, copra

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
diamonds, copper, coffee, cobalt,
crude oil

Congo, Republic of the:
petroleum 50%, lumber, plywood, sugar,
cocoa, coffee, diamonds

Cook Islands:
copra, papayas, fresh and canned citrus fruit, coffee;
fish; pearls and pearl shells; clothing

Costa Rica:
coffee, bananas, sugar; pineapples; textiles, electronic
components, medical equipment

Cote d'Ivoire:
cocoa 33%, coffee, tropical woods, petroleum, cotton,
bananas, pineapples, palm oil, cotton, fish (1999)

Croatia:
transport equipment, textiles, chemicals, foodstuffs, fuels

Cuba:
sugar, nickel, tobacco, fish, medical products, citrus, coffee

Cyprus:
Greek Cypriot area: citrus, potatoes, grapes, wine, cement,
clothing and shoes; Turkish Cypriot area: citrus, potatoes, textiles

Czech Republic:
machinery and transport equipment 44%, other
manufactured goods 40%, chemicals 7%, raw materials and fuel 7%
(1999)

Denmark:
machinery and instruments, meat and meat products, dairy
products, fish, chemicals, furniture, ships, windmills

Djibouti:
reexports, hides and skins, coffee (in transit)

Dominica:
bananas, soap, bay oil, vegetables, grapefruit, oranges

Dominican Republic: ferronickel, sugar, gold, silver, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, meats

Ecuador:
petroleum, bananas, shrimp, coffee, cocoa, cut flowers, fish

Egypt:
crude oil and petroleum products, cotton, textiles, metal
products, chemicals

El Salvador:
offshore assembly exports, coffee, sugar, shrimp,
textiles, chemicals, electricity

Equatorial Guinea:
petroleum, timber, cocoa

Eritrea:
livestock, sorghum, textiles, food, small manufactures

Estonia:
machinery and equipment 24%, wood products 20%, textiles
17%, food products 9%, metals, chemical products (1999)

Ethiopia:
coffee, gold, leather products, oilseeds, qat

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
wool, hides, meat

Faroe Islands:
fish and fish products 94%, stamps, ships (1999)

Fiji:
sugar, garments, gold, timber, fish

Finland:
machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals; timber, paper,
pulp

France:
machinery and transportation equipment, aircraft, plastics,
chemicals, pharmaceutical products, iron and steel, beverages

French Guiana:
shrimp, timber, gold, rum, rosewood essence, clothing

French Polynesia: cultured pearls 50%, coconut products, mother-of-pearl, vanilla, shark meat (1997)

Gabon:
crude oil 75%, timber, manganese, uranium (1998)

Gambia, The:
peanuts and peanut products, fish, cotton lint, palm
kernels

Gaza Strip:
citrus, flowers

Georgia:
citrus fruits, tea, wine, other agricultural products;
diverse types of machinery and metals; chemicals; fuel reexports;
textiles

Germany:
machinery, vehicles, chemicals, metals and manufactures,
foodstuffs, textiles

Ghana:
gold, cocoa, timber, tuna, bauxite, aluminum, manganese ore,
diamonds

Gibraltar:
(principally reexports) petroleum 51%, manufactured goods
41%, other 8%

Greece:
manufactured goods, food and beverages, petroleum products

Greenland:
fish and fish products 94%

Grenada:
bananas, cocoa, nutmeg, fruit and vegetables, clothing, mace

Guadeloupe:
bananas, sugar, rum

Guam:
mostly transshipments of refined petroleum products;
construction materials, fish, food and beverage products

Guatemala:
coffee, sugar, bananas, fruits and vegetables, cardamom,
meat, apparel, petroleum, electricity

Guernsey:
tomatoes, flowers and ferns, sweet peppers, eggplant,
other vegetables

Guinea:
bauxite, alumina, gold, diamonds, coffee, fish, agricultural
products

Guinea-Bissau:
cashew nuts 70%, shrimp, peanuts, palm kernels, sawn
lumber (1996)

Guyana:
sugar, gold, bauxite/alumina, rice, shrimp, molasses, rum,
timber

Haiti:
manufactures, coffee, oils, mangoes

Honduras:
coffee, bananas, shrimp, lobster, meat; zinc, lumber

Hong Kong:
clothing, textiles, footwear, electrical appliances,
watches and clocks, toys

Hungary:
machinery and equipment 59.5%, other manufactures 29.4%,
food products 6.9%, raw materials 2.4%, fuels and electricity 1.8%
(2000)

Iceland:
fish and fish products 70%, animal products, aluminum,
diatomite, ferrosilicon

India:
textile goods, gems and jewelry, engineering goods,
chemicals, leather manufactures

Indonesia:
oil and gas, plywood, textiles, rubber

Iran:
petroleum 85%, carpets, fruits and nuts, iron and steel,
chemicals

Iraq:
crude oil

Ireland:
machinery and equipment, computers, chemicals,
pharmaceuticals; live animals, animal products

Israel:
machinery and equipment, software, cut diamonds,
agricultural products, chemicals, textiles and apparel

Italy:
engineering products, textiles and clothing, production
machinery, motor vehicles, transport equipment, chemicals; food,
beverages and tobacco; minerals and nonferrous metals

Jamaica:
alumina, bauxite; sugar, bananas, rum

Japan:
motor vehicles, semiconductors, office machinery, chemicals

Jersey:
light industrial and electrical goods, foodstuffs, textiles

Jordan:
phosphates, fertilizers, potash, agricultural products,
manufactures

Kazakhstan:
oil 40%, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery,
chemicals, grain, wool, meat, coal

Kenya:
tea, coffee, horticultural products, petroleum products,
fish, cement

Kiribati:
copra 62%, coconuts, seaweed, fish

Korea, North:
minerals, metallurgical products, manufactures
(including armaments); agricultural and fishery products

Korea, South:
electronic products, machinery and equipment, motor
vehicles, steel, ships; textiles, clothing, footwear; fish

Kuwait:
oil and refined products, fertilizers

Kyrgyzstan:
cotton, wool, meat, tobacco; gold, mercury, uranium,
hydropower; machinery; shoes

Laos:
wood products, garments, electricity, coffee, tin

Latvia:
wood and wood products, machinery and equipment, metals,
textiles, foodstuffs

Lebanon:
foodstuffs and tobacco, textiles, chemicals, precious
stones, metal and metal products, electrical equipment and products,
jewelry, paper and paper products

Lesotho:
manufactures 75% (clothing, footwear, road vehicles), wool
and mohair, food and live animals (1998)

Liberia:
diamonds, iron ore, rubber, timber, coffee, cocoa

Libya:
crude oil, refined petroleum products

Liechtenstein:
small specialty machinery, dental products, stamps,
hardware, pottery

Lithuania:
machinery and equipment 22%, mineral products 15%,
chemicals 12%, textiles and clothing, foodstuffs (1999)

Luxembourg:
machinery and equipment, steel products, chemicals,
rubber products, glass

Macau:
textiles, clothing, toys, electronics, cement, footwear,
machinery

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
food, beverages,
tobacco; miscellaneous manufactures, iron and steel

Madagascar:
coffee, vanilla, shellfish, sugar; cotton cloth,
chromite, petroleum products

Malawi:
tobacco, tea, sugar, cotton, coffee, peanuts, wood products

Malaysia:
electronic equipment, petroleum and liquefied natural gas,
chemicals, palm oil, wood and wood products, rubber, textiles

Maldives:
fish, clothing

Mali:
cotton 50%, gold, livestock (1999 est.)

Malta:
machinery and transport equipment, manufactures

Man, Isle of:
tweeds, herring, processed shellfish, beef, lamb

Marshall Islands:
fish, coconut oil, trochus shells

Martinique:
refined petroleum products, bananas, rum, pineapples

Mauritania:
iron ore, fish and fish products, gold

Mauritius:
clothing and textiles, sugar, cut flowers, molasses

Mayotte:
ylang-ylang (perfume essence), vanilla, copra, coconuts,
coffee, cinnamon

Mexico:
manufactured goods, oil and oil products, silver, fruits,
vegetables, coffee, cotton

Micronesia, Federated States of:
fish, garments, bananas, black
pepper

Moldova:
foodstuffs 57%, wine, tobacco; textiles and footwear,
machinery (1999)

Mongolia:
copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides,
fluorspar, other nonferrous metals

Montserrat:
electronic components, plastic bags, apparel, hot
peppers, live plants, cattle

Morocco:
phosphates and fertilizers, food and beverages, minerals

Mozambique:
prawns 40%, cashews, cotton, sugar, citrus, timber; bulk
electricity (2000)

Namibia:
diamonds, copper, gold, zinc, lead, uranium; cattle,
processed fish, karakul skins

Nauru:
phosphates

Nepal:
carpets, clothing, leather goods, jute goods, grain

Netherlands:
machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels; foodstuffs

Netherlands Antilles:
petroleum products

New Caledonia:
ferronickels, nickel ore, fish

New Zealand:
dairy products, meat, fish, wool, forestry products,
manufactures

Nicaragua:
coffee, shrimp and lobster, cotton, tobacco, beef, sugar,
bananas; gold

Niger:
uranium ore 65%, livestock products, cowpeas, onions (1998
est.)

Nigeria:
petroleum and petroleum products 95%, cocoa, rubber

Niue:
canned coconut cream, copra, honey, passion fruit products,
pawpaws, root crops, limes, footballs, stamps, handicrafts

Norfolk Island:
postage stamps, seeds of the Norfolk Island pine and
Kentia palm, small quantities of avocados

Northern Mariana Islands:
garments

Norway:
petroleum and petroleum products, machinery and equipment,
metals, chemicals, ships, fish

Oman:
petroleum, reexports, fish, metals, textiles

Pakistan:
textiles (garments, cotton cloth, and yarn), rice, other
agricultural products

Palau:
trochus (type of shellfish), tuna, copra, handicrafts

Panama:
bananas, shrimp, sugar, coffee, clothing

Papua New Guinea: oil, gold, copper ore, logs, palm oil, coffee, cocoa, crayfish, prawns

Paraguay:
electricity, soybeans, feed, cotton, meat, edible oils

Peru:
fish and fish products, copper, zinc, gold, crude petroleum
and byproducts, lead, coffee, sugar, cotton

Philippines:
electronic equipment, machinery and transport
equipment, garments, coconut products

Pitcairn Islands:
fruits, vegetables, curios, stamps

Poland:
machinery and transport equipment 30.2%, intermediate
manufactured goods 25.5%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 20.9%,
food and live animals 8.5% (1999)

Portugal:
clothing and footwear, machinery, chemicals, cork and
paper products, hides

Puerto Rico:
pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna,
rum, beverage concentrates, medical equipment

Qatar:
petroleum products 80%, fertilizers, steel

Reunion:
sugar 63%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 2%,
lobster 3%, (1993)

Romania:
textiles and footwear 26%, metals and metal products 15%,
machinery and equipment 11%, minerals and fuels 6% (1999)

Russia:
petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood
products, metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and
military manufactures

Rwanda:
coffee, tea, hides, tin ore

Saint Helena:
fish (frozen, canned, and salt-dried skipjack, tuna),
coffee, handicrafts

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
machinery, food, electronics, beverages,
tobacco

Saint Lucia:
bananas 41%, clothing, cocoa, vegetables, fruits,
coconut oil

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
fish and fish products, soybeans, animal
feed, mollusks and crustaceans, fox and mink pelts

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
bananas 39%, eddoes and dasheen
(taro), arrowroot starch, tennis racquets

Samoa:
coconut oil and cream, copra, fish, beer

San Marino:
building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, wheat, wine,
baked goods, hides, ceramics

Sao Tome and Principe:
cocoa 90%, copra, coffee, palm oil

Saudi Arabia:
petroleum and petroleum products 90%

Senegal:
fish, ground nuts (peanuts), petroleum products,
phosphates, cotton

Seychelles:
fish, cinnamon bark, copra, petroleum products
(reexports)

Sierra Leone:
diamonds, rutile, cocoa, coffee, fish

Singapore:
machinery and equipment (including electronics),
chemicals, mineral fuels

Slovakia:
machinery and transport equipment 39.4%, intermediate
manufactured goods 27.5%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 13%,
chemicals 8% (1999)

Slovenia:
manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment,
chemicals, food

Solomon Islands:
timber, fish, palm oil, cocoa, copra

Somalia:
livestock, bananas, hides, fish (1999)

South Africa:
gold, diamonds, other metals and minerals, machinery
and equipment

Spain:
machinery, motor vehicles; foodstuffs, other consumer goods

Sri Lanka:
textiles and apparel, tea, diamonds, coconut products,
petroleum products

Sudan:
oil and petroleum products, cotton, sesame, livestock,
groundnuts, gum arabic, sugar

Suriname:
alumina, crude oil, lumber, shrimp and fish, rice, bananas

Swaziland:
soft drink concentrates, sugar, wood pulp, cotton yarn,
refrigerators, citrus and canned fruit

Sweden:
machinery 35%, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and
wood, iron and steel products, chemicals

Switzerland:
machinery, chemicals, metals, watches, agricultural
products

Syria:
petroleum 65%, textiles 10%, manufactured goods 10%, fruits
and vegetables 7%, raw cotton 5%, live sheep 2%, phosphates 1% (1998
est.)

Tajikistan:
aluminum, electricity, cotton, fruits, vegetable oil,
textiles

Tanzania:
coffee, manufactured goods, cotton, cashew nuts, minerals,
tobacco, sisal (1996)

Thailand:
computers and parts, textiles, integrated circuits, rice

Togo:
cotton, phosphates, coffee, cocoa

Tokelau:
stamps, copra, handicrafts

Tonga:
squash, fish, vanilla beans

Trinidad and Tobago:
petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals,
steel products, fertilizer, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus, flowers

Tunisia:
textiles, mechanical goods, phosphates and chemicals,
agricultural products, hydrocarbons

Turkey:
apparel 25.6%, foodstuffs 15.4%, textiles 12.3%, metal
manufactures 8.6%, transport equipment 8.1% (1998)

Turkmenistan:
gas 33%, oil 30%, cotton fiber 18%, textiles 8% (1999)

Turks and Caicos Islands: lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shells

Tuvalu:
copra

Uganda:
coffee, fish and fish products, tea; electrical products,
iron and steel

Ukraine:
ferrous and nonferrous metals, fuel and petroleum products,
machinery and transport equipment, food products

United Arab Emirates:
crude oil 45%, natural gas, reexports, dried
fish, dates

United Kingdom:
manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals; food,
beverages, tobacco

United States:
capital goods, automobiles, industrial supplies and
raw materials, consumer goods, agricultural products

Uruguay:
meat, rice, leather products, vehicles, dairy products,
wool, electricity

Uzbekistan:
cotton, gold, natural gas, mineral fertilizers, ferrous
metals, textiles, food products, automobiles

Vanuatu:
copra, kava, beef, cocoa, timber, coffee

Venezuela:
petroleum, bauxite and aluminum, steel, chemicals,
agricultural products, basic manufactures

Vietnam:
crude oil, marine products, rice, coffee, rubber, tea,
garments, shoes

Virgin Islands:
refined petroleum products

Wallis and Futuna:
copra, chemicals, construction materials

West Bank:
olives, fruit, vegetables, limestone

Western Sahara:
phosphates 62%

World:
the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and
services

Yemen:
crude oil, coffee, dried and salted fish

Yugoslavia:
manufactured goods, food and live animals, raw materials

Zambia:
copper, cobalt, electricity, tobacco

Zimbabwe:
tobacco 29%, gold 7%, ferroalloys 7%, cotton 5% (1999 est.)

Taiwan:
machinery and electrical equipment 51%, metals, textiles,
plastics, chemicals

@Exports - partners

Afghanistan:
FSU, Pakistan, Iran, Germany, India, UK, Belgium,
Luxembourg, Czech Republic

Albania:
Italy 67%, Greece 15%, Germany 5%, Austria 2%, The Former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2% (2000)

Algeria:
Italy 22%, US 15%, France 12%, Spain 11%, Brazil 8%,
Netherlands 5% (1999)

American Samoa:
US 99.6%

Andorra:
France 34%, Spain 58% (1998)

Angola:
US 54%, South Korea 14%, Benelux 11%, China 7%, Taiwan 6%
(1999)

Anguilla:
NA

Antigua and Barbuda:
OECS 26%, Barbados 15%, Guyana 4%, Trinidad and
Tobago 2%, US 0.3%

Argentina:
Brazil 24%, EU 21%, US 11% (1999 est.)

Armenia:
Belgium 36%, Iran 15%, Russia 14%, US 7%, Turkmenistan,
Georgia (1999)

Aruba:
US 42%, Colombia 20%, Netherlands 12% (1999)

Australia:
Japan 19%, EU 14%, ASEAN 12%, US 9%, South Korea, NZ,
Taiwan, Hong Kong, China (1999)

Austria:
EU 64.2% (Germany 35.7%, Italy 8.7%, France 4.5%),
Switzerland 5.9%, US 4.5%, Hungary 3.9% (1999)

Azerbaijan:
Italy, Turkey, Russia, Georgia, Iran

Bahamas, The:
US 22.3%, Switzerland 15.6%, UK 15%, Denmark 7.4%
(1998)

Bahrain:
India 14%, Saudi Arabia 5%, US 5%, UAE 5%, Japan 4%, South
Korea 4% (1999)

Bangladesh:
US 31.2%, Germany 9.95%, UK 8.06%, France 5.82%, Italy
4.42% (1999)

Barbados:
UK 14.8%, US 11.6%, Trinidad and Tobago 7.6%, Venezuela
6.1%, Jamaica 5.8% (1998)

Belarus:
Russia 66%, Ukraine, Poland, Germany, Lithuania (1998)

Belgium:
EU 76% (Germany 18%, France 18%, Netherlands 12%, UK 10%)
(1999)

Belize:
US 42%, UK 33%, EU 12%, Caricom 4.8%, Canada 2%, Mexico 1%
(1999)

Benin:
Brazil 14%, Libya 5%, Indonesia 4%, Italy 4% (1999)

Bermuda:
UK 29.5%, US 9.8% (1997)

Bhutan:
India 94%, Bangladesh

Bolivia:
UK 16%, US 12%, Peru 11%, Argentina 10%, Colombia 7% (1998)

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
Croatia, Switzerland, Italy, Germany

Botswana:
EU 77%, Southern African Customs Union (SACU) 18%,
Zimbabwe 3% (1998)

Brazil:
US 23%, Argentina 11%, Germany 5%, Netherlands 5%, Japan 5%
(1999)

British Virgin Islands:
Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US

Brunei:
Japan 42%, US 17%, South Korea 14%, Thailand 3% (1999)

Bulgaria:
Italy 14%, Turkey 10%, Germany 9%, Greece 8%, Yugoslavia
8%, Belgium 6%, France 5%, US 4% (2000)

Burkina Faso:
Italy 13%, France 10%, Indonesia 8%, Thailand 7% (1999)

Burma:
India 13%, Singapore 11%, China 11%, US 8% (1999 est.)

note: official trade statistics do not include trade in illicit
goods - such as narcotics, teak, and gems - or the largely
unrecorded border trade with China and Thailand

Burundi:
Germany 17%, Belgium 14%, US 8%, France 6%, Switzerland 4%
(1999)

Cambodia:
Vietnam 18%, Thailand 15%, US 10%, Singapore 8%, China 5%
(1997)

Cameroon:
Italy 24%, France 18%, Netherlands 10% (2000 est.)

Canada:
US 86%, Japan 3%, UK, Germany, South Korea, Netherlands,
China (1999)

Cape Verde:
Portugal, UK, Germany, Spain, France, Malaysia

Cayman Islands:
mostly US

Central African Republic:
Benelux 64%, Cote d'Ivoire, Spain, China,
Egypt, France (1999)

Chad:
Portugal 38%, Germany 12%, Thailand, Costa Rica, South Africa,
France (1999)

Chile:
EU 27%, US 16%, Japan 14%, Brazil 6%, Argentina 5% (1998)

China:
US 21%, Hong Kong 18%, Japan 17%, South Korea, Germany,
Netherlands, UK, Singapore, Taiwan (2000)

Christmas Island:
Australia, NZ

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
Australia

Colombia:
US 50%, EU 14%, Andean Community of Nations 16%, Japan 2%
(2000 est.)

Comoros:
France 50%, Germany 25% (1998)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
Benelux 62%, US 18%, South
Africa, Finland, Italy (1999)

Congo, Republic of the:
US 23%, Benelux 14%, Germany, Italy, Taiwan,
China (1998)

Cook Islands:
Japan 42%, New Zealand 25%, US 9%, Australia 9% (1999)

Costa Rica:
US 54.1%, EU 21.3%, Central America 8.6% (1999)

Cote d'Ivoire:
France 15%, US 8%, Netherlands 7%, Germany 6%, Italy
6% (1999)

Croatia:
Italy 18%, Germany 15.7%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 12.8%,
Slovenia 10.6%, Austria 6.2% (1999)

Cuba:
Russia 23%, Netherlands 23%, Canada 13% (1999)

Cyprus:
Greek Cypriot area: UK 17.3%, Greece 9.7%, Russia 7.0%,
Lebanon 5.2% (1999); Turkish Cypriot area: Turkey 51%, UK 31%, other
EU 16.5% (1999)

Czech Republic:
Germany 43%, Slovakia 8.4%, Austria 6.6%, Poland
5.6%, France 4% (1999)

Denmark:
EU 66.5% (Germany 20.1%, Sweden 11.7%, UK 9.6%, France
5.3%, Netherlands 4.7%), Norway 5.8%, US 5.4% (1999)

Djibouti:
Somalia 53%, Yemen 23%, Ethiopia 5%, (1998)

Dominica:
Caricom countries 47%, UK 36%, US 7% (1996 est.)

Dominican Republic:
US 66.1%, Netherlands 7.8%, Canada 7.6%, Russia
7.4%, UK 4.5% (1999 est.)

Ecuador:
US 37%, Colombia 5%, Italy 5%, Chile 5%, Peru 4% (1999)

Egypt:
EU 35%, Middle East 17%, Afro-Asian countries 14%, US 12%
(1999)

El Salvador:
US 63%, Guatemala 11%, Honduras 7%, Costa Rica 4% (1999)

Equatorial Guinea:
US 62%, Spain 17%, China 9%, France 3%, Japan 3%,
(1997)

Eritrea:
Sudan 27.2%, Ethiopia 26.5%, Japan 13.2%, UAE 7.3%, Italy
5.3% (1998)

Estonia:
Finland 19.4%, Sweden 18.8%, Russia 9.2%, Latvia 8.7%,
Germany 7.5%, US 2.5% (1999)

Ethiopia:
Germany 16%, Japan 13%, Djibouti 10%, Saudi Arabia 7%
(1999 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
UK, Japan, Chile, NZ

Faroe Islands:
Denmark 32%, UK 21%, France 9%, Germany 7%, Iceland
5%, US 5% (1996)

Fiji:
Australia 33.1%, US 14.8%, UK 13.8%, other Pacific island
countries 8.8%, NZ 4.5%, Japan 4.5% (1999)

Finland:
EU 58% (Germany 13%, Sweden 10%, UK 9%, France 5%,
Netherlands 4%), US 8%, Russia, Japan (1999)

France:
EU 63% (Germany 16%, UK 10%, Spain 9%, Italy 9%,
Belgium-Luxembourg 8%), US 8% (1999)

French Guiana:
France 62%, Switzerland 7%, US 2% (1997)

French Polynesia:
Japan 62%, US 21% (1999)

Gabon:
US 47%, France 19%, China 8%, Japan 1.3% (1999)

Gambia, The:
Benelux 59%, Japan 20%, UK 7%, Spain 2% (1999)

Gaza Strip:
Israel, Egypt, West Bank

Georgia:
Russia 19%, Turkey 16%, Azerbaijan 8%, Armenia 6% (1999)

Germany:
EU 55.3% (France 11.3%, UK 8.3%, Italy 7.3%, Netherlands
6.3%, Belgium/Luxembourg 5.1%), US 10.1%, Japan 2.0% (1999)

Ghana:
Togo, UK, Italy, Netherlands, Germany, US, France (1998)

Gibraltar:
UK, Morocco, Portugal, Netherlands, Spain, US, Germany

Greece:
EU 49% (Germany 15%, Italy 13%, UK 6%), US 6% (1999)

Greenland:
EU (mainly Denmark) 85%, Japan 8%, US 2% (1999)

Grenada:
Caricom 32.3%, UK 20%, US 13%, Netherlands 8.8% (1991)

Guadeloupe:
France 60%, Martinique 18%, US 4% (1997)

Guam:
US 25%

Guatemala:
US 51.4%, El Salvador 8.7%, Honduras 5%, Costa Rica 3.4%,
Germany 2.7% (1998)

Guernsey:
UK (regarded as internal trade)

Guinea:
US, Benelux, Ukraine, Ireland (1999)

Guinea-Bissau:
India 59%, Singapore 12%, Italy 10% (1998)

Guyana:
US 22%, Canada 22%, UK 18%, Netherlands Antilles 11%,
Jamaica (1999)

Haiti:
US 89%, EU 8% (1999)

Honduras:
US 35.4%, Germany 7.5%, El Salvador 6.4%, Guatemala 5.8%,
Nicaragua 4.8% (1999)

Hong Kong:
China 33%, US 24%, Japan 5%, UK 4%, Germany, Singapore
(1999)

Hungary:
Germany 37%, Austria 9%, Italy 6%, Netherlands 5% (2000)

Iceland:
EU 64% (UK 20%, Germany 13%, France 5%, Denmark 5%), US
15%, Japan 5% (1999)

India:
US 22%, UK 6%, Germany 5%, Japan 5%, Hong Kong 5%, UAE 4%
(1999)

Indonesia:
Japan 21%, US 14%, Singapore 10%, South Korea 7%,
Netherlands 3%, Australia 3%, Hong Kong, China, Taiwan (1999 est.)

Iran:
Japan, Italy, UAE, South Korea, France, China

Iraq:
Russia, France, Switzerland, China (2000)

Ireland:
EU 59% (UK 19%, Germany 9%, France 7%), US 20% (2000)

Israel:
US 36%, UK 6%, Benelux 5%, Hong Kong 4%, Netherlands 4%
(1999)

Italy:
EU 56.8% (Germany 16.4%, France 12.9%, Netherlands 7.1%,
Spain 6.3%, Netherlands 2.9%), US 9.5% (1999)

Jamaica:
US 35.7%, EU (excluding UK) 15.8%, UK 13%, Canada 10.5%
(1999)

Japan:
US 30%, Taiwan 7%, South Korea 6.4%, China 6.2%, Hong Kong
5.6% (2000 est.)

Jersey:
UK

Jordan:
India, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, EU, Indonesia, UAE, Lebanon,
Kuwait, Syria, Ethiopia

Kazakhstan:
EU 23%, Russia 20%, China 8% (1999)

Kenya:
Uganda 18%, UK 15%, Tanzania 12%, Pakistan 8% (1999)

Kiribati:
Bangladesh, Australia, US, Hong Kong (1999)

Korea, North:
Japan 28%, South Korea 21%, China 5%, Germany 4%,
Russia 1% (1995)

Korea, South:
US 20.5%, Japan 11%, China 9.5%, Hong Kong 6.3%,
Taiwan 4.4% (1999)

Kuwait:
Japan 23%, US 12%, Singapore 8%, Netherlands 7% (1999)

Kyrgyzstan:
Germany 33%, Russia 16%, Kazakhstan 10%, Uzbekistan 10%,
China 6% (1999)

Laos:
Vietnam, Thailand, Germany, France, Belgium

Latvia:
Germany 16%, UK 11%, Sweden 11%, Russia 7% (1999)

Lebanon:
UAE 9%, Saudi Arabia 8%, Syria 6%, US 6%, Kuwait 6%, France
5%, Belgium 5%, Jordan 4% (1999)

Lesotho:
South African Customs Union 65%, North America 34% (1998)

Liberia:
Belgium 53%, Switzerland 9%, US 6%, France 4% (1999)

Libya:
Italy 33%, Germany 24%, Spain 10%, France 5%, Turkey 4%,
Tunisia 4% (1999)

Liechtenstein:
EU and EFTA countries 60.57% (Switzerland 15.7%)
(1995)

Lithuania:
Germany 15.8%, Latvia 12.6%, Russia 6.9%, Belarus 5.8%,
Denmark (1999)

Luxembourg:
EU 75% (Germany 25%, France 21%, Belgium 13%, UK 8%,
Italy 6%, Netherlands 5%), US 4% (1999)

Macau:
US 47%, EU 30%, China 9.2%, Hong Kong 6.7% (1999)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
Germany 22%, Yugoslavia
22%, US 12%, Greece 7%, Italy 6% (2000)

Madagascar:
France 41%, US 19%, Germany 13%, UK 8%, Japan 6% (1999)

Malawi:
South Africa 16%, Germany 16%, US 15%, Netherlands 7%, Japan
(1999)

Malaysia:
US 21%, Singapore 18%, Japan 13%, Hong Kong 5%,
Netherlands 4%, Taiwan 4%, Thailand 3% (2000 est.)

Maldives:
US, UK, Sri Lanka, Japan

Mali:
Italy 18%, Thailand 15%, Germany 7%, Portugal 4% (1999)

Malta:
US 21.4%, France 15.2%, Germany 12.6%, UK 9.3%, Italy 4.9%
(1999)

Man, Isle of:
UK

Marshall Islands:
US, Japan, Australia

Martinique:
France 45%, Guadeloupe 28% (1997)

Mauritania:
Japan 18%, France 17%, Italy 16%, Spain 11% (1998)

Mauritius:
UK 32%, France 19%, US 15%, Germany 6%, Italy 4% (1999
est.)

Mayotte:
France 80%, Comoros 15%, Reunion

Mexico:
US 88.6%, Canada 2%, Spain 0.9%, Germany 0.9%, Japan 0.6%,
UK 0.6%, Netherlands Antilles 0.5%, Switzerland 0.3% Venezuela 0.3%,
Chile 0.3% (2000 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of:
Japan, US, Guam

Moldova:
Russia 41%, Romania 9%, Germany 8%, Ukraine 7%, Italy,
Belarus (1999)

Mongolia:
China 60%, US 20%, Russia 9%, Japan 2% (2000 est.)

Montserrat:
US, Antigua and Barbuda (1993)

Morocco:
France 35%, Spain 9%, UK 8%, Germany 7%, US 5% (1999)

Mozambique:
EU 27%, South Africa 26%, Zimbabwe 15%, India 12%, US
5%, Japan 4% (1999 est.)

Namibia:
UK 43%, South Africa 26%, Spain 14%, France 8%, Japan (1998
est.)

Nauru:
Australia, NZ

Nepal:
India 33%, US 26%, Germany 25% (FY97/98)

Netherlands:
EU 78% (Germany 26%, Belgium-Luxembourg 12%, France
12%, UK 11%, Italy 6%), Central and Eastern Europe, US (2000)

Netherlands Antilles:
US 17.5%, Guatemala 8%, Costa Rica 6.5%, The
Bahamas 4.6%, Jamaica 4.1%, Chile 3.4% (1998)

New Caledonia:
Japan 27%, France 17%, Taiwan 12%, South Korea 9%
(1999)

New Zealand:
Australia 22%, US 14%, Japan 13%, UK 7% (1999)

Nicaragua:
US 37.7%, El Salvador 12.5%, Germany 9.8%, Costa Rica
5.1%, Spain 2.5%, France 2.1% (1999)

Niger:
France 45%, Nigeria 27%, UK 11% (1999)

Nigeria:
US 36%, India 9%, Spain 8%, Brazil 6%, France 6%, (1999)

Niue:
NZ 89%, Fiji, Cook Islands, Australia

Norfolk Island:
Australia, other Pacific island countries, NZ, Asia,
Europe

Northern Mariana Islands:
US

Norway:
EU 73% (UK 17%, Germany 11%, Netherlands 10%, Sweden 9%), US
5% (1999)

Oman:
Japan 27%, China 12%, Thailand 18%, UAE 12%, South Korea 12%,
US (1999)

Pakistan:
US 24%, Hong Kong 7%, UK 7%, Germany 6%, UAE 6% (FY99/00)

Palau:
US, Japan

Panama:
US 42%, Germany 11%, Costa Rica 5%, Benelux 4%, Italy 4%
(1999)

Papua New Guinea:
Australia 30%, Japan 12%, Germany 7%, South Korea
4%, Philippines 3%, UK 3% (1999)

Paraguay:
Brazil, Argentina, EU

Peru:
US 29%, EU 25%, Andean Community 6%, Japan 4%, Mercosur 3%
(1999)

Philippines:
US 34%, Japan 14%, Netherlands 8%, Singapore 6%, UK 6%,
Hong Kong 4% (1998)

Pitcairn Islands:
NA

Poland:
Germany 36.1%, Italy 6.5%, Netherlands 5.3%, France 4.8%, UK
4.0%, Czech Republic 3.8% (1999)

Portugal:
EU 83% (Germany 20%, Spain 18%, France 14%, UK 12%,
Netherlands 5%, Benelux 5%, Italy), US 5% (1999)

Puerto Rico:
US 88% (2000)

Qatar:
Japan 52%, Singapore 9%, South Korea 8%, US, UAE (1998)

Reunion:
France 74%, Japan 6%, Comoros 4% (1994)

Romania:
Italy 23%, Germany 18%, France 6%, Turkey 5%, US (1999)

Russia:
US 8.8%, Germany 8.5%, Ukraine 6.5%, Belarus 5.1%, Italy 5%,
Netherlands 4.8% (1999)

Rwanda:
Germany, Belgium, Pakistan, Italy, Kenya

Saint Helena:
South Africa, UK

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
US 68.5%, UK 22.3%, Caricom countries 5.5%
(1995 est.)

Saint Lucia:
UK 50%, US 24%, Caricom countries 16% (1995)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
US 43%, Egypt 14%, Japan 11%, Colombia 8%
(1999)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
Caricom countries 49%, UK 16%, US
10% (1995)

Samoa:
American Samoa 59%, US 18%, Germany 9%, New Zealand 8% (2000
est.)

Sao Tome and Principe:
Netherlands 18%, Germany 9%, Portugal 9%
(1998)

Saudi Arabia:
Japan 18%, US 18%, France 4%, South Korea, Singapore,
India (1999)

Senegal:
France 17%, India 17%, Italy 12%, Spain 6%, Mali 6%, Cote
d'Ivoire 4% (1999)

Seychelles:
France, UK, Netherlands, Italy, China, Germany, Japan

Sierra Leone:
Belgium 38%, US 6%, Italy 4%, UK 4% (1999)

Singapore:
US 19%, Malaysia 17%, Hong Kong 8%, Japan 7%, Taiwan 5%,
Thailand 4%, UK 4%, Netherlands 3.8%, China 3%, South Korea 3%,
Germany 3% (1999)

Slovakia:
EU 59.7% (Germany 27.8%, Austria 8%, Italy 8.9%), Czech
Republic 18.1% (1999)

Slovenia:
Germany 31%, Italy 14%, Croatia 8%, Austria 7%, France 6%
(1999)

Solomon Islands:
Japan 35.5%, other Asian countries 47.3% (1999)

Somalia:
Saudi Arabia 53%, Yemen 19%, UAE 14%, Italy 5%, Pakistan 2%
(1999)

South Africa:
UK, Italy, Japan, US, Germany

Spain:
EU 71% (France 20%, Germany 12%, Italy 9%, Portugal 9%, UK
8%), Latin America 6%, US 5% (2000)

Sri Lanka:
US 39%, UK 13%, Middle East 8%, Germany 5%, Japan 4%
(1999)

Sudan:
Saudi Arabia 16%, Italy 10%, Germany 5%, France 3%, Thailand
3% (1999)

Suriname:
US 23%, Norway 19%, Netherlands 11%, France, Japan, UK
(1999)

Swaziland:
South Africa 65%, EU 12%, Mozambique 11%, US 5% (1998)

Sweden:
EU 55% (Germany 11%, UK 10%, Denmark 6%, Finland 5%, France
5%), US 9%, Norway 8% (1999)

Switzerland:
EU 65.8% (Germany 22.6%, France 9.2%, Italy 8.0%, UK
5.5%, Austria 3.2%), US 12.4%, Japan 4.0% (1999)

Syria:
Germany 21%, Italy 12%, France 10%, Saudi Arabia 9%, Turkey
8% (1999 est.)

Tajikistan:
Liechtenstein 26%, Uzbekistan 20%, Russia 8% (1998)

Tanzania:
India 20%, UK 10%, Germany 8%, Japan 8%, Netherlands 8%,
Belgium 4% (1998)

Thailand:
US 22%, Japan 14%, Singapore 9%, Hong Kong 5%, Netherlands
4%, Malaysia 4%, UK 4% (1999)

Togo:
Nigeria, Brazil, Canada, Philippines (1999)

Tokelau:
NZ

Tonga:
Japan 53%, US 18%, NZ 6%, Australia 6% (1997 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago:
US 39.3%, Caricom countries 26.1%, Latin
America 9.5%, EU 5.7% (1999)

Tunisia:
Germany 28%, France 22%, Italy 17%, Belgium 5%, Libya 4%
(1999)

Turkey:
Germany 18.7%, US 11.4%, UK 7.4%, Italy 6.3%, France 6.0%
(2000 est.)

Turkmenistan:
Ukraine, Iran, Turkey, Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan,
Azerbaijan

Turks and Caicos Islands:
US, UK

Tuvalu:
Fiji, Australia, NZ

Uganda:
Spain, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Hungary, Kenya (1999)

Ukraine:
Russia 24%, Europe 30%, US 5% (2000 est.)

United Arab Emirates:
Japan 30%, India 7%, Singapore 6%, South Korea
4%, Oman, Iran (1999)

United Kingdom:
EU 58% (Germany 12%, France 10%, Netherlands 8%), US
15% (1999)

United States:
Canada 23%, Mexico 14%, Japan 8%, UK 5%, Germany 4%,
France, Netherlands (2000)

Uruguay:
MERCOSUR partners 45%, EU 20%, US 7% (1999 est.)

Uzbekistan:
Russia 13%, Switzerland 10%, UK 10%, Belgium 3%,
Kazakhstan 4%, Tajikistan 4% (1999)

Vanuatu:
Japan 32%, Germany 14%, Spain 8%, New Caledonia 7%,
Australia 2% (1997 est.)

Venezuela:
US and Puerto Rico 57%, Colombia, Brazil, Japan, Germany,
Netherlands, Italy (1999)

Vietnam:
China, Japan, Germany, Australia, US, France, Singapore,
UK, Taiwan

Virgin Islands:
US, Puerto Rico

Wallis and Futuna:
Italy 40%, Croatia 15%, US 14%, Denmark 13%

West Bank:
Israel, Jordan, Gaza Strip

Western Sahara:
Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so
trade partners are included in overall Moroccan accounts

World:
in value, about 75% of exports from the developed countries

Yemen:
Thailand 34%, China 26%, South Korea 14%, Japan 3% (1999)

Yugoslavia:
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Italy, The Former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia, Germany (1998)

Zambia:
Japan, Saudi Arabia, India, Thailand, South Africa, US,
Malaysia (1997)

Zimbabwe:
South Africa 10%, UK 9%, Malawi 8%, Botswana 8%, Japan 7%,
(1999 est.)

Taiwan:
US 23.5%, Hong Kong 21.1%, Europe 16%, ASEAN 12.2%, Japan
11.2% (2000)

@Fiscal year

Afghanistan:
21 March - 20 March

Albania:
calendar year

Algeria:
calendar year

American Samoa:
1 October - 30 September

Andorra:
calendar year

Angola:
calendar year

Anguilla:
1 April - 31 March

Antigua and Barbuda:
1 April - 31 March

Argentina:
calendar year

Armenia:
calendar year

Aruba:
calendar year

Australia:
1 July - 30 June

Austria:
calendar year

Azerbaijan:
calendar year

Bahamas, The:
1 July - 30 June

Bahrain:
calendar year

Bangladesh:
1 July - 30 June

Barbados:
1 April - 31 March

Belarus:
calendar year

Belgium:
calendar year

Belize:
1 April - 31 March

Benin:
calendar year

Bermuda:
1 April - 31 March

Bhutan:
1 July - 30 June

Bolivia:
calendar year

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
calendar year

Botswana:
1 April - 31 March

Brazil:
calendar year

British Virgin Islands:
1 April - 31 March

Brunei:
calendar year

Bulgaria:
calendar year

Burkina Faso:
calendar year

Burma:
1 April - 31 March

Burundi:
calendar year

Cambodia:
calendar year

Cameroon:
1 July - 30 June

Canada:
1 April - 31 March

Cape Verde:
calendar year

Cayman Islands:
1 April - 31 March

Central African Republic:
calendar year

Chad:
calendar year

Chile:
calendar year

China:
calendar year

Christmas Island:
1 July - 30 June

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
1 July - 30 June

Colombia:
calendar year

Comoros:
calendar year

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
calendar year

Congo, Republic of the:
calendar year

Cook Islands:
1 April - 31 March

Costa Rica:
calendar year

Cote d'Ivoire:
calendar year

Croatia:
calendar year

Cuba:
calendar year

Cyprus:
calendar year

Czech Republic:
calendar year

Denmark:
calendar year

Djibouti:
calendar year

Dominica:
1 July - 30 June

Dominican Republic:
calendar year

Ecuador:
calendar year

Egypt:
1 July - 30 June

El Salvador:
calendar year

Equatorial Guinea:
1 April - 31 March

Eritrea:
calendar year

Estonia:
calendar year

Ethiopia:
8 July - 7 July

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
1 April - 31 March

Faroe Islands:
calendar year

Fiji:
calendar year

Finland:
calendar year

France:
calendar year

French Guiana:
calendar year

French Polynesia:
calendar year

Gabon:
calendar year

Gambia, The:
calendar year

Gaza Strip:
calendar year

Georgia:
calendar year

Germany:
calendar year

Ghana:
calendar year

Gibraltar:
1 July - 30 June

Greece:
calendar year

Greenland:
calendar year

Grenada:
calendar year

Guadeloupe:
calendar year

Guam:
1 October - 30 September

Guatemala:
calendar year

Guernsey:
calendar year

Guinea:
calendar year

Guinea-Bissau:
calendar year

Guyana:
calendar year

Haiti:
1 October - 30 September

Holy See (Vatican City):
calendar year

Honduras:
calendar year

Hong Kong:
1 April - 31 March

Hungary:
calendar year

Iceland:
calendar year

India:
1 April - 31 March

Indonesia:
calendar year; note - previously was 1 April - 31 March,
but starting with 2001, has been changed to calendar year

Iran:
21 March - 20 March

Iraq:
calendar year

Ireland:
calendar year

Israel:
calendar year

Italy:
calendar year

Jamaica:
1 April - 31 March

Japan:
1 April - 31 March

Jersey:
1 April - 31 March

Jordan:
calendar year

Kazakhstan:
calendar year

Kenya:
1 July - 30 June

Kiribati:
NA

Korea, North:
calendar year

Korea, South:
calendar year

Kuwait:
1 April - 31 March

Kyrgyzstan:
calendar year

Laos:
1 October - 30 September

Latvia:
calendar year

Lebanon:
calendar year

Lesotho:
1 April - 31 March

Liberia:
calendar year

Libya:
calendar year

Liechtenstein:
calendar year

Lithuania:
calendar year

Luxembourg:
calendar year

Macau:
calendar year

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
calendar year

Madagascar:
calendar year

Malawi:
1 July - 30 June

Malaysia:
calendar year

Maldives:
calendar year

Mali:
calendar year

Malta:
1 April - 31 March

Man, Isle of:
1 April - 31 March

Marshall Islands:
1 October - 30 September

Martinique:
calendar year

Mauritania:
calendar year

Mauritius:
1 July - 30 June

Mayotte:
calendar year

Mexico:
calendar year

Micronesia, Federated States of:
1 October - 30 September

Moldova:
calendar year

Monaco:
calendar year

Mongolia:
calendar year

Montserrat:
1 April - 31 March

Morocco:
calendar year

Mozambique:
calendar year

Namibia:
1 April - 31 March

Nauru:
1 July - 30 June

Nepal:
16 July - 15 July

Netherlands:
calendar year

Netherlands Antilles:
calendar year

New Caledonia:
calendar year

New Zealand:
1 July - 30 June

Nicaragua:
calendar year

Niger:
calendar year

Nigeria:
calendar year

Niue:
1 April - 31 March

Norfolk Island:
1 July - 30 June

Northern Mariana Islands:
1 October - 30 September

Norway:
calendar year

Oman:
calendar year

Pakistan:
1 July - 30 June

Palau:
1 October - 30 September

Panama:
calendar year

Papua New Guinea:
calendar year

Paraguay:
calendar year

Peru:
calendar year

Philippines:
calendar year

Pitcairn Islands:
1 April - 31 March

Poland:
calendar year

Portugal:
calendar year

Puerto Rico:
1 July - 30 June

Qatar:
1 April - 31 March

Reunion:
calendar year

Romania:
calendar year

Russia:
calendar year

Rwanda:
calendar year

Saint Helena:
1 April - 31 March

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
calendar year

Saint Lucia:
1 April - 31 March

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
calendar year

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
calendar year

Samoa:
calendar year

San Marino:
calendar year

Sao Tome and Principe:
calendar year

Saudi Arabia:
calendar year

Senegal:
calendar year

Seychelles:
calendar year

Sierra Leone:
calendar year

Singapore:
1 April - 31 March

Slovakia:
calendar year

Slovenia:
calendar year

Solomon Islands:
calendar year

Somalia:
NA

South Africa:
1 April - 31 March

Spain:
calendar year

Sri Lanka:
calendar year

Sudan:
calendar year

Suriname:
calendar year

Swaziland:
1 April - 31 March

Sweden:
calendar year

Switzerland:
calendar year

Syria:
calendar year

Tajikistan:
calendar year

Tanzania:
1 July - 30 June

Thailand:
1 October - 30 September

Togo:
calendar year

Tokelau:
1 April - 31 March

Tonga:
1 July - 30 June

Trinidad and Tobago:
1 October - 30 September

Tunisia:
calendar year

Turkey:
calendar year

Turkmenistan:
calendar year

Turks and Caicos Islands:
calendar year

Tuvalu:
calendar year

Uganda:
1 July - 30 June

Ukraine:
calendar year

United Arab Emirates:
calendar year

United Kingdom:
1 April - 31 March

United States:
1 October - 30 September

Uruguay:
calendar year

Uzbekistan:
calendar year

Vanuatu:
calendar year

Venezuela:
calendar year

Vietnam:
calendar year

Virgin Islands:
1 October - 30 September

Wallis and Futuna:
calendar year

West Bank:
calendar year (since 1 January 1992)

Western Sahara:
calendar year

Yemen:
calendar year

Yugoslavia:
calendar year

Zambia:
calendar year

Zimbabwe:
1 July - 30 June

Taiwan:
1 July - 30 June (up to FY98/99); 1 July 1999 - 31 December
2000 for FY00; calendar year (after FY00)

@Flag description

Afghanistan:
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and
black with a gold emblem centered on the three bands; the emblem
features a temple-like structure with Islamic inscriptions above and
below, encircled by a wreath on the left and right and by a bolder
Islamic inscription above, all of which are encircled by two crossed
scimitars

note: the Taliban uses a plain white flag

Albania:
red with a black two-headed eagle in the center

Algeria:
two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white; a
red, five-pointed star within a red crescent centered over the
two-color boundary; the crescent, star, and color green are
traditional symbols of Islam (the state religion)

American Samoa:
blue, with a white triangle edged in red that is
based on the outer side and extends to the hoist side; a brown and
white American bald eagle flying toward the hoist side is carrying
two traditional Samoan symbols of authority, a staff and a war club

Andorra:
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow,
and red with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band;
the coat of arms features a quartered shield; similar to the flags
of Chad and Romania, which do not have a national coat of arms in
the center, and the flag of Moldova, which does bear a national
emblem

Angola:
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a
centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half
a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle)

Anguilla:
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Anguillan coat of arms centered in the outer half
of the flag; the coat of arms depicts three orange dolphins in an
interlocking circular design on a white background with blue wavy
water below

Antigua and Barbuda:
red, with an inverted isosceles triangle based
on the top edge of the flag; the triangle contains three horizontal
bands of black (top), light blue, and white, with a yellow rising
sun in the black band

Argentina:
three equal horizontal bands of light blue (top), white,
and light blue; centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun
with a human face known as the Sun of May

Armenia:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and orange

Aruba:
blue, with two narrow, horizontal, yellow stripes across the
lower portion and a red, four-pointed star outlined in white in the
upper hoist-side corner

Ashmore and Cartier Islands:
the flag of Australia is used

Australia:
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and a large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side
quadrant; the remaining half is a representation of the Southern
Cross constellation in white with one small five-pointed star and
four, larger, seven-pointed stars

Austria:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red

Azerbaijan:
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), red, and
green; a crescent and eight-pointed star in white are centered in
red band

Bahamas, The:
three equal horizontal bands of aquamarine (top),
gold, and aquamarine, with a black equilateral triangle based on the
hoist side

Bahrain:
red with a white serrated band (eight white points) on the
hoist side

Baker Island:
the flag of the US is used

Bangladesh:
green with a large red disk slightly to the hoist side
of center; the red sun of freedom represents the blood shed to
achieve independence; the green field symbolizes the lush
countryside, and secondarily, the traditional color of Islam

Barbados:
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold, and
blue with the head of a black trident centered on the gold band; the
trident head represents independence and a break with the past (the
colonial coat of arms contained a complete trident)

Bassas da India:
the flag of France is used

Belarus:
red horizontal band (top) and green horizontal band
one-half the width of the red band; a white vertical stripe on the
hoist side bears the Belarusian national ornament in red

Belgium:
three equal vertical bands of black (hoist side), yellow,
and red; the design was based on the flag of France

Belize:
blue with a narrow red stripe along the top and the bottom
edges; centered is a large white disk bearing the coat of arms; the
coat of arms features a shield flanked by two workers in front of a
mahogany tree with the related motto SUB UMBRA FLOREO (I Flourish in
the Shade) on a scroll at the bottom, all encircled by a green
garland

Benin:
two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and red with a
vertical green band on the hoist side

Bermuda:
red, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Bermudian coat of arms (white and green shield with
a red lion holding a scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship
Sea Venture off Bermuda in 1609) centered on the outer half of the
flag

Bhutan:
divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the
upper triangle is yellow and the lower triangle is orange; centered
along the dividing line is a large black and white dragon facing
away from the hoist side

Bolivia:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and
green with the coat of arms centered on the yellow band; similar to
the flag of Ghana, which has a large black five-pointed star
centered in the yellow band

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
a wide medium blue vertical band on the fly
side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top
of the flag; the remainder of the flag is medium blue with seven
full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom
along the hypotenuse of the triangle

Botswana:
light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in
the center

Bouvet Island:
the flag of Norway is used

Brazil:
green with a large yellow diamond in the center bearing a
blue celestial globe with 27 white five-pointed stars (one for each
state and the Federal District) arranged in the same pattern as the
night sky over Brazil; the globe has a white equatorial band with
the motto ORDEM E PROGRESSO (Order and Progress)

British Indian Ocean Territory: white with six blue wavy horizontal stripes; the flag of the UK is in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the striped section bears a palm tree and yellow crown centered on the outer half of the flag

British Virgin Islands:
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper
hoist-side quadrant and the Virgin Islander coat of arms centered in
the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms depicts a woman flanked
on either side by a vertical column of six oil lamps above a scroll
bearing the Latin word VIGILATE (Be Watchful)

Brunei:
yellow with two diagonal bands of white (top, almost double
width) and black starting from the upper hoist side; the national
emblem in red is superimposed at the center; the emblem includes a
swallow-tailed flag on top of a winged column within an upturned
crescent above a scroll and flanked by two upraised hands

Bulgaria:
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and
red; the national emblem formerly on the hoist side of the white
stripe has been removed - it contained a rampant lion within a
wreath of wheat ears below a red five-pointed star and above a
ribbon bearing the dates 681 (first Bulgarian state established) and
1944 (liberation from Nazi control)

Burkina Faso:
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with
a yellow five-pointed star in the center; uses the popular
pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Burma:
red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner
bearing, all in white, 14 five-pointed stars encircling a cogwheel
containing a stalk of rice; the 14 stars represent the 14
administrative divisions

Burundi:
divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and
bottom) and green panels (hoist side and outer side) with a white
disk superimposed at the center bearing three red six-pointed stars
outlined in green arranged in a triangular design (one star above,
two stars below)

Cambodia:
three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width),
and blue with a white three-towered temple representing Angkor Wat
outlined in black in the center of the red band

Cameroon:
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and
yellow with a yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band;
uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Canada:
three vertical bands of red (hoist side), white (double
width, square), and red with a red maple leaf centered in the white
band

Cape Verde:
three horizontal bands of light blue (top, double
width), white (with a horizontal red stripe in the middle third),
and light blue; a circle of 10 yellow five-pointed stars is centered
on the hoist end of the red stripe and extends into the upper and
lower blue bands

Cayman Islands:
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper
hoist-side quadrant and the Caymanian coat of arms on a white disk
centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms includes a
pineapple and turtle above a shield with three stars (representing
the three islands) and a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto HE
HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE SEAS

Central African Republic:
four equal horizontal bands of blue (top),
white, green, and yellow with a vertical red band in center; there
is a yellow five-pointed star on the hoist side of the blue band

Chad:
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and
red; similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flags of
Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms
centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France

Chile:
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a
blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end
of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the
center; design was based on the US flag

China:
red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller
yellow five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the
middle of the flag) in the upper hoist-side corner

Christmas Island:
the flag of Australia is used

Clipperton Island:
the flag of France is used

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
the flag of Australia is used

Colombia:
three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double-width),
blue, and red; similar to the flag of Ecuador, which is longer and
bears the Ecuadorian coat of arms superimposed in the center

Comoros:
green with a white crescent in the center of the field, its
points facing downward; there are four white five-pointed stars
placed in a line between the points of the crescent; the crescent,
stars, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam; the four
stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago - Mwali,
Njazidja, Nzwani, and Mayotte (a territorial collectivity of France,
but claimed by Comoros); the design, the most recent of several, is
described in the constitution approved by referendum on 7 June 1992

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
light blue with a large yellow
five-pointed star in the center and a columnar arrangement of six
small yellow five-pointed stars along the hoist side

Congo, Republic of the:
divided diagonally from the lower hoist side
by a yellow band; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the
lower triangle is red; uses the popular pan-African colors of
Ethiopia

Cook Islands:
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and a large circle of 15 white five-pointed stars (one for
every island) centered in the outer half of the flag

Coral Sea Islands:
the flag of Australia is used

Costa Rica:
five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double
width), white, and blue, with the coat of arms in a white disk on
the hoist side of the red band

Cote d'Ivoire:
three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side),
white, and green; similar to the flag of Ireland, which is longer
and has the colors reversed - green (hoist side), white, and orange;
also similar to the flag of Italy, which is green (hoist side),
white, and red; design was based on the flag of France

Croatia:
red, white, and blue horizontal bands with Croatian coat of
arms (red and white checkered)

Cuba:
five equal horizontal bands of blue (top and bottom)
alternating with white; a red equilateral triangle based on the
hoist side bears a white, five-pointed star in the center; design
influenced by the US flag

Cyprus:
white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the
name Cyprus is derived from the Greek word for copper) above two
green crossed olive branches in the center of the flag; the branches
symbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek
and Turkish communities

note: the Turkish Cypriot flag has a horizontal red stripe at the
top and bottom between which is a red crescent and red star on a
white field

Czech Republic:
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red
with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side (identical to
the flag of the former Czechoslovakia)

Denmark:
red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the
flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side,
and that design element of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) was
subsequently adopted by the other Nordic countries of Finland,
Iceland, Norway, and Sweden

Djibouti:
two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light
green with a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side
bearing a red five-pointed star in the center

Dominica:
green, with a centered cross of three equal bands - the
vertical part is yellow (hoist side), black, and white and the
horizontal part is yellow (top), black, and white; superimposed in
the center of the cross is a red disk bearing a sisserou parrot
encircled by 10 green, five-pointed stars edged in yellow; the 10
stars represent the 10 administrative divisions (parishes)

Dominican Republic:
a centered white cross that extends to the edges
divides the flag into four rectangles - the top ones are blue (hoist
side) and red, and the bottom ones are red (hoist side) and blue; a
small coat of arms is at the center of the cross

Ecuador:
three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue,
and red with the coat of arms superimposed at the center of the
flag; similar to the flag of Colombia which is shorter and does not
bear a coat of arms

Egypt:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black
with the national emblem (a shield superimposed on a golden eagle
facing the hoist side above a scroll bearing the name of the country
in Arabic) centered in the white band; similar to the flag of Yemen,
which has a plain white band; also similar to the flag of Syria,
which has two green stars, and to the flag of Iraq, which has three
green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line
centered in the white band

El Salvador:
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and
blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the
coat of arms features a round emblem encircled by the words
REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL; similar to the flag
of Nicaragua, which has a different coat of arms centered in the
white band - it features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA
DE NICARAGUA on top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; also similar
to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X
pattern centered in the white band

Equatorial Guinea:
three equal horizontal bands of green (top),
white, and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist
side and the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of
arms has six yellow six-pointed stars (representing the mainland and
five offshore islands) above a gray shield bearing a silk-cotton
tree and below which is a scroll with the motto UNIDAD, PAZ,
JUSTICIA (Unity, Peace, Justice)

Eritrea:
red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) dividing
the flag into two right triangles; the upper triangle is green, the
lower one is blue; a gold wreath encircling a gold olive branch is
centered on the hoist side of the red triangle

Estonia:
pre-1940 flag restored by Supreme Soviet in May 1990 -
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), black, and white

Ethiopia:
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and
red with a yellow pentagram and single yellow rays emanating from
the angles between the points on a light blue disk centered on the
three bands; Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa,
and the colors of her flag were so often adopted by other African
countries upon independence that they became known as the
pan-African colors

Europa Island:
the flag of France is used

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Falkland Island coat of arms in a white disk centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms contains a white ram (sheep raising is the major economic activity) above the sailing ship Desire (whose crew discovered the islands) with a scroll at the bottom bearing the motto DESIRE THE RIGHT

Faroe Islands:
white with a red cross outlined in blue that extends
to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted
to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

Fiji:
light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the
flag; the shield depicts a yellow lion above a white field quartered
by the cross of Saint George featuring stalks of sugarcane, a palm
tree, bananas, and a white dove

Finland:
white with a blue cross that extends to the edges of the
flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in
the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

France:
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and
red; known as the French Tricouleur (Tricolor); the design and/or
colors are similar to a number of other flags, including those of
Belgium, Chad, Ireland, Cote d'Ivoire, Luxembourg, and Netherlands;
the official flag for all French dependent areas

French Guiana:
the flag of France is used

French Polynesia:
two narrow red horizontal bands encase a wide
white band; centered on the white band is a disk with blue and white
wave pattern on the lower half and gold and white ray pattern on the
upper half; a stylized red, blue and white ship rides on the wave
pattern; the French flag is used for official occasions

French Southern and Antarctic Lands:
the flag of France is used

Gabon:
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and blue

Gambia, The:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue with
white edges, and green

Georgia:
maroon field with small rectangle in upper hoist side
corner; rectangle divided horizontally with black on top, white below

Germany:
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and gold

Ghana:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green
with a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band;
uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag
of Bolivia, which has a coat of arms centered in the yellow band

Gibraltar:
two horizontal bands of white (top, double width) and red
with a three-towered red castle in the center of the white band;
hanging from the castle gate is a gold key centered in the red band

Glorioso Islands:
the flag of France is used

Greece:
nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with
white; there is a blue square in the upper hoist-side corner bearing
a white cross; the cross symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established
religion of the country

Greenland:
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a
large disk slightly to the hoist side of center - the top half of
the disk is red, the bottom half is white

Grenada:
a rectangle divided diagonally into yellow triangles (top
and bottom) and green triangles (hoist side and outer side), with a
red border around the flag; there are seven yellow, five-pointed
stars with three centered in the top red border, three centered in
the bottom red border, and one on a red disk superimposed at the
center of the flag; there is also a symbolic nutmeg pod on the
hoist-side triangle (Grenada is the world's second-largest producer
of nutmeg, after Indonesia); the seven stars represent the seven
administrative divisions

Guadeloupe:
three horizontal bands, a narrow green band (top), a
wide red band, and a narrow green band; the green bands are
separated from the red band by two narrow white stripes; a gold
five-pointed star is centered in the red band toward the hoist side;
the flag of France is used for official occasions

Guam:
territorial flag is dark blue with a narrow red border on all
four sides; centered is a red-bordered, pointed, vertical ellipse
containing a beach scene, outrigger canoe with sail, and a palm tree
with the word GUAM superimposed in bold red letters; US flag is the
national flag

Guatemala:
three equal vertical bands of light blue (hoist side),
white, and light blue with the coat of arms centered in the white
band; the coat of arms includes a green and red quetzal (the
national bird) and a scroll bearing the inscription LIBERTAD 15 DE
SEPTIEMBRE DE 1821 (the original date of independence from Spain)
all superimposed on a pair of crossed rifles and a pair of crossed
swords and framed by a wreath

Guernsey:
white with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of
England) extending to the edges of the flag and a yellow equal-armed
cross of William the Conqueror superimposed on the Saint George cross

Guinea:
three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and
green; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to
the flag of Rwanda, which has a large black letter R centered in the
yellow band

Guinea-Bissau:
two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green
with a vertical red band on the hoist side; there is a black
five-pointed star centered in the red band; uses the popular
pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Guyana:
green, with a red isosceles triangle (based on the hoist
side) superimposed on a long, yellow arrowhead; there is a narrow,
black border between the red and yellow, and a narrow, white border
between the yellow and the green

Haiti:
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a
centered white rectangle bearing the coat of arms, which contains a
palm tree flanked by flags and two cannons above a scroll bearing
the motto L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE (Union Makes Strength)

Heard Island and McDonald Islands:
the flag of Australia is used

Holy See (Vatican City):
two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side)
and white with the crossed keys of Saint Peter and the papal miter
centered in the white band

Honduras:
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and
blue with five blue five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern
centered in the white band; the stars represent the members of the
former Federal Republic of Central America - Costa Rica, El
Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua; similar to the flag of
El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words
REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white
band; also similar to the flag of Nicaragua, which features a
triangle encircled by the word REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on top and
AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom, centered in the white band

Hong Kong:
red with a stylized, white, five-petal bauhinia flower in
the center

Howland Island:
the flag of the US is used

Hungary:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green

Iceland:
blue with a red cross outlined in white that extends to the
edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the
hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

India:
three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and
green with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white
band; similar to the flag of Niger, which has a small orange disk
centered in the white band

Indonesia:
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white;
similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the
flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

Iran:
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red;
the national emblem (a stylized representation of the word Allah) in
red is centered in the white band; ALLAH AKBAR (God is Great) in
white Arabic script is repeated 11 times along the bottom edge of
the green band and 11 times along the top edge of the red band

Iraq:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black
with three green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in
the white band; the phrase ALLAHU AKBAR (God is Great) in green
Arabic script - Allahu to the right of the middle star and Akbar to
the left of the middle star - was added in January 1991 during the
Persian Gulf crisis; similar to the flag of Syria which has two
stars but no script and the flag of Yemen which has a plain white
band; also similar to the flag of Egypt which has a symbolic eagle
centered in the white band

Ireland:
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white,
and orange; similar to the flag of Cote d'Ivoire, which is shorter
and has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side), white, and green;
also similar to the flag of Italy, which is shorter and has colors
of green (hoist side), white, and red

Israel:
white with a blue hexagram (six-pointed linear star) known
as the Magen David (Shield of David) centered between two equal
horizontal blue bands near the top and bottom edges of the flag

Italy:
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and
red; similar to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and is green
(hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of the
Cote d'Ivoire, which has the colors reversed - orange (hoist side),
white, and green

note: inspired by the French flag brought to Italy by Napoleon in
1797

Jamaica:
diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles
- green (top and bottom) and black (hoist side and outer side)

Jan Mayen:
the flag of Norway is used

Japan:
white with a large red disk (representing the sun without
rays) in the center

Jarvis Island:
the flag of the US is used

Jersey:
white with a diagonal red cross extending to the corners of
the flag and in the upper quadrant, surmounted by a yellow crown, a
red shield holding the three lions of England in yellow

Johnston Atoll:
the flag of the US is used

Jordan:
three equal horizontal bands of black (top, the Abbassid
Caliphate of Islam), white (the Ummayyad Caliphate of Islam), and
green (the Fatimid Caliphate of Islam) with a red isosceles triangle
(representing the Great Arab Revolt of 1916) based on the hoist side
bearing a small white seven-pointed star symbolizing the seven
verses of the opening Sura (Al-Fatiha) of the Holy Koran; the seven
points on the star represent faith in One God, humanity, national
spirit, humility, social justice, virtue, and aspirations

Juan de Nova Island:
the flag of France is used

Kazakhstan:
sky blue background representing the endless sky and a
gold sun with 32 rays soaring above a golden steppe eagle in the
center; on the hoist side is a "national ornamentation" in gold

Kenya:
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green;
the red band is edged in white; a large warrior's shield covering
crossed spears is superimposed at the center

Kingman Reef:
the flag of the US is used

Kiribati:
the upper half is red with a yellow frigate bird flying
over a yellow rising sun, and the lower half is blue with three
horizontal wavy white stripes to represent the ocean

Korea, North:
three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple
width), and blue; the red band is edged in white; on the hoist side
of the red band is a white disk with a red five-pointed star

Korea, South:
white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the
center; there is a different black trigram from the ancient I Ching
(Book of Changes) in each corner of the white field

Kuwait:
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red
with a black trapezoid based on the hoist side

Kyrgyzstan:
red field with a yellow sun in the center having 40 rays
representing the 40 Kirghiz tribes; on the obverse side the rays run
counterclockwise, on the reverse, clockwise; in the center of the
sun is a red ring crossed by two sets of three lines, a stylized
representation of the roof of the traditional Kirghiz yurt

Laos:
three horizontal bands of red (top), blue (double width), and
red with a large white disk centered in the blue band

Latvia:
three horizontal bands of maroon (top), white (half-width),
and maroon

Lebanon:
three horizontal bands of red (top), white (double width),
and red with a green and brown cedar tree centered in the white band

Lesotho:
divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the
upper half is white, bearing the brown silhouette of a large shield
with crossed spear and club; the lower half is a diagonal blue band
with a green triangle in the corner

Liberia:
11 equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom)
alternating with white; there is a white five-pointed star on a blue
square in the upper hoist-side corner; the design was based on the
US flag

Libya:
plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the
state religion)

Liechtenstein:
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with
a gold crown on the hoist side of the blue band

Lithuania:
three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), green, and
red

Luxembourg:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and
light blue; similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which uses a
darker blue and is shorter; design was based on the flag of France

Macau:
light green with a lotus flower above a stylized bridge and
water in white, beneath an arc of five gold, five-pointed stars: one
large in center of arc and four smaller

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
a rising yellow sun with
eight rays extending to the edges of the red field

Madagascar:
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a
vertical white band of the same width on hoist side

Malawi:
three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green
with a radiant, rising, red sun centered in the black band

Malaysia:
14 equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with
white (bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side
corner bearing a yellow crescent and a yellow fourteen-pointed star;
the crescent and the star are traditional symbols of Islam; the
design was based on the flag of the US

Maldives:
red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a
vertical white crescent; the closed side of the crescent is on the
hoist side of the flag

Mali:
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and
red; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

Malta:
two equal vertical bands of white (hoist side) and red; in
the upper hoist-side corner is a representation of the Saint George
Cross, edged in red

Man, Isle of:
red with the Three Legs of Man emblem (Trinacria), in
the center; the three legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the
knee; in order to have the toes pointing clockwise on both sides of
the flag, a two-sided emblem is used

Marshall Islands:
blue with two stripes radiating from the lower
hoist-side corner - orange (top) and white; there is a white star
with four large rays and 20 small rays on the hoist side above the
two stripes

Martinique:
a light blue background is divided into four quadrants
by a white cross; in the center of each rectangle is a white snake;
the flag of France is used for official occasions

Mauritania:
green with a yellow five-pointed star above a yellow,
horizontal crescent; the closed side of the crescent is down; the
crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam

Mauritius:
four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow,
and green

Mayotte:
the flag of France is used

Mexico:
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and
red; the coat of arms (an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in
its beak) is centered in the white band

Micronesia, Federated States of:
light blue with four white
five-pointed stars centered; the stars are arranged in a diamond
pattern

Midway Islands:
the flag of the US is used

Moldova:
same color scheme as Romania - three equal vertical bands
of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is
of a Roman eagle of gold outlined in black with a red beak and
talons carrying a yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch
in its right talons and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its
breast is a shield divided horizontally red over blue with a
stylized ox head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined
yellow

Monaco:
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar
to the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland
which is white (top) and red

Mongolia:
three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and
red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national
emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric
representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang
symbol)

Montserrat:
blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant and the Montserratian coat of arms centered in the outer
half of the flag; the coat of arms features a woman standing beside
a yellow harp with her arm around a black cross

Morocco:
red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known
as Solomon's seal in the center of the flag; green is the
traditional color of Islam

Mozambique:
three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and
yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the
black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow
five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black
superimposed on an open white book

Namibia:
a large blue triangle with a yellow sunburst fills the
upper left section and an equal green triangle (solid) fills the
lower right section; the triangles are separated by a red stripe
that is contrasted by two narrow white-edge borders

Nauru:
blue with a narrow, horizontal, yellow stripe across the
center and a large white 12-pointed star below the stripe on the
hoist side; the star indicates the country's location in relation to
the Equator (the yellow stripe) and the 12 points symbolize the 12
original tribes of Nauru

Navassa Island:
the flag of the US is used

Nepal:
red with a blue border around the unique shape of two
overlapping right triangles; the smaller, upper triangle bears a
white stylized moon and the larger, lower triangle bears a white
12-pointed sun

Netherlands:
three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and
blue; similar to the flag of Luxembourg, which uses a lighter blue
and is longer

Netherlands Antilles:
white, with a horizontal blue stripe in the
center superimposed on a vertical red band, also centered; five
white, five-pointed stars are arranged in an oval pattern in the
center of the blue band; the five stars represent the five main
islands of Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten

New Caledonia:
the flag of France is used

New Zealand:
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant with four red five-pointed stars edged in white centered in
the outer half of the flag; the stars represent the Southern Cross
constellation

Nicaragua:
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and
blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the
coat of arms features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE
NICARAGUA on the top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; similar to
the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by
the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in
the white band; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five
blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band

Niger:
three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and
green with a small orange disk (representing the sun) centered in
the white band; similar to the flag of India, which has a blue
spoked wheel centered in the white band

Nigeria:
three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white,
and green

Niue:
yellow with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side
quadrant; the flag of the UK bears five yellow five-pointed stars -
a large one on a blue disk in the center and a smaller one on each
arm of the bold red cross

Norfolk Island:
three vertical bands of green (hoist side), white,
and green with a large green Norfolk Island pine tree centered in
the slightly wider white band

Northern Mariana Islands: blue, with a white, five-pointed star superimposed on the gray silhouette of a latte stone (a traditional foundation stone used in building) in the center, surrounded by a wreath

Norway:
red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the
edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the
hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

Oman:
three horizontal bands of white, red, and green of equal width
with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the national
emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two crossed
swords in scabbards) in white is centered at the top of the vertical
band

Pakistan:
green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of
religious minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and
star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color
green are traditional symbols of Islam

Palau:
light blue with a large yellow disk (representing the moon)
shifted slightly to the hoist side

Palmyra Atoll:
the flag of the US is used

Panama:
divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are
white (hoist side) with a blue five-pointed star in the center and
plain red; the bottom quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and
white with a red five-pointed star in the center

Papua New Guinea:
divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner;
the upper triangle is red with a soaring yellow bird of paradise
centered; the lower triangle is black with five, white, five-pointed
stars of the Southern Cross constellation centered

Paraguay:
three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and
blue with an emblem centered in the white band; unusual flag in that
the emblem is different on each side; the obverse (hoist side at the
left) bears the national coat of arms (a yellow five-pointed star
within a green wreath capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY,
all within two circles); the reverse (hoist side at the right) bears
the seal of the treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of Liberty
and the words Paz y Justicia (Peace and Justice) capped by the words
REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two circles)

Peru:
three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and
red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of
arms features a shield bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of
quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all
framed by a green wreath

Philippines:
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a
white equilateral triangle based on the hoist side; in the center of
the triangle is a yellow sun with eight primary rays (each
containing three individual rays) and in each corner of the triangle
is a small yellow five-pointed star

Pitcairn Islands:
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper
hoist-side quadrant and the Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered
on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms is yellow, green,
and light blue with a shield featuring a yellow anchor

Poland:
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; similar
to the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white

Portugal:
two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and
red (three-fifths) with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the
dividing line

Puerto Rico:
five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom)
alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist
side bears a large, white, five-pointed star in the center; design
influenced by the US flag, but based on the Cuban flag

Qatar:
maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points)
on the hoist side

Reunion:
the flag of France is used