FAX: (202) 483-9326 (part 2)

Ukraine:
After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and away the
most important economic component of the former Soviet Union,
producing about four times the output of the next-ranking republic.
Its fertile black soil generated more than one-fourth of Soviet
agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities
of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. Likewise,
its diversified heavy industry supplied the unique equipment (for
example, large diameter pipes) and raw materials to industrial and
mining sites (vertical drilling apparatus) in other regions of the
former USSR. Ukraine depends on imports of energy, especially
natural gas, to meet some 85% of its annual energy requirements.
Shortly after independence in late 1991, the Ukrainian Government
liberalized most prices and erected a legal framework for
privatization, but widespread resistance to reform within the
government and the legislature soon stalled reform efforts and led
to some backtracking. Output in 1992-99 fell to less than 40% the
1991 level. Loose monetary policies pushed inflation to
hyperinflationary levels in late 1993. Ukraine's dependence on
Russia for energy supplies and the lack of significant structural
reform have made the Ukrainian economy vulnerable to external
shocks. Now in his second term, President KUCHMA has pledged to
reduce the number of government agencies and streamline the
regulation process, create a legal environment to encourage
entrepreneurs and protect ownership rights, and enact a
comprehensive tax overhaul. Reforms in the more politically
sensitive areas of structural reform and land privatization are
still lagging. Outside institutions - particularly the IMF - have
encouraged Ukraine to quicken the pace and scope of reforms and have
threatened to withdraw financial support. GDP in 2000 showed strong
export-based growth of 6% - the first growth since independence -
and industrial production grew 12.9%. As the capacity for further
export-based economic expansion diminishes, GDP growth in 2001 is
likely to decline to around 3%.

United Arab Emirates:
The UAE has an open economy with a high per
capita income and a sizable annual trade surplus. Its wealth is
based on oil and gas output (about 33% of GDP), and the fortunes of
the economy fluctuate with the prices of those commodities. Since
1973, the UAE has undergone a profound transformation from an
impoverished region of small desert principalities to a modern state
with a high standard of living. At present levels of production, oil
and gas reserves should last for more than 100 years. Despite higher
oil revenues in 1999-2000, the government has not drawn back from
the economic reforms implemented during the 1998 oil price
depression. The government has increased spending on job creation
and infrastructure expansion and is opening up its utilities to
greater private-sector involvement.

United Kingdom:
The UK, a leading trading power and financial
center, deploys an essentially capitalistic economy, one of the
quartet of trillion dollar economies of Western Europe. Over the
past two decades the government has greatly reduced public ownership
and contained the growth of social welfare programs. Agriculture is
intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European standards,
producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labor force.
The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves; primary energy
production accounts for 10% of GDP, one of the highest shares of any
industrial nation. Services, particularly banking, insurance, and
business services, account by far for the largest proportion of GDP
while industry continues to decline in importance. The economy has
grown steadily, at just above or below 3%, for the last several
years. The BLAIR government has put off the question of
participation in the euro system until after the next election, in
June of 2001; Chancellor of the Exchequer BROWN has identified some
key economic tests to determine whether the UK should join the
common currency system, but it will largely be a political decision.
A serious short-term problem is foot-and-mouth disease, which by
early 2001 had broken out in nearly 600 farms and slaughterhouses
and had resulted in the killing of 400,000 animals.

United States:
The US has the largest and most technologically
powerful economy in the world, with a per capita GDP of $36,200. In
this market-oriented economy, private individuals and business firms
make most of the decisions, and government buys needed goods and
services predominantly in the private marketplace. US business firms
enjoy considerably greater flexibility than their counterparts in
Western Europe and Japan in decisions to expand capital plant, lay
off surplus workers, and develop new products. At the same time,
they face higher barriers to entry in their rivals' home markets
than the barriers to entry of foreign firms in US markets. US firms
are at or near the forefront in technological advances, especially
in computers and in medical, aerospace, and military equipment,
although their advantage has narrowed since the end of World War II.
The onrush of technology largely explains the gradual development of
a "two-tier labor market" in which those at the bottom lack the
education and the professional/technical skills of those at the top
and, more and more, fail to get comparable pay raises, health
insurance coverage, and other benefits. Since 1975, practically all
the gains in household income have gone to the top 20% of
households. The years 1994-2000 witnessed solid increases in real
output, low inflation rates, and a drop in unemployment to below 5%.
Long-term problems include inadequate investment in economic
infrastructure, rapidly rising medical costs of an aging population,
sizable trade deficits, and stagnation of family income in the lower
economic groups. Growth weakened in the fourth quarter of 2000;
growth for the year 2001 almost certainly will be substantially
lower than the strong 5% of 2000. The outlook for 2001 is further
clouded by the continued economic problems of Japan, Russia,
Indonesia, Brazil, and many other countries.

Uruguay:
Uruguay's economy is characterized by an export-oriented
agricultural sector, a well-educated workforce, relatively even
income distribution, and high levels of social spending. After
averaging growth of 5% annually in 1996-98, in 1999-2000 the economy
suffered from lower demand in Argentina and Brazil, which together
account for about half of Uruguay's exports. Despite the severity of
the trade shocks, Uruguay's financial indicators remained more
stable than those of its neighbors, a reflection of its solid
reputation among investors and its investment-grade sovereign bond
rating - one of only two in Latin America. Challenges for the
government of President Jorge BATLLE include expanding Uruguay's
trade ties beyond its MERCOSUR trade partners and reducing the costs
of public services. GDP fell by 1.1% in 2000 and will grow by
perhaps 1.5% in 2001.

Uzbekistan:
Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country of which 10%
consists of intensely cultivated, irrigated river valleys. More than
60% of its population lives in densely populated rural communities.
Uzbekistan is now the world's third largest cotton exporter, a large
producer of gold and oil, and a regionally significant producer of
chemicals and machinery. Following independence in December 1991,
the government sought to prop up its Soviet-style command economy
with subsidies and tight controls on production and prices. Faced
with high rates of inflation, however, the government began to
reform in mid-1994, by introducing tighter monetary policies,
expanding privatization, slightly reducing the role of the state in
the economy, and improving the environment for foreign investors.
The state continues to be a dominating influence in the economy and
has so far failed to bring about much-needed structural changes. The
IMF suspended Uzbekistan's $185 million standby arrangement in late
1996 because of governmental steps that made impossible fulfillment
of Fund conditions. Uzbekistan has responded to the negative
external conditions generated by the Asian and Russian financial
crises by tightening export and currency controls within its already
largely closed economy. Economic policies that have repelled foreign
investment are a major factor in the economy's stagnation. A growing
debt burden, persistent inflation, and a poor business climate led
to stagnant growth in 2000, with little improvement predicted for
2001.

Vanuatu:
The economy is based primarily on subsistence or
small-scale agriculture which provides a living for 65% of the
population. Fishing, offshore financial services, and tourism, with
about 50,000 visitors in 1997, are other mainstays of the economy.
Mineral deposits are negligible; the country has no known petroleum
deposits. A small light industry sector caters to the local market.
Tax revenues come mainly from import duties. Economic development is
hindered by dependence on relatively few commodity exports,
vulnerability to natural disasters, and long distances from main
markets and between constituent islands. The most recent natural
disaster, a severe earthquake in November 1999 followed by a
tsunami, caused extensive damage to the northern island of Pentecote
and left thousands homeless. GDP growth has risen less than 3% on
average in the 1990s. In response to foreign concerns, the
government is moving to tighten regulation of its offshore financial
center.

Venezuela:
The petroleum sector dominates the economy, accounting
for roughly a third of GDP, around 80% of export earnings, and more
than half of government operating revenues. Venezuelan officials
estimate that GDP grew by 3.2% in 2000. A strong rebound in
international oil prices fueled the recovery from the steep
recession in 1999. Nevertheless, a weak nonoil sector and capital
flight undercut the recovery. The bolivar is widely believed to be
overvalued by as much as 50%. The government is still rebuilding
after massive flooding and landslides in December 1999 caused an
estimated $15 billion to $20 billion in damage.

Vietnam:
Vietnam is a poor, densely populated country that has had
to recover from the ravages of war, the loss of financial support
from the old Soviet Bloc, and the rigidities of a centrally planned
economy. Substantial progress was achieved from 1986 to 1996 in
moving forward from an extremely low starting point - growth
averaged around 9% per year from 1993 to 1997. The 1997 Asian
financial crisis highlighted the problems existing in the Vietnamese
economy but, rather than prompting reform, reaffirmed the
government's belief that shifting to a market oriented economy leads
to disaster. GDP growth of 8.5% in 1997 fell to 6% in 1998 and 5% in
1999. Growth continued at the moderately strong level of 5.5%, a
level that should be matched in 2001. These numbers mask some major
difficulties in economic performance. Many domestic industries,
including coal, cement, steel, and paper, have reported large
stockpiles of inventory and tough competition from more efficient
foreign producers; this problem apparently eased in 2000. Foreign
direct investment fell dramatically, from $8.3 billion in 1996 to
about $1.6 billion in 1999. Meanwhile, Vietnamese authorities have
moved slowly in implementing the structural reforms needed to
revitalize the economy and produce more competitive, export-driven
industries.

Virgin Islands:
Tourism is the primary economic activity, accounting
for more than 70% of GDP and 70% of employment. The islands normally
host 2 million visitors a year. The manufacturing sector consists of
petroleum refining, textiles, electronics, pharmaceuticals, and
watch assembly. The agricultural sector is small, with most food
being imported. International business and financial services are a
small but growing component of the economy. One of the world's
largest petroleum refineries is at Saint Croix. The islands are
subject to substantial damage from storms. The government is working
to improve fiscal discipline, support construction projects in the
private sector, expand tourist facilities, and protect the
environment.

Wake Island:
Economic activity is limited to providing services to
contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods
must be imported.

Wallis and Futuna:
The economy is limited to traditional subsistence
agriculture, with about 80% of the labor force earning its
livelihood from agriculture (coconuts and vegetables), livestock
(mostly pigs), and fishing. About 4% of the population is employed
in government. Revenues come from French Government subsidies,
licensing of fishing rights to Japan and South Korea, import taxes,
and remittances from expatriate workers in New Caledonia.

West Bank:
Economic output in the West Bank is governed by the Paris
Economic Protocol of April 1994 between Israel and the Palestinian
Authority. Real per capita GDP for the West Bank and Gaza Strip
(WBGS) declined by 36.1% between 1992 and 1996 owing to the combined
effect of falling aggregate incomes and rapid population growth. The
downturn in economic activity was largely the result of Israeli
closure policies - the imposition of border closures in response to
security incidents in Israel - which disrupted established labor and
commodity market relationships between Israel and the WBGS. The most
serious social effect of this downturn was rising unemployment;
unemployment in the WBGS during the 1980s was generally under 5%; by
1995 it had risen to over 20%. Since 1997 Israel's use of
comprehensive closures has decreased and, in 1998, Israel
implemented new policies to reduce the impact of closures and other
security procedures on the movement of Palestinian goods and labor.
These changes fueled an almost three-year long economic recovery in
the West Bank and Gaza Strip; real GDP grew by 5% in 1998 and 6% in
1999. Recovery was upended in the last quarter of 2000 with the
outbreak of Palestinian violence, which triggered tight Israeli
closures of Palestinian self-rule areas and a severe disruption of
trade and labor movements.

Western Sahara:
Western Sahara, a territory poor in natural
resources and lacking sufficient rainfall, depends on pastoral
nomadism, fishing, and phosphate mining as the principal sources of
income for the population. Most of the food for the urban population
must be imported. All trade and other economic activities are
controlled by the Moroccan Government. Incomes and standards of
living are substantially below the Moroccan level.

World: Growth in global output (gross world product, GWP) rose to 4.8% in 2000 from 3.5% in 1999, despite continued low growth in Japan, severe financial difficulties in other East Asian countries, and widespread dislocations in several transition economies. The US economy continued its remarkable sustained prosperity, growing at 5% in 2000, although growth slowed in fourth quarter 2000; the US accounted for 23% of GWP. The EU economies grew at 3.3% and produced 20% of GWP. China, the second largest economy in the world, continued its strong growth and accounted for 10% of GWP. Japan grew at only 1.3% in 2000; its share in GWP is 7%. As usual, the 15 successor nations of the USSR and the other old Warsaw Pact nations experienced widely different rates of growth. The developing nations also varied in their growth results, with many countries facing population increases that eat up gains in output. Externally, the nation-state, as a bedrock economic-political institution, is steadily losing control over international flows of people, goods, funds, and technology. Internally, the central government often finds its control over resources slipping as separatist regional movements - typically based on ethnicity - gain momentum, e.g., in many of the successor states of the former Soviet Union, in the former Yugoslavia, in India, and in Canada. In Western Europe, governments face the difficult political problem of channeling resources away from welfare programs in order to increase investment and strengthen incentives to seek employment. The addition of 80 million people each year to an already overcrowded globe is exacerbating the problems of pollution, desertification, underemployment, epidemics, and famine. Because of their own internal problems and priorities, the industrialized countries devote insufficient resources to deal effectively with the poorer areas of the world, which, at least from the economic point of view, are becoming further marginalized. Continued financial difficulties in East Asia, Russia, and many African nations, as well as the slowdown in US economic growth, cast a shadow over short-term global economic prospects; GWP probably will grow at 3-4% in 2001. The introduction of the euro as the common currency of much of Western Europe in January 1999, while paving the way for an integrated economic powerhouse, poses serious economic risks because of varying levels of income and cultural and political differences among the participating nations. (For specific economic developments in each country of the world in 2000, see the individual country entries.)

Yemen:
Yemen, one of the poorest countries in the Arab world,
reported strong growth in the mid-1990s with the onset of oil
production, but was harmed by low oil prices in 1998. Yemen has
embarked on an IMF-supported structural adjustment program designed
to modernize and streamline the economy, which has led to foreign
debt relief and restructuring. Aided by higher oil prices in
1999-2000, Yemen worked to maintain tight control over spending and
implement additional components of the IMF program. A high
population growth rate of nearly 3.4% and internal political
dissension complicate the government's task.

Yugoslavia:
The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation in 1991
was followed by highly destructive warfare, the destabilization of
republic boundaries, and the breakup of important interrepublic
trade flows. Output in Yugoslavia dropped by half in 1992-93. Like
the other former Yugoslav republics, it had depended on its sister
republics for large amounts of energy and manufactures. Wide
differences in climate, mineral resources, and levels of technology
among the republics accentuated this interdependence, as did the
communist practice of concentrating much industrial output in a
small number of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade
links, the sharp drop in output as industrial plants lost suppliers
and markets, and the destruction of physical assets in the fighting
all have contributed to the economic difficulties of the republics.
Hyperinflation ended with the establishment of a new currency unit
in June 1993; prices were relatively stable from 1995 through 1997,
but inflationary pressures resurged in 1998. Reliable statistics
continue to be hard to come by, and the GDP estimate is extremely
rough. The economic boom anticipated by the government after the
suspension of UN sanctions in December 1995 has failed to
materialize. Government mismanagement of the economy is largely to
blame, but the damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry by
the NATO bombing during the war in Kosovo have added to problems.
All sanctions now have been lifted. Yugoslavia is in the first stage
of economic reform. Severe electricity shortages are chronic, the
result of lack of investment by former regimes, depleted hydropower
reservoirs due to extended drought, and lack of funds. GDP growth in
2000 was perhaps 15%, which made up for a large part of the 20%
decline of 1999.

Zambia:
Despite progress in privatization and budgetary reform,
Zambia's economy has a long way to go. Privatization of
government-owned copper mines relieved the government from covering
mammoth losses generated by the industry and greatly improved the
chances for copper mining to return to profitability and spur
economic growth. In late 2000, Zambia was determined to be eligible
for debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC)
initiative. Inflation and unemployment rates remain high, but the
GDP growth rate should rise in 2001.

Zimbabwe:
The government of Zimbabwe faces a wide variety of
difficult economic problems as it struggles to consolidate earlier
moves to develop a market-oriented economy. Its involvement in the
war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, for example, has
already drained hundreds of millions of dollars from the economy.
Badly needed support from the IMF suffers delays in part because of
the country's failure to meet budgetary goals. Inflation rose from
an annual rate of 32% in 1998 to 59% in 1999 and 60% in 2000. The
economy is being steadily weakened by excessive government deficits
and AIDS; Zimbabwe has the highest rate of infection in the world.
Per capita GDP, which is twice the average of the poorer sub-Saharan
nations, will increase little if any in the near-term, and Zimbabwe
will suffer continued frustrations in developing its agricultural
and mineral resources.

Taiwan:
Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with gradually
decreasing guidance of investment and foreign trade by government
authorities. In keeping with this trend, some large government-owned
banks and industrial firms are being privatized. Real growth in GDP
has averaged about 8% during the past three decades. Exports have
grown even faster and have provided the primary impetus for
industrialization. Inflation and unemployment are low; the trade
surplus is substantial; and foreign reserves are the world's fourth
largest. Agriculture contributes 3% to GDP, down from 35% in 1952.
Traditional labor-intensive industries are steadily being moved
offshore and replaced with more capital- and technology-intensive
industries. Taiwan has become a major investor in China, Thailand,
Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Vietnam. The tightening of
labor markets has led to an influx of foreign workers, both legal
and illegal. Because of its conservative financial approach and its
entrepreneurial strengths, Taiwan suffered little compared with many
of its neighbors from the Asian financial crisis in 1998-99. Growth
in 2001 will depend largely on conditions in Taiwan's export markets
and may be about 5%.

@Electricity - consumption

Afghanistan:
480.6 million kWh (1999)

Albania:
5.379 billion kWh (1999)

Algeria:
21.613 billion kWh (1999)

American Samoa:
120.9 million kWh (1999)

Andorra:
NA kWh

Angola:
1.372 billion kWh (1999)

Anguilla:
NA kWh

Antigua and Barbuda:
88.4 million kWh (1999)

Argentina:
77.111 billion kWh (1999)

Armenia:
6.201 billion kWh (1999)

Aruba:
418.5 million kWh (1999)

Australia:
178.306 billion kWh (1999)

Austria:
53.231 billion kWh (1999)

Azerbaijan:
15.432 billion kWh (1999)

Bahamas, The:
1.362 billion kWh (1999)

Bahrain:
5.752 billion kWh (1999)

Bangladesh:
11.216 billion kWh (1999)

Barbados:
667.7 million kWh (1999)

Belarus:
27.647 billion kWh (1999)

Belgium:
75.089 billion kWh (1999)

Belize:
172.1 million kWh (1999)

Benin:
510.2 million kWh (1999)

Bermuda:
511.5 million kWh (1999)

Bhutan:
191.1 million kWh (1999)

Bolivia:
3.377 billion kWh (1999)

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
2.684 billion kWh (1999)

Botswana:
1.517 billion kWh (1999)

Brazil:
353.674 billion kWh (1999)

British Indian Ocean Territory:
NA kWh

British Virgin Islands:
39.1 million kWh (1999)

Brunei:
2.274 billion kWh (1999)

Bulgaria:
33.182 billion kWh (1999)

Burkina Faso:
265.1 million kWh (1999)

Burma:
4.476 billion kWh (1999)

Burundi:
160.1 million kWh (1999)

Cambodia:
136.7 million kWh (1999)

Cameroon:
3.227 billion kWh (1999)

Canada:
497.532 billion kWh (1999)

Cape Verde:
37.2 million kWh (1999)

Cayman Islands:
306.9 million kWh (1999)

Central African Republic:
94.9 million kWh (1999)

Chad:
83.7 million kWh (1999)

Chile:
35.426 billion kWh (1999)

China:
1.084 trillion kWh (1999)

Christmas Island:
NA kWh

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
NA kWh

Colombia:
40.532 billion kWh (1999)

Comoros:
15.8 million kWh (1999)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
4.55 billion kWh (1999)

Congo, Republic of the:
406.9 million kWh (1999)

Cook Islands:
19.5 million kWh (1999)

Costa Rica:
5.303 billion kWh (1999)

Cote d'Ivoire:
3.183 billion kWh (1999)

Croatia:
13.643 billion kWh (1999)

Cuba:
13.353 billion kWh (1999)

Cyprus:
2.744 billion kWh (1999); Turkish Cypriot area: NA kWh

Czech Republic:
52.898 billion kWh (2000)

Denmark:
32.916 billion kWh (1999)

Djibouti:
167.4 million kWh (1999)

Dominica:
57.7 million kWh (1999)

Dominican Republic:
6.78 billion kWh (1999)

Ecuador:
9.386 billion kWh (1999)

Egypt:
60.157 billion kWh (1999)

El Salvador:
3.638 billion kWh (1999)

Equatorial Guinea:
19.5 million kWh (1999)

Eritrea:
153.5 million kWh (1999)

Estonia:
6.807 billion kWh (1999)

Ethiopia:
1.511 billion kWh (1999)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
11.2 million kWh (1999)

Faroe Islands:
158.1 million kWh (1999)

Fiji:
474.3 million kWh (1999)

Finland:
81.611 billion kWh (1999)

France:
398.752 billion kWh (1999)

French Guiana:
409.2 million kWh (1999)

French Polynesia:
399.9 million kWh (1999)

Gabon:
948.6 million kWh (1999)

Gambia, The:
69.8 million kWh (1999)

Gaza Strip:
NA kWh

Georgia:
7.117 billion kWh (1999)

Germany:
495.181 billion kWh (1999)

Ghana:
5.573 billion kWh (1999)

Gibraltar:
88.4 million kWh (1999)

Greece:
43.343 billion kWh (1999)

Greenland:
232.5 million kWh (1999)

Grenada:
111.6 million kWh (1999)

Guadeloupe:
1.209 billion kWh (1999)

Guam:
744 million kWh (1999)

Guatemala:
3.295 billion kWh (1999)

Guernsey:
NA kWh

Guinea:
697.5 million kWh (1999)

Guinea-Bissau:
51.2 million kWh (1999)

Guyana:
423.2 million kWh (1999)

Haiti:
625 million kWh (1999)

Holy See (Vatican City):
NA kWh

Honduras:
3.232 billion kWh (1999)

Hong Kong:
32.202 billion kWh (1999)

Hungary:
35.234 billion kWh (1999)

Iceland:
6.574 billion kWh (1999)

India:
424.032 billion kWh (1999)

Indonesia:
73.167 billion kWh (1999)

Iran:
95.84 billion kWh (1999)

Iraq:
27.361 billion kWh (1999)

Ireland:
18.414 billion kWh (1999)

Israel:
31.899 billion kWh (1999)

Italy:
272.35 billion kWh (1999)

Jamaica:
6.073 billion kWh (1999)

Japan:
947.038 billion kWh (1999)

Johnston Atoll:
NA kWh

Jordan:
6.594 billion kWh (1999)

Kazakhstan:
44.132 billion kWh (1999)

Kenya:
4.075 billion kWh (1999)

Kiribati:
6.5 million kWh (1999)

Korea, North:
26.598 billion kWh (1999)

Korea, South:
232.767 billion kWh (1999)

Kuwait:
29.357 billion kWh (1999)

Kyrgyzstan:
10.236 billion kWh (1999)

Laos:
173.6 million kWh (1999)

Latvia:
4.316 billion kWh (1999)

Lebanon:
7.86 billion kWh (1999)

Lesotho:
55 million kWh (1999)

Liberia:
401.8 million kWh (1999)

Libya:
17.577 billion kWh (1999)

Liechtenstein:
NA kWh

Lithuania:
9.817 billion kWh (1999)

Luxembourg:
6.149 billion kWh (1999)

Macau:
1.422 billion kWh (1999)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
5.992 billion kWh (1999)

Madagascar:
753.3 million kWh (1999)

Malawi:
950 million kWh (1999)

Malaysia:
54.872 billion kWh (1999)

Maldives:
93.9 million kWh (1999)

Mali:
413.9 million kWh (1999)

Malta:
1.534 billion kWh (1999)

Martinique:
1.023 billion kWh (1999)

Mauritania:
140.4 million kWh (1999)

Mauritius:
1.172 billion kWh (1999)

Mayotte:
NA kWh

Mexico:
170.754 billion kWh (1999)

Micronesia, Federated States of:
NA kWh

Moldova:
5.78 billion kWh (1999)

Monaco:
NA kWh

Mongolia:
2.767 billion kWh (1999)

Montserrat:
9.3 million kWh (1999)

Morocco:
13.441 billion kWh (1999)

Mozambique:
307 million kWh (1999)

Namibia:
1.948 billion kWh (1999)

Nauru:
27.9 million kWh (1999)

Nepal:
1.309 billion kWh (1999)

Netherlands:
97.76 billion kWh (1999)

Netherlands Antilles:
1.032 billion kWh (1999)

New Caledonia:
1.414 billion kWh (1999)

New Zealand:
35.295 billion kWh (1999)

Nicaragua:
2.265 billion kWh (1999)

Niger:
401 million kWh (1999)

Nigeria:
17.372 billion kWh (1999)

Niue:
2.8 million kWh (1999)

Norfolk Island:
NA kWh

Northern Mariana Islands:
NA kWh

Norway:
110.795 billion kWh (1999)

Oman:
8.026 billion kWh (1999)

Pakistan:
57.732 billion kWh (1999)

Panama:
4.049 billion kWh (1999)

Papua New Guinea:
1.693 billion kWh (1999)

Paraguay:
1.915 billion kWh (1999)

Peru:
17.565 billion kWh (1999)

Philippines:
37.893 billion kWh (1999)

Pitcairn Islands:
NA kWh

Poland:
120.007 billion kWh (1999)

Portugal:
37.915 billion kWh (1999)

Puerto Rico:
15.587 billion kWh (1999)

Qatar:
8.37 billion kWh (1999)

Reunion:
1.023 billion kWh (1999)

Romania:
44.768 billion kWh (1999)

Russia:
728.2 billion kWh (1999)

Rwanda:
191.8 million kWh (1999)

Saint Helena:
5.6 million kWh (1999)

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
83.7 million kWh (1999)

Saint Lucia:
102.3 million kWh (1999)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
37.2 million kWh (1999)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
76.3 million kWh (1999)

Samoa:
93 million kWh (1999)

San Marino:
NA kWh

Sao Tome and Principe:
15.8 million kWh (1999)

Saudi Arabia:
111.6 billion kWh (1999)

Senegal:
1.181 billion kWh (1999)

Seychelles:
148.8 million kWh (1999)

Sierra Leone:
223.2 million kWh (1999)

Singapore:
25.464 billion kWh (1999)

Slovakia:
21.471 billion kWh (1999)

Slovenia:
10.024 billion kWh (1999)

Solomon Islands:
27.9 million kWh (1999)

Somalia:
241.8 million kWh (1999)

South Africa:
172.393 billion kWh (1999)

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands:
NA kWh

Spain:
189.57 billion kWh (1999)

Sri Lanka:
5.604 billion kWh (1999)

Sudan:
1.637 billion kWh (1999)

Suriname:
1.801 billion kWh (1999)

Svalbard:
NA kWh

Swaziland:
198 million kWh (1999)

Sweden:
128.819 billion kWh (1999)

Switzerland:
51.862 billion kWh (1999)

Syria:
16.684 billion kWh (1999)

Tajikistan:
14.729 billion kWh (1999)

Tanzania:
2.134 billion kWh (1999)

Thailand:
83.991 billion kWh (1999)

Togo:
511.6 million kWh (1999)

Tokelau:
NA kWh

Tonga:
32.6 million kWh (1999)

Trinidad and Tobago:
4.557 billion kWh (1999)

Tunisia:
8.677 billion kWh (1999)

Turkey:
119.5 billion kWh (2000 est.)

Turkmenistan:
4.785 billion kWh (1999)

Turks and Caicos Islands:
4.6 million kWh (1999)

Uganda:
1.06 billion kWh (1999)

Ukraine:
146.675 billion kWh (1999)

United Arab Emirates:
34.131 billion kWh (1999)

United Kingdom:
333.012 billion kWh (1999)

United States:
3.45 trillion kWh (1999)

Uruguay:
5.89 billion kWh (1999)

Uzbekistan:
43.455 billion kWh (1999)

Vanuatu:
32.6 million kWh (1999)

Venezuela:
75.53 billion kWh (1999)

Vietnam:
21.376 billion kWh (1999)

Virgin Islands:
948.6 million kWh (1999)

Wallis and Futuna:
NA kWh

West Bank:
NA kWh

Western Sahara:
83.7 million kWh (1999)

Yemen:
2.232 billion kWh (1999)

Yugoslavia:
33.006 billion kWh (1999)

Zambia:
5.926 billion kWh (1999)

Zimbabwe:
6.939 billion kWh (1999)

Taiwan:
129.899 billion kWh (1999)

@Electricity - exports

Afghanistan:
0 kWh (1999)

Albania:
100 million kWh (1999)

Algeria:
307 million kWh (1999)

American Samoa:
0 kWh (1999)

Andorra:
NA kWh

Angola:
0 kWh (1999)

Antigua and Barbuda:
0 kWh (1999)

Argentina:
1.08 billion kWh (1999)

Armenia:
0 kWh (1999)

Aruba:
0 kWh (1999)

Australia:
0 kWh (1999)

Austria:
13.507 billion kWh (1999)

Azerbaijan:
600 million kWh (1999)

Bahamas, The:
0 kWh (1999)

Bahrain:
0 kWh (1999)

Bangladesh:
0 kWh (1999)

Barbados:
0 kWh (1999)

Belarus:
2.62 billion kWh (1999)

Belgium:
8.207 billion kWh (1999)

Belize:
0 kWh (1999)

Benin:
0 kWh (1999)

Bermuda:
0 kWh (1999)

Bhutan:
1.55 billion kWh (1999)

Bolivia:
4 million kWh (1999)

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
150 million kWh (1999)

Botswana:
0 kWh (1999)

Brazil:
5 million kWh (1999)

British Virgin Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

Brunei:
0 kWh (1999)

Bulgaria:
2.2 billion kWh (1999)

Burkina Faso:
0 kWh (1999)

Burma:
0 kWh (1999)

Burundi:
0 kWh (1999)

Cambodia:
0 kWh (1999)

Cameroon:
0 kWh (1999)

Canada:
42.911 billion kWh (1999)

Cape Verde:
0 kWh (1999)

Cayman Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

Central African Republic:
0 kWh (1999)

Chad:
0 kWh (1999)

Chile:
0 kWh (1999)

China:
7.2 billion kWh (1999)

Colombia:
27 million kWh (1999)

Comoros:
0 kWh (1999)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
404 million kWh (1999)

Congo, Republic of the:
0 kWh (1999)

Cook Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

Costa Rica:
165 million kWh (1999)

Cote d'Ivoire:
593 million kWh (1999)

Croatia:
1 billion kWh (1999)

Cuba:
0 kWh (1999)

Cyprus:
0 kWh (1999)

Czech Republic:
18.744 billion kWh (2000)

Denmark:
7.28 billion kWh (1999)

Djibouti:
0 kWh (1999)

Dominica:
0 kWh (1999)

Dominican Republic:
0 kWh (1999)

Ecuador:
0 kWh (1999)

Egypt:
0 kWh (1999)

El Salvador:
208 million kWh (1999)

Equatorial Guinea:
0 kWh (1999)

Eritrea:
0 kWh NA kWh (1999)

Estonia:
530 million kWh (1999)

Ethiopia:
0 kWh (1999)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
0 kWh (1999)

Faroe Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

Fiji:
0 kWh (1999)

Finland:
232 million kWh (1999)

France:
68.7 billion kWh (1999)

French Guiana:
0 kWh (1999)

French Polynesia:
0 kWh (1999)

Gabon:
0 kWh (1999)

Gambia, The:
0 kWh (1999)

Gaza Strip:
0 kWh (1999)

Georgia:
850 million kWh (1999)

Germany:
39.5 billion kWh (1999)

Ghana:
400 million kWh (1999)

Gibraltar:
0 kWh (1999)

Greece:
1.65 billion kWh (1999)

Greenland:
0 kWh (1999)

Grenada:
0 kWh (1999)

Guadeloupe:
0 kWh (1999)

Guam:
0 kWh (1999)

Guatemala:
435 million kWh (1999)

Guernsey:
NA kWh

Guinea:
0 kWh (1999)

Guinea-Bissau:
0 kWh (1999)

Guyana:
0 kWh (1999)

Haiti:
0 kWh (1999)

Honduras:
0 kWh (1999)

Hong Kong:
633 million kWh (1999)

Hungary:
2.35 billion kWh (1999)

Iceland:
0 kWh (1999)

India:
200 million kWh (1999)

Indonesia:
0 kWh (1999)

Iran:
0 kWh (1999)

Iraq:
0 kWh (1999)

Ireland:
50 million kWh (1999)

Israel:
1.061 billion kWh (1999)

Italy:
530 million kWh (1999)

Jamaica:
0 kWh (1999)

Japan:
0 kWh (1999)

Jordan:
4 million kWh (1999)

Kazakhstan:
200 million kWh (1999)

Kenya:
0 kWh (1999)

Kiribati:
0 kWh (1999)

Korea, North:
0 kWh (1999)

Korea, South:
0 kWh (1999)

Kuwait:
0 kWh (1999)

Kyrgyzstan:
2.02 billion kWh (1999)

Laos:
705 million kWh (1999)

Latvia:
400 million kWh (1999)

Lebanon:
0 kWh (1999)

Lesotho:
0 kWh (1999)

Liberia:
0 kWh (1999)

Libya:
0 kWh (1999)

Liechtenstein:
NA kWh

Lithuania:
3.2 billion kWh (1999)

Luxembourg:
655 million kWh (1999)

Macau:
3 million kWh (1999)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
30 million kWh (1999)

Madagascar:
0 kWh (1999)

Malawi:
3 million kWh (1999)

Malaysia:
50 million kWh (1999)

Maldives:
0 kWh (1999)

Mali:
0 kWh (1999)

Malta:
0 kWh (1999)

Martinique:
0 kWh (1999)

Mauritania:
0 kWh (1999)

Mauritius:
0 kWh (1999)

Mexico:
11 million kWh (1999)

Moldova:
0 kWh (1999)

Mongolia:
80 million kWh (1999)

Montserrat:
0 kWh (1999)

Morocco:
0 kWh (1999)

Mozambique:
1.9 billion kWh (1999)

Namibia:
56 million kWh (1999)

Nauru:
0 kWh (1999)

Nepal:
68 million kWh (1999)

Netherlands:
3.97 billion kWh (1999)

Netherlands Antilles:
0 kWh (1999)

New Caledonia:
0 kWh (1999)

New Zealand:
0 kWh (1999)

Nicaragua:
20 million kWh (1999)

Niger:
0 kWh (1999)

Nigeria:
19 million kWh (1999)

Niue:
0 kWh (1999)

Norway:
8.28 billion kWh (1999)

Oman:
0 kWh (1999)

Pakistan:
0 kWh (1999)

Panama:
95 million kWh (1999)

Papua New Guinea:
0 kWh (1999)

Paraguay:
46.03 billion kWh (1999)

Peru:
0 kWh (1999)

Philippines:
0 kWh (1999)

Poland:
8.43 billion kWh (1999)

Portugal:
4.49 billion kWh (1999)

Puerto Rico:
0 kWh (1999)

Qatar:
0 kWh (1999)

Reunion:
0 kWh (1999)

Romania:
1.935 billion kWh (1999)

Russia:
20 billion kWh (1999)

Rwanda:
1 million kWh (1999)

Saint Helena:
0 kWh (1999)

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
0 kWh (1999)

Saint Lucia:
0 kWh (1999)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
0 kWh (1999)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
0 kWh (1999)

Samoa:
0 kWh (1999)

San Marino:
0 kWh

note: electric power supplied by Italy (1999)

Sao Tome and Principe:
0 kWh (1999)

Saudi Arabia:
0 kWh (1999)

Senegal:
0 kWh (1999)

Seychelles:
0 kWh (1999)

Sierra Leone:
0 kWh (1999)

Singapore:
0 kWh (1999)

Slovakia:
930 million kWh (1999)

Slovenia:
2.2 billion kWh (1999)

Solomon Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

Somalia:
0 kWh (1999)

South Africa:
3.884 billion kWh (1999)

Spain:
6.23 billion kWh (1999)

Sri Lanka:
0 kWh (1999)

Sudan:
0 kWh (1999)

Suriname:
0 kWh (1999)

Swaziland:
852 million kWh (1999)

Sweden:
15.9 billion kWh (1999)

Switzerland:
31.955 billion kWh (1999)

Syria:
0 kWh (1999)

Tajikistan:
3.9 billion kWh (1999)

Tanzania:
0 kWh (1999)

Thailand:
200 million kWh (1999)

Togo:
0 kWh (1999)

Tonga:
0 kWh (1999)

Trinidad and Tobago:
0 kWh (1999)

Tunisia:
19 million kWh (1999)

Turkey:
350 million kWh (2000 est.)

Turkmenistan:
4.1 billion kWh (1999)

Turks and Caicos Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

Uganda:
174 million kWh (1999)

Ukraine:
2.3 billion kWh (1999)

United Arab Emirates:
0 kWh (1999)

United Kingdom:
265 million kWh (1999)

United States:
14 billion kWh (1999)

Uruguay:
215 million kWh (1999)

Uzbekistan:
3.92 billion kWh (1999)

Vanuatu:
0 kWh (1999)

Venezuela:
0 kWh (1999)

Vietnam:
0 kWh (1999)

Virgin Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

Western Sahara:
0 kWh (1999)

Yemen:
0 kWh (1999)

Yugoslavia:
960 million kWh (1999)

Zambia:
1.6 billion kWh (1999)

Zimbabwe:
0 kWh (1999)

Taiwan:
0 kWh (1999)

@Electricity - imports

Afghanistan:
90 million kWh (1999)

Albania:
600 million kWh (2000)

Algeria:
330 million kWh (1999)

American Samoa:
0 kWh (1999)

Andorra:
NA kWh

note: most electricity supplied by Spain and France; Andorra
generates a small amount of hydropower

Angola:
0 kWh (1999)

Antigua and Barbuda:
0 kWh (1999)

Argentina:
6.5 billion kWh (1999)

Armenia:
0 kWh (1999)

Aruba:
0 kWh (1999)

Australia:
0 kWh (1999)

Austria:
11.605 billion kWh (1999)

Azerbaijan:
800 million kWh (1999)

Bahamas, The:
0 kWh (1999)

Bahrain:
0 kWh (1999)

Bangladesh:
0 kWh (1999)

Barbados:
0 kWh (1999)

Belarus:
7.1 billion kWh (1999)

Belgium:
9.055 billion kWh (1999)

Belize:
0 kWh (1999)

Benin:
300 million kWh (1999)

Bermuda:
0 kWh (1999)

Bhutan:
15 million kWh (1999)

Bolivia:
10 million kWh (1999)

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
430 million kWh (1999)

Botswana:
950 million kWh (1999)

Brazil:
39.86 billion kWh

note: supplied by Paraguay (1999)

British Virgin Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

Brunei:
0 kWh (1999)

Bulgaria:
1.7 billion kWh (1999)

Burkina Faso:
0 kWh (1999)

Burma:
0 kWh (1999)

Burundi:
29 million kWh

note: supplied by the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1999)

Cambodia:
0 kWh (1999)

Cameroon:
0 kWh (1999)

Canada:
12.953 billion kWh (1999)

Cape Verde:
0 kWh (1999)

Cayman Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

Central African Republic:
0 kWh (1999)

Chad:
0 kWh (1999)

Chile:
0 kWh (1999)

China:
90 million kWh (1999)

Colombia:
35 million kWh (1999)

Comoros:
0 kWh (1999)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
55 million kWh (1999)

Congo, Republic of the:
126 million kWh (1999)

Cook Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

Costa Rica:
69 million kWh (1999)

Cote d'Ivoire:
0 kWh (1999)

Croatia:
4.45 billion kWh (1999)

Cuba:
0 kWh (1999)

Cyprus:
0 kWh (1999)

Czech Republic:
8.735 billion kWh (2000)

Denmark:
4.963 billion kWh (1999)

Djibouti:
0 kWh (1999)

Dominica:
0 kWh (1999)

Dominican Republic:
0 kWh (1999)

Ecuador:
25 million kWh (1999)

Egypt:
0 kWh (1999)

El Salvador:
460 million kWh (1999)

Equatorial Guinea:
0 kWh (1999)

Eritrea:
0 kWh NA kWh (1999)

Estonia:
100 million kWh (1999)

Ethiopia:
0 kWh (1999)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
0 kWh (1999)

Faroe Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

Fiji:
0 kWh (1999)

Finland:
11.356 billion kWh (1999)

France:
5 billion kWh (1999)

French Guiana:
0 kWh (1999)

French Polynesia:
0 kWh (1999)

Gabon:
0 kWh (1999)

Gambia, The:
0 kWh (1999)

Gaza Strip:
NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Israel

Georgia:
550 million kWh (1999)

Germany:
40.5 billion kWh (1999)

Ghana:
890 million kWh (1999)

Gibraltar:
0 kWh (1999)

Greece:
1.811 billion kWh (1999)

Greenland:
0 kWh (1999)

Grenada:
0 kWh (1999)

Guadeloupe:
0 kWh (1999)

Guam:
0 kWh (1999)

Guatemala:
210 million kWh (1999)

Guernsey:
NA kWh

Guinea:
0 kWh (1999)

Guinea-Bissau:
0 kWh (1999)

Guyana:
0 kWh (1999)

Haiti:
0 kWh (1999)

Holy See (Vatican City):
NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Italy

Honduras:
145 million kWh (1999)

Hong Kong:
7.05 billion kWh (1999)

Hungary:
3.406 billion kWh (1999)

Iceland:
0 kWh (1999)

India:
1.49 billion kWh (1999)

Indonesia:
0 kWh (1999)

Iran:
0 kWh (1999)

Iraq:
0 kWh (1999)

Ireland:
290 million kWh (1999)

Israel:
4 million kWh (1999)

Italy:
42.539 billion kWh (1999)

Jamaica:
0 kWh (1999)

Japan:
0 kWh (1999)

Jersey:
NA kWh

note: electricity supplied by France

Jordan:
407 million kWh (1999)

Kazakhstan:
3.077 billion kWh (1999)

Kenya:
146 million kWh (1999)

Kiribati:
0 kWh (1999)

Korea, North:
0 kWh (1999)

Korea, South:
0 kWh (1999)

Kuwait:
0 kWh (1999)

Kyrgyzstan:
184 million kWh (1999)

Laos:
142 million kWh (1999)

Latvia:
1 billion kWh (1999)

Lebanon:
654 million kWh (1999)

Lesotho:
55 million kWh

note: electricity supplied by South Africa (1999)

Liberia:
0 kWh (1999)

Libya:
0 kWh (1999)

Liechtenstein:
NA kWh

Lithuania:
400 million kWh (1999)

Luxembourg:
6.201 billion kWh (1999)

Macau:
165 million kWh (1999)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
75 million kWh (1999)

Madagascar:
0 kWh (1999)

Malawi:
0 kWh (1999)

Malaysia:
11 million kWh (1999)

Maldives:
0 kWh (1999)

Mali:
0 kWh (1999)

Malta:
0 kWh (1999)

Martinique:
0 kWh (1999)

Mauritania:
0 kWh (1999)

Mauritius:
0 kWh (1999)

Mexico:
1.047 billion kWh (1999)

Moldova:
1.916 billion kWh (1999)

Monaco:
NA kWh

note: electricity supplied by France (1999)

Mongolia:
363 million kWh (1999)

Montserrat:
0 kWh (1999)

Morocco:
705 million kWh (1999)

Mozambique:
68 million kWh (1999)

Namibia:
890 million kWh

note: supplied by South Africa (1999)

Nauru:
0 kWh (1999)

Nepal:
210 million kWh (1999)

Netherlands:
22.407 billion kWh (1999)

Netherlands Antilles:
0 kWh (1999)

New Caledonia:
0 kWh (1999)

New Zealand:
0 kWh (1999)

Nicaragua:
100 million kWh (1999)

Niger:
215 million kWh (1999)

Nigeria:
0 kWh (1999)

Niue:
0 kWh (1999)

Norway:
6.467 billion kWh (1999)

Oman:
0 kWh (1999)

Pakistan:
0 kWh (1999)

Panama:
40 million kWh (1999)

Papua New Guinea:
0 kWh (1999)

Paraguay:
0 kWh (1999)

Peru:
1 million kWh (1999)

Philippines:
0 kWh (1999)

Poland:
3.491 billion kWh (1999)

Portugal:
3.628 billion kWh (1999)

Puerto Rico:
0 kWh (1999)

Qatar:
0 kWh (1999)

Reunion:
0 kWh (1999)

Romania:
1.1 billion kWh (1999)

Russia:
6 billion kWh (1999)

Rwanda:
70 million kWh (1999)

Saint Helena:
0 kWh (1999)

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
0 kWh (1999)

Saint Lucia:
0 kWh (1999)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
0 kWh (1999)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
0 kWh (1999)

Samoa:
0 kWh (1999)

San Marino:
NA kWh

note: electricity supplied by Italy

Sao Tome and Principe:
0 kWh (1999)

Saudi Arabia:
0 kWh (1999)

Senegal:
0 kWh (1999)

Seychelles:
0 kWh (1999)

Sierra Leone:
0 kWh (1999)

Singapore:
0 kWh (1999)

Slovakia:
1.4 billion kWh (1999)

Slovenia:
645 million kWh (1999)

Solomon Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

Somalia:
0 kWh (1999)

South Africa:
2.457 billion kWh (1999)

Spain:
11.945 billion kWh (1999)

Sri Lanka:
0 kWh (1999)

Sudan:
0 kWh (1999)

Suriname:
0 kWh (1999)

Swaziland:
701 million kWh

note: supplied by South Africa (1999)

Sweden:
8.35 billion kWh (1999)

Switzerland:
21.723 billion kWh (1999)

Syria:
0 kWh (1999)

Tajikistan:
4.1 billion kWh (1999)

Tanzania:
43 million kWh (1999)

Thailand:
1.02 billion kWh (1999)

Togo:
426 million kWh

note: electricity supplied by Ghana (1999)

Tonga:
0 kWh (1999)

Trinidad and Tobago:
0 kWh (1999)

Tunisia:
165 million kWh (1999)

Turkey:
3.35 billion kWh (2000 est.)

Turkmenistan:
1.1 billion kWh (1999)

Turks and Caicos Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

Uganda:
1 million kWh (1999)

Ukraine:
2.2 billion kWh (1999)

United Arab Emirates:
0 kWh (1999)

United Kingdom:
14.5 billion kWh (1999)

United States:
43 billion kWh (1999)

Uruguay:
800 million kWh (1999)

Uzbekistan:
7.5 billion kWh (1999)

Vanuatu:
0 kWh (1999)

Venezuela:
0 kWh (1999)

Vietnam:
0 kWh (1999)

Virgin Islands:
0 kWh (1999)

West Bank:
NA kWh

Western Sahara:
0 kWh (1999)

Yemen:
0 kWh (1999)

Yugoslavia:
1.923 billion kWh (1999)

Zambia:
419 million kWh (1999)

Zimbabwe:
1.564 billion kWh (1999)

Taiwan:
0 kWh (1999)

@Electricity - production

Afghanistan:
420 million kWh (1999)

Albania:
5.332 billion kWh (1999)

Algeria:
23.215 billion kWh (1999)

American Samoa:
130 million kWh (1999)

Angola:
1.475 billion kWh (1999)

Anguilla:
NA kWh

Antigua and Barbuda:
95 million kWh (1999)

Argentina:
77.087 billion kWh (1999)

Armenia:
6.668 billion kWh (1999)

Aruba:
450 million kWh (1999)

Australia:
191.727 billion kWh (1999)

Austria:
59.283 billion kWh (1999)

Azerbaijan:
16.378 billion kWh (1999)

Bahamas, The:
1.465 billion kWh (1999)

Bahrain:
6.185 billion kWh (1999)

Bangladesh:
12.06 billion kWh (1999)

Barbados:
718 million kWh (1999)

Belarus:
24.911 billion kWh (1999)

Belgium:
79.829 billion kWh (1999)

Belize:
185 million kWh (1999)

Benin:
226 million kWh (1999)

Bermuda:
550 million kWh (1999)

Bhutan:
1.856 billion kWh (1999)

Bolivia:
3.625 billion kWh (1999)

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
2.585 billion kWh (1999)

Botswana:
610 million kWh (1999)

Brazil:
337.44 billion kWh (1999)

British Indian Ocean Territory:
NA kWh; note - electricity supplied
by the US military

British Virgin Islands:
42 million kWh (1999)

Brunei:
2.445 billion kWh (1999)

Bulgaria:
36.217 billion kWh (1999)

Burkina Faso:
285 million kWh (1999)

Burma:
4.813 billion kWh (1999)

Burundi:
141 million kWh (1999)

Cambodia:
147 million kWh (1999)

Cameroon:
3.47 billion kWh (1999)

Canada:
567.193 billion kWh (1999)

Cape Verde:
40 million kWh (1999)

Cayman Islands:
330 million kWh (1999)

Central African Republic:
102 million kWh (1999)

Chad:
90 million kWh (1999)

Chile:
38.092 billion kWh (1999)

China:
1.173 trillion kWh (1999)

Christmas Island:
NA kWh

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
NA kWh

Colombia:
43.574 billion kWh (1999)

Comoros:
17 million kWh (1999)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
5.268 billion kWh (1999)

Congo, Republic of the:
302 million kWh (1999)

Cook Islands:
21 million kWh (1999)

Costa Rica:
5.805 billion kWh (1999)

Cote d'Ivoire:
4.06 billion kWh (1999)

Croatia:
10.96 billion kWh (1999)

Cuba:
14.358 billion kWh (1999)

Cyprus:
2.951 billion kWh (1999); Turkish Cypriot area: NA kWh

Czech Republic:
67.642 billion kWh (2000)

Denmark:
37.885 billion kWh (1999)

Djibouti:
180 million kWh (1999)

Dominica:
62 million kWh (1999)

Dominican Republic:
7.29 billion kWh (1999)

Ecuador:
10.065 billion kWh (1999)

Egypt:
64.685 billion kWh (1999)

El Salvador:
3.641 billion kWh (1999)

Equatorial Guinea:
21 million kWh (1999)

Eritrea:
165 million kWh (1999)

Estonia:
7.782 billion kWh (1999)

Ethiopia:
1.625 billion kWh (1999)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
12 million kWh (1999)

Faroe Islands:
170 million kWh (1999)

Fiji:
510 million kWh (1999)

Finland:
75.792 billion kWh (1999)

France:
497.26 billion kWh (1999)

French Guiana:
440 million kWh (1999)

French Polynesia:
430 million kWh (1999)

Gabon:
1.02 billion kWh (1999)

Gambia, The:
75 million kWh (1999)

Gaza Strip:
NA kWh; note - electricity supplied by Israel

Georgia:
7.975 billion kWh (1999)

Germany:
531.377 billion kWh (1999)

Ghana:
5.466 billion kWh (1999)

Gibraltar:
95 million kWh (1999)

Greece:
46.432 billion kWh (1999)

Greenland:
250 million kWh (1999)

Grenada:
120 million kWh (1999)

Guadeloupe:
1.3 billion kWh (1999)

Guam:
800 million kWh (1999)

Guatemala:
3.785 billion kWh (1999)

Guernsey:
NA kWh

Guinea:
750 million kWh (1999)

Guinea-Bissau:
55 million kWh (1999)

Guyana:
455 million kWh (1999)

Haiti:
672 million kWh (1999)

Honduras:
3.319 billion kWh (1999)

Hong Kong:
27.726 billion kWh (1999)

Hungary:
36.75 billion kWh (1999)

Iceland:
7.069 billion kWh (1999)

India:
454.561 billion kWh (1999)

Indonesia:
78.674 billion kWh (1999)

Iran:
103.054 billion kWh (1999)

Iraq:
29.42 billion kWh (1999)

Ireland:
19.542 billion kWh (1999)

Israel:
35.437 billion kWh (1999)

Italy:
247.679 billion kWh (1999)

Jamaica:
6.53 billion kWh (1999)

Japan:
1.018 trillion kWh (1999)

Johnston Atoll:
approximately 1,000,000 kWh weekly; note - there are
six 25,000 kWh generators supplied by the base operating support
contractor (1999)

Jordan:
6.657 billion kWh (1999)

Kazakhstan:
44.36 billion kWh (1999)

Kenya:
4.225 billion kWh (1999)

Kiribati:
7 million kWh (1999)

Korea, North:
28.6 billion kWh (1999)

Korea, South:
250.287 billion kWh (1999)

Kuwait:
31.567 billion kWh (1999)

Kyrgyzstan:
12.981 billion kWh (1999)

Laos:
792 million kWh (1999)

Latvia:
3.996 billion kWh (1999)

Lebanon:
7.748 billion kWh (1999)

Lesotho:
0 kWh; note - electricity supplied by South Africa (1999)

Liberia:
432 million kWh (1999)

Libya:
18.9 billion kWh (1999)

Lithuania:
13.567 billion kWh (1999)

Luxembourg:
648 million kWh (1999)

Macau:
1.355 billion kWh (1999)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
6.395 billion kWh (1999)

Madagascar:
810 million kWh (1999)

Malawi:
1.025 billion kWh (1999)

Malaysia:
59.044 billion kWh (1999)

Maldives:
101 million kWh (1999)

Mali:
445 million kWh (1999)

Malta:
1.65 billion kWh (1999)

Martinique:
1.1 billion kWh (1999)

Mauritania:
151 million kWh (1999)

Mauritius:
1.26 billion kWh (1999)

Mayotte:
NA kWh

Mexico:
182.492 billion kWh (1999)

Micronesia, Federated States of:
NA kWh

Moldova:
4.155 billion kWh (1999)

Mongolia:
2.671 billion kWh (1999)

Montserrat:
10 million kWh (1999)

Morocco:
13.695 billion kWh (1999)

Mozambique:
2.3 billion kWh (1999)

Namibia:
1.198 billion kWh (1999)

Nauru:
30 million kWh (1999)

Nepal:
1.255 billion kWh (1999)

Netherlands:
85.294 billion kWh (1999)

Netherlands Antilles:
1.11 billion kWh (1999)

New Caledonia:
1.52 billion kWh (1999)

New Zealand:
37.952 billion kWh (1999)

Nicaragua:
2.349 billion kWh (1999)

Niger:
200 million kWh (1999)

Nigeria:
18.7 billion kWh (1999)

Niue:
3 million kWh (1999)

Norfolk Island:
NA kWh

Northern Mariana Islands:
NA kWh

Norway:
121.084 billion kWh (1999)

Oman:
8.63 billion kWh (1999)

Pakistan:
62.078 billion kWh (1999)

Panama:
4.413 billion kWh (1999)

Papua New Guinea:
1.82 billion kWh (1999)

Paraguay:
51.554 billion kWh (1999)

Peru:
18.886 billion kWh (1999)

Philippines:
40.745 billion kWh (1999)

Pitcairn Islands:
NA kWh; note - electric power is provided by a
small diesel-powered generator

Poland:
134.351 billion kWh (1999)

Portugal:
41.696 billion kWh (1999)

Puerto Rico:
16.76 billion kWh (1999)

Qatar:
9 billion kWh (1999)

Reunion:
1.1 billion kWh (1999)

Romania:
49.036 billion kWh (1999)

Russia:
798.065 billion kWh (1999)

Rwanda:
132 million kWh (1999)

Saint Helena:
6 million kWh (1999)

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
90 million kWh (1999)

Saint Lucia:
110 million kWh (1999)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
40 million kWh (1999)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
82 million kWh (1999)

Samoa:
100 million kWh (1999)

San Marino:
NA kWh

Sao Tome and Principe:
17 million kWh (1999)

Saudi Arabia:
120 billion kWh (1999)

Senegal:
1.27 billion kWh (1999)

Seychelles:
160 million kWh (1999)

Sierra Leone:
240 million kWh (1999)

Singapore:
27.381 billion kWh (1999)

Slovakia:
22.582 billion kWh (1999)

Slovenia:
12.451 billion kWh (1999)

Solomon Islands:
30 million kWh (1999)

Somalia:
260 million kWh (1999)

South Africa:
186.903 billion kWh (1999)

Spain:
197.694 billion kWh (1999)

Sri Lanka:
6.026 billion kWh (1999)

Sudan:
1.76 billion kWh (1999)

Suriname:
1.937 billion kWh (1999)

Svalbard:
NA kWh

Swaziland:
375 million kWh (1999)

Sweden:
146.633 billion kWh (1999)

Switzerland:
66.768 billion kWh (1999)

Syria:
17.94 billion kWh (1999)

Tajikistan:
15.623 billion kWh (1999)

Tanzania:
2.248 billion kWh (1999)

Thailand:
89.431 billion kWh (1999)

Togo:
92 million kWh (1999)

Tokelau:
NA kWh

Tonga:
35 million kWh (1999)

Trinidad and Tobago:
4.9 billion kWh (1999)

Tunisia:
9.173 billion kWh (1999)

Turkey:
125.3 billion kWh (2000 est.)

Turkmenistan:
8.371 billion kWh (1999)

Turks and Caicos Islands:
5 million kWh (1999)

Uganda:
1.326 billion kWh (1999)

Ukraine:
157.823 billion kWh (1999)

United Arab Emirates:
36.7 billion kWh (1999)

United Kingdom:
342.771 billion kWh (1999)

United States:
3.678 trillion kWh (1999)

Uruguay:
5.704 billion kWh (1999)

Uzbekistan:
42.876 billion kWh (1999)

Vanuatu:
35 million kWh (1999)

Venezuela:
81.215 billion kWh (1999)

Vietnam:
22.985 billion kWh (1999)

Virgin Islands:
1.02 billion kWh (1999)

Wake Island:
NA kWh

Wallis and Futuna:
NA kWh

West Bank:
NA kWh; note - most electricity imported from Israel;
East Jerusalem Electric Company buys and distributes electricity to
Palestinians in East Jerusalem and its concession in the West Bank;
the Israel Electric Company directly supplies electricity to most
Jewish residents and military facilities; at the same time, some
Palestinian municipalities, such as Nablus and Janin, generate their
own electricity from small power plants

Western Sahara:
90 million kWh (1999)

Yemen:
2.4 billion kWh (1999)

Yugoslavia:
34.455 billion kWh (1999)

Zambia:
7.642 billion kWh (1999)

Zimbabwe:
5.78 billion kWh (1999)

Taiwan:
139.676 billion kWh (1999)

@Electricity - production by source

Afghanistan: fossil fuel: 35.71%

hydro: 64.29%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Albania: fossil fuel: 3.81%

hydro: 96.19%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Algeria: fossil fuel: 99.14%

hydro: 0.86%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

American Samoa: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Andorra: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Angola: fossil fuel: 32.2%

hydro: 67.8%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Anguilla: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Antigua and Barbuda: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Argentina: fossil fuel: 60.3%

hydro: 30.7%

nuclear: 8.75%

other: 0.25% (1999)

Armenia: fossil fuel: 45.56%

hydro: 23.25%

nuclear: 31.19%

other: 0% (1999)

Aruba: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Australia: fossil fuel: 89.93%

hydro: 8.36%

nuclear: 0%

other: 1.71% (1999)

Austria: fossil fuel: 29.53%

hydro: 67.65%

nuclear: 0%

other: 2.82% (1999)

Azerbaijan: fossil fuel: 86.46%

hydro: 13.54%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Bahamas, The: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Bahrain: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Bangladesh: fossil fuel: 93.7%

hydro: 6.3%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Barbados: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Belarus: fossil fuel: 99.9%

hydro: 0.1%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Belgium: fossil fuel: 40.01%

hydro: 0.42%

nuclear: 58.33%

other: 1.24% (1999)

Belize: fossil fuel: 56.76%

hydro: 43.24%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Benin: fossil fuel: 24.78%

hydro: 75.22%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Bermuda: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Bhutan: fossil fuel: 0.05%

hydro: 99.95%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Bolivia: fossil fuel: 56.61%

hydro: 41.6%

nuclear: 0%

other: 1.79% (1999)

Bosnia and Herzegovina: fossil fuel: 38.68%

hydro: 61.32%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Botswana: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Brazil: fossil fuel: 5.28%

hydro: 90.66%

nuclear: 1.12%

other: 2.94% (1999)

British Virgin Islands: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Brunei: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Bulgaria: fossil fuel: 51.52%

hydro: 8.35%

nuclear: 40.12%

other: 0.01% (1999)

Burkina Faso: fossil fuel: 71.93%

hydro: 28.07%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Burma: fossil fuel: 68.56%

hydro: 31.44%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Burundi: fossil fuel: 0.71%

hydro: 99.29%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Cambodia: fossil fuel: 59.18%

hydro: 40.82%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Cameroon: fossil fuel: 2.59%

hydro: 97.41%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Canada: fossil fuel: 26.38%

hydro: 60%

nuclear: 12.31%

other: 1.31% (1999)

Cape Verde: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Cayman Islands: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Central African Republic: fossil fuel: 20.59%

hydro: 79.41%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Chad: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Chile: fossil fuel: 61%

hydro: 35%

nuclear: 0%

other: 4% (1999)

China: fossil fuel: 79.82%

hydro: 18.98%

nuclear: 1.2%

other: 0.01% (1999)

Christmas Island: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Cocos (Keeling) Islands: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Colombia: fossil fuel: 22.27%

hydro: 76.19%

nuclear: 0%

other: 1.54% (1999)

Comoros: fossil fuel: 88.24%

hydro: 11.76%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: fossil fuel: 2.05%

hydro: 97.95%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Congo, Republic of the: fossil fuel: 0.66%

hydro: 99.34%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Cook Islands: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Costa Rica: fossil fuel: 2.41%

hydro: 83.32%

nuclear: 0%

other: 14.27% (1999)

Cote d'Ivoire: fossil fuel: 75.37%

hydro: 24.63%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Croatia: fossil fuel: 40.89%

hydro: 59%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.11% (1999)

Cuba: fossil fuel: 94.2%

hydro: 0.7%

nuclear: 0%

other: 5.1% (1999)

Cyprus: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Czech Republic: fossil fuel: 77.8%

hydro: 3.43%

nuclear: 18.77%

other: 0% (2000)

Denmark: fossil fuel: 88.4%

hydro: 0.07%

nuclear: 0%

other: 11.53% (1999)

Djibouti: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Dominica: fossil fuel: 48.39%

hydro: 51.61%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Dominican Republic: fossil fuel: 87.19%

hydro: 12.4%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.41% (1999)

Ecuador: fossil fuel: 29.51%

hydro: 70.49%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Egypt: fossil fuel: 76.59%

hydro: 23.41%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

El Salvador: fossil fuel: 45.65%

hydro: 41.01%

nuclear: 0%

other: 13.34% (1999)

Equatorial Guinea: fossil fuel: 85.71%

hydro: 14.29%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Eritrea: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Estonia: fossil fuel: 99.72%

hydro: 0.09%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.19% (1999)

Ethiopia: fossil fuel: 3.08%

hydro: 96.92%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Faroe Islands: fossil fuel: 58.82%

hydro: 41.18%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Fiji: fossil fuel: 17.65%

hydro: 82.35%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Finland: fossil fuel: 41.88%

hydro: 16.77%

nuclear: 28.82%

other: 12.53% (1999)

France: fossil fuel: 9.69%

hydro: 14.39%

nuclear: 75.43%

other: 0.49% (1999)

French Guiana: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

French Polynesia: fossil fuel: 51.16%

hydro: 48.84%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Gabon: fossil fuel: 29.9%

hydro: 70.1%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Gambia, The: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Georgia: fossil fuel: 20.38%

hydro: 79.62%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Germany: fossil fuel: 63.29%

hydro: 3.59%

nuclear: 30.3%

other: 2.82% (1999)

Ghana: fossil fuel: 26.82%

hydro: 73.18%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Gibraltar: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Greece: fossil fuel: 89.6%

hydro: 9.72%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.68% (1999)

Greenland: fossil fuel: 41%

hydro: 59%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0%

note: Greenland is shifting its electricity production from fossil fuel to hydroelectric power production (1999)

Grenada:
fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Guadeloupe: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Guam: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Guatemala: fossil fuel: 38.31%

hydro: 61.69%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Guernsey: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Guinea: fossil fuel: 46.67%

hydro: 53.33%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Guinea-Bissau: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Guyana: fossil fuel: 98.9%

hydro: 1.1%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Haiti: fossil fuel: 52.83%

hydro: 47.17%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Holy See (Vatican City): fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Honduras: fossil fuel: 44.71%

hydro: 55.29%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Hong Kong: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Hungary: fossil fuel: 61.09%

hydro: 0.51%

nuclear: 38.4%

other: 0% (1999)

Iceland: fossil fuel: 0.07%

hydro: 84.64%

nuclear: 0%

other: 15.29% (1999)

India: fossil fuel: 79.41%

hydro: 17.77%

nuclear: 2.52%

other: 0.3% (1999)

Indonesia: fossil fuel: 80.36%

hydro: 14.63%

nuclear: 0%

other: 5.01% (1999)

Iran: fossil fuel: 93.16%

hydro: 6.84%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Iraq: fossil fuel: 97.96%

hydro: 2.04%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Ireland: fossil fuel: 94.42%

hydro: 4.23%

nuclear: 0%

other: 1.35% (1999)

Israel: fossil fuel: 99.89%

hydro: 0.11%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Italy: fossil fuel: 79.09%

hydro: 18.08%

nuclear: 0%

other: 2.83% (1999)

Jamaica: fossil fuel: 92.28%

hydro: 1.36%

nuclear: 0%

other: 6.36% (1999)

Japan: fossil fuel: 58.91%

hydro: 8.35%

nuclear: 30.31%

other: 2.43% (1999)

Jordan: fossil fuel: 99.79%

hydro: 0.21%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Kazakhstan: fossil fuel: 87.12%

hydro: 12.65%

nuclear: 0.23%

other: 0% (1999)

Kenya: fossil fuel: 31%

hydro: 67%

nuclear: 0%

other: 2% (1999 est.)

Kiribati: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Korea, North: fossil fuel: 34.62%

hydro: 65.38%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Korea, South: fossil fuel: 59.22%

hydro: 1.64%

nuclear: 39.12%

other: 0.02% (1999)

Kuwait: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Kyrgyzstan: fossil fuel: 6.67%

hydro: 93.33%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Laos: fossil fuel: 2.78%

hydro: 97.22%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Latvia: fossil fuel: 31.78%

hydro: 68.22%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Lebanon: fossil fuel: 91.29%

hydro: 8.71%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Lesotho: fossil fuel: 0%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Liberia: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Libya: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Liechtenstein: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Lithuania: fossil fuel: 23.89%

hydro: 3.43%

nuclear: 72.68%

other: 0% (1999)

Luxembourg: fossil fuel: 36.88%

hydro: 53.09%

nuclear: 0%

other: 10.03% (1999)

Macau: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: fossil fuel: 82.25%

hydro: 17.75%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Madagascar: fossil fuel: 37.04%

hydro: 62.96%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Malawi: fossil fuel: 2.44%

hydro: 97.56%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Malaysia: fossil fuel: 91.61%

hydro: 8.39%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Maldives: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Mali: fossil fuel: 44.94%

hydro: 55.06%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Malta: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Marshall Islands: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Martinique: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Mauritania: fossil fuel: 82.78%

hydro: 17.22%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Mauritius: fossil fuel: 91.27%

hydro: 8.73%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Mayotte: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Mexico: fossil fuel: 74.12%

hydro: 17.75%

nuclear: 5.21%

other: 2.92% (1999)

Micronesia, Federated States of: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Moldova: fossil fuel: 93.62%

hydro: 6.38%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Mongolia: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Montserrat: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Morocco: fossil fuel: 89.19%

hydro: 10.81%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Mozambique: fossil fuel: 13.04%

hydro: 86.96%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Namibia: fossil fuel: 2%

hydro: 98%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Nauru: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Nepal: fossil fuel: 9.56%

hydro: 90.44%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Netherlands: fossil fuel: 90.25%

hydro: 0.11%

nuclear: 4.27%

other: 5.37% (1999)

Netherlands Antilles: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

New Caledonia: fossil fuel: 78.95%

hydro: 21.05%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

New Zealand: fossil fuel: 30.49%

hydro: 61.42%

nuclear: 0%

other: 8.09% (1999)

Nicaragua: fossil fuel: 67.26%

hydro: 17.71%

nuclear: 0%

other: 15.03% (1999)

Niger: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Nigeria: fossil fuel: 52.94%

hydro: 47.06%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Niue: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Norfolk Island: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Norway: fossil fuel: 0.63%

hydro: 99.11%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.26% (1999)

Oman: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Pakistan: fossil fuel: 63.38%

hydro: 36.51%

nuclear: 0.11%

other: 0% (1999)

Panama: fossil fuel: 27.78%

hydro: 71.65%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.57% (1999)

Papua New Guinea: fossil fuel: 54.95%

hydro: 45.05%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Paraguay: fossil fuel: 0.07%

hydro: 99.79%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.15% (1999)

Peru: fossil fuel: 23.04%

hydro: 76.43%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.53% (1999)

Philippines: fossil fuel: 61.03%

hydro: 18.68%

nuclear: 0%

other: 20.29% (1999)

Poland: fossil fuel: 96.43%

hydro: 3.16%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.41% (1999)

Portugal: fossil fuel: 79.97%

hydro: 17.25%

nuclear: 0%

other: 2.78% (1999)

Puerto Rico: fossil fuel: 98.45%

hydro: 1.55%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Qatar: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Reunion: fossil fuel: 54.55%

hydro: 45.45%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Romania: fossil fuel: 53.99%

hydro: 36.18%

nuclear: 9.81%

other: 0.02% (1999)

Russia: fossil fuel: 66.31%

hydro: 19.79%

nuclear: 13.9%

other: 0% (1999)

Rwanda: fossil fuel: 3.03%

hydro: 96.97%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Saint Helena: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Saint Kitts and Nevis: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Saint Lucia: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: fossil fuel: 73.17%

hydro: 26.83%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Samoa: fossil fuel: 60%

hydro: 40%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

San Marino: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Sao Tome and Principe: fossil fuel: 41.18%

hydro: 58.82%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Saudi Arabia: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Senegal: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Seychelles: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Sierra Leone: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Singapore: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Slovakia: fossil fuel: 37.56%

hydro: 18.27%

nuclear: 44.17%

other: 0% (1999)

Slovenia: fossil fuel: 34.44%

hydro: 29.58%

nuclear: 35.98%

other: 0% (1999)

Solomon Islands: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Somalia: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

South Africa: fossil fuel: 92.74%

hydro: 0.39%

nuclear: 6.87%

other: 0% (1999)

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Spain: fossil fuel: 57.71%

hydro: 12.1%

nuclear: 28.28%

other: 1.91% (1999)

Sri Lanka: fossil fuel: 29.9%

hydro: 70.1%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Sudan: fossil fuel: 42.05%

hydro: 57.95%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Suriname: fossil fuel: 25.92%

hydro: 74.08%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Svalbard: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Swaziland: fossil fuel: 53.33%

hydro: 46.67%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Sweden: fossil fuel: 5.53%

hydro: 47.24%

nuclear: 45.42%

other: 1.81% (1999)

Switzerland: fossil fuel: 3.44%

hydro: 59.16%

nuclear: 35.43%

other: 1.97% (1999)

Syria: fossil fuel: 57.64%

hydro: 42.36%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Tajikistan: fossil fuel: 1.9%

hydro: 98.1%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Tanzania: fossil fuel: 22.24%

hydro: 77.76%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Thailand: fossil fuel: 91.17%

hydro: 3.81%

nuclear: 0%

other: 5.02% (1999)

Togo: fossil fuel: 97.83%

hydro: 2.17%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Tokelau: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Tonga: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Trinidad and Tobago: fossil fuel: 99.59%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.41% (1999)

Tunisia: fossil fuel: 99.2%

hydro: 0.8%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Turkey: fossil fuel: 71%

hydro: 29%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (2000 est.)

Turkmenistan: fossil fuel: 99.94%

hydro: 0.06%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Turks and Caicos Islands: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Tuvalu: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Uganda: fossil fuel: 0.98%

hydro: 99.02%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Ukraine: fossil fuel: 47.67%

hydro: 9.65%

nuclear: 42.67%

other: 0.01% (1999)

United Arab Emirates: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

United Kingdom: fossil fuel: 69.38%

hydro: 1.55%

nuclear: 26.68%

other: 2.39% (1999)

United States: fossil fuel: 69.64%

hydro: 8.31%

nuclear: 19.8%

other: 2.25% (1999)

Uruguay: fossil fuel: 3.86%

hydro: 95.44%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0.7% (1999)

Uzbekistan: fossil fuel: 86.4%

hydro: 13.6%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Vanuatu: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Venezuela: fossil fuel: 32.16%

hydro: 67.84%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Vietnam: fossil fuel: 47.71%

hydro: 52.29%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Virgin Islands: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Wallis and Futuna: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

West Bank: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Western Sahara: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

World: fossil fuel: NA%

hydro: NA%

nuclear: NA%

other: NA%

Yemen: fossil fuel: 100%

hydro: 0%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Yugoslavia: fossil fuel: 70%

hydro: 30%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Zambia: fossil fuel: 0.55%

hydro: 99.45%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Zimbabwe: fossil fuel: 69.98%

hydro: 30.02%

nuclear: 0%

other: 0% (1999)

Taiwan: fossil fuel: 67.26%

hydro: 6.32%

nuclear: 26.42%

other: 0% (1999)

@Elevation extremes

Afghanistan: lowest point: Amu Darya 258 m

highest point: Nowshak 7,485 m

Albania: lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m

highest point: Maja e Korabit (Golem Korab) 2,753 m

Algeria: lowest point: Chott Melrhir -40 m

highest point: Tahat 3,003 m

American Samoa: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Lata 966 m

Andorra: lowest point: Riu Runer 840 m

highest point: Coma Pedrosa 2,946 m

Angola: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Morro de Moco 2,620 m

Anguilla: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Crocus Hill 65 m

Antarctica: lowest point: Bentley Subglacial Trench -2,540 m

highest point: Vinson Massif 5,140 m

note: the lowest known land point in Antarctica is hidden in the Bentley Subglacial Trench; at its surface is the deepest ice yet discovered and the world's lowest elevation not under sea water

Antigua and Barbuda: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Boggy Peak 402 m

Arctic Ocean: lowest point: Fram Basin -4,665 m

highest point: sea level 0 m

Argentina:
lowest point: Salinas Chicas -40 m (located on Peninsula
Valdes)

highest point: Cerro Aconcagua 6,960 m

Armenia: lowest point: Debed River 400 m

highest point: Aragats Lerr 4,095 m

Aruba: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Mount Jamanota 188 m

Ashmore and Cartier Islands: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 3 m

Atlantic Ocean:
lowest point: Milwaukee Deep in the Puerto Rico
Trench -8,605 m

highest point: sea level 0 m

Australia: lowest point: Lake Eyre -15 m

highest point: Mount Kosciuszko 2,229 m

Austria: lowest point: Neusiedler See 115 m

highest point: Grossglockner 3,798 m

Azerbaijan: lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m

highest point: Bazarduzu Dagi 4,485 m

Bahamas, The: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Alvernia, on Cat Island 63 m

Bahrain: lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m

highest point: Jabal ad Dukhan 122 m

Baker Island: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 8 m

Bangladesh: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Keokradong 1,230 m

Barbados: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Hillaby 336 m

Bassas da India: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 2.4 m

Belarus: lowest point: Nyoman River 90 m

highest point: Dzyarzhynskaya Hara 346 m

Belgium: lowest point: North Sea 0 m

highest point: Signal de Botrange 694 m

Belize: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Victoria Peak 1,160 m

Benin: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mont Sokbaro 658 m

Bermuda: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Town Hill 76 m

Bhutan: lowest point: Drangme Chhu 97 m

highest point: Kula Kangri 7,553 m

Bolivia: lowest point: Rio Paraguay 90 m

highest point: Nevado Sajama 6,542 m

Bosnia and Herzegovina: lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m

highest point: Maglic 2,386 m

Botswana:
lowest point: junction of the Limpopo and Shashe Rivers
513 m

highest point: Tsodilo Hills 1,489 m

Bouvet Island: lowest point: South Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Olav Peak 935 m

Brazil: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Pico da Neblina 3,014 m

British Indian Ocean Territory: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location on Diego Garcia 15 m

British Virgin Islands: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Mount Sage 521 m

Brunei: lowest point: South China Sea 0 m

highest point: Bukit Pagon 1,850 m

Bulgaria: lowest point: Black Sea 0 m

highest point: Musala 2,925 m

Burkina Faso: lowest point: Mouhoun (Black Volta) River 200 m

highest point: Tena Kourou 749 m

Burma: lowest point: Andaman Sea 0 m

highest point: Hkakabo Razi 5,881 m

Burundi: lowest point: Lake Tanganyika 772 m

highest point: Mount Heha 2,670 m

Cambodia: lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m

highest point: Phnum Aoral 1,810 m

Cameroon: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Fako 4,095 m

Canada: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Logan 5,959 m

Cape Verde: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mt. Fogo 2,829 m (a volcano on Fogo Island)

Cayman Islands: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: The Bluff 43 m

Central African Republic: lowest point: Oubangui River 335 m

highest point: Mont Ngaoui 1,420 m

Chad: lowest point: Djourab Depression 160 m

highest point: Emi Koussi 3,415 m

Chile: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Nevado Ojos del Salado 6,880 m

China: lowest point: Turpan Pendi -154 m

highest point: Mount Everest 8,850 m (1999 est.)

Christmas Island: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Murray Hill 361 m

Clipperton Island: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Rocher Clipperton 29 m

Cocos (Keeling) Islands: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 5 m

Colombia: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Pico Cristobal Colon 5,775 m

note: nearby Pico Simon Bolivar also has the same elevation

Comoros: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Le Kartala 2,360 m

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Pic Marguerite on Mont Ngaliema (Mount Stanley)
5,110 m

Congo, Republic of the:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Berongou 903 m

Cook Islands: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Te Manga 652 m

Coral Sea Islands: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location on Cato Island 6 m

Costa Rica: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Cerro Chirripo 3,810 m

Cote d'Ivoire: lowest point: Gulf of Guinea 0 m

highest point: Mont Nimba 1,752 m

Croatia: lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m

highest point: Dinara 1,830 m

Cuba: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Pico Turquino 2,005 m

Cyprus: lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m

highest point: Olympus 1,951 m

Czech Republic: lowest point: Elbe River 115 m

highest point: Snezka 1,602 m

Denmark: lowest point: Lammefjord -7 m

highest point: Yding Skovhoej 173 m

Djibouti: lowest point: Lac Assal -155 m

highest point: Moussa Ali 2,028 m

Dominica: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Morne Diablatins 1,447 m

Dominican Republic: lowest point: Lago Enriquillo -46 m

highest point: Pico Duarte 3,175 m

Ecuador: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Chimborazo 6,267 m

Egypt: lowest point: Qattara Depression -133 m

highest point: Mount Catherine 2,629 m

El Salvador: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Cerro El Pital 2,730 m

Equatorial Guinea: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Pico Basile 3,008 m

Eritrea:
lowest point: near Kulul within the Denakil depression -75
m

highest point: Soira 3,018 m

Estonia: lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m

highest point: Suur Munamagi 318 m

Ethiopia: lowest point: Denakil Depression -125 m

highest point: Ras Dejen 4,620 m

Europa Island: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 24 m

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Usborne 705 m

Faroe Islands: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Slaettaratindur 882 m

Fiji: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Tomanivi 1,324 m

Finland: lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m

highest point: Haltiatunturi 1,328 m

France: lowest point: Rhone River delta -2 m

highest point: Mont Blanc 4,807 m

French Guiana: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Bellevue de l'Inini 851 m

French Polynesia: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mont Orohena 2,241 m

French Southern and Antarctic Lands: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mont Ross on Iles Kerguelen 1,850 m

Gabon: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mont Iboundji 1,575 m

Gambia, The: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 53 m

Gaza Strip: lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m

highest point: Abu 'Awdah (Joz Abu 'Auda) 105 m

Georgia: lowest point: Black Sea 0 m

highest point: Mt'a Mqinvartsveri (Gora Kazbek) 5,048 m

Germany: lowest point: Freepsum Lake -2 m

highest point: Zugspitze 2,963 m

Ghana: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Afadjato 880 m

Gibraltar: lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m

highest point: Rock of Gibraltar 426 m

Glorioso Islands: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 12 m

Greece: lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m

highest point: Mount Olympus 2,917 m

Greenland: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Gunnbjorn 3,700 m

Grenada: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Mount Saint Catherine 840 m

Guadeloupe: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Soufriere 1,467 m

Guam: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Lamlam 406 m

Guatemala: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Volcan Tajumulco 4,211 m

Guernsey: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location on Sark 114 m

Guinea: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mont Nimba 1,752 m

Guinea-Bissau:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location in the northeast corner of the
country 300 m

Guyana:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Roraima 2,835 m

Haiti: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Chaine de la Selle 2,680 m

Heard Island and McDonald Islands: lowest point: Southern Ocean 0 m

highest point: Big Ben 2,745 m

Holy See (Vatican City): lowest point: unnamed location 19 m

highest point: unnamed location 75 m

Honduras: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Cerro Las Minas 2,870 m

Hong Kong: lowest point: South China Sea 0 m

highest point: Tai Mo Shan 958 m

Howland Island: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 3 m

Hungary: lowest point: Tisza River 78 m

highest point: Kekes 1,014 m

Iceland: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Hvannadalshnukur 2,119 m

India: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Kanchenjunga 8,598 m

Indian Ocean: lowest point: Java Trench -7,258 m

highest point: sea level 0 m

Indonesia: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m

Iran: lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m

highest point: Qolleh-ye Damavand 5,671 m

Iraq: lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m

highest point: Haji Ibrahim 3,600 m

Ireland: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Carrauntoohil 1,041 m

Israel: lowest point: Dead Sea -408 m

highest point: Har Meron 1,208 m

Italy: lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m

highest point: Mont Blanc (Monte Bianco) 4,807 m

Jamaica: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Blue Mountain Peak 2,256 m

Jan Mayen: lowest point: Norwegian Sea 0 m

highest point: Haakon VII Toppen/Beerenberg 2,277 m

Japan: lowest point: Hachiro-gata -4 m

highest point: Fujiyama 3,776 m

Jarvis Island: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 7 m

Jersey: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 143 m

Johnston Atoll: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Summit Peak 5 m

Jordan: lowest point: Dead Sea -408 m

highest point: Jabal Ram 1,734 m

Juan de Nova Island: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 10 m

Kazakhstan: lowest point: Vpadina Kaundy -132 m

highest point: Khan Tangiri Shyngy (Pik Khan-Tengri) 6,995 m

Kenya: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Kenya 5,199 m

Kingman Reef: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 1 m

Kiribati: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location on Banaba 81 m

Korea, North: lowest point: Sea of Japan 0 m

highest point: Paektu-san 2,744 m

Korea, South: lowest point: Sea of Japan 0 m

highest point: Halla-san 1,950 m

Kuwait: lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 306 m

Kyrgyzstan: lowest point: Kara-Darya 132 m

highest point: Jengish Chokusu (Pik Pobedy) 7,439 m

Laos: lowest point: Mekong River 70 m

highest point: Phou Bia 2,817 m

Latvia: lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m

highest point: Gaizinkalns 312 m

Lebanon: lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m

highest point: Qurnat as Sawda' 3,088 m

Lesotho:
lowest point: junction of the Orange and Makhaleng Rivers
1,400 m

highest point: Thabana Ntlenyana 3,482 m

Liberia: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Wuteve 1,380 m

Libya: lowest point: Sabkhat Ghuzayyil -47 m

highest point: Bikku Bitti 2,267 m

Liechtenstein: lowest point: Ruggeller Riet 430 m

highest point: Grauspitz 2,599 m

Lithuania: lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m

highest point: Juozapines/Kalnas 292 m

Luxembourg: lowest point: Moselle River 133 m

highest point: Buurgplaatz 559 m

Macau: lowest point: South China Sea 0 m

highest point: Coloane Alto 174 m

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: lowest point: Vardar River 50 m

highest point: Golem Korab (Maja e Korabit) 2,753 m

Madagascar: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Maromokotro 2,876 m

Malawi:
lowest point: junction of the Shire River and international
boundary with Mozambique 37 m

highest point: Sapitwa 3,002 m

Malaysia: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Gunung Kinabalu 4,100 m

Maldives:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location on Wilingili island in the Addu
Atoll 2.4 m

Mali:
lowest point: Senegal River 23 m

highest point: Hombori Tondo 1,155 m

Malta: lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m

highest point: Ta'Dmejrek 253 m (near Dingli)

Man, Isle of: lowest point: Irish Sea 0 m

highest point: Snaefell 621 m

Marshall Islands: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location on Likiep 10 m

Martinique: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Montagne Pelee 1,397 m

Mauritania: lowest point: Sebkha de Ndrhamcha -3 m

highest point: Kediet Ijill 910 m

Mauritius: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mont Piton 828 m

Mayotte: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Benara 660 m

Mexico: lowest point: Laguna Salada -10 m

highest point: Volcan Pico de Orizaba 5,700 m

Micronesia, Federated States of: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Totolom 791 m

Midway Islands: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 13 m

Moldova: lowest point: Nistru (Dnister) River 2 m

highest point: Dealul Balanesti 430 m

Monaco: lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m

highest point: Mont Agel 140 m

Mongolia: lowest point: Hoh Nuur 518 m

highest point: Nayramadlin Orgil (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m

Montserrat: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Chances Peak (in the Soufriere Hills) 914 m

Morocco: lowest point: Sebkha Tah -55 m

highest point: Jbel Toubkal 4,165 m

Mozambique: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Monte Binga 2,436 m

Namibia: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Konigstein 2,606 m

Nauru: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location along plateau rim 61 m

Navassa Island: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: unnamed location on southwest side 77 m

Nepal: lowest point: Kanchan Kalan 70 m

highest point: Mount Everest 8,850 m (1999 est.)

Netherlands: lowest point: Prins Alexanderpolder -7 m

highest point: Vaalserberg 321 m

Netherlands Antilles: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Mount Scenery 862 m

New Caledonia: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mont Panie 1,628 m

New Zealand: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Cook 3,764 m

Nicaragua: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mogoton 2,438 m

Niger: lowest point: Niger River 200 m

highest point: Mont Greboun 1,944 m

Nigeria: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Chappal Waddi 2,419 m

Niue: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location near Mutalau settlement 68 m

Norfolk Island: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Bates 319 m

Northern Mariana Islands: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location on Agrihan 965 m

Norway: lowest point: Norwegian Sea 0 m

highest point: Galdhopiggen 2,469 m

Oman: lowest point: Arabian Sea 0 m

highest point: Jabal Shams 2,980 m

Pacific Ocean:
lowest point: Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench
-10,924 m

highest point: sea level 0 m

Pakistan: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m

Palau: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Ngerchelchauus 242 m

Palmyra Atoll: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 2 m

Panama: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Volcan de Chiriqui 3,475 m

Papua New Guinea: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Wilhelm 4,509 m

Paracel Islands: lowest point: South China Sea 0 m

highest point: unnamed location on Rocky Island 14 m

Paraguay: lowest point: junction of Rio Paraguay and Rio Parana 46 m

highest point: Cerro Pero (Cerro Tres Kandu) 842 m

Peru: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m

Philippines: lowest point: Philippine Sea 0 m

highest point: Mount Apo 2,954 m

Pitcairn Islands: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Pawala Valley Ridge 347 m

Poland: lowest point: Raczki Elblaskie -2 m

highest point: Rysy 2,499 m

Portugal:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Ponta do Pico (Pico or Pico Alto) on Ilha do Pico in
the Azores 2,351 m

Puerto Rico:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Cerro de Punta 1,338 m

Qatar: lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m

highest point: Qurayn Abu al Bawl 103 m

Reunion: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Piton des Neiges 3,069 m

Romania: lowest point: Black Sea 0 m

highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m

Russia: lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m

highest point: Gora El'brus 5,633 m

Rwanda: lowest point: Rusizi River 950 m

highest point: Volcan Karisimbi 4,519 m

Saint Helena: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Queen Mary's Peak on Tristan da Cunha 2,060 m

Saint Kitts and Nevis: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Mount Liamuiga 1,156 m

Saint Lucia: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Mount Gimie 950 m

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Morne de la Grande Montagne 240 m

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Soufriere 1,234 m

Samoa: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mauga Silisili 1,857 m

San Marino: lowest point: Torrente Ausa 55 m

highest point: Monte Titano 755 m

Sao Tome and Principe: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Pico de Sao Tome 2,024 m

Saudi Arabia: lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m

highest point: Jabal Sawda' 3,133 m

Senegal: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed feature near Nepen Diakha 581 m

Seychelles: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Morne Seychellois 905 m

Sierra Leone: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Loma Mansa (Bintimani) 1,948 m

Singapore: lowest point: Singapore Strait 0 m

highest point: Bukit Timah 166 m

Slovakia: lowest point: Bodrok River 94 m

highest point: Gerlachovsky Stit 2,655 m

Slovenia: lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m

highest point: Triglav 2,864 m

Solomon Islands: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Makarakomburu 2,447 m

Somalia: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Shimbiris 2,416 m

South Africa: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Njesuthi 3,408 m

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mount Paget (South Georgia) 2,934 m

Southern Ocean:
lowest point: -7,235 m at the southern end of the
South Sandwich Trench

highest point: sea level 0 m

Spain: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Pico de Teide (Tenerife) on Canary Islands 3,718 m

Spratly Islands: lowest point: South China Sea 0 m

highest point: unnamed location on Southwest Cay 4 m

Sri Lanka: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Pidurutalagala 2,524 m

Sudan: lowest point: Red Sea 0 m

highest point: Kinyeti 3,187 m

Suriname: lowest point: unnamed location in the coastal plain -2 m

highest point: Juliana Top 1,230 m

Svalbard: lowest point: Arctic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Newtontoppen 1,717 m

Swaziland: lowest point: Great Usutu River 21 m

highest point: Emlembe 1,862 m

Sweden: lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m

highest point: Kebnekaise 2,111 m

Switzerland: lowest point: Lake Maggiore 195 m

highest point: Dufourspitze 4,634 m

Syria: lowest point: unnamed location near Lake Tiberias -200 m

highest point: Mount Hermon 2,814 m

Tajikistan: lowest point: Syrdariya 300 m

highest point: Pik Imeni Ismail Samani 7,495 m

Tanzania: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: Kilimanjaro 5,895 m

Thailand: lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m

highest point: Doi Inthanon 2,576 m

Togo: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mont Agou 986 m

Tokelau: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 5 m

Tonga: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location on Kao Island 1,033 m

Trinidad and Tobago: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: El Cerro del Aripo 940 m

Tromelin Island: lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 7 m

Tunisia: lowest point: Shatt al Gharsah -17 m

highest point: Jebel ech Chambi 1,544 m

Turkey: lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m

highest point: Mount Ararat 5,166 m

Turkmenistan:
lowest point: Vpadina Akchanaya -81.00 m; note -
Sarygamysh Koli is a lake in northern Turkmenistan with a water
level that fluctuates above and below the elevation of Vpadina
Akchanaya (the lake has dropped as low as -110 m)

highest point: Gora Ayribaba 3,139 m

Turks and Caicos Islands: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Blue Hills 49 m

Tuvalu: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 5 m

Uganda: lowest point: Lake Albert 621 m

highest point: Margherita Peak on Mount Stanley 5,110 m

Ukraine: lowest point: Black Sea 0 m

highest point: Hora Hoverla 2,061 m

United Arab Emirates: lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m

highest point: Jabal Yibir 1,527 m

United Kingdom: lowest point: Fenland -4 m

highest point: Ben Nevis 1,343 m

United States: lowest point: Death Valley -86 m

highest point: Mount McKinley 6,194 m

Uruguay: lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Cerro Catedral 514 m

Uzbekistan: lowest point: Sariqarnish Kuli -12 m

highest point: Adelunga Toghi 4,301 m

Vanuatu: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Tabwemasana 1,877 m

Venezuela: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Pico Bolivar (La Columna) 5,007 m

Vietnam: lowest point: South China Sea 0 m

highest point: Ngoc Linh 3,143 m

Virgin Islands: lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m

highest point: Crown Mountain 474 m

Wake Island: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: unnamed location 6 m

Wallis and Futuna: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Mont Singavi 765 m

West Bank: lowest point: Dead Sea -408 m

highest point: Tall Asur 1,022 m

Western Sahara: lowest point: Sebjet Tah -55 m

highest point: unnamed location 463 m

World: lowest point: Bentley Subglacial Trench -2,540 m

highest point: Mount Everest 8,850 m (1999 est.)

Yemen: lowest point: Arabian Sea 0 m

highest point: Jabal an Nabi Shu'ayb 3,760 m

Yugoslavia: lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m

highest point: Daravica 2,656 m

Zambia: lowest point: Zambezi river 329 m

highest point: unnamed location in Mafinga Hills 2,301 m

Zimbabwe: lowest point: junction of the Runde and Save rivers 162 m

highest point: Inyangani 2,592 m

Taiwan: lowest point: South China Sea 0 m

highest point: Yu Shan 3,997 m

@Environment - current issues

Afghanistan:
soil degradation; overgrazing; deforestation (much of
the remaining forests are being cut down for fuel and building
materials); desertification

Albania:
deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution from
industrial and domestic effluents

Algeria:
soil erosion from overgrazing and other poor farming
practices; desertification; dumping of raw sewage, petroleum
refining wastes, and other industrial effluents is leading to the
pollution of rivers and coastal waters; Mediterranean Sea, in
particular, becoming polluted from oil wastes, soil erosion, and
fertilizer runoff; inadequate supplies of potable water

American Samoa:
limited natural fresh water resources; the water
division of the government has spent substantial funds in the past
few years to improve water catchments and pipelines

Andorra:
deforestation; overgrazing of mountain meadows contributes
to soil erosion; air pollution; wastewater treatment and solid waste
disposal

Angola:
overuse of pastures and subsequent soil erosion attributable
to population pressures; desertification; deforestation of tropical
rain forest, in response to both international demand for tropical
timber and to domestic use as fuel, resulting in loss of
biodiversity; soil erosion contributing to water pollution and
siltation of rivers and dams; inadequate supplies of potable water

Anguilla:
supplies of potable water sometimes cannot meet increasing
demand largely because of poor distribution system

Antarctica:
in 1998, NASA satellite data showed that the antarctic
ozone hole was the largest on record, covering 27 million square
kilometers; researchers in 1997 found that increased ultraviolet
light coming through the hole damages the DNA of icefish, an
antarctic fish lacking hemoglobin; ozone depletion earlier was shown
to harm one-celled antarctic marine plants

Antigua and Barbuda:
water management - a major concern because of
limited natural fresh water resources - is further hampered by the
clearing of trees to increase crop production, causing rainfall to
run off quickly

Arctic Ocean:
endangered marine species include walruses and whales;
fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from
disruptions or damage; thinning polar icepack

Argentina:
environmental problems (urban and rural) typical of an
industrializing economy such as soil degradation, desertification,
air pollution, and water pollution

note: Argentina is a world leader in setting voluntary greenhouse
gas targets

Armenia:
soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; energy
blockade, the result of conflict with Azerbaijan, has led to
deforestation when citizens scavenged for firewood; pollution of
Hrazdan (Razdan) and Aras Rivers; the draining of Sevana Lich (Lake
Sevan), a result of its use as a source for hydropower, threatens
drinking water supplies; restart of Metsamor nuclear power plant
without adequate (IAEA-recommended) safety and backup systems

Aruba:
NA

Ashmore and Cartier Islands:
NA

Atlantic Ocean:
endangered marine species include the manatee,
seals, sea lions, turtles, and whales; drift net fishing is
hastening the decline of fish stocks and contributing to
international disputes; municipal sludge pollution off eastern US,
southern Brazil, and eastern Argentina; oil pollution in Caribbean
Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Lake Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North
Sea; industrial waste and municipal sewage pollution in Baltic Sea,
North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea

Australia:
soil erosion from overgrazing, industrial development,
urbanization, and poor farming practices; soil salinity rising due
to the use of poor quality water; desertification; clearing for
agricultural purposes threatens the natural habitat of many unique
animal and plant species; the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast
coast, the largest coral reef in the world, is threatened by
increased shipping and its popularity as a tourist site; limited
natural fresh water resources

Austria:
some forest degradation caused by air and soil pollution;
soil pollution results from the use of agricultural chemicals; air
pollution results from emissions by coal- and oil-fired power
stations and industrial plants and from trucks transiting Austria
between northern and southern Europe

Azerbaijan:
local scientists consider the Abseron Yasaqligi
(Apsheron Peninsula) (including Baku and Sumqayit) and the Caspian
Sea to be the ecologically most devastated area in the world because
of severe air, water, and soil pollution; soil pollution results
from the use of DDT as a pesticide and also from toxic defoliants
used in the production of cotton

Bahamas, The:
coral reef decay; solid waste disposal

Bahrain:
desertification resulting from the degradation of limited
arable land, periods of drought, and dust storms; coastal
degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation)
resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers,
oil refineries, and distribution stations; no natural fresh water
resources so that groundwater and sea water are the only sources for
all water needs

Baker Island:
no natural fresh water resources

Bangladesh:
many people are landless and forced to live on and
cultivate flood-prone land; water-borne diseases prevalent in
surface water; water pollution, especially of fishing areas, results
from the use of commercial pesticides; ground water contaminated by
naturally-occurring arsenic; intermittent water shortages because of
falling water tables in the northern and central parts of the
country; soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; severe
overpopulation

Barbados:
pollution of coastal waters from waste disposal by ships;
soil erosion; illegal solid waste disposal threatens contamination
of aquifers

Bassas da India:
NA

Belarus:
soil pollution from pesticide use; southern part of the
country contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor accident
at Chornobyl' in northern Ukraine

Belgium:
the environment is exposed to intense pressures from human
activities: urbanization, dense transportation network, industry,
intense animal breeding and crop cultivation; air and water
pollution also have repercussions for neighboring countries;
uncertainties regarding federal and regional responsibilities (now
resolved) have impeded progress in tackling environmental challenges

Belize:
deforestation; water pollution from sewage, industrial
effluents, agricultural runoff; solid waste disposal

Benin:
inadequate supplies of potable water; poaching threatens
wildlife populations; deforestation; desertification

Bermuda:
asbestos disposal; water pollution; preservation of open
space

Bhutan:
soil erosion; limited access to potable water

Bolivia:
the clearing of land for agricultural purposes and the
international demand for tropical timber are contributing to
deforestation; soil erosion from overgrazing and poor cultivation
methods (including slash-and-burn agriculture); desertification;
loss of biodiversity; industrial pollution of water supplies used
for drinking and irrigation

Bosnia and Herzegovina: air pollution from metallurgical plants; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; water shortages and destruction of infrastructure because of the 1992-95 civil strife

Botswana:
overgrazing; desertification; limited fresh water resources

Bouvet Island:
NA

Brazil:
deforestation in Amazon Basin destroys the habitat and
endangers the existence of a multitude of plant and animal species
indigenous to the area; air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro,
Sao Paulo, and several other large cities; land degradation and
water pollution caused by improper mining activities

note: President CARDOSO in September 1999 signed into force an environmental crime bill which for the first time defines pollution and deforestation as crimes punishable by stiff fines and jail sentences

British Indian Ocean Territory:
NA

British Virgin Islands: limited natural fresh water resources (except for a few seasonal streams and springs on Tortola, most of the islands' water supply comes from wells and rainwater catchment)

Brunei:
seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in Indonesia

Bulgaria:
air pollution from industrial emissions; rivers polluted
from raw sewage, heavy metals, detergents; deforestation; forest
damage from air pollution and resulting acid rain; soil
contamination from heavy metals from metallurgical plants and
industrial wastes

Burkina Faso:
recent droughts and desertification severely affecting
agricultural activities, population distribution, and the economy;
overgrazing; soil degradation; deforestation

Burma:
deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and water;
inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease

Burundi:
soil erosion as a result of overgrazing and the expansion
of agriculture into marginal lands; deforestation (little forested
land remains because of uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel);
habitat loss threatens wildlife populations

Cambodia:
illegal logging activities throughout the country and
strip mining for gems in the western region along the border with
Thailand have resulted in habitat loss and declining biodiversity
(in particular, destruction of mangrove swamps threatens natural
fisheries); soil erosion; in rural areas, a majority of the
population does not have access to potable water; toxic waste
delivery from Taiwan sparked unrest in Kampong Saom (Sihanoukville)
in December 1998

Cameroon:
water-borne diseases are prevalent; deforestation;
overgrazing; desertification; poaching; overfishing

Canada:
air pollution and resulting acid rain severely affecting
lakes and damaging forests; metal smelting, coal-burning utilities,
and vehicle emissions impacting on agricultural and forest
productivity; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to
agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities

Cape Verde:
overgrazing of livestock and improper land use such as
the cultivation of crops on steep slopes has led to soil erosion;
demand for wood used as fuel has resulted in deforestation;
desertification; environmental damage has threatened several species
of birds and reptiles; overfishing

Cayman Islands:
no natural fresh water resources; drinking water
supplies must be met by rainwater catchment

Central African Republic:
tap water is not potable; poaching has
diminished its reputation as one of the last great wildlife refuges;
desertification; deforestation

Chad:
inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal
in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution;
desertification

Chile:
air pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water
pollution from raw sewage

China:
air pollution (greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide particulates)
from reliance on coal, produces acid rain; water shortages,
particularly in the north; water pollution from untreated wastes;
deforestation; estimated loss of one-fifth of agricultural land
since 1949 to soil erosion and economic development;
desertification; trade in endangered species

Christmas Island:
NA

Clipperton Island:
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
fresh water resources are limited to
rainwater accumulations in natural underground reservoirs

Colombia:
deforestation; soil damage from overuse of pesticides; air
pollution, especially in Bogota, from vehicle emissions

Comoros:
soil degradation and erosion results from crop cultivation
on slopes without proper terracing; deforestation

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: poaching threatens wildlife populations; water pollution; deforestation; refugees who arrived in mid-1994 were responsible for significant deforestation, soil erosion, and wildlife poaching in the eastern part of the country (most of those refugees were repatriated in November and December 1996)

Congo, Republic of the: air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from the dumping of raw sewage; tap water is not potable; deforestation

Cook Islands:
NA

Coral Sea Islands:
no permanent fresh water resources

Costa Rica:
deforestation and land use change, largely a result of
the clearing of land for cattle ranching and agriculture; soil
erosion; water pollution (rivers); coastal marine pollution;
wetlands degradation; fisheries protection; solid waste management;
air pollution

Cote d'Ivoire:
deforestation (most of the country's forests - once
the largest in West Africa - have been heavily logged); water
pollution from sewage and industrial and agricultural effluents

Croatia:
air pollution (from metallurgical plants) and resulting
acid rain is damaging the forests; coastal pollution from industrial
and domestic waste; landmine removal and reconstruction of
infrastructure consequent to 1992-95 civil strife

Cuba:
pollution of Havana Bay; overhunting threatens wildlife
populations; deforestation

Cyprus:
water resource problems (no natural reservoir catchments,
seasonal disparity in rainfall, sea water intrusion to island's
largest aquifer, increased salination in the north); water pollution
from sewage and industrial wastes; coastal degradation; loss of
wildlife habitats from urbanization

Czech Republic:
air and water pollution in areas of northwest
Bohemia and in northern Moravia around Ostrava present health risks;
acid rain damaging forests

Denmark:
air pollution, principally from vehicle and power plant
emissions; nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of the North Sea;
drinking and surface water becoming polluted from animal wastes and
pesticides

Djibouti:
inadequate supplies of potable water; desertification

Dominica:
NA

Dominican Republic:
water shortages; soil eroding into the sea
damages coral reefs; deforestation; Hurricane Georges damage

Ecuador:
deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; water
pollution; pollution from oil production wastes

Egypt:
agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown
sands; increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam;
desertification; oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and
marine habitats; other water pollution from agricultural pesticides,
raw sewage, and industrial effluents; very limited natural fresh
water resources away from the Nile which is the only perennial water
source; rapid growth in population overstraining natural resources

El Salvador:
deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution;
contamination of soils from disposal of toxic wastes; Hurricane
Mitch damage

Equatorial Guinea:
tap water is not potable; desertification

Eritrea:
deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; overgrazing;
loss of infrastructure from civil warfare

Estonia:
air heavily polluted with sulfur dioxide from oil-shale
burning power plants in northeast; contamination of soil and
groundwater with petroleum products, chemicals at former Soviet
military bases; Estonia has more than 1,400 natural and manmade
lakes, the smaller of which in agricultural areas are heavily
affected by organic waste; coastal sea water is polluted in many
locations

Ethiopia:
deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Europa Island:
NA

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
NA

Faroe Islands:
NA

Fiji:
deforestation; soil erosion

Finland:
air pollution from manufacturing and power plants
contributing to acid rain; water pollution from industrial wastes,
agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations

France:
some forest damage from acid rain (major forest damage
occurred as a result of severe December 1999 windstorm); air
pollution from industrial and vehicle emissions; water pollution
from urban wastes, agricultural runoff

French Guiana:
NA

French Polynesia:
NA

French Southern and Antarctic Lands:
NA

Gabon:
deforestation; poaching

Gambia, The:
deforestation; desertification; water-borne diseases
prevalent

Gaza Strip:
desertification; salination of fresh water; sewage
treatment; water-borne disease; soil degradation

Georgia:
air pollution, particularly in Rust'avi; heavy pollution of
Mtkvari River and the Black Sea; inadequate supplies of potable
water; soil pollution from toxic chemicals

Germany:
emissions from coal-burning utilities and industries
contribute to air pollution; acid rain, resulting from sulfur
dioxide emissions, is damaging forests; pollution in the Baltic Sea
from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern
Germany; hazardous waste disposal; government currently attempting
to define mechanism for ending the use of nuclear power; government
working to meet EU commitment to identify nature preservation areas
in line with the EU's Flora, Fauna, and Habitat directive

Ghana:
recent drought in north severely affecting agricultural
activities; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; poaching and
habitat destruction threatens wildlife populations; water pollution;
inadequate supplies of potable water

Gibraltar:
limited natural freshwater resources; large concrete or
natural rock water catchments collect rainwater

Glorioso Islands:
NA

Greece:
air pollution; water pollution

Greenland:
protection of the arctic environment; preservation of the
Inuit traditional way of life, including whaling and seal hunting

Grenada:
NA

Guadeloupe:
NA

Guam:
extirpation of native bird population by the rapid
proliferation of the brown tree snake, an exotic species

Guatemala:
deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution; Hurricane
Mitch damage

Guernsey:
NA

Guinea:
deforestation; inadequate supplies of potable water;
desertification; soil contamination and erosion; overfishing,
overpopulation in forest region

Guinea-Bissau:
deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; overfishing

Guyana:
water pollution from sewage and agricultural and industrial
chemicals; deforestation

Haiti:
extensive deforestation (much of the remaining forested land
is being cleared for agriculture and used as fuel); soil erosion;
inadequate supplies of potable water

Heard Island and McDonald Islands:
NA

Holy See (Vatican City):
NA

Honduras:
urban population expanding; deforestation results from
logging and the clearing of land for agricultural purposes; further
land degradation and soil erosion hastened by uncontrolled
development and improper land use practices such as farming of
marginal lands; mining activities polluting Lago de Yojoa (the
country's largest source of fresh water) as well as several rivers
and streams with heavy metals; severe Hurricane Mitch damage

Hong Kong:
air and water pollution from rapid urbanization

Howland Island:
no natural fresh water resources

Hungary:
the approximation of Hungary's standards in waste
management, energy efficiency, and air, soil, and water pollution
with environmental requirements for EU accession will require large
investments

Iceland:
water pollution from fertilizer runoff; inadequate
wastewater treatment

India:
deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; desertification;
air pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle emissions; water
pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural pesticides; tap
water is not potable throughout the country; huge and growing
population is overstraining natural resources

Indian Ocean:
endangered marine species include the dugong, seals,
turtles, and whales; oil pollution in the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf,
and Red Sea

Indonesia:
deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes,
sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest
fires

Iran:
air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle
emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents;
deforestation; overgrazing; desertification; oil pollution in the
Persian Gulf; inadequate supplies of potable water

Iraq:
government water control projects have drained most of the
inhabited marsh areas east of An Nasiriyah by drying up or diverting
the feeder streams and rivers; a once sizable population of Shi'a
Muslims, who have inhabited these areas for thousands of years, has
been displaced; furthermore, the destruction of the natural habitat
poses serious threats to the area's wildlife populations; inadequate
supplies of potable water; development of Tigris-Euphrates Rivers
system contingent upon agreements with upstream riparian Turkey; air
and water pollution; soil degradation (salination) and erosion;
desertification

Ireland:
water pollution, especially of lakes, from agricultural
runoff

Israel:
limited arable land and natural fresh water resources pose
serious constraints; desertification; air pollution from industrial
and vehicle emissions; groundwater pollution from industrial and
domestic waste, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides

Italy:
air pollution from industrial emissions such as sulfur
dioxide; coastal and inland rivers polluted from industrial and
agricultural effluents; acid rain damaging lakes; inadequate
industrial waste treatment and disposal facilities

Jamaica:
heavy rates of deforestation; coastal waters polluted by
industrial waste, sewage, and oil spills; damage to coral reefs; air
pollution in Kingston results from vehicle emissions

Jan Mayen:
NA

Japan:
air pollution from power plant emissions results in acid
rain; acidification of lakes and reservoirs degrading water quality
and threatening aquatic life; Japan is one of the largest consumers
of fish and tropical timber, contributing to the depletion of these
resources in Asia and elsewhere

Jarvis Island:
no natural fresh water resources

Jersey:
NA

Johnston Atoll:
no natural fresh water resources

Jordan:
limited natural fresh water resources; deforestation;
overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Juan de Nova Island:
NA

Kazakhstan:
radioactive or toxic chemical sites associated with its
former defense industries and test ranges are found throughout the
country and pose health risks for humans and animals; industrial
pollution is severe in some cities; because the two main rivers
which flowed into the Aral Sea have been diverted for irrigation, it
is drying up and leaving behind a harmful layer of chemical
pesticides and natural salts; these substances are then picked up by
the wind and blown into noxious dust storms; pollution in the
Caspian Sea; soil pollution from overuse of agricultural chemicals
and salination from poor infrastructure and wasteful irrigation
practices

Kenya:
water pollution from urban and industrial wastes; degradation
of water quality from increased use of pesticides and fertilizers;
water hyacinth infestation in Lake Victoria; deforestation; soil
erosion; desertification; poaching

Kingman Reef:
none

Kiribati:
heavy pollution in lagoon of south Tarawa atoll due to
heavy migration mixed with traditional practices such as lagoon
latrines and open-pit dumping; ground water at risk

Korea, North:
water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water;
water-borne disease; deforestation; soil erosion and degradation

Korea, South:
air pollution in large cities; acid rain; water
pollution from the discharge of sewage and industrial effluents;
drift net fishing

Kuwait:
limited natural fresh water resources; some of world's
largest and most sophisticated desalination facilities provide much
of the water; air and water pollution; desertification

Kyrgyzstan:
water pollution; many people get their water directly
from contaminated streams and wells; as a result, water-borne
diseases are prevalent; increasing soil salinity from faulty
irrigation practices

Laos:
unexploded ordnance; deforestation; soil erosion; a majority
of the population does not have access to potable water

Latvia:
air and water pollution because of a lack of waste
conversion equipment; Gulf of Riga and Daugava River heavily
polluted; contamination of soil and groundwater with chemicals and
petroleum products at military bases

Lebanon:
deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; air pollution
in Beirut from vehicular traffic and the burning of industrial
wastes; pollution of coastal waters from raw sewage and oil spills

Lesotho:
population pressure forcing settlement in marginal areas
results in overgrazing, severe soil erosion, and soil exhaustion;
desertification; Highlands Water Project controls, stores, and
redirects water to South Africa

Liberia:
tropical rain forest subject to deforestation; soil
erosion; loss of biodiversity; pollution of coastal waters from oil
residue and raw sewage

Libya:
desertification; very limited natural fresh water resources;
the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water development
scheme in the world, is being built to bring water from large
aquifers under the Sahara to coastal cities

Liechtenstein:
NA

Lithuania:
contamination of soil and groundwater with petroleum
products and chemicals at military bases

Luxembourg:
air and water pollution in urban areas, soil pollution
of farmland

Macau:
NA

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
air pollution from
metallurgical plants

Madagascar:
soil erosion results from deforestation and overgrazing;
desertification; surface water contaminated with raw sewage and
other organic wastes; several species of flora and fauna unique to
the island are endangered

Malawi:
deforestation; land degradation; water pollution from
agricultural runoff, sewage, industrial wastes; siltation of
spawning grounds endangers fish populations

Malaysia:
air pollution from industrial and vehicular emissions;
water pollution from raw sewage; deforestation; smoke/haze from
Indonesian forest fires

Maldives:
depletion of freshwater aquifers threatens water supplies;
global warming and sea level rise; coral reef bleaching

Mali:
deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; inadequate
supplies of potable water; poaching

Malta:
very limited natural fresh water resources; increasing
reliance on desalination

Man, Isle of:
waste disposal (both household and industrial);
transboundary air pollution

Marshall Islands:
inadequate supplies of potable water

Martinique:
NA

Mauritania:
overgrazing, deforestation, and soil erosion aggravated
by drought are contributing to desertification; very limited natural
fresh water resources away from the Senegal which is the only
perennial river

Mauritius:
water pollution, degradation of coral reefs

Mayotte:
NA

Mexico:
natural fresh water resources scarce and polluted in north,
inaccessible and poor quality in center and extreme southeast; raw
sewage and industrial effluents polluting rivers in urban areas;
deforestation; widespread erosion; desertification; serious air
pollution in the national capital and urban centers along US-Mexico
border

Micronesia, Federated States of:
overfishing

Midway Islands:
NA

Moldova:
heavy use of agricultural chemicals, including banned
pesticides such as DDT, has contaminated soil and groundwater;
extensive soil erosion from poor farming methods

Monaco:
NA

Mongolia:
limited natural fresh water resources in some areas;
policies of the former communist regime promoting rapid urbanization
and industrial growth have raised concerns about their negative
effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal in power plants
and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws have severely
polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, the
converting of virgin land to agricultural production have increased
soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification and mining
activities have also had a deleterious effect on the environment

Montserrat:
land erosion occurs on slopes that have been cleared for
cultivation

Morocco:
land degradation/desertification (soil erosion resulting
from farming of marginal areas, overgrazing, destruction of
vegetation); water supplies contaminated by raw sewage; siltation of
reservoirs; oil pollution of coastal waters

Mozambique:
a long civil war and recurrent drought in the
hinterlands have resulted in increased migration of the population
to urban and coastal areas with adverse environmental consequences;
desertification; pollution of surface and coastal waters

Namibia:
very limited natural fresh water resources; desertification

Nauru:
limited natural fresh water resources, roof storage tanks
collect rainwater, but mostly dependent on a single, aging
desalination plant; intensive phosphate mining during the past 90
years - mainly by a UK, Australia, and NZ consortium - has left the
central 90% of Nauru a wasteland and threatens limited remaining
land resources

Navassa Island:
NA

Nepal:
deforestation (overuse of wood for fuel and lack of
alternatives); contaminated water (with human and animal wastes,
agricultural runoff, and industrial effluents); wildlife
conservation; vehicular emissions

Netherlands:
water pollution in the form of heavy metals, organic
compounds, and nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates; air
pollution from vehicles and refining activities; acid rain

Netherlands Antilles:
NA

New Caledonia:
erosion caused by mining exploitation and forest fires

New Zealand:
deforestation; soil erosion; native flora and fauna
hard-hit by species introduced from outside

Nicaragua:
deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution; Hurricane
Mitch damage

Niger:
overgrazing; soil erosion; deforestation; desertification;
wildlife populations (such as elephant, hippopotamus, giraffe, and
lion) threatened because of poaching and habitat destruction

Nigeria:
soil degradation; rapid deforestation; desertification

Niue:
increasing attention to conservationist practices to counter
loss of soil fertility from traditional slash and burn agriculture

Norfolk Island:
NA

Northern Mariana Islands:
contamination of groundwater on Saipan may
contribute to disease; clean-up of landfill; protection of
endangered species conflicts with development

Norway:
water pollution; acid rain damaging forests and adversely
affecting lakes, threatening fish stocks; air pollution from vehicle
emissions

Oman:
rising soil salinity; beach pollution from oil spills; very
limited natural fresh water resources

Pacific Ocean:
endangered marine species include the dugong, sea
lion, sea otter, seals, turtles, and whales; oil pollution in
Philippine Sea and South China Sea

Pakistan:
water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and
agricultural runoff; limited natural fresh water resources; a
majority of the population does not have access to potable water;
deforestation; soil erosion; desertification

Palau:
inadequate facilities for disposal of solid waste; threats to
the marine ecosystem from sand and coral dredging, illegal fishing
practices, and overfishing

Palmyra Atoll:
NA

Panama:
water pollution from agricultural runoff threatens fishery
resources; deforestation of tropical rain forest; land degradation
and soil erosion threatens siltation of Panama Canal

Papua New Guinea:
rain forest subject to deforestation as a result
of growing commercial demand for tropical timber; pollution from
mining projects; severe drought

Paracel Islands:
NA

Paraguay:
deforestation (an estimated 2 million hectares of forest
land were lost from 1958-85); water pollution; inadequate means for
waste disposal present health risks for many urban residents

Peru:
deforestation (some the result of illegal logging);
overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil
erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers
and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes

Philippines:
uncontrolled deforestation in watershed areas; soil
erosion; air and water pollution in Manila; increasing pollution of
coastal mangrove swamps which are important fish breeding grounds

Pitcairn Islands:
deforestation (only a small portion of the
original forest remains because of burning and clearing for
settlement)

Poland:
situation has improved since 1989 due to decline in heavy
industry and increased environmental concern by postcommunist
governments; air pollution nonetheless remains serious because of
sulfur dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants, and the
resulting acid rain has caused forest damage; water pollution from
industrial and municipal sources is also a problem, as is disposal
of hazardous wastes

Portugal:
soil erosion; air pollution caused by industrial and
vehicle emissions; water pollution, especially in coastal areas

Puerto Rico:
erosion; occasional drought causing water shortages

Qatar:
limited natural fresh water resources are increasing
dependence on large-scale desalination facilities

Reunion:
NA

Romania:
soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air
pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of
Danube delta wetlands

Russia:
air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired
electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial,
municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and sea
coasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from
improper application of agricultural chemicals; scattered areas of
sometimes intense radioactive contamination; ground water
contamination from toxic waste

Rwanda:
deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of trees for
fuel; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; widespread poaching

Saint Helena:
NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
NA

Saint Lucia:
deforestation; soil erosion, particularly in the
northern region

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
NA

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: pollution of coastal waters and shorelines from discharges by pleasure yachts and other effluents; in some areas, pollution is severe enough to make swimming prohibitive

Samoa:
soil erosion

San Marino:
NA

Sao Tome and Principe:
deforestation; soil erosion and exhaustion

Saudi Arabia:
desertification; depletion of underground water
resources; the lack of perennial rivers or permanent water bodies
has prompted the development of extensive seawater desalination
facilities; coastal pollution from oil spills

Senegal:
wildlife populations threatened by poaching; deforestation;
overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; overfishing

Seychelles:
water supply depends on catchments to collect rainwater

Sierra Leone:
rapid population growth pressuring the environment;
overharvesting of timber, expansion of cattle grazing, and
slash-and-burn agriculture have resulted in deforestation and soil
exhaustion; civil war depleting natural resources; overfishing

Singapore:
industrial pollution; limited natural fresh water
resources; limited land availability presents waste disposal
problems; seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in
Indonesia

Slovakia:
air pollution from metallurgical plants presents human
health risks; acid rain damaging forests

Slovenia:
Sava River polluted with domestic and industrial waste;
pollution of coastal waters with heavy metals and toxic chemicals;
forest damage near Koper from air pollution (originating at
metallurgical and chemical plants) and resulting acid rain

Solomon Islands:
deforestation; soil erosion; much of the
surrounding coral reefs are dead or dying

Somalia:
famine; use of contaminated water contributes to human
health problems; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion;
desertification

South Africa:
lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires
extensive water conservation and control measures; growth in water
usage threatens to outpace supply; pollution of rivers from
agricultural runoff and urban discharge; air pollution resulting in
acid rain; soil erosion; desertification

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands:
NA

Southern Ocean:
increased solar ultraviolet radiation resulting from
the Antarctic ozone hole in recent years, reducing marine primary
productivity (phytoplankton) by as much as 15% and damaging the DNA
of some fish; illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing in recent
years, especially the landing of an estimated five to six times more
Patagonian toothfish than the regulated fishery, which is likely to
affect the sustainability of the stock; large amount of incidental
mortality of seabirds resulting from long-line fishing for toothfish

note: the now-protected fur seal population is making a strong
comeback after severe overexploitation in the 18th and 19th centuries

Spain:
pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from raw sewage and
effluents from the offshore production of oil and gas; water quality
and quantity nationwide; air pollution; deforestation;
desertification

Spratly Islands:
NA

Sri Lanka:
deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations
threatened by poaching and urbanization; coastal degradation from
mining activities and increased pollution; freshwater resources
being polluted by industrial wastes and sewage runoff; waste
disposal; air pollution in Colombo

Sudan:
inadequate supplies of potable water; wildlife populations
threatened by excessive hunting; soil erosion; desertification

Suriname:
deforestation as timber is cut for export; pollution of
inland waterways by small-scale mining activities

Svalbard:
NA

Swaziland:
limited supplies of potable water; wildlife populations
being depleted because of excessive hunting; overgrazing; soil
degradation; soil erosion

Sweden:
acid rain damaging soils and lakes; pollution of the North
Sea and the Baltic Sea

Switzerland:
air pollution from vehicle emissions and open-air
burning; acid rain; water pollution from increased use of
agricultural fertilizers; loss of biodiversity

Syria:
deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification;
water pollution from dumping of raw sewage and wastes from petroleum
refining; inadequate supplies of potable water

Tajikistan:
inadequate sanitation facilities; increasing levels of
soil salinity; industrial pollution; excessive pesticides; part of
the basin of the shrinking Aral Sea suffers from severe
overutilization of available water for irrigation and associated
pollution

Tanzania:
soil degradation; deforestation; desertification;
destruction of coral reefs threatens marine habitats; recent
droughts affected marginal agriculture

Thailand:
air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollution from
organic and factory wastes; deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife
populations threatened by illegal hunting

Togo:
deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and
the use of wood for fuel; water pollution presents health hazards
and hinders the fishing industry; air pollution increasing in urban
areas

Tokelau:
very limited natural resources and overcrowding are
contributing to emigration to New Zealand

Tonga:
deforestation results as more and more land is being cleared
for agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs from
starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors; overhunting
threatens native sea turtle populations

Trinidad and Tobago:
water pollution from agricultural chemicals,
industrial wastes, and raw sewage; oil pollution of beaches;
deforestation; soil erosion

Tromelin Island:
NA

Tunisia:
toxic and hazardous waste disposal is ineffective and
presents human health risks; water pollution from raw sewage;
limited natural fresh water resources; deforestation; overgrazing;
soil erosion; desertification

Turkey:
water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents;
air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; concern
for oil spills from increasing Bosporus ship traffic

Turkmenistan:
contamination of soil and groundwater with
agricultural chemicals, pesticides; salination, water-logging of
soil due to poor irrigation methods; Caspian Sea pollution;
diversion of a large share of the flow of the Amu Darya into
irrigation contributes to that river's inability to replenish the
Aral Sea; desertification

Turks and Caicos Islands:
limited natural fresh water resources,
private cisterns collect rainwater

Tuvalu:
since there are no streams or rivers and groundwater is not
potable, most water needs must be met by catchment systems with
storage facilities (the Japanese Government has built one
desalination plant and plans to build one other); beachhead erosion
because of the use of sand for building materials; excessive
clearance of forest undergrowth for use as fuel; damage to coral
reefs from the spread of the Crown of Thorns starfish; Tuvalu is
very concerned about global increases in greenhouse gas emissions
and their effect on rising sea levels, which threaten the country's
underground water table

Uganda:
draining of wetlands for agricultural use; deforestation;
overgrazing; soil erosion; water hyacinth infestation in Lake
Victoria; poaching is widespread

Ukraine:
inadequate supplies of potable water; air and water
pollution; deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeast
from 1986 accident at Chornobyl' Nuclear Power Plant

United Arab Emirates:
lack of natural freshwater resources being
overcome by desalination plants; desertification; beach pollution
from oil spills

United Kingdom:
continues to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (has
meet Kyoto Protocol target of a 12.5% reduction from 1990 levels and
hopes to reduce even more); small particulate emissions, largely
from vehicular traffic, remain a problem; solid waste continues to
rise and recycling is very limited

United States:
air pollution resulting in acid rain in both the US
and Canada; the US is the largest single emitter of carbon dioxide
from the burning of fossil fuels; water pollution from runoff of
pesticides and fertilizers; very limited natural fresh water
resources in much of the western part of the country require careful
management; desertification

Uruguay:
water pollution from meat packing/tannery industry;
inadequate solid/hazardous waste disposal

Uzbekistan:
drying up of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing
concentrations of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these
substances are then blown from the increasingly exposed lake bed and
contribute to desertification; water pollution from industrial
wastes and the heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides is the cause
of many human health disorders; increasing soil salination; soil
contamination from agricultural chemicals, including DDT

Vanuatu:
a majority of the population does not have access to a
potable and reliable supply of water; deforestation

Venezuela:
sewage pollution of Lago de Valencia; oil and urban
pollution of Lago de Maracaibo; deforestation; soil degradation;
urban and industrial pollution, especially along the Caribbean
coast; threat to the rainforest ecosystem from irresponsible mining
operations

Vietnam:
logging and slash-and-burn agricultural practices
contribute to deforestation and soil degradation; water pollution
and overfishing threaten marine life populations; groundwater
contamination limits potable water supply; growing urban
industrialization and population migration are rapidly degrading
environment in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City

Virgin Islands:
lack of natural freshwater resources

Wake Island:
NA

Wallis and Futuna:
deforestation (only small portions of the
original forests remain) largely as a result of the continued use of
wood as the main fuel source; as a consequence of cutting down the
forests, the mountainous terrain of Futuna is particularly prone to
erosion; there are no permanent settlements on Alofi because of the
lack of natural fresh water resources

West Bank:
adequacy of fresh water supply; sewage treatment

Western Sahara:
sparse water and lack of arable land

World:
large areas subject to overpopulation, industrial disasters,
pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances), loss of
vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of
wildlife, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion

Yemen:
very limited natural fresh water resources; inadequate
supplies of potable water; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Yugoslavia:
pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets,
especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution
around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from
industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube

Zambia:
air pollution and resulting acid rain in the mineral
extraction and refining region; chemical runoff into watersheds;
poaching seriously threatens rhinoceros, elephant, antelope, and
large cat populations; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification;
lack of adequate water treatment presents human health risks

Zimbabwe:
deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air and
water pollution; the black rhinoceros herd - once the largest
concentration of the species in the world - has been significantly
reduced by poaching

Taiwan:
air pollution; water pollution from industrial emissions,
raw sewage; contamination of drinking water supplies; trade in
endangered species; low-level radioactive waste disposal

@Environment - international agreements

Afghanistan:
party to: Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban

signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation

Albania:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Algeria:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban

Andorra: party to: Hazardous Wastes

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Angola:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Antigua and Barbuda:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Argentina:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine
Life Conservation

Armenia:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants

Australia:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Austria:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol

Azerbaijan:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bahamas, The:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bahrain:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bangladesh:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Barbados:
party to: Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity

Belarus:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Belgium:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Belize:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Benin:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bhutan: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Nuclear Test Ban

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Bolivia:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
party to: Air Pollution, Climate Change,
Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Botswana:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Brazil:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Brunei:
party to: Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Bulgaria:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Burkina Faso:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life
Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban

Burma:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Burundi:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban

Cambodia:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Marine Life Conservation, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping

Cameroon:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94

signed, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban

Canada:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Law
of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation

Cape Verde:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Central African Republic:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Tropical Timber 94

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Chad:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping

Chile:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine
Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Nuclear
Test Ban

China:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear
Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber
83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine
Life Conservation

Colombia:
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life
Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of
the Sea, Marine Dumping

Comoros:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Congo, Republic of the:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Cook Islands:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Law of the Sea

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Costa Rica:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine
Life Conservation

Cote d'Ivoire:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Croatia:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Cuba:
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine Life Conservation

Cyprus:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants

Czech Republic:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen
Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol

Denmark:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine
Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Law of the Sea

Djibouti:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Dominica:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Dominican Republic:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Ecuador:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Egypt:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

El Salvador:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Equatorial Guinea:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of
the Sea, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Eritrea:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Estonia:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Ship Pollution, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Ethiopia:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the
Sea, Nuclear Test Ban

Fiji:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea,
Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Finland:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

France:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Gabon:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Gambia, The:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Georgia:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Germany:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Ghana:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Greece:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic
Treaty, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Grenada:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Guatemala:
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol

Guinea:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands,
Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Guinea-Bissau: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Guyana:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Haiti:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
Protection

signed, but not ratified: Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban

Holy See (Vatican City): party to: none of the selected agreements

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution, Environmental Modification

Honduras:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Hong Kong:
party to: Marine Dumping (associate member), Ship
Pollution (associate member)

Hungary:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Law of the Sea

Iceland:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Marine Life Conservation

India:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine
Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Indonesia:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine
Life Conservation

Iran:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the
Sea, Marine Life Conservation

Iraq:
party to: Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Ireland:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species,
Marine Life Conservation

Israel:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine
Life Conservation

Italy:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Jamaica:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of
the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Japan:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine
Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Jordan:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Kazakhstan:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Kenya:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Kiribati:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Korea, North:
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution

signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of
the Sea

Korea, South:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Kuwait:
party to: Climate Change, Desertification, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Endangered Species, Marine
Dumping

Kyrgyzstan:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Laos:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Latvia:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Lebanon:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation

Lesotho:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine
Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Endangered Species, Law of the Sea,
Marine Dumping

Liberia:
party to: Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change, Environmental
Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
Conservation

Libya:
party to: Climate Change, Desertification, Marine Dumping,
Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Law of the Sea, Nuclear
Test Ban

Liechtenstein:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen
Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea

Lithuania:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Hazardous
Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Luxembourg:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,
Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur
85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic
Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear
Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber
83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Environmental Modification

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
party to: Air
Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Madagascar:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life
Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Malawi:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Malaysia:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life
Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Maldives:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mali:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Nuclear
Test Ban

Malta:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Marshall Islands:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Mauritania:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mauritius:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Mexico:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Micronesia, Federated States of:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Moldova:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants

Monaco:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Mongolia:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Morocco:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea

Mozambique:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Namibia:
party to: Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Nauru:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law
of the Sea, Marine Dumping

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Nepal:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation

Netherlands:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen
Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol

New Zealand:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Antarctic Seals, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Marine Life Conservation

Nicaragua:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Niger:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Law of the
Sea

Nigeria:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Niue:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Norway:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Oman:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Pakistan:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban

Palau:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Panama:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Papua New Guinea:
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol

Paraguay:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban

Peru:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine
Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Philippines:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Poland:
party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Portugal:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Environmental Modification, Nuclear Test Ban

Qatar:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Romania:
party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol

Russia:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol

Rwanda:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Saint Lucia:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Samoa:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

San Marino:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Nuclear Test Ban

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution

Sao Tome and Principe:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Ship
Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Saudi Arabia:
party to: Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Senegal:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life
Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping

Seychelles:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Sierra Leone:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law
of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Singapore:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Slovakia:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol

Slovenia:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Solomon Islands:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Somalia: party to: Endangered Species, Law of the Sea

signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban

South Africa:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic
Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine
Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Southern Ocean:
the Southern Ocean is subject to all international
agreements regarding the world's oceans; in addition, it is subject
to these agreements specific to the Antarctic region: International
Whaling Commission (prohibits commercial whaling south of 40 degrees
south [south of 60 degrees south between 50 degrees and 130 degrees
west]); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (limits
sealing); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living
Resources (regulates fishing)

note: many nations (including the US) prohibit mineral resource exploration and exploitation south of the fluctuating Polar Front (Antarctic Convergence) which is in the middle of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and serves as the dividing line between the very cold polar surface waters to the south and the warmer waters to the north

Spain:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification

Sri Lanka:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Sudan:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Suriname:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Swaziland:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered
Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Desertification, Law of the Sea

Sweden:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Switzerland:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen
Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air
Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air
Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine
Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea

Syria:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Tajikistan:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Environmental Modification, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tanzania:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban

Thailand:
party to: Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous
Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Law of the Sea

Togo:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tonga:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law
of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Trinidad and Tobago:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear
Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber
83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tunisia:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Turkey:
party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Environmental Modification

Turkmenistan:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone
Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Tuvalu:
party to: Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Law of the Sea

Uganda:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life
Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Ukraine:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,
Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic
Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol

United Arab Emirates:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

United Kingdom:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen
Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic
Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living
Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands,
Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

United States:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen
Oxides, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living
Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Hazardous Wastes

Uruguay:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban

Uzbekistan:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Vanuatu:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Venezuela:
party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping

Vietnam:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Nuclear
Test Ban

Western Sahara:
party to: none of the selected agreements

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Yemen:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban

Yugoslavia:
party to: Air Pollution, Climate Change, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity

Zambia:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test
Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Zimbabwe:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Taiwan: party to: none of the selected agreements

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

@Ethnic groups

Afghanistan:
Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Hazara 19%, minor ethnic groups
(Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others) 12%, Uzbek 6%

Albania:
Albanian 95%, Greeks 3%, other 2% (Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs,
and Bulgarians) (1989 est.)

note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from
1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization)

Algeria:
Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%

American Samoa:
Samoan (Polynesian) 89%, Caucasian 2%, Tongan 4%,
other 5%

Andorra:
Spanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other
6% (1998)

Angola:
Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed
European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%

Anguilla:
black

Antigua and Barbuda:
black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian

Argentina:
white (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%, mestizo,
Amerindian, or other nonwhite groups 3%

Armenia:
Armenian 93%, Azeri 3%, Russian 2%, other (mostly Yezidi
Kurds) 2% (1989)

note: as of the end of 1993, virtually all Azeris had emigrated
from Armenia

Aruba:
mixed white/Caribbean Amerindian 80%

Australia:
Caucasian 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1%

Austria:
German 98%, Croatian, Slovene, other (includes Hungarians,
Czechs, Slovaks, Roma)

Azerbaijan:
Azeri 90%, Dagestani 3.2%, Russian 2.5%, Armenian 2%,
other 2.3% (1998 est.)

note: almost all Armenians live in the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh
region

Bahamas, The:
black 85%, white 12%, Asian and Hispanic 3%

Bahrain:
Bahraini 63%, Asian 19%, other Arab 10%, Iranian 8%

Bangladesh:
Bengali 98%, tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims (1998)

Barbados:
black 80%, white 4%, other 16%

Belarus:
Byelorussian 81.2%, Russian 11.4%, Polish, Ukrainian, and
other 7.4%

Belgium:
Fleming 58%, Walloon 31%, mixed or other 11%

Belize:
mestizo 43.7%, Creole 29.8%, Maya 10%, Garifuna 6.2%, other
10.3%

Benin:
African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon,
Adja, Yoruba, Bariba), Europeans 5,500

Bermuda:
black 58%, white 36%, other 6%

Bhutan:
Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35%, indigenous or migrant tribes
15%

Bolivia:
Quechua 30%, Aymara 25%, mestizo (mixed white and
Amerindian ancestry) 30%, white 15%

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
Serb 31%, Bosniak 44%, Croat 17%, Yugoslav
5.5%, other 2.5% (1991)

note: Bosniak has replaced muslim as an ethnic term in part to
avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam

Botswana:
Tswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other,
including Kgalagadi and white 7%

Brazil:
white (includes Portuguese, German, Italian, Spanish,
Polish) 55%, mixed white and black 38%, black 6%, other (includes
Japanese, Arab, Amerindian) 1%

British Virgin Islands:
black 90%, white, Asian

Brunei:
Malay 67%, Chinese 15%, indigenous 6%, other 12%

Bulgaria:
Bulgarian 83%, Turk 8.5%, Roma 2.6%, Macedonian, Armenian,
Tatar, Gagauz, Circassian, others (1998)

Burkina Faso:
Mossi over 40%, Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande,
Fulani

Burma:
Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Mon
2%, Indian 2%, other 5%

Burundi:
Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%,
Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000

Cambodia:
Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%

Cameroon:
Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%,
Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, other
African 13%, non-African less than 1%

Canada:
British Isles origin 28%, French origin 23%, other European
15%, Amerindian 2%, other, mostly Asian, African, Arab 6%, mixed
background 26%

Cape Verde:
Creole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%

Cayman Islands:
mixed 40%, white 20%, black 20%, expatriates of
various ethnic groups 20%

Central African Republic:
Baya 34%, Banda 27%, Sara 10%, Mandjia
21%, Mboum 4%, M'Baka 4%, Europeans 6,500 (including 1,500 French)

Chad:
Muslims, commonly referred to as "northerners" or "gorane"
(Arabs, Toubou, Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Kanembou, Baguirmi,
Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba); non-Muslims, commonly referred to as
"southerners" (Sara, Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, Moundang, Moussei,
Massa) including nonindigenous 150,000 (of whom 1,000 are French)

note: ethnicity and regional background more commonly used to
identify Chadians than religious affiliation

Chile:
white and white-Amerindian 95%, Amerindian 3%, other 2%

China:
Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao,
Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%

Christmas Island:
Chinese 61%, Malay 25%, European 11%, other 3%, no
indigenous population

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
Europeans, Cocos Malays

Colombia:
mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed
black-Amerindian 3%, Amerindian 1%

Comoros:
Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
over 200 African ethnic groups of
which the majority are Bantu; the four largest tribes - Mongo, Luba,
Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about
45% of the population

Congo, Republic of the:
Kongo 48%, Sangha 20%, M'Bochi 12%, Teke
17%, Europeans NA%; note - Europeans estimated at 8,500, mostly
French, before the 1997 civil war; may be half that of 1998,
following the widespread destruction of foreign businesses in 1997

Cook Islands:
Polynesian (full blood) 81.3%, Polynesian and European
7.7%, Polynesian and non-European 7.7%, European 2.4%, other 0.9%

Costa Rica:
white (including mestizo) 94%, black 3%, Amerindian 1%,
Chinese 1%, other 1%

Cote d'Ivoire:
Akan 42.1%, Voltaiques or Gur 17.6%, Northern Mandes
16.5%, Krous 11%, Southern Mandes 10%, other 2.8% (1998)

Croatia:
Croat 78.1%, Serb 12.2%, Bosniak 0.9%, Hungarian 0.5%,
Slovenian 0.5%, Czech 0.4%, Albanian 0.3%, Montenegrin 0.3%, Roma
0.2%, others 6.6% (1991)

Cuba:
mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%

Cyprus:
Greek 78% (99.5% of the Greeks live in the Greek Cypriot
area; 0.5% of the Greeks live in the Turkish Cypriot area), Turkish
18% (1.3% of the Turks live in the Greek Cypriot area; 98.7% of the
Turks live in the Turkish Cypriot area), other 4% (99.2% of the
other ethnic groups live in the Greek Cypriot area; 0.8% of the
other ethnic groups live in the Turkish Cypriot area)

Czech Republic:
Czech 81.2%, Moravian 13.2%, Slovak 3.1%, Polish
0.6%, German 0.5%, Silesian 0.4%, Roma 0.3%, Hungarian 0.2%, other
0.5% (1991)

Denmark:
Scandinavian, Inuit, Faroese, German, Turkish, Iranian,
Somali

Djibouti:
Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian
5%

Dominica:
black, Carib Amerindian

Dominican Republic:
white 16%, black 11%, mixed 73%

Ecuador:
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%,
Spanish and others 7%, black 3%

Egypt:
Eastern Hamitic stock (Egyptians, Bedouins, and Berbers) 99%,
Greek, Nubian, Armenian, other European (primarily Italian and
French) 1%

El Salvador:
mestizo 90%, Amerindian 1%, white 9%

Equatorial Guinea:
Bioko (primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos), Rio
Muni (primarily Fang), Europeans less than 1,000, mostly Spanish

Eritrea:
ethnic Tigrinya 50%, Tigre and Kunama 40%, Afar 4%, Saho
(Red Sea coast dwellers) 3%

Estonia:
Estonian 65.1%, Russian 28.1%, Ukrainian 2.5%, Byelorussian
1.5%, Finn 1%, other 1.8% (1998)

Ethiopia:
Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigre 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%,
Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1%

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
British

Faroe Islands:
Scandinavian

Fiji:
Fijian 51% (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesian
admixture), Indian 44%, European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas
Chinese, and other 5% (1998 est.)

Finland:
Finn 93%, Swede 6%, Sami 0.11%, Roma 0.12%, Tatar 0.02%

France:
Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African,
Indochinese, Basque minorities

French Guiana:
black or mulatto 66%, white 12%, East Indian,
Chinese, Amerindian 12%, other 10%

French Polynesia:
Polynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%,
metropolitan French 4%

Gabon:
Bantu tribes including four major tribal groupings (Fang,
Eshira, Bapounou, Bateke), other Africans and Europeans 154,000,
including 10,700 French and 11,000 persons of dual nationality

Gambia, The:
African 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola
10%, Serahuli 9%, other 4%), non-African 1%

Gaza Strip:
Palestinian Arab and other 99.4%, Jewish 0.6%

Georgia:
Georgian 70.1%, Armenian 8.1%, Russian 6.3%, Azeri 5.7%,
Ossetian 3%, Abkhaz 1.8%, other 5%

Germany:
German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of
Serbo-Croatian, Italian, Russian, Greek, Polish, Spanish)

Ghana:
black African 99.8% (major tribes - Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba
16%, Ewe 13%, Ga 8%), European and other 0.2%

Gibraltar:
Spanish, Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese

Greece:
Greek 98%, other 2%

note: the Greek Government states there are no ethnic divisions in
Greece

Greenland:
Greenlander 88% (Inuit and Greenland-born whites), Danish
and others 12% (January 2000)

Grenada:
black 82% some South Asians (East Indians) and Europeans,
trace Arawak/Carib Amerindian

Guadeloupe:
black or mulatto 90%, white 5%, East Indian, Lebanese,
Chinese less than 5%

Guam:
Chamorro 47%, Filipino 25%, white 10%, Chinese, Japanese,
Korean, and other 18%

Guatemala:
Mestizo (mixed Amerindian-Spanish or assimilated
Amerindian - in local Spanish called Ladino), approximately 55%,
Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian, approximately 43%, whites
and others 2%

Guernsey:
UK and Norman-French descent

Guinea:
Peuhl 40%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, smaller ethnic groups
10%

Guinea-Bissau:
African 99% (Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca 14%,
Mandinga 13%, Papel 7%), European and mulatto less than 1%

Guyana:
East Indian 49%, black 32%, mixed 12%, Amerindian 6%, white
and Chinese 1%

Haiti:
black 95%, mulatto and white 5%

Holy See (Vatican City):
Italians, Swiss, other

Honduras:
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European) 90%, Amerindian
7%, black 2%, white 1%

Hong Kong:
Chinese 95%, other 5%

Hungary:
Hungarian 89.9%, Roma 4%, German 2.6%, Serb 2%, Slovak
0.8%, Romanian 0.7%

Iceland:
homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts

India:
Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)

Indonesia:
Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal
Malays 7.5%, other 26%

Iran:
Persian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%,
Arab 3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%

Iraq:
Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5%

Ireland:
Celtic, English

Israel:
Jewish 80.1% (Europe/America-born 32.1%, Israel-born 20.8%,
Africa-born 14.6%, Asia-born 12.6%), non-Jewish 19.9% (mostly Arab)
(1996 est.)

Italy:
Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and
Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and
Greek-Italians in the south)

Jamaica:
black 90.9%, East Indian 1.3%, white 0.2%, Chinese 0.2%,
mixed 7.3%, other 0.1%

Japan:
Japanese 99.4%, Korean 0.6% (1999)

Jersey:
UK and Norman-French descent

Jordan:
Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%

Kazakhstan:
Kazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%, Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek
2.5%, German 2.4%, Uighur 1.4%, other 6.6% (1999 census)

Kenya:
Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%,
Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European,
and Arab) 1%

Kiribati:
predominantly Micronesian with some Polynesian

Korea, North:
racially homogeneous; there is a small Chinese
community and a few ethnic Japanese

Korea, South:
homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)

Kuwait:
Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%,
other 7%

Kyrgyzstan:
Kirghiz 52.4%, Russian 18%, Uzbek 12.9%, Ukrainian 2.5%,
German 2.4%, other 11.8%

Laos:
Lao Loum (lowland) 68%, Lao Theung (upland) 22%, Lao Soung
(highland) including the Hmong ("Meo") and the Yao (Mien) 9%, ethnic
Vietnamese/Chinese 1%

Latvia:
Latvian 56.5%, Russian 30.4%, Byelorussian 4.3%, Ukrainian
2.8%, Polish 2.6%, other 3.4%

Lebanon:
Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%

Lesotho:
Sotho 99.7%, Europeans, Asians, and other 0.3%,

Liberia:
indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa,
Gio, Kru, Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, and
Bella), Americo-Liberians 2.5% (descendants of immigrants from the
US who had been slaves), Congo People 2.5% (descendants of
immigrants from the Caribbean who had been slaves)

Libya:
Berber and Arab 97%, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians,
Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, Tunisians

Liechtenstein:
Alemannic 87.5%, Italian, Turkish, and other 12.5%

Lithuania:
Lithuanian 80.6%, Russian 8.7%, Polish 7%, Byelorussian
1.6%, other 2.1%

Luxembourg:
Celtic base (with French and German blend), Portuguese,
Italian, Slavs (from Montenegro, Albania, and Kososvo) and European
(guest and resident workers)

Macau:
Chinese 95%, Macanese (mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry),
Portuguese, other

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
Macedonian 66.6%,
Albanian 22.7%, Turkish 4%, Roma 2.2%, Serb 2.1%, other 2.4% (1994)

Madagascar:
Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers
(mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry -
Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian,
Creole, Comoran

Malawi:
Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuko, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni,
Ngonde, Asian, European

Malaysia:
Malay and other indigenous 58%, Chinese 27%, Indian 8%,
others 7% (2000)

Maldives:
South Indians, Sinhalese, Arabs

Mali:
Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%,
Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%

Malta:
Maltese (descendants of ancient Carthaginians and
Phoenicians, with strong elements of Italian and other Mediterranean
stock)

Man, Isle of:
Manx (Norse-Celtic descent), Briton

Marshall Islands:
Micronesian

Martinique:
African and African-white-Indian mixture 90%, white 5%,
East Indian, Chinese less than 5%

Mauritania:
mixed Maur/black 40%, Maur 30%, black 30%

Mauritius:
Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%,
Franco-Mauritian 2%

Mayotte:
NA

Mexico:
mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or
predominantly Amerindian 30%, white 9%, other 1%

Micronesia, Federated States of:
nine ethnic Micronesian and
Polynesian groups

Moldova:
Moldovan/Romanian 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13%,
Gagauz 3.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Bulgarian 2%, other 1.7% (1989 est.)

note: internal disputes with ethnic Slavs in the Transnistrian
region

Monaco:
French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%

Mongolia:
Mongol (predominantly Khalkha) 85%, Turkic (of which
Kazakh is the largest group) 7%, Tungusic 4.6%, other (including
Chinese and Russian) 3.4% (1998)

Montserrat:
black, white

Morocco:
Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%

Mozambique:
indigenous tribal groups 99.66% (Shangaan, Chokwe,
Manyika, Sena, Makua, and others), Europeans 0.06%, Euro-Africans
0.2%, Indians 0.08%

Namibia:
black 87.5%, white 6%, mixed 6.5%

note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9%
to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups are: Herero 7%, Damara
7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5%

Nauru:
Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European
8%

Nepal:
Brahman, Chetri, Newar, Gurung, Magar, Tamang, Rai, Limbu,
Sherpa, Tharu, and others (1995)

Netherlands:
Dutch 91%, Moroccans, Turks, and other 9% (1999 est.)

Netherlands Antilles:
mixed black 85%, Carib Amerindian, white, East
Asian

New Caledonia:
Melanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%,
Polynesian 3.8%, Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3%

New Zealand:
New Zealand European 74.5%, Maori 9.7%, other European
4.6%, Pacific Islander 3.8%, Asian and others 7.4%

Nicaragua:
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 69%, white 17%,
black 9%, Amerindian 5%

Niger:
Hausa 56%, Djerma 22%, Fula 8.5%, Tuareg 8%, Beri Beri
(Kanouri) 4.3%, Arab, Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%, about 1,200
French expatriates

Nigeria:
Nigeria, which is Africa's most populous country, is
composed of more than 250 ethnic groups; the following are the most
populous and politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba
21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5%

Niue:
Polynesian (with some 200 Europeans, Samoans, and Tongans)

Norfolk Island:
descendants of the Bounty mutineers, Australian, New
Zealander, Polynesians

Northern Mariana Islands:
Chamorro, Carolinians and other
Micronesians, Caucasian, Japanese, Chinese, Korean

Norway:
Norwegian (Nordic, Alpine, Baltic), Sami 20,000

Oman:
Arab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan,
Bangladeshi), African

Pakistan:
Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir
(immigrants from India at the time of partition and their
descendants)

Palau:
Palauan (Micronesian with Malayan and Melanesian admixtures)
70%, Asian (mainly Filipinos, followed by Chinese, Taiwanese, and
Vietnamese) 28%, white 2% (2000 est.)

Panama:
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 70%, Amerindian and
mixed (West Indian) 14%, white 10%, Amerindian 6%

Papua New Guinea:
Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian,
Polynesian

Paraguay:
mestizo (mixed Spanish and Amerindian) 95%

Peru:
Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%,
white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%

Philippines:
Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese 1.5%,
other 3%

Pitcairn Islands:
descendants of the Bounty mutineers and their
Tahitian wives

Poland:
Polish 97.6%, German 1.3%, Ukrainian 0.6%, Byelorussian 0.5%
(1990 est.)

Portugal:
homogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black African
descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less
than 100,000

Puerto Rico:
white (mostly Spanish origin) 80.5%, black 8%,
Amerindian 0.4%, Asian 0.2%, mixed and other 10.9%

Qatar:
Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%

Reunion:
French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, Indian

Romania:
Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 7.1%, Roma 1.8%, German 0.5%,
Ukrainian 0.3%, other 0.8% (1992)

Russia:
Russian 81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash 1.2%,
Bashkir 0.9%, Byelorussian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1%

Rwanda:
Hutu 84%, Tutsi 15%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%

Saint Helena:
African descent 50%, white 25%, Chinese 25%

Saint Kitts and Nevis: predominantly black some British, Portuguese, and Lebanese

Saint Lucia:
black 90%, mixed 6%, East Indian 3%, white 1%

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
Basques and Bretons (French fishermen)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
black 66%, mixed 19%, East Indian
6%, Carib Amerindian 2%

Samoa:
Samoan 92.6%, Euronesians 7% (persons of European and
Polynesian blood), Europeans 0.4%

San Marino:
Sammarinese, Italian

Sao Tome and Principe:
mestico, angolares (descendants of Angolan
slaves), forros (descendants of freed slaves), servicais (contract
laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children
of servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)

Saudi Arabia:
Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%

Senegal:
Wolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%, Mandinka
3%, Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%

Seychelles:
Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans)

Sierra Leone:
20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%,
other 30%), Creole 10% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who
were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century),
refugees from Liberia's recent civil war, small numbers of
Europeans, Lebanese, Pakistanis, and Indians

Singapore:
Chinese 76.7%, Malay 14%, Indian 7.9%, other 1.4%

Slovakia:
Slovak 85.7%, Hungarian 10.6%, Roma 1.6% (the 1992 census
figures underreport the Gypsy/Romany community, which is about
500,000), Czech, Moravian, Silesian 1.1%, Ruthenian and Ukrainian
0.6%, German 0.1%, Polish 0.1%, other 0.2% (1996)

Slovenia:
Slovene 88%, Croat 3%, Serb 2%, Bosniak 1%, Yugoslav 0.6%,
Hungarian 0.4%, other 5% (1991)

Solomon Islands:
Melanesian 93%, Polynesian 4%, Micronesian 1.5%,
European 0.8%, Chinese 0.3%, other 0.4%

Somalia:
Somali 85%, Bantu, Arabs 30,000

South Africa:
black 75.2%, white 13.6%, Colored 8.6%, Indian 2.6%

Spain:
composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types

Sri Lanka:
Sinhalese 74%, Tamil 18%, Moor 7%, Burgher, Malay, and
Vedda 1%

Sudan:
black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1%

Suriname:
Hindustani (also known locally as "East Indians"; their
ancestors emigrated from northern India in the latter part of the
19th century) 37%, Creole (mixed white and black) 31%, Javanese 15%,
"Maroons" (their African ancestors were brought to the country in
the 17th and 18th centuries as slaves and escaped to the interior)
10%, Amerindian 2%, Chinese 2%, white 1%, other 2%

Svalbard:
Norwegian 55.4%, Russian and Ukrainian 44.3%, other 0.3%
(1998)

Swaziland:
African 97%, European 3%

Sweden:
indigenous population: Swedes and Finnish and Sami
minorities; foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns,
Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks

Switzerland:
German 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other
6%

Syria:
Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%

Tajikistan:
Tajik 64.9%, Uzbek 25%, Russian 3.5% (declining because
of emigration), other 6.6%

Tanzania:
mainland - native African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu
consisting of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian,
European, and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, native African, mixed Arab and
native African

Thailand:
Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%

Togo:
native African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe,
Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%

Tokelau:
Polynesian

Tonga:
Polynesian, Europeans about 300

Trinidad and Tobago:
black 39.5%, East Indian (a local term -
primarily immigrants from northern India) 40.3%, mixed 18.4%, white
0.6%, Chinese and other 1.2%

Tunisia:
Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%

Turkey:
Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20%

Turkmenistan:
Turkmen 77%, Uzbek 9.2%, Russian 6.7%, Kazakh 2%,
other 5.1% (1995)

Turks and Caicos Islands:
black

Tuvalu:
Polynesian 96%

Uganda:
Baganda 17%, Karamojong 12%, Basogo 8%, Iteso 8%, Langi 6%,
Rwanda 6%, Bagisu 5%, Acholi 4%, Lugbara 4%, Bunyoro 3%, Batoro 3%,
non-African (European, Asian, Arab) 1%, other 23%

Ukraine:
Ukrainian 73%, Russian 22%, Jewish 1%, other 4%

United Arab Emirates:
Emirati 19%, other Arab and Iranian 23%, South
Asian 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians)
8% (1982)

note: less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)

United Kingdom:
English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh
1.9%, Ulster 1.8%, West Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other 2.8%

United States:
white 83.5%, black 12.4%, Asian 3.3%, Amerindian 0.8%
(1992)

note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the
US Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean a person of Latin
American descent (especially of Cuban, Mexican, or Puerto Rican
origin) living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group
(white, black, Asian, etc.)

Uruguay:
white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian, practically
nonexistent

Uzbekistan:
Uzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak
2.5%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.)

Vanuatu:
indigenous Melanesian 94%, French 4%, Vietnamese, Chinese,
Pacific Islanders

Venezuela:
Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African,
indigenous people

Vietnam:
Vietnamese 85%-90%, Chinese, Hmong, Thai, Khmer, Cham,
mountain groups

Virgin Islands:
black 80%, white 15%, other 5%

note: West Indian (45% born in the Virgin Islands and 29% born
elsewhere in the West Indies) 74%, US mainland 13%, Puerto Rican 5%,
other 8%

Wallis and Futuna:
Polynesian

West Bank:
Palestinian Arab and other 83%, Jewish 17%

Western Sahara:
Arab, Berber

Yemen:
predominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians,
Europeans

Yugoslavia:
Serb 62.6%, Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%, Hungarian
3.3%, other 12.6% (1991)

Zambia:
African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%

Zimbabwe:
African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%), mixed and
Asian 1%, white less than 1%

Taiwan:
Taiwanese (including Hakka) 84%, mainland Chinese 14%,
aborigine 2%

@Exchange rates

Afghanistan:
afghanis per US dollar - 4,700 (January 2000), 4,750
(February 1999), 17,000 (December 1996), 7,000 (January 1995), 1,900
(January 1994), 1,019 (March 1993), 850 (1991); note - these rates
reflect the free market exchange rates rather than the official
exchange rate, which was fixed at 50.600 afghanis to the dollar
until 1996, when it rose to 2,262.65 per dollar, and finally became
fixed again at 3,000.00 per dollar in April 1996

Albania:
leke per US dollar - 146.08 (December 2000),143.71 (2000)
137.69 (1999), 150.63 (1998), 148.93 (1997), 104.50 (1996); note -
leke is the plural of lek

Algeria:
Algerian dinars per US dollar - 74,813 (January 2001),
75.260 (2000), 66.574 (1999), 58.739 (1998), 57.707 (1997), 54.749
(1996)

American Samoa:
the US dollar is used

Andorra:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),
0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367
(1997), 5.1155 (1996); Spanish pesetas per US dollar - 149.40
(1998), 146.41 (1997), 126.66 (1996)

Angola:
kwanza per US dollar - 17,910,800 (January 2001), 10,041,000
(2000), 2,790,706 (1999), 392,824 (1998), 229,040 (1997), 128,029
(1996); note - in December 1999 the kwanza was revalued with six
zeroes dropped off the old value

Anguilla:
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate
since 1976)

Antigua and Barbuda:
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000
(fixed rate since 1976)

Argentina:
Argentine pesos per US dollar - 1.000 (fixed rate pegged
to the US dollar)

Armenia:
drams per US dollar - 554.29 (1 February 2001), 539.53
(2000), 535.06 (1999), 504.92 (1998), 490.85 (1997), 414.04 (1996)

Aruba:
Aruban guilders/florins per US dollar - 1.7900 (fixed rate
since 1986)

Australia:
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January 2001),
1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773
(1996)

Austria:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),
0.9386 (1999); Austrian schillings per US dollar - 11.86 (January
1999), 12.91 (1999), 12.379 (1998), 12.204 (1997), 10.587 (1996)

Azerbaijan:
Azerbaijani manats per US dollar - 4,579 (1 February
2001), 4,342 (October 1999), 4,373 (1999), 3,869 (1998), 3,985.38
(1997), 4,301.26 (1996)

Bahamas, The:
Bahamian dollars per US dollar - 1.000 (fixed rate
pegged to the dollar)

Bahrain:
Bahraini dinars per US dollar - 0.3760 (fixed rate pegged
to the US dollar)

Bangladesh:
taka per US dollar - 54.000 (January 2001), 52.142
(2000), 49.085 (1999), 46.906 (1998), 43.892 (1997), 41.794 (1996)

Barbados:
Barbadian dollars per US dollar - 2.0000 (fixed rate
pegged to the US dollar)

Belarus:
Belarusian rubles per US dollar - 1,180 (yearend 2000),
730,000 (15 December 1999), 139,000 (25 January 1999), 46,080
(second quarter 1998), 25,964 (1997), 15,500 (yearend 1996); note -
on 1 January 2000, the national currency was redenominated at one
new ruble to 2,000 old rubles

Belgium:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),
0.9386 (1999); Belgian francs per US dollar - 34.77 (January 1999),
36.229 (1998), 35.774 (1997), 30.962 (1996)

Belize:
Belizean dollars per US dollar - 2.0000 (fixed rate pegged
to the US dollar)

Benin:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998),
583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF is
pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro

Bermuda:
Bermudian dollar per US dollar - 1.0000 (fixed rate pegged
to the US dollar)

Bhutan:
ngultrum per US dollar - 46.540 (January 2001), 44.942
(2000), 43.055 (1999), 41.259 (1998), 36.313 (1997), 35.433 (1996);
note - the Bhutanese ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupee which
is also legal tender

Bolivia:
bolivianos per US dollar - 6.4071 (January 2001), 6.1835
(2000), 5.8124 (1999), 5.5101 (1998), 5.2543 (1997), 5.0746 (1996)

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
marka per US dollar - 2.086 (January 2001),
2.124 (2000), 1.837 (1999), 1.760 (1998), 1.734 (1997), 0.015 (1996)

Botswana:
pulas per US dollar - 5.4585 (January 2001), 5.1018
(2000), 4.6244 (1999), 4.2259 (1998), 3.6508 (1997), 3.3242 (1996)

Brazil:
reals per US dollar - 1.954 (January 2001), 1.830 (2000),
1.815 (1999), 1.161 (1998), 1.078 (1997), 1.005 (1996)

note: from October 1994 through 14 January 1999, the official rate
was determined by a managed float; since 15 January 1999, the
official rate floats independently with respect to the US dollar

British Virgin Islands:
the US dollar is used

Brunei:
Bruneian dollars per US dollar - 1.7365 (January 2001),
1.7240 (2000), 1.6950 (1999), 1.6736 (1998), 1.4848 (1997), 1.4100
(1996); note - the Bruneian dollar is at par with the Singapore
dollar

Bulgaria:
leva per US dollar - 2.0848 (January 2001), 2.1233 (2000),
1.8364 (1999), 1,760.36 (1998), 1,681.88 (1997), 177.89 (1996)

note: on 5 July 1999, the lev was redenominated; the post-5 July
1999 lev is equal to 1,000 of the pre-5 July 1999 lev

Burkina Faso:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95
(1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999,
the XOF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro

Burma:
kyats per US dollar - official rate - 6.5972 (January 2001),
6.5167 (2000), 6.2858 (1999), 6.3432 (1998), 6.2418 (1997), 5.9176
(1996); kyats per US dollar - black market exchange rate - 435
(yearend 2000)

Burundi:
Burundi francs per US dollar - 782.36 (January 2001),
720.67 (2000), 563.56 (1999), 477.77 (1998), 352.35 (1997), 302.75
(1996)

Cambodia:
riels per US dollar - 3,909.0 (January 2001), 3,840.8
(2000), 3,807.8 (1999), 3,744.4 (1998), 2,946.3 (1997), 2,624.1
(1996)

Cameroon:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar
- 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95
(1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999,
the XAF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro

Canada:
Canadian dollars per US dollar - 1.5032 (January 2001),
1.4851 (2000), 1.4857 (1999), 1.4835 (1998), 1.3846 (1997), 1.3635
(1996)

Cape Verde:
Cape Verdean escudos per US dollar - 123.080 (December
2000), 115.877 (2000), 102.700 (1999), 98.158 (1998), 93.177 (1997),
82.591 (1996)

Cayman Islands:
Caymanian dollars per US dollar - 0.83 (3 November
1995), 0.85 (22 November 1993)

Central African Republic:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs
(XAF) per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70
(1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1
January 1999, the XAF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF
per euro

Chad:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -
699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998),
583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XAF is
pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro

Chile:
Chilean pesos per US dollar - 571.12 (January 2001), 535.47
(2000), 508.78 (1999), 460.29 (1998), 419.30 (1997), 412.27 (1996)

China:
yuan per US dollar - 8.2776 (January 2001), 8.2785 (2000),
8.2783 (1999), 8.2790 (1998), 8.2898 (1997), 8.3142 (1996)

note: beginning 1 January 1994, the People's Bank of China quotes
the midpoint rate against the US dollar based on the previous day's
prevailing rate in the interbank foreign exchange market

Christmas Island:
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January
2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997),
1.2773 (1996)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995
(January 2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439
(1997), 1.2773 (1996)

Colombia:
Colombian pesos per US dollar - 2,241.43 (January 2001),
2087.90 (2000), 1,756.23 (1999), 1,426.04 (1998), 1,140.96 (1997),
1,036.69 (1996)

Comoros:
Comoran francs per US dollar - 524.41 (January 2001),
533.98 (2000), 461.77 (1999), 442.46 (1998), 437.75 (1997), 383.66
(1996)

note: prior to January 1999, the official rate was pegged to the
French franc at 75 Comoran francs per French franc; since 1 January
1999, the Comoran franc is pegged to the euro at a rate of 491.9677
Comoran francs per euro

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
Congolese francs per US dollar -
50 (January 2001), 4.5 (January 2000), 4.02 (1999), 1.61 (1998),
1.31 (1997), 0.50 (1996)

note: on 30 June 1998 the Congolese franc was introduced, replacing
the new zaire

Congo, Republic of the:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF)
per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999),
589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January
1999, the XAF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro

Cook Islands:
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.2502 (January
2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8632 (1998), 1.5083 (1997),
1.4543 (1996)

Costa Rica:
Costa Rican colones per US dollar - 318.95 (2001),
308.19 (2000), 285.68 (1999), 257.23 (1998), 232.60 (1997), 207.69
(1996)

Cote d'Ivoire:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95
(1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999,
the XOF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro

Croatia:
kuna per US dollar - 8.089 (January 2001), 8.277 (2000),
7.112 (1999), 6.362 (1998), 6.101 (1997), 5.434 (1996)

Cuba:
Cuban pesos per US dollar - 1.0000 (nonconvertible, official
rate, for international transactions, pegged to the US dollar);
convertible peso sold for domestic use at a rate of 1.00 US dollar
per 22 pesos by the Government of Cuba (January 2001)

Cyprus:
Cypriot pounds per US dollar - 0.6146 (January 2001), 0.6208
(2000), 0.5423 (1999), 0.5170 (1998), 0.5135 (1997), 0.4663 (1996);
Turkish liras per US dollar - 677,621 (December 2000), 625,219
(2000), 418,783 (1999), 260,724 (1998), 151,865 (1997), 81,405 (1996)

Czech Republic:
koruny per US dollar - 37.425 (January 2001), 38.598
(2000), 34.569 (1999), 32.281 (1998), 31.698 (1997), 27.145 (1996)

Denmark:
Danish kroner per US dollar - 7.951 (January 2001), 8.083
(2000), 6.976 (1999), 6.701 (1998), 6.604 (1997), 5.799 (1996); note
- the Danes rejected the Euro in a 28 September 2000 referendum

Djibouti:
Djiboutian francs per US dollar - 177.721 (fixed rate
since 1973)

Dominica:
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate
since 1976)

Dominican Republic:
Dominican pesos per US dollar - 16.888 (January
2001), 16.415 (2000), 16.033 (1999), 15.267 (1998), 14.265 (1997),
13.775 (1996)

Ecuador:
sucres per US dollar - 25,000 (January 2001), 24,988.4
(2000), 11,786.8 (1999), 5,446.6 (1998), 3,988.3 (1997), 3,189.5
(1996)

note: on 7 January 2000, the government passed a decree "dollarizing" the economy; on 13 March 2000, the National Congress approved a new exchange system whereby the US dollar is adopted as the main legal tender in Ecuador for all purposes; on 20 March 2000, the Central Bank of Ecuador started to exchange sucres for US dollars at a fixed rate of 25,000 sucres per US dollar; since 30 April 2000, all transactions are denominated in US dollars

Egypt:
Egyptian pounds per US dollar - market rate - 3.8400 (January
2001), 3.6900 (2000), 3.4050 (1999), 3.3880 (1998), 3.3880 (1997),
3.3880 (1996)

El Salvador:
Salvadoran colones per US dollar - 8.755 (fixed rate
since 1993)

Equatorial Guinea:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per
US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999),
589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January
1999, the XAF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro

Eritrea:
nakfa per US dollar = 9.5 (January 2000), 7.6 (January
1999), 7.2 (March 1998 est.)

Estonia:
krooni per US dollar - 16.663 (January 2001), 16.969
(2000), 14.678 (1999), 14.075 (1998), 13.882 (1997), 12.034 (1996);
note - krooni are tied to the German deutsche mark at a fixed rate
of 8 to 1

Ethiopia:
birr per US dollar (end of period) - 8.3140 (December
2000), 8.3140 (2000), 8.1340 (1999), 7.5030 (1998), 6.8640 (1997),
6.4260 (1996)

note: since May 1993, the birr market rate has been determined in an interbank market supported by weekly wholesale auction

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): Falkland pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996); note - the Falkland pound is at par with the British pound

Faroe Islands:
Danish kroner per US dollar - 7.951 (January 2001),
8.093 (2000), 6.976 (1999), 6.701 (1998), 6.604 (1997), 5.799 (1966)

Fiji:
Fijian dollars per US dollar - 2.1814 (January 2001), 2.1286
(2000), 1.9696 (1999), 1.9868 (1998), 1.4437 (1997), 1.4033 (1996)

Finland:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),
0.9386 (1999); markkaa per US dollar - 5.3441 (1998), 5.1914 (1997),
4.5936 (1996)

France:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),
0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.65 (January 1999),
5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)

French Guiana:
Euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854
(2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998),
5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)

French Polynesia:
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per
US dollar - 127.11 (January 2001), 129.44 (2000), 111.93 (1999),
107.25 (1998), 106.11 (1997), 93.00 (1996); note - pegged at the
rate of 119.25 XPF to the euro

Gabon:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar -
699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998),
583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XAF is
pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro

Gambia, The:
dalasi per US dollar - 15.000 (January 2001), 12.729
(3d quarter 1999), 11.395 (1999), 10.643 (1998), 10.200 (1997),
9.789 (1996)

Gaza Strip:
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.0810 (December
2000), 4.0773 (2000), 4.1397 (1999), 3.8001 (1998), 3.4494 (1997),
3.1917 (1996)

Georgia:
lari per US dollar - 1.9798 (December 2000), 1.9762 (2000),
2.0245 (1999), 1.3898 (1998), 1.2975 (1997), 1.2628 (1996)

Germany:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),
0.9386 (1999); deutsche marks per US dollar - 1.69 (January 1999),
1.7597 (1998), 1.7341 (1997), 1.5048 (1996)

Ghana:
cedis per US dollar - 6,895.77 (January 2001), 5,321.68
(2000), 2,647.32 (1999), 2,314.15 (1998), 2,050.17 (1997), 1,637.23
(1996)

Gibraltar:
Gibraltar pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001),
0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403
(1996); note - the Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound

Greece:
drachmae per US dollar - 380.21 (December 2000), 365.40
(2000), 305.65 (1999), 295.53 (1998), 273.06 (1997), 240.71 (1996)

Greenland:
Danish kroner per US dollar - 7.951 (January 2001), 8.083
(2000), 6.976 (1999), 6.701 (1998), 6.604 (1997), 5.799 (1996)

Grenada:
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate
since 1976)

Guadeloupe:
Euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854
(2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998),
5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)

Guam:
the US dollar is used

Guatemala:
quetzales per US dollar - 7.8020 (January 2001), 7.7632
(2000), 7.3856 (1999), 6.3947 (1998), 6.0653 (1997), 6.0495 (1996),
5.8103 (1995)

Guernsey:
Guernsey pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001),
0.6596 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996);
note - the Guernsey pound is at par with the British pound

Guinea:
Guinean francs per US dollar - 1,855.0 (October 2000),
1,572.0 (2000), 1,387.4 (1999), 1,236.8 (1998), 1,095.3 (1997),
1,004.0 (1996)

Guinea-Bissau:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US
dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95
(1998), 583.67 (1997); Guinea-Bissauan pesos per US dollar - 26,373
(1996)

note: as of 1 May 1997, Guinea-Bissau adopted the CFA franc as the
national currency; since 1 January 1999, the CFA franc is pegged to
the euro at a rate of 655.957 CFA francs per euro

Guyana:
Guyanese dollars per US dollar - 184.1 (November 2000),
182.2 (2000), 178.0 (1999), 150.5 (1998), 142.4 (1997), 140.4 (1996)

Haiti:
gourdes per US dollar - 23.761 (January 2001), 22.524 (2000),
17.965 (1999), 16.505 (1998), 17.311 (1997), 15.093 (1996)

Holy See (Vatican City):
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January
2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); Vatican lire per US dollar -
2,099 (2000), 1817.2 (1999), 1,736.2 (1998), 1,703.1 (1997), 1,542.9
(1996); note - the Vatican lira is at par with the Italian lira; the
Vatican will start using euros in 2002 in conjunction with Italy at
a fixed rate of 1,936.17 lire per euro

Honduras:
lempiras per US dollar - 15.1407 (December 2000), 15.1407
(2000), 14.5039 (1999), 13.8076 (1998), 13.0942 (1997), 12.8694
(1996)

Hong Kong:
Hong Kong dollars per US dollar - 7.7990 (January 2001),
7.7912 (2000), 7.7575 (1999), 7.7453 (1998), 7.7421 (1997), 7.7343
(1996); note - Hong Kong became a special administrative region of
China on 1 July 1997; before then, the Hong Kong dollar was linked
to the US dollar at the rate of about 7.8 Hong Kong dollars per US
dollar

Hungary:
forints per US dollar - 282.240 (January 2001), 282.179
(2000), 237.146 (1999), 214.402 (1998), 186.789 (1997), 152.647
(1996)

Iceland:
Icelandic kronur per US dollar - 84.810 (January 2001),
78.676 (2000), 72.335 (1999), 70.958 (1998), 70.904 (1997), 66.500
(1996)

India:
Indian rupees per US dollar - 46.540 (January 2001), 44.942
(2000), 43.055 (1999), 41.259 (1998), 36.313 (1997), 35.433 (1996)

Indonesia:
Indonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 10,000 (January 2001),
8,421.8 (2000), 7,855.2 (1999), 10,013.6 (1998), 2,909.4 (1997),
2,342.3 (1996)

Iran:
Iranian rials per US dollar - 1,754.71 (January 2001),
1,764.43 (2000), 1,725.93 (1999), 1,751.86 (1998), 1,752.92 (1997),
1,750.76 (1996)

note: Iran has three officially recognized exchange rates; the
averages for 1999 are as follows: the official floating rate of
1,750 rials per US dollar, the "export" rate of 3,000 rials per US
dollar, and the variable Tehran Stock Exchange rate, which averages
7,863 rials per US dollar; the market rate averages 8,615 rials per
US dollar

Iraq:
Iraqi dinars per US dollar - 0.3109 (fixed official rate since
1982); black market rate - Iraqi dinars per US dollar - 1,910
(December 1999), 1,815 (December 1998), 1,530 (December 1997), 910
(December 1996), 3,000 (December 1995); note - subject to wide
fluctuations

Ireland:
Irish pounds per US dollar - 1.0658 (January 2001), 1.0823
(2000), 0.9374 (1999), 0.7014 (1998), 0.6588 (1997), 0.6248 (1996)

Israel:
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.0810 (December 2000),
4.0773 (2000), 4.1397 (1999), 3.8001 (1998), 3.4494 (1997), 3.1917
(1996)

Italy:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),
0.9386 (1999); Italian lire per US dollar - 1,688.7 (January 1999),
1,736.2 (1998), 1,703.1 (1997), 1,542.9 (1996)

Jamaica:
Jamaican dollars per US dollar - 45.557 (January 2001),
42.701 (2000), 39.044 (1999), 36.550 (1998), 35.404 (1997), 37.120
(1996)

Japan:
yen per US dollar - 117.10 (January 2001), 107.77 (2000),
113.91 (1999), 130.91 (1998), 120.99 (1997), 108.78 (1996)

Jersey:
Jersey pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001), 0.6596
(2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996);
the Jersey pound is at par with the British pound

Jordan:
Jordanian dinars per US dollar - 0.7090 (1996-present )

note: since May 1989, the Jordanian dinar has been pegged to a
group of currencies

Kazakhstan:
tenge per US dollar - 145.09 (January 2001), 142.13
(2000), 119.52 (1999), 78.30 (1998), 75.44 (1997), 67.30 (1996)

Kenya:
Kenyan shillings per US dollar - 78.733 (December 2000),
76.176 (2000), 70.326 (1999), 60.367 (1998), 58.732 (1997), 57.115
(1996)

Kiribati:
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January 2001),
1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773
(1996)

Korea, North:
official: North Korean won per US dollar - 2.15 (May
1994), 2.13 (May 1992), 2.14 (September 1991), 2.1 (January 1990),
2.3 (December 1989); market: North Korean won per US dollar - 200

Korea, South:
South Korean won per US dollar - 1,271.89 (January
2001), 1,130.96 (2000), 1,188.82 (1999), 1,401.44 (1998), 951.29
(1997), 804.45 (1996)

Kuwait:
Kuwaiti dinars per US dollar - 0.3057 (January 2001), 0.3067
(2000), 0.3044 (1999), 0.3047 (1998), 0.3033 (1997), 0.2994 (1996)

Kyrgyzstan:
soms per US dollar - 48.701 (January 2001), 47.704
(2000), 39.008 (1999), 20.838 (1998), 17.362 (1997), 12.810 (1996)

Laos:
kips per US dollar - 7,578.00 (December 2000), 7,102.03
(1999), 3,298.33 (1998), 1,259.98 (1997), 921.02 (1996)

Latvia:
lati per US dollar - 0.614 (January 2001), 0.607 (2000),
0.585 (1999), 0.590 (1998), 0.581 (1997), 0.551 (1996)

Lebanon:
Lebanese pounds per US dollar - 1,507.5 (January 2001),
1,507.5 (2000), 1,507.8 (1999), 1,516.1 (1998), 1,539.5 (1997),
1,571.4 (1996)

Lesotho:
maloti per US dollar - 7.78307 (January 2001), 6.93983
(2000), 6.10948 (1999), 5.52828 (1998), 4.60796 (1997), 4.29935
(1996); note - the Lesotho loti is at par with the South African
rand which is also legal tender; maloti is the plural form of loti

Liberia:
Liberian dollars per US dollar - 39.8100 (December 2000),
41.0483 (2000), 41.9025 (1999), 41.5075 (1998), 1.0000 (officially
fixed rate 1940-97); market exchange rate: Liberian dollars per US
dollar - 40 (December 1998), 50 (October 1995)

note: until December 1997, rates were based on a fixed relationship
with the US dollar; beginning in January 1998, rates are market
determined

Libya:
Libyan dinars per US dollar - 0.5101 (January 2001), 0.5081
(2000), 0.4616 (1999), 0.3785 (1998), 0.3891 (1997), 0.3651 (1996)

note: Libya currently has two rates for foreign trade; one for
government operations and foreign companies and one for Libyan
individuals (0.45 dinars per US dollar in December 1998)

Liechtenstein:
Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.6303 (January 2001),
1.6888 (2000), 1.5022 (1999), 1.4498 (1998), 1.4513 (1997), 1.2360
(1996)

Lithuania:
litai per US dollar - 4.000 (fixed rate since 1 May
1994); note - litai is the plural of litas

Luxembourg:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854
(2000), 0.9386 (1999); Luxembourg francs per US dollar - 34.77
(January 1999), 36.299 (1998), 35.774 (1997), 30.962 (1996); note -
the Luxembourg franc is at par with the Belgian franc, which
circulates freely in Luxembourg

Macau:
patacas per US dollar - 8.033 (January 2001), 8.025 (2000),
7.990 (1999), 7.978 (1998), 7.974 (1997), 7.966 (1996); note -
linked to the Hong Kong dollar at the rate of 1.03 patacas per Hong
Kong dollar

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
Macedonian denars per US
dollar - 64.757 (January 2001), 65.904 (2000), 56.902 (1999), 54.462
(1998), 50.004 (1997), 39.981 (1996)

Madagascar:
Malagasy francs per US dollar - 6,656.3 (November 2000),
6,283.8 (1999), 5,441.4 (1998), 5,090.9 (1997), 4,061.3 (1996)

Malawi:
Malawian kwachas per US dollar - 80.0946 (December 2000),
59.5438 (2000), 44.0881 (1999), 31.0727 (1998), 16.4442 (1997),
15.3085 (1996)

Malaysia:
ringgits per US dollar - 3.8000 (January 2001), 3.8000
(2000), 3.8000 (1999), 3.9244 (1998), 2.8133 (1997), 2.5159 (1996)

Maldives:
rufiyaa per US dollar - 11.770 (fixed rate since 1995)

Mali:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998),
583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF is
pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro

Malta:
Maltese liri per US dollar - 0.4370 (January 2001), 0.4376
(2000), 0.3994 (1999), 0.3885 (1998), 0.3857 (1997), 0.3604 (1996)

Man, Isle of:
Manx pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001),
0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403
(1996); the Manx pound is at par with the British pound

Marshall Islands:
the US dollar is used

Martinique:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854
(2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998),
5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)

Mauritania:
ouguiyas per US dollar - 250.870 (December 2000),
238.923 (2000), 209.514 (1999), 188.476 (1998), 151.853 (1997),
137.222 (1996)

Mauritius:
Mauritian rupees per US dollar - 27.900 (January 2001),
26.250 (2000), 25.186 (1999), 22.993 (1998), 21.057 (1997), 17.948
(1996)

Mayotte:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),
0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367
(1997), 5.1155 (1996)

Mexico:
Mexican pesos per US dollar - 9.7701 (January 2001), 9.4556
(2000), 9.5604 (1999), 9.1360 (1998), 7.9185 (1997), 7.5994 (1996)

Micronesia, Federated States of:
the US dollar is used

Moldova:
lei per US dollar - 12.3728 (January 2001), 12.4342 (2000),
10.5158 (1999), 5.3707 (1998), 4.6236 (1997), 4.6045 (1996); note -
lei is the plural form of leu

Monaco:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),
0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367
(1997), 5.1155 (1996)

Mongolia:
togrogs/tugriks per US dollar - 1,097.00 (December 2000),
1,076.67 (2000), 1,072.37 (1999), 840.83 (1998), 789.99 (1997),
548.40 (1996)

Montserrat:
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed
rate since 1976)

Morocco:
Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 10.590 (January 2001),
10.626 (2000), 9.804 (1999), 9.604 (1998), 9.527 (1997), 8.716 (1996)

Mozambique:
meticais per US dollar - 17,331.0 (January 2001),
5,199.8 (2000), 12,775.1 (1999), 11,874.6 (1998), 11.543.6 (1997),
11,293.8 (1996)

Namibia:
Namibian dollars per US dollar - 7.78307 (January 2001),
6.93983 (2000), 6.10948 (1999), 5.52828 (1998), 4.60796 (1997),
4.29935 (1996)

Nauru:
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January 2001),
1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773
(1996)

Nepal:
Nepalese rupees per US dollar - 74.129 (January 2001), 71.104
(2000), 68.239 (1999), 65.976 (1998), 58.010 (1997), 56.692 (1996)

Netherlands:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854
(2000), 0.9386 (1999); Netherlands guilders per US dollar - 1.9837
(1998), 1.9513 (1997), 1.6859 (1996)

Netherlands Antilles:
Netherlands Antillean guilders per US dollar -
1.790 (fixed rate since 1989)

New Caledonia:
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per US
dollar - 127.11 (January 2001), 129.44 (2000), 111.93 (1999), 107.25
(1998), 106.11 (1997), 93.00 (1996); note - linked at the rate of
119.25 XPF to the euro

New Zealand:
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.2502 (January
2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8632 (1998), 1.5083 (1997),
1.4543 (1996)

Nicaragua:
gold cordobas per US dollar - 12.96 (November 2000),
12.69 (2000 est.), 11.81 (1999), 10.58 (1998), 9.45 (1997), 8.44
(1996)

Niger:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998),
583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF is
pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro

Nigeria:
nairas per US dollar - 110.005 (January 2001), 101.697
(2000), 92.338 (1999), 21.886 (1998), 21.886 (1997), 21.884 (1996)

Niue:
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.2502 (January 2001),
2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8629 (1998), 1.5082 (1997), 1.4543
(1996)

Norfolk Island:
Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January
2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997),
1.2773 (1996)

Northern Mariana Islands:
the US dollar is used

Norway:
Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 8.7784 (January 2001),
8.8018 (2000), 7.7992 (1999), 7.5451 (1998), 7.0734 (1997), 6.4498
(1996)

Oman:
Omani rials per US dollar - 0.3845 (fixed rate since 1986)

Pakistan:
Pakistani rupees per US dollar - 59.152 (January 2001),
52.814 (2000), 49.118 (1999), 44.943 (1998), 40.918 (1997), 35.909
(1996)

Palau:
the US dollar is used

Panama:
balboas per US dollar - 1.000 (fixed rate)

Papua New Guinea:
kina per US dollar - 2.81 (October 2000), 2.696
(2000), 2.539 (1999), 2.058 (1998), 1.434 (1997), 1.318 (1996)

Paraguay:
guarani per US dollar - 3,570.0 (January 2001), 3,486.4
(2000), 3,119.1 (1999), 2,726.5 (1998), 2,177.9 (1997), 2,056.8
(1996); note - since early 1998, the exchange rate has operated as a
managed float; prior to that, the exchange rate was determined
freely in the market

Peru:
nuevo sol per US dollar - 3.5230 (January 2001), 3.4900
(2000), 3.383 (1999), 2.930 (1998), 2.664 (1997), 2.453 (1996)

Philippines:
Philippine pesos per US dollar - 50.969 (January 2001),
44.192 (2000), 39.089 (1999), 40.893 (1998), 29.471 (1997), 26.216
(1996)

Pitcairn Islands:
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.2502
(January 2001), 2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8629 (1998), 1.5083
(1997), 1.4543 (1996)

Poland:
zlotych per US dollar - 4.3126 (December 2000), 4.3461
(2000), 3.9671 (1999), 3.4754 (1998), 3.2793 (1997), 2.6961 (1996)

Portugal:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854
(2000), 0.9386 (1999); Portuguese escudos per US dollar - 180.10
(1998), 175.31 (1997), 154.24 (1996)

Puerto Rico:
the US dollar is used

Qatar:
Qatari rials per US dollar - 3.6400 (fixed rate)

Reunion:
euros per US dollar - 1.06594 (January 2001), 1.08540
(2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998),
5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)

Romania:
lei per US dollar - 26,243.0 (January 2001), 21,708.7
(2000), 15,332.8 (1999), 8,875.6 (1998), 7,167.9 (1997), 3,084.2
(1996); note - lei is the plural form of leu

Russia:
Russian rubles per US dollar - 28.3592 (January 2001),
28.1292 (2000), 24.6199 (1999), 9.7051 (1998), 5,785 (1997), 5,121
(1996)

note: the post-1 January 1998 ruble is equal to 1,000 of the pre-1
January 1998 rubles

Rwanda:
Rwandan francs per US dollar - 432.24 (January 2001), 389.70
(2000), 333.94 (1999) 312.31 (1998), 301.53 (1997), 306.82 (1996)

Saint Helena:
Saint Helenian pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January
2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6047 (1997),
0.6403 (1996); note - the Saint Helenian pound is at par with the
British pound

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000
(fixed rate since 1976)

Saint Lucia:
East Caribbean dollars per US dollar - 2.7000 (fixed
rate since 1976)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: euros per US dollar - 1.06594 (January 2001), 1.08540 (2000), 0.93863 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
East Caribbean dollars per US
dollar - 2.7000 (fixed rate since 1976)

Samoa:
tala per US dollar - 3.3400 (January 2001), 3.2712 (2000),
3.0120 (1999), 2.9429 (1998), 2.5562 (1997), 2.4618 (1996)

San Marino:
euros per US dollar - 1.06594 (January 2001), 1.08540
(2000), 0.93863 (1999); Italian lire per US dollar - 1,736.2 (1998),
1,703.1 (1997), 1,542.9 (1996)

Sao Tome and Principe:
dobras per US dollar - 2390.04 (December
2000), 7,119.0 (1999), 6,883.2 (1998), 4,552.5 (1997), 2,203.2 (1996)

Saudi Arabia:
Saudi riyals per US dollar - 3.7450 (fixed rate since
June 1986)

Senegal:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar
- 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95
(1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1966); note - from 1 January 1999,
the XOF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro

Seychelles:
Seychelles rupees per US dollar - 6.0397 (November
2000), 5.6009 (2000), 5,3426 (1999), 5.2622 (1998), 5.0263 (1997),
4.9700 (1996)

Sierra Leone:
leones per US dollar - 1,653.39 (January 2001),
2,092.13 (2000), 1,804.20 (1999), 1,563.62 (1998), 981.48 (1997),
920.73 (1996)

Singapore:
Singapore dollars per US dollar - 1.7365 (January 2001),
1.7240 (2000), 1.6950 (1999), 1.6736 (1998), 1.4848 (1997), 1.4100
(1996)

Slovakia:
koruny per US dollar - 48.09 (March 2001), 46.395 (2000),
41.363 (1999), 35.233 (1998), 33.616 (1997), 30.654 (1996)

Slovenia:
tolars per US dollar - 225.93 (January 2001), 222.66
(2000), 181.77 (1999), 166.13 (1998), 159.69 (1997), 135.36 (1996)

Solomon Islands:
Solomon Islands dollars per US dollar - 5.0968
(November 2000), 5.0864 (2000), 4.8381 (1999), 4.8156 (1998), 3.7169
(1997), 3.5664 (1996)

Somalia:
Somali shillings per US dollar - 11,000 (November 2000),
2,620 (January 1999), 7,500 (November 1997 est.), 7,000 (January
1996 est.), 5,000 (1 January 1995), 2,616 (1 July 1993)

note: the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared independent
country not recognized by any foreign government, issues its own
currency, the Somaliland shilling

South Africa:
rand per US dollar - 7.60 (March 2001), 6.93983
(2000), 6.10948 (1999), 5.52828 (1998), 4.60796 (1997), 4.29935
(1996)

Spain:
euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000),
0.9386 (1999); pesetas per US dollar - 149.40 (1998), 146.41 (1997),
126.66 (1996)

Sri Lanka:
Sri Lankan rupees per US dollar - 83.506 (January 2001),
77.005 (2000), 70.635 (1999), 64.450 (1998), 58.995 (1997), 55.271
(1996)

Sudan:
Sudanese dinars per US dollar - 257.44 (January 2001), 257.12
(2000), 252.55 (1999), 200.80 (1998), 157.57 (1997), 125.08 (1996)

Suriname:
Surinamese guilders per US dollar - 2,178.50 (December
2000), 987.50 (December 1999), 401.00 (December 1998), 401.00
(December 1997), 401.26 (December 1996)

note: beginning in July 1994, the central bank midpoint exchange rate was unified and became market determined; during 1998, the exchange rate splintered into four distinct rates; in January 1999 the government floated the guilder, but subsequently fixed it when the black-market rate plunged; the government currently allows trading within a band of SRG 500 around the official rate

Svalbard:
Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 8.7784 (January 2001),
8.8018 (2000), 7.7992 (1999), 7.5451 (1998), 7.0734 (1997), 6.4498
(1996)

Swaziland:
emalangeni per US dollar - 7.7803 (January 2001), 6.9056
(2000), 6.1087 (1999), 5.4807 (1998), 4.6032 (1997), 4.2706 (1996);
note - the Swazi lilangeni is at par with the South African rand;
emalangeni is the plural form of lilangeni

Sweden:
Swedish kronor per US dollar - 9.4669 (January 2001), 9.1622
(2000), 8.2624 (1999), 7.9499 (1998), 7.6349 (1997), 6.7060 (1996)

Switzerland:
Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.6303 (January 2001),
1.6888 (2000), 1.5022 (1999), 1.4498 (1998), 1.4513 (1997), 1.2360
(1996)

Syria:
Syrian pounds per US dollar - 46 (2000), 46 (1998), 41.9
(January 1997)

Tajikistan:
Tajikistani somoni per US dollar - 2.2 (January 2001),
1550 (January 2000), 998 (January 1999), 350 (January 1997), 284
(January 1996)

note: the new unit of exchange was introduced on 30 October 2000,
with one somoni equal to 1,000 of the old Tajikistani rubles

Tanzania:
Tanzanian shillings per US dollar - 803.34 (December
2000), 800.41 (2000), 744.76 (1999), 664.67 (1998), 612.12 (1997),
579.98 (1996)

Thailand:
baht per US dollar - 43.078 (January 2001), 40.112 (2000),
37.814 (1999), 41.359 (1998), 31.364 (1997), 25.343 (1996)

Togo:
Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998),
583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF is
pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro

Tokelau:
New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 2.2502 (January 2001),
2.1863 (2000), 1.8886 (1999), 1.8632 (1998), 1.5083 (1997), 1.4543
(1996)

Tonga:
pa'anga per US dollar - 1.9885 (January 2001), 1.7585 (2000),
1.5991 (1999), 1.4920 (1998), 1.2635 (1997), 1.2323 (1996)

Trinidad and Tobago:
Trinidad and Tobago dollars per US dollar -
6.2688 (January 2001), 6.2998 (2000), 6.2989 (1999), 6.2983 (1998),
6.2517 (1997), 6.0051 (1996)

Tunisia:
Tunisian dinars per US dollar - 1.3753 (January 2001),
1.4667 (November 2000), 1.1862 (1999), 1.1387 (1998), 1.1059 (1997),
0.9734 (1996)

Turkey:
Turkish liras per US dollar - 677,621 (December 2000),
625,219 (2000), 418,783 (1999), 260,724 (1998), 151,865 (1997),
81,405 (1996)

Turkmenistan:
Turkmen manats per US dollar - 5,200 (January 2001),
5,200 (January 2000), 5,350 (January 1999), 4,070 (January 1997),
2,400 (January 1996)

Turks and Caicos Islands:
the US dollar is used

Tuvalu:
Tuvaluan dollars or Australian dollars per US dollar -
1.7995 (January 2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998),
1.3439 (1997), 1.2773 (1996)

Uganda:
Ugandan shillings per US dollar - 1,700 (February 2001),
1,830.4 (January 2001), 1,644.5 (2000), 1,454.8 (1999), 1,240.2
(1998), 1,083.0 (1997), 1,046.1 (1996)

Ukraine:
hryvnia per US dollar - 5.4331 (January 2001), 5.4402
(2000), 4.1304 (1999), 2.4495 (1998), 1.8617 (1997), 1.8295 (1996)

United Arab Emirates:
Emirati dirhams per US dollar - central bank
mid-point rate: 3.6725 (since 1998); 3.6711 (1997), 3.6710 (1995-96)

United Kingdom:
British pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January
2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997),
0.6403 (1996)

United States:
British pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001),
0.6596 (2000), 0.6180 (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403
(1996); Canadian dollars per US dollar - 1.5032 (January 2001),
1.4851 (2000), 1.4857 (1999), 1.4835 (1998), 1.3846 (1997), 1.3635
(1996); French francs per US dollar - 5.65 (January 1999), 5.8995
(1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994);
Italian lire per US dollar - 1,668.7 (January 1999), 1,763.2 (1998),
1,703.1 (1997), 1,542.9 (1996), 1,628.9 (1995), 1,612.4 (1994);
Japanese yen per US dollar - 117.10 (January 2001), 107.77 (2000),
113.91 (1999), 130.91 (1998), 120.99 (1997), 108.78 (1996); German
deutsche marks per US dollar - 1.69 (January 1999), 1.9692 (1998),
1.7341 (1997), 1.5048 (1996), 1.4331 (1995), 1.6228 (1994); euros
per US dollar - 1.06594 (January 2001), 1.08540 (2000), 0.93863
(1999)

note: financial institutions in France, Italy, and Germany and
eight other European countries started using the euro on 1 January
1999 with the euro replacing the local currency in consenting
countries for all transactions in 2002

Uruguay:
Uruguayan pesos per US dollar - 12.5610 (January 2001),
12.0996 (2000), 11.3393 (1999), 10.4719 (1998), 9.4418 (1997),
7.9718 (1996)

Uzbekistan:
Uzbekistani sums per US dollar - 325.0 (January 2001),
141.4 (January 2000), 111.9 (February 1999), 110.95 (December 1998),
75.8 (September 1997), 41.1 (1996)

Vanuatu:
vatu per US dollar - 143.95 (December 2000), 137.82 (2000),
129.08 (1999), 127.52 (1998), 115.87 (1997), 111.72 (1996)

Venezuela:
bolivares per US dollar - 699.700 (January 2001), 679.960
(2000), 605.717 (1999), 547.556 (1998), 488.635 (1997), 417.333
(1996)

Vietnam:
dong per US dollar - 14,530 (January 2001), 14,020 (January
2000), 13,900 (December 1998), 11,100 (December 1996), 11,193 (1995
average), 11,000 (October 1994)

Virgin Islands:
the US dollar is used

Wallis and Futuna:
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (XPF) per
US dollar - 1127.11 (January 2001), 129.43 (2000), 111.93 (1999),
107.25 (1998), 106.11 (1997), 93.00 (1996); note - linked at the
rate of 119.25 XPF to the euro

West Bank:
new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.0810 (December
2000), 4.0773 (2000), 4.1397 (1999), 3.8001 (1998), 3.4494 (1997),
3.1917 (1996); Jordanian dinars per US dollar - fixed rate of 0.7090
(from 1996)

Western Sahara:
Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 10.590 (January
2001), 10.626 (2000), 9.804 (1999), 9.604 (1998), 9.527 (1997),
8.716 (1996)

Yemen:
Yemeni rials per US dollar - 164.590 (October 2000), 160.683
(2000), 155.718 (1999), 135.882 (1998), 129.281 (1997), 94.157 (1996)

Yugoslavia:
new Yugoslav dinars per US dollar - official rate: 10.0
(December 1998), 5.85 (December 1997), 5.02 (September 1996), 1.5
(early 1995); black market rate: 14.5 (December 1998), 8.9 (December
1997), 2 to 3 (early 1995)

Zambia:
Zambian kwacha per US dollar - 4,024.53 (January 2001),
3,110.84 (2000), 2,388.02 (1999), 1,862.07 (1998), 1,314.50 (1997),
1,207.90 (1996)

Zimbabwe:
Zimbabwean dollars per US dollar - 54.9451 (January 2001),
43.2900 (2000), 38.3142 (1999), 21.4133 (1998), 11.8906 (1997),
9.9206 (1996)