Character Sketches of Romance, Fiction, and the Drama, Vol. 2 (part 3)

He had moccasins enchanted,
Magic moccasins of deer-skin;
When he bound them round his ankles
At each stride a mile he measured.
Longfellow, Hiawatha, iv.

Hiawatha’s Great Friends, Chibia´bos (the sweetest of all musicians) and Kwa´sind (the strongest of all mortals).—Longfellow, Hiawatha, vi.

Hick´athrift (Tom or Jack), a poor laborer in the time of the Conquest, of such enormous strength that he killed, with an axletree and cartwheel, a huge giant, who lived in a marsh at Tylney, in Norfolk. He was knighted, and made governor of Thanet. Hickathrift is sometimes called Hickafric.

When a man sits down to write a history, though it be but the history of Jack Hickathrift, ... he knows no more than his heels what lets ... he is to meet with in his way.—Sterne.

Hick´ory (Old), General Andrew Jackson. He was first called “Tough,” then “Tough as Hickory,Hickory,” and, lastly, “Old Hickory.” Another story is that in 1813, when engaged in war with the Creek Indians, he fell short of supplies, and fed his men on hickory nuts (1767-1845).

Hicks, short, slight young man ... with an air at once amiable and baddish, whose father sends him on a sea-voyage to cure him of drunkenness.—William Dean Howells, The Lady of the Aroostook (1879).

Hi´erocles (4 syl.), the first person who compiled jokes and bon mots. After a life-long labor, he got together twenty-one, which he left to the world as his legacy. Hence arose the phrase, An Hieroc´lean legacy, no legacy at all, or a legacy of empty promises, or a legacy of no worth.

One of his anecdotes is that of a man who wanted to sell his house, and carried about a brick to show as a specimen of it.

Hieron´imo, the chief character of Thomas Kyd’s drama in two parts, pt. i. being called Hieronimo, and pt. ii. The Spanish Tragedy, or Hieronimo is Mad Again. In the latter play, Horatio, only son of Hieronimo, sitting with Belimpe´ria in an alcove, is murdered by his rival, Balthazar, and the lady’s brother, Lorenzo. The murderers hang the dead body on a tree in the garden, and Hieronimo, aroused by the screams of Belimperia, rushing into the garden, sees the dead body of his son, and goes raving mad (1588).

Higden (Mrs. Betty), an old woman nearly four score, very poor, but hating the union-house more than she feared death. Betty Higden kept a mangle, and “minded young children” at four-pence a week. A poor workhouse lad named Sloppy helped her to turn the mangle. Mrs. Boffin wished to adopt Johnny, Betty’s infant grandchild, but he died in the Children’s Hospital.

She was one of those old women, was Mrs. Betty Higden, who, by dint of an indomitable purpose and a strong constitution, fight out many years; an active old woman, with a bright dark eye and a resolute face, yet quite a tender creature, too.—C. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend, i. 16 (1864).

Higg, “the son of Snell,” the lame witness at the trial of Rebecca.—Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.).

Higgen, Prigg, Snapp, and Ferret, knavish beggars in The Beggar’s Bush, a drama by Beaumont and Fletcher (1622).

High and Low Heels, two factions in Lilliput. So called from the high and low heels of their shoes, badges of the two factions. The high heels (tories and the high-church party) were friendly to the ancient constitution of the empire, but the emperor employed the Low-heels (whigs and low-churchmen) as his ministers of state.—Swift, Gulliver’s Travels (“Lilliput,” 1726).

High Life Below Stairs, a farce by the Rev. James Townley. Mr. Lovel, a wealthy commoner, suspects his servants of “wasting his substance in riotous living;” so, pretending to go to his country seat in Devonshire, he assumes the character of a country bumpkin from Essex, and places himself under the charge of his own butler, to learn the duties of a gentleman servant. As the master is away, Philip (the butler) invites a large party to supper, and supplies them with the choicest wines. The servants all assume their masters’ titles, and address each other as “My lord duke,” “Sir Harry,” “My Lady Charlotte,” “My Lady Bab,” etc., and mimic the airs of their employers. In the midst of the banquet, Lovel appears in his true character, breaks up the party, and dismisses his household, retaining only one of the lot, named Tom, to whom he entrusts the charge of the silver and plate (1759).

Highland Mary, immortalized by Robert Burns, is generally thought to be Mary Campbell; but it seems more likely to be Mary Morison, “one of the poet’s youthful loves.” Probably the songs, Will ye go to the Indies, my Mary? Highland Mary, Mary Morison, and To Mary in Heaven, were all written on one and the same Mary, although some think Highland Mary and Mary in Heaven refer to Mary Campbell, who, we are told, was the poet’s first love.

Highwaymen (Noted).

Claude Duval (*-1670). Introduced in White Friars, by Miss Robinson.

James Whitney (1660-1594), aged 34.

Jonathan Wild of Wolverhampton (1682-1725), aged 43. Hero and title of a novel by Fielding (1744).

Jack Sheppard of Spitalfields (1701-1724), aged 24. Hero and title of a novel by Defoe (1724); and of one by H. Ainsworth (1839).

Dick Turpin, executed at York (1711-1739). Hero of a novel by H. Ainsworth.

Galloping Dick, executed at Aylesbury in 1800.

Captain Grant, the Irish highwayman, executed at Maryborough, in 1816.

Samuel Greenwood, executed at Old Bailey, 1822.

William Rea, executed at Old Bailey, 1828.

Hilda. Art student in Rome, beloved by Kenyon, another artist, and friend of Miriam. Hilda is the accidental witness of the homicide committed by Donatello, and the horror of the secret drives her almost mad.—Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Marble Faun.

Hilda. Wife of Herluf, who has excited his father—the “Judge’s” wrath. The old man strikes his son while Hilda’s arms are about her husband, and Herluf, maddened, leaves home and wife for America. Letters from New York tell his father of his successes there, and he at last begs Hilda to bring him home. She obeys, and the two men embrace with tears.—Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen, A Child of the Age (1889).

Hilda’s Little Hood. Tale of a scarlet hood (with a pretty face within it) that won a man’s heart.—Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen’s Idylls of Norway (1882).

Hilarius (Brother), refectioner at St. Mary’s.—Sir W. Scott, The Monastery (time, Elizabeth).

Hildebrand, Pope Gregory VII. (1013, 1073-1085). He demanded for the Church the right of “investiture” or presentation to all ecclesiastical benefices, the superiority of the ecclesiastical to the temporal authority, enforced the celibacy of all clergymen, resisted simony, and greatly advanced the domination of the popes.

We need another Hildebrand to shake
And purify us.
Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851).

Hil´debrand (Meister), the Nestor of German romance, a magician and champion.

⁂ Maugis, among the paladins of Charlemagne, sustained a similar twofold character.

Hil´debrod (Jacob, duke), president of the Alsatian Club.—Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.).

Hil´desheim. The monk of HildesheimHildesheim, doubting how a thousand years with God could be “only one day,” listened to the melody of a bird in a green wood, as he supposed, for only three minutes, but found that he had in reality been listening to it for a hundred years.

Hill (Dr. John), whose pseudonym was “Mrs. Glasse.” Garrick said of him:

For physic and farces,
His equal there scarce is.
For his farces are physic, and his physic a farce is.

Hil´lary (Tom), apprentice of Mr. Lawford, the town clerk. Afterwards Captain Hillary.—Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon’s Daughter (time, George II.).

Hinch´up (Dame), a peasant, at the execution of Meg Murdockson.—Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George II.).

Hin´da, daughter of Al Hassan, the Arabian emir of Persia. Her lover, Hafed, a gheber or fire-worshipper, was the sworn enemy of the emir. Al Hassan sent Hinda away, but she was taken captive by Hafed’s party. Hafed, being betrayed to Al Hassan, burnt himself to death in the sacred fire, and Hinda cast herself headlong into the sea.—T. Moore, Lalla Rookh (“The Fire-Worshippers,” 1817).

Hinzelmann, the most famous house-spirit or kobold of German legend. He lived four years in the old castle of Hudemühlen, and then disappeared for ever (1588).

Hippol´ito. So Browning spells the name of the son of Theseus (2 syl.) and An´tiopê. Hippolito fled all intercourse with woman. Phædra, his mother-in-law, tried to seduce him, and when he resisted her solicitations, accused him to her husband of attempting to dishonor her. After death he was restored to life under the name of Virbius (vir-bis, “twice a man”). (See Hippolytos).

Hippolito, a youth who never knew a woman.
Browning.

Hippol´yta, queen of the Am´azons, and daughter of Mars. She was famous for a girdle given her by the war-god, which Herculês had to obtain possession of as one of his twelve labors.

⁂ Shakespeare has introduced Hippolyta in his Midsummer Night’s Dream, and betroths her to TheseusTheseus (2 syl.) duke of Athens; but according to classic fable, it was her sister An´tiopê (4 syl.) who married Theseus.

Hippolyta, a rich lady wantonly in love with Arnoldo. By the cross purposes of the plot, Leopold, a sea-captain, is enamoured of Hippolyta, Arnoldo is contracted to the chaste Zeno´cia, and Zenocia is dishonorably pursued by the Governor Count Clo´dio.—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Custom of the Country (1647).

Hippolytos (in Latin, Hippolytus), son of Theseus. He provoked the anger of Venus by disregarding her love, and Venus, in revenge, made Phædra (his mother-in-law) fall in love with him, and when Hippolytos repulsed her advances, she accused him to her husband of seeking to dishonor her. Theseus prayed Neptune to punish the young man, and the sea-god, while the young man was driving in his chariot, scared the horses with sea-calves. Hippolytos was thrown from the chariot and killed, but Diana restored him to life again. (See Hippolito.)

Hippolytus himself would leave Diana
To follow such a Venus.
Massinger, A New Way to Pay Old Debts, iii. 1 (1628).

Hippom´enes (4 syl.), a Grecian prince who outstripped Atalanta in a foot-race, by dropping three golden apples, which she stopped to pick up. By this conquest he won Atalanta to wife.

E’en here, in this region of wonders, I find
That light-footed Fancy leaves Truth far behind;
Or, at least, like Hippomenês, turns her astray
By the golden illusions he flings in her way.
T. Moore.

Hippot´ades (4 syl.), Eŏlus, the wind-god, son of Hippota.

[He] questioned every gust of rugged winds
That blows from off each beaked promontory:
They knew not of his story;
And sage Hippotadês, their answer brings,
That not a blast was from his dungeon strayed.
Milton, Lycidas (1638).

Hiren, a strumpet. From Peele’s play The Turkish Mahomet and Hyren the Fair Greek (1584).

In Italian called a courtezan; in Spain a margarite; in French une putaine; in English...a punk.

“There be Sirens in the sea of the world. Syrens? Hirens, as they are now called. What a number of these sirens [Hirens], cockatrices, courteghians, in plain English, harlots, swimme amongst us!”—Adams, Spiritual Navigator (1615).

Hiroux (Jean), the French “Bill Sikes,” with all the tragic elements eliminated.

Pres. Where do you live? Jean. Haven’t got any.
Pres. Where were you born? Jean. At Galard.
Pres. Where is that? Jean. At Galard.
Pres. What department? Jean. Galard.
Henri Monnier, Popular Scenes drawn with Pen and Ink (1825).

Hislop (John), the old carrier at Old St. Ronan’s.—Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan’s Well (time, George III.).

Histor´icus, the nom de plume of the Hon. E. Vernon Harcourt, for many years the most slashing writer in the Saturday Review, and a writer in the Times.

History (Father of). Herod´otos, the Greek historian, is so called by Cicero (B.C. 484-408).

History (Father of Ecclesiastical), Polygnotos of Thaos (fl. B. C. 463-435). The Venerable Bede is so called sometimes (672-735).

History (Father of French), Andre Duchesne (1584-1640).

Histrio-mastix, a tirade against theatrical exhibitions, by William Prynne (1632).

Ho´amen, an Indian tribe settled on a south branch of the Missouri, having Az´tlan for their imperial city. The Az´tecas conquered the tribe, deposed the queen, and seized their territory by right of conquest. When Madoc landed on the American shore, he took the part of the Hoamen, and succeeded in restoring them to their rights. The Aztecas then migrated to Mexico (twelfth century).—Southey, Madoc (1805).

Hob Miller of Twyford, an insurgent.—Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.).

Hob or Happer, miller at St. Mary’s Convent.

Mysie Happer, the miller’s daughter. She marries Sir Piercie Shafton.—Sir W. Scott, The Monastery (time, Elizabeth).

Hob´bididance (4 syl.), the prince of dumbness, and one of the five fiends that possessed “poor Tom.”—Shakespeare, King Lear, act iv. sc. 1 (1605).

⁂ This name is taken from Harsnett’s Declaration of Egregious Popish-Impostures (1561-1631).

Hobbie O’Sorbie´trees, one of the huntsmen near Charlie’s Hope farm.—Sir. W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.)

Hob´bima (The English), John Crome, of Norwich, whose last words were: “O Hobbima, Hobbima, how I do love thee!” (1769-1821).

Hob´bima (The Scotch), P. Nasmyth (1831- ).

⁂ Minderhout Hobbima, a famous landscape painter of Amsterdam (1638-1709).

Hobbinol. (See Hobinol).

Hobbler or Clopinel, Jehan de Meung, the French poet, who was lame (1260-1320). Meung was called by his contemporaries Père de l’Eloquence.

⁂ Tyrtæus, the Greek elegiac poet, was called “Hobbler” because he introduced the alternate pentameter verse, which is one foot shorter than the old heroic metre.

Hobbler (The Rev. Dr.), at Ellieslaw Castle, one of the Jacobite conspirators with the laird of Ellieslaw.—Sir W. Scott The Black Dwarf (time, Anne).

Hobby-horse (The), one of the masquers at Kennaquhair Abbey.—Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time Elizabeth).

Hobinol or Hobbinol is Gabriel Harvey, physician, LL.D., a friend and college chum of Edmund Spenser, the poet. Spenser, in his ecl. iv., makes Thenot inquire, “What gars thee to weep?” and Hobinol replies it is because his friend Colin, having been flouted by Rosalind (ecl. i.), has broken his pipe and seems heart-broken with grief. Thenot then begs Hobinol to sing to him one of Colin’s own songs, and Hobinol sings the lay of “Elisa, queen of the shepherds” (Queen Elizabeth), daughter of Syrinx and Pan (Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII.). He says Phœbus thrust out his golden head to gaze on her, and was amazed to see a sun on earth brighter and more dazzling than his own. The Graces requested she might make a fourth grace, and she was received amongst them and reigned with them in heaven. The shepherds then strewed flowers to the queen, and Elisa dismissed them, saying that at the proper season she would reward them with ripe damsons (ecl. iv.) Ecl. ix. is a dialogue between Hobinol and Diggon Davie, upon Popish abuses. (See Diggon Davie).—Spenser, Shephearde’s Calendar (1572.)

Hobnel´ia, a shepherdess, in love with Lubberkin, who disregarded her. She tried by spells to win his love, and after every spell she said:

With my sharp heel I three times mark the ground,
And turn me thrice around, around, around.
Gay, Pastoral, iv. (1717).

Hob´son (Thomas), a carrier who lived at Cambridge in the seventeenth century. He kept a livery stable, but obliged the university students to take his hacks in rotation. Hence the term Hobson’s choice came to signify “this or none.” Milton (in 1660) wrote two humorous poems on the death of the old carrier.

Hochspring´en (The young duke of), introduced in Donnerhugel’s narrative.—Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.).

Hocus (Humphry), “the attorney” into whose hands John Bull and his friends put the law-suit they carried on against Lewis Baboon (Louis XIV.). Of course, Humphry Hocus is John Churchill, duke of Mariborough, who commanded the army employed against the Grand Monarque.

Hocus was an old cunning attorney; and though this was the first considerable suit he was ever engaged in, he showed himself superior in address to most of his profession. He always kept good clerks. He loved money, was smooth-tongued, gave good words, and seldom lost his temper.... He provided plentifully for his family; but he loved himself better than them all. The neighbors reported that he was henpecked, which was impossible by such a mild-spirited woman as his wife was [his wife was a desperate termagant].—Dr. Arbuthnot, History of John Bull, v. (1712).

Hodei´rah (3 syl.), husband of Zei´nab (2 syl.) and father of Thalaba. He died while Thalaba was a mere lad.—Southey, Thalaba the Destroyer, i. (1797).

Hodeken (i.e. little hat), a German kobold or domestic fairy, noted for his little felt hat.

Hö´der, the Scandinavian god of darkness, typical of night. He is called the blind old god. Balder is the god of light, typical of day. According to fable Höder killed Balder with an arrow made of mistletoe, but the gods restored him to life again.

Höder, the blind old god,
Whose feet are shod with silence.
Longfellow, Tegner’s Death.

Hodge, Gammer Gurton’s goodman, whose breeches she was repairing when she lost her needle.—Mr. S., Master of Arts, Gammer Gurton’s Needle (1551).

⁂ Mr. S. is said to be J. Still, afterwards bishop of Bath and Wells, but in 1551 he was only eight years old.

Hodges (John), one of Waverley’s servants.—Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George II.).

Hodges (Joe), landlord of Bertram, by the lake near Merwyn Hall.—Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

Hodge´son (Gaffer), a puritan.—Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.).

Hoel (2 syl.), king of the Armorican Britons, and nephew of King Arthur. Hoel sent an army of 15,000 men to assist his uncle against the Saxons (501). In 509, being driven from his kingdom by Clovis, he took refuge in England; but in 513 he recovered his throne, and died in 545.

[Arthur], calling to his aid
His kinsman Howel, brought from Brittany, the less,
Their armies they unite.... [and conquer the Saxons at Lincoln].
Drayton, Polyolbion, iv. (1612).

Ho´el, son of Prince Hoel and Lla´ian. Prince Hoel was slain in battle by his half-brother David, king of North Wales, and Llaian, with her son, followed the fortunes of Prince Madoc, who migrated to North America. Young Hoel was kidnapped by Ocell´opan, an Az´tec, and carried to Az´tlan for a propitiatory sacrifice to the Aztecan gods. He was confined in a cavern without food; but Co´atel, a young Aztecan wife, took pity on him, visited him, supplied him with food, and assisted Madoc to release him.—Southey, Madoc (1805).

Ho´garth (William), called “The Juvenal of Painters” (1695-1764).

Hogarth (The Scottish), David Allan (1744-1796).

Hogarth of Novelists, Henry Fielding (1707-1754).

Hold´enough (Master Nehemiah), a Presbyterian preacher, ejected from his pulpit by a military preacher.—Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonwealth).

Holgrave, daguerreotypist, who rents a room from Miss Hepzibah Pyncheon, falls in love with and marries Phœbe Pyncheon.—Nathaniel Hawthorne, The House of the Seven Gables (1851).

Holiday (Erasmus), schoolmaster in the Vale of Whitehorse.—Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth).

Holipher´nes (4 syl.), called “English Henry,” one of the Christian knights in the allied army of Godfrey, in the first crusade. He was slain by Dragu´tês (3 syl.). (See Holophernes).—Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, ix. (1575).

Hollingsworth. Big, one-ideaed philanthropist, and a leader in the Blithedale farm project. “He had taught his benevolence to pour its warm tide exclusively through one channel, so that there was nothing to spare for other great manifestations of love to man, nor scarcely for the nutriment of individual attachments, unless they could minister, in some way, to the terrible egotism which he mistook for an angel of God.”

He is beloved by Zenobia, and gives what love he can spare from himself and his Idea to weak, silly Priscilla.—Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Blithedale Romance (1852).

Holman (Lieutenant James), the blind traveller (1787-1857).

Hol´opherne (Thubal), the great sophister, who, in the course of five years and three months, taught Gargantua to say his ABC backwards.—Rabelais, Gargantua, i. 14 (1533).

Holopher´nes (4 syl.). a pedantic schoolmaster, who speaks like a dictionary. The character is meant for John Florio, a teacher of Italian in London, who published, in 1598, a dictionary called A World of Words. He provoked the retort by condemning wholesale the English dramas, which, he said, were “neither right comedies nor right tragedies, but perverted histories without decorum.” The following sentence is a specimen of the style in which Shakespeare caricatured his style:

The deer was...in sanguis (blood), ripe as a pomewater who now hangeth like a jewel in the ear of cœlo (the sky, the welkin, the heaven); and anon falleth like a crab on the face of terra (the soil, the land, the earth).—Shakespeare, Love’s Labor’s Lost, act iv. sc. 2 (1594).

⁂ Holophernes is an imperfect anagram of “Joh´nes Florio,” the first and last letters being omitted, F=ph.

Holt (Felix). A collarless radical who sets a neighborhood by the ears, and stultifies himself by wooing a gentlewoman.—George Eliot, Felix Holt (Radical).

Holy Bottle (The Oracle of the), the object of Pantag´ruel’s search. He visited various lands with his friend Panurge (2 syl.), the last place being the island of Lantern-land, where the “bottle” was kept in an alabaster fount in a magnificent temple. When the party arrived at the sacred spot, the priestess threw something into the fount; whereupon the water began to bubble, and the word “Drink” issued from the “bottle.” So the whole party set to drinking Falernian wine, and, being inspired with drunkenness, raved with prophetic madness; and so the romance ends.—Rabelais, Pantagruel (1545).

Like Pantagruel and his companions in quest of the “Oracle of the Bottle.”—Sterne.

Holy Brotherhood (The), in Spain called Santa Hermandad, was an association for the suppression of highway robbery.

The thieves,...believing the Holy Brotherhood was coming...got up in a hurry, and alarmed their companions.—Lesage, Gil Blas, i. 6 (1715).

Holy Maid of Kent, Elizabeth Barton, who incited the Roman Catholics to resist the progress of the Reformation, and pretended to act under divine inspiration. She was executed in 1534 for “predicting” that the king (Henry VIII.) would die a sudden death if he divorced Queen Katharine and married Anne Boleyn. At one time she was thought to be inspired with a prophetic gift, and even the lord chancellor, Sir Thomas More, was inclined to think so.

Home, Sweet Home. The words of this popular song are by John Howard Payne, an American. It is introduced in his melodrama called Clari, or The Maid of Milan. The music is by Sir Henry Bishop, and was originally sung in 1823 by Miss M. Tree.

Homer (The British). Milton is so called on Gray’s monument in Westminster Abbey.

No more the Grecian muse unrivalled reigns;
To Britain let the nations homage pay:
She felt a Homer’s fire in Milton’s strains,
A Pindar’s rapture in the lyre of Gray.

Homer (The Casket), an edition of Homer corrected by Aristotle, which Alexander the Great carried about with him, and placed in the golden casket richly studded with gems, found in the tent of Darīus. Alexander said there was but one thing in the world worthy to be kept in so precious a casket, and that was Aristotle’s Homer.

Homer (The Celtic), Ossian, son of Fingal, king of Morven.

Homer (The Oriental), Ferdusi, the Persian poet, who wrote the Shâh Nâmeh, or history of the Persian kings. It contains 120,000 verses, and was the work of thirty years (940-1020).

Homer (The Prose). Henry Fielding, the novelist, is called by Byron “The Prose Homer of Human Nature” (1707-1764).

Homer (The Scottish), William Wilkie, author of The Epigon´iad (1721-1772).

Homer of our Dramatic Poets (The). So Shakespeare is called by Dryden (1564-1616).

Shakespeare was the Homer or father of our dramatic poets; Jonson was the Virgil. I admire rare Ben, but I love Shakespeare.—Dryden.

Homer of Ferra´ra (The). Ariosto was called by Tasso, Omero Ferraresê (1474-1533).

Homer of the Franks (The), Angilbert was so called by Charlemagne (died 814).

Homer of the French Drama (The). Pierre Corneille was so called by Sir Walter Scott (1606-1684).

Homer of Philosophers (The), Plato (B. C. 429-347).

Homer the Younger, Philiscos, one of the seven Pleiad poets of Alexandria, in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphos.

Homeric Characters.

Agamemnon, haughty and imperious; Achilles, brave, impatient of command, and relentless; Diomed, brave as Achilles, but obedient to authority; Ajax the Greater, a giant in stature, fool-hardy, arrogant, and conceited; Nestor, a sage old man, garrulous on the glories of his youthful days; Ulysses, wise, crafty, and arrogant; Patroclos, a gentle friend; Thersites, a scurrilous demagogue.

Hector, the protector and father of his country, a brave soldier, an affectionate husband, a wise counsellor, and a model prince; Sarpedon, the favorite of the gods, gallant and generous; Paris, a gallant and a fop; Troilus, “the prince of chivalry;” Priam, a broken-spirited old monarch.

Helen, a heartless beauty, faithless, and fond of pleasure; Androm´achê, a fond young mother and affectionate wife; Cassandra, a querulous, croaking prophetess; Hecuba, an old she-bear robbed of her whelps.

Homespun (Zekiel), a farmer of Castleton. Being turned out of his farm, he goes to London to seek his fortune. Though quite illiterate, he has warm affections, noble principles, and a most ingenious mind. Zekiel wins £20,000 by a lottery ticket, bought by his deceased father.

Cicely Homespun, sister of Zekiel, betrothed to Dick Dowlas (for a short time the Hon. Dick Dowlas). When Cicely went to London with her brother, she took a situation with Caroline Dormer. Miss Dormer married “the heir-at-law” of Baron Duberly, and Cicely married Dick Dowlas.—G. Colman, The Heir-at Law (1797).

Hominy (Mrs.), philosopher and authoress, wife of Major Hominy, and “mother of the modern Gracchi,” as she called her daughter, who lived at New Thermopylæ, three days this side of “Eden,” in America. Mrs. Hominy was considered by her countrymen a “very choice spirit.”—C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1844).

Homo Sum. A story by George Ebers, telling of the life, temptations, and victories of certain anchorites living on Mt. Sinai.

Honest George. General George Monk, duke of Albemarle, was so called by the Cromwellites (1608-1670).

Honest Man. Diogenês, being asked one day what he was searching for so diligently that he needed the light of a lantern in broad day, replied, “An honest man.”

Searched with lantern-light to find an honest man.
Southey, Roderick, etc., xxi. (1814).

Still will he hold his lantern up to scan
The face of monarchs for an honest man.
Byron, Age of Bronze, x. (1821).

Honest Thieves (The). The “thieves” are Ruth and Arabella, two heiresses, brought up by Justice Day, trustee of the estates of Ruth and guardian of Arabella. The two girls wish to marry Colonel Careless and Captain Manly, but do not know how to get possession of their property, which is in the hands of Justice Day. It so happens that Day goes to pay a visit, and the two girls, finding the key of his strong box, help themselves to the deeds, etc., to which they are respectively entitled. Mrs. Day, on her return, accuses them of robbery; but Manly says, “Madam, they have taken nothing but what is their own. They are honest thieves, I assure you.”—T. Knight (a farce).

⁂ This is a mere rifacimento of The Committee (1670), by the Hon. Sir R. Howard. Most of the names are identical, but “Captain Manly” is substituted for Colonel Blunt.

Honey. Glaucus, son of Minos, was smothered in a cask of honey.

Honeycomb (Will), a fine gentleman, the great authority on the fashions of the day. He was one of the members of the imaginary club from which the Spectator issued.—The Spectator (1711-1713).

Honeycombe (Mr.), the uxorious husband of Mrs. Honeycombe, and father of Polly. Self-willed, passionate, and tyrannical. He thinks to bully Polly out of her love-nonsense, and by locking her in her chamber to keep her safe, forgetting that “love laughs at locksmiths,” and “where there’s a will there’s a way.”

Mrs. Honeycombe, the dram-drinking, maudling, foolish wife of Mr. Honeycombe, always ogling him, calling him “lovey,” “sweeting,” or “dearie,” but generally muzzy, and obfuscated with cordials or other messes.

Polly Honeycombe, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Honeycombe; educated by novels, and as full of romance as Don Quixote. Mr. Ledger, a stock broker, pays his addresses to her; but she hates him, and determines to elope with Mr. Scribble, an attorney’s clerk, and nephew of her nurse. This folly, however, is happily interrupted.—G. Colman, the elder, Polly Honeycombe (1760).

Honeyman (Charles), a free-and-easy clergyman, of social habits and fluent speech,—Thackeray, The Newcomes (1855).

Honeymoon (The), a comedy by J. Tobin (1804). The general scheme resembles that of the Taming of the Shrew, viz., breaking-in an unruly colt of high mettle to the harness of wifely life. The duke of Aranza marries the proud, overbearing, but beautiful Juliana, eldest daughter of Balthazar. After marriage, he takes her to a mean hut, and pretends he is only a peasant, who must work for his daily bread, and that his wife must do the household drudgery. He acts with great gentleness and affection; and by the end of the month, Juliana, being thoroughly reformed, is introduced to the castle, where she finds that her husband after all is the duke, and that she is the duchess of Aranza. It is an excellent and well written comedy.

Honeywood, “the good-natured man,” whose property is made the prey of swindlers. His uncle, Sir William Honeywood, in order to rescue him from sharpers, causes him to be seized for a bill to which he has lent his name “to a friend who absconded.” By this arrest the young man is taught to discriminate between real friends and designing knaves. Honeywood dotes on Miss Richland, but fancies she loves Mr. Lofty, and therefore forbears to avow his love; eventually, however, all comes right. Honeywood promises to “reserve his pity for real distress, and his friendship for real merit.”

Sir William Honeywood, uncle of Mr. Honeywood “the good-natured man.” Sir William sees with regret the faults of his nephew, and tries to correct them. He is a dignified and high-minded gentleman.—Goldsmith, The Good-natured Man (1767).

Hono´ra, daughter of General Archas, “the loyal subject” of the great-duke of Moscovia, and sister of Viola.—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Loyal Subject (1618).

Hono´ria, a fair but haughty dame, greatly loved by Theodore of Ravenna; but the lady “hated him alone,” and, “the more he loved the more she disdained.” One day she saw the ghost of Guido Cavalcanti hunting with two mastiffs a damsel who despised his love and who was doomed to suffer a year for every month she had tormented him. Her torture was to be hunted by dogs, torn to pieces, disemboweled, and restored to life again every Friday. This vision so acted on the mind of Honoria, that she no longer resisted the love of Theodore, but, “with the full consent of all, she changed her state.”—Dryden, Theodore and Honoria (a poem).

⁂ This tale is from Boccaccio, Decameron (day v. 8).

Honour (Mrs.), the waiting gentlewoman of Sophia Western.—Fielding, Tom Jones (1749).

This is worse than Sophy Western and Mrs. Honour about Tom Jones’s broken arm.—Prof. J. Wilson.

Honour and Glory Griffiths. Captain Griffiths, in the reign of William IV., was so called because he used to address his letters to the Admiralty, to “Their Honours and Glories at the Admiralty.”

Honor is often personified by the poets. Emerson said of Judge Hoar, “When he sat upon the bench, Honor came and sat beside him.”

Honors (Crushed by His or Her).

Tarpeia (3 syl.), daughter of Tarpeius (governor of the citadel of Rome), promised to open the gates to Tatius, if his soldiers would give her the ornaments they wore on their arms. As the soldiers entered the gate, they threw on her their shields, and crushed her to death, saying, “These are the ornaments we Sabines wear on our arms.”

Draco, the Athenian legislator, was crushed to death in the theatre of Ægīna by the number of caps and cloaks showered on him by the audience, as a mark of honor.

Elagab´alus, the Roman emperor, invited the leading men of Rome to a banquet, and, under pretense of showing them honor, rained roses upon them till they were smothered to death.

Hood (Riley), smart boy who is willing that his grandmother “may pit Gener’l Washington an’ the old man Noah agin one ’nother right at the door of the ark,” provided his father does not compel him to authenticate her stories or be thrashed.—Richard Malcolm Johnston, Other Georgia Folk (1887).

Hood (Robin), a famous English outlaw. Stow places him in the reign of Richard I., but others make him live at divers periods between Cœur de Lion and Edward II. His chief haunt was Sherwood Forest, in Nottinghamshire. Ancient ballads abound with anecdotes of his personal courage, his skill in archery, his generosity, and great popularity. It is said that he robbed the rich, but gave largely to the poor, and protected women and children with chivalrous magnanimity. The ballad, “The Death of Robin Hood,” says that he was treacherously bled to death by his sister, the Prioress of the Abbey of Kirklees.

Stukeley asserts that Robin Hood was Robert Fitzooth, earl of Huntingdon; and it is probable that his name hood, like capet given to the French king of the Hugues, refers to the cape or hood which he usually wore.

⁂ The chief incidents of his life are recorded by Stow. Ritson has collected a volume of songs, ballads, and anecdotes called Robin Hood ... that Celebrated English Outlaw (1795). Sir W. Scott has introduced him in his famous novel Ivanhoe, which makes the outlaw contemporary with Cœur de Lion.

Robin Hood’s Men. The most noted of his followers were Little John, whose surname was Nailor; his chaplain, Friar Tuck; William Scarlet, Scathelooke (2 syl.), or Scadlock, sometimes called two brothers; Will Stutly or Stukely; Mutch, the miller’s son; and the maid Marian.

Hookem (Mr.), partner of lawyer Clip-purse at Waverley Honor.—Sir. W. Scott, Waverley (time, George II.).

Hooker (Thomas). In his eulogy upon Master Thomas Hooker, Cotton Mather “invites the reader to behold at once the wonders of New England, and it is in one Thomas Hooker that he shall behold them.”—Cotton Mather, D. D., Magnolia Christi Americana (1702).

Hop (Robin), the hop plant.

Get into thy hop-yard, for now it is time
To teach Robin Hop on his pole how to climb.
T. Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Good
Husbandry, xli. 17 (1557).

Hope. The name of the first woman, according to Grecian mythology, was Pandôra, made by Hephæstos (Vulcan) out of earth. She was called Pandôra (“all-gifted”) because all the deities contributed something to her charms. She married Epime´theus (4 syl.), in whose house was a box which no mortal might open. Curiosity induced Pandôra to peep into it, when out flew all the ills of humanity, and she had just time to close the lid to prevent the escape of Hope also.

When man and nature mourned their first decay ...
All, all forsook the friendless, guilty mind,
But Hope—the charmer lingered still behind.
Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799).

Hope (The Bard of), Thomas Campbell, who wrote The Pleasures of Hope, in two parts (1777-1844).

Hope (Dorothy). An ingenuous, dimpled village girl, who attracts the fancy and satisfies the heart of a world-weary man.—Ellen Olney Kirk, Daughter of Eve (1889).

Hope (The Cape of Good), originally called “The Cape of Storms”Storms”.

Similarly, the Euxine (i.e. “hospitable”) Sea was originallyoriginally called by the Greeks, the Axine (i.e. “the inhospitable”) Sea.

Hope Diamond (The), a blue brilliant, weighing 44-1/4 carats.

It is supposed that this diamond is the same as the blue diamond bought by Louis XIV. in 1608, of Tavernier. It weighed in the rough 112-1/4 carats, and after being cut 67-1/8 carats. In 1792 it was lost. In 1830 Mr. Daniel Eliason came into possession of a blue diamond without any antecedent history. This was bought by Mr. Henry Thomas Hope, and is called “The Hope Diamond.”

Hope of Troy (The), Hector.

[He] stood against them, as the Hope of Troy
Against the Greeks.
Shakespeare, 3 Henry VI. act ii. sc. 1 (1592).

Hopeful, a companion of Christian after the death of Faithful at Vanity Fair.—Bunyan, The Pilgrim’s Progress, i, (1678).

Hope-on-High Bomby, a puritanical character, drawn by Beaumont and Fletcher.

“Well,” said Wildrake, “I think I can make a Hope-on-High Bomby as well as thou canst.”—Sir W. Scott, Woodstock, vii.

Hopkins (Matthew), of Manningtree, Essex, the witch-finder. In one year he caused sixty persons to be hanged as reputed witches.

Between three and four thousand persons suffered death for witchcraft between 1643 and 1661.—Dr. Z. Grey.

Hopkins (Nicholas), a Chartreux friar, who prophesied “that neither the king [Henry VIII.] nor his heirs should prosper, but that the duke of Buckingham should govern England.”

1st Gent. That devil-monk, Hopkins, hath made this mischief.
2nd Gent. That was he that fed him with his prophecies.
Shakespeare, Henry VIII. act ii. sc. 1 (1601).

Hop-o’-my-Thumb, a character in several nursery tales. Tom Thumb and Hop-o’-my-thumb are not the same, although they are often confounded with each other. Tom Thumb was the son of peasants, knighted by King Arthur, and was killed by a spider; but Hop-’o-my-thumb was a nix, the same as the German daumling, the French le petit pouce, and the Scotch Tom-a-lin or Tamlane. He was not a human dwarf, but a fay of usual fairy proportions.

Yon Stump-o’-the-gutter, yon Hop-o’-my-thumb,
Your husband must from Lilliput come.
Kane O’Hara, Midas (1778).

Horace, son of Oronte (2 syl.) and lover of Agnes. He first sees Agnes in a balcony, and takes off his hat in passing. Agnes returns his salute, “pour ne point manquer à la civilité.” He again takes off his hat, and she again returns the compliment. He bows a third time, and she returns his “politeness” a third time. “Il passe, vient, repasse, et toujours me fait a chaque fois révérence, et moi nouvelle révérence aussi je lui rendois.” An intimacy is soon established, which ripens into love. Oronte tells his son he intends him to marry the daughter of Enrique (2 syl.), which he refuses to do; but it turns out that Agnes is in fact Enrique’s daughter, so that love and obedience are easily reconciled.—Molière, L’école des Femmes (1662).

Horace (The English). Ben Jonson is so called by Dekker the dramatist (1574-1637).

Cowley was preposterously called by George, duke of Buckingham “The Pindar, Horace, and Virgil of England” (1618-1667).

Horace (The French), Jean Macrinus or Salmon (1490-1557).

Pierre Jean de Béranger is called “The Horace of France,” and “The French Burns” (1780-1857).

Horace (The Portuguese), A. Ferreira (1528-1569).

Horace (The Spanish). Both Lupercio Argen´sola and his brother Bartolome are so called.

Horace de Brienne (2 syl.), engaged to Diana de Lascours; but after the discovery of Ogari´ta [alias Martha, Diana’s sister], he falls in love with her, and marries her with the free consent of his former choice.—E. Stirling, The Orphan of the Frozen Sea (1856).

Horatia, daughter of Horatius, “the Roman father.” She was engaged to Caius Curiatius, whom her surviving brother slew in the well-known combat of the three Romans and three Albans. For the purpose of being killed, she insulted her brother Publius in his triumph, and spoke disdainfully of his “patriotic love,” which he preferredpreferred to filial and brotherly affection. In his anger he stabbed his sister with his sword.—Whitehead, The Roman Father (1741).

Hora´tio, the intimate friend of Prince Hamlet.—Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark (1596).

Horatio, the friend and brother-in-law of Lord Al´tamont, who discovers by accident that Calista, Lord Altamont’s bride, has been seduced by Lothario, and informs Lord Altamont of it. A duel ensues between the bridegroom and the libertine, in which Lothario is killed; and Calista stabs herself.—N. Rowe, The Fair Penitent (1703).

Horatius, “the Roman father.” He is the father of the three Horatii chosen by the Roman Senate to espouse the cause of Rome against the Albans. He glories in the choice, preferring his country to his offspring. His daughter, Horatia, was espoused to one of the Curiatii, and was slain by her surviving brother for taunting him with murder under the name of patriotism. The old man now renounced his son, and would have given him up to justice, but king and people interposed in his behalf.

Publius Horatius, the surviving son of “the Roman father.” He pretended flight, and as the Curiatii pursued, “but not with equal speed,” he slew them one by one as they came up.—Whitehead, The Roman Father, (1741).

Horatius [Cocles], captain of the bridge-gate over the Tiber. When Por´sĕna brought his host to replace Tarquin on the throne, the march on the city was so sudden and rapid that the consul said, “The foe will be upon us before we can cut down the bridge.” Horatius exclaimed, “If two men will join me, I will undertake to give the enemy play till the bridge is cut down.” Spurius Lartius and Herminius volunteered to join him in this bold enterprise. Three men came against them and were cut down. Three others met the same fate. Then the lord of Luna came with his brand, “which none but he could wield,” but the Tuscan was also despatched. Horatius then ordered his two companions to make good their escape, and they just crossed the bridge as it fell in with a crash. The bridge being down, Horatius threw himself into the Tiber and swam safe to shore, amidst the applauding shouts of both armies.—Lord Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Rome (“Horatius,” 1842).

Horn (King), hero of a French metrical romance, the originaloriginal of our Childe Horne or The Geste of Kyng Horn. The French romance is ascribed to Maistre Thomas; and Dr. Percy thinks the English romance is of the twelfth century, but this is probably at least a century too early.

Horn of Chastity and Fidelity.

Morgan la Faye sent King Arthur a drinking-horn, from which no lady could drink who was not true to her husband, and no knight who was not feal to his liege lord. Sir Lamorake sent this horn as a taunt to Sir Mark, king of Cornwall.—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, (1470).

Ariosto’s enchanted cup.

The cuckold’s drinking-horn, from which “no cuckold could drink without spilling the liquor.”

Horner (Jack), the little boy who sat in a corner to eat his Christmas pie, and thought himself wondrously clever because he contrived to pull out a plum with his thumb.

Little Jack Horner sat in a corner,
Eating a Christmas pie;
He put in his thumb and pulled out a plum,
Saying, “What a good boy am I!”
Nursery Rhyme.

In Notes and Queries, xvi. 156, several explanations are offered, ascribing a political meaning to the words quoted—Jack Horner being elevated to a king’s messenger or king’s steward, and “the plum” pulled out so cleverly being a valuable deed which the messenger abstracted.

Horse. The first to ride and tame a horse for the use of man was Melizyus, king of Thessaly. (See Melizyus).

Horse (The Black), the 7th Dragoon Guards (not the 7th Dragoons). They have black velvet facings, and their plume is black and white. At one time they rode black horses.

Horse (The Green), the 5th Dragoon Guards. (These are called “The Princess Charlotte of Wales’s ...”). Facings dark green velvet, but the plume is red and white.

Horse (The White), the 3d Dragoon Guards. (These(These are called “The Prince of Wales’s ...”).

⁂ All the Dragoon Guards have velvet facings, except the 6th (or “Carabiniers”), which have white cloth facings. By facings are meant the collar and cuffs.

N.B.—“The white horse within the Garter” is not the heraldic insignia of the White Horse Regiment or 3d Dragoon Guards, but of the 3d Hussars (or “The King’s Own”), who have also a white plume. This regiment used to be called “The 3d Light Dragoons.”

Horse (The Royal), the Blues.

Horse (The Wooden), a huge horse constructed by Ulysses and Diomed, for secreting soldiers. The Trojans were told by Sinon it was an offering made by the Greeks to the sea-god, to ensure a safe home-voyage, adding that the blessing would pass from the Greeks to the Trojans if the horse were placed within the city walls. The credulous Trojans drew the monster into the city; but at night Sinon released the soldiers from the horse and opened the gates to the Greek army. The sentinels were slain, the city fired in several places, and the inhabitants put to the sword. The tale of the “Wooden Horse” forms no part of Homer’s Iliad, but is told by Virgil in his Æne´id. Virgil borrowed the tale from Arctīnos of Milētus, one of the Cyclic poets, who related the story of the “Wooden Horse” and the “burning of Troy.”

⁂ A very similar strategem was employed in the seventh century A.D. by Abu Obeidah in the siegesiege of Arrestan, in Syria. He obtained leave of the governor to deposit in the citadel some old lumber which impeded his march. Twenty boxes (filled with soldiers) were accordingly placed there, and Abu, like the Greeks, pretended to march homewards. At night the soldiers removed the sliding bottoms of the boxes, killed the sentries, opened the city gates, and took the town.—Ockley, History of the Saracens, i. 185.

The capture of Sark was affected by a similar trick. A gentleman of the Netherlands, with one ship, asked permission of the French to bury one of his crew in the chapel. The request was granted, but the coffin was full of arms. The pretended mourners, being well provided with arms, fell on the guards and took the island by surprise.—Percy, Anecdotes, 249.

Horse (Merlin’s Wooden), Clavilēno. This was the horse on which Don Quixote effected the disenchantment of the infanta Antonomāsia and others.

Horse (The Enchanted), a wooden horse with two pegs. By turning one the horse rose into the air, and by turning the other it descended where and when the rider listed. It was given by an Indian to the shah of Persia, as a New Year’s gift.—Arabian Nights (“The Enchanted Horse”), and Chaucer (“The Squire’s Tale”).

Horse (The Fifteen points of a good).

A good horse sholde have three propyrtees of a man, three of a woman, three of a foxe, three of a haare, and three of an asse. Of a man, bolde, prowde, and hardye. Of a woman, fayre-breasted, faire of heere, and easy to move. Of a foxe, a fair taylle, short eers, with a good trotte. Of a haare, a grate eye, a dry head, and well rennynge. Of an asse, a bygge chynn, a flat legge, and a good hoof.—Wynkyn de Worde (1496).

Horse Neighing. On the death of Smerdis, the several competitors for the Persian crown agreed that he whose horse neighed first should be appointed king. The horse of Darius neighed first and Darius was made king. Lord Brooke calls him a Scythian; he was son of Hystaspês, the satrap.

The brave Scythian
Who found more sweetness in his horse’s neighing
Than all the Phrygian, Dorian, Lydian playing.
Lord Brooke.

Horse Painted. Apellês of Cos painted Alexander’s horse so wonderfully well that a real horse seeing it, began to neigh at it, supposing it to be alive.

Myron, the statuary, made a cow so true to life that it was said to have deceived men and animals.

Valasquez painted a Spanish admiral so true to life that Philip IV., mistaking it for the officer himself, reproved him sharply for wasting his time in a painter’s studio, when he ought to have been with his fleet.

Xeuxis painted some grapes so admirably that birds flew at them, thinking them real fruit.

Parrhasios of Ephesus painted a curtain so inimitably that Xeuxis thought it to be a real curtain, and bade the artist draw it aside that he might see the painting behind.

Quintin Matsys of Antwerp painted a bee on the outstretched leg of a fallen angel so naturally that when old Mandyn, the artist, returned to the studio, he tried to frighten it away with his pocket-handkerchief.

Horse of Brass (The), a present from the king of Araby and Ind to Cambuscan´, king of Tartary. A person whispered in its ear where he wished to go, and having mounted, turned a pin, whereupon the brazen steed rose in the air as high as the rider wished, and within twenty-four hours landed him at the end of his journey.

This steed of brass, that easily and well
Can, in the space of a day natural....
Bearen your body into every place
To which your heartè willeth for to pace.
Chaucer, Canterbury Tales (“The Squire’s Tale,” 1388).

Horse Shoe Robinson. A daring American trooper, who captures five English soldiers without other assistance than a small boy and a horse. When surprised reconnoitering the enemy’s camp from a cliff, he drops upon his knees and “is digging up sassafras roots.”—John Pendleton Kennedy, Horse Shoe Robinson (1852).

Horste (Conrade), one of the insurgents at Liège.—Sir W. Scott, Quentin Durward (time, Edward IV.).

Hortense´ (2 syl.), the vindictive French maid-servant of Lady Dedlock. In revenge for the partiality shown by Lady Dedlock to Rosa, the village beauty, Hortense murdered Mr. Tulkinghorn, and tried to throw the suspicion of the crime on Lady Dedlock.—C. Dickens, Bleak House (1853).

Horten´sio, a suitor to Bianca, the younger sister of Katharina, “the Shrew.” Katharina and Bianca are the daughters of Baptista.—Shakespeare, Taming of the Shrew (1594).

Hortensio, noted for his chivalrous love and valor.—Massinger, The Bashful Lover (1636).

Hosier’s Ghost (Admiral), a ballad by Richard Glover (1739). Admiral Hosier was sent with twenty sail to the Spanish West Indies, to block up the galleons of that country. He arrived at the Bastimentos, near Portobello, but had strict orders not to attack the foe. His men perished by disease but not in fight, and the admiral himself died of a broken heart. After Vernon’s victory, Hosier and his 3000 men rose, “all in dreary hammocks shrouded, which for winding-sheets they wore,” and lamented the cruel orders that forbade them to attack the foe, for “with twenty ships he surely could have achieved what Vernon did with only six.”

Hotspur. So Harry Percy was called from his fiery temper, over which he had no control.—Shakespeare, 1 Henry IV. (1597).

William Bensley [1738-1817] had the true poetic enthusiasm.... None that I remember possessed even a portion of that fine madness which he threw out in Hotspur’s fine rant about glory. His voice had the dissonance and at times the inspiring effect of the trumpet.—C. Lamb.

Hotspur of Debate (The), Lord Derby, called by Maccaulay “The Rupert of Debate” (1799-1869).

Houd (1 syl.), a prophet sent to preach repentance to the Adites (2 syl.), and to reprove their King Shedad for his pride. As the Adites and their king refused to hear the prophet, God sent on the kingdom first a drought of three years’ duration, and then the Sarsar or icy wind for seven days, so that all the people perished. Houd is written “Hûd” in Sale’s Korân, i.

Then stood the prophet Houd and cried,
“Woe! woe to Irem! woe to Ad!
Death is gone up into her palaces!
Woe! woe! a day of guilt and punishment!
A day of desolation!”
Southey, Thalaba, the Destroyer, i. 41 (1797).

Hough´ton (Sergeant), in Waverley’s regiment.—Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George II.).

Hounds (Gen. Custer’s). “His pack of hounds was an endless source of delight to the general. He had about forty, the stag-hounds that run by sight, and are on the whole, the fleetest and most enduring dogs in the world, and the fox-hounds that follow the trail with their noses close to the ground. The first rarely bark, but the latter are very noisy. We used to listen with amusement to their attempts to strike the key-note of the bugler when he sounded the calls summoning the men to guard-mount, stables, or retreat.”—Elizabeth Bacon Custer, Boots and Saddles, (1885).

Hounslow, one of the gang of thieves that conspire to break into Lady Bountiful’s house.—Farquhar, The Beaux’ Stratagem (1705).

Houri, plu. Houris, the virgins of paradise; so called from their large black eyes (hûr al oyûn). According to Mohammedan faith, intercourse with these lovely women is to constitute the chief delight of the faithful in the “world to come.”—Al Korân.

House that Jack Built (The), a cumulative nursery story, in which every preceding statement is repeated after the introduction of a new one; thus;

• 1. [This is] the house that Jack built.
• 2. [This is] the malt that lay in ...
• 3. [This is] the rat that ate ...
• 4. [This is] the cat that killed ...
• 5. [This is] the dog that worried ...
• 6. [This is] the cow with the crumpled horn, that tossed ...
• 7. [This is] the maiden all forlorn, that milked ...
• 8. [This is] the man all tattered and torn, that kissed ...
• 9. This is the priest all shaven and shorn, that married ...

A similar accumulation occurs in another nursery tale, with this difference—the several clauses are repeated twice: once by entreaty of the old woman to perform some service to get her pig to cross over a bridge that she may get home; and then the reverse way, when each begins the task requested of them. It begins with a statement that an old woman went to market to buy a pig; they came to a bridge, which the pig would not go over, so the old woman called to a stick, and said:

• 1. [Stick, stick, beat pig, for] pig won’t go over the bridge, and I shan’t get home to-night.
• 2. [Fire, fire] burn stick, stick won’t beat pig ...
• 3. [Water, water] quench fire, fire won’t ...
• 4. [Ox, ox] drink water, water won’t ...
• 5. [Butcher, butcher] kill ox, ox won’t ...
• 6. [Rope, rope] hang butcher, butcher won’t ...
• 7. [Rat, rat] gnaw rope, rope won’t ...
• 8. [Cat, cat] kill rat, rat won’t ...

Then the cat began to kill the rat, and the rat began to gnaw the rope, and the rope began ... etc., and the pig went over the bridge, and so the old woman got home that night.

Dr. Doran gave the following Hebrew “parable” in Notes and Queries:—

• 1. [This is] the kid that my father bought for two zuzim [=1/2d.].
• 2. [This is] the cat that ate ...
• 3. [This is] the dog that bit ...
• 4. [This is] the stick that beat ...
• 5. [This is] the fire that burnt ...
• 6. [This is] the water that quenched ...
• 7. [This is] the ox that drank ...
• 8. [This is] the butcher that killed ...
• 9. This is the angel, the angel of death, that slew ...

Hous´sain (Prince), the elder brother of Prince Ahmed. He possessed a carpet of such wonderful powers that if any one sat upon it it would transport him in a moment to any place he liked. Prince Houssain bought this carpet at Bisnagar, in India.—Arabian Nights (“Ahmed and Paribanou”).

⁂ Solomon’s carpet (q. v.) possessed the same locomotive power.

Houyhnhnms [Whin´.ims], a race of horses endowed with human reason, and bearing rule over the race of man.—Swift, Gulliver’s Travels (1726).

“True, true, ay, too true,” replied the Domine, his houyhnhnms laugh sinking into an hysterical giggle.—Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (1815).

Hover (Paul), bee-hunter in Last of the Mohicans, in love with Ellen Wade.—James Fennimore Cooper.

Howard, in the court of Edward IV.—SirSir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.).

How´atson (Luckie), midwife at Ellangowan.—Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

Howden (Mrs.), a saleswoman.—Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George II.).

Howe (Miss), the friend of Clarissa Harlowe, to whom she presents a strong contrast. She has more worldly wisdom and less abstract principle. In questions of doubt, Miss Howe would suggest some practical solution, while Clarissa was mooning about hypothetical contingencies. She is a girl of high spirit, disinterested friendship, and sound common sense.—Richardson, Clarissa Harlowe (1749).

Howel or Hoel, king of the West Welsh in the tenth century, surnamed “the Good.” He is a very famous king, especially for his code of laws. This is not the Howel or Hoel of Arthurian romance, who was the duke of Armorica in the sixth century.

What Mulmutian laws, or Martian, ever were
More excellent than those which our good Howel here
Ordained to govern Wales?
Drayton, Polyolbion, ix. (1612).

Howie (Jamie), bailie to Malcolm Bradwardine (3 syl.), of Inchgrabbit.—Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George II.).

Howlaglass (Master), a preacher. Friend of Justice Maulstatute.—Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.).

Howle´glas (Father), the abbot of Unreason, in the revels held at Kennaquhair Abbey.—Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, Elizabeth).

Howleglass (2 syl.), a clever rascal, so called from the hero of an old German jest-book, popular in England in Queen Elizabeth’s reign.—See Eulenspiegel.

Hoyden (Miss), a lively, ignorant, romping country girl.—Vanbrugh, The Relapse (1697).

Hoyden (Miss), daughter of Sir Tunbelly Clumsy, a green, ill-educated, country girl, living near Scarborough. She is promised in marriage to Lord Foppington, but as his lordship is not personally known, either by the knight or his daughter, Tom Fashion, the nobleman’s younger brother, passes himself off as Lord Foppington, is admitted into the family, and marries the heiress.—Sheridan, A Trip to Scarborough (1777).

⁂ Sheridan’s comedy is The Relapse of Vanbrugh (1697), abridged, recast, and somewhat modernized.

Hrasvelg, the giant who keeps watch on the North side of the root of the Tree of the World, to devour the dead. His shape is that of an eagle. Winds and storms are caused by the movement of his wings.—Scandinavian Mythology.

Hrimfax´i, the horse of Night, from whose bit fall the rime-drops that every morning bedew the earth.—Scandinavian Mythology.

Hrothgar, king of Denmark, whom Beowulf delivered from the monster Grendel. Hrothgar built Heorot, a magnificent palace, and here he distributed rings (treasure), and held his feasts; but the monster, Grendel, envious of his happiness, stole into the hall after a feast, and put thirty of the thanes to death in their sleep. The same ravages were repeated night after night, till Beowulf, at the head of a mixed band of soldiers, went against him and slew him.—Beowulf (an Anglo-Saxon epic poem, sixth century).

Hry´mer, pilot of the ship Nagelfar (made of the “nails of the dead”).—Scandinavian Mythology.

Hubba and Ingwar, two Danish chiefs, who, in 870, conquered East Anglia and wintered at Thetford, in Norfolk. King Edmund fought against them, but was beaten and taken prisoner. The Danish chiefs offered him his life and kingdom if he would renounce Christianity and pay them tribute; but as he refused to do so, they tied him to a tree, shot at him with arrows, and then cut off his head. Edmund was therefore called “St. Edmund.” Alu´red fought seven battles with Hubba, and slew him at Abington, in Berkshire.

Alured ...
In seven brave foughten fields their champion Hubba chased,
And slew him in the end at Abington [sic].
Drayton, Polyolbion, xii. (1613).

Hubbard (Mother). Mother Hubbard’s Tale, by Edmund Spenser, is a satirical fable in the style of Chaucer, supposed to be told by an old woman (Mother Hubbard) to relieve the weariness of the poet during a time of sickness. The tale is this: An ape and a fox went into partnership to seek their fortunes. They resolved to begin their adventures as beggars, so Master Ape dressed himself as a broken soldier, and Reynard pretended to be his dog. After a time they came to a farmer, who employed the ape as shepherd, but when the rascals had so reduced the flock that detection was certain, they decamped. Next they tried the Church, under advice of a priest; Reynard was appointed rector to a living, and the ape was his parish clerk. From this living they were obliged also to remove. Next they went to court as foreign potentates, and drove a splendid business, but came to grief ere long. Lastly, they saw King Lion asleep, his skin was lying beside him, with his crown and sceptre. Master Ape stole the regalia, dressed himself as King Lion, usurped the royal palace, made Reynard his chief minister, and collected round him a band of monsters, chiefly amphibious, as his guard and court. In time Jupiter sent Mercury to rouse King Lion from his lethargy; so he awoke from sleep, broke into his palace, and bit off the ape’s tail, with a part of its ear.

Since which, all apes but half their ears have left,
And of their tails are utterly bereft.

As for Reynard, he ran away at the first alarm, and tried to curry favor with King Lion; but the king only exposed him and let him go (1591).

Hubbard (Old Mother) went to her cupboard to get a bone for her dog, but, not finding one, trotted hither and thither to fetch sundry articles for his behoof. Every time she returned she found Master Doggie performing some extraordinary feat, and at last, having finished all her errands, she made a grand curtsey to Master Doggie. The dog, not to be outdone in politeness, made his mistress a profound bow; upon which the dame said, “Your servant!” and the dog replied, “Bow, wow!”—Nursery Tales.

Hubble (Mr.), wheelwright; a tough, high-shouldered, stooping old man, of a sawdusty fragrance, with his legs extraordinarily wide apart.

Mrs. Hubble, a little, curly, sharp-edged person, who held a conventionally juvenile position, because she had married Mr. Hubble when she was much younger than he.—C. Dickens, Great Expectations (1860).

Hubert, “the keeper” of young Prince Arthur. King John conspired with him to murder the young prince, and Hubert actually employed two ruffians to burn out both the boy’s eyes with red-hot irons. Arthur pleaded so lovingly with Hubert to spare his eyes, that he relented; however, the lad was found dead soon afterwards, either by accident or foul play.—Shakespeare, King John, (1596).

⁂ This “Hubert” was Hubert de Burgh, justice of England and earl of Kent.

One would think, had it been possible, that Shakespeare, when he made King John excuse his intentions of perpetrating the death of Arthur by his comment on Hubert’s face, by which he saw the assassin in his mind, had Sanford in idea, for he was rather deformed, and had a most forbidding countenance.—C. Dibdin, History of the Stage.

Hubert, an honest lord, in love with Jac´ulin, daughter of Gerrard, king of the beggars.—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Beggar’s Bush (1622).

Hubert, brother of Prince Oswald, severely wounded by Count Hurgonel, in the combat provoked by Oswald, against Gondibert, his rival for the love of Rhodalind, the heiress of Aribert, king of Lombardy.—Sir W. Davenant, Gondibert (died 1568).

Hubert, an archer in the service of Sir Philip de Malvoisin.—Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.).

Hubert (St), patron saint of huntsmen. He was son of Bertrand, duc d’Acquitaine, and cousin of King Pepin.

Huddibras (Sir), a man “more huge in strength than wise in works,” the suitor of Perissa (extravagance).—Spenser, Faëry Queen, ii. 2 (1590).

Hudibras, the hero and title of a rhyming political satire, by S. Butler. Sir Hudibras is a Presbyterian justice in the Commonwealth, who sets out with his squire, Ralph (an independent), to reform abuses, and enforce the observance of the laws for the suppression of popular sports and amusements (1663, 1664, 1678).

Hudjadge, a shah of Persia, suffered much from sleeplessness, and commanded Fitead, his porter and gardener, to tell him tales to while away the weary hours. Fitead declared himself wholly unable to comply with this request. “Then find some one who can,” said Hudjadge, “or suffer death for disobedience.” On reaching home, greatly dejected, he told his only daughter, Moradbak, who was motherless, and only 14 years old, the shah’s command, and she undertook the task. She told the shah the stories called The Oriental Tales, which not only amused him, but cured him, and he married her.—Comte de Caylus, Oriental Tales (1743).

Hudson (Sir Geoffrey), the famous dwarf, formerly page to Queen Henrietta Maria. Sir Geoffrey tells Julian Peveril how the late queen had him enclosed in a pie and brought to table. Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.).

⁂ Vandyke has immortalized Sir Geoffrey by his brush; and some of his clothes are said to be preserved in Sir Hans Sloane’s museum.

Hudson (Tam), gamekeeper.—Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

Hugh, blacksmith at Ringleburn; a friend of Hobbie Elliott, the Heughfoot farmer.—Sir W. Scott, The Black Dwarf (time, Anne).

Hugh, servant at the Maypole Inn. This giant in stature and ringleader in the “No Popery riots,” was a natural son of Sir John Chester and a gypsy. He loved Dolly Varden, and was very kind to Barnaby Rudge, the half-witted lad. Hugh was executed for his participation in the “Gordon riots.”—C. Dickens, Barnaby Rudge (1841).

Hugh (Langmuir), young man from the country, who comes to New York to seek his fortune and gets a clerkship. He becomes attached to an ambitious, but well-meaning girl, and to hasten their marriage, he embezzles one thousand dollars. He confesses it to her and attempts suicide. She pays the money out of her own savings and marries him. They begin the world together humbly and wisely.—Charlotte Dunning, A Step Aside (1886).

Hugh, Count of Vermandois, a crusader.—Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus).

Hugh de Brass (Mr.), in A Regular Fix, by J.M. Morton.

Hugh of Lincoln, a boy eight years old, said to have been stolen, tortured and crucified by Jews in 1255. Eighteen of the wealthiest Jews of Lincoln were hanged for taking part in this affair, and the boy was buried in state.

⁂ There are several documents in Rymer’s Fœdera relative to this event. The story is told in the Chronicles of Matthew Paris. It is the subject of the Prioress’s Tale in Chaucer, and Wordsworth has a modernized version of Chaucer’s tale.

A similar story is told of William of Norwich, said to have been crucified by the Jews in 1137.

Percy, in his Reliques, i. 3, has a ballad about a boy named Hew, whose mother was “Lady Hew of Merryland” (? Milan). He was enticed by an apple, given him by a Jewish damsel, who “stabbed him with a penknife, rolled him in lead, and cast him into a well.”

Werner is another boy said to have been crucified by the Jews. The place of this alleged murder was Bacharach.

Hugo, count of Vermandois, brother of Phillippe I. of France, and leader of the Franks in the first crusade. Hugo died before Godfrey was appointed general-in-chief of the allied armies (bk. i.), but his spirit appeared to Godfrey when the army went against the Holy City (bk. xviii.).—Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575).

Hugo, brother of Arnold; very small of stature, but brave as a lion. He was slain in the faction fight stirred up by Prince Oswald against Duke Gondibert, his rival in the love of Rhodalind, daughter and only child of Aribert, king of Lombardy.

Of stature small, but was all over heart,
And tho’ unhappy, all that heart was love.
Sir W. Davenant, Gondibert, i. 1 (died 1668).

Hugo, natural son of Azo, chief of the house of Este (2 syl.) and Bianca, who died of a broken heart, because, although a mother, she was never wed. Hugo was betrothed to Parisina, but his father, not knowing it, made Parisina his own bride. One night Azo heard Parisina in her sleep confess her love for Hugo, and the angry marquis ordered his son to be beheaded. What became of Parisina “none knew, and none can ever know.”—Byron, Parisina (1816).

Hugo Hugonet, minstrel of the earl of Douglas.—Sir W. Scott, Castle Dangerous (time, Henry I.).

Hugo von Kronfels. At the age of twenty-two or three, a handsome man with the world before him, has a fall that cripples him hopelessly. He becomes a bitter-thoughted recluse, more feared than beloved by the few who see him, until the sunshine of a young girl’s society and the wholesome talk of a man of the people change the tenor of thought and feeling, teaching him that to live is nobler than to cast away the existence God has given.—Blanche Willis Howard, The Open Door (1889).

Hugon (King), the great nursery ogre of France.

Huguenot Pope (The). Philippe de Mornay, the great supporter of the French Huguenots, is called Le Pape des Huguenots (1549-1623).

⁂ Of course, Philippe de Mornay was not one of the “popes of Rome.”

Huguenots (Les), an opera by Meyerbeer (1836). The subject of this opera is the massacre of the French Huguenots or Protestants, planned by Catharine de Medicis on St. Bartholomew’s Day (August 24, 1572), during the wedding festivities of her daughter Margherita (Marguerite) and Henri le Bearnais (afterwards Henri IV. of France).

Hul´sean Lectures, certain sermons preached at Great St. Mary’s Church, Cambridge, and paid for by a fund, the gift of the Rev. John Hulse, of Cheshire, in 1777.

⁂ Till the year 1860, the Hulsean Lecturer was called “The Christian Advocate.”

Hull, (Dr.). Person of imposing deportment and plausible speech, business-manager of Mrs. Legrand, a spiritualistic medium and imposter.—Edward Bellamy, Miss Luddington’s Sister (1884).

Humber or Humbert, mythical king of the Huns, who invaded England during the reign of Locrin, some 1000 years B.C. In his flight, he was drowned in the river Abus, which has ever since been called the Humber.—Geoffrey, British History, ii. 2; Milton, History of England.

Humgud´geon (Grace-be-here), a corporal in Cromwell’s troop.—Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonwealth).

Humm (Anthony), chairman of the “Brick Lane Branch of the United Grand Junction Ebenezer Temperance Association.”—C. Dickens, The Pickwick Papers (1836).

Humma, a fabulous bird, of which it was said that “the head over which the shadow of its wings passes will assuredly wear a crown.”—Wilkes, South of India, v. 423.

Belike he thinks
The humma’s happy wings have shadowed him,
And, therefore, Fate with royalty must crown
His chosen head.
Southey, Roderick, etc., xxiii. (1814).

Humming-bird. John James Audubon’s story of the Loves of the Hummingbirds reads like romantic fiction rather than fact. The male, when wooing his bride, feeds her with honey, and fans her with his wings while she sips it. After marriage and during incubation, his tender assiduities are redoubled instead of abated. By John James Audubon, Ornithological Biography (1831).

Humorous Lieutenant (The), the chief character and title of a comedy by Beaumont and Fletcher (1647). The lieutenant has no name.

Humpback (The). Andrea Sola´ri, the Italian painter, was called Del Gobbo (1470-1527).

Geron´imo Amelunghi was also called Il Gobbo di Pisa (sixteenth century).

Humphrey (Master), the hypothetical compiler of the tale entitled “Barnaby Rudge” in Master Humphrey’s Clock, by Charles Dickens (1840).

Humphrey (Old), pseudonym of George Mogridge.

⁂ George Mogridge has also issued several books under the popular name of “Peter Parley,” which was first assumed by S.G. Goodrich, in 1828. Several publishers of high standing have condescended to palm books on the public under this nom de plume, some written by William Martin, and others by persons wholly unknown.

Humphrey (The good duke), Humphrey Plantagenet, duke of Gloucester, youngest son of Henry IV., murdered in 1446.

Humphrey (To dine with duke), to go without dinner. To stay behind in St. Paul’s aisles, under pretence of finding out the monument of Duke Humphrey, while others more fortunate go home to dinner.

⁂ It was really the monument of John Beauchamp that the “dinnerless” hung about, and not that of Duke Humphrey. John Beauchamp died in 1359, and Duke Humphrey in 1446.

Huncamunca (Princess), daughter of King Arthur and Queen Dollallolla, beloved by Lord Grizzle and Tom Thumb. The king promises her in marriage to the “pigmy giant-queller.” Huncamunca kills Frizaletta “for killing her mamma.” But Frizaletta killed the queen for killing her sweetheart Noodle, and the queen killed Noodle because he was the messenger of ill news.—Tom Thumb, by Fielding, the novelist (1730), altered by O’Hara, author of Midas (1778).

Hunchback (The). Master Walter, “the hunchback,” was the guardian of Julia, and brought her up in the country, training her most strictly in knowledge and goodness. When grown to womanhood, she was introduced to Sir Thomas Clifford, and they plighted their troth to each other. Then came a change. Clifford lost his title and estates, while Julia went to London, became a votary of fashion and pleasure, abandoned Clifford, and promised marriage to Wilford, earl of Rochdale. The day of espousals came. The love of Julia for Clifford revived, and she implored her guardian to break off the obnoxious marriage. Master Walter now showed himself to be the earl of Rochdale, and the father of Julia; the marriage with Wilford fell through, and Julia became the wife of Sir Thomas Clifford.——S. Knowles, (1831).

⁂ Similarly, Maria, “the maid of the Oaks,” was brought up by Oldworth as his ward, but was in reality his motherless child.—J. Burgoyne, The Maid of the Oaks.

Hunchback (The Little), the buffoon of the sultan of Casgar. Supping with a tailor, the little fellow was killed by a bone sticking in his throat. The tailor, out of fear, carried the body to the house of a physician, and the physician, stumbling against it, knocked it downstairs. Thinking he had killed the man, he let the body down a chimney into the store-room of his neighbor, who was a purveyor. The purveyor, supposing it to be a thief, belabored it soundly; and then, thinking he had killed the little humpback, carried the body into the street, and set it against a wall. A Christian merchant, reeling home, stumbled against the body, and gave it a blow with his fist. Just then the patrol came up, and arrested the merchant for murder. He was condemned to death; but the purveyor came forward and accused himself of being the real offender. The merchant was accordingly released, and the purveyor condemned to death; but then the physician appeared, and said he had killed the man by accident, having knocked him downstairs. When the purveyor was released, and the physician led away to execution, the tailor stepped up, and told his tale. All were then taken before the sultan, and acquitted; and the sultan ordered the case to be enrolled in the archives of his kingdom amongst the causes célèbres.—Arabian Nights (“The Little Hunchback”).

Hundebert, steward to Cedric of Rotherwood.—Sir. W. Scott, Ivanhoe.

Hundred Fights (Hero of a), Conn, son of Cormac, king of Ireland. Called in Irish “Conn Keadcahagh.”

Arthur Wellesley, Lord Wellington.

For this is England’s greatest son,
He who gained a hundred fights
And never lost an English gun.—Tennyson.
Admiral Horatio, Lord Nelson.

Hundred-Handed (The). Briar´eos (4 syl.) or Ægæon, with his brothers Gygês and Kottos, were all hundred-handed giants.

Homer makes Briareos 4 syl.; but Shakespeare writes it in the Latin form, “Briareus,” and makes it 3 syl.

Then, called by thee, the monster Titan came,
Whom gods Briareös, men Ægēon name.
Pope, Iliad, 1 (1715).

He is a gouty Briareus. Many hands,
And of no use.
Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida, act, i. sc. 2 (1602).

Hundwolf, steward to the old lady of Baldringham.—Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.).

Hunia´des (4 syl.), called by the Turks “The Devil.” He was surnamed “Corvīnus,” and the family crest was a crow (1400-1456).

The Turks employed the name of Huniadês to frighten their perverse children. He was corruptly called “Jancus Lain.”Lain.”—Gibbon, Decline and Fall, etc., xii. 166 (1776-88).

Hunsdon (Lord), cousin of Queen Elizabeth.—Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth).

Hunter (Mr. and Mrs. Leo), persons who court the society of any celebrity, and consequently invite Mr. Pickwick and his three friends to an entertainment in their house. Mrs. Leo Hunter wrote an “Ode to an Expiring Frog,” considered by her friends a most masterly performance.—C. Dickens, The Pickwick Papers (1836).

Can I view thee panting, lying
On thy stomach, without sighing;
Can I unmoved see thee dying
On a log, expiring frog!

Say, have fiends in shape of boys,
With wild halloo, and brutal noise,
Hunted thee from marshy joys,
With a dog, expiring frog!
Ch. xv.

Hunter (The Mighty), Nimrod; so called in Gen. x. 9.

Proud Nimrod first the bloody chase [war] began,
A mighty hunter, and his prey was man.
Pope, Windsor Forest (1713).

Huntingdon (Robert, earl of), generally called “Robin Hood.” In 1601 Anthony Munday and Henry Chettle produced a drama entitled The Downfall of Robert, Earl of Huntingdon (attributed often to T. Heywood). Ben Jonson began a beautiful pastoral drama on the subject of Robin Hood (The Sad Shepherd or A Tale of Robin Hood), but left only two acts of it when he died (1637). We have also Robin Hood and His Crew of Souldiers, a comedy acted at Nottingham, and printed 1661; Robin Hood, an opera (1730). J. Ritson edited, in 1795, Robin Hood: a Collection of Poems, Songs and Ballads relative to that Celebrated English Outlaw.

Huntingdon (the earl of), in the court of Queen Elizabeth.—Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth).

Huntingdon (David, earl of), prince royal of Scotland. He appears first as Sir Kenneth, knight of the Leopard, and afterwards as Zohauk, the Nubian slave.—Sir W. Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.).

Huntinglen (The earl of), an old Scotch nobleman.—Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.).

Huntley (Earl), George of Gordon was killed in battle with the troops of the Regent Murray. His body was taken to Holyrood and tried for high treason.

“No word he spake, though thrice adjured;
Then came the sentence drear:
Foul traitor to thy queen and realm,
Our laws denounce thee here.”
* * * * * * * * *
“Light thing to him that earthly doom,
Or man’s avenging rod,
Who in the land of souls doth bide
The audit of his God.”

Lydia Huntley Sigourney, The Western Home and Other Poems (1854).

Huntly (The Marquis of), a royalist.—Sir W. Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, Charles I.).

Huon, a serf, secretary and tutor of the Countess Catherine, with whom he falls in love. He reads with music in his voice, talks enchantingly, writes admirably, translates “dark languages,” is “wise in rare philosophy,” is master of the hautboy, lute, and viol, “proper in trunk and limb and feature;” but the proud countess, though she loves him, revolts from the idea of marrying a serf. At length it comes to the ears of the duke that his daughter loves Huon, and the duke commands him, on pain of death, to marry Catherine, a freed serf. He refuses until the countess interferes; he then marries and rushes to the wars. Here he greatly distinguishes himself, and is created a prince, when he learns that the Catherine he has wed is not Catherine, the freed serf, but Catherine the countess.—S. Knowles, Love (1840.)

Huon de Bordeaux (Sir), who married Esclairmond, and, when Oberon went to paradise, succeeded him as “king of all Faëry.”

In the second part, Huon visits the terrestrial paradise, and encounters Cain, the first murderer, in performance of his penance.—Huon de Bordeaux.

⁂ An abstract of this romance is in Dunlop’s History of Fiction. See also Keightley’s Fairy Mythology. It is also the subject of Wieland’s Oberon, which has been translated by Sotheby.

Hur al Oyûn, the black-eyed daughters of paradise, created of pure musk. They are free from all bodily weakness, and are ever young. Every believer will have seventy-two of these girls as his household companions in paradise, and those who desire children will see them grow to maturity in an hour.—Al Korân, Sale’s notes.

Hurgonel (Count), the betrothed of Orna, sister of Duke Gondibert.—Sir Wm. Davenant, Gondibert, iii. (died 1668).

Hurry, servant of Oldworth, of Oldworth Oaks. He is always out of breath, wholly unable to keep quiet or stand still, and proves the truth of the proverb, “The more haste the worse speed.” He fancies everything must go wrong if he is not bustling about, and he is a constant fidget.—J. Burgoyne, The Maid of the Oaks.

Hurry (Harry), alias Hurry Skurry. Gigantic backwoodsman and hunter, friend of Deerslayer, and enamoured of Judith Hutter.—James Fenimore Cooper, The Deerslayer.

Hurtali, a giant who reigned in the time of the Flood.

The Massorets affirm that Hurtali, being too big to get into the ark, sat astride upon it, as children stride a wooden horse—Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 1.

(According to Menage, the rabbins say that it was Og, not Hurtali, who thus outrode the Flood.—See Le Pelletier, chap. XXV. of his Noah’s Ark.)

Hush´ai (2 syl.), in Dryden’s satire of Absalom and Achitophel, is Hyde, earle of Rochester. As Hushai was David’s friend and wise counsellor, so was Hyde the friend and wise counsellor of Charles II. As the counsel of Hushai rendered abortive that of Achitophel, and caused the plot of Absalom to miscarry, so the counsel of Hyde rendered abortive that of Lord Shaftesbury, and caused the plot of Monmouth to miscarry.

Hushai, the friend of David in distress;
In public storms of manly steadfastness;
By foreign treaties he informed his youth,
And joined experience to his native truth.
Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel, I. (1681).

Hut´cheon, the auld domestic in Wandering Willie’s tale.—Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.).

Hutcheon, one of Julian Avenel’s retainers.—Sir W. Scott, The Monastery (time, Elizabeth).

Hutter (Tom). A trapper, with two handsome daughters, who has built a house upon a long shoal extending far into the Glimmerglass (Lake George). Wary, stolid, old fellow, with a reputation for cunning and skill among the Indians.

Hutter (Hetty). “Feeble-minded, but right-thinking and right-feeling girl,” daughter of “Old Tom.” She is hurt by a chance ball in a fight between whites and Indians, and dies, seeing her “mother and bright beings” around her.—James Fenimore Cooper, The Deer-slayer.

Hutin (Le), Louis X. of France; so called from his expedition against the Hutins, a seditious people of Navarre and Lyons (1289, 1314-1316).

Hy´acinth, son of Amyclas, the Spartan king. He was playing quoits with Apollo, when the wind drove the quoit of the sun-god against the boy’s head, and killed him on the spot. From the blood grew the flower called hyacinth, which bears on its petals the words, “AI! AI!” (“alas! alas!”).—Grecian Fable.

Hyacinthe (3 syl.), the daughter of Seigneur Géronte (2 syl.). who passed into Tarentum under the assumed name of Pandolphe (2 syl.). When he quitted Tarentum, he left behind him his wife and daughter Hyacinthe. Octave (2 syl.), son of Argante (2 syl.) fell in love with Hyacinthe (supposing her surname to be Pandolphe), and Octave’s father wanted him to marry the daughter of his friend, Seigneur Géronte. The young man would not listen to his father, and declared that Hyacinthe, and Hyacinthe alone, should be his wife. It was then explained to him that Hyacinthe Pandolphe was the same person as Hyacinthe Géronte, and that the choice of father and son were in exact accord.—Molière, Les Fourberies de Scapin (1671).

(In The Cheats of Scapin, Otway’s version of this play, Hyacinthe is called “Clara,” her father, Géronte, “Gripe,” and Octave is Anglicized into “Octavian.”).

Hyacinthe (Father), Charles Loyson, a celebrated pulpit orator and French theologian (1827-).

Hyder (El), chief of the Ghaut Mountains; hero and title of a melodrama by Barrymore.

Hyder Ali Khan Behauder, the nawaub of Mysore (2 syl.), disguised as the Sheik Hali.—Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon’s Daughter (time, George II.).

Hydra or Dragon of the Hesperian Grove. The golden apples of the Hesperian field were guarded by women called the Hesperĭdês, assisted by the hydra or dragon named Ladon.

Her flowery store
To thee nor Tempê shall refuse, nor watch
Of wingéd hydra guard Hesperian fruits
From thy free spoil.
Akenside, Pleasures of Imagination, i. (1744).

Hydropsy, personified by Thomson:

On limbs enormous, but withal unsound,
Soft, swoln and wan, here lay pale Hydropsy—
Unwieldy man; with belly monstrous round,
For ever fed with watery supply,
For still he drank, and yet was ever dry.
Castle of Indolence, i. 73 (1748).

Hymbercourt (Baron d’), one of the duke of Burgundy’s officers.—Sir W. Scott, Quentin Durward (time, Edward IV.).

Hymen, god of marriage; the personification of the bridal song; marriage.

Till Hymen brought his love-delighted hour,
There dwelt no joy in Eden’s rosy bower...
The world was sad, the garden was a wild,
And man, the hermit, sighed—till woman smiled.
Campbell, Pleasures of Hope, ii. (1799).

Hyndman (Master), usher to the council-chamber at Holyrood.—Sir W. Scott, The Abbott (time, Elizabeth).

Hypatia. Beautiful and learned pagan, whose school of philosophy was celebrated in Alexandria in 415 A. D. She was torn to pieces in a church by a Christian mob, in the flower of her youth and beauty.—Charles Kingsley, Hypatia (1853).

Hyperi´on, the sun. His parents were Cælum and Tellus (heaven and earth). Strictly speaking, he was the father of the sun, but Homer uses the word for the sun itself.

When the might
Of Hyperi´on from his noon-tide throne
Unbends their languid pinions [i.e. of the winds].
Akenside, Hymn to the Naiads (1767).

Blow, gentle Africus,
Play on our poops, when Hyperion’s son
Shall couch in west.
Fuimus Troes.

Placat equo Persis radiis Hyperīone sinctum.
Ovid, Fasti, i, 385.

Shakespeare throws the accent on the antepenult: “Hype´rion to a satyr” (Hamlet, act i. sc. 2). In this he is followed by almost all English poets, but as shown above, Akenside returns to the classical accent.

⁂ Keats has left the fragment of a poem entitled Hyperion, of which Byron says: “It seems inspired by the Titans, and is as sublime as Æschylus.”

Hypnos, god of sleep, brother of Oneiros (dreams) and Thanătos (death).

In every creature that breathes, from the conqueror, resting on a field of blood, to the nest-bird cradled in its bed of leaves, Hypnos holds a sovereignty which nothing mortal can long resist.—Ouida, Folle-Farine, iii. 11.

Hypochondria, personified by Thomson:

And moping here, did Hypochondria sit,
Mother of spleen, in robes of various dye...
And some her frantic deemed, and some her deemed a wit.
Castle of Indolence, i. 75 (1748).

Hyp´ocrite (The), Dr. Cantwell, in the English comedy by Isaac Bickerstaff, and Tartuffe in the French comedy by Molière. He pretends to great sanctity, but makes his “religion” a mere trade for getting money, advancing his worldly prospects, and for the better indulgence of his sensual pleasures. Dr. Cantwell is made the guest of Sir John Lambert (in French, “Orgon”), who looks on him as a saint, and promises him his daughter in marriage; but his mercenary views and his love-making to Lady Lambert being at length exposed, Sir John forbids him to remain in the house, and a tipstaff arrests him for a felonious fraud (1768).

Hyp´ocrites (The). Abdallah ibn Obba and his partisans were so called by Mahomet.

Hypocrites (The prince of), Tiberius Cæsar (B. C. 42, 14 to A. D. 37).

Hyppolito. (See Hippolytus.)

Iachimo [Eák´.ĭ.mo], an Italian libertine. When Posthu´mus, the husband of Imogen, was banished for marrying the king’s daughter, he went to Rome, and in the house of Philario the conversation fell on the fidelity of wives. Posthumus bet a diamond ring that nothing could change the fidelity of Imogen, and Iachimo accepted the wager. The libertine contrived to get into a chest in Imogen’s chamber, made himself master of certain details, and took away with him a bracelet belonging to Imogen. With these vouchers, Iachimo easily persuaded Posthumus that he had won the bet, and Posthumus handed over to him the ring. A battle subsequently ensued, in which Iachimo and other Romans, with Imogen disguised as a page, were made prisoners, and brought before King Cymbeline. Imogen was set free, and told to ask a boon. She asked that Iachimo might be compelled to say how he came by the ring which he had on his finger, and the whole villainy was brought to light. Posthumus was pardoned, and all ended happily—Shakespeare, Cymbeline (1605).

⁂ The tale of Cymbeline is from the Decameron of Boccaccio (day ii. 9), in which Iachimo is called “Ambrose,” Imogen is “Zineura,” her husband, Bernard “Lomellin,” and Cymbeline is the “sultan.” The assumed name of Imogen is “Fidelê,” but in Boccaccio it is “Sicurano da Finale.”

Ia´go (3 syl.), ancient of Othello, commander of the Venetian army, and husband of Emilia. Iago hated Othello, both because Cassio (a Florentine) was promoted to the lieutenancy over his head, and also from a suspicion that the Moor had tampered with his wife; but he concealed his hatred so artfully that Othello felt confident of his “love and honesty.” Iago strung together such a mass of circumstantial evidence in proof of Desdemona’s love for Cassio, that the Moor killed her out of jealousy. One main argument was that Desdemona had given Cassio the very handkerchief which Othello had given her as a love-gift; but in reality Iago had induced his wife Emilia to purloin the handkerchief. When this villainy was brought to light, Othello stabbed Iago; but his actual death is no incident of the tragedy.—Shakespeare, Othello (1611).

The cool malignity of Iago, silent in his resentment, subtle in his designs, and studious at once of his interest and his vengeance,...are such proofs of Shakespeare’s skill in human nature as it would be vain to seek in any modern writer.—Dr. Johnson.

⁂ Bryon, speaking of John P. Kemble, says: “Was not his ’Iago’ perfection—particularly the last look? I was close to him, and I never saw an English countenance half so expressive.”

Iambic Verse (The Father of), Achil´ochos of Paros (B. C. 714-676).

Ianthe (3 syl.), in The Siege of Rhodes, by Sir William Davenant.

Mrs. Betterton was called “Ianthe” by Pepys, in his Diary, as having performed that character to his great approval. The old gossip greatly admired her, and praised her “sweet voice and incomparable acting.”—W.C. Russell, Representative Actors.

Ianthe (3 syl.), to whom Lord Byron dedicated his Childe Harold, was Lady Charlotte Harley, who was only eleven years old at the time (1809).

Ibe´ria’s Pilot. Christopher Columbus. Spain is called “Iberia” and the Spaniards the “Ibe´ri.” The river Ebro is a corrupt form of the Latin word Ibe´rus.

Launched with Iberia’s pilot from the steep,
To worlds unknown, and isles beyond the deep.
Campbell, The Pleasures of Hope, ii. (1799).

Iblis (“despair”), called Aza´zil before he was cast out of heaven. He refused to pay homage to Adam, and was rejected by God.—Al Korân.

“We created you, and afterwards formed you, and all worshipped except Eblis.” ... And God said unto him, “What hindered you from worshipping Adam, since I commanded it?” He answered, “I am more excellent than he. Thou hast created me of fire, but him of clay.” God said, “Get thee down, therefore, from paradise ... thou shalt be one of the contemptible.”—Al Korân, vii.

Ib´rahim or L’Illustre Bassa, an heroic romance of Mdlle. de Scudéri (1641).

Ice´ni (3 syl.), the people of Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, and Huntingdonshire. Their metropolis was Venta (Caistar near Norwich).—Richard of Cirencester, Chronicle, vi. 30.

The Angles, ... allured with ... the fitness of the place
Where the Iceni lived, did set their kingdom down ...
And the East Angles’ kingdom those English did instile.
Drayton, Polyolbion, xvi. (1613).

Ida Slater, daughter of a charlatan calling himself Dr. Hull. She lends herself to his scheme of imposing her upon a rich, superstitious spinster as the materialization of her dead sister until the adopted mother’s kindness and the girl’s love for the dupe’s nephew impel her to confession.—Edward Bellamy, Miss Luddington’s Sister (1884).

Idalia, Venus; so called from Idălĭum, a town in Cyprus, where she was worshipped.

Iden (Alexander), a poor squire of Kent, who slew Jack Cade, the rebel, and brought the head to King Henry VI., for which service the king said to him:

Iden, kneel down. Rise up a knight.
We give thee for reward a thousand marks;
And will that thou henceforth attend on us.
Shakespeare, 2 Henry VI. act v. sc. 1 (1591).

Idenstein (Baron), nephew of General Kleiner, governor of Prague. He marries Adolpha, who turns out to be the sister of Meeta, called “The Maid of Mariendorpt.”—S. Knowles, The Maid of Mariendorpt (1838).

Idiot (The Inspired), Oliver Goldsmith. So called by Horace Walpole (1728-1774).

Idleness (The Lake of). Whoever drank thereof grew instantly “faint and weary.” The Red Cross Knight drank of it, and was readily made captive by Orgoglio.—Spenser, Faëry Queen, i. (1590).

Idom´eneus [I.dom´.e.nuce], king of Crete. He made a vow when he left Troy, if the gods would vouchsafe him a safe voyage, to sacrifice to them the first living being that he encountered in his own kingdom. The first living object he met was his own son, and when the father fulfilled his vow, he was banished from his country as a murderer.

⁂ The reader will call to mind Jephthah’s rash vow.—Judges xi.

Agamemnon vowed to Diana to offer up in sacrifice to her the most beautiful thing that came into his possession within the next twelve months. This was an infant daughter named Iphigeni´a; but Agamemnon deferred the offering till she was full grown. The fleet, on its way to Troy, being wind-bound at Aulis, the prophet Calchas told Agamemnon that it was because the vow had not been fulfilled; accordingly Iphigenia was laid on the altar for sacrifice, but Diana interposed, carried the victim to Tauris, and substituted a hind in her place. Iphigenia in Tauris became a priestess of Diana.

⁂ Abraham, being about to sacrifice his son to Jehovah, was stayed by a voice from heaven, and a ram was substituted for the lad Isaac.—Gen. xxii.

Idwal, king of North Wales, and son of Roderick the Great. (See Ludwal).

Idyl (An Old Man’s). The old man dreams over a checquered life, since the golden days of the beautiful early summer weather, to the time when—

“We sit by our household fires together,
Dreaming the dreams of long ago;
Then it was balmy summer weather,
And now the valleys are laid in snow;
Icicles hang from the slippery eaves;
The wind blows cold—’tis growing late;
Well, well! we have garnered all our sheaves,
I and my darling, and we can wait.”wait.”
Richard Realf (1866).

Iger´na, Igerne (3 syl.), or Igrayne (3 syl.), wife of Gorloïs, duke of Tintag´il, in Cornwall. Igerna married Uther, the pendragon of the Britons, and thus became the mother of Prince Arthur. The second marriage took place a few hours after the duke’s death, but was not made public till thirteen days afterwards.—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur (1470).

Igna´ro, foster-father of Orgoglio. The old dotard walked one way and looked another. To every question put to him, his invariable answer was, “I cannot tell.”—Spenser, Faëry Queen i. (1590).

⁂ Lord Flint, chief minister of state to one of the sultans of India, used to reply to every disagreeable question, “My people know, no doubt; but I cannot recollect.”—Mrs. Inchbald, Such Things Are (1786).

The Italian witnesses summoned on the trial of Queen Charlotte, answered to almost every question, “non mi ricordo.”

⁂ The “Know-Nothings” of the United States, replied to every question about their secret society, “I know nothing about it.”

Igna´tius (Brother), Joseph Leycester Lyne, monk of the order of St. Benedict.

Ignatius (Father), the Hon. and Rev. George Spencer, superior of the order of Passionists (1799-1864).

Ig´noge (3 syl.), daughter of Pan´drasus of Greece, given as wife to Brute, mythical king of Britain. Spenser calls her “Inogene” (3 syl.), and Drayton “Innogen.”—Geoffrey, British History, i. 11 (1142).

I.H.S. In German, I [esus], H [eiland], S [eligmacher], i.e. Jesus, Saviour, Sanctifier. In Greek, Ι [ησους], Ἡ [μετερος] Σ [οτηρ], i.e. Jesus, our Saviour. In Latin, I [esus], H [ominum], S [alvator], i.e. Jesus, Men’s Saviour. Those who would like an English equivalent may adopt J [esus], H [eavenly] S [aviour].

The Latin equivalent is attributed to St. Bernardine of Sienna (1347).

Ilderton (Miss Lucy and Miss Nancy), cousins to Miss Vere.—Sir W. Scott, The Black Dwarf (time, Anne).

Il´iad (3 syl.), the tale of the siege of Troy, an epic poem in twenty-four books, by Homer. Menelāos, king of Sparta, received as a guest, Paris, a son of Priam, king of Troy. Paris eloped with Helen, his host’s wife, and Menelaos induced the Greeks to lay siege to Troy, to avenge the perfidy. The siege lasted ten years, when Troy was taken and burned to the ground. Homer’s poem is confined to the last year of the siege.

Book I. opens with a pestilence in the Grecian camp, sent by the sun-god to avenge his priest, Chrysês. The case is this: Chrysês wished to ransom his daughter, whom Agamemnon, the Greek commander-in-chief, kept as a concubine, but Agamemnon refused to give her up; so the priest prayed to Apollo for vengeance, and the god sent a pestilence. A council being called, Achillês upbraids Agamemnon as the cause of the divine wrath, and Agamemnon replies he will give up the priest’s daughter, but shall take instead Achillês’ concubine. On hearing this, Achillês declares he will no longer fight for such an extortionate king, and accordingly retires to his tent and sulks there.

II. Jupiter, being induced to take the part of Achillês, now sends to Agamemnon a lying dream, which induces him to believe that he shall take the city at once; but in order to see how the soldiers are affected by the retirement of Achillês, the king calls them to a council of war, asks them if it would not be better to give up the siege and return home. He thinks the soldiers will shout “no” with one voice; but they rush to their ships, and would set sail at once if they were not restrained by those privy to the plot.

III. The soldiers, being brought back, are then arrayed for battle. Paris proposes to decide the contest by single combat, and Menelaos accepts the challenge. Paris, being overthrown, is carried off by Venus, and Agamemnon demands that the Trojans shall give up Troy in fulfillment of the compact.

IV. While Agamemnon is speaking, Pandărus draws his bow at Menelaos and wounds him, and the battle becomes general.

V. Pandarus, who had violated the truce, is killed by Diomed.

VI. Hector, the general of the Trojan allied armies, recommends that the Trojan women in a body should supplicate the gods to pardon the sin of Pandarus, and in the meantime he and Paris make a sally from the city gate.

VII. Hector fights with Ajax in single combat, but the combatants are parted by the heralds, who declare it a drawn battle; so they exchange gifts and return to their respective tents.

VIII. The Grecian host, being discomfitted, retreats; and Hector prepares to assault the enemy’s camp.

IX. A deputation is sent to Achillês, but the sulky hero remains obdurate.

X. A night attack is made on the Trojans by Diomed and Ulyssês;

XI. And the three Grecian chiefs (Agamemnon, Diomed, and Ulyssês) are all wounded.

XII. The Trojans force the gates of the Grecian ramparts.

XIII. A tremendous battle ensues in which many on both sides are slain.

XIV. While Jupiter is asleep, Neptune interferes in the quarrel in behalf of the Greeks;

XV. But Jupiter rebukes him, and Apollo, taking the side of the Trojans, puts the Grecians to a complete rout. The Trojans, exulting in their success, prepare to set fire to the Grecian camp.

XVI. In this extremity, Patroclos arrays himself in Achillês’ armor, and leads the Myrmĭdons to the fight; but he is slain by Hector.

XVII. Achillês is told of the death of his friend,

XVIII. Resolves to return to the battle;

XIX. And is reconciled to Agamemnon.

XX. A general battle ensues, in which the gods are permitted to take part.

XXI. The battle rages with great fury, the slaughter is frightful; but the Trojans, being routed, retreat into their town, and close the gates.

XXII. Achillês slays Hector before he is able to enter the gates, and the battle is at an end. Nothing now remains but

XXIII. To burn the body of Patroclos, and celebrate the funeral games.

XXIV. Old Priam, going to the tent of Achillês, craves the body of his son Hector; Achillês gives it up, and the poem concludes with the funeral rites of the Trojan hero.

⁂ Virgil continues the tale from this point. Shows how the city was taken and burnt, and then continues with the adventures of Æne´as, who escapes from the burning city, makes his way to Italy, marries the king’s daughter, and succeeds to the throne. (See Æneid).

Iliad (The French), The Romance of the Rose (q.v.).

Iliad (The German), The Nibelungen Lied (q.v.).

Iliad (The Portuguese), The Lusiad (q.v.).

Iliad (The Scotch), The Epigoniad, by William Wilkie (q.v.).

Iliad of Old English Literature, “The Knight’s Tale” of Palămon and Arcite (2 syl.) in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (1388).

Illuminated Doctor (The), Raymond Lully (1235-1315).

John Tauler, the German mystic, is so called also (1294-1361).

Imis, the daughter and only child of an island king. She was enamoured of her cousin Philax. A fay named Pagan loved her, and, seeing she rejected his suit, shut up Imis and Philax in the “Palace of Revenge.” This palace was of crystal, and contained everything the heart could desire except the power of leaving it. For a time Imis and Philax were happy enough, but after a few years they longed as much for a separation as they had once wished to be united.—Comtesse D’Aunoy, Fairy Tales (“Palace of Revenge,” 1682).

Imlac of Goiama, near the mouth of the Nile; the son of a rich merchant. Imlac was a great traveller and a poet, who accompanied Rasselas in his rambles, and returned with him to the “happy valley.”—Dr. Johnson, Rasselas (1759).

Immo and Hildegard. As the sun went down, it threw its golden light over the heights on which the Idisburg stands. The old tower glowed, bathed in the many-colored light, and the branches of the bramble-berry overspread the low wall of the castle with a net work of purple and gold. In the lower portion of the enclosed court, the children of the townspeople, brought there by their parents, were shouting and calling in their play. On the highest point within the castle wall, stands a linden tree, that makes a thick arbor, with its broad leaves reaching nearly to the ground. It was a lovely spot. Wild hare-bells bloomed in its light shade, and little butterflies fluttered here and there. The birds gathered their young ones together in the sheltering branches of the tree, and the crickets chirped in chorus to the note of the feathered songsters. Here sat Hildegard, the count’s daughter, her hands folded in her lap as she looked down into the valley, over the fields of heather, over the forest trees, and over the rolling hills, far into the distance, where earth and sky seemed to melt together in the evening glow. At a respectful distance, some old servingmen, who had been sent up there for her protection, were lying on the ground, but their backs were turned to the maiden as they looked down to the Main, and pointed out to one another the border towns of the enemy, descried under the light clouds. Where Hildegard sat all was still; only a few sounds from the bustling camp made their way up to her. From one side came the lowing of the cows, and every now and then a hoof drew nearer, and the leaves of her tree were pulled about, and there was a crackling and a rustling in the branches. Hildegard turned and scared away the intruders, but they came back again, and the maiden at last forgot in her dreaming her dainty-mouthed visitors.

Her lips stirred, and softly sounded the words of a holy hymn, as she sang:

Audi, benigne Conditor,
Nostras preces cum fletibus
Hear, Kind Creator,
Our prayers and our weeping.

But, in her singing, her thoughts dwelt less on the Creator than on a certain suppliant who, only a few weeks before, had repeated these same words to her in jest. And while she sang, and with clear eyes looked straight before her, it seemed to her that her song was echoed from above her in the tree. She stopped singing; then there was a rustling in the branches, and through the whispering of the leaves, she heard the same air repeated above her head, but to other words; and she heard from the height:

Rana coaxit suaviter
In foliis viridibus.

The frog croaks softly
In the green herbage.

Hildegard sat motionless; a smile hovered about her mouth, and a deep blush suffused her cheek; but she dared not risk looking up, for fear lest the pleasant dream should be ended. “Is it thou, my comrade?” she softly murmured. But hardly had she spoken before she repented the too familiar speech.

“I am lying herehere above thee, in the green leaves,” sounded back to her from overhead. “Right comfortable is my bed on the strong branch; look upward, if so please thee, that I may once more see those large eyes of thine, since it is they that have brought me hither.”

The maiden sprang lightly up, and turned toward the branch. In the same instant Immo thrust his head quickly out, and clinging to the branch with one hand he threw the other round her neck, and kissed her on the mouth. “Good day, comrade,” he said. “That is what I made up my mind to do, and I have done it!” He looked out once more from his hiding-place, and gazed tenderly upon her blushing cheek.—Gustav Freytag, The Wrens’ Nest.

Immortal Four of Italy (The): Dantê (1265-1321), Petrarch (1304-1374), Ariosto (1474-1533), and Tasso (1544-1595).

The poets read he o’er and o’er,
And most of all the Immortal Four
Of Italy.
Longfellow, The Wayside Inn, (prelude).

Imogen, daughter of Cym´beline (3 syl.), king of Britain, married clandestinely Posthumus Leonātus; and Posthumus, being banished for the offence, retired to Rome. One day, in the house of Philario, the conversation turned on the merits of wives, and Posthumus bet his diamond ring that nothing could tempt the fidelity of Imogen. Iachimo acceptedaccepted the wager, laid his plans, and after due time induced Posthumus to believe that Imogen had played false, showing, by the way of proof, a bracelet, which he affirmed she had given him; so Posthumus handed over to him the ring given him by Imogen at parting. Posthumus now ordered his servant Pisanio to inveigle Imogen to Milford Haven, under pretence of seeing her husband, and to murder her on the road; but Pisanio told Imogen his instructions, advised her to enter the service of Lucius, the Roman general in Britain, as a page, and promised that he would make Posthumus believe that she was dead. This was done; and not long afterwards a battle ensued, in which the Romans were defeated, and Lucius, Iachimo, and Imogen were taken prisoners. Posthumus also took part in the battle, and obtained for his services the royal pardon. The captives being brought before Cymbeline, Lucius entreated the king to liberate Imogen. The petition was not only granted, but Imogen was permitted, at the same time, to ask a boon of the British king. She only begged that Iachimo should inform the court how he came by the ring he was wearing on his finger. The whole villainy was thus revealed, a reconciliation took place, and all ended happily. (See Zineura.)—Shakespeare, Cymbeline (1605).

Im´ogine (The Fair), the lady betrothed to Alonzo “the Brave,” and who said to him, when he went to the wars: “If ever I marry another, may thy ghost be present at the bridal feast, and bear me off to the grave.” Alonzo fell in battle; Imogine married another; and, at the marriage feast, Alonzo’s ghost, claimingclaiming the fulfilment of the compact, carried away the bride.—M. G. Lewis, Alonzo the Brave and the Fair Imogine (1795).

Imogine (The lady), wife of St. Aldobrand. Before her marriage she was courted by Count Bertram, but the attachment fell through, because Bertram was outlawed and became the leader of a gang of thieves. It so happened one day that Bertram, being shipwrecked off the coast of Sicily, was conveyed to the castle of Lady Imogine, and the old attachment revived on both sides. Bertram murdered St. Aldobrand; Imogine, going mad, expired in the arms of Bertram; and Bertram killed himself.—C. Maturin, Bertram (1816).

Imoin´da (3 syl.), daughter of a white man who went to the court of Angola, changed his religion, and grew great as commander of the forces. His daughter was married to Prince Oroonoko. Soon afterwards the young prince was trapanned by Captain Driver, taken to Surinam, and sold for a slave. Here he met his young wife, whom the lieutenant-governor wanted to make his mistress, and Oroonoko headed a rising of the slaves. The end of the story is that Imoinda slew herself; and Oroonoko, having stabbed the lieutenant-governor, put an end to his own life.—Thomas Southern, Oroonoko (1696).

Impertinent (The Curious), an Italian, who, to make trial of his wife’s fidelity, persuades his friend to try and seduce her. The friend succeeds in winning the lady’s love, and the impertinent curiosity of the husband is punished by the loss of his friend and wife too.—Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iv. 5 (an episode, 1605).

Impostors (Literary).

1. Bertram (Dr. Charles Julius), professor of English at Copenhagen. He gave out that he had discovered, in 1747, in the library of that city, a book entitled De Situ Britanniæ, by Richardus Corinensis. He published this with two other treatises (one by Gildas Badon´icus, and the other by Nennius Banchorensis) in 1757. The forgery was exposed by J. E. Mayor, in his preface to Ricardi de Cirencestria Speculum Historiale.

2. Chatterton (Thomas), published in 1777 a volume of poems, which he asserted to be from the pen of Thomas Rowley, a monk of the fifteenth century. The forgery was exposed by Mason and Gray.

3. Ireland (Samuel William Henry), published, in 1796, a series of papers which he affirmed to be by ShakespeareShakespeare, together with the tragedy of Lear and a part of Hamlet. Dr. Parr, Dr. Valpy, James Boswell, Herbert Croft, and Pye, the laureatelaureate, signed a document certifying their convictions that the collection was genuine; but Ireland subsequently confessed the forgery. He also wrote a play entitled Vortigern and Rowena, which he asserted was by Shakespeare; but Malone exposed the imposition.

4. Lauder (William), published, in 1751, false quotations from Masenius, a Jesuit of Cologne, Taubman, a German, Staphorstius, a learned Dutchman, and others, to “prove Milton a gross plagiarist.” Dr. Douglas demonstrated that the citations were incorrect, and that often several lines had been foisted in to make the parallels. Lauder confessed the fact afterwards (1754).

5. Mentz, who lived in the ninth century, published fifty-nine decretals, which he ascribed to Isadore of Seville, who died in the sixth century. The object of these letters was either to exalt the papacy, or to enforce some law assuming such exaltation. Among them is the decretal of St. Fabian, instituting the rite of the chrism, with the decretals of St. Anaclētus, St. Alexander, St. Athanasius, and so on. They have all been proved to be barefaced forgeries.

6. Pereira (Colonel), a Portuguese, professed to have discovered in the convent of St. Maria de Merinhâo, nine books of Sanchoni´athon, which he published in 1837. It was found that the paper of the MS. bore the water-mark of the Osnabrück paper-mills.

7. Psalmanazar (George), who pretended to be a Japanese, published, in 1705, an Historical and Geographical Description of Formosa, an Island belonging to the Empire of Japan. He was an Englishman, born in London, name unknown (died 1763).

8. Smith (Joseph), professed that his Book of Mormon, published in 1830, was a direct revelation to him by the angel Mormon; but it was really the work of a Rev. Solomon Spalding. Smith was murdered in Carthage jail in 1844.

9. Surtees (Robert), sent Sir Walter Scott several ballads, which were inserted in good faith in the Border Minstrelsy, but were in fact forgeries. For example, a ballad on A Feud between the Ridleys and the Featherstones, said to be taken down from the mouth of an old woman on Alston Moor (1806); Lord Ewrie, said to be taken down from the mouth of Rosa Smith of Bishop Middleham, æt. 91 (1807); and Barthram’s Dirge (1809).

The Korân was said by Mahomet to be revealed to him by the angel Gabriel, but it was in reality the work of a Persian Jew, a Jacobite and a Nestorian. The detached parts of the Korân were collected into a volume by Abû Bekr in 634. Mahomet died in 632.

Improvisators.

Accolti (Bernardo), of Arezzo, called the Unico Areti´no (1465-1535).

Aquilano (Serafino), born at Aquila (1466-1500).

Bandettini (Teresa), (1756-*). Marone, Quercio, and Silvio Antoniano (eighteenth century).

Beronicius (P. J.), who could convert extempore into Latin or Greek verse a Dutch newspaper or anything else which he heard (died 1676).

Corilla (Maria Magdalena), of Pistoia. Mde. de Staël has borrowed her Corinne from this improvisatrix. Crowned at Rome in 1766 (1740-1800).

Gianni (Francis), an Italian, made imperial poet by Napoleon, whose victories he celebrated in verse (1759-1823).

Jehan (Núr), of Bengal, during the sultanship of Jehánger. She was the inventor of the otto of roses (died 1645).

Karsch (Anne Louisa), of Germany.

Mazzei (Signora), the most talented of all improvisators.

Metastasio (Pietro B.), of Assisi, who developed, at the age of ten, a wonderful talent for extemporizing in verse (1698-1782).

Perfetti (Bernardino), of Sienna, who received a laurel crown in the capitol, an honor conferred only on Petrarch and Tasso (1681-1747).

Petrarch (Francesco), who introduced the amusement of improvisation (1304-1374).

Rossi, beheaded at Naples in 1799.

Serafino d’Aquila. (See above, “Aquilano.”)

Serio, beheaded at Naples in 1799.

Sgricci (Tommaso), of Tuscany (1788-1832). His Death of Charles I., Death of Mary Queen of Scots, and Fall of Missolonghi are very celebrated.

Taddei (Rosa), (1801- ).

Zucco (Marc Antonio), of Verona (*-1764).

To these add Cicconi, Bindocci, Sestini, the brothers Clercq of Holland, Wolfe of Altŏna, Langenschwarz of Germany, Eugène de Pradel of France, and Thomas Hood (1798-1845).

Inconstant (The), a comedy by G. Farquhar (1702). “The inconstant” is young Mirabel, who shilly-shallies with Oria´na till she saves him from being murdered by four bravoes in the house of Lamorce (2 syl.).

This comedy is a réchauffé of the Wild-goose Chase.—Beaumont and Fletcher (1652).

Incorruptible (The). Maximilian Robespierre was so called by his friends in the Revolution (1756-1794).

“William Shippen,” says Horace Walpole, “is the only man proof against a bribe.”

⁂ Fabricius, the Roman hero, could not be corrupted by bribes, nor influenced by threats. Pyrrhus declared it would be as easy to divert the sun from its course as Fabricius from the path of duty.—Roman Story.

In´cubus, a spirit half human and half angelic, living in mid-air between the moon and our earth.—Geoffrey, British History, vi. 18 (1142).

Indra, god of the elements. His palace is described by Southey in The Curse of Kehama, vii. 10 (1809).

Inesilla de Cantarilla, daughter of a Spanish lute-maker. She had the unusual power of charming the male sex during the whole course of her life, which exceeded 75 years. Idolized by the noblemen of the old court, she saw herself adored by those of the new. Even in her old age she had a noble air, an enchanting wit, and graces peculiar to herself suited to her years.—Lesage, Gil Blas, viii. 1 (1735).

I´nez of Cadiz, addressed in Childe Harold, i. (after stanza 84). Nothing known of her.

Inez (Donna), mother of Don Juan. She trained her son according to prescribed rules with the strictest propriety, and designed to make him a model of all virtues. Her husband was Don José, whom she worried to death by her prudery and want of sympathy. Donna Inez was a “blue-stocking,” learned in all the sciences, her favorite one being “the mathematical.” She knew every European language, “a little Latin and less Greek.” In a word, she was “perfect as perfect is,” according to the standard of Miss Edgeworth, Mrs. Trimmer, and Hannah More, but had “a great opinion of her own good qualities.” Like Tennyson’s “Maud,” this paragon of women was, to those who did not look too narrowly, “faultily faultless, icily regular, splendidly null.”—Bryon, Don Juan, i. 10-30 (1819).

Inez de Castro, crowned six years after her death. The tale is this: Don Pedro, son of Alfonso IV. of Portugal, privately married, in 1345, the “beauty of Castile,” and Alfonso was so indignant that he commanded her to be put to death (1355). Two years afterwards, Don Pedro succeeded to the crown, and in 1361 had the body of Inez exhumed and crowned.

Camoens, the Portuguese poet, has introduced this story in his Lusiad. A. Ferreira, another Portuguese poet, has a tragedy called Inez de Castro (1554); Lamotte produced a tragedy with the same title (1723); and Guiraud another in 1826. (See next art).

Inez de Castro, the bride of Prince Pedro, of Portugal, to whom she was clandestinely married. The King Alfonso and his minister Gonzalez, not knowing of this marriage, arranged a marriage for the young prince with a Spanish princess, and when the prince refused his consent, Gonzalez ferreted out the cause, and induced Inez to drink poison. He then put the young prince under arrest, but as he was being led away, the announcement came that Alfonso was dead and Don Pedro was his successor. The tables were now turned, for Pedro was instantly released, and Gonzalez led to execution.—Ross Neil, Inez de Castro or The Bride of Portugal. (See previous art).

Inez Morse. A New England woman, determined to pay off the mortgage left by her dead father upon the farm. She sells all her honey to help on this object; “When the mortgage is paid off, we’ll have warm biscuit and honey for supper,” she says, half-jestingly. She holds off a suitor for years, until the mortgage is paid. She promised her father it should be done. The day the last payment is made, she hears that “Willy” has married another girl. They have warm biscuits and honey for tea that night.—Mary E. Wilkin’s A Taste of Honey (1887).

Infant Endowed with Speech. The Imâm Abzenderoud excited the envy of his confraternity by his superior virtue and piety, so they suborned a woman to father a child upon him. The imâm prayed to Mahomet to reveal the truth, whereupon the new-born infant told in good Arabic who his father was, and Abzenderoud was acquitted with honor.—T. S. Gueulette, Chinese Tales (“Imâm Abzenderoud,” 1723).

Infant of Luback, Christian Henry Heinecken. At one year old he knew the chief events of the Pentateuch!! at thirteen months he knew the history of the Old Testament!! at fourteen months he knew the history of the New Testament!! at two and a half years he could answer any ordinary question of history or geography!! and at three years old he knew German, French, and Latin!!

Inferno (The), in thirty-four cantos, by Dantê [Alighieri] (1300). While wandering through a wood (this life), the poet comes to a mountain (fame), and begins to climb it, but first a panther (pleasure), then a lion (ambition), and then a she-wolf (avarice), stand in his path to slay him. The appearance of Virgil (human wisdom), however, encourages him (canto i.), and the Mantuan tells him he is sent by three ladies [Beatrice (faith), Lucia (grace), and Mercy] to conduct him through the realms of hell (canto ii.). On they proceed together till they come to a portal bearing this inscription: ALL HOPE ABANDON YE WHO ENTER HERE; they pass through, and come to that neutral realm where dwell the spirits of those not good enough for heaven nor bad enough for hell, “the praiseless and the blameless dead.” Passing through this border-land, they command old Charon to ferry them across the Achĕron to Limbo (canto iii.), and here they behold the ghosts of the unbaptized, “blameless of sin,” but not members of the Christian Church. Homer is here, Horace, Ovid, and Lucan, who enroll Dantê “sixth of the sacred band.” On leaving Limbo, our adventurer follows his guide through the seven gates which lead to the inferno, an enormous funnel-shaped pit, divided into stages. The outer, or first “circle,” is a vast meadow, in which roam Electra (mother of Dardănus, the founder of Troy), Hector, Æne´as, and Julius Cæsar; Camilla and Penthesile´a; Latīnus and Junius Brutus; Lucretia, Marcia (Cato’s wife), Julia (Pompey’s wife), and Cornelia; and here “a part retired,” they see Saladin, the rival of Richard the Lion-heart. Linos is here and Orpheus; Aristotle, Socratês, and Plato; Democrĭtos, who ascribed creation to blind chance, Diogĕnês, the cynic, Heraclītos, Emped´oclês, Anaxag´oras, Thalĕs, Dioscor´idês, and Zeno; Cicero and Senĕca, Euclid and Ptolemy, Hippocrătês and Galen, Avĭcen, and Averroês, the Arabian translator and commentator of Aristotle (canto iv.). From the first stage they descend to the second, where Minos sits in judgment on the ghosts brought before him. He indicates what circle a ghost is to occupy by twisting his tail round his body: two twists signify that the ghost is to be banished to the second circle; three twists that it is to be consigned to the third circle, and so on. Here, says the poet, “light was silent all,” but shrieks and groans and blasphemies were terrible to hear. This circle is the hell of carnal and sinful love, where Dante recognizes Semirămis, Dido, Cleopatra, and Helen; Achillês and Paris; Tristan, the lover of his uncle’s wife, Isoldê; Lancelot, the lover of Queen Guinever; and Francesca, the lover of Paolo, her brother-in-law (canto v.). The third circle is a place of deeper woe. Here fall in ceaseless showers, hail, black rain, and sleety flaw; the air is cold and dun; and a foul stench arises from the soil. Cerbĕrus keeps watch here, and this part of the inferno is set apart for gluttons, like Ciacco (2 syl.). From this stage the two poets pass on to the “fourth steep ledge,” presided over by Plutus (canto vi.), a realm which “hems in all the woe of all the universe.” Here are gathered the souls of the avaricious, who wasted their talents, and made no right use of their wealth. Crossing this region, they come to the “fifth steep,” and see the Stygian Lake of inky hue. This circle is a huge bog in which “the miry tribe” flounder, and “gulp the muddy lees.” It is the abode of those who put no restraint upon their anger (canto vii.). Next comes the city of Dis, where the souls of heretics are “interred in vaults” (cantos viii., ix.). Here Dantê recognizes Farina´ta (a leader of the Ghibelline faction), and is informed that the Emperor Frederick II. and Cardinal Ubaldini are amongst the number (canto x.). The city of Dis contains the next three circles (canto xi.), through which Nessus conducts them; and here they see the Minotaur and the Centaurs, as Chiron, who nursed Achillês and Pholus the passionate. The first circle of Dis (the sixth) is for those who by force or fraud have done violence to man, as Alexander the Great, Dionysius of Syracuse, Attila, Sextus, and Pyrrhus (canto xii.). The next (the seventh circle) is for those who have done violence to themselves, as suicides; here are the Harpies, and here the souls are transformed to trees (canto xiii.). The eighth circle is for the souls of those who have done violence to God, as blasphemers and heretics; it is a hell of burning, where it snows flakes of fire. Here is Cap´aneus (3 syl.) (canto xiv.), and here Dantê held converse with Brunetto, his old schoolmaster (canto xv.). Having reached the confines of the realm of Dis, Ger´yon carries Dantê into the region of Malêbolgê (4 syl.), a horrible hell, containing ten pits or chasms (canto xvii.): In the first is Jason; the second is for harlots (canto xviii.); in the third is Simon Magus, “who prostituted the things of God for gold;” in the fourth, Pope Nicholas III. (canto xix.); in the fifth the ghosts had their heads “reversed at the neckbone,” and here are Amphiarāos, Tirēsias, who was first a woman and then a man, Michael Scott, the magician, with all witches and diviners (canto xx.); in the sixth, Caïaphas and Annas, his father-in-law (canto xxiii.); in the seventh, robbers of churches, as Vanni Fucci, who robbed the sacristy of St James’ in Pistoia, and charged Venni della Nona with the crime, for which she suffered death (canto xxiv.); in the eighth, Ulyssês and Diomed, who were punished for the stratagem of the Wooden Horse (cantos xxvi., xxvii.); in the ninth, Mahomet and Ali, “horribly mangled” (canto xxviii.); in the tenth, alchemists (canto xxix.), coiners and forgers, Potiphar’s wife, Sinon the Greek, who deluded the Trojans (canto xxx.), Nimrod, Ephialtés, and Antæus, with other giants (canto xxxi.). Antæus carries the two visitors into the nethermost gulf, where Judas and Lucifer are confined. It is a region of thick-ribbed ice, and here they see the frozen river of Cocy´tus (canto xxxii.). The last persons the poet sees are Brutus and Cassius, the murderers of Julius Cæsar (canto xxxiv.). Dantê and his conductor, Virgil, then make their exit on the “southern hemisphere,” where once was Eden, and where the “moon rises when here evening sets.” This is done that the poet may visit Purgatory, which is situated in mid-ocean, somewhere near the antipodes of Judea.

⁂ Canto xvi. opens with a description of Fraud, canto xxxiii. contains the tale of Ugoli´no, and canto xxxiv. the description of Lucifer.

Ingeborg. Daughter of a Norwegian king. She is loved as child and woman by Frithiof, who finally marries her.—Frithiof Saga.

Ingelram (Abbot), formerly superior of St. Mary’s Convent.—Sir W. Scott, The Monastery (time, Elizabeth).

Inglewood (Squire), a magistrate near Osbaldistone Hall.—Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.).

Inglis (Corporal), in the royal army under the leadership of the duke of Monmouth.—Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.).

Ingo, the son of Ingbert, king of the Vandals. Driven from his throne by his uncle, he seeks refuge among the Thuringians, where he loves and marries Irmgard. They are both slain in a siege, leaving one son, an infant.

Ingoldsby (Thomas), the Rev. Richard Harris Barham, author of Ingoldsby Legends (1788-1845).

Ingraban, a descendant of the child of Ingo and Irmgard, a wild, untamed young Pagan, who is finally converted to Christianity under Bishop Winfried, or Boniface.

Ini, Ine, or Ina, king of Wessex; his wife was Æthelburh; both were of the royal line of Cerdic. After a grand banquet, King Ini set forth to sojourn in another of his palaces, and his queen privately instructed his steward to “fill the house they quitted with rubbish and offal, to put a sow and litter of pigs in the royal bed, and entirely dismantle the room.” When the king and queen had gone about a mile or so, the queen entreated her husband to return to the house they had quitted, and great was his astonishment to behold the change. Æthelburh then said, “Behold what vanity of vanities is all earthly greatness! Where now are the good things you saw here but a few hours ago? See how foul a beast occupies the royal bed. So will it be with you unless you leave earthly things for heavenly.” So the king abdicated his kingdom, went to Rome, and dwelt there as a pilgrim for the rest of his life.

... in fame great Ina might pretend
With any king since first the Saxons came to shore.
Drayton, Polyolbion, xi. (1613).

Inkle and Yar´ico, hero and heroine of a story by Sir Richard Steele, in the Spectator (No. 11). Inkle is a young Englishman who is lost in the Spanish main. He falls in love with Yarico, an Indian maiden, with whom he consorts; but no sooner does a vessel arrive to take him to Barbadoes than he sells Yarico as a slave.

George Colman has dramatized this tale (1787).

Innocents (The), the babes of Bethlehem cut off by Herod the Great.

⁂ John Baptist Marino, an Italian poet, has a poem on The Massacre of the Innocents (1569-1625).

Innogen or Inogene (3 syl.), wife of Brute (1 syl.), mythical king of Britain. She was daughter of Pan´drasos of Greece.

Thus Brute this realme unto his rule subdewd ...
And left three sons, his famous progeny,
Born of fayre Inogene of Italy.
Spenser, Faëry Queen, ii. 10 (1590).

And for a lasting league of amity and peace,
Bright Innogen, his child, for wife to Brutus gave.
M. Drayton, PolyolbionPolyolbion, I. (1612).

Insane Root (The), hemlock. It is said that those who eat hemlock can see objects otherwise invisible. Thus when Banquo had encountered the witches, who vanished as mysteriously as they appeared, he says to Macbeth, “Were such things [really] here ... or have we eaten [hemlock] of the insane root, that takes the reason prisoner,” so that our eyes see things that are not?—Macbeth, act i. sc. 3 (1606).

Interpreter (Mr.), in Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, means the Holy Ghost as it operates on the heart of a believer. He is lord of a house a little beyond the Wicket Gate.—Pt. i. (1678).

Inveraschal´loch, one of the Highlanders at the Clachan of Aberfoyle.—Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.).

Invin´cible Doctor (The), William of Occam; also called Doctor Singulāris (1270-1347).

Invisible Knight (The), Sir Garlon, brother of King Pellam (nigh of kin to Joseph of Arimathy).

“He is Sir Garlon,” said the knight, “he with the black face, he is the marvellest knight living, for he goeth invisible.”—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 39 (1470).

Invisibility is obtained by amulets, dress, herbs, rings, and stones.

Amulets: as the capon-stone called “Alectoria,” which rendered those invisible who carried it about their person.—Mirror of Sornes.

Dress: as Alberich’s cloak called “Tarnkappe” (2 syl.) which Siegfried got possession of (The Nibelungen Lied); the mantle of Hel Keplein (q.v.); and Jack the Giantkiller had a cloak of invisibility as well as a cap of knowledge. The helmet of Perseus of Hadês (Greek Fable) and Mambrino’s helmet rendered the wearers invisible. The moros musphonon was a girdle of invisibility.—Mrs. Centlivre, A Bold Stroke for a Wife.

Herbs: as fern-seed, mentioned by Shakespeare and Beaumont and Fletcher.

Rings: as Gyges’s ring, taken from the flanks of a brazen horse. When the stone was turned inwards, the wearer was invisible (Plato). The ring of Otnit, king of Lombardy, according to The Heldenbuch, possessed a similar virtue. Reynard’s wonderful ring had three colors, one of which (the green) caused the wearer to be invisible (Reynard the Fox, 1498); this was the gem called heliotrope.

Stones: as heliotrope, mentioned by Boccaccio in his Decameron (day viii. 3). It is of a green hue. Solīnus attributes this power to the herb heliotrope: “Herba ejusdem nominis ... eum, a quocumque gestabitur, suptrahit visibus obviorum.”—Geog., xl.

Invulnerability. Stones taken from the cassan plant, which grows in Pauten, will render the possessor invulnerable.—Odoricus, In Hakluyt.

A dip in the river Styx rendered Achillês invulnerable.

Medea rendered Jason proof against wounds and fire by anointing him with the Promethe´an unguent.—Greek Fable.

Siegfried was rendered invulnerable by bathing his body in dragon’s blood.—Niebelungen Lied.

Ion, the title and hero of a tragedy by T. N. Talfourd (1835). The oracle of Delphi had declared that the pestilence which raged in Argos was sent by way of punishment for the misrule of the race of Argos, and that the vengeance of the gods could be averted only by the extirpation of the guilty race. Ion, the son of the king, offered himself a willing sacrifice, and as he was dying, Irus entered and announced that “the pestilence was abating.”

Io´na’s Saint, St. Columb, seen on the top of the church spires, on certain evenings every year, counting the surrounding islands, to see that none of them have been sunk by the power of witchcraft.

As Iona’s saint, a giant form,
Throned on his towers conversing with the storm ...
Counts every wave-worn isle and mountain hoar
From Kilda to the green Ierne’s shore [from the Hebrides to Ireland].
Campbell, The Pleasures of Hope, ii. (1799).

I-pal-ne-mo´-ani (i.e. He by whom we live), a title of God, used by the ancient Mexicans.

“We know him,” they reply,
“The great ‘Forever-One,’ the God of gods,
Ipalnemoani.”—Southey, Madoc, i. 8 (1805).

Iphigeni´a,daughter of Agamemnon, king of Argos. Agamemnon vowed to offer up to Artĕmis the best possession that came into his hands during the ensuing twelve months. This happened to be an infant daughter, to whom he gave the name of Iphigenīa, but he forbore to fulfil his vow. When he went on his voyage to Troy, the fleet was wind-bound at Aulis, and Kalchas, the priest, said it was because Agamemnon had not carried out his vow; so Iphigenia, then in the pride of womanhood, was bound to the altar. Artemis, being satisfied, carried the maiden off to Tauris, where she became a priestess, and substituted a hind in her place.

For parallel instances, such as Abraham and Isaac, Jephthah and his daughter, Idomeneus and his son, etc., see Idomeneus.

When a new Iphigene, she went to Tauris.
Byron, Don Juan, x. 49 (1821).

Iphis, the woman who was changed to a man. The tale is this: Iphis was the daughter of Lygdus and Telethusa of Cretê. Lygdus gave orders that if the child about to be born was a girl, it was to be put to death. It happened to be a girl; but the mother, to save it, brought it up as a boy. In due time, the father betrothed Iphis to Ianthê, and the mother, in terror, prayed to Isis for help. Her prayer was heard, for Isis changed Iphis into a man on the day of espousals.—Ovid, Metaph., ix. 12; xiv. 699.

⁂ Cæneus [Se.nuce] was born of the female sex, but Neptune changed her into a man. Ænēas found her in hadês changed back again.

Tirēsias, the Theban prophet, was converted into a girl for striking two serpents, and married. He afterwards recovered his sex.

Ippolito (Don), Italian priest, who should never have taken orders. He is handsome, sensitive and susceptible, and has for a pupil Florida Vervain, an American girl. He loves her and tells her so. She pities him, advises him to break the shackles of his priesthood and go to America. When she departs, he succumbs to despair and Roman fever. On his death-bed he disabuses Florida’s American lover of the impression that the girl loved the priest.—W. D. Howells, A Foregone Conclusion (1874).

Iras, a female attendant on Cleopatra. When Cleopatra had arrayed herself with robe and crown, prior to applying the asps, she said to her two female attendants, “Come take the last warmth of my lips. Farewell, kind Charmian! Iras, farewell!” And having kissed them, Iras fell down dead, either broken-hearted or else because she had already applied an asp to her arm, as Charmian did a little later.—Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra (1608).

Ireby (Mr), a country squire.—Sir W. Scott, Two Drovers (time, George III.).

Ireland (S. W. H.), a literary forger. His chief forgery is Miscellaneous Papers and Instruments, under the hand and seal of William Shakespeare, including the tragedy of King Lear, and a small fragment of Hamlet, from the original, folio, £6 4s. (1795).

His most impudent forgery was the production of a new play, which he tried to palm off as Shakespeare’s. It was called Vortigern and Rowena, and was actually represented at Drury Lane Theatre, in 1796.

Weeps o’er false Shakesperian lore
Which sprang from Maisterre Ireland’s store,
Whose impudence deserves the rod
For having aped the Muse’s god.
Chalcographomania.

Ireland (The Fair Maid of), the ignis fatuus.

He had read ... of ... the ignis fatuus, ... by some called “Will-with-the-whisp” or “Jack-with-the-lantern,” and likewise ... “The Fair Maid of Ireland.”—R. Johnson, The Seven Champions of Christendom, i. 7. (1617).

Ireland’s Three Saints. The three great saints of Ireland are St. Patrick, St. Columb, and St. Bridget.

Ireland’s Three Tragedies: (1) The Death of the Children of Touran; (2) The Death of the Children of Lir; and (3) The Death of the Children of Usnach.—O’Flannagan, Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Dublin, i.

Irem (The Garden of), mentioned in the Korân, lxxxix. It was the most beautiful of all earthly paradises, laid out for Shedad´, king of Ad; but no sooner was it finished than it was struck with the lightning-wand of the death-angel, and was never after visible to the eye of man.

The paradise of Irem this ...
A garden more surpassing fair
Than that before whose gate
The lightning of the cherub’s fiery sword
Waves wide to bar access.
Southey, Thalaba the Destroyer, i. 22 (1797).

Ire´na, Ireland personified. Her inheritance was withheld by Grantorto (rebellion), and Sir Artegal was sent by the queen of Faëry-land to succor her. Grantorto being slain Irena was restored, in 1588, to her inheritance.—Spenser, Faëry Queen, v. (1596).(1596).

Ire´ne (3 syl.), daughter of Horush Barbarossa, the Greek renegade and corsair-king of Algiers. She was rescued in the siege of Algiers by Selim, son of the Moorish king, who fell in love with her. When she heard of the conspiracy to kill Barbarossa, she warned her father; but it was too late; the insurgents succeeded, Barbarossa was slain by Othman, and Selim married Irenê.—J. Browne, Barbarossa (1742).

Irene (3 syl.), wife of Alexius Comne´nus, emperor of Greece.—Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus).

Irene Lapham. Second daughter of a self-made man; wonderfully beautiful, unsophisticated, and beginning to have social ambitions, founded upon acquaintance with the Bromfield Coreys. She is quite sure and naively glad that Tom Corey admires, perhaps loves her, until undeceived by his declaration to her sister. Then she gives him up and goes away for a while. Hearing of her father’s failure in business, she rushes back and takes her place in the family as an energetic spinster. William Dean Howells, The Rise of Silas Lapham (1884).

Ire´nus. Peaceableness personified. (Greek, eirênê, “peace”). Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Island, x. (1633).

Iris, a messenger, a go-between. Iris was the messenger of Juno.

Wheresoe’er them art in this world’s globe,
I’ll have an Iris that shall find thee out.
Shakespeare, 2 Henry VI, act v. sc. 2 (1591).

Iris and the Dying. One of the duties of Iris was to cut off a lock of hair (claimed by Proserpine) from those devoted to death, and till this was done, Death refused to accept the victim. Thus, when Dido mounted the funeral pile, she lingered in suffering till Iris was sent by Juno to cut off a lock of her hair as an offering to the black queen, but immediately this was done her spirit left the body. Than´atos did the same office to Alcestis when she gave her life for that of her husband. In all sacrifices, a forelock was first cut from the head of the victim an an offering to Proserpine.—See Euripides, Alcestis; Virgil, Æneid, iv.

Iris. Daughter of an old Latin tutor. Of her mother it is said—“Seated with her companion at the chess-board of matrimony, she had but just pushed forward her one little white pawn upon an empty square, when the Black Knight, who cares nothing for castles, or kings or queens, swooped down upon her and swept her from the larger board of life.” The child’s father lingered but a little while longer, and the little Iris lived with a village spinster and went to a village school. All the same, the artistic principle grew and prevailed with her, and she became painter and poet.—Oliver Wendell Holmes, The Professor at the Breakfast-Table (1853).

Irish Whiskey Drinker (The), John Sheehan, a barrister, who with “Everard Olive of Tipperary Hall,” Hall,” wrote a series of pasquinades in verse, which were published in Bentley’s Miscellany, in 1846, and attracted considerable attention.

Irish Widow (The), a farce by Garrick (1757). Martha Brady, a blooming young widow of 23, is in love with William Whittle, the nephew of old Thomas Whittle, a man 63 years of age. It so happens that William cannot touch his property without his uncle’s consent, so the lovers scheme together to obtain it. The widow pretends to be in love with the old man, who proposes to her and is accepted; but she now comes out in a new character, as a loud, vulgar, rollicking, extravagant low Irishwoman. Old Whittle is thoroughly frightened, and not only gets his nephew to take the lady off his hands, but gives him £5000 for doing so.

Irol´do, the friend of Prasildo, of Babylon. Prasildo falls in love with Tisbi´na, his friend’s wife, and, to escape infamy, Iroldo and Tisbina take “poison.” Prasildo, hearing from the apothecary that the supposed poison is innocuous, goes and tells them so, whereupon Iroldo is so struck with his friend’s generosity that he quits Babylon, leaving Tisbina to Prasildo. Subsequently Iroldo’s life is in peril, and Prasildo saves his friend at the hazard of his own life.—Bojardo, Orlando Innamorato (1495).

Irolit´a, a princess, in love with Prince Parcĭnus, her cousin. The fairy Dan´amo wanted Parcinus to marry her daughter Az´ira, and therefore tried to marry Irolita to Brutus; but her plans were thwarted, for Parcinus married Irolita, and Brutus married Azira.—D’Aunoy, Perfect Love.

Iron Arm. Captain François de Lanoue, a Huguenot, was called Bras de Fer. He died at the siege of Lamballe (1531-1591).

Iron Chest (The), a drama by G. Colman, based on W. Godwin’s novel of Caleb Williams. Sir Edward Mortimer kept in an iron chest certain documents relating to a murder for which he had been tried and honorably acquitted. His secretary, Wilford, out of curiosity, was prying into this box, when Sir Edward entered and threatened to shoot him; but on reflection, spared the young man’s life, and told him all about the murder, and swore him to secrecy. Wilford, unable to endure the watchful and suspicious eye of his master, ran away; but Sir Edward dogged him like a bloodhound, and at length accused him of robbery. The charge could not be substantiated, so Wilford was acquitted. Sir Edward confessed himself a murderer, and died (1796).

Iron Duke (The), the duke of Wellington (1769-1852).

Iron Emperor (The), Nicholas of Russia (1796, 1826-1855).

Iron Hand, Goetz von Berlichingen, who replaced his right hand, which he lost at the siege of Landshut, by an iron one (sixteenth century).

⁂ Goethe has made this the subject of an historical drama.

Iron Mask (The Man in the). This mysterious man went by the name of Lestang, but who he was is as much in nubibus as the author of the Letters of Junius. The most general opinion is that he was Count Er´colo Antonio Matthioli, a senator of Mantua and private agent of Ferdinand Charles, duke of Mantua; and that his long imprisonment of twenty-four years was for having deceived Louis XIV. in a secret treaty for the purchase of the fortress of Casale. M. Loiseleur utterly denies this solution of the mystery.—See Temple Bar, 182-4, May, 1872.

⁂ The tragedies of Zschokke in German (1795), and Fournier, in French, are based on the supposition that the man in the mask was Marechal Richelieu, a twin-brother of the Grand Monarque, and this is the solution given by the Abbé Soulavie.

Irons. “A man over whom vulgar prosperity had, in forming him, left everywhere her finger-marks to be seen.... He had a general air of insisting upon his immense superiority to all the world.” His self-complacency does not prevent his meddling offensively in other people’s affairs, and his success gives him the opportunity to ruin the man he hates as his intellectual and moral superior.—Arlo Bates, The Philistines (1888).

Ironside (Sir), called “The Red Knight of the Red Lands.” Sir Gareth, after fighting with him from dawn to dewy eve, subdued him. Tennyson calls him Death, and says that Gareth won the victory with a single stroke. Sir Ironside was the knight who kept the Lady Lionês (called by Tennyson “Lyonors”) captive in Castle Perilous.—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 134-137 (1470).

Ironside. Edmund II., king of the Anglo-Saxons, was so called from his iron armor (989, 1016-1017).

Sir Richard Steele signed himself “Nester Ironside” in the Guardian (1671-1729).

Ironsides. So were the soldiers of Cromwell called, especially after the battle of Marston Moor, where they displayed their iron resolution (1644).

Ironsides (Captain), uncle of Belfield (Brothers), and an old friend of Sir Benjamin Dove. He is captain of a privateer, and a fine specimen of an English naval officer.

He’s true English oak to the heart of him, and a fine old seaman-like figure he is.—Cumberland, The Brothers, i. 1 (1769).

Iron Tooth, Frederick II., elector of Bradenburg (Dent de Fer), (1657, 1688-1713).

Irrefragable Doctor (The), Alexander Hales, founder of the Scholastic theology (*-1245).

I´rus, the beggar of Ithâca, who ran errands for Penelopê’s suitors. When Ulyssês returned home dressed as a beggar, Irus withstood him, and Ulyssês broke his jaw with a blow. So poor was Irus that he gave birth to the proverbs, “As poor as Irus,” and “Poorer than Irus” (in French, Plus pauvre qu’ Irus).

Irving (Washington). N. P. Willis said of Irving’s reputation in England fifty years ago: “The first questions on the lips of every one to whom I am introduced as an American are of him and Cooper.” Horace Smith, the author of “Rejected Addresses” pronounced him “a delightful fellow.”—N. P. Willis, Pencilings by the Way (1835).

Irwin (Mr), the husband of Lady Eleanor, daughter of Lord Norland. His lordship discarded her for marrying against his will, and Irwin was reduced to the verge of starvation. In his desperation Irwin robbed his father-in-law on the high road, but relented and returned the money. At length the iron heart of Lord Norland was softened, and he relieved the necessities of his son-in-law.

Lady Eleanor Irwin, wife of Mr. Irwin. She retains her love for Lord Norland, even through all his relentlessness, and when she hears that he has adopted a son, exclaims, “May the young man deserve his love better than I have done! May he be a comfort to his declining years, and never disobey him!”—Inchbald, Every One has His Fault (1794).

Irwin (Hannah), former confidante of Clara Mowbray.—Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan’s Well (time, George III.).

Isaac [Mendoza], a rich Portuguese Jew, short in stature, with a snub nose, swarthy skin, and huge beard; very conceited, priding himself upon his cunning, loving to dupe others but woefully duped himself. He chuckles to himself, “I’m cunning, I fancy; a very cunning dog, ain’t I? a sly little villain, eh? a bit roguish; he must be very wide awake who can take Isaac in.” This conceited piece of goods is always duped by every one he encounters. He meets Louisa, whom he intends to make his wife, but she makes him believe she is Clara Guzman. He meets his rival, Antonio, whom he sends to the supposed Clara, and he marries her. He mistakes Louisa’s duenna for Louisa, and elopes with her. So all his wit is outwitted.—Sheridan, The Duenna (1775).

Isaac of York, the father of Rebecca. When imprisoned in the dungeon of Front de Bœuf’s castle, Front de Bœuf comes to extort money from him, and orders two slaves to chain him to the bars of slow fire, but the party is disturbed by the sound of a bugle. Ultimately, both the Jew and his daughter leave England and go to live abroad.—Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.).

Isaacs (Mr.). A mysterious man, whose majestic beauty, accomplishments, prowess and loves form the staple of the novel bearing his name.—F. Marion Crawford, Mr. Isaacs (1882).

Isabel. A child-love, whose image is recalled by the old man in his wayside musing—

“Poor, unknown,
By the wayside, on a mossy stone.”
Ralph Hoyt, Old (1859).

Isabel. A refined girl, with lofty ideals and aspirations, who marries a widower with one child. She believes him a true man who will uplift her, and finds him a refined voluptuary, coldly calculating upon the advantages to be gained from her fortune. Still faithful to herself, Isabel repels the love of a man who thoroughly appreciates her, and flies from him and temptation.—Henry James, Jr., Portrait of a Lady (1881).

Isabel, called the “She-wolf of France,” the adulterous queen of Edward II., was daughter of Philippe IV. (le bel), of France. According to one tradition, Isabel murdered her royal husband by thrusting a hot iron into his bowels, and tearing them from his body.

Isabell, sister of Lady Hartwell, in the comedy of Wit without Money, by Beaumont and Fletcher (1639).

Isabella or Isabelle, a pale brown or buff color, similar to that of a hare. It is so called from the princess Isabella of Austria, daughter of Philip II. The tale is, that while besieging Ostend, the princess took an oath that she would not change her body-linen before the town was taken. The siege, however, lasted three years, and her linen was so stained that it gave name to the color referred to (1601-1604).

The same story is related of Isabella of Castile at the siege of Grena´da (1483).

The horse that Brightsun was mounted on was as black as jet, that of Felix was grey, Cherry’s was as white as milk, and that of the Princess Fairstar an Isabella.—Comtesse D’Aunoy, Fairy Tales (“Princess Fairstar,” 1682).

Isabella, daughter of the king of Galicia, in love with Zerbi´no, but Zerbino could not marry her because she was a pagan. Her lament at the death of Zerbino is one of the best parts of the whole poem (bk. xii.). Isabella retires to a chapel to bury her lover, and is there slain by Rodomont.—Ariosto, Orlanda Furioso (1516).

Isabella, sister of Claudio, insulted by the base passion of An´gelo, deputy of Vienna, in the absence of Duke Vincentio. Isabella is delivered by the duke himself, and the deputy is made to marry Mariana, to whom he was already betrothed.—Shakespeare, Measure for Measure (1603).

Isabella, wife of Hieronimo, in The Spanish Tragedy, by Thomas Kyd (1588).

Isabella, mother of Ludov´ico Sforza, duke of Milan.—Massinger, The Duke of Milan (1622).

Isabella, a nun who marries Biron, eldest son of Count Baldwin, who disinherits him for this marriage. Biron enters the army, and is sent to the siege of Candy, where he falls, and (it is supposed) dies. For seven years Isabella mourns her loss, and is then reduced to the utmost want. In her distress she begs assistance of her father-in-law, but he drives her from the house as a dog. Villeroy (2 syl.) offers her marriage, and she accepts him; but the day after her espousals Biron returns. Carlos, hearing of his brother’s return, employs ruffians to murder him, and then charges Villeroy with the crime; but one of the ruffians impeaches, and Carlos is apprehended. Isabella goes mad, and murders herself in her distraction.—Thomas Southern, The Fatal Marriage (1692).

Isabella, the coadjutor of Zanga in his scheme of revenge against Don Alonzo.—Young, The Revenge (1721).

Isabella, princess of Sicily, in love with Roberto il Diavolo, but promised in marriage to the prince of Grana´da, who challenges Roberto to mortal combat, from which he is allured by Bertram, his fiend-father. Alice tells him that Isabella is waiting for him at the altar, when a struggle ensues between Bertram and Alice, one trying to drag him into hell, and the other trying to reclaim him to the ways of virtue. Alice at length prevails, but we are not told whether or not Roberto marries the princess.—Meyerbeer, Roberto il Diavolo (1831).

Isabella (Donna), daughter of Don Pedro, a Portuguese nobleman, who designs to marry her to Don Guzman, a gentleman of large fortune. To avoid this hateful marriage, she jumps from a window, with a view of escaping from the house, and is caught by a Colonel Briton, an English officer, who conducts her to the house of her friend, Donna Violantê. Here the colonel calls upon her, and Don Felix, supposing Violantê to be the object of his visits, becomes furiously jealous. After a considerable embroglio, the mystery is cleared up, and a double wedding takes place.—Mrs. Centlivre, The Wonder (1714).

Isabella (The countess), wife of Roberto. After a long series of crimes of infidelity to her husband, and of murder, she is brought to execution.—John Marston, The Wonder of Women, or Sophonisba (1605).

Isabella (The lady), a beautiful young girl, who accompanied her father on a chase. Her step-mother requested her to return and tell the cook to prepare the milk-white doe for dinner. Lady Isabella did as she was told, and the cook replied, “Thou art the doe that I must dress.” The scullion-boy exclaimed, “Oh, save the lady’s life, and make thy pies of me!” But the cook heeded him not. When the lord returned and asked for his daughter, the scullion-boy made answer, “If my lord would see his daughter, let him cut the pasty before him.” The father, horrified at the whole affair, adjudged the step-mother to be burnt alive, and the cook to stand in boiling lead, but the scullion-boy he made his heir.—Percy, Reliques iii. 2.

Isabelle, sister of Léonor, an orphan; brought up by Sganarelle according to his own notions of training a girl to make him a good wife. She was to dress in serge, and keep to the house, to occupy herself in domestic affairs, to sew, knit, and look after the linen, to hear no flattery, attend no places of public amusement, never to be left to her own devices, but to run in harness like a mill-horse. The result was that she duped Sganarelle and married Valère. (See Léonor).—Molière, L’école des Maris (1661).

Isabinda, daughter of Sir Jealous Traffick, a merchant. Her father is resolved she shall marry Don Diego Barbinetto, but she is in love with Charles Gripe; and Charles, in the dress of a Spaniard, passing himself off as the Spanish don, and marries her.—Mrs. Centlivre, The Busy Body (1709).

Isadore, wife, fondly lamented in Albert Pike’s lines beginning:

“Thou art lost to me forever! I have lost thee, Isadore!”Isadore!”
Albert Pike, Poems (183-).

Isenbras (Sir), a hero of mediæval romance. Sir Isenbras was at first proud and presumptous, but adversity made him humble and pentitent. In this stage he carried two children of a poor wood-cutter across a ford on his horse.

I´sengrin (Sir) or Sir Isengrim, the wolf, afterwards created the earl of Pitwood, in the beast-epic of Reynard the Fox. Sir Isengrin typifies the barons, and Reynard the Church. The gist of the tale is to show how Reynard over-reaches his uncle Wolf (1498).

Ishah, the name of Eve before the Fall; so called because she was taken out of ish, i.e. “man” (Gen. ii. 23); but after the expulsion from paradise, Adam called his wife Eve or Havah, i.e. “the mother of all living” (Gen. iii. 20).

Ishban, meant for Sir Robert Clayton. There is no such name in the Bible as Ishban; but Tate speaks of “extorting Ishban,” pursued by “bankrupt heirs.” He says he had occupied himself long in cheating, but then undertook to “reform the state.”

Ishban of conscience suited to his trade,
As good a saint as usurer e’er made ...
Could David ... scandalize our peerage with his name ...
He’d e’en turn loyal to be made a peer.
Tate, Absalom and Achitophel, ii. (1682).

Ish´bosheth, in Dryden’s satire of Absalom and Achitophel, is meant for Richard Cromwell, whose father, Oliver, is called “Saul.” As Ishbosheth was the only surviving son of Saul, so Richard was the only surviving son of Cromwell. As Ishbosheth was accepted king on the death of his father by all except the tribe of Judah, so Richard was acknowledged “protecter” by all except the royalists. As Ishbosheth reigned only a few months, so Richard, after a few months, retired into private life.

They who, when Saul was dead, without a blow
Made foolish Ishbosheth the crown forego.
Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel, i. (1681).

I´sidore (3 syl.), a Greek slave, the concubine of Don Pèdre, a Sicilian nobleman. This slave is beloved by Adraste (2 syl.) a French gentleman, who plots to allure her away. He first gets introduced as a portrait-painter, and reveals his love. Isidore listens with pleasure, and promises to elope with him. He then sends his slave Zaïde to complain to Don Pèdre of ill-treatment, and to crave protection. Don Pèdre promises to stand her friend, and at this moment Adraste appears and demands that she be given up to the punishment she deserves. Pèdre intercedes; Adraste seems to relent; and the Sicilian calls to the young slave to appear. Instead of Zaïde, Isidore comes forth in Zaïde’s veil. “There” says Pèdre, “I have arranged everything. Take her and use her well.” “I will do so,” says the Frenchman, and leads off the Greek slave.—Molière, Le Sicilien ou L’Amour Peindre (1667).

Isis, the moon. The sun is Osi´ris. Egyptian Mythology.

They [the priests] wore rich mitres shapèd like the moon,
To show that Isis doth the moon portend,
Like as Osiris signifies the sun.
Spenser, Faëry Queen, v. 7 (1596).

Iskander Beg=Alexander the Great, George Castriot (1414-1467). (See(See Skanderbeg).

Iskander with the Two Horns, Alexander the Great.

This Friday is the 18th day of the moon of Safar, in the year 653 [i.e. of the heg´ira, or A.D. 1255] since the retreat of the great prophet from Mecca to Medi´na; and in the year 7320 of the epoch of the great Iskander with the two horns.—Arabian Nights (“The Tailor’s Story”).

Island of the Seven Cities, a kind of Dixie’s land, where seven bishops, who quitted Spain during the dominion of the Moors, founded seven cities. The legend says that many have visited the island, but no one has ever quitted it.

Islands of the Blest, called by the Greeks “Happy Islands,” and by the Latins “Fortunate Islands;” imaginary islands somewhere in the West, where the favorites of the gods are conveyed at death, and dwell in everlasting joy.

Their place of birth alone is mute
To sounds that echo further West
Than your sire’s Islands of the Blest.
Byron.

Isle of Lanterns, an imaginary country, inhabited by pretenders to knowledge, called “Lanternois.”—Rabelais, Pantag´ruel, v. 32, 33 (1545).

⁂ Lucien has a similar conceit, called The City of Lanterns; and Dean Swift, in his Gulliver’s Travels, makes his hero visit Laputa, which is an empire of quacks, false projectors, and pretenders to science.

Islington (The marquis of), one of the companions of Billy Barlow, the noted archer. Henry VIII. jocosely created Barlow “duke of Shoreditch”Shoreditch”, and his two companions “earl of Pancras” and “marquis of Islington.”

Ismael “the infidel,” one of the Immortal Guard.—Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus).

Ismene. Daughter of Œdipus and Jocasta, and sister to Antigone. She insists upon sharing her sister’s punishment for having buried their brother Cleon in defiance of their father’s prohibition.—Sophocles’ Antigone.

Isme´ne and Isme´nias, a love story in Greek by Eustathius, in the twelfth century. It is puerile in its delineation of character, and full of plagiarisms; but many of its details have been copied by D’Urfé, Montemayor, and others. Ismenê is the “dear and near and true” lady of Ismenias.

⁂ Through the translation by Godfrey of Viterbo, the tale of Ismenê and Ismenias forms the basis of Gower’s Confessio Amantis, and Shakespeare’s Pericles, Prince of Tyre.

Isme´no, a magician, once a Christian, but afterwards a renegaderenegade to Islam. He was killed by a stone hurled from an engine.—Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, xviii. (1575).

Isoc´rates (The French), Esprit Fléchier, bishop of Nismes (1632-1710).

Isoline (3 syl.), the high-minded and heroic daughter of the French governor of Messi´na, and bride of Fernando (son of John of Procĭda). Isoline was true to her husband, and true to her father, who had opposite interests in Sicily. Both fell victims to the butchery called the “Sicilian Vespers” (March 30, 1282), and Isoline died of a broken heart.—S. Knowles., John of Procida (1840).

Isolt (Isolde, Iseult). There are two ladies connected with Arthurian romance of this name: one, Isolt “the Fair,” daughter of Anguish, king of Ireland; and the other Isolt “or the White Hands,” daughter of Howell, king of Brittany. Isolt the Fair was the wife of Sir Mark, king of Cornwall, but Isolt of the White Hands was the wife of Sir Tristram. Sir Tristram loved Isolt the Fair; and Isolt hated Sir Mark, her husband, with the same measure that she loved Sir Tristram, her nephew-in-law. Tennyson’s tale of the death of Sir Tristram is so at variance with the romance, that it must be given separately. He says that Sir Tristram was one day dallying with Isolt the Fair, and put a ruby carcanet round her neck. Then, as he kissed her throat:

Out of the dark, just as the lips had touched.
Behind him rose a shadow and a shriek—
“Mark’s way,” said Mark, and clove him thro’ the brain.
Tennyson, The Last Tournament. (See Isond.)

Isond, called La Beale Isond, i.e. La Belle Isond, daughter of Anguish, king of Ireland. When Sir Tristram vanquished Sir Marhaus, he went to Ireland to be cured of his wounds. La Beale Isond was his leech, and fell in love with him; but she married Sir Mark, the dastard king of Cornwall. This marriage was very unhappy, for Isond hated Mark as much as she loved Sir Tristram, with whom she eloped and lived in Joyous Guard Castle, but was in time restored to her husband, and Tristram married Isond the Fair-handed. In the process of time, Tristram, being severely wounded, sent for La Beale Isond, who alone could cure him, and if the lady consented to come the vessel was to hoist a white flag. The ship hove in sight, and Tristram’s wife, out of jealousyjealousy, told him it carried a black flag at the mast-head. On hearing this Sir Tristram fell back on his bed and died. When La Beale Isond landed, and heard that Sir Tristram was dead, she flung herself on the body, and died also. The two were buried in one grave, on which a rose and vine were planted, which grew up and so intermingled their branches that no man could separate them.—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, ii. (1470).

⁂ Sir Palamedes, the Saracen (i.e. unbaptized) also loved La Beale Isond, but met with no encouragement. Sir Kay Hedius died for love of her.—History of Prince Arthur, ii. 172.

Isond le Blanch Mains, daughter of Howell, king of Britain (i.e. Brittany). Sir Tristram fell in love with her for her name’s sake; but though he married her, his love for La Beale Isond, wife of his Uncle Mark, grew stronger and stronger. When Sir Tristram was dying and sent for his uncle’s wife, it was Isond le Blanch Mains who told him the ship was in sight, but carried a black flag at the mast head, on hearing which Sir Tristram bowed his head and died.—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, ii. 35, etc. (1470).

Is´rael, in Dryden’s Absalom and Achitophel, means England. As David was king of Israel, so Charles II. was king of England. Of his son, the duke of Monmouth, the poet says:

Early in foreign fields he won renown
With kings and states allied to Israel’s crown.
Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel, i. (1681).

Is´rafîl, the angel who will sound the “Resurrection blast.” Then Gabriel and Michael will call together the “dry bones” to judgement. When Israfil puts the trumpet to his mouth the souls of the dead will be cast into the trumpet, and when he blows out will they fly like bees, and fill the whole space between earth and heaven. Then will they enter their respective bodies, Mahomet leading the way.—Sale, Korân (Preliminary discourse, iv.).

⁂ Israfil, the angel of melody in paradise. It is said that his ravishing songs, accompanied by the daughters of paradise and the clanging of bells, will give delight to the faithful.

Israfel. Edgar Allan Poe thus spells the name of the angel “whose heart strings are a lute.”

“If I could dwell
Where Israfel
Hath dwelt, and he where I,
He might not sing so wildly well
A mortal melody,
While a bolder note than this might swell
From my lyre within the sky.”
Edgar Allan Poe, Poems (1845).

Ispahan.

“We parted in the streets of Ispahan,
I stopped my camel at the city gate.
Why did I stop? I left my heart behind.

I meet the caravans when they return.
´What news?’ I ask. The drivers shake their heads.
We parted in the streets of Ispahan.”
Richard Henry Stoddard, The Book of the East (1871)

Is´sachar, in Dryden’s Absalom and Achitophel, is meant for Thomas Thynne, of Longleate Hall, a friend to the duke of Monmouth. There seems to be a very slight analogy between Thomas Thynne and Issachar, son of Jacob. If the tribe (compared to an ass overburdened) is alluded to, the poet could hardly have called the rich commoner “wise Issachar.”

Mr. Thynne and Count Koningsmark both wished to marry the widow of Henry Cavendish, earl of Ogle. Her friends contracted her to the rich commoner, but before the marriage was celebrated, he was murdered. Three months afterwards the widow married the duke of Somerset.

Hospitable treats did most commend
Wise Issachar, his wealthy western friend.
Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel, i. (1681).

Isumbras (Sir) or Ysumbras. (See Isenbras).

Itadach (Colman), surnamed “The Thirsty.” In consequence of his rigid observance of the rule of St. Patrick, he refused to drink one single drop of water; but his thirst in the harvest time was so great that it caused his death.

Item, a money-broker. He was a thorough villain, who could “bully, cajole, curse, fawn, flatter, and filch.” Mr. Item always advised his clients not to sign away their money, but at the same time stated to them the imperative necessity of so doing. “I would advise you strongly not to put your hand to that paper, though Heaven knows how else you can satisfy these duns and escape imprisonment.”—Holcroft, The Deserted Daughter (altered into The Steward).

Itha´can Suitors. During the absence of Ulyssês, king of Itaca, in the Trojan war, his wife Penelopê was pestered by numerous suitors, who assumed that Ulyssês, from his long absence, must be dead. Penelope put them off by saying she would finish a certain robe which she was making for Laërtês, her father-in-law, before she gave her final answer to any of them; but at night she undid all the work she had woven during the day. At length Ulyssês returned and relieved her of her perplexity.

All the ladies, each at each,
Like the Ithacensian suitors in old time,
Stared with great eyes and laughed with alien lips.
Tennyson, The Princess, iv.

Ith´oclês (3 syl.), in love with Calantha, princess of Sparta. Ithoclês induces his sister Penthēa to break the matter to the princess, and in time she not only becomes reconciled to his love, but also requites it, and her father consents to the marriage. During a court festival, Calantha is informed by a messenger that her father has suddenly died, by a second that Penthea has starved herself to death, and by a third that Ithoclês has been murdered. The murderer was Or´gilus, who killed him out of revenge.—John Ford, The Broken Heart (1633).

Ithu´riel (4 syl.), a cherub sent by Gabriel to find out Satan. He finds him squatting like a toad beside Eve as she lay asleep, and brings him before Gabriel. (The word means “God’s discovery.”)—Milton, Paradise Lost, iv. 788 (1665).

Ithuriel’s Spear, the spear of the angel Ithuriel, whose slightest touch exposed deceit. Hence, when Satan squatted like a toad “close to the ear of Eve,” Ithuriel only touched the creature with his spear, and it resumed the form of Satan.

...for no falsehood can endure
Touch of celestial temper, but returns
Of force to its own likeness.
Milton, Paradise Lost iv. (1665).

Ithuriel, the guardian angel of Judas Iscariot. After Satan entered into the heart of the traitor, Ithuriel was given to Simon Peter as his second angel.—Klopstock, The Messiah, iii. and iv. (1748, 1771).

Ivan the Terrible, Ivan IV. of Russia, a man of great energy, but infamous for his cruelties. It was he who first adopted the title of czar (1529, 1533-1584).

I´vanhoe (3 syl.), a novel by Sir W. Scott (1820). The most brilliant and splendid romance in any language. Rebecca, the Jewess, was Scott’s favorite character. The scene is laid in England, in the reign of Richard I., and we are introduced to Robin Hood in Sherwood Forest, banquets in Saxon hall, tournaments, and all the pomp of ancient chivalry. Rowena, the heroine, is quite thrown into the shade by the gentle, meek, yet high-spirited Rebecca.

Ivanhoe (Sir Wilfred, knight of), the favorite of Richard I., and the disinherited son of Cedric of Rotherwood. Disguised as a palmer, he goes to Rotherwood, and meets there Rowena, his father’s ward, whom he has long loved; but we hear little more of him except as the friend of Rebecca and her father, Isaac of York, to both of whom he shows repeated acts of kindness, and completely wins the affections of the beautiful Jewess. In the grand tournament, Ivanhoe [I´.van.ho] appears as the “Desdichado” or the “Disinherited Knight,” and overthrows all comers. King Richard pleads for him to Cedric, reconciles the father to his son, and the young knight marries Rowena.—Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.).

Ivan´ovitch (Son of Ivan or John), the popular name of a Russian. Similar in construction to our “John-son,” the Danish “Jan-sen,” and the Scotch “Mac-Ina.”

⁂ The popular name of the English as a people is John Bull; of the Germans, Cousin Michael; of the French, Jean Crapaud; of the Chinese, John Chinaman; of the Americans, Brother Jonathan; of the Welsh, Taffy; of the Scotch, Sandy; of the Swiss, Colin Tampon; of the Russians, Ivanovitch, etc.

Iverach (Allan), or steward of Inveraschalloch, with Gallraith, at the Clachan of Aberfoyle.—Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.).

Ivory Shoulder. Demēter ate the shoulder of Pelops, served up by Tan´talos; so when the gods restored the body to life, Demeter supplied the lacking shoulder by one made of ivory.

Pythag´oras had a golden thigh, which he showed to Ab´aris, the Hyperborĕan priest.

Not Pelops’ shoulder, whiter than her hands,
Nor snowy swans that jet on Isca’s sands.
Wm. Browne, Britannia’s Pastorals, ii. 3 (1613).

I´wein, a knight of the Round Table. He slays the possessor of an enchanted fountain, and marries the widow, whose name is Laudine. Gawein, or Gawain urges him to new exploits, so he quits his wife for a year, in quest of adventures, and as he does not return at the stated time, Laudine loses all love for him. On his return, he goes mad, and wanders in the woods, where he is cured by three sorcerers. He now helps a lion fighting against a dragon, and the lion becomes his faithful companion. He goes to the enchanted fountain, and there finds Lunet´ prisoner. While struggling with the enchanted fountain, Lunet aids him with her ring, and he in turn saves her life. By the help of his lion, Iwein kills several giants, delivers three hundred virgins, and on his return to King Arthur’s court, marries Lunet.—Hartmann von der Aue (thirteenth century).

Ixi´on, king of the Lap´ithæ, attempted to win the love of Hērê (Juno); but Zeus substituted a cloud for the goddess, and a centaur was born.

⁂ Browning rhymes the name cleverly:

“—‘joys prove cloudlets:
Men are the merest Ixions’—
Here the King whistled aloud, ‘Let’s
—Heigho—Heigho ... go look at our lions!’”
R. Browning, Dramatic Lyrics, “The Glove.”

J (In Punch), the signature of Douglas Jerrold, who first contributed to No. 9 of the serial (1803-1858).

Jaafer, who carried the sacred banner of the prophet at the battle of Muta. When one hand was lopped off, he clutched the banner with the other; this hand being also lost, he held it with his two stumps. When, at length, his head was cleft from his body, he contrived so to fall as to detain the banner till it was seized by Abdallah, and handed to Khaled.

Cynægeros, in the battle of Marăthon, seized one of the Persian ships with his right hand. When this was lopped off, he laid hold of it with his left; and when this was also cut off, he seized it with his teeth, and held on till he lost his head.

Admiral Benbow, in an engagement with the French, near St. Martha, in 1701, was carried on deck on a wooden frame after both his legs and thighs were shivered into splinters by chain-shot.

Almeyda, the Portuguese governor of India, had himself propped against the mainmast after both his legs were shot off.

Jabos (Jock), postillion at the Golden Arms inn, Kippletringan, of which Mrs. M’Candlish was landlady.—Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

Ja´chin, the parish clerk, who purloined the sacramental money, and died disgraced.—Crabbe, Borough (1810).

Jacinta, a first-rate cook, “who deserved to be housekeeper to the patriach of the Indies,” but was only cook to the licentiate Sedillo of Valladŏlid.—Ch. ii. I.

The cook, who was no less dexterous than Dame Jacinta, was assisted by the coachman, in dressing the victuals.—Lesage, Gil Blas, iii. 10 (1715).

Jacin´tha, the supposed wife of Octavio, and formerly contracted to Don Henrique (2 syl.) an uxorious Spanish nobleman.—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Spanish Curate (1622).

Jacintha, the wealthy ward of Mr. Strickland; in love with Bellamy. Jacintha is staid but resolute, and though “she elopes down a ladder of rope” in boy’s costume, has plenty of good sense and female modesty.—Dr. Hoadly, The Suspicious Husband (1747).

Jack (Colonel), the hero of Defoe’s novel entitled The History of the Most Remarkable Life and Extraordinary Adventures of the truly Hon. Colonel Jacque, vulgarly called Colonel Jack. The colonel (born a gentleman and bred a pick-pocket) goes to Virginia, and passes through all the stages of colonial life, from that of “slavie” to that of an owner of slaves and plantation.

The transition from their refined Oron´datês and Stati´ras, to the society of Captain [sic] Jack and Moll Flanders...is (to use a phrase of Sterne) like turning from Alexander the Great to Alexander the coppersmith.—Encyc. Brit., Art. “Romance.”

Jack Amend-all, a nickname given to Jack Cade, the rebel, who promised to remedy all abuses (*-1450).(*-1450). As a specimen of his reforms, take the following examples:—

I, your captain, am brave, and vow reformation. There shall be in England seven half-penny loaves sold for a penny, the three hooped pot shall have ten hoops; and I will make it felony to drink small beer.... When I am king, there shall be no money; all shall eat and drink on my score; and I will apparel all in one livery.—Shakespeare, 2 Henry VI. act iv. sc. 2 (1591).

Jack Hamlin. Professional gambler and lady-killer, has an engagement to elope with the wife of Brown, of Calaveras. Brown, ignorant of the friend’s treachery, confides to him his love for the woman who, he knows, is preparing to leave him with “somebody.” Moved by the man’s distress, Jack takes horse and rides away alone.—Bret Harte, Luck of Roaring Camp, etc. (1872).

Jack and Jill, said to be the Saxon and Norman stocks united.

Jack and Jill went up the hill,
To fetch a pail of water;
Jack fell down and cracked his crown,
And Jill came tumbling after.
Nursery Rhyme.

Or thus:

’Twas not on Alpine ice or snow,
But homely English soil:
“Excelsior!” their motto was;
They spared nor time nor toil;
They did not go for fame or wealth,
But went at duty’s call;
And tho’ united in their aim,
Were severed in their fall.

Jack and the Bean-Stalk. Jack was a very poor lad, sent by his mother to sell a cow, which he parted with to a butcher for a few beans. His mother, in her rage, threw the beans away; but one of them grew during the night as high as the heavens. Jack climbed the stalk, and, by the direction of a fairy, came to a giant’s castle, where he begged food and rest. This he did thrice, and in his three visits stole the giant’s red hen which laid golden eggs, his money-bags, and his harp. As he ran off with the last treasure, the harp cried out, “Master! master!” which woke the giant, who ran after Jack; but the nimble lad cut the bean-stalk with an axe, and the giant was killed in his fall.

⁂ This is said to be an allegory of the Teutonic Al-fader: the “red hen” representing the all-producing sun, the “money-bags” the fertilizing rain, and the “harp” the winds.

Jack-in-the-Green, one of the May-day mummers.

⁂ Dr. Owen Pugh says that Jack-in-the-Green represents Melvas, king of Somersetshire, disguised in green boughs, and lying in ambush for Queen Guenever, the wife of King Arthur, as she was returning from a hunting expedition.

Jack-o’-Lent, a kind of Aunt Sally set up during Lent to be pitched at; hence puppet, a sheepish booby, a boy-page, a scarecrow. Mrs. Page says to Robin, Falstaff’s page:

You little Jack-a-Lent? have you been true to us?—
Shakespeare, Merry Wives of Windsor, act iii. sc. 3 (1603).

Jack of Newbury, John Winchcomb, the greatest clothier of the world in the reign of Henry VIII. He kept a hundred looms in his own house at Newbury, and equipped at his own expense a hundred of his men to aid the king against the Scotch in Flodden Field (1513).

Jack Robinson. This famous comic song is by Hudson, tobacconist, No. 98 Shoe Lane, London, in the early part of the nineteenth century. The last line is, “And he was off before you could say ‘Jack Robinson.’” The tune to which the words are sung is the Sailors’ Hornpipe. Halliwell quotes these two lines from an “old play:”

A warke is ys as easie to be doone
As ’tys to saye, Jacke! robys on,
Archaic Dictionary.

Jack Sprat, of nursery rhymes.

Jack Sprat could eat no fat,
His wife could eat no lean?
And so betwixt ’em both,
They licked the platter clean.

Jack the Giant-Killer, a series of nursery tales to show the mastery of skill and wit over brute strength. Jack encounters various giants, but outwits them all. The following would illustrate the sort of combat: Suppose they came to a thick iron door, the giant would belabor it with his club hour after hour without effect; but Jack would apply a delicate key, and the door would open at once. This is not one of the stories, but will serve to illustrate the sundry contests. Jack was a “valiant Cornishman,” and his first exploit was to kill the giant Cormoran, by digging a deep pit, which he filmed over with grass, etc. The giant fell into the pit, and Jack knocked him on the head with a hatchet. Jack afterwards obtained a coat of invisibility, a cap of knowledge, a resistless sword, and shoes of swiftness; and, thus armed, he almost rid Wales of its giants.

Jack-with-a-Lantern. This meteoric phenomenon, when seen on the ground or a little above it, is called by sundry names, as Brenning-drake, Burning candle, Corpse candles, Dank Will, Death-fires, Dick-a-Tuesday, Elf-fire, the Fair maid of Ireland, Friar’s lantern, Gillion-a-burnt-tail, Gyl Burnt-tail, Ignis fatuus, Jack-o’-lantern, Jack-with-a-lantern, Kit-o’-the-canstick, Kitty-wi’-a-wisp, Mad Crisp, Peg-a-lantern, Puck, Robin Goodfellow, Shot stars, Spittle of the stars, Star jelly, a Sylham lamp, a Walking fire, Wandering fires, Wandering wild-fire, Will-with-a-wisp.

Those led astray by these “fool-fires” are said to be Elf-led, Mab-led, or Puck-led.

When seen on the tips of the fingers, the hair of the head, mast-tops, and so on, the phenomenon is called Castor and Pollux (if double), Cuerpo Santo (Spanish), Corpusanse, Dipsas, St. Elmo or Fires of St. Elmo (Spanish), St. Ermyn, Feu d’Hélène (French), Fire-drakes, Fuole or Looke Fuole, Haggs, Helen (if single), St. Hel´ena, St. Helme’s fires, Leda’s twins, St. Peter and St. Nicholas (Italian), or Fires of St. Peter and St. Nicholas.

Jacks (The Two Genial), Jack Munden and Jack Dowton. Planché says: “They were never called anything else.” The former was Joseph Munden (1758-1832), and the latter, William Dowton (1764-1851)—Planché, Recollections etc., i. 28.

Jackson Reed, aged light-house keeper. Believes in special providences and personal deliverances. Part of his religion is to keep the “light” burning. One afternoon he is detained by an upset on the road, and a storm arises. His skeptical wife, almost bed-ridden with rheumatism, bethinks herself that her nephew is on the sea, and the light is not kindled. After hours of agony she drags herself up the stairs, praying as she goes, and finds the lamp lighted, she believes, miraculously. Her husband coming home, guesses that a girl once beloved by the nephew, was his guardian angel.

“Abbey Weaver lit that lamp; but Sarah needn’t know!”—Mary E. Wilkins, The Bar Light-House (1887).

Jacob, the Scourge of Grammar, Giles Jacob, master of Romsey, in Southamptonshire, brought up for an attorney. Author of a Law Dictionary, Lives and Characters of English Poets, etc. (1686-1744).

Jac´omo, an irascible captain and a woman-hater. Frank (the sister of Frederick) is in love with him.—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Captain (1613).

Jacques (1 syl.), one of the domestic men-servants of the duke of Aranza. The duke, in order to tame down the overbearing spirit of his bride, pretends to be a peasant, and deputes Jacques to represent the duke for the nonce. Juliana, the duke’s bride, lays her grievance before “duke” Jaques, but of course receives no redress, although she learns that if a Jaques is “duke,” the “peasant” Aranza is a better man.—J. Tobin, The Honeymoon (1804).

Jacques (Pauvre), the absent sweet-heart of a love-lorn maiden. Marie Antoinette sent to Switzerland for a lass to attend the dairy of her “Swiss village” in miniature, which she arranged in the Little Trianon (Paris). The lass was heard sighing for pauvre Jacques, and this made a capital sentimental amusement for the court idlers. The swain was sent for, and the marriage celebrated.

Pauvre Jacques, quand j’etais près de loi
Je ne sentais pas ma misère;
Mais à présent que tu vis loin de moi
Je manque de tout sur la terre.
Marquise de Travanet, Pauvre Jacques.

Jacques. (See Jaques.)

Jac´ulin, daughter of Gerrard, king of the beggars, beloved by Lord Hubert.—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Beggar’s Bush (1622).

Jael Dence, sturdy, beautiful daughter of the people, maid and beloved companion of Grace Garden. From afar off, Jael loves Henry Little, yet it is through her intrepidity and loyalty that he is restored to her mistress.—Charles Reade, Put Yourself in His Place.

Jaffier, a young man befriended by Priuli, a proud Venetian senator. Jaffier rescued the senator’s daughter, Belvidera, from shipwreck, and afterwards married her clandestinely. The old man now discarded both, and Pierre induced Jaffier to join a junto for the murder of the senators. Jaffier revealed the conspiracy to his wife, and Belvidera, in order to save her father, induced her husband to disclose it to Priuli, under promise of free pardon to the conspirators. The pardon, however, was limited to Jaffier, and the rest were ordered to torture and death. Jaffier now sought out his friend Pierre, and, as he was led to execution, stabbed him to prevent his being broken on the wheel, and then killed himself. Belvidera went mad and died.—T. Otway, Venice Preserved (1682).

Jaga-naut, the seven-headed idol of the Hindûs, described by Southey in the Curse of Kehama, xiv. (1809).

Jaggers, a lawyer of Little Britain, London. He was a burly man, of an exceedingly dark complexion, with a large head and large hand. He had bushy black eyebrows that stood up bristling, sharp suspicious eyes set very deep in his head, and strong black dots where his beard and whiskers would have been if he had let them. His hands smelt strongly of scented soap, he wore a very large watch-chain, was in the constant habit of biting his fore-finger, and when he spoke to any one, he threw his fore-finger at him pointedly. A hard logical man was Mr. Jaggers, who required an answer to be “yes” or “no,” allowed no one to express an opinion, but only to state facts in the fewest possible words. Magwitch appointed him Pip’s guardian, and he was Miss Havisham’s man of business.—C. Dickens, Great Expectations (1860).

Jairus’s Daughter, restored to life by Jesus, is called by Klopstock Cidli.—Klopstock, The Messiah, iv. (1771).

Jalût, the Arabic name for Goliath.—Sale, Al Korân, xvii.

James (Prince), youngest son of King Robert III. of Scotland, introduced by Sir W. Scott in The Fair Maid of Perth (1828).

James I. of England, introduced by Sir W. Scott in The Fortunes of Nigel (1822).

Ja´mie (Don), younger brother of Don Henrique (2 syl.), by whom he is cruelly treated.—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Spanish Curate (1622).

Jamie Duffs. Weepers are so called, from a noted Scotchman of the eighteenth century, whose craze was to follow funerals in deep mourning costume.—Kay, Original Portraits, i. 7; ii. 9. 17, 95.

Ja´mieson (Bet), nurse at Dr. Grey’s, surgeon at Middlemas.—Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon’s Daughter (time, George II.).

Jamshid, king of the Genii, famous for a golden cup filled with the elixir of life. The cup was hidden by the genii, but found when digging the foundations of Persep´olis.

I know, too, where the genii hid
The jewelled cup of their King Jamshid,
With life’s elixir sparkling high.
T. Moore, Lalla Rookh (“Paradise and the Peri,” 1817).

Jane Eyre, heroine of a novel so called by Currer Bell.

Jane, early and lost love of Ralph Hoyt’s nonogenarian.

“I am fleeing!—all I loved are fled;
Yon green meadow was our place for playing;
That old tree can tell of sweet things said,
When round it Jane and I were straying.

She is dead!
I am fleeing!—all I loved are fled!”
Ralph Hoyt, Old (1859).

Jan´at, the Scotch laundress of David Ramsay, the watchmaker.—Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.).

Jan´et of Tomahourich (Muhme), aunt of Robin Oig M’Combich, a Highland drover.—Sir W. Scott, The Two Drovers (time, George III.).

Janey Briarley. Twelve-year-old girl, her mother’s assistant in rearing the other children. Since her third year she has done with the follies of youth. She is given to grave speculations and sage counsels and her sharp eyes do notable service to her friends.—Frances Hodgson Burnett, Haworth’s (1879).

Jannekin (Little), apprentice of Henry Smith, the armorer.—Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.).

Jannie Duff, with her little sister and brother, were sent to gather broom, and were lost in the bush (Australia). The parents called in the aid of the native blacks to find them, and on the ninth day they were discovered. “Father,” cried the little boy, “why didn’t you come before? We cooed quite loud, but you never came.” The sister only said, “cold!” and sank in stupor. Jannie had stripped herself to cover little Frank, and had spread her frock over her sister to keep her warm, and there all three were found almost dead, lying under a bush.

January and May. January is an old Lombard baron, some 60 years of age, who marries a girl named May. This young wife loves Damyan, a young squire. One day, the old baron found them in close embrace; but May persuaded her husband that his eyes were so dim he had made a mistake, and the old baron, too willing to believe, allowed himself to give credit to the tale.—Chaucer, Canterbury Tales (“The Merchant’s Tale,” 1388).

⁂ Modernized by Ogle (1714).

Jaquemart, the automata of a clock, consisting of a man and woman who strike the hours on a bell. So called from Jean Jacquemart, of Dijon, a clockmaker, who devised this piece of mechanism. Menage erroneously derives the word from jaccomarchiardus (“a coat of mail”), “because watchmen watched the clock of Dijon fitted with a jacquemart.”

Jaquenetta, a country wench, courted by Don Adriano de Armado.—Shakespeare, Love’s Labor’s Lost (1594).

Jaques (1 syl.), one of the lords attendant on the banished duke, in the forest of Arden. A philosophic idler, cynical, sullen, contemplative, and moralizing. He could “suck melancholy out of a song, as a weazel sucks eggs.” Jaques resents Orlando’s passion for Rosalind, and quits the duke as soon as he is restored to his dukedom.—Shakespeare, As You Like It (1598).

Shakespeare always makes two syllables of the name Jaques; Sir Walter Scott makes one syllable of it, but Charles Lamb two. For example:

Whom humorous Jaques with envy viewed (1
syl.).
Sir W. Scott.

Where Jaques fed his solitary vein (2 syl.).—C. Lamb.

The “Jaques” of [Charles M. Young, 1777-1856], is indeed most musical, most melancholy, attuned to the very wood-walks among which he muses.—New Monthly Magazine (1822).

Jaques (1 syl.), the miser in a comedy by Ben Jonson, entitled The Case is Altered (1584-1637).

Jaques (1 syl.), servant to Sulpit´ia, a bawd. (See Jacques.)—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Custom of the Country (1647).

Jarley (Mrs.), a kind-hearted woman, mistress of a travelling wax-work exhibition, containing “one hundred figures the size of life;” the “only stupendous collection of real wax-work in the world;” “the delight of the nobility and gentry, the royal family, and crowned heads of Europe.” Mrs. Jarley was kind to little Nell, and employed her as a decoy-duck to “Jarley’s unrivalled collection.”—C. Dickens, Old Curiosity Shop.

Jarnac (Coup de), a cut which severs the ham-string. So called from a cut given by Jarnac to La Chateigneraie in a duel fought in the presence of Henri II., in 1547.

Jarn´dyce v. Jarn´dyce ( 2 syl.), a Chancery suit “never ending, still beginning,” which had dragged its slow length along over so many years that it had blighted the prospects and ruined the health of all persons interested in its settlement.—C. Dickens, Bleak House (1853).

Jarndyce (Mr.), client in the great Chancery suit of “Jarndyce v. Jarndyce,” and guardian of Esther Summerson. He concealed the tenderest heart under a flimsy churlishness of demeanor, and could never endure to be thanked for any of his numberless acts of kindness and charity. If anything went wrong with him, or his heart was moved to melting, he would say, “I am sure the wind is in the east.”—C. Dickens, Bleak House (1853).

Jarvie (Bailie Nicol), a magistrate at Glasgow, and kinsman of Rob Roy. He is petulant, conceited, purse proud, without tact, and intensely prejudiced, but kind-hearted and sincere. Jarvie marries his maid. The novel of Rob Roy has been dramatized by J. Pocock, and Charles Mackay was the first to appear in the character of “Bailie Nicol Jarvie.” Talfourd says (1829): “Other actors are sophisticate, but Macay is the thing itself.”—Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.).

The character of Bailie Nicol Jarvie is one of the author’s happiest conceptions, and the idea of carrying him to the wild, rugged mountains, among outlaws and desperadoes—at the same time that he retained a keen relish of the comforts of the Saltmarket of Glasgow, and a due sense of his dignity as a magistrate—complete the ludicrous effect of the picture.—Chambers, English Literature, ii. 587.

Jarvis, a faithful old servant, who tries to save his master, Beverly, from his fatal passion of gambling.—Edward Moore, The Gamester (1753).

Jarvis (Warner). Cynical traveller who comes to Castle Nowhere, and loses his heart to Silver.—Constance Fennimore Woolson, Castle Nowhere.

Jason. King of Thessaly, commander of Argonautic expedition, and unfaithful husband of Medea.

Jaspar was poor, heartless, and wicked; he lived by highway robbery, and robbery led to murder. One day he induced a poor neighbor to waylay his landlord; but the neighbor relented, and said, “Though dark the night, there is One above who sees in darkness.” “Never fear!” said Jaspar; “for no eye above or below can pierce this darkness.” As he spoke an unnatural light gleamed on him, and he became a confirmed maniac.—R. Southey, Jaspar (a ballad).

Jasper (Old), a ploughman at Glendearg Tower.—Sir W. Scott, The Monastery (time, Elizabeth).

Jasper (Sir), father of Charlotte. He wants her to marry a Mr. Dapper; but she loves Leander, and, to avoid a marriage she dislikes, pretends to be dumb. A mock doctor is called in who discovers the facts of the case, and employs Leander as his apothecary. Leander soon cures the lady with “pills matrimoniac.” In Molière’s Le Médecin Malgré Lui (from which this play is taken) Sir Jasper is called “Géronte” (2 syl.).—H. Fielding, The Mock Doctor.

Jasper Packlemerton, of atrocious memory, one of the chief figures in Mrs. Jarley’s wax work exhibition.

“Jasper courted and married fourteen wives, and destroyed them all by tickling the soles of their feet when they were asleep. On being brought to the scaffold and asked if he was sorry for what he had done, he replied he was only sorry for having let them off so easy. Let this,” said Mrs. Jarley, “be a warning to all young ladies to be particular in the character of the gentleman of their choice. Observe his fingers are curled as if in the act of tickling, and there is a wink in his eyes.”—C. Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop, xxviii. (1840).

Jasper Western, otherwise Eau Douce. Gallant young captain of a small schooner cruising among the Thousand Islands, the fast friend of Pathfinder, and unwittingly his rival for the hand of Mabel Dunham, who becomes Mrs. Western.—James Fennimore Cooper, The Pathfinder (1840).

Jaup (Alison), an old woman at Middlemas villagevillage.—Sir W. Scott, The Surgeons’ Daughter (time, George II.).

Jaup (Saunders), a farmer at Old St. Ronan’s.—Sir. W. Scott, St. Ronan’s Well (time, George III.).

Javan lost his father on the day of his birth, and was brought up in the “patriarch’s glen” by his mother, till she also died. He then sojourned for ten years with the race of Cain, and became the disciple of Jubal, the great musician. He then returned to the glen and fell in love with Zillah; but the glen being invaded by giants, Zillah and Javan, with many others, were taken captives. Enoch reproved the giants; and, as he ascended up to heaven, his mantle fell on Javan, who released the captives, and conducted them back to the glen. The giants were panic-struck by a tempest, and their king was killed by some unknown hand.—James Montgomery, The World Before the Flood (1812).

Javan’s Issue, the Ionians and Greeks generally (Gen. x. 2). Milton uses the expression in Paradise Lost, i. 508.

⁂ In Isaiah lxvi. 19, and in Ezek. xxvii. 13, the word is used for Greeks collectively.

Javert, an officer of police, the impersonation of inexorable law.—Victor Hugo, Les Miserables.

Jay (John), sarcastic artist and man of the world, who seeks solitude at Misery Landing, and falls in love with little Marthy, a backwoods maiden.—Constance Fennimore Woolson, Misery Landing (1875).

Ja´zer, a city of Gad, personified by Isaiah. “Moab shall howl for Moab, every one shall howl ... I will bewail, with the weeping of Jazer, the vine of Sibmah; I will water thee with my tears, O Heshbon.”—Isaiah xvi. 7-9.

It did not content the congregation to weep all of them; but they howled with a loud voice, weeping with the weeping of Jazer.—Kirkton, 150.

Jealous Traffick (Sir), a rich merchant, who fancies everything Spanish is better than English, and intends his daughter, Isabinda, to marry Don Diego Barbinetto, who is expected to arrive forthwith. Isabinda is in love with Charles [Gripe], who dresses in a Spanish costume, passes himself off as Don Diego Barbinetto, and is married to Isabinda. Sir Jealous is irritable, headstrong, prejudiced, and wise in his own conceit.—Mrs. Centlivre, The Busy Body (1709).

Jealous Wife (The), a comedy by George Colman (1761). Harriet Russet marries Mr. Oakly, and becomes “the jealous wife;” but is ultimately cured by the interposition of major Oakly, her brother-in-law.

⁂ This comedy is founded on Fielding’s Tom Jones.

Jeames de la Pluche, a flunky. Jeames means the same thing.—Thackeray, Jeames’s Diary (1849).

Jean des Vignes, a French expression for a drunken blockhead, a good-for-nothing. The name Jean is often used in France, as synonymous with clown or fool, and etre dans les vignes is a popular euphuism, meaning “to be drunk.” A more fanciful explanation of the term refers its origin to the battle of Poietiers, fought by King John, among the vines. Un mariage de Jean des Vignes, means an illicit marriage, or, in the English equivalent, “a hedge marriage.”

Jean Folle Farine, a merry Andrew, a poor fool, a Tom Noodle. So called because he comes on the stage like a great loutish boy, dressed all in white, with his face, hair, and hands thickly covered with flour. Scaramouch is a sort of Jean Folle Farine.

Ouida has a novel called Folle Farine, but she uses the phrase in quite another sense.

Jean Jacques. So J. J. Rousseau is often called (1712-1778).

That is almost the only maxim of Jean Jacques, to which I can ... subscribe.—Lord Lytton.

Jean Paul. J. P. Friedrich Richter, is generally so called (1763-1825).

Jeanne of Alsace, a girl ruined by Dubosc, the highwayman. She gives him up to justice, in order to do a good turn to Julie Lesurques (2 syl.), who had befriended her.—E. Stirling, The Courier of Lyons (1852).

Jeddler (Dr.), “a great philosopher.” The heart and mystery of his philosophy was to look upon the world as a gigantic practicalpractical joke—something too absurd to be considered seriously by any rational man. A kind and generous man by nature, was Dr. Jeddler, and though he had taught himself the art of turning good to dross, and sunshine into shade, he had not taught himself to forget his warm benevolence and active love. He wore a pigtail, and had a streaked face like a winter pippin, with here and there a dimple “to express the peckings of the birds;” but the pippin was a tempting apple, a rosy, healthy apple after all.

Grace and Marion Jeddler, daughters of the doctor, beautiful, graceful, and affectionate. They both fell in love with Alfred Heathfield; but Alfred loved the younger daughter. Marion, knowing the love of Grace, left her home clandestinely one Christmas Day, and all supposed she had eloped with Michael Warden. In due time, Alfred married Grace, and then Marion made it known to her sister that she had given up Alfred, out of love to her, and had been living in concealment with her Aunt Martha. Report says she subsequently married Michael Warden, and became the pride and honor of his country mansion.—C. Dickens, The Battle of Life (1846).

Jed´ida and Benjamin, two of the children that Jesus took into His arms and blessed.

“Well I remember,” said Benjamin, “when we were on earth, with what loving fondness He folded us in His arms; how tenderly He pressed us to His heart. A tear was on His cheek, and I kissed it away. I see it still, and shall ever see it.” “And I, too,” answered Jedida, “remember when His arms were clasped around me, how He said to our mothers, ‘Unless ye become as little children, ye cannot enter the kingdom of heaven.’”—Klopstock, The Messiah, i. (1748).

Jehoi´achim, the servant of Joshua Geddes, the quaker.—Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.).

Je´hu, a coachman, one who drives at a rattling pace.

The driving is like the driving of Jehu, the son of Nimshi; for he driveth furiously.—2 Kings ix. 20.

Jehu (Companions of). The “Chouans” were so called, from a fanciful analogy between their self-imposed task and that appointed to Jehu, on his being set over the kingdom of Israel. As Jehu was to cut off Ahab and Jezebel, with all their house; so the Chouans were to cut off Louis XVI., Marie Antoinette and all the Bourbons.

Jekyll (Doctor). He discovers the secret of transformation, by means of a potent elixir, into the embodiment of his worse nature. As Dr. Jekyll, he is beneficent and beloved. As Edward Hyde, he is a monster of vice and cruelty. Finally, the baser elements prevail, and he is forced to remain Hyde—a horror that drives him to madness and death.—Robert Louis Stevenson, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.

Jel´licot (Old Goody), servant at the under-keeper’s hut, Woodstock Forest.—Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonwealth).

Jel´lyby (Mrs.), a sham philanthropist, who spends her time, money, and energy on foreign missions, to the neglect of her family and home duties. Untidy in dress, living in a perfect litter, she has a habit of looking “a long way off,” as if she could see nothing nearer to her than Africa. Mrs. Jellyby is quite overwhelmed with business correspondence relative to the affairs of Borrioboola Gha.—C. Dickens Bleak House, iv. (1852).

Jemlikha, the favorite Greek slave of Dakiānos of Ephesus. Nature had endowed him with every charm, “his words were sweeter than the honey of Arabia, and his wit sparkled like a diamond.” One day, Dakianos was greatly annoyed by a fly, which persisted in tormenting the king, whereupon Jemlikha said to himself, “If Dakianos cannot rule a fly, how can he be the creator of heaven and earth?” This doubt he communicated to his fellow-slaves, and they all resolved to quit Ephesus, and seek some power superior to that of the arrogator of divine honors.—Comte Caylus, Oriental Tales (“Dakianos and the Seven Sleepers,” 1743).

Jemmie Duffs, weepers. (See Jamie Duffs).

Jemmy. This name, found on engravings of the eighteenth century, means James Worsdale (died 1767).

Jemmy Twitcher, a cunning and treacherous highwayman.—Gay, The Beggar’s Opera (1727).

⁂ Lord Sandwich, member of the Kit-Kat Club, was called “Jemmy Twitcher” (1765).

Jenkin, the servant of George-a-Green. He says a fellow ordered him to hold his horse, and see that it took no cold. “No, no,” quoth Jenkin, “I’ll lay my cloak under him.” He did so, but “mark you,” he adds, “I cut four holes in my cloak first, and made his horse stand on the bare ground.”ground.”—Robert Greene, George-a-Green, the Pinner of Wakefield (1584).

Jenkin, one of the retainers of Julian Avenel (2 syl.), of Avenel Castle.—Sir W. Scott, The Monastery (time, Elizabeth).

Jencks (Mr.). Tall, well-mannered young Englishman, appointed professor in a rising fresh-water university in America. On ship-board he falls in love with Lily Floyd-Curtis, whose mother is a society leader—or would be. Jencks rises faster even than his university but fate and Floyd-Curtisism award Lily to Lord Melrose, malgré his spotted reputation.—Constance Cary Harrison, The Anglomaniacs (1890).

Jenkins (Mrs. Winifred), Miss Tabitha Bramble’s maid, noted for her bad spelling, misapplication of words, and ludicrous misnomers. Mrs. Winifred Jenkins is the original of Mrs. Malaprop.—Smollett, The Expedition of Humphry Clinker (1771).

Jenkins, a vulgar lick-spittle of the aristocracy, who retails their praises and witticisms, records their movements and deeds, gives flaming accounts of their dresses and parties, either viva voce or in newspaper paragraphs: “Lord and Lady Dash attended divine service last Sunday, and were very attentive to the sermon” (wonderful!). “Lord and Lady Dash took a drive or walk last Monday in their magnificent park of Snobdoodleham. Lady Dash wore a mantle of rich silk, a bonnet with ostrich feathers, and shoes with rosettes.” The name is said to have been first given by Punch to a writer in the Morning Post.

Jenkinson (Ephraim), a green old swindler, whom Dr. Primrose met in a public tavern. Imposed on by his venerable appearance, apparent devoutness, learned talk about “cosmogony,” and still more so by his flattery of the doctor’s work on the subject of monogamy, Dr. Primrose sold the swindler his horse, Old Blackberry, for a draft upon Farmer Flamborough. When the draft was presented for payment, the farmer told the vicar that Ephraim Jenkinson “was the greatest rascal under heaven,” and that he was the very rogue who had sold Moses Primrose the spectacles. Subsequently the vicar found him in the county jail, where he showed Dr. Primrose great kindness, did him valuable service, became a reformed character, and probably married one of the daughters of Farmer Flamborough.—Goldsmith, Vicar of Wakefield (1765).

Jenness (Captain). Master of the Aroostook, in which Lydia Blood (unchaperoned) takes passage for Venice. Has “a girl just about her age up at Deer Isle.”

“Good land! I know what girls are, I hope!”hope!”

After which, the young lady needs no duenna, although she is the only woman on board.—W.D. Howells, The Lady of the Aroostook (1879).

Jennie, housekeeper to the old laird of Dumbiedikes.—Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George II.).

Jenny [Diver]. Captain Macheath says, “What, my pretty Jenny! as prim and demure as ever? There’s not a prude, though ever so high bred, hath a more sanctified look, with a more mischievous heart.” She pretends to love Macheath, but craftily secures one of his pistols, that his other “pals” may the more easily betray him into the hands of the constables (act ii. 1.).—J. Gay, The Beggar’s Opera (1727).

Jenny l’Ouvrière, the type of a hard-working Parisian needle-woman. She is contented with a few window-flowers which she terms “her garden,” a caged bird which she calls “her songster,” and when she gives the fragments of her food to some one poorer than herself, she calls it “her delight.”

Entendez-vous un oiseau familier?
C’est le chanteur de Jenny l’Ouvrière,
Au cœur content, content de peu
Elle pourrait être riche, et préfére
Ce qui vient de Dieu.
Emile Barateau (1847).

Jeph´thah’s Daughter. When Jephthah went forth against the Ammonites, he vowed that if he returned victorious he would sacrifice, as a burnt offering, whatever first met him on his entrance into his native city. He gained a splendid victory, and at the news thereof his only daughter came forth dancing to give him welcome. The miserable father rent his clothes in agony, but the noble-spirited maiden would not hear of his violating his vow. She demanded a short respite, to bewail upon the mountains her blighted hope of becoming a mother, and then submitted to her fate.—Judges, xi.

An almost identical tale is told of Idomeneus, king of Crete. On his return from the Trojan war, he made a vow in a tempest that, if he escaped, he would offer to Neptune the first living creature that presented itself to his eye on the Cretan shore. His own son was there to welcome him home, and Idomeneus offered him up a sacrifice to the sea-god, according to his vow. Fénelon has introduced this legend in his Télémaque, v.

Agamemnon vowed to Diana, if he might be blessed with a child, that he would sacrifice to her the dearest of all his possessions. Iphigenīa, his infant daughter, was, of course, his “dearest possession;” but he refused to sacrifice her, and thus incurred the wrath of the goddess, which resulted in the detention of the Trojan fleet at Aulis. Iphigenia being offered in sacrifice, the offended deity was satisfied, and interposed at the critical moment, by carrying the princess to Tauris and substituting a stag in her stead.

The latter part of this tale cannot fail to call to mind the offering of Abraham. As he was about to take the life of Isaac, Jehovah interposed, and a ram was substituted for the human victim.—Gen. xxii.

[Be] not bent as Jephthah once,
Blindly to execute a rash resolve;
Whom better it had suited to exclaim,
“I have done ill!” than to redeem his pledge
By doing worse. Not unlike to him
In folly that great leader of the Greeks—
Whence, on the altar, Iphigenia mourned
Her virgin beauty.
Dantê, Paradise, v. (1311).

⁂ Euripides wrote two plays: Iphigenia in Aulis, and Iphigenia in Tauris.

⁂ Jephthah’s daughter has often been dramatized. Thus we have in English Jephtha his Daughter, by Plessie Morney, Jephtha (1546), by Christopherson; Jephtha, by Buchanan; and Jephthah (an opera, 1752), by Handel.

Jepson (Old), a smuggler.—Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.).

Jeremi´ah (The British), Gildas, (A. D. 516-570), author of De Exidio Britanniæ, a book of lamentations over the destruction of Britain. He is so called by Gibbon.

Jer´emy (Master), head domestic of Lord Saville.—Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.).

Jeremy Diddler, an adept at raising money on false pretenses.—Kenney, Raising the Wind.

Jerningham (Master Thomas), the duke of Buckingham’s gentleman.—Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.).

Jerome (Don), father of Don Ferdinand and Louisa; pig-headed, passionate, and mercenary, but very fond of his daughter. He insists on her marrying Isaac Mendoza, a rich Portuguese Jew, but Louisa, being in love with Don Antonio, positively refuses to do so. She is turned out of the house by mistake, and her duenna is locked up, under the belief that she is Louisa. Isaac, being introduced to the duenna, elopes with her, supposing her to be Don Jerome’s daughter; and Louisa, taking refuge in a convent, gets married to Don Antonio. Ferdinand, at the same time, marries Clara, the daughter of Don Guzman. The old man is well content, and promises to be the friend of his children, who, he acknowledges, have chosen better for themselves than he had done for them.—Sheridan, The Duenna (1775).

Jerome (Father), abbot at St. Bride’s Convent.—Sir W. Scott, Castle Dangerous (time, Henry I.).

Jeron´imo, the principal character in The Spanish Tragedy, by Thomas Kyd (1597). On finding his application to the king ill-timed, he says to himself, “Go by! Jeronimo;” which so tickled the fancy of the audience that it became a common street jest.

Jerry, manager of a troupe of dancing dogs. He was a tall, black-whiskered man, in a velveteen coat.—C. Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop, xviii. (1840).

Jerry Sneak, a hen-pecked husband.—Foote, Mayor of Garrat (1763).

Jeru´salem, in Dryden’s Absalom and Achitophel, means London; “David” is Charles II., and “Absalom” the duke of Monmouth, etc.

Jerusalem. Henry IV. was told “he should not die but in Jerusalem.” Being in Westminster Abbey, he inquired what the chapter-house was called, and when he was told it was called the “Jerusalem Chamber,” he felt sure that he would die there “according to the prophecy,” and so he did.

Pope Sylvester II. was told the same thing, and died as he was saying mass in a church so called at Rome.—Brown, Fasciculus.

Cambyses, son of Cyrus, was told that he should die in Ecbat´ana, which he supposed meant the capital of Medĭa; but he died of his wounds in a place so called in Syria.

Jerusalem Delivered, an epic poem in twenty books, by Torquato Tasso (1575).

The crusaders, having encamped on the plains of Torto´sa, choose Godfrey for their chief. The overtures of Argantês being declined, war is declared by him in the name of the king of Egypt. The Christian army reaches Jerusalem, but it is found that the city cannot be taken without the aid of Rinaldo, who had withdrawn from the army because Godfrey had cited him for the death of Girnando, whom he had slain in a duel. Godfrey sends to the enchanted island of Armi´da to invite the hero back, and on his return Jerusalem is assailed in a night attack. The poem concludes with the triumphant entry of the Christians into the Holy City, and their adoration at the Redeemer’s tomb.

The two chief episodes are the loves of Olindo and Sophronia, and of Tancred and Corinda.

Jervis (Mrs.), the virtuous housekeeper of young Squire B. Mrs. Jervis protects Pam´ela when her young master assailsassails her.—Richardson, Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded (1740).

Jessamy, the son of Colonel Oldboy. He changed his name in compliment to Lord Jessamy, who adopted him and left him his heir. Jessamy is an affected, conceited prig, who dresses as a fop, carries a muff to keep his hands warm, and likes old china better than a pretty girl. This popinjay proposes to Clarissa Flowerdale; but she despises him, much to his indignation and astonishment.—Bickerstaff, Lionel and Clarissa (1735-1790).

He’s a coxcomb, a fop, a dainty milksop,
Who essenced and dizened from bottom to top,
And looked like a doll from a milliner’s shop...
He shrugs and takes snuff, and carries a muff,
A minickin, finicking, French powdered puff.
Act i. 1.

Jessamy Bride (The), Mary Horneck, with whom Goldsmith fell in love in (1769).

Jes´sica, daughter of Shylock, the Jew. She elopes with Lorenzo.—Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice (1597).

Jessica cannot be called a sketch, or, if a sketch, she is dashed off in glowing colors from the rainbow palette of a Rubens. She has a rich tint of Orientalism shed over her.—Mrs. Jameson.

Jesters. (See Fools.)

Jests (The Father of), Joseph or Joe Miller, an English comic actor, whose name has become a household word for a stale joke (1684-1738). The book of jests which goes by his name was compiledcompiled by Mr. Mottley, the dramatist (1739). Joe Miller himself never uttered a jest in his life, and it is a lucus a non lucendo to father them on such a taciturn, commonplace dullard.

Jesus Christ and the Clay Bird. The Korân says: “O Jesus, son of Mary, remember ... when thou didst create of clay the figure of a bird ... and did breathe thereon, and it became a bird!”—Ch. v.

The allusion is to a legend that Jesus was playing with other children who amused themselves with making clay birds, but when the child Jesus breathed on the one He had made, it instantly received life and flew away.—Hone, Apocryphal New Testament (1820).

Jew (The), a comedy by R. Cumberland (1776), written to disabuse the public mind of unjust prejudices against a people who have been long “scattered and peeled.” The Jew is Sheva, who was rescued at Cadiz from an auto da fe, by Don Carlos, and from a howling London mob by the son of Don Carlos, called Charles Ratcliffe. His whole life is spent in unostentatious benevolence, but his modesty is equal to his philanthropy. He gives £10,000 as a marriage portion to Ratcliffe’s sister, who marries Frederick Bertram, and he makes Charles the heir of all his property.

Jew (The).

This is the Jew.
That Shakespeare drew

This couplet was written by Pope, and refers to the “Shylock” of Charles Macklin (1690-1797).

Jew (The Wandering).

1. Of Greek tradition. Aris´teas, a poet who continued to appear and disappear alternately for above 400 years, and who visited all the mythical nations of the earth.

2. Of Jewish story. Tradition says that Cartaph´ilos, the door-keeper of the judgment hall, in the service of Pontius Pilate, struck our Lord as he led Him forth, saying, “Get on! Faster, Jesus!” Whereupon the Man of Sorrows replied “I am going; but tarry thou till I come [again].” This man afterwards became a Christian, and was baptized by Ananias under the name of Joseph. Every hundred years he falls into a trance, out of which he rises again at the age of 30.

⁂ The earliest account of the Wandering Jew, is in the Book of the Chronicles of the Abbey of St. Alban’s, copied and continued by Matthew Paris (1228). In 1242 Philip Mouskes, afterwards bishop of Tournay, wrote the “rhymed chronicles.”

Another legend is that Jesus, pressed down by the weight of His cross, stopped to rest at the door of a cobbler, named Ahasue´rus, who pushed him away, saying, “Get off! Away with you! away!” Our Lord replied, “Truly, I go away, and that quickly; but tarry thou till I come.”

⁂ This is the legend given by Paul von Eitzen, bishop of Schleswig, in 1547. *—Greve, Memoirs of Paul von Eitzen (1744).

A third legend says that it was the cobbler Ahasue´rus who haled Jesus to the judgment seat; and that, as the Man of Sorrows stayed to rest awhile on a stone, he pushed Him, saying, “Get on, Jesus! Here you shall not stay!” Jesus replied, “I truly go away, and go to rest; but thou shalt go away, and never rest till I come.”

3. In German legend, the Wandering Jew is associated with John Buttadæus, seen at Antwerp in the thirteenth century, again in the fifteenth, and again in the sixteenth centuries. His last appearance was in 1774, at Brussels.

⁂ Leonard Doldius, of Nürnberg, in his Praxis Alchymiæ (1604), says that the Jew, Ahasue´rus, is sometimes called “Buttadæus.”

Signor Gualdi, who had been dead 130 years, appeared in the latter half of the eighteenth century, and had his likeness taken by Titian. One day he disappeared as mysteriously as he had come.—Turkish Spy, ii. (1682).

4. The French legend. The French call the Wandering Jew Isaac Lake´dion or Laquedem.—Mitternacht, Dissertatio in Johan., xxxi. 19.

5. Of Dr. Croly’s novel. The name given to the Wandering Jew by Dr. Croly is Salathiel ben Sadi, who appeared and disappeared towards the close of the sixteenth century, at Venice, in so sudden a manner as to attract the attention of all Europe.

⁂ Dr. Croly, in his novel called Salathiel (1827), traces the course of the Wandering Jew; so does Eugène Sue, in Le Juif Errant (1845); but in these novels the Jew makes no figure of importance.

G Doré, in 1861, illustrated the legend of the Wandering Jew in folio wood engravings.

6. It is said in legend that Gypsies are doomed to be everlasting wanderers, because they refused the Virgin and Child hospitality in their flight into Egypt.—Adventinus, Annalium Boiorum, libri septem vii. (1554).

The legend of the Wild Huntsman, called by Shakespeare “Herne, the Hunter,” and by Father Matthieu “St Hubert,” is said to be a Jew who would not suffer Jesus to drink from a horse-trough, but pointed out to Him some water in a hoof-print, and bade Him go there and drink.—Kuhn von Schwarz, Nordd. Sagen, 499.

Jews (The), in Dryden’s Absalom and Achitophel, means those English who were loyal to Charles II. called “David” in the the satire (1681-2).

Jewkes (Mrs.), a detestable character in Richardson’s Pamela (1740).

Jez´ebel (A Painted), a flaunting woman, of brazen face, but loose morals. So called from Jezebel, the wife of Ahab, king of Israel.

Jim, the boy of Reginald Lowestoffe, the young Templar. Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.).

Jin Vin, i.e. Jenkin Vincent, one of Ramsay’s apprentices, in love with Margaret Ramsay.—Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.).

Jin´gle (Alfred), a strolling actor, who, by his powers of amusing and sharp-wittedness, imposes for a time on the members of the Pickwick Club, and is admitted to their intimacy; but being found to be an impostor, he is dropped by them. The generosity of Mr. Pickwick in rescuing Jingle from the Fleet, reclaims him, and he quits England. Alfred Jingle talks most rapidly and flippantly, but not without much native shrewdness; and he knows a “hawk from a handsaw.”—C. Dickens, The Pickwick Papers (1836).

Jingo, a corruption of Jainko, the Basque Supreme Being. “By Jingo!” or “By the living Jingo!” is an appeal to deity. Edward I. had Basque mountaineers conveyed to England to take part in his Welsh wars, and the Plantagenets held the Basque provinces in possession. This Basque oath is a land-mark of these facts.

Jingoes (The), the anti-Russians in the war between Russia and Turkey; hence the English war party. The term arose (1878) from a popular music-hall song, beginning thus:

We don’t want to fight; but, by Jingo, if we do,
We’ve got the ships, we’ve got the men, we’ve got the money, too.

(This song has also furnished the words jingoism (bragging war spirit, Bobadilism) and the adjective jingo).

Jiniwin (Mrs.), a widow, the mother of Mrs. Quilp. A shrewd, ill-tempered old woman, who lived with her son-in-law in Tower Street.—C. Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop (1840).

Jinker (Lieutenant Jamie), horse-dealer at Doune.—Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George II.).

Jinn, plu. of Jinnee, a sort of fairy in Arabian mythology, the offspring of fire. The jinn propagate their species like human beings, and are governed by kings called suleymans. Their chief abode is the mountain Kâf, and they appear to men under the forms of serpents, dogs, cats, etc., which become invisible at pleasure. Evil jinn are hideously ugly, but good jinn are exquisitely beautiful.

⁂ Jinnistan means the country of the jinn. The connection of Solomon with the jinn is a mere blunder, arising from the similarity of suleyman and Solomon.

J.J., in Hogarth’s “Gin Lane,” written on a gibbet, is Sir Joseph Jekyll, obnoxious for his bill for increasing the duty on gin.

⁂ Jean Jacques [Rousseau] was often referred to by these initials in the eighteenth century.

Jo, a poor little outcast, living in one of the back slums of London, called “Tom All-alone.” The little human waif is hounded about from place to place, till he dies of want.—C. Dickens, Bleak House (1853).

Jo March. The author-sister of Little Women, by Louisa M. Alcott. Jo has much originality and more prankishness, writes blood-and-thunder stories because they pay, and ceases to write them when they pay best, because her conscience has awakened. Supposed to be drawn as the author’s own character.—Louisa M. Alcott, Little Women (1867).

Joan. Cromwell’s wife was always called Joan by the cavaliers, although her real name was Elizabeth.

Joan, princess of France, affianced to the duke of Orleans.—Sir W. Scott, Quentin Durward (time, Edward IV.).

Joan of Arc, surnamed La Pucelle, born in a village upon the marches of Barre, called Domremy, near Vaucouleurs. Her father was James of Arc, and her mother Isabel, poor country-folk, who brought up their children to keep their cattle. Joan professed to be inspired to liberate France from the English, and actually raised the siege of Orleans, after which Charles II. was crowned (1402-1431).

A young wench of an eighteene years old; of favor was she counted likesome, of person stronglie made and manlie, of courage great, hardie and stout, withall ... she had great semblance of chastitie both of body and behavor.—Holinshed, Chronicles, 600 (1577).

... there was no bloom of youth
Upon her cheek; yet had the loveliest hues
Of health, with lesser fascination, fixed
The gazer’s eye; for wan the maiden was,
Of saintly paleness, and there seemed to dwell,
In the strong beauties of her countenance,
Something that was not earthly.
Southey, Joan of Arc (1795).

⁂ Schiller has a tragedy on the subject, Jungfrau von Orleans (1801); Soumet another, Jeanne d’Arc (1825). Besides Southey’s epic, we have one by François Cazaneaux; another by Chapelain, called La Pucelle (1656), on which he labored for thirty years. Casimir Delavigne has an admirable elegy on The Maid (1816), and Voltaire a burlesque. Shakespeare introduces her in the First Part of Henry VI.

Joanna, the “deserted daughter” of Mr. Mordent. Her father abandoned her in order to marry Lady Anne, and his money-broker placed her under the charge of Mrs. Enfield, who kept a house of intrigue. Cheveril fell in love with Joanna, and described her as having “blue eyes, auburn hair, aquiline nose, ivory teeth, carnation lips, a ravishing mouth, enchanting neck, a form divine, and the face of an angel.”—Holcroft, The Deserted Daughter (altered into The Steward).

Job and Elspat, father and mother of Sergeant Houghton.—Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George II.).

Job’s Wife. Some call her Rahmat, daughter of Ephraim, son of Joseph; and others call her Makhir, daughter of Manasses.—Sale, Korân, xxi. note.

Joblillies (The), the small gentry of a village, the squire being the Grand Panjandrum.

There were present the Picninnies and the Joblillies and the Garyulies, and the Grand Panjandrum himself.—S. Foote, The Quarterly Review, xcv. 516-7.

Jobling, medical officer to the “Anglo-Bengalee Company.” Mr. Jobling was a portentous and most carefully dressed gentleman, fond of a good dinner, and said by all to be “full of anecdote.” He was far too shrewd to be concerned with the Anglo-Bengalee bubble company, except as a paid functionary.—C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1844).

Jobson (Joseph), clerk to Squire Inglewood, the magistrate.—Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.).

Jobson (Zekel), a very masterful cobbler, who ruled his wife with a rod of iron.

Neil Jobson, wife of Zekel, a patient, meek, sweet-tempered woman.—C. Coffey, The Devil to Pay (died, 1745).

Jocelyn (Martin). Man who yields gradually to the opium-habit, beggars his family, and blasts his reputation by it. Once and again he reforms for a few months, then relapses, and finally blows out his brains in a paroxysm of despairing remorse.—Edward Payson Roe, Without a Home (1881).

Jock o’ Dawston Cleugh, the quarrelsome neighbor of Dandie Dinmont, of Charlie’s Hope.

Jock Jabos, postilion to Mrs. M’Candlish, the landlady of the Golden Arms inn, Kippletringan.

Slounging Jock, one of the men of M’Guffog, the jailer.—Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

Jock o’ Hazeldean, the young man beloved by a “ladye fair.” The lady’s father wanted her to marry Frank, “the chief of Errington and laird of Langley Dale,” rich, brave and gallant; but “aye she let the tears down fa’ for Jock of Hazeldean.” At last the wedding morn arrived, the kirk was gaily decked, the priest and bridegroom, with dame and knight, were duly assembled; but no bride could be seen; she had crossed the border and given her hand to Jock of Hazeldean.

This ballad, by Sir W. Scott, is a modernized version of an ancient ballad entitled Jock o’ Hazelgreen.

Jockey of Norfolk, Sir John Howard, a firm adherent of Richard III. On the night before the battle of Bosworth Field, he found in his tent this warning couplet:

Jockey of Norfolk, be not too bold,
For Dickon, thy master, is bought and sold.

Jodelet, valet of Du Croisy. In order to reform two silly girls, whose heads have been turned by novels, Du Croisy and his friend La Grange get their lackeys introduced to them, as the “Viscount of Jodelet,” and the “Marquis of Mascarille.” The girls are delighted with their “aristocratic visitors;” but when the game has gone far enough, the masters step in and unmask the trick. The two girls are taught a most useful lesson, but are saved from serious ill consequences.—Molière, Les Précieuses Ridicules (1659).

Joe. Sick boy, to whom his brother brings a bouquet he has begged for him; and tells him of the country Joe has never seen.

“Flowers in Heaven? ’M— I s’pose so;
Dunno much about it, though;
Aint as fly as what I might be
On them topics, little Joe.
* * * * *
——Don’t you have no fear.
Heaven was made fur such as you is—
Joe! what makes you look so queer?
Here! wake up! Oh, don’t look that way!
Here’s yer flowers—you dropped ’em—Joey,
Oh, my God! can Joe be dead?”
David Law Proudfit, Poor Little Joe (1883).

Joe, “the fat boy,” page in the family of Mr. Wardle. He has an unlimited capacity for eating and sleeping.—C. Dickens, The Pickwick Papers (1836).

Joe Gargery, a smith. He was a fair man, with curls of flaxen hair on each side of his smooth face, and with eyes of “such very undecided blue, that they seemed to have got mixed with their own whites. He was a mild, good-natured, sweet-tempered, easy-going, foolish, dear fellow. A Herculês in strength, and in weakness also.” He lived in terror of his wife, but loved Pip, whom he brought up. His great word was “meantersay.” Thus: “What I meantersay, if you come a-badgering me, come out. Which I meantersay as sech, if you’re a man, come on. Which I meantersay that what I say I meantersay and stand to it” (ch. xviii.). His first wife was a shrew; but soon after her death he married Biddy, a young woman wholly suited to him.

Mrs. Joe Gargery, the smith’s first wife; a “rampageous woman,” always “on the ram-page.” By no means good-looking was Mrs. Joe, with her black hair and fierce eyes, and prevailing redness of skin, looking as if “she scrubbed herself with a nutmeg-grater instead of soap and flannel.” She “was tall and bony, and wore a coarse apron fastened over her figure behind with two loops, and having a square bib in front, stuck full of needles and pins.” She brought up Pip, but made his home as wretched as she could, always keeping a rod called “Tickler” ready for immediate use. Mrs. Joe was a very clean woman, and cleanliness is next to godliness; but Mrs. Joe had the art of making her cleanliness as disagreeable to every one as many people do their godliness. She died after a long illness.—C. Dickens, Great Expectations (1860).

John, a proverbially unhappy name for royalty.—See Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 461.

We shall see, however, that this poor king [Robert II.] remained as unfortunate as if his name had still been John [He changed it from John to Robert].—Sir W. Scott, Tales of a Grandfather, i. 17.

John, a Franciscan friar.—Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet (1598).

John, the bastard brother of Don Pedro.—Shakespeare, Much Ado about Nothing (1600).

John, the driver of the Queen’s Ferry diligence.—Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary (time, George III.).

John Andruss. Clever fellow, but weak in principles, who becomes once and again a tool in the hands of designing men and silly women, rallying after each fall, to attempt a better life. Drowned at last in rescuing a fellow-bather from the surfsurf, the bather being the “Anna” of his early idolatry, now the fat, ruddy wife of another man.—Rebecca Harding Davis, John Andruss.

John (Don), brother of Leonato, governor of Messina, whom he hates. In order to torment the governor, Don John tries to mar the happiness of his daughter Hero, who is about to be married to Lord Claudio. Don John tells Claudio that his fiancée has promised him a rendezvous by moonlight, and if Claudio will hide in the garden, he may witness it. The villain had bribed the waiting-woman of Hero to dress up in her mistress’s clothes and to give him this interview. Claudio believes the woman to be Hero, and when the bride appears at the altar next morning, he rejects her with scorn. The truth, however, comes to light; Don John takes himself to flight; and Hero is married to Lord Claudio, the man of her choice.—Shakespeare, Much Ado about Nothing (1600).

I have seen the great Henderson [1747-1785].... His “Don John” is a comic “Cato,” and his “Hamlet” a mixture of tragedy, comedy, pastoral, farce, and nonsense.—David Garrick 1775.

John (Friar), a tall, lean, wide-mouthed, long-nosed friar of Seville, who despatched his matins and vigils quicker than any of his fraternity. He swore like a trooper, and fought like a Trojan. When the army from Lernê pillaged the convent vineyard, Friar John seized the staff of a cross and pummelled the rogues without mercy, beating out brains, smashing limbs, cracking ribs, gashing faces, breaking jaws, dislocating joints, in the most approved Christian fashion, and never was corn so mauled by the flail as were these pillagers by “the baton of the cross.”—Rabelais, Gargantua, i. 27 (1533).

⁂ Of course, this is a satire of what are called Christian or religious wars.

John Humphreys. Pious and priggish hero of The Wide, Wide World. He is the brother of Alice Humphreys, the adopted sister of Ellen Montgomery, the little heroine of the story. He trains and molds Ellen from childhood, and finally marries her.—Susan Warner, The Wide, Wide World (1851).

John (King), a tragedy by Shakespeare (1508). This drama is founded on The First and Second Parts of the Troublesome Raigne of John, King of England, etc. As they were sundry times publickly acted by the Queenes Majesties players in the Honourable Citie of London (1591).

In “Macbeth,” “Hamlet,” “Wolsey,” “Coriolanus,” and “King John,” he [Edmund Kean, 1787-1833] never approached within any measurable distance of the learned, philosophical, and majestic Kemble.—Quarterly Review (1835).

W.C. Macready [1793-1873], in the scene where he suggests to “Hubert” the murder of “Arthur,” was masterly, and his representation of death by poison, was true, forcible, and terrific.—Talfourd.

⁂ Kynge Johan, a drama of the transition state between the moralities and tragedy. Of the historical persons introduced, we have King John, Pope Innocent, Cardinal Pandulphus, Stephen Langton, etc.; and of allegorical personages, we have Widowed Britannia, Imperial Majesty, Nobility, Clergy, Civil Order, Treason, Verity, and Sedition. This play was published in 1838 by the Camden Society, under the care of Mr. Collier (about 1550).

John (Little), one of the companions of Robin Hood.—Sir W. Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.).

John (Prester). According to Mandeville, Prester John was a lineal descendant of Ogier, the Dane. This Ogier penetrated into the north of India, with fifteen barons of his own country, among whom he divided the land. John was made sovereign of Teneduc, and was called Prester, because he converted the natives.

Another tradition says he had seventy kings for his vassals, and was seen by his subjects only three times a year.

Marco Polo says that Prester John was the Khan Ung, who was slain in battle by Jenghiz Khan, in 1202. He was converted by the Nestorians, and his baptismal name was John. Gregory Bar-Hebræus says that God forsook him because he had taken to himself a wife of the Zinish nation, called Quarakhata.

Otto, of Freisingen, is the first author who makes mention of Prester John. His chronicle is brought down to the year 1156, and in it we are assured that this most mysterious personage was of the family of the Magi, and ruled over the country of these Wise Men. “He used” (according to Otto) “a sceptre made of emeralds.”

Bishop Jordānus, in his description of the world, sets down Abyssinia as the kingdom of Prester John. At one time Abyssinia went by the name of Middle India.

Maimonidês mentions Prester John, and calls him Preste-Cuan. The date of Maimonidês is 1135-1204.

⁂ Before 1241 a letter was addressed by Prester John to Manuel Comne´nus, emperor of Constantinople. It is to be found in the Chronicle of Albericus Trium Fontium, who gives the date as 1165.

In Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso, xvii., Prester John is called Sena´pus, king of Ethiopia. He was blind. Though the richest monarch of the world, he pined “in plenty with endless famine,” because harpies carried off his food whenever the table was spread; but this plague was to cease “when a stranger came to his kingdom on a flying horse.” Astolpho came on a flying griffin, and with his magic horn chased the harpies into Cocy´tus.

John (Prince), son of Henry II., introduced by Sir W. Scott in The Betrothed (1825).

John (Prince), brother of Richard I., introduced by Sir W. Scott in The Talisman (1825).

John and the abbot of Canterbury. King John, being jealous of the state kept by the abbot of Canterbury, declared he should be put to death unless he answered these three questions: (1) “How much am I worth? (2) How long would it take me to ride round the world? (3) What are my thoughts?” The king gave the abbot three weeks for his answers. A shepherd undertook to disguise himself as the abbot, and to answer the questions. To the first he said, “The king’s worth is twenty-nine pence, for the Saviour Himself was sold for thirty pence, and his majesty is mayhap a penny worse than He.” To the second question he answered, “If you rise with the sun and ride with the sun, you will get round the world in twenty-four hours.” To the third question he replied, “Your majesty thinks me to be the abbot, but I am only his servant.”—Percy, Reliques, II. iii. 6.

John Blunt, a person who prides himself on his brusqueness, and in speaking unpleasant truths in the rudest manner possible. He not only calls a spade a spade, but he does it in an offensive tone and manner.

John Bull, the national name for an Englishman, (See Bull).

John Chinaman, a Chinese.

John Company, the old East India Company.

In old times, John Company employed nearly 4000 men in warehouses.—Old and New London, ii (185).

John Grueby, the honest, faithful servant of Lord George Gordon, who wished “the blessed old creatur, named Bloody Mary, had never been born.” He had the habit of looking “a long way off.” John loved his master, but hated his religious craze.

“Between Bloody Marys, and blue cockades, and glorious Queen Besses, and no poperys, and Protestant associations,” said Grueby to himself, “I believe my lord’s half off his head.”—Dickens, Barnaby Rudge, xxxvi.

John of Bruges, (1 syl.) John Van Eyck, the Flemish painter (1370-1441).

John o’ Groat, a Dutchman, who settled in the most northerly part of Scotland, in the reign of James IV. He is immortalized by the way he settled an open dispute among his nine sons respecting precedency. He had nine doors made to his cottage, one for each son, and they sat at a round table.

From John o’ Groat’s house to the Land’s End, from furthest north to furthest south of the island, i. e. through its entire length.

John of Hexham, Johannes Hagustaldensis, a chronicler (twelfth century).

John of Leyden, John Bockhold or Boccold, a fanatic (1510-1536).

In the opera he is called “the prophet.” Being about to marry Bertha, three anabaptists meet him, and observe in him a strong likeness to a picture of David in Munster Cathedral. Having induced him to join the rebels, they take Munster, and crown him “Ruler of Westphalia.” His mother meets him while he is going in procession, but he disowns her; subsequently, however, he visits her in prison, and is forgiven. When the emperor arrives the anabaptists fall off, and John, setting fire to the banquet-room of the palace, perishes with his mother in the flames.—Meyerbeer, Le Prophète (1849).

John with the Leaden Sword. The duke of Bedford, who acted as regent for Henry VI. in France, was so called by Earl Douglas (surnamed Tine-man).

Johnny, the infant son of Mrs. Betty Higden’s “daughter’s daughter.” Mrs. Boffin wished to adopt the child, and to call him John Harmon, but it died. During its illness, Bella Wilfer went to see it, and the child murmured, “Who is the boofer lady?” The sick child was placed in the Children’s Hospital, and, just at the moment of death, gave his toys to a little boy with a broken leg in an adjoining bed, and sent “a kiss to the boofer lady.”—C. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend (1864).

Johnny Crapaud. A Frenchman was so called by English sailors in the time of Napoleon I. The Flemings called the French “Crapaud Franchos.” The allusion is to the toads borne in the ancient arms of France.

John Ridd, herculean hero of Exmoor, and lover of Lorna Doone. By various exploits, he achieves knighthood, and marries Lorna.—R. D. Blackmore, Lorna Doone.

Johnson (Dr. Samuel), lexicographer, essayist, and poet (1709-1784).

I own I like not Johnson’s turgid style,
That gives an inch th’ importance of a mile:
Casts of manure a wagon-load around,
To raise a simple daisy from the ground;
Uplifts the club of Hercules—for what?
To crush a butterfly or brain a gnat;
Creates a whirlwind from the earth, to draw
A goose’s feather or exalt a straw;
Bids ocean labor with tremendous roar,
To heave a cockle-shell upon the shore.
Alike in every theme his pompous art,
Heaven’s awful thunder or a rumbling cart.
Peter Pindar [Dr. John Wolcot] (1816).

Johnstone (Auld Willie), an old fisherman, father to Peggy, the laundry-maid at Woodburne.

Young Johnstone, his son.—Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

Joliffe (2 syl.), footman to Lady Penfeather.—Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan’s Well (time, George III.).

Joliffe (Joceline), under-keeper of Woodstock Forest.—Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonwealth).

Joliquet (Bibo), the garçon of the White Lion Inn, held by Jerome Lesurgues (2 syl.).—Edward Stirling, The Courier of Lyons (1852).

Jollup (Sir Jacob), father of Mrs. Jerry Sneak and Mrs. Bruin. Jollup is the vulgar, pomposo landlord of Garratt, who insists on being always addressed as “Sir Jacob.”

Jolter. In the agony of terror, on hearing the direction given to put on the headlights in a storm off Calais, Smollett tells us that Jolter went through the steps of a mathematical proposition with great fervor instead of a prayer.

Jonas, the name given in Absalom and Achitophel, to Sir William Jones, judge of the Irish Court of Common Pleas under James I. It is a pun on the name.—Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel, i. (1681).

Jonas, “smart,” capable and somewhat priggish factotum of the Holliday family. Sui generis as regards learning, when one reflects that he entered his employer’s service as a tramp. Equally remarkable as to virtue. Rollo’s mentor; a New England Harry Sandford.—Jacob Abbott, The Rollo Books.

Jonathan, a sleek old widower. He was a parish orphan, whom Sir Benjamin Dove apprenticed, and then took into his family. When Jonathan married, the knight gave him a farm, rent-free and well stocked. On the death of his wife, he gave up the farm, and entered the knight’s service as butler. Under the evil influence of Lady Dove, this old servant was inclined to neglect his kind master; but Sir Benjamin soon showed him that, although the lady was allowed to peck him, the servants were not.—R. Cumberland, The Brothers (1769).

Jonathan, one of the servants of General Harrison.—Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonwealth).

Jonathan, an attendant on Lord Saville.—Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.).

Jonathan (Brother), a national nickname for an American of the United States. In the Revolutionary war, Washington used to consult his friend, Jonathan Trumbull, governor of Connecticut, in all his difficulties. “We must ask brother Jonathan,” was so often on his lips, that the phrase became synonymous with the good genius of the States, and was subsequently applied to the North Americans generally.

Jones (Tom), the hero of a novel by Fielding, called The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749). Tom Jones is a model of generosity, openness, and manly spirit, mingled with thoughtless dissipation. With all this, he is not to be admired; his reputation is flawed, he sponges for a guinea, he cannot pay his landlady, and he lets out his honor to hire.

Jones (Mrs.), the waiting-woman of Lady Penfeather.—Sir. W. Scott, St. Ronan’s Well (time, George III.).

Jonson (Ben), the poet, introduced by Sir Walter Scott in his Woodstock. Shakespeare is introduced in the same novel.

Jopson (Jacob), farmer at the village near Clifton.

Cicely Jopson, Jacob’s daughter. She marries Ned Williams.—Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George II.).

Jordan (Mrs.), the actress, who lived with the duke of Clarence, was Miss Dorothea Bland. She called herself Dora, first appeared in York as Miss Francis, and changed her name at the request of an aunt who left her a little property. When the change of name was debated between her and the manager, Tate suggested “Mrs. Jordan,” and gave this very pertinent reason:

“You have crossed the water,” said Tate, “so I’ll call you ‘Jordan.’”

Jorkins, the partner of Mr. Spenlow, in Doctor’s Commons. Mr. Jorkins is really a retiring, soft-hearted man, but to clients he is referred to by Spenlow as the stern martinet, whose consent will be most difficult to obtain.—C. Dickens, David Copperfield (1849).

Jorworth-ap-Jevan, envoy of Gwenwyn, prince of Powys-land.—Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.).

Josaphat, a young Indian prince, of whom it had been predicted that he would embrace Christianity and become a devotee. His father tried to seclude him from all knowledge of misery and evil, and to attach him only to pleasurable pursuits. At length the young prince took three drives, in one of which he saw Old Age, in another sickness, and in the third Death. This had such an effect upon him that he became a hermit, and at death was canonized both by the Eastern and Western Churches.—Johannes Damascenus, Balaam and Josaphat (eight century).

Josceline (Sir), an English knight and crusader in the army of Richard I.—Sir W. Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.).

José (Don), father of Don Juan, and husband of Donna Inez. He was henpecked and worried to death by his wife’s “proprieties.” To the world they were “models of respectability,” but at home they were “cat and dog.” Donna Inez tried to prove him mad, in order to obtain a divorce, and “kept a journal where all his faults were noted.” “She witnessed his agonies with great magnanimity;” but, while seeking a divorce, Don José died.—Byron Don Juan, i. 26, 33 (1819).

Joseph, the old gardener at Shaw’s Castle.—Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan’s Well (time, George III.).

Joseph, a Jew of the noblest type; with unbounded benevolence and most excellent charity. He sets a splendid example of “Christian ethics” to those who despised him for not believing the “Christian creed.” Joseph the Jew was the good friend of the Christian minister of Mariendorpt.—S. Knowles, The Maid of Mariendorpt (1838).

Joseph Frowenfeld, apothecary of German extraction, settled in Louisiana, and patronized by the Grandissimes. “As hard to move as a cow in the moonlight,” Dr. Keene says of him, “and knows just about as much of the world.” Yet Dr. Keene trusts him where simple loyality and true manliness are required, and it is a heart worth the keeping that Professor Frowenfeld gives into the care of Clotilde Nuncanou.—George W. Cable, The Grandissimes (1880).

Joseph (A), a young man not to be seduced from his continency by any temptation. The reference is to Joseph in Potiphar’s house (Gen. xxxix.).

Joseph (St.) of Arimathe´a, said to have brought to Glastonbury in a mystic vessel some of the blood which trickled from the wounds of Christ at the Crucifixion, and some of the wine left at the Last Supper. This vessel plays a very prominent part in the Arthurian legends.

Next holy Joseph came....
The Saviour of mankind in sepulchre that laid;
That to the Britons was th’ apostle. In his aid
St. Duvian, and with him St. Fagan, both which were
His scholars.
Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622).

⁂ He also brought with him the spear of Longinus, the Roman soldier who pierced the side of Jesus.—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 40 (1470).

Jos´ephine (3 syl.), wife of Werner, and mother of Ulric. Josephine was the daughter of a decayed Italian exile of noble blood.—Byron, Werner (1822).

Jos´ian, daughter of the king of Armenia, and wife of Sir Bevis, of Southampton. It was Josian who gave the hero his sword, “Morglay” and his steed “Arundel.”—Drayton, Polyolbion, ii. (1612).

Josse (1 syl.) a jeweller. Lucinde (2 syl.), the daughter of Sganarelle, pined and fell away, and the anxious father asked his neighbors what they would advise him to do. Mon. Josse replied:

“Pour“Pour moi, je tiens que la braverie, que l’adjustement est la chose qui réjouit le plus les filles; et si j’étoit que de vous, je lui achéterois dès aujourd’ hui une belle garniture de diamants, ou de rubis, ou d’émeraudes.”

Sgnarelle made answer:

“Vous êtes orfèvre, Monsieur Josse; et votre conseil sent son homme qui a envie de se défaire de sa marchandise.”—Molière, L’Amour Médicin, i. 1 (1665).

Vous êtes orfèvre, Mon Josse (“You are a jeweller, Mon. Josse, and are not disinterested in your advice”). (See above).

Jo´tham, the person who uttered the parable of “The Trees choosing a King,” when the men of Shechem made Abimelech king. In Dryden’s Absalom and Achitophel, it stands for George Saville, marquis of Halifax.

Jotham, of piercing wit and pregnant thought,
Endued by nature, and by learning taught
To move assemblies ... turned the balance, too;
So much the weight of one brave man can do.
Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel, i. (1681).

Jour, king of Mambrant, the person who carried off Jos´ian, the wife of Sir Bevis, of Southampton, his sword “Morglay,” and his steed “Ar´undel.” Sir Bevis, disguised as a pilgrim, recovered all three.—Drayton, Polyolbion, ii. (1612).

Jourdain (Mons.), an elderly tradesman, who has suddenly fallen into a large fortune, and wishes to educate himself up to his new position in society. He employs masters of dancing, fencing, philology, and so on; and the fun of the drama turns on the ridiculous remarks that he makes, and the awkward figure he cuts as the pupil of these professors. One remark is especially noted: he says he had been talking prose all his life, and never knew it till his professor told him.—Molière, Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme (1870).

Journalists. Napoleon I. said:

A journalist is a grumbler, a censurer, a giver of advice, a regent of sovereigns, a tutor of nations. Four hostile newspapers are more formidable than a thousand bayonets.

Jovian, emperor of Rome, was bathing one day, when a person stole his clothes, and passed himself off as the emperor. Jovian, naked and ashamed, went to a knight, said he was emperor, and begged the loan of a few garments for the nonce; but the knight called him an impostor, and had him scourged from the gate. He next went to a duke, who was his chief minister; but the duke had him confined, and fed on bread and water as a vagrant and a madman. He then applied at the palace, but no one recognized him there. Lastly, he went to his confessor, and humbled himself, confessing his sins. The priest took him to the palace, and the sham emperor proved to be an angel sent to reform the proud monarch. The story says that Jovian thenceforth reigned with mercy and justice till he died.—Evenings with the Old Story-tellers.

Joyeuse (2 syl.), Charlemagne’s sword, which bore the inscription: Decem præceptorum custos Carŏlus. It was buried with the king, as Tizo´na (the Cid’s sword) was buried with the Cid.

Joyeuse-Garde or Garde-Joyeuse, the estate given by King Arthur to Sir Launcelot du Lac, for defending the queen’s honor against Sir Mador. Here Sir Launcelot was buried.

Juan (Don), a hero of the sixteenth century, a natural son of Charles-quint, born at Ratisbonne, in 1545. He conquered the Moors of Grana´da, won a great naval victory over the Turks at Lepanto, made himself master of Tunis, and put down the insurgents of the Netherlands (1545-1578).

This is the Don Juan of C. Delavigne’s drama entitled Don Juan d’Autriche (1835).

Juan (Don), son of Don Louis Tenorio, of Sicily, a heartless roué. His valet says of him:

“Tu vois en don Juan le plus grand scélérat que la terre ait jamais porté, un enragé, un chien, un démon, un Turc, un hérétique qui ne croit ni ciel, ni enfer, in diable, qui passe cette vie en véritable bête brute, un pourceau d’Epicure, un vrai Sardanapale; qui ferme l’oreille à toutes les remontrances qu’on lui peut faire, et traite de bille-vesées tout ce que nous croyons.”—Molière, Don Juan, i. 1 (1665).

Juan (Don), a native of Seville, son of Don Josê and Donna Inez (a blue stocking). When Juan was 16 years old, he got into trouble with Donna Julia, and was sent by his mother (then a widow) on his travels. His adventures form the story of a poem so called; but the tale is left incomplete.—Lord Byron, Don Juan (1819-21).

Juan (Don). The hero of Richard Mansfield’s play bearing this title, is a gay youth, wild with the joys of liberty to which he is unaccustomed; saucy, audacious and winning, bent upon getting for himself all the pleasure life offers the young. He is tender, inconstant, brave, chivalric, irresponsible, and gains dignity by dying heroically (1891).

Juan (Don), or Don Giovanni, the prince of libertines. The original of this character was Don Juan Tenorio, of Seville, who attempted the seduction of the governor’s daughter; and the father, forcing the libertine to a duel, fell. A statue of the murdered father was erected in the family vault; and one day when Don Juan forced his way into the vault, he invited the statue to a banquet. The statue accordingly placed itself at the board, to the amazement of the host, and, compelling the libertine to follow, delivered him over to devils, who carried him off triumphant.

Dramatized first by Gabriel Tellez (1626). Molière (1665) and Thomas Corneille, in Le Festin de Pierre, both imitated from the Spanish (1673), have made it the subject of French comedies; Goldoni (1765), of an Italian comedy; Glück, of a musical ballet (1765); Mozart, of an opera called Don Giovanni (1787), a princely work.

Juan Fernandez, a rocky island in the Pacific Ocean, near the coast of Chili. Here Alexander Selkirk, a buccaneer, resided in solitude for four years. Defoe is supposed to have based his tale of Robinson Crusoe on the history of Alexander Selkirk.

⁂ Defoe places the island of his hero “on the east coast of South America,” somewhere near Dutch Guiana.

Juba, prince of Numidia, warmly attached to Cato while he lived at Utica (in Africa), and passionately in love with Marcia, Cato’s daughter. Sempro´nius, having disguised himself as Juba, was mistaken for the Numidian prince by Marcia; and, being slain, she gave free vent to her grief, thus betraying the state of her affection. Juba overheard her, and as it would have been mere prudery to deny her love after this display, she freely confessed it, and Juba took her as his betrothed and future wife.—J. Addison, Cato (1713).

Jubal, son of Lamech and Adah. The inventor of the lyre and flute.—Gen. iv. 19-21.

Then when he [Javan] heard the voice of Jubal’s lyre,
Instinctive genius caught the ethereal fire.
J. Montgomery, The World before the Flood, i. (1812).

Judas, in pt. ii. of Absalom and Architophel, most of which was written by Tate, is meant for Mr. Furgueson, a nonconformist, who joined the duke of Monmouth, and afterwards betrayed him.

Shall that false Hebronite escape our curse—
Judas, that keeps the rebels’ pension-purse;
Judas, that pays the treason-writer’s fee;
Judas, that well deserves his namesake’s tree?
Absalom and Achitophel, ii. (1682).

Judas Iscariot. Klopstock says that Judas Iscariot had a heart formed for every virtue, and was in youth unpolluted by crime, insomuch that the Messiah thought him worthy of being one of the twelve. He, however, was jealous of John, because Jesus loved him more than He loved the rest of the apostles; and this hatred towards the beloved disciple made him hate the lover of “the beloved.” Judas also feared (says Klopstock) that John would have a higher post than himself in the kingdom, and perhaps be made treasurer. The poet tells us that Judas betrayed Jesus under the expectation that it would drive Him to establish His kingdom at once, and rouse Him into action.—Klopstock, The Messiah, iii. (1748).

Judith Hutter. Handsome daughter of a frontier trapper, whose ruse of arraying herself in a court-dress, heretofore kept as a curiosity, and, resplendent in brocade and laces, passing herself off as an English stranger of rank, would have effected the release of the prisoners but for her weak-witted sister’s avowal of her identity. She has been a favorite with more than one man, yet never loved until she knows Deerslayer. Her offer to marry him is refused gently and simply, and in shame she quits her accustomed haunts for what career we are left to conjecture.—James Fennimore Cooper, The Deerslayer.

Judith. Child-heroine of Marion Harland’s novel of that name.

Judith, a beautiful Jewess of Bethu´lia, who assassinated Holofernês, the general of Nebuchadnezzar, to save her native town. When Judith showed the head of the general to her countrymen, they rushed on the invading army, and put it to a complete rout.—Judith, one of the books of the Apocrypha.

Judith (Aunt), sister to Master George Heriot, the king’s goldsmith.—Sir W. Scott, Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.).

Judy, the wife of Punch. Master Punch, annoyed by the cries of the baby, gives it a knock, which kills it, and, to conceal his crime from his wife, throws the dead body out of the window. Judy comes to inquire about the child, and, hearing of its death, upbraids her lord stoutly, and tries on him the “reproof of blows.” This leads to a quarrel, in which Judy is killed. The officers of justice, coming to arrest the domestic tyrant, meet the same fate as his child and wife; but at last the devil outwits him, he is hanged, and carried off to the place of all evil-doers.

Juel (Nils), a celebrated Danish admiral, who received his training under Tromp and De Ruyter. He defeated the Swedes in 1677 in several engagements.

Nils Juel gave heed to the tempest’s roar ...
“Of Denmark’s Juel who can defy
The power?”
Longfellow, King Christian [V.]

Julet´ta, the witty, sprightly attendant of Alinda.—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Pilgrim (1621).

Julia, a lady beloved by Proteus. Her waiting-woman is Lucetta.—Shakespeare, Two Gentlemen of Verona (1594).

Julia, the “ward” of Master Walter, “the hunchback.” She was brought up by him most carefully in the country, and at a marriageable age was betrothed to Sir Thomas Clifford. Being brought to London, she was carried away in the vortex of fashion, and became the votary of pleasure and dissipation, abandoned Clifford, and promised to marry the earl of Rochdale. As the wedding day drew nigh, her love for Clifford returned, and she implored her guardian to break off her promise of marriage to the earl. Walter now showed himself to be the real earl of Rochdale, and father of Julia. Her nuptials with the supposed earl fell to the ground, and she became the wife of Sir Thomas Clifford.—S. Knowles, The Hunchback (1831).

Julia (Donna), a lady of Sev´ille, of Moorish origin, a married woman, “charming, chaste, and twenty-three.” Her eye was large and dark, her hair glossy, her brow smooth, her cheek “all purple with the beam of youth,” her husband 50, and his name Alfonso. Donna Julia loved a lad of 16, named Don Juan, “not wisely but too well,” for which she was confined in a convent.—Byron, Don Juan, i. 59-188 (1819).

Tender and impassioned, but possessing neither information to occupy her mind, nor good principles to regulate her conduct, Donna Julia is an illustration of the women of Seville, “whose minds have but one idea, and whose life business is intrigue.” The slave of every impulse ... she now prostrates herself before the altar of the Virgin, making the noblest efforts “for honor, pride, religion, virtue’s sake,” and then, “in the full security of innocence,” she seeks temptation, and finds retreat impossible.—Finden, Byron Beauties.

Julia Dodd. English girl in love with Alfred Hardie, her brother’s college mate. Alfred is abducted on the eve of their wedding-day, by order of his father, who has his own reasons for opposing the match. Julia goes to the church to meet him, and returns home unmarried. After many and curious contretemps and some disasters, the young couple are re-united.—Charles Reade, Very Hard Cash.

Julia Melville, a ward of Sir Anthony Absolute; in love with Faulkland, who saved her life when she was thrown into the water by the upsetting of a boat.—Sheridan, The Rivals (1775).

Julian (Count), a powerful lord of the Spanish Goths. When his daughter Florinda was violated by King Roderick, the count was so indignant that he invited over the Moors to come and push Roderick from the throne, and even turned renegade the better to effect his purpose. The Moors succeeded, but condemned Count Julian to death, “to punish treachery, and prevent worse ill.” Julian, before he died, sent for “Father Maccabee,” and said:

“I would fain
Die in the faith wherein my fathers died.
I feel that I have sinned, and from my soul
Renounce the impostor’s faith, which in my soul
No place obtained.”obtained.”
Southey, Roderick, etc., xxiv. (1814).

Julian (St.), patron saint of hospitality. An epicure, a man of hospitality.

An householder and that a gret was he;
Seint Julian he was in his countré.
Chaucer, Introduction to Canterbury Tales (1388).

Julian St. Pierre, the brother of Mariana (q. v.).—S. Knowles, The Wife (1833).

Juliana, eldest daughter of Balthazar. A proud, arrogant, overbearing “Katharine,” who marries the duke of Aranza, and intends to be lady paramount. The duke takes her to a poor hut, which he calls his home, gives her the household duties to perform, and pretends to be a day-laborer. She chafes for a time; but his manliness, affection, and firmness, get the mastery; and when he sees that she loves him for himself, he announces the fact that after all he is the duke, and she the duchess of Aranza.—J. Tobin, The Honeymoon (1804).

Ju´liance, a giant.—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 98 (1470).

Julian West. Young man, who, after a sleep of years, awakens to the new order of things depicted in Looking Backward.—Edward Bellamy.

Julie (2 syl.), the heroine of Molière’s comedy entitled Mons. de Pourceaugnac (1669).

Julie (2 syl.), the heroine of J. J. Rousseau’s novel entitled Julie, ou la Nouvelle Héloïse (1760). The prototype was the Comtesse d’Houdetot. Julie had a pale complexion, a graceful figure, a profusion of light brown hair, and her near-sightedness gave her “a charming mixture of gaucherie and grace.” Rousseau went every morning to meet her, that he might receive of her that single kiss with which Frenchwomen salute a friend. One day, when Rousseau told her that she might innocently love others besides her husband, she näively replied, “Je pourrais done aimer mon pauvre St. Lambert.” Lord Byron has made her familiar to English readers.

His love was passion’s essence ...
This breathed itself to life in Julie; this
Invested her with all that’s wild and sweet;
This hallowed, too, the memorable kiss
Which every morn his fevered lip would greet
From her’s, who but with friendship his would meet.
Byron, Childe Harold, iii. 79 (1816).

Julie de Mortemar, an orphan, ward of Richelieu, and loved by King Louis XIII., Count Baradas, and Adrien de Mauprat, the last of whom she married. After many hair-breadth escapes and many a heart-ache, the king allowed the union, and blessed the happy pair.—Lord Lytton, Richelieu (1839).

Ju´liet, daughter of Lady Cap´ulet, of Verona, in love with Ro´meo, son of Montague (3 syl.), a rival house. As the parents could not be brought to sanction the alliance, the whole intercourse was clandestine, as was their marriage. In order to prevent the threatened marriage with Count Paris, by the advice of Friar Laurence she took a sleeping draught, and was carried to the family vault. The intention was that on waking, she should elope with Romeo; but Romeo, seeing her in the vault, killed himself from grief; and when Juliet awoke and found Romeo dead, she killed herself also.—Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet (1598).

C.H. Wilson says of Mrs. Baddeley (1742-1780) that her “‘JulietJuliet’ was never surpassed.” W. Donaldson, in his Recollections, says that “Miss O’Neill made her first appearance in Covent Garden Theatre in 1815 as ‘Juliet,’ and never was such an impression made before by any actress whatsoever.” Miss Fanny Kemble and Miss Helen Faucit were both excellent in the same character. The youngest Juliet was Miss Rosa Kenney (under 18), who made her dêbut in this character at Drury Lane, in 1879.

The doating fondness and silly peevishness of the nurse tends to relieve the soft and affectionate character of “Juliet,” and to place her before the audience in a point of view which those who have seen Miss O’Neill perform “Juliet,” know how to appreciate.—Sir W. Scott, The Drama.

Juliet, the lady beloved by Claudio, brother of Isabella.—Shakespeare, Measure for Measure (1603).

Ju´lio, a noble gentleman, in love with Lelia, a wanton widow.—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Captain (1613).

Julio of Harancour, “the deaf and dumb” boy, ward of Darlemont, who gets possession of Julio’s inheritance and abandons him in the streets of Paris. Julio is rescued by the Abbé De l’Epée, who brings him up, and gives him the name of Theodore. Julio grows up a noble-minded and intelligent young man, is recognized by the Franval family, and Darlemont confesses that “the deaf and dumb” boy is the count of Harancour.—Th. Holcroft, The Deaf and Dumb (1785).