List of Abbreviations Used in This Dictionary (part 3)

Pantheism, pan′thē-izm, n. the form of monism which identifies mind and matter, making them manifestations of one absolute being: the doctrine that there is no God apart from nature or the universe, everything being considered as part of God, or a manifestation of Him.—n. Pan′thēist, a believer in pantheism.—adjs. Panthēist′ic, -al.—ns. Panthēol′ogist, one versed in pantheology; Panthēol′ogy, a system of theology embracing all religions and the knowledge of all gods.

Pantheon, pan′thē-on, n. a temple dedicated to all the gods, esp. the round one at Rome, built by Agrippa in 27 B.C.: all the gods of a nation considered as one body: a complete mythology. [L. panthēon—Gr. pantheion (hieron), (a temple) for all gods—pas, pan, all, theos, a god.]

Panther, pan′thėr, n. a fierce, spotted, carnivorous quadruped of Asia and Africa:—fem. Pan′theress. [Fr. panthère—L.,—Gr. panthēr.]

Pantile, pan′tīl, n. a tile with a curved surface, convex or concave with reference to its width: a tile whose cross-section forms a double curve, forming a tegula and imbrex both in one.—adj. dissenting—chapels being often roofed with these.—n. Pan′tiling, a system of tiling with pantiles.

Pantisocrasy, pan-ti-sok′ra-si, n. a Utopian community in which all are of equal rank or social position. [Gr. pas, pantos, all, isos, equal, kratein, to rule.]

Pantler, pant′lėr, n. (Shak.) the officer in a great family who had charge of the bread and other provisions. [Fr. panetier—L. panis, bread.]

Pantochronometer, pan-tō-kro-nom′e-tėr, n. a combination of compass, sun-dial, and universal sun-dial.

Pantoffle, pan′tof'l, n. a slipper. [Fr.]

Pantograph, pan′tō-graf, n. an instrument for copying drawings, plans, &c. on the same, or a different, scale from the original.—adjs. Pantograph′ic, -al, pertaining to, or done by, a pantograph.—n. Pantog′raphy, general description: entire view: process of copying by means of the pantograph. [Gr. pan, all, graphein, to write.]

Pantology, pan-tol′o-ji, n. universal knowledge: a view of all branches of knowledge: a book of universal information.—adj. Pantolog′ic.—n. Pantol′ogist. [Gr. pas, pantos, all, logia, description.]

Pantometer, pan-tom′e-tėr, n. an instrument for measuring angles and perpendiculars.—n. Pantom′etry.

Pantomime, pan′tō-mīm, n. one who expresses his meaning by action without speaking: a play or an entertainment in dumb show: an entertainment in a theatre, usually about Christmas-time, in which some well-known story is acted, amidst showy scenery, with music and dancing, concluding with buffoonery by conventional characters—the clown, pantaloon, harlequin, and columbine.—adj. representing only by action without words.—adjs. Pantomim′ic, -al.—adv. Pantomim′ically.—n. Pan′tomimist, an actor in a pantomime. [Fr.,—L.—Gr. pantomimos, imitator of all—pas, pantos, all, mimos, an imitator.]

Pantomorph, pan′tō-morf, n. that which exists in all shapes.—adj. Pantomor′phic.

Panton, pan′ton, n. a horse-shoe for curing a narrow and hoof-bound heel: an idle fellow.

Pantophagy, pan-tof′a-ji, n. morbid hunger for all kinds of food.—n. Pantoph′agist.—adj. Pantoph′agous. [Gr. panta, all, phagein, to eat.]

Pantoscope, pan′tō-skōp, n. a panoramic camera: a very wide-angled photographic lens.—adj. Pantoscop′ic, giving a wide range of vision.

Pantostomatous, pan-tō-stom′a-tus, adj. ingesting food at any point on the surface of the body.

Pantry, pan′tri, n. a room or closet for provisions and table furnishings, or where plate, knives, &c. are cleaned. [Fr. paneterie, a place where bread is distributed—Low L. panitaria—L. panis, bread.]

Pants, n.pl. (coll.) trousers, abbrev. of pantaloons.

Panurgic, pan-ur′jik, adj. able to do all kinds of work. [Gr. pan, all, ergon, work.]

Panzoism, pan-zō′izm, n. the sum of the elements that make up vital force. [Gr. pas, pan, all, zōē, life.]

Pap, pap, n. soft food for infants: pulp of fruit: nourishment: (slang) the emoluments or perquisites of public office.—v.t. to feed with pap.—adjs. Papes′cent, Pap′py.—ns. Pap′meat, soft food for infants; Pap′spoon, a spoon for infants. [Imit.]

Pap, pap, n. a nipple or teat: a woman's breast: a round conical hill, as the Paps of Jura.

Papa, pa-pä′, or pä′pa, n. father: a bishop: a priest of the Greek Church. [Imit.]

Papacy, pā′pa-si, n. the office of the Pope: the authority of the Pope: popery: the Popes, as a body.—adj. Pā′pal, belonging to, or relating to, the Pope or to popery: popish.—v.t. Pā′palise, to make papal.—v.i. to conform to popery.—ns. Pā′palism; Pā′palist.—adv. Pā′pally.—ns. Pāpaphō′bia, extreme fear of the Pope, or the progress of papacy; Pā′parchy, papal government. [Low L. papatia—papa, a father.]

Papain, pä′pa-in, n. a nitrogenous body, isolated from the juice of the papaw, one of the digestive ferments applied in some cases of dyspepsia, either internally or for the predigestion of food.

Papaverous, pa-pav′ėr-us, adj. resembling or having the qualities of the poppy.—adj. Papaverā′ceous, of or like the poppy. [L. papaver, the poppy.]

Papaw, pa-paw′, n. the tree Carica papaya, or its fruit, native to South America, but common in the tropics, the trunk, leaves, and fruit yielding papain (q.v.), the leaves forming a powerful anthelmintic: the tree Asimina triloba, or its fruit, native to the United States. [The Malabar native name.]

Paper, pā′pėr, n. the material made from rags or vegetable fibres on which we commonly write and print: a piece of paper: a written or printed document or instrument, note, receipt, bill, bond, deed, &c.: a newspaper: an essay or literary contribution, generally brief: paper-money: paper-hangings for walls: a set of examination questions: free passes of admission to a theatre, &c., also the persons admitted by such.—adj. consisting or made of paper.—v.t. to cover with paper: to fold in paper: to treat in any way by means of paper, as to sand-paper, &c.: to paste the end-papers and fly-leaves at the beginning and end of a book before fitting it into its covers.—ns. Pā′per-bar′on, or -lord, one who holds a title that is merely official, like that of a Scotch Lord of Session, &c., or whose title is merely by courtesy or convention; Pā′per-case, a box for holding writing materials, &c.; Pā′per-chase, the game of hounds and hares, when the hares scatter bits of paper to guide the hounds; Pā′per-cigar′, a cigarette; Pā′per-clamp, a frame for holding newspapers, sheets of music, &c., for easy reference; Pā′per-clip, or Letter-clip, an appliance with opening and closing spring, for holding papers together; Pā′per-cloth, a fabric prepared in many of the Pacific islands from the inner bark of the mulberry, &c.; Pā′per-cred′it, credit given to a person because he shows by bills, promissory notes, &c. that money is owing to him; Pā′per-cut′ter, a machine for cutting paper in sheets, for trimming the edges of books, &c.; Pā′per-day, one of certain days in each term for hearing causes down in the paper or roll of business; Pā′per-enam′el, an enamel for cards and fine note-paper.—adj. Pā′per-faced (Shak.), having a face as white as paper.—ns. Pā′per-feed′er, an apparatus for delivering sheets of paper to a printing-press, &c.; Pā′per-file, an appliance for holding letters, &c., for safety and readiness of reference; Pā′per-gauge, a rule for measuring the type-face of matter to be printed, and the width of the margin; Pā′per-hang′er, one who hangs paper on the walls of rooms, &c.—n.pl. Pā′per-hang′ings, paper, either plain or with coloured figures, for hanging on or covering walls.—ns. Pā′pering, the operation of covering or hanging with paper: the paper itself; Pā′per-knife, -cut′ter, -fold′er, a thin, flat blade of ivory, &c., for cutting open the leaves of books and other folded papers; Pā′per-mak′er, one who manufactures paper; Pā′per-mak′ing; Pā′per-mar′bler, one engaged in marbling paper; Pā′per-mill, a mill where paper is made; Pā′per-mon′ey, pieces of paper stamped or marked by government or by a bank, as representing a certain value of money, which pass from hand to hand instead of the coin itself; Pā′per-mus′lin, a glazed muslin for dress linings, &c.; Pā′per-nau′tilus, or -sail′or, the nautilus; Pā′per-off′ice, an office in Whitehall where state-papers are kept; Pā′per-pulp, the pulp from which paper is made; Pā′per-punch, an apparatus for piercing holes in paper; Pā′per-reed (B.), the papyrus; Pā′per-rul′er, one who, or an instrument which, makes straight lines on paper; Pā′per-stain′er, one who prepares paper-hangings; Pā′per-test′er, a machine for testing the stretching strength of paper; Pā′per-wash′ing (phot.), water in which prints have been washed; Pā′per-weight, a small weight for laying on a bundle of loose papers to prevent them from being displaced.—adj. Pā′pery, like paper.—Bristol paper or board, a strong smooth paper for drawing on; Brown-paper (see Brown); Chinese paper, rice-paper: a fine soft slightly brownish paper made from bamboo bark, giving fine impressions from engravings; Cream-laid paper, a smooth paper of creamy colour, much used for note-paper; Distinctive paper, a fine silk-threaded fibre paper used in the United States for bonds, &c.; Filter-paper (see Filter); Hand-made paper, that made wholly by hand, as still with some kinds of printing and drawing papers; Height-to-paper, in typefounding, the length of a type from its face to its foot (11⁄12 inch); Hot-pressed paper, paper polished by pressure between heated plates; Imperfect paper, sheets of poorer quality, as the two outside quires of a ream; India paper (see Indian); Japanese paper, a soft fine paper made from the bark of the paper-mulberry, giving good impressions of plate engravings; Lithographic paper, paper used for taking impressions from lithographic stones; Litmus paper (see Litmus); Marbled paper (see Marble); Parchment paper, a tough paper, prepared in imitation of parchment by dipping in diluted sulphuric acid and washing with weak ammonia; Plain paper, unruled paper: (phot.) any unglossy paper; Plate paper, the best class of book paper; Printing paper (see Print); Rag-paper, that made from the pulp of rags; Ruled paper, writing-paper ruled with lines for convenience; Sensitised paper (phot.), paper chemically treated so that its colour is affected by the action of light; State-paper (see State); Test-paper (see Test); Tissue-paper, a very thin soft paper for wrapping delicate articles, protecting engravings in books, &c.—also Silk-paper; Tracing-paper, transparent paper used for copying a design, &c., by laying it over the original, and copying the lines shown through it; Transfer-paper (see Transfer); Vellum paper, a heavy ungrained smooth paper, sometimes used in fine printing; Whatman paper, a fine quality of English paper, with fine or coarse grain, used for etchings, engravings, &c.; Wove paper, paper laid on flannel or felt, showing no marks of wires; Wrapping-paper, coarse paper used for wrapping up parcels, &c. [A shortened form of papyrus.]

Papeterie, pap-e-trē′, n. a box containing paper, &c., for writing purposes: stationery. [Fr.]

Paphian, pā′fi-an, adj. pertaining to Paphos in Cyprus, sacred to Aphrodite: lascivious.—n. a native of Paphos, a votary of Aphrodite: a whore.

Papier-mâché, pap′yā-mä′shā, n. a material consisting either of paper-pulp or of sheets of paper pasted together, which by a peculiar treatment resembles varnished or lacquered wood in one class of articles made of it, and in another class (chiefly architectural ornaments) somewhat resembles plaster. [Fr. papier—L. papyrus; mâché is pa.p. of Fr. mâcher, to chew—L. masticāre, to masticate.]

Papilionaceous, pa-pil-yo-nā′shus, adj. (bot.) having a flower shaped somewhat like a butterfly, as the bean, pea, &c. [L. papilio, -onis, a butterfly.]

Papilla, pa-pil′a, n. one of the minute elevations on the skin, esp. on the upper surface of the tongue and on the tips of the fingers, and in which the nerves terminate: (bot.) a nipple-like protuberance:—pl. Papill′æ.—adjs. Pap′illar, Pap′illary, like a papilla, provided with papillæ; Pap′illāte, formed into a papilla, studded with papillæ.—v.i. and v.t. to become a papilla, to cover with such.—adjs. Papillif′erous, papillate: bearing one or more fleshy excrescences; Papill′iform, like a papilla in form.—ns. Papillī′tis, inflammation of the optic papilla; Papillō′ma, a tumour formed by the hypertrophy of one papilla, or of several, including warts, corns, &c.—adjs. Papillom′atous; Pap′illōse, full of papillæ, warty—also Pap′illous; Papill′ūlate, finely papillose.—n. Pap′illūle, a very small papilla, a verruca or a variole. [L., a small pustule, dim. of papula.]

Papillote, pap′il-ōt, n. a curl-paper, from its fancied resemblance to a butterfly. [Fr., from papillot, old form of papillon, butterfly—L. papilio.]

Papist, pā′pist, n. an adherent of the Pope: a name slightingly given to a Roman Catholic—(prov.) Pā′pish, Pā′pisher.—n. Pā′pism, popery.—adjs. Pāpist′ic, -al, pertaining to popery, or to the Church of Rome, its doctrines, &c.—adv. Pāpist′ically.—n. Pā′pistry, popery.

Papoose, pap-ōōs′, n. a N. Amer. Indian infant, usually wrapped up, fixed to a board, and thus carried by its mother or hung up for safety.—Also Pappoose′.

Pappus, pap′us, n. (bot.) the fine hair or down which grows on the seeds of some plants: the first hair on the chin.—adjs. Pappif′erous, bearing a pappus; Pappōse′, Papp′ous, provided or covered with down. [L. pappus—Gr. pappos, down.]

Papuan, pap′ū-an, adj. pertaining to Papua or New Guinea.—n. an inhabitant of Papua: one of a race of black colour, dolichocephalic, with rough and frizzly hair, inhabiting many of the islands of the Pacific near Australia. [Malay.]

Papulose, pap′ū-lōs, adj. full of pimples—also Pap′ūlous.—n. Pap′ūla, a small inflammatory pustule, a pimple:—pl. Pap′ūlæ.—adj. Pap′ūlar.—ns. Papūlā′tion, the development of papules; Pap′ūle, a pimple.—adj. Papulif′erous, pimply. [L. papula, a pimple.]

Papyrus, pa-pī′rus, n. an Egyptian sedge, now scarcely found there, from the inner pith (byblos) of which the ancients made their paper: a manuscript on papyrus:—pl. Papy′rī.—adjs. Papyrā′ceous, Pap′yral, Papyr′ēan, Pap′yrine, pertaining to the papyrus or to papyri: like paper in appearance and consistency; Papyrit′ious, resembling paper, as the nests of certain wasps.—n. Papyrograph (pā-pī′rō-graf), a hectograph or apparatus for producing copies of a written or printed document.—v.t. to produce by means of such.—adj. Pāpyrograph′ic.—n. Papyrog′raphy. [L.—Gr. papyros, prob. Egyptian.]

Par, pär, n. state of equality: equal value, the norm or standard: state or value of bills, shares, &c. when they sell at exactly the price marked on them—i.e. without premium or discount: equality of condition.—v.t. to fix an equality between.—Par of exchange, the value of coin of one country expressed in that of another.—Above par, at a premium, or at more than the nominal value; At par, at exactly the nominal value; Below par, at a discount, or at less than the nominal value; Nominal par, the value with which a bill or share is marked, or by which it is known. [L. par, equal.]

Par, pär, n. Same as Parr.

Para, pa-rä′, n. a coin of copper, silver, or mixed metal in use in Turkey and Egypt, the 40th part of a piastre, and worth about 1⁄18th of a penny in Turkey and 1⁄16th in Egypt.

Parabaptism, par-a-bap′tizm, n. uncanonical baptism.

Parabasis, pa-rab′a-sis, n. the chief of the choral parts in ancient Greek comedy, usually an address from the poet to the public. [Gr., para, beside, basis—bainein, to walk.]

Parabema, par-a-bē′ma, n. in Byzantine ecclesiastical architecture, the chapel of the prothesis or the diaconicon, or sacristy, where divided by walls from the bema or sanctuary:—pl. Parabē′mata.—adj. Parabemat′ic.

Parablast, par′a-blast, n. the supplementary or nutritive yolk of a meroblastic egg or metovum—as distinguished from the archiblast, or formative yolk.—adj. Parablast′ic. [Gr. para, beside, blastos, a germ.]

Parable, par′a-bl, n. a comparison: a fable or story of something which might have happened, told to illustrate some doctrine, or to make some duty clear: (B.) an apologue, proverb (Ps. lxxviii. 2, Hab. ii. 6).—v.t. to represent by a parable.—adjs. Parabol′ic, -al, like a parable or a parabola: expressed by a parable: belonging to, or of the form of, a parabola.—adv. Parabol′ically. [Gr. parabolē—paraballein, to compare—para, beside, ballein, to throw.]

Parablepsis, par-a-blep′sis, n. false vision.—Also Par′ablepsy. [Gr. para, beside, blepsis—bleptein, to see.]

Parabola, par-ab′o-la, n. (geom.) a curve or conic section, formed by cutting a cone with a plane parallel to its slope (for illustration, see Cone).—adjs. Parabol′ic; Parabol′iform.—n. Parab′oloid, the solid which would be generated by the rotation of a parabola about its principal axis. [Gr. parabolē; cf. Parable.]

Parabolanus, par-a-bō-lā′nus, n. in the early Eastern Church, a lay assistant to the clergy for waiting on the sick. [Gr. parabolos, reckless.]

Parabole, par-ab′o-le, n. (rhet.) a parable, a comparison or similitude. [Gr.; cf. Parable.]

Paracelsian, par-a-sel′si-an, adj. of or relating to the famous Swiss philosopher and physician, Paracelsus (1490-1541), or resembling his theories or practice. The name was coined for himself by Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, and apparently implied a claim to be greater than Celsus.

Paracentesis, par-a-sen-tē′sis, n. (surg.) the perforation of a cavity with a trocar, &c., tapping. [Gr., para, beside, kentein, to pierce.]

Paracentral, par-a-sen′tral, adj. situated next a centrum.—adj. Paracen′tric, approaching to the centre or receding from it.

Parachordal, par-a-kōr′dal, adj. (biol.) lying alongside the cranial part of the notochord. [Gr. para, beside, chordē, a chord.]

Parachromatism, par-a-krō′ma-tizm, n. colour-blindness. [Gr. para, beside, chroma, colour.]

Parachronism, par-ak′ron-izm, n. an error in dating an event by which it is made to appear later than it really was. [Gr., para, beside, chronos, time.]

Parachrose, par′a-krōs, adj. (min.) changing colour by exposure to weather. [Gr., para, beside, chroa, colour.]

Parachute, par′a-shōōt, n. an apparatus like an umbrella for descending safely from a balloon.—v.t. and v.i. to descend by means of such.—n. Par′achutist. [Fr., for par' à chute, from Fr. parer—L. parāre, to prepare, chute, a fall—L. cadĕre.]

Paraclete, par′a-klēt, n. the Comforter, Advocate, or Intercessor of John, xiv. 16, 26, 1 John, ii. 1, &c.—the Holy Ghost or Spirit.—ns. Paraclēt′ice, Paraclēt′icon, an office-book in the Greek Church containing the troparia of the whole ferial office for the year. [Through L., from Gr. paraklētos—parakalein, para, beside, kalein, to call.]

Paracme, pa-rak′mē, n. (biol.) the decadence of an evolutionary series of organisms after reaching its highest point of development. [Gr. para, beside, akmē, a point.]

Paracolpitis, par-a-kol-pī′tis, n. inflammation of the outer coat of the vagina. [Gr. para, beside, kolpos, the womb.]

Paracorolla, par-a-kō-rol′a, n. (bot.) a crown or appendage of a corolla, usually as a nectary. [Gr. para, beside, L. corolla.]

Paracrostic, par-a-krōs′tik, n. a poem with the first verse containing the initial letters of the others.

Paracusis, par-a-kū′sis, n. disordered hearing. [Gr. para, beside, akousis, hearing.]

Paracyanogen, par-a-sī-an′ō-jen, n. a substance obtained by heating mercury cyanide almost to redness.

Paracyesis, par-a-sī-ē′sis, n. extra-uterine pregnancy.

Paradactylum, par-a-dak′ti-lum, n. the side of a bird's toe. [Gr. para, beside, daktylos, a finger.]

Parade, par-ād′, n. the orderly arrangement of troops for exercise or inspection: a review of troops: the place where such a display takes place: that which is displayed: great or splendid show of any kind: a public walk or promenade.—v.t. to show off: to marshal in military order.—v.i. to march up and down as if for show: to pass in military order: to march in procession. [Fr.—Sp. parada—parar, to halt—L. parāre, -ātum, to prepare.]

Paradigm, par′a-dim, n. an example: model: (gram.) an example of the inflection of a word.—adjs. Paradigmat′ic, -al, consisting of, or resembling, paradigms.—n. Paradigmat′ic, one who narrates the lives of religious persons by way of examples.—adv. Paradigmat′ically. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. paradeigma—para, beside, deiknynai, to show.]

Paradise, par′a-dīs, n. a park or pleasure-ground, esp. in ancient Persia: the garden of Eden: heaven: any place of great beauty or state of blissful delights: the happy abode of the righteous in heaven: (slang) the upper gallery in a theatre: (archit.) a small private apartment, a court in front of a church.—adjs. Paradisā′ic, -al, Paradis′iac, -al, pertaining to, or resembling, paradise.—n. Par′adise-fish, a Chinese species of Macropid often kept in aquaria for its beauty of form and colouring.—adjs. Paradis′ial, Paradis′ian, pertaining to, suitable to, or resembling paradise; Paradis′ic, -al, pertaining to paradise.—Bird Of Paradise, an Eastern bird closely allied to the crow, with splendid plumage. [Fr. paradis—L. paradisus—Gr. paradeisos, a park, prob. Persian.]

Parados, par′a-dos, n. earthworks behind a fortified place, protecting against a rear attack.

Paradox, par′a-doks, n. that which is contrary to received opinion, or that which is apparently absurd but really true.—n. Par′adoxer.—adjs. Paradox′ic, -al, of the nature of a paradox: inclined to paradoxes, said of persons.—adv. Paradox′ically.—ns. Paradox′icalness; Paradox′ides, a genus of trilobites; Par′adoxist; Par′adoxy, the quality of being paradoxical.—Hydrostatic paradox (see Hydrostatics). [Through Fr. and L., from Gr. paradoxon—para, contrary to, doxa, an opinion.]

Paradoxure, par-a-dok′sūr, n. a civet-like carnivore of Southern Asia and Malaysia, the palm-cat of India.—adj. Paradoxū′rine, having a paradoxical or peculiarly curling tail.

Paræsthesia, par-es-thē′si-a, n. abnormal sensation. [Gr. para, beyond, aisthēsis, sensation.]

Paraffin, par′af-fin, n. a white, transparent, crystalline substance, obtained from shale, coal-tar, &c., much used instead of wax, tallow, &c. in making candles—so named as having little affinity—for an alkali—also Par′affine.—v.t. to coat or impregnate with paraffin.—ns. Par′affin-oil, any of the mineral burning oils associated with the manufacture of paraffin; Par′affin-scale, unrefined paraffin. [Fr.,—L. parum, little, affinis, allied.]

Paraffle, pa-raf′l, n. (Scot.) any pretentious display.

Paragastric, par-a-gas′trik, adj. lying alongside the gastric cavity: pertaining to the paragaster or the cavity of the sac of a sponge.

Parage, par′āj, n. equality in law: a woman's portion at marriage. [Par.]

Paragenesis, par-a-jen′e-sis, n. hybridism.—adjs. Paragenet′ic; Paragen′ic, originating with the germ or at the genesis of an individual. [Gr. para, beside, genesis, birth.]

Parageusia, par-a-gū′si-a, n. perverted sense of taste—also Parageu′sis.—adj. Parageu′sic. [Gr. para, beside, geusis, taste.]

Paraglenal, par-a-glē′nal, n. the coracoid of a fish—also adj. [Gr. para, beside, glēnē, a socket.]

Paraglobulin, par-a-glob′ū-lin, n. a globulin found in blood-serum, fibrino-plastin.—Also Paraglō′bin.

Paraglossa, par-a-glos′a, n. one of the two appendages of the ligula in insects.—adjs. Paragloss′al; Paragloss′ate, provided with paraglossæ. [Gr. para, beside, glōssa, the tongue.]

Paragnathous, par-ag′nā-thus, adj. having both mandibles of equal length.—n. Parag′nāthism. [Gr. para, beside, gnathos, the jaw.]

Paragoge, par-a-gō′jē, n. the addition of a letter or a syllable to the end of a word, as amidst for amid, generical for generic—also called epithesis and ecstasis, as opposed to prosthesis and apocope.—adjs. Paragog′ic, -al, forming a paragoge: relating to, or of the nature of, paragoge: added on: additional.—Paragogic future, the cohortative tense in Hebrew grammar—a lengthened form of the imperfect or future tense, usually confined to the first person, giving the sense of 'let me' or 'let us.' [L.,—Gr. from para, beyond, agein, to lead.]

Paragon, par′a-gon, n. a pattern or model with which comparisons are made: (Spens.) a companion or a rival: something supremely excellent: a size of printing-type intermediate between great-primer and double pica, equal to 20 points in the newer system.—v.t. to compare: to bring into comparison with: (Shak.) to surpass. [O. Fr., from Sp. compound prep. para con, in comparison with—L. pro, for, ad, to, con=cum, with.]

Paragram, par′a-gram, n. a play upon words: a pun.—n. Paragram′matist, a punster. [Gr. para, beside, gramma, something written, graphein, to write.]

Paragraph, par′a-graf, n. a distinct part of a discourse or writing marked by ¶, or by being begun on a new line, at more than the usual distance from the margin: a short passage, or a collection of sentences with unity of purpose.—v.t. to form into paragraphs.—ns. Par′agrapher, Par′agraphist, one who writes in paragraphs, esp. for newspapers.—adjs. Paragraph′ic, -al.—adv. Paragraph′ically. [The mark ¶ is the reversed initial of this word, which is, through Fr. and Low L., from Gr. paragraphos—para, beside, graphein, to write.]

Paraheliotropism, par-a-hē-li-ot′rō-pizm, n. the diurnal sleep of plants.—adj. Paraheliotrop′ic. [Gr. para, beside, hēlios, the sun, trepein, to turn.]

Parakeet. See Paroquet.

Paraleipsis, par-a-līp′sis, n. (rhet.) a figure by which one fixes attention on a subject by pretending to neglect it, as, 'I will not speak of his generosity, his gentleness of disposition, or his reverence for sacred things.' [Gr., from paraleipein, to leave on one side—para, beside, leipein, to leave.]

Paralipomena, par-a-li-pom′e-na, n.pl. things passed over, but given in a supplement, specially the name given in the Septuagint to the First and Second Books of Chronicles, a recapitulation of Second Samuel and the Books of Kings. [Late L.,—Gr. paraleipomena—paraleipein, to pass over.]

Parallax, par′a-laks, n. an apparent change in the position of an object caused by change of position in the observer: (astron.) the difference between the apparent and real place of a star or other celestial object.—adjs. Parallac′tic, -al. [Gr. parallaxis—para, beside, allassein, to change—allos, another.]

Parallel, par′al-lel, adj. side by side: (geom.) extended in the same direction and equi-distant in all parts: with the same direction or tendency: running in accordance with: resembling in all essential points: like or similar.—n. a line equi-distant from another at all points: a line drawn across a map or round a globe at right angles to the axis, marking latitude: likeness: a comparison: counterpart: (pl.) trenches, dug parallel to the outline of a besieged fortress to protect the besiegers (mil.).—v.t. to place so as to be parallel: to correspond, or to make to correspond, to:—pr.p. par′alleling or par′allelling; pa.p. par′alleled or par′allelled.—n. Par′allelism, state of being parallel: resemblance: comparison: likeness of form or meaning, as of two statements, clauses, or verses.—adj. Parallelis′tic, of the nature of, or involving, parallelism.—adv. Par′allelly.—Parallel bars, a pair of bars securely fixed, 4 to 6 feet above the ground, and about 1½ feet apart, used in gymnastics to strengthen the arms; Parallel forces, forces which act in parallel lines, having a single resultant, readily found by the method of moments; Parallel motion, a name given to any linkage by which circular motion may be changed into straight-line motion; Parallel rulers, a mathematical instrument for drawing parallel lines. [Fr.,—L. parallelus—Gr. parallēlos—para, beside, allēlōn, of one another—allos, another.]

Parallelepiped, par-al-lel-e-pī′ped, n. a regular solid, the opposite sides and ends of which form three pairs of equal parallelograms.—Also Parallelepī′pedon, improperly Parallelopī′ped, Parallelopī′pedon. [L.,—Gr. parallēlepipedon—parallēlos, epipedon, a plane surface—epi, on, pedon, the ground.]

Parallelogram, par-al-lel′ō-gram, n. a plane four-sided figure, the opposite sides of which are parallel and equal.—adjs. Parallelogrammat′ic, -al, Parallelogram′mic, -al. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. parallēlos, side by side, gramma, a line—graphein, to write.]

Paralogism, par-al′ō-jizm, n. reasoning beside the point: a conclusion not following from the premises—also Paral′ogy.—v.i. Paral′ogise, to reason falsely. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. paralogismos—para, beside, logismos—logos, discourse.]

Paralyse, par′a-līz, v.t. to strike with paralysis or palsy: to make useless: to deaden the action of: to exhaust.—n. Paral′ysis, a loss of the power of motion, sensation, or function in any part of the body: palsy: loss of energy: state of being crippled.—adj. Paralyt′ic, of or pertaining to paralysis: afflicted with or inclined to paralysis.—n. one who is affected with paralysis.—General paralysis, dementia paralytica. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. paralyein, paralysein—para, beside, lyein, loosen.]

Paramagnetic, par-a-mag-net′ik, adj. See under Diamagnetic.

Paramastoid, par-a-mas′toid, adj. situated near the mastoid, paroccipital.—n. a paramastoid process.

Paramatta, par-a-mat′a, n. a fabric like merino made of worsted and cotton. [From Paramatta in New South Wales.]

Paramecium, par-a-mē′si-um, n. an infusorian in pond water or vegetable infusions—also Slipper Animalcule:—pl. Paramē′cia. [Gr. paramēkēs, long-shaped, para, beside, mēkos, length.]

Paramenia, par-a-mē′ni-a, n.pl. disordered menstruation. [Gr. para, beside, mēn, a month.]

Paramere, par′a-mēr, n. (biol.) a radiated part or organ: either half of a bi-laterally symmetrical animal—usually Antimere.—adj. Paramer′ic. [Gr. para, beside, meros, a part.]

Parameter, par-am′ē-tėr, n. (geom.) the constant quantity which enters into the equation of a curve: in conic sections, a third proportional to any diameter and its conjugate diameter. [Gr. para, beside, metron, measure.]

Paramnesia, par-am-nē′si-a, n. false memory. [Gr. para, beside, mim-nēskein, to remind.]

Paramo, par′a-mō, n. a bare wind-swept elevated plain. [Sp.]

Paramorph, par′a-morf, n. (min.) a pseudomorph formed by a change in molecular structure without change of chemical composition.—adjs. Paramorph′ic, Paramorph′ous.—ns. Paramorph′ism, Paramorphō′sis. [Gr. para, beside, morphē, form.]

Paramount, par′a-mownt, adj. superior to all others: chief: of the highest order or importance—opp. to Paravail.—n. the chief: a superior.—adv. Par′amountly. [O. Fr. par amont, par—L. prep. per; cf. Amount.]

Paramour, par′a-mōōr, n. a lover of either sex, now usually in the illicit sense. [Fr. par amour, by or with love—L. per amorem.]

Paranema, par-a-nē′ma, n. (bot.) paraphysis.—adj. Paranemat′ic. [Gr. para, about, nēma, a thread.]

Parang, par′ang, n. a heavy Malay knife. [Malay.]

Parangon, pa-rang′gon, n. a jeweller's term for a gem of remarkable excellence. [Fr.]

Paranœa, par-a-nē′a, n. chronic mental derangement—also Paranoi′a.—ns. Paranœ′ac, Paranoi′ac.—adj. Paranœ′ic. [Gr. para, beside, noein, to think.]

Paranthelion, par-an-thē′li-on, n. a diffuse whitish image of the sun, having the same altitude, at an angular distance of about 120°—due to reflection from atmospheric ice-prisms. [Gr. para, beside, anti, against, hēlios, the sun.]

Paranucleus, par-a-nū′klē-us, n. (biol.) an accessory nucleus in some protozoans.—adjs. Paranū′clear, Paranū′cleate.—n. Paranūclē′olus, a mass of substance extruded from the nucleus, in pollen and spore mother-cells before division.

Paranymph, par′a-nimf, n. a friend of the bridegroom who escorted the bride on the way to her marriage: a bride's-man: one who countenances and supports another. [Gr. para, beside, nymphē, a bride.]

Parapeptone, par-a-pep′tōn, n. a proteid compound formed in gastric digestion, acid albumen.

Parapet, par′a-pet, n. a rampart breast-high, to protect soldiers on a wall from the fire of an enemy: a breast-high wall on a bridge, house-roof, a platform, &c., to prevent persons from falling over.—adj. Par′apeted, having a parapet. [Fr.,—It. parapetto—It. parare, to adorn—L. parāre, to prepare, It. petto—L. pectus, the breast.]

Paraph, par′af, n. a mark or flourish under one's signature.—v.t. to append a paraph to, to sign with initials. [Paragraph.]

Paraphasia, par-a-fā′zi-a, n. a form of aphasia in which one word is substituted for another.

Paraphernalia, par-a-fėr-nāl′i-a, n.pl. ornaments of dress of any kind: trappings: that which a bride brings over and above her dowry: the clothes, jewels, &c. which a wife possesses beyond her dowry in her own right. [Late L. parapherna—Gr., from para, beyond, phernē, a dowry—pherein, to bring.]

Paraphimosis, par-a-fī-mō′sis, n. strangulation of the glans penis by constriction of the prepuce.

Paraphonia, par-a-fō′ni-a, n. in Byzantine music, a melodic progression by consonances (fourths and fifths): an abnormal condition of the voice: an alteration of the voice, as at puberty. [Gr. para, beside, phōnē, the voice.]

Paraphragm, par′a-fram, n. a kind of lateral diaphragm in Crustacea.—adj. Paraphrag′mal. [Gr. para, beside, phrassein, to fence.]

Paraphrase, par′a-frāz, n. a saying of the same thing in other words, often more fully and more clearly: an explanation of a passage: a loose or free translation: (Scot.) one of a certain number of Scripture passages turned into verse for use in the service of praise.—v.t. to say the same thing in other words: to render more fully: to interpret or translate freely.—v.i. to make a paraphrase.—n. Par′aphrast, one who paraphrases.—adjs. Paraphrast′ic, -al, of the nature of a paraphrase: more clear and ample than the original passage: free, loose, diffuse.—adv. Paraphrast′ically.—Paraphrastic conjugation, one composed of the verb sum (am) with participial forms of the verbs conjugated (amaturus sum, &c.). [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. paraphrasis—para, beside, phrasis, a speaking—phrazein, to speak.]

Paraphyllum, par-a-fil′um, n. (bot.) a small foliaceous organ between the leaves of some mosses. [Gr. para, beside, phyllon, a leaf.]

Paraphysis, pa-raf′i-sis, n. an erect sterile filament accompanying the sexual organs of some cryptogamous plants:—pl. Paraph′ysēs.

Paraplegia, par-a-plē′ji-a, n. a form of spinal paralysis in which voluntary motion and sensation are interrupted below the level of the affected part of the spinal cord, while reflex movements may be preserved and certain forms even increased.—adjs. Paraplec′tic, Paraplē′gic. [Gr. para, beside, plēssein, to strike.]

Parapleurum, par-a-plōō′rum, n. one of the pleura or sternal side-pieces in a beetle, &c.—Also Parapleu′ron. [Gr. para, beside, pleuron, side.]

Parapodium, par-a-pō′di-um, n. one of the jointless lateral appendages of an annelid:—pl. Parapō′dia. [Gr. para, beside, pous, podos, a foot.]

Parapophysis, par-a-pof′i-sis, n. the inferior or anterior process on the side of a vertebra—the superior or posterior one being a diapophysis.—adj. Parapophys′ial. [Gr. para, beside, apophysis, an offshoot.]

Parapsis, pa-rap′sis, n. (entom.) one of the two lateral parts of the mesoscutum of the thorax.—adj. Parap′sidal. [Gr. para, beside, hapsis, a loop.]

Parapsis, pa-rap′sis, n. a disordered sense of touch.—Also Parā′phia. [Gr. para, beside, hapsis, a touching.]

Parapterum, pa-rap′te-rum, n. (entom.) the third sclerite of each pleuron, or lateral segment of each thoracic somite—the first and second, the episternum, and the epimeron: in birds, the scapular and adjoining feathers of the wing.—adj. Parap′teral. [Gr. para, beside, pteron, a wing.]

Paraquito, par-a-kē′to, n. Same as Paroquet, Parrakeet.

Pararctalia, par-ark-tā′li-a, n. the northern temperate realm of the waters of the globe.—adj. Pararctā′lian.

Pararthria, pa-rär′thri-ä, n. disordered articulation of speech. [Gr. para, beside, arthron, a joint.]

Parasang, par′a-sang, n. a Persian measure of length, containing 30 stadia, equal to about 3¾ miles. [Gr. parasangēs—Pers. farsang.]

Parascenium, par-a-sē′ni-um, n. in the Greek theatre, one of the wings on either side of the proscenium:—pl. Parascē′nia. [Gr.]

Parasceve, par′a-sēv, n. the eve before the Jewish Sabbath when the preparations are made: sometimes applied to Good-Friday: (obs.) preparation.—adj. Parascenas′tic. [Gr. paraskeuē, preparation—para, beside, skeuē, equipment.]

Paraschematic, par-a-skē-mat′ik, adj. imitative. [Gr. para, beside, schēma, a scheme.]

Paraselene, par-a-se-lē′nē, n. a mock moon, seen in connection with a lunar rainbow (cf. Parahelion):—pl. Paraselē′næ.—adj. Paraselen′ic. [Gr. para, beside, selēnē, the moon.]

Parasite, par′a-sīt, n. one who frequents another's table: a hanger-on: a sycophant: (bot.) a plant growing upon and nourished by the juices of another: (zool.) an animal which lives on another—its host.—adjs. Parasit′ic, -al, like a parasite: fawning: acting as a sycophant: living on other plants or animals.—adv. Parasit′ically.—ns. Parasit′icalness; Parasit′icide, that which destroys parasites; Par′asitism; Parasitol′ogist; Parasitol′ogy. [Fr.,—L. parasītus—Gr. parasitos—para, beside, sitos, corn.]

Parasol, par′a-sol, n. a small umbrella used by women as a shade from the sun.—v.t. to shelter from the sun. [Fr.,—It. parasole—parare, to keep off—L. parāre, to prepare, sol, solis, the sun.]

Parasphenoid, par-a-sfē′noid, n. a bone which in some Vertebrata underlies the base of the skull from the basi-occipital to the presphenoidal region.—adj. lying under or alongside the sphenoid.

Parasynthesis, par-a-sin′the-sis, n. the principle of forming words by a combined process of derivation and composition with a particle.—adj. Parasynthet′ic.—n. Parasyn′theton, a word so formed:—pl. Parasyn′theta.

Parataxis, par-a-tak′sis, n. (gram.) the arrangement of clauses or propositions without connectives. [Gr.]

Parathesis, pa-rath′e-sis, n. (gram.) apposition: (philol.) the setting side by side of things of equivalent grade in the monosyllabic or isolating languages: (rhet.) a parenthetic notice of something to be afterwards explained: in the Eastern Church, a prayer of the bishop over converts or catechumens. [Gr.]

Paratonic, par-a-ton′ik, adj. retarding a plant's growth. [Gr. para, beside, teinein, to stretch.]

Paravail, par′a-vāl, adj. inferior: lowest, said of a feudal tenant: of least account—opp. to Paramount. [O. Fr. par aval, below—L. per, through, ad, to, vallem, a valley.]

Paravant, Paravaunt, par′a-vänt, adv. (Spens.) in front, first, beforehand. [O. Fr. paravant—par, through, avant, before—L. ab, from, ante, before.]

Parbake, pär′bāk, v.t. to bake partially. [Formed on analogy of parboil.]

Parboil, pär′boil, v.t. to boil slightly or in part—as if from part and boil.

Parbreak, pär′brāk, v.t. or v.i. (Spens.) to throw out, to vomit.—n. (Spens.) vomit. [Fr. par—L. per, through, and break.]

Parbuckle, pär′buk'l, n. a purchase made by looping a rope in the middle to aid in rolling casks up or down an incline, or in furling a sail by rolling the yards: a sling made by passing both ends of a rope through its bight.—v.t. to hoist or lower by a parbuckle:—pr.p. par′buckling; pa.p. par′buckled. [Prob. L. par, equal, and buckle.]

Parcæ, pär′sē, n.pl. the Fates.

Parcel, pär′sel, n. a little part: a portion: a quantity, as of single articles: a number forming a group or a lot: a package.—v.t. to divide into portions:—pr.p. par′celling; pa.t. and pa.p. par′celled.—n. Par′cel-bawd (Shak.), one partly a bawd.—adjs. Par′cel-beard′ed (Tenn.), partially bearded; Par′cel-gilt, partially gilded.—n. Par′cel-off′ice, a place where parcels are received for despatch and delivery.—Parcels post, that department of the post-office which takes charge of the forwarding and delivery of small parcels. [Fr. parcelle (It. particella)—L. particula, dim. of pars, partis, a part.]

Parcenary, par′se-nā-ri, n. co-heirship.—n. Par′cener, a co-heir.

Parch, pärch, v.t. to burn slightly: to scorch.—v.i. to be scorched: to become very dry.—adj. Parched, scorched.—adv. Parch′edly.—n. Parch′edness. [M. E. parchen, either a variety of per(s)chen=peris(c)hen, to kill, or from perchen, to pierce.]

Parchment, pärch′ment, n. the skin of a sheep or goat prepared for writing on.—Parchment paper, or Vegetable parchment (see Paper).—Virgin parchment, a fine kind of parchment made from the skins of new-born lambs or kids. [Fr. parchemin—L. pergamena (charta, paper)—from Gr. Pergamos.]

Pard, pärd, n. (slang) a partner, mate.

Pard, pärd, n. the panther: the leopard: in poetry, any spotted animal.—n. Pard′ale (Spens.). [L. pardus—Gr. pardos, the panther, the leopard.]

Pardieu, pär′dū, Pardi, Pardy, pär′di, adv. (Spens.) in truth: certainly. [Fr., by God—par—L. per, through, by, Dieu—L. deus, God.]

Pardon, pär′don, v.t. to forgive, said either of an offender or of a crime: to pass by without punishment or blame: to set free from punishment: to let off without doing something.—n. forgiveness, either of an offender or of his offence: remission of a penalty or punishment: a warrant declaring a pardon: a papal indulgence.—adj. Par′donable, that may be pardoned: excusable.—n. Par′donableness.—adv. Par′donably.—n. Par′doner, one who pardons: formerly, one licensed to sell papal indulgences.—p.adj. Par′doning, disposed to pardon: forgiving: exercising the right or power to pardon: conferring authority to grant pardon.—Pardon me, excuse me—used in apology and to soften a contradiction. [Fr. pardonner—Low L. perdonāre—L. per, through, away, donāre, to give.]

Pardy, pär′di, adv. A form of pardieu.

Pare, pār, v.t. to cut or shave off: to trim, or to remove by cutting: to diminish by littles.—n. Pār′er, one who, or that which, pares. [Fr. parer—L. parāre, to prepare.]

Paregoric, par-ē-gor′ik, adj. soothing, lessening pain.—n. a medicine that soothes pain: tincture of opium. [L.,—Gr. parēgorikos—parēgorein, to exhort.]

Pareil, par-el′, n. an equal. [Fr.,—L. par, equal.]

Pareira, pa-rā′ra, n. a tonic diuretic drug derived from various South and Central American plants. [Braz.]

Parella, pa-rel′la, n. a crustaceous lichen yielding archil, cudbear, and litmus.—Also Parelle′. [Fr. parelle.]

Parembole, pa-rem′bō-lē, n. (rhet.) an inserted phrase modifying or explaining the thought of the sentence—closer to the context than a parenthesis. [Gr.]

Parenchyma, pa-reng′ki-mä, n. the soft cellular tissue of glandular and other organs, as the pith in plants or the pulp in fruits.—adjs. Parench′ymal, Parenchym′atous, Parench′ymous. [Gr., para, beside, engchein, to pour in.]

Parenesis, pa-ren′e-sis, n. persuasion.—adjs. Parenet′ic, -al, hortatory. [Gr. parainesis, exhortation, para, beside, ainein, to praise.]

Parent, pār′ent, n. one who begets or brings forth: a father or a mother: one who, or that which, produces: an author: a cause.—n. Par′entage, descent from parents: birth: extraction: rank or character derived from one's parents or ancestors: relation of parents to their children.—adj. Parent′al, pertaining to, or becoming, parents: affectionate: tender.—adv. Parent′ally.—ns. Par′enthood, state of being a parent: duty or feelings of a parent; Parent′icide, one who kills a parent.—adj. Par′entless, without a parent. [Fr., 'kinsman'—L. parens, for pariens, -entis, pr.p. of parĕre, to bring forth.]

Parenthesis, pa-ren′the-sis, n. a word, phrase, or sentence put in or inserted in another which is grammatically complete without it: (pl.) the marks used to mark off a parenthesis:—pl. Paren′theses (-sēz).—v.i. Parenth′esise.—adjs. Parenthet′ic, -al, of the nature of a parenthesis: expressed in a parenthesis: using parentheses.—adv. Parenthet′ically. [Gr.,—para, beside, en, in, thesis, a placing—tithenai, to place.]

Parergon, pa-rėr′gon, n. a by-work, any work subsidiary to another. [Gr.,—para, beside, ergon, work.]

Paresis, par′e-sis, n. a diminished activity of function—a partial form of paralysis.—adj. Paret′ic. [Gr., parienai, to relax.]

Parfay, pär-fā′, interj. by or in faith. [Fr.]

Parfilage, pär′fi-lāj, n. the unravelling of woven fabrics, to save gold or silver threads. [Fr.]

Parfleche, pär-flesh′, n. rawhide of buffalo-skin stripped of hair and dried on a stretcher: a wallet, tent, &c. of such material. [Canadian Fr.,—Ind.]

Pargasite, pär′ga-sīt, n. a dark-green crystallised variety of amphibole or hornblende.

Parget, pär′jet, n. (Spens.) the plaster of a wall: paint.—v.t. to plaster: to paint.—ns. Par′geter; Par′geting, Parge′-work. [L. paries, parietis, a wall; or Low L. spargitāre, to sprinkle—L. spargĕre.]

Parhelion, par-hē′li-un, n. a bright light caused by refraction of light through ice crystals floating in the air, sometimes seen near the sun, and sometimes opposite to the sun, when it is called anthelion:—pl. Parhē′lia.—adjs. Parhel′ic, Parhelī′acal. [Gr. para, beside, hēlios, the sun.]

Pariah, pār′i-a, n. a member of a caste in southern India, lower than the four Brahminical castes: one who has lost his caste: an outcast. [Tamil.]

Parian, pā′ri-an, adj. pertaining to or found in the island of Paros, in the Ægean Sea.—n. an inhabitant of Paros: a fine porcelain for statuettes, resembling marble.—Parian marble, a fine marble found in Paros, much used by the ancients for statues.

Paridigitate, par-i-dij′i-tāt, adj. having an even number of digits.

Parietal, pa-rī′et-al, adj. pertaining to a wall or walls: (anat.) forming the sides: (bot.) growing from the inner lining of an organ, and not from the axis, as seeds in the ovary.—n. one of the bones of the skull. [L. parietalis—paries, parietis, a wall.]

Paring, pār′ing, n. act of trimming or cutting off: that which is pared off: rind: the cutting off of the surface of grass land for tillage.

Paripinnate, par-i-pin′āt, adj. (bot.) equally pinnate.

Parish, par′ish, n. a district under one pastor: an ecclesiastical district having officers of its own and supporting its own poor: the people of a parish.—adj. belonging or relating to a parish: employed or supported by the parish.—n. Parish′ioner, one who belongs to or is connected with a parish: a member of a parish church.—Parish clerk, the clerk or recording officer of a parish: the one who leads the responses in the service of the Church of England; Parish priest, a priest who has charge of a parish; Parish register, a book in which the births, marriages, and deaths of a parish are registered. [Fr. paroisse—L. parœcia—Gr. paroikia—paroikos, dwelling beside—para, beside, oikos, a dwelling.]

Parisian, par-iz′i-an, adj. of or pertaining to Paris.—n. a native or resident of Paris:—fem. Parisienne′.—Paris doll, a small figure dressed in the latest fashions, sent out by Paris modistes.

Parisyllabic, par-i-si-lab′ik, adj. having the same number of syllables.

Paritor, par′i-tor, n. Same as Apparitor.

Parity, par′i-ti, n. state of being equal in rank, position, quality, &c.: resemblance: analogy. [Fr. parité—L. paritas—par, equal.]

Park, pärk, n. an enclosed piece of land for a special purpose, as for wild beasts: a grass field: a tract of land surrounding a mansion: a piece of ground enclosed for recreation: (mil.) a space in an encampment occupied by the artillery; hence, a collection of artillery, or stores in an encampment.—v.t. to enclose: to bring together in a body, as artillery.—n. Park′er, the keeper of a park. [A.S. pearroc, prob. modified by Fr. parc.]

Parlance, pär′lans, n. speaking: conversation: peculiar manner of conversation.—adj. and adv. Parlan′do, declamatory in style: in recitative.—v.i. Parle (Shak.), to talk.—n. (Shak.) talk, conversation.—v.i. Par′ley, to speak with another: to confer on some important point: to treat with an enemy.—n. talk: a conference with an enemy in war. [Fr. parler—L. parabola—Gr. parabolē, a parable, word.]

Parliament, pär′li-ment, n. a meeting for deliberation: the supreme legislature of Great Britain, also of some of her colonies: in France, down to the Revolution, one of certain superior and final courts of judicature, in which also the edicts of the king were registered before becoming law.—adjs. Parliamentā′rian, adhering to the Parliament in opposition to Charles I.; Parliament′ary, pertaining to parliament: enacted or done by parliament: according to the rules and practices of legislative bodies.—Parliamentary agent, a person employed by private persons or societies for drafting bills or managing business to be brought before parliament; Parliamentary borough, a borough having the right of sending a member or members to parliament; Parliamentary train, a train which, by act of parliament, runs both ways along a line of railway, at least once each day, at the rate of one penny per mile.—Act of parliament, a statute that has passed through both the House of Commons and the House of Lords, and received the formal royal assent. [Fr. parlement—parler, to speak.]

Parlour, pär′lur, n. an ordinary family sitting-room: a room for receiving guests in.—n. Par′lour-board′er, a pupil at a boarding-school who enjoys particular privileges. [Fr., parloir—parler, to speak.]

Parlous, pär′lus, adj. perilous, venturesome, notable.—adv. Par′lously. [Perilous.]

Parmacety, par-mas-it′i, n. (Shak.) a corr. of spermaceti.

Parmesan, par-me-zan′, adj. pertaining to Parma.—n. Parmesan cheese.

Parnassus, par-nas′us, n. a mountain in Greece, sacred to Apollo and the Muses.—adj. Parnass′ian.—Grass of Parnassus, a plant with beautiful white or yellowish flowers.

Parnellism, pär′nel-izm, n. the plans and methods of agitation used by Charles Stewart Parnell (1846-91) for the purpose of promoting 'Home Rule' for Ireland.—n. Par′nellite, one of the followers of C. S. Parnell.—adj. of or pertaining to the nationalist movement led by Parnell.

Paroccipital, par-ok-sip′i-tal, adj. situated near the occiput.

Parochial, par-ō′ki-al, adj. of or relating to a parish: restricted or confined within narrow limits—of sentiments, tastes, &c.—v.t. Parō′chialise, to form into parishes.—n. Parō′chialism, a system of local government which makes the parish the unit—hence provincialism, narrowness of view.—adv. Parō′chially.—Parochial Board (in Scotland), the board in each parish which relieves the poor. [L. parochialis—parochia, a variant of parœcia.]

Parody, par′o-di, n. an imitation of a poem in which its words and ideas are so far changed as to produce a ridiculous effect.—v.t. to turn into parody, to make a parody of:—pa.p. par′odied.—adjs. Parod′ic, -al.—n. Par′odist, one who writes a parody. [L.,—Gr. parōdia—para, beside, ōdē, an ode.]

Parole, par-ōl′, n. word of mouth: (mil.) word of honour (esp. by a prisoner of war, to fulfil certain conditions): the daily password in a camp or garrison.—adj. given by word of mouth: oral—opp. to Documentary, as parole evidence. [Fr.,—L. parabola, a parable, saying.]

Paronomasia, par-ō-nō-mā′zhi-a, n. a rhetorical figure in which words similar in sound but different in meaning are set in opposition to each other: a play upon words—also Paronom′asy.—adjs. Paronomas′tic, -al.—ns. Par′onyme, Par′onym, a paronymous word—opp. to Homonym.—adj. Paron′ymous, formed by a slight change of word or name: derived from the same root: having the same sound, but different in spelling and meaning.—n. Paron′ymy, quality of being paronymous. [Gr. para, beside, onoma, name.]

Paroquet, Parroquet, par′o-ket, n. a small long-tailed tropical and subtropical parrot.—Also Parr′akeet. [Fr. perroquet—Pierrot, dim. of Pierre, Peter.]

Parosmia, pa-ros′mi-a, n. a perversion of the sense of smell. [Gr. para, beside, osmē, smell.]

Parotid, par-ot′id, n. the largest of the three pairs of salivary glands, situated immediately in front of the ear—also Parō′tis.—adj. Parot′ic, auricular, situated about the outer ear.—ns. Parotidī′tis, Parotī′tis, inflammation of the parotic gland. [L.,—Gr. parōtis, -idos—para, beside, ous, ōtos, ear.]

Paroxysm, par′oks-izm, n. a fit of acute pain occurring at intervals: a fit of passion: any sudden violent action.—adjs. Paroxys′mal, Paroxys′mic, pertaining to, or occurring in, paroxysms. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. paroxysmos—para, beyond, oxys, sharp.]

Paroxytone, par-ok′si-tōn, adj. having the acute accent on the last syllable but one.—n. a word with an acute accent on the second last syllable.—v.t. to accent a word in this way.

Parquet, pär-ket′, n. the part of the floor of a theatre, &c., behind the musicians' seats, but not under the gallery: the pit or the whole of the floor of a theatre: parquetry.—n. Par′quetry, woodwork inlaid with figures, for floors. [Fr. parquet, an inlaid floor, dim. of parc, an enclosure.]

Parr, pär, n. a young salmon.

Parrakeet, par′a-kēt, n. Same as Paroquet.

Parrhesia, pa-rē′si-a, n. boldness of speech. [Gr.]

Parricide, par′ri-sīd, n. the murder of one's own father or mother: the murder of a parent: the murder of any one to whom reverence is due.—adj. Parricid′al, pertaining to, or committing, parricide. [Fr.,—L. parricida (for patri-cida)—pater, patris, father, cædĕre, to slay.]

Parrot, par′rut, n. one of a family of tropical and subtropical birds, with brilliant plumage and a hooked bill, remarkable for their faculty of imitating the human voice: a repeater of the words of others.—v.t. and v.i. to repeat by rote.—ns. Par′rot-coal, a kind of coal which crepitates in burning; Par′roter; Par′rot-fish, a name applied to various fishes, from their colours or the shape of their jaws; Par′rotry, servile imitation. [Contr. of Fr. perroquet.]

Parry, par′i, v.t. to ward or keep off: to turn aside: to avoid:—pa.t. and pa.p. parr′ied.—n. a turning aside of a blow or a thrust: a defensive movement of any kind. [Fr. parer—L. parāre, to prepare, in Low L. to keep off.]

Parse, pärs, v.t. (gram.) to tell the parts of speech of a sentence and the relations of the various words to each other.—n. Pars′ing. [L. pars (orationis), a part of speech.]

Parsee, Parsi, pär′sē, n. one of the surviving remnant of Zoroastrianism which took refuge in India in the 7th century: a fire-worshipper.—n. Par′seeism. [Pers. Pārsī—Pārs, Persia.]

Parsimony, pär′si-mun-i, n. sparingness in the spending of money: frugality: niggardliness.—adj. Parsimō′nious, sparing in the use of money: frugal to excess: niggardly: covetous.—adv. Parsimō′niously.—n. Parsimō′niousness. [Fr.,—L. parsimonia, parcimonia—parcĕre, to spare.]

Parsley, pärs′li, n. a bright-green herb, with finely divided, strongly scented leaves, used in cookery. [Fr. persil—L. petroselinum—Gr. petroselinon—petros, a rock, selinon, a kind of parsley.]

Parsnip, Parsnep, pärs′nip, n. an edible plant with a carrot-like root. [O. Fr. pastenaque—L. pastinaca—pastinum, a dibble.]

Parson, pär′sn, n. the priest or incumbent of a parish: a clergyman: one who is licensed to preach.—n. Par′sonage, the residence of the minister of a parish: (orig.) the house, lands, tithes, &c. set apart for the support of the minister of a parish.—adjs. Parson′ic, Par′sonish, pertaining to or like a parson. [O. Fr. persone—L. persōna, a person.]

Part, pärt, n. something less than the whole: a portion: a quantity or number making up with others a larger quantity or number: a fraction: a member or essential part of a whole: a proportional quantity: one's share: interest: side or party: action: character taken by an actor in a play: (math.) a quantity which taken a certain number of times will equal a larger quantity: an exact divisor: (mus.) one of the melodies of a harmony: (pl.) qualities: talents.—v.t. to divide: to make into parts: to put or keep asunder.—v.i. to be separated: to be torn asunder: to have a part or share.—adj. Part′ed (Shak.), endowed with parts or abilities: (bot.) deeply cleft, as a leaf.—n. Part′er.—adv. Part′ly, in part: in some degree.—Part of speech (gram.), one of the various classes of words.—For my part, as far as concerns me; For the most part, commonly; In bad, or ill, part, unfavourably; In good part, favourably; Take part in, to share or to assist in; Take part with, to take one's side. [Fr.,—L. pars, partis.]

Partake, pär-tāk′, v.i. to take or have a part, either absolutely, or with of or in before the thing shared, as food, &c.: to have something of the nature or properties, &c.: to be admitted: (Shak.) to make common cause.—v.t. to have a part in: to share: (Shak.) to communicate:—pr.p. partā′king; pa.t. partook′; pa.p. partā′ken.—ns. Partā′ker, one who shares in along with others: a partner: an accomplice; Partā′king, a sharing: (law) a combination in an evil design. [Part and take.]

Partan, par′tan, n. (Scot.) a small edible sea-crab. [Gael.]

Parterre, par-ter′, n. an arrangement of flower-plots with spaces of turf or gravel between for walks: the pit of a theatre, esp. beneath the galleries. [Fr.,—L. per terram, along the ground.]

Parthenogenesis, pär-the-nō-jen′e-sis, n. reproduction without renewed impregnation by a male, as in aphids or plant-lice, &c.—also Parthenog′eny.—adjs. Parthenogenet′ic, Parthenog′enous. [Gr. parthenos, a virgin, genesis, production.]

Parthenon, pär′the-non, n. the temple of Athēnē Parthĕnos, on the Acropolis at Athens. [Gr. Parthenōn—parthenos, a virgin.]

Parthian, par′thi-an, adj. of or belonging to Parthia, in Persia.—A Parthian shot, a shot or blow given while pretending to fly, a parting shot.

Partial, pär′shal, adj. relating to a part only: not total or entire: inclined to favour one person or party: having a preference: (bot.) subordinate.—v.t. Par′tialise (Shak.), to render partial.—ns. Par′tialism, the doctrine of the Partialists; Par′tialist, one who holds that the atonement of Christ was made only for a part of mankind; Partial′ity, state or quality of being partial: liking for one thing more than for others.—adv. Par′tially.[Fr.,—Low L. partialis—L. pars, a part.]

Partible, pär′ti-bl, adj. that may be parted: separable.—n. Partibil′ity.

Partibus, par′ti-bus, n. in Scots law, a note on the margin of a summons, giving name and designation of the pursuer.—In partibus infidelium, a phrase applying formerly to bishops who were merely titular, without regular jurisdiction, their function to assist some other bishop or to act as delegates of the Pope where no hierarchy had as yet been established.

Participate, pär-tis′i-pāt, v.i. to partake: to have a share.—v.t. to receive a part or share of.—n. Pär′ticeps crim′inis, one who, although not present, helps in any way the commission of a crime, or who after the deed assists or hides the person who did it.—adjs. Partic′ipable, capable of being participated in or shared; Partic′ipant, participating: sharing.—n. a partaker.—adv. Partic′ipantly.—n. Participā′tion.—adj. Partic′ipātive, capable of participating.—n. Partic′ipātor, one who partakes with another: a sharer. [L. participāre, -ātum—pars, part, capĕre, to take.]

Participle, pär′ti-si-pl, n. a word having the value of an adjective but regularly formed from a verb.—adj. Particip′ial, having the nature of a participle: formed from a participle.—adv. Particip′ially.[L.,—participium—particeps—pars, a part, capĕre, to take.]

Particle, pär′ti-kl, n. a little part: a very small portion: (physics) the minutest part into which a body can be divided: an atom: (gram.) an indeclinable word, as a preposition, a conjunction, an interjection: a word that can only be used in composition, as wise in sidewise: (R.C. Church) a crumb of consecrated bread, also the 'smaller breads' used in the communion of the laity.—adj. Partic′ular, relating to a part of anything: pertaining to a single person or thing: individual: special: worthy of special attention: concerned with or marking things single or distinct: exact: nice in taste: precise.—n. a distinct or minute part: a single point: a single instance: (pl.) details.—n. Particularisā′tion.—v.t. Partic′ularise, to mention the particulars of: to enumerate in detail: to give a special description of.—v.i. to mention or attend to single things or minute details.—ns. Partic′ularism, attention to one's own interest or party: a particular or minute description: the doctrine that salvation is offered only to particular individuals, the elect, and not freely to the whole race on condition of faith; Partic′ularist, one who holds the doctrine of particularism.—adj. Particularist′ic.—n. Particular′ity, quality of being particular: minuteness of detail: a single act or case: a single or a minute circumstance: something peculiar or singular.—adv. Partic′ularly, in an especial manner: in a high degree: (B.) in detail.—n. Partic′ularness.—adj. Partic′ulāte, having the form of a small particle.—In particular, specially, distinctly. [Fr.,—L. particula, dim. of pars, partis, a part.]

Partim, part′im, adv. in part. [L.]

Parting, pärt′ing, adj. putting apart: separating: departing: given at parting.—n. the act of parting: a division: a point or a line of division: the division of the hair on the head in dressing it: (geol.) a division of a mineral into layers: a snapping or breaking under a great strain, as of a cable.—n. Part′ing-cup, a drinking-cup with two handles on opposite sides.

Partisan, pär′ti-zan, n. an adherent of a party or a faction: one who is too strongly devoted to his own party or sect to be able to understand or to judge fairly of others.—adj. adhering to a party.—n. Par′tisanship. [Fr. (It. partigiano),—L. partīri.]

Partisan, pär′ti-zan, n. a kind of halberd or long-handled weapon, common in the Middle Ages: a soldier armed with such a weapon. [O. Fr. pertuisane, which is perh. from Old High Ger. parta a battle-axe, seen in halberd.]

Partition, par-tish′un, n. act of parting or dividing: state of being divided: separate part: that which divides: a wall between apartments: the place where separation is made.—v.t. to divide into shares: to divide into parts by walls.—adjs. Par′tīte, divided into parts: (bot.) parted nearly to the base; Par′titive, parting: dividing: distributive.—n. (gram.) a word denoting a part or partition.—adv. Par′titively. [Fr.,—L. partitio—partīri, divide.]

Partlet, pärt′let, n. a ruff or band worn round the neck or shoulders by women: a hen, from its habit of ruffling the feathers round its neck. [Prob. O. Fr. Pertelote, a woman's name.]

Partner, pärt′nėr, n. a sharer: an associate: one engaged with another in business: one who plays on the same side in a game: one who dances with another: a husband or wife.—v.t. (Shak.) to join as a partner.—ns. Part′nership, state of being a partner: a contract between persons engaged in any business; Sleep′ing-part′ner, one who has money invested in a business, but takes no part in its management.

Partridge, pär′trij, n. a genus of gallinaceous birds preserved for game.—n. Par′tridge-wood, a hard variegated wood, from Brazil and the West Indies, used in cabinet-work. [Fr. perdrix—L. perdix, perdicis—Gr. perdix.]

Part-singing, pärt′-sing-ing, n. act or practice of singing different parts in harmony.—n. Part′-song, a song sung in parts.

Parture, pärt′ūr, n. (Spens.) departure.

Parturient, pär-tū′ri-ent, adj. bringing, or about to bring, forth young: fruitful.—n. Partūri′tion, act of bringing forth.—adj. Partū′ritive. [L. parturiens, -entis, pr.p. of parturīre—parĕre, to bring forth.]

Party, pär′ti, n. a part of a greater number of persons: a faction: a company met for a particular purpose, as a dinner party, a pleasure party, &c.: an assembly: one concerned in any affair: the person or persons on either side in a law-suit: (colloq.) a single individual spoken of: (mil.) a detachment of soldiers.—adj. belonging to a party and not to the whole: consisting of different parties, parts, or things: (her.) parted or divided.—adjs. Par′ti-coat′ed, having on a coat of various colours; Par′ti-col′oured, coloured differently at different parts.—ns. Par′tyism, devotion to party; Par′ty-ju′ry, a jury half of natives and half of aliens; Par′ty-man, a member of a party: a partisan; Par′ty-pol′itics, politics viewed from a party stand-point, or arranged to suit the views or interests of a party; Par′ty-spir′it, the unreasonable spirit shown by a party-man toward those who do not belong to his party.—adj. Par′ty-spir′ited.—ns. Par′ty-ver′dict, a joint verdict; Par′ty-wall, a wall between two adjoining properties, built half on one and half on the other: a wall separating one house from another. [O. Fr. partir—L. partīri, to divide—pars, a part.]

Parure, pa-rür′, n. a set of ornaments, &c. [Fr.]

Parvanimity, par-va-nim′i-ti, n. littleness of mind.

Parvenu, pär′ve-nū, n. an upstart: one newly risen into notice or power.—adj. like a parvenu. [Fr., pa.p. of parvenir—L. pervenīre, to arrive at—per, through, venīre, to come.]

Parvis, Parvise, pär′vis, n. a porch, or an enclosed space before a church: a room over a church porch used as a store, or schoolroom, or as an ecclesiastic's chamber. [O. Fr.,—Low L. paravisus, corr. of Gr. paradeisos; cf. Paradise.]

Pas, pä, n. a step, as in dancing or marching: a dance, as in 'Pas seul'=a dance by one person, 'Pas deux'=a dance of two persons.—Pas d'armes, a joust, a tilt, or a tourney.—Have the pas of one, to take precedence of him. [Fr.]

Pasch, pask, n. the Jewish Passover: Easter.—adj. Pasch′al, pertaining to the Passover, or to Easter.—ns. Pasch′al-can′dle, a large candle blessed and placed on the altar on the day before Easter; Pasch′al-flow′er (see Pasque); Pasch′al-lamb, the lamb slain and eaten at the Jewish Passover; Pasch′-egg, an Easter-egg.—Pasch of the Cross, Good-Friday; Paschal controversy, a long dispute in the early church about the proper time for celebrating Easter. [A.S. pascha—L.,—Gr.,—Heb. pesach, the Passover—pasach, to pass over.]

Pascuage, pas′kū-āj, n. the grazing or pasturing of cattle.—adjs. Pas′cūal, Pas′cūous. [L. pascuum, pasture—pascĕre, to feed.]

Pash, pash, v.t. (Shak.) to strike, to dash, to crush.—n. a blow. [Perh. imit.]

Pash, pash, n. (Shak.) the head, the face.

Pasha, Pacha, pash′ä, n. a title given to Turkish officers who are governors of provinces or hold high naval and military commands.—ns. Pash′alic, Pach′alic, the jurisdiction of a pasha. [Turk.,—Pers. pāshā, pādshāh.]

Pasigraphy, pa-sig′ra-fi, n. a system of language-signs universally intelligible.—adjs. Pasigraph′ic, -al.—n. Pas′ilaly, universal speech. [Gr. pas, all, graphein, to write.]

Pasque-flower, pask′-flow′ėr, n. one of several genera of anemone, blooming about Easter—also Campana and Dane-flower.

Pasquin, pas′kwin, n. a lampoon or satire—also Pas′quil.—v.t. and v.i. to lampoon or satirise—also Pas′quil.—ns. Pas′quilant, Pas′quiler, Pasquinā′der, a lampooner; Pasquināde′, a lampoon.—v.t. to lampoon. [Pasquino, a sarcastic tailor in Rome in the 15th century, near whose house a mutilated statue was dug up just after his death, on which lampoons were posted.]

Pass, pas, v.i. to pace or walk onward: to move from one place or state to another: to travel: to change: to circulate: to be regarded: to go by: to go unheeded or neglected: to elapse, as time: to be finished: to move away: to disappear: (B.) to pass away: to go through an examination or an inspection: to be approved: to meet with acceptance: to happen: to fall, as by inheritance: to flow through: to thrust, as with a sword: to run, as a road.—v.t. to go by, over, beyond, through, &c.: to spend: to omit: to disregard: to surpass: to enact, or to be enacted by: to cause to move: to send: to transfer: to give forth: to cause to go from one person or state to another: to approve: to undergo successfully: to give circulation to: (fencing) to thrust:—pa.p. passed and past.—n. a way through which one passes: a narrow passage, esp. over or through a range of mountains: a narrow defile: a passport: state or condition: a written permission to go out or in anywhere: a ticket: (fencing) a thrust: success in any examination or other test, a certificate of having reached a certain standard—without honours.—adj. Pass′able, that may be passed, travelled over, or navigated: that may bear inspection: that may be accepted or allowed to pass: a little above the common: tolerable.—n. Pass′ableness.—adv. Pass′ably.—ns. Pass′book, a book that passes between a trader and his customer, in which credit purchases are entered: a bank-book; Pass′-check, a ticket of admission to a place, or of readmission when one goes out intending to return; Pass′er, one who passes; Pass′er-by, one who passes by or near; Pass′key, a key enabling one to enter a house: a key for opening several locks.—adj. Pass′less, having no pass: impassable.—ns. Pass′man, one who gains a degree or pass without honours at a university; Pass′port, a warrant of protection and permission to travel; Pass′word (mil.), a private word by which a friend is distinguishable from a stranger, enabling one to pass or enter a camp, &c.—Pass muster, to go through an inspection without fault being found; Pass off, to impose fraudulently, to palm off; Pass on, to go forward: to proceed; Pass on, or upon, to come upon, to happen to: to give judgment or sentence upon: to practise artfully, to impose upon, to palm off; Pass over, or by, to go to the other side of: to cross, to go past without visiting or halting: to overlook, to disregard; Pass the time of day, to exchange any ordinary greeting of civility; Pass through, to undergo, experience.—Bring to pass, to cause to happen; Come to pass, to happen. [O. Fr. passer—It. passare—passus, a step.]

Passade, pa-sād′, n. (Shak.) a push or thrust with a sword: the motion of a horse turning backwards or forwards on the same spot of ground.—Also Passā′do.

Passage, pas′āj, n. act of passing: a moving from one place or state to another: a journey, as in a ship: course: time occupied in passing: means of passing in or out: a way: entrance: enactment of a law: right of passing: price paid for passing or for being conveyed between two places: occurrence, any incident or episode: a single clause or part of a book, &c.: a modulation in music: (B.) a mountain-pass: ford of a river: (zool.) migratory habits.—v.i. to cross: to walk sideways, of a horse.—Passage of arms, any feat of arms: a quarrel, esp. of words.—Bird of passage, a bird that passes from one climate to another at the change of the seasons.

Passamezzo. See Passy-measure.

Passant, pas′ant, adj. (her.) walking. [Fr.]

Passé, pas-sā′, adj. past one's best, faded, past the heyday of life: nearly out of date:—fem. Passée. [Fr., pa.p. of passer, to pass.]

Passementerie, pas-men-te-rē′, n. trimming for dresses, as beaded lace. [Fr.]

Passenger, pas′en-jėr, n. one who passes: one who travels in some public conveyance.—Passenger pigeon, a species of pigeon, a native of North America, having a small head and short bill, a very long, wedge-shaped tail, and long and pointed wings; Passenger train, a railway-train for the conveyance of passengers. [O. Fr. passagier (Fr. passager), with inserted n, as in messenger, nightingale.]

Passe-partout, pas′-par-tōō′, n. a means of passing anywhere: a master-key: a kind of simple picture-frame, usually of pasteboard, within which the picture is fixed by strips of paper pasted over the edges. [Fr., a 'master-key,' from passer, to pass, par, over, tout, all.]

Passepied, pas′pyā, n. a dance like the minuet, but quicker. [Fr.]

Passeres, pas′e-rez, n.pl. the name given by Cuvier to the order of birds otherwise called Insessores, comprising more than half of all the birds.—adj. Pass′erine, relating to the Passeres, an order of which the sparrow is the type. [L. passer, a sparrow.]

Passible, pas′i-bl, adj. susceptible of suffering, or of impressions from external agents.—ns. Passibil′ity, Pass′ibleness, the quality of being passible.—adv. Pass′ibly, in a passible manner. [L. passibilis—pati, passus, to suffer.]

Passim, pas′im, adv. here and there. [L.]

Passimeter, pa-sim′e-ter, n. a pocket pedometer.

Passing, pas′ing, adj. going by, through, or away: happening now: surpassing.—adv. exceedingly: very.—ns. Pass′ing-bell, a bell tolled immediately after a person's death, originally to invite prayers for the soul passing into eternity; Pass′ing-note (mus.), a smaller note marking a tone introduced between two others, to effect a smooth passage from the one to the other, but forming no essential part of the harmony.

Passion, pash′un, n. power of feeling pain or suffering: strong feeling or agitation of mind, esp. rage: ardent love: eager desire: state of the soul when receiving an impression: suffering or passive condition, as opposed to Action: the sufferings, esp. the death, of Christ: (pl.) excited conditions of mind.—ns. Passiflō′ra, a genus of climbing herbs or shrubs, the passion-flowers; Pass′ional, Pass′ionary, a book containing accounts of the sufferings of saints and martyrs.—adjs. Pass′ional, influenced by passion; Pass′ionate, moved by passion: showing strong and warm feeling: easily moved to anger: intense.—adv. Pass′ionately.—n. Pass′ionateness.—adj. Pass′ioned, moved by passion: expressing passion.—ns. Pass′ion-flow′er, a flower so called from a fancied resemblance to a crown of thorns, the emblem of Christ's passion; Pass′ionist (R.C.), one of a religious congregation devoted to the commemoration of the Passion of Christ by missions, &c.—adj. Pass′ionless, free from passion: not easily excited to anger.—n. Pass′ion-mū′sic, music to which words describing the sufferings and death of Christ are set.—adj. Pass′ion-pale (Tenn.), pale with passion.—ns. Pass′ion-play, a religious drama representing the sufferings and death of Christ; Pass′ion-Sun′day, the fifth Sunday in Lent; Pass′ion-week, name commonly given in England to Holy-week (as being the week of Christ's passion); but, according to proper rubrical usage, the week preceding Holy-week. [Fr.,—L. passio, passionis—passus, pa.p. of pati, to suffer.]

Passive, pas′iv, adj. suffering, unresisting: not acting: (gram.) expressing the suffering of an action by the subject of the verb.—adv. Pass′ively.—ns. Pass′iveness, Passiv′ity, inactivity: patience: tendency of a body to preserve a given state, either of motion or of rest. [Fr.,—L. passivus—pati, suffer.]

Passman. See Pass.

Passover, pas′ō-vėr, n. annual feast of the Jews, to commemorate the destroying angel passing over the houses of the Israelites when he slew the first-born of the Egyptians.—adj. pertaining to the Passover.

Passy-measure, pas′si-mezh′ūr, n. (Shak.) an old stately kind of dance, called also Passamezzo. [It. passamezzo—passare, to pass—passo—L. passus, a pace, mezzo—L. medius, the middle.]

Past, past, pa.p. of Pass.—adj. gone by: elapsed: ended: now retired from service: in time already passed.—prep. farther than: out of reach of: no longer capable of.—adv. by.—The past, that which has passed, esp. time.

Paste, pāst, n. a mass of anything made soft by wetting: flour and water forming dough for pies, &c.: a cement made of flour, water, &c.: a fine kind of glass for making artificial gems.—v.t. to fasten with paste.—n. Paste′board, a stiff board made of sheets of paper pasted together, &c.—adj. made of such, unsubstantial. [O. Fr. paste (Fr. pâte)—Late L. pasta—Gr. pastē, a mess of food—pastos, salted—passein, to sprinkle.]

Pastel, pas′tel, n. chalk mixed with other materials and various colours for crayons, a drawing made with such, also the art: woad.—n. Pas′telist.[Fr. pastel—It. pastello—L. pastillus, a small loaf—pascĕre, pastum, to feed.]

Pastern, pas′tėrn, n. the part of a horse's foot from the fetlock to the hoof, where the shackle is fastened. [O. Fr. pasturon (Fr. pâturon)—O. Fr. pasture, pasture, a tether for a horse.]

Pasteurism, pas-tėr′izm, n. the method of inoculation with the attenuated virus of certain diseases, esp. hydrophobia, as introduced by Louis Pasteur (1822-95).—adj. Pasteur′ian.—n. Pasteurisā′tion, a method of arresting the fermentation in beer, wine, &c. by heating to at least 140° F.—v.t. Pasteur′ise.

Pastiche, pas-tēsh′, n. a mixture of many parts of different kinds, used of music, painting, &c.: a work in literature or art in direct imitation of another's style.—Also Pastic′cio. [It. pasticcio.]

Pastil, pas′til, n. Same as Pastel.

Pastille, pas-tēl′, n. a small cone of charcoal and aromatic substances, burned either as incense, or as a means of diffusing an agreeable odour: a small aromatic confection: a paper tube containing a firework which causes a small wheel to rotate in burning: (art) the same as pastel—also Pas′til.—n. Pas′tillage.[Fr.,—L. pastillus, a small loaf.]

Pastime, pas′tīm, n. that which serves to pass away the time: amusement: recreation.

Pastor, pas′tur, n. one who has care of a flock: a shepherd: a clergyman.—adj. Pas′toral, relating to shepherds or to shepherd life: rustic: of or pertaining to the pastor of a church: addressed to the clergy of a diocese by their bishop.—n. a poem which describes the scenery and life of the country: a letter or an address by a pastor to his people, or by a bishop to his clergy: (mus.) a simple melody.—n. Pas′toralism, pastoral character.—adv. Pas′torally.—ns. Pas′torate, Pas′torship, the office of a pastor: the time during which one has been a pastor: the whole body of pastors in one church or district.—adj. Pas′torly, becoming a pastor.—Pastoral address, or letter (see Pastoral, n.); Pastoral charge, position of a pastor: the church, &c., over which a pastor is placed: an address to a newly ordained minister; Pastoral epistles, those in the New Test. to Timothy and Titus; Pastoral staff, a tall staff borne as an emblem of episcopal authority, headed like a shepherd's crook, or having a T-shaped head; Pastoral theology, that part of theology which treats of the duties of pastors; Pastoral work, the work of a pastor in visiting his people. [L., pascĕre, pastum, to feed.]

Pastor, pas′tur, n. a beautiful bird allied to the starlings, native to Western Asia.

Pastorale, pas-tō-rä′le, n. a variety of opera or cantata characterised by the idyllic or pastoral element: a vocal or instrumental piece intended to suggest pastoral life: one of the simple traditional open-air dramas still kept up among the Basques: one of the figures of a quadrille.—Also Pastourelle′.

Pastry, pās′tri, n. articles made of paste or dough: crust of pies, tarts, &c.: act or art of making articles of paste.—n. Pās′trycook, one who cooks or sells pastry. [Paste.]

Pasture, past′ūr, n. grass for grazing: ground covered with grass for grazing.—v.t. to feed on pasture: to supply with grass.—v.i. to feed on pasture: to graze.—adj. Past′ūrable, that can be pastured: fit for pasture.—ns. Past′ūrage, the business of feeding or grazing cattle: pasture-land: grass for feeding; Past′ūre-land, land appropriated to pasture.—adj. Past′ūreless, destitute of pasture. [O. Fr. pasture (Fr. pâture)—L. pastura—pascĕre, pastum, to feed.]

Pasty, pās′ti, adj. like paste.—n. a small pie of meat and crust baked without a dish.

Pat, pat, n. a light, quick blow, as with the hand.—v.t. to strike gently: to tap:—pr.p. pat′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. pat′ted.—Pat on the back, to mark approval by patting on the back, to patronise. [Imit.]

Pat, pat, n. a small, moulded lump of butter. [Celt., as Ir. pait, a lump.]

Pat, pat, adj. fitly: at the right time or place.—adv. Pat′ly, fitly, conveniently.—n. Pat′ness, fitness, appropriateness. [Pat, a light blow.]

Patagium, pat-ā-jī′um, n. the wing-membrane of a bat, &c.: the parachute of a flying squirrel, &c.: the fold of integument between the upper arm and the forearm of a bird: one of the scales affixed to the pronotum of lepidopterous insects—the tegula. [L., 'a gold edging.']

Patamar, pat′a-mär, n. a vessel on the Bombay coast, with arched keel, and great stem and stern rake.

Patavinity, pat-a-vin′i-ti, n. the style of Padua (L. Patavium), esp. the diction of Livy, a native of Patavium, hence provincialism generally.

Patch, pach, v.t. to mend by putting in a piece: to repair clumsily: to make up of pieces: to make hastily.—n. a piece sewed or put on to mend a defect: anything like a patch: a small piece of ground: a plot: (Shak.) a paltry fellow, a fool—properly a jester: (print.) an overlay to obtain a stronger impression: a small piece of black silk, &c., stuck by ladies on the face, to bring out the complexion by contrast—common in the 17th and 18th centuries.—adj. Patch′able.—ns. Patch′-box, a fancy box for holding the patches worn on the face, generally having a mirror inside the lid; Patch′er, one who patches; Patch′ery (Shak.), bungling work; Patch′work, work formed of patches or pieces sewed together: work patched up or clumsily executed.—adj. Patch′y, covered with patches: inharmonious, incongruous.—Not a patch on, not fit to be compared with. [Low Ger. patschen; prob. conn. with piece.]

Patchocke, pach′ok, n. (Spens.) a clown. [Patch.]

Patchouli, pa-chōō′li, n. a perfume got from the dried branches of the patchouli shrub, 2-3 ft. high: the plant itself.—Also Patchou′ly. [Tamil, patchei, gum, elei, a leaf.]

Pate, pāt, n. the crown of the head: the head.—adj. Pāt′ed, having a pate. [Through O. Fr., from Ger. platte, a plate; cf. Low L. platta, tonsure.]

Pâté, pä-tā′, n. pie: pasty.—Pâté de foie gras, pasty of fat goose liver: Strasburg pie. [Fr.]

Patella, pa-tel′la, n. a little dish or vase: the knee-pan: a genus of gasteropodous univalve molluscs: the limpet.—adjs. Patel′lar, pertaining to the patella or knee-cap; Patel′late or Patel′lulate; Patel′liform, of the form of a small dish or saucer. [L., dim. of patina, a pan.]

Paten, pat′en, n. the plate for the bread in the Eucharist. [Fr.,—L. patina, a plate—Gr. patanē.]

Patent, pā′tent, or pat′ent, adj. lying open: conspicuous: public: protected by a patent: (bot.) spreading: expanding.—n. an official document, open, and having the Great Seal of the government attached to it, conferring an exclusive right or privilege, as a title of nobility, or the sole right for a term of years to the proceeds of an invention: something invented and protected by a patent.—v.t. Pā′tent, to grant or secure by patent.—adj. Pā′tentable, capable of being patented.—ns. Pātentee′, one who holds a patent, or to whom a patent is granted—also Pā′tenter; Pā′tent-leath′er, a kind of leather to which a permanently polished surface is given by a process of japanning; Pā′tentor, one who grants or who secures a patent; Pā′tent-right, the exclusive right reserved by letters-patent.—n.pl. Pā′tent-rolls, the register of letters-patent issued in England.—Patent medicine, a medicine sold under the authority of letters-patent, any proprietary medicine generally on which stamp-duty is paid; Patent office, an office for the granting of patents for inventions; Patent outside, or inside, a newspaper printed on the outside or inside only, sold to a publisher who fills the other side with his own material, as local news, &c. [Fr.,—L. patens, -entis, pr.p. of patēre, to lie open.]

Patera, pat′e-rä, n. a round flat dish for receiving a sacrificial libation among the Romans: (archit.) the representation of such in bas-relief in friezes, &c.—often applied loosely to rosettes and other flat ornaments:—pl. Pat′eræ (-rē).—adj. Pat′eriform. [L.,—patēre, to lie open.]

Patercove, pat′ėr-kōv, n. Same as Patrico.

Paterero, pat-e-rā′ro, n.:—pl. Patere′roes (-rōz). Same as Pederero.

Paterfamilias, pā-tėr-fa-mil′i-as, n. the father or head of a family or household:—pl. Pātresfamil′ias. [L. pater, a father, familias, arch. form of familiæ, gen. of familia, a household.]

Paternal, pa-tėr′nal, adj. fatherly: showing the disposition of a father: derived from a father: hereditary.—n. Pater′nalism.—adv. Pater′nally.—n. Pater′nity, state of being a father: fatherhood: the relation of a father to his children: origination or authorship. [Fr. paternel—Low L. paternalis—L. paternus—pater (Gr. patēr), a father.]

Paternoster, pā′tėr-nos-tėr, or pat-ėr-nos′tėr, n. the Lord's Prayer: every eleventh bead in a R.C. rosary, at which, in telling their beads, the Lord's Prayer is repeated: the whole rosary: anything made of objects strung together like a rosary, esp. a fishing-line with hooks at intervals: (archit.) an ornament shaped like beads, used in astragals, &c. [L. Pater noster, 'Our Father,' the first two words of the Lord's Prayer in Latin.]

Path, päth, n. a way trodden out by the feet: track: road: course of action or conduct:—pl. Paths (päthz).—n. Path′finder, one who explores the route, a pioneer.—adj. Path′less, without a path: untrodden. [A.S. pæth, path; Ger. pfad, Gr. patos, L. pons, pontis, a bridge.]

Pathan, pa-than′, n. an Afghan proper, one of Afghan race settled in India.

Pathetic, -al, pa-thet′ik, -al, adj. showing passion: affecting the tender emotions: causing pity, grief, or sorrow: touching: (anat.) trochlear.—adj. Pathemat′ic, pertaining to emotion.—adv. Pathet′ically.—ns. Pathet′icalness; Path′etism, animal magnetism; Path′etist, one who practises this.—The pathetic, the style or manner fitted to excite emotion. [Gr. pathētikos, subject to suffering.]

Pathic, path′ik, adj. pertaining to disease.—ns. Pathogen′esis, Pathog′eny, mode of production or development of disease.—adjs. Pathogenet′ic, Pathogen′ic, Pathog′enous, producing disease.

Pathognomonic, pā-thog-nō-mon′ik. adj. characteristic of a disease.—n. Pathog′nomy. [Gr. pathos, suffering, gnōmōn, a judge.]

Pathology, pa-thol′o-ji, n. science of the nature, causes, and remedies of diseases: the whole of the morbid conditions in a disease.—adjs. Patholog′ic, -al.—adv. Patholog′ically.—ns. Pathol′ogist, one versed in pathology; Pathophō′bia, morbid dread of disease. [Fr.,—Gr. pathos, suffering, logos, discourse.]

Pathos, pā′thos, n. that in anything (as a word, a look, &c.) which touches the feelings or raises the tender emotions: the expression of deep feeling.—n. Pathom′etry, the distinction of suffering into different kinds. [Gr., from pathein, 2 aorist of paschein, to suffer, feel.]

Pathway, päth′wā, n. a path or way: a footpath: course of action.

Patibulary, pā-tib′ū-la-ri, adj. of or pertaining to a gibbet or gallows. [L. patibulum, a gibbet.]

Patience, pā′shens, n. quality of being patient or able calmly to endure: (Shak.) permission: a card-game, same as Solitaire (q.v.).—adj. Pā′tient, sustaining pain, &c., without repining: not easily provoked: not in a hurry: persevering: expecting with calmness: long-suffering.—n. one who bears or suffers: a person under medical treatment.—adv. Pā′tiently. [Fr.,—L. patentia—patiens—pati, to bear.]

Patin, Patine, pat′in, n. Same as Paten.

Patina, pat′i-na, n. a bowl, pan, patella: the encrustation which age gives to works of art: the peculiar varnish-like rust which covers ancient bronzes and medals.—adj. Pat′ināted.—n. Patinā′tion. [It.,—L. patina, a dish, a kind of cake.]

Patio, pat′i-ō, n. a courtyard connected with a house. [Sp.,—L. spatium, a space.]

Patly, Patness. See Pat (3).

Patois, pat′waw, n. a vulgar or provincial dialect. [Fr., orig. patrois—L. patriensis, indigenous—patria, one's native country.]

Patonce, pa-tons′, n. (her.) a cross whose four arms expand in curves from the centre, with floriated ends.—adj. Patoncée. [Fr.,—L. patēre, to expand.]

Patres conscripti, pā′tres kon-skrip′tī, n.pl. conscript fathers: the senators of ancient Rome. [L. patres, pl. of pater, a father, conscripti, pl. of conscriptus,—conscribĕre, to enrol.]

Patrial, pā′tri-al, adj. designating a race or nation.—n. a noun derived from the name of a country.

Patria potestas, pā′tri-ä pō-tes′tas, n. a father's control over his family, in ancient Rome, which was almost unlimited. [L.]

Patriarch, pā′tri-ärk, n. one who governs his family by paternal right: (B.) one of the early heads of families from Adam downwards to Abraham, Jacob, and his sons: in Eastern churches, a dignitary superior to an archbishop.—adjs. Patriarch′al, Patriarch′ic, belonging or subject to a patriarch: like a patriarch: of the nature of a patriarch.—ns. Pā′triarchalism, the condition of tribal government by a patriarch; Pā′triarchate, the office or jurisdiction of a patriarch or church dignitary: the residence of a patriarch; Pā′triarchism, government by a patriarch; Pā′triarchy, a community of related families under the authority of a patriarch. [O. Fr.,—L.,—Gr. patriarchēs—patēr, father, archē, beginning.]

Patrician, pa-trish′an, n. a nobleman in ancient Rome, being a descendant of one of the fathers or first Roman senators: a nobleman.—adj. pertaining to the ancient senators of Rome or to their descendants: of noble birth.—n. Patric′iate, the position or duties of a patrician: the patrician order. [L. patricius—pater, patris, a father.]

Patricide, pat′ri-sīd, n. the murder or the murderer of one's own father.—adj. Pat′ricīdal, relating to patricide or the murder of a father. [L. patricida—pater, patris, father, cædĕre, to kill.]

Patrico, pat′ri-kō, n. (slang) a gipsy or beggars' hedge-priest.—Also Pat′ercove.

Patrimony, pat′ri-mun-i, n. a right or estate inherited from a father or from one's ancestors: a church estate or revenue.—adj. Patrimō′nial, pertaining to a patrimony: inherited from ancestors.—adv. Patrimō′nially. [Fr. patrimoine—L. patrimonium, a paternal estate—pater, patris, a father.]

Patriot, pā′tri-ot, or pat′-, n. one who truly loves and serves his fatherland.—adj. devoted to one's country.—adj. Pātriot′ic, like a patriot: actuated by a love of one's country: directed to the public welfare.—adv. Pātriot′ically.—n. Pā′triotism, quality of being patriotic: love of one's country. [Fr.,—Low L.,—Gr. patriōtēs—patrios—patēr, a father.]

Patripassian, pā-tri-pas′i-an, n. a member of one of the earliest classes of anti-Trinitarian sectaries (2d century), who denied the distinction of three persons in one God, maintaining that the sufferings of the Son could be predicated of the Father. [L. pater, father, pati, passus, to suffer.]

Patristic, -al, pa-tris′tik, -al, adj. pertaining to the fathers of the Christian Church.—ns. Pā′trist, one versed in patristics; Patris′ticism, mode of thought, &c., of the fathers.—n.pl. Patris′tics, the knowledge of the fathers as a subject of study—sometimes Patrol′ogy. [Fr., coined from L. pater, patris, a father.]

Patrol, pa-trōl′, v.i. to go the rounds in a camp or garrison: to watch and protect.—v.t. to pass round as a sentry:—pr.p. patrōl′ling; pa.t. and pa.p. patrōlled′.—n. the marching round of a guard in the night: the guard or men who make a patrol: (also Patrōl′man) a policeman who walks about a certain beat for a specified time, such policemen collectively. [O. Fr. patrouille, a patrol, patrouiller, to march in the mud, through a form patouiller, from pate (mod. patte), the paw or foot of a beast, of Teut. origin, cf. Ger. patsche, little hand.]

Patron, pā′trun, n. a protector: one who countenances or encourages: one who has the right to appoint to any office, esp. to a living in the church: a guardian saint:—fem. Pā′troness.—v.t. to treat as a patron.—n. Pā′tronage, the support given by a patron: guardianship of saints: the right of bestowing offices, privileges, or church benefices.—v.t. (Shak.) to support.—adj. Pā′tronal.—n. Pātronisā′tion.—v.t. Pā′tronīse, to act as a patron toward: to give countenance or encouragement to: to assume the air of a patron towards.—n. Pā′tronīser.—adj. Pā′tronīsing.—adv. Pā′tronīsingly.—adj. Pā′tronless. [Fr.,—L. patronus—pater, patris, a father.]

Patronymic, -al, pat-rō-nim′ik, -al, adj. derived from the name of a father or an ancestor.—n. Patronym′ic, a name taken from one's father or ancestor. [Gr. patēr, a father, onoma, a name.]

Patroon, pā-trōōn′, n. one who received a grant of land under the old Dutch governments of New York and New Jersey.—n. Patroon′ship. [Dut.; cf. Patron.]

Patte, pat, n. a narrow band keeping a belt or sash in its place. [Fr.]

Patté, Pattée, pa-tā′, adj. (her.) spreading toward the extremity. [O. Fr. patte, a paw.]

Patten, pat′en, n. a wooden sole with an iron ring, worn under the shoe to keep it from the wet: the iron hoop attached to the boot in cases of hip-joint disease: the base of a pillar.—v.i. to go about on pattens.—adj. Patt′ened, provided with pattens. [O. Fr. patin, clog—patte.]

Patter, pat′ėr, v.i. to pat or strike often, as hailstones: to make the sound of short quick steps:—pr.p. patt′ering; pa.t. and pa.p. patt′ered. [A freq. of pat.]

Patter, pat′ėr, v.i. to repeat the Lord's Prayer: to pray: to repeat over and over again indistinctly, to mumble.—v.t. to repeat hurriedly, to mutter.—n. glib talk, chatter: the cant of a class.—ns. Patt′erer, one who sells articles on the street by speechifying; Patt′er-song, a comic song in which a great many words are sung or spoken very rapidly.—Patter flash, to talk the jargon of thieves. [Pater-noster.]

Pattern, pat′ėrn, n. a person or thing to be copied: a model: an example: style of ornamental work: anything to serve as a guide in forming objects: the distribution of shot in a target at which a gun is fired.—ns. Patt′ern-book, a book containing designs of lace, &c., or in which patterns of cloth, &c., are pasted; Patt′ern-box, in weaving, a box at each side of a loom containing the various shuttles that may be used; Patt′ern-card, a piece of cardboard on which specimens of cloth are fixed; Patt′ern-mak′er, one who makes the patterns for moulders in foundry-work; Patt′ern-shop, the place in which patterns for a factory are prepared; Patt′ern-wheel, the count-wheel in a clock movement. [Fr. patron, a protector, pattern.]

Pattle, pat′l, n. a paddle.

Patty, pat′i, n. a little pie:—pl. Patt′ies.—n. Patt′y-pan, a pan in which to bake these. [Fr. pâté.]

Patulous, pat′ū-lus, adj. spreading.

Paucity, paw′sit-i, n. fewness: smallness of number or quantity. [Fr.,—L. paucitas—paucus, few.]

Paul. Same as Pawl.

Pauldron, pawl′dron, n. a separable shoulder-plate in medieval armour. [O. Fr. espalleron—espalle, the shoulder.]

Paulician, paw-lish′an, n. a member of a Dualistic Eastern sect, founded about 660, professing peculiar reverence for Paul and his writings.

Pauline, paw′līn, adj. of or belonging to the Apostle Paul.—ns. Paul′inism, the teaching or theology of Paul; Paul′inist, a follower of Paul.

Paulo-post-future, paw′lō-pōst-fū′tūr, adj. and n. the future perfect tense in grammar.

Paunch, pawnsh, or pänsh, n. the belly: the first and largest stomach of a ruminant.—v.t. to eviscerate.—adj. Paunch′y, big-bellied. [O. Fr. panche (Fr. panse)—L. pantex, panticis.]

Pauper, paw′pėr, n. a very poor or destitute person: one supported by charity or by some public provision:—fem. Pau′peress.—n. Pauperisā′tion.—v.t. Pau′perise, to reduce to pauperism.—n. Pau′perism, state of being a pauper. [L.]

Pause, pawz, n. a ceasing: a temporary stop: cessation caused by doubt: suspense: a mark for suspending the voice: (mus.) a mark showing continuance of a note or rest.—v.i. to make a pause.—adjs. Paus′al; Pause′less.—adv. Pause′lessly.—n. Paus′er, one who pauses or deliberates.—adv. Paus′ingly, with pauses: by breaks: deliberately. [Fr.,—L. pausa—Gr. pausis, from pauein, to cause to cease.]

Pavan, pav′an, n. (Shak.) a slow dance, much practised in Spain: music for this dance.—Also Pav′en, Pav′in. [Fr.,—Sp. pavana, pavon—L. pavo, peacock; or It., for Padovana, pertaining to Padua.]

Pave, pāv, v.t. to lay down stone, &c., to form a level surface for walking on: to prepare, as a way or passage: to make easy and smooth in any way.—ns. Pā′vage, Pā′viage, money paid towards paving streets.—adj. Pāved—also Pā′ven.—ns. Pave′ment, a paved road, floor, or side-walk, or that with which it is paved; Pā′ver, Pā′vier, Pā′vior, Pā′viour, one who lays pavements; Pā′ving, the act of laying pavement: pavement.—adj. employed or spent for paving.—Pave the way, to prepare the way for. [Fr. paver—L. pavīre, to beat hard; cog. with Gr. paiein, to beat.]

Pavid, pav′id, adj. timid. [L. pavidus.]

Pavilion, pa-vil′yun, n. a tent: an ornamental building often turreted or domed: (mil.) a tent raised on posts: a canopy or covering: the outer ear: a flag or ensign carried at the gaff of the mizzenmast.—v.t. to furnish with pavilions: to shelter, as with a tent.—n. Pavil′ion-roof, a roof sloping equally on all sides. [Fr. pavillon—L. papilio, a butterfly, a tent.]

Pavise, pav′is, n. a shield for the whole body. [Fr.,—Low L. pavensis, prob. from Pavia in Italy.]

Pavon, pav′on, n. a small triangular flag attached to a lance. [L. pavo, a peacock.]

Pavonine, pav′o-nīn, adj. pertaining to the peacock: resembling the tail of a peacock or made of its feathers: iridescent—also Pavō′nian.—n. Pavōne′ (Spens.), the peacock. [L. pavoninus—pavo, pavonis, a peacock.]

Paw, paw, n. the foot of a beast of prey having claws: the hand, used in contempt.—v.i. to draw the forefoot along the ground like a horse.—v.t. to scrape with the forefoot: to handle with the paws: to handle roughly: to flatter.—adj. Pawed, having paws: broad-footed. [O. Fr. poe, powe, prob. Teut.; cf. Dut. poot, Ger. pfote. Perh. related to O. Fr. pate (cf. Patrol). But perh. Celt., as W. pawen, a paw.]

Pawky, pawk′i, adj. (Scot.) sly, arch, shrewd.

Pawl, pawl, n. a short bar lying against a toothed wheel to prevent a windlass, &c., from running back: a catch or click.—v.t. to stop by means of a pawl. [W. pawl, a stake, conn. with L. palus, a stake.]

Pawn, pawn, n. something given as security for the repayment of money or the performance of a promise: state of being pledged.—v.t. to give in pledge.—ns. Pawn′broker, a broker who lends money on pawns or pledges; Pawn′broking, the business of a pawnbroker; Pawnee′, one who takes anything in pawn; Pawn′er, one who gives a pawn or pledge as security for money borrowed; Pawn′shop, a shop of a pawnbroker; Pawn′ticket, a ticket marked with the name of the article, the amount advanced, &c., delivered to the person who has pawned anything.—At pawn, pledged, laid away. [O. Fr. pan, prob. from L. pannus, a cloth.]

Pawn, pawn, n. a common piece in chess. [O. Fr. paon, a foot-soldier—Low L. pedo, pedonis, a foot-soldier—L. pes, pedis, the foot.]

Pawn, pawn, n. a gallery.

Pawnee, paw′nē, n. one of a tribe of Indians in North America.—adj. belonging to this tribe.

Pax, paks, n. the kiss of peace (Rom. xvi. 16): a plaque or tablet used in giving the kiss of peace when the mass is celebrated by a high dignitary—a crucifix, a tablet with the image of Christ on the cross upon it, or a reliquary.—Pax vobis, Pax vobiscum, peace (be) with you. [L.]

Paxwax, paks′waks, n. the strong tendon in the neck of animals. [Orig. fax-wax—A.S. feax, fex, hair, weaxan, to grow.]

Pay, pā, v.t. to satisfy or set at rest: to discharge, as a debt or a duty: to requite with what is deserved: to reward: to punish: to give, render.—v.i. to recompense: to be worth one's trouble: to be profitable:—pa.t. and pa.p. paid.—n. that which satisfies: money given for service: salary, wages.—adj. Pay′able, that may be paid: that ought to be paid: due.—ns. Pay′-bill, a statement of moneys to be paid, to workmen, soldiers, &c.; Pay′-clerk, a clerk who pays wages; Pay′-day, a regular day for payment, as of wages; Pay′-dirt, -grav′el, gravel or sand containing enough gold to be worth working; Payee′, one to whom money is paid; Pay′er; Pay′-list, -roll, a list of persons entitled to pay, with the amounts due to each; Pay′master, the master who pays: an officer in the army or navy whose duty it is to pay soldiers, &c.; Pay′ment, the act of paying: the discharge of a debt by money or its equivalent in value: that which is paid: recompense: reward: punishment; Pay′-off′ice, the place where payments are made; Full′-pay, the whole amount of wages, &c., without deductions; Half′-pay (see Half).—Pay down, to pay in cash on the spot; Pay for, to make amends for: to bear the expense of; Pay off, to discharge: to take revenge upon: to requite: (naut.) to fall away to leeward; Pay out, to cause to run out, as rope; Pay round, to turn the ship's head; Pay the piper, to have all expenses to pay.—In the pay of, hired by. [Fr. payer—L. pacāre, to appease; cf. pax, peace.]

Pay, pā, v.t. (naut., and in the proverb 'the devil to pay') to smear with tar, pitch, &c. [Perh. through O. Fr. peier (Sp. empegar) from L. picāre, to pitch.]

Payne, pān, v.i. (Spens.) to take pains, exert one's self.

Paynim, Painim, pā′nim, n. a pagan: a heathen. [O. Fr. paienisme, paganism—L. paganismus—paganus, a pagan.]

Paynise, pā′nīz, v.t. to harden and preserve, as wood, by successive injections of solutions of calcium or barium sulphide followed by calcium sulphate. [Payne, inventor of the process.]

Paysage, pā′sāj, n. a landscape.—n. Pay′sāgist, a landscape-painter. [Fr.]

Payse, pāz, v.i. (Spens.) to poise, to balance.

Pea, pē, n. a climbing annual herb of the bean family, whose seeds are nutritious:—pl. Peas, a definite number; Pease, a quantity not numbered.—ns. Pea′-rī′fle, a rifle throwing a very small bullet; Peas′cod, Pease′cod, the pod or pericarp of the pea; Pea′-shoot′er, a small metal tube for blowing peas through; Pea′-stone, pisolite.—Egyptian pea, the chick-pea; French pea, the common garden pea: (pl.) canned peas made up in France; Split peas, peas stripped of their membraneous covering in a mill, used for making pea-soup, or ground into meal; Sweet pea, a climbing annual with large and fragrant flowers. [M. E. pese, pl. pesen and peses—A.S. pisa, pl. pisan—L. pisum, Gr. pison.]

Pea, pē, n. a pea-fowl. See Peacock.

Peace, pēs, n. a state of quiet: freedom from disturbance: freedom from war: friendliness: calm: rest: harmony: silence.—interj. silence: be silent: hist!—adj. Peace′able, disposed to peace: free from war or disturbance: quiet: tranquil.—n. Peace′ableness.—adv. Peace′ably.—n. Peace′-break′er, one who breaks or disturbs the peace of others.—adj. Peace′ful, full of peace: quiet: tranquil: calm: serene.—adv. Peace′fully.—n. Peace′fulness.—adj. Peace′less, without peace.—ns. Peace′lessness; Peace′maker, one who makes or produces peace; one who reconciles enemies; Peace′-off′ering, an offering bringing about peace: among the Jews, an offering to God, either in gratitude for past or petition for future mercies (see Lev. iii.; vii. 11-21): satisfaction to an offended person; Peace′-off′icer, an officer whose duty it is to preserve the peace: a police-officer.—adj. Peace′-part′ed (Shak.), dismissed from the world in peace.—n. Peace′-par′ty, a political party advocating the making or the preservation of peace; Peace′-pipe (see Calumet).—Peace establishment, the reduced military strength maintained in time of peace; Peace of God, the ancient cessation from suits between terms, and on Sundays and holy days.—Breach of the peace (see Breach); Hold one's peace, to be silent; Keep peace, abstain from breaking the peace of others; Kiss of peace (see Kiss); Letters of peace (see Pacify); Make one's peace with, to reconcile or to be reconciled with; Queen's, or King's, peace, the public peace, for the maintenance of which the sovereign as head of the executive is responsible; Swear the peace, to take oath before a magistrate that a certain person ought to be put under bond to keep the peace. [O. Fr. pais (Fr. paix)—L. pax, pacis, peace.]

Peach, pēch, v.i. to betray one's accomplice: to become informer.—n. Peach′er. [A corr. of impeach.]

Peach, pēch, n. a tree with a delicious, juicy fruit: the fruit of this tree.—ns. Peach′-bloss′om, a canary-yellow colour: pink with a yellowish tinge: a collector's name for a moth, the Thyatira batis; Peach′-brand′y, a spirit distilled from the fermented juice of the peach.—adj. Peach′-col′oured, of the colour of a peach-blossom: pale red.—ns. Peach′ery, a hothouse in which peaches are grown; Peach′-stone, the hard nut enclosing the seed within the fruit of the peach; Peach′-wa′ter, a flavouring extract used in cookery, prepared from the peach.—adj. Peach′y.—n. Peach′-yell′ows, a disease that attacks peach-trees in the eastern United States. [O. Fr. pesche (Fr. pêche, It. persica, pesca)—L. Persicum (malum), the Persian (apple).]

Peacock, pē′kok, n. a large gallinaceous bird of the pheasant kind, remarkable for the beauty of its plumage, esp. that of its tail:—fem. Pea′hen.—v.t. to cause to strut like a peacock.—v.i. to strut about proudly.—ns. Pea′chick, the young of the pea-fowl; Pea′cock-fish, a variegated labroid fish; Pea′-fowl, the peacock or peahen. [A.S. pawe—L. pavo—Gr. taōs—Pers. tāwus; and cock (q.v.).]

Peacod. Same as Peascod.

Pea-crab, pē′-krab, n. a genus of small crustaceans, which live within the mantle-lobes of mussels, oysters, &c.

Peag, pēg, n. polished shell-beads used as money among the North American Indians.—Also Peak (pēk).

Pea-green, pē′-grēn, adj. a shade of green like the colour of green peas.

Pea-jacket, pē′-jak′et, n. a coarse thick jacket worn esp. by seamen.—Also Pea′-coat. [Dut. pij (pron. pī), a coat of coarse thick cloth; jacket.]

Peak, pēk, n. a point: the pointed end of anything: the top of a mountain: (naut.) the upper outer corner of a sail extended by a gaff or yard, also the extremity of the gaff.—v.i. to rise upward in a peak: to look thin or sickly.—v.t. (naut.) to raise the point (of a gaff) more nearly perpendicular.—adjs. Peaked, pointed: ending in a point: having a thin or sickly look; Peak′ing, sickly, pining, sneaking; Peak′ish, having peaks: thin or sickly looking; Peak′y (Tenn.), having or showing peaks. [M. E. pec—Ir. peac, a sharp thing. Cf. Beak, Pike.]

Peal, pēl, n. a loud sound: a number of loud sounds one after another: a set of bells tuned to each other: a chime or carillon: the changes rung upon a set of bells.—v.i. to resound like a bell: to utter or give forth loud or solemn sounds.—v.t. to cause to sound loudly: to assail with noise: to celebrate. [For appeal; O. Fr. apel—apeler—L. appellāre, inten. of appellĕre, ap- (ad), to, pellĕre, to drive.]

Pea-maggot, pē′-mag′ut, n. the caterpillar of a small moth which lays its eggs in pods of peas.

Pean, pēn, n. one of the heraldic furs, differing from ermine only in the tinctures, the ground being sable and the spots of gold. [O. Fr. panne, a fur. Cf. Pane.]

Pean. See Pæan.

Pea-nut, or Ground-nut. See Ground.

Pear, pār, n. a common fruit of a somewhat conical shape, and very juicy to the taste: the tree on which it grows, allied to the apple.—adj. Pear′iform, Pear′-shaped, shaped like a pear—that is, thick and rounded at one end, and tapering to the other.—n. Pear′-tree. [A.S. pera or peru—L. pirum, a pear (whence also Fr. poire).]

Pear, pē′ar, n. (Spens.). Same as Peer.

Pearl, pėrl, n. a well-known shining gem, found in several kinds of shellfish, but most esp. in the mother-of-pearl oyster: anything round and clear: anything very precious: a jewel: a while speck or film on the eye: (print.) a size of type immediately above diamond, equal to 5 points (about 15 lines to the inch).—adj. made of, or belonging to, pearls.—v.t. to set or adorn with pearls: to make into small round grains.—v.i. to take a rounded form: to become like pearls.—adj. Pearlā′ceous, resembling pearls or mother-of-pearl: spotted with white.—ns. Pearl′-ash, a purer carbonate of potash, obtained by calcining potashes, so called from its pearly-white colour; Pearl′-bar′ley, barley after the skin has been ground off (prob. for 'pilled barley,' Fr. orge perlé); Pearl′-butt′on, a button made of mother-of-pearl; Pearl′-div′er, one who dives for pearls.—adj. Pearled, set with pearls: like pearls: having a border trimmed with narrow lace.—ns. Pearl′-edge, a thread edging, a border on some ribbons formed by projecting loops of the threads; Pearl′-eye, cataract.—adj. Pearl′-eyed, having a white speck on the eye.—ns. Pearl′-fish′er, one who fishes for pearls; Pearl′-fish′ery, the occupation of fishing for pearls, or the place where it is carried on; Pearl′-fish′ing; Pearl′-gray, a pale gray colour.—adj. of a pale gray colour, like the pearl.—ns. Pearl′iness, state of being pearly; Pearl′-nau′tilus, the pearly nautilus; Pearl′-oys′ter, the oyster which produces pearls; Pearl′-pow′der, a cosmetic for improving the appearance of the skin; Pearl′-white, a material made from fish-scales, used in making artificial pearls: a kind of cosmetic.—adj. Pearl′y, like a pearl, nacreous: yielding pearls: dotted with pearls: clear, transparent: having a pure sweet tone. [Fr. perle, acc. to Diez, prob. either a corr. of L. pirula, a dim. of pirum, a pear, or of L. pilula, dim. of pila, a ball.]

Pearling, pėrl′ing, n. lace made of silk or other kind of thread.—Also Pearl′in. [Ir. peirlin, fine linen.]

Pearling, pėrl′ing, n. the process of removing the outer coat of grain.

Pearmain, pār′mān, n. a name of several varieties of apple.

Peart, pērt, adj. lively: saucy: in good health and spirits.—adv. Peart′ly. [Pert.]

Peasant, pez′ant, n. a countryman: a rustic: one whose occupation is rural labour.—adj. of or relating to peasants, rustic, rural: rude.—n. Peas′antry, the body of peasants or tillers of the soil: rustics: labourers.—Peasant proprietor, a peasant who owns and works his own farm; Peasants' War, a popular insurrection in Germany, in 1525, stamped out with horrible cruelty. [O. Fr. paisant (Fr. paysan)—pays—L. pagus, a district.]

Pease, pēz, n. (Spens.) a blow.

Pease, pēz, indef. pl. of Pea.—ns. Pease′cod, Peas′cod, the pericarp of the pea: a peacod; Pease′-meal, Pease′-porr′idge, Pease′-soup or Pea′-soup, meal, porridge, soup, made from pease.

Peaseweep, pēz′wēp, n. (prov.) the pewit. [Imit.]

Peat, pēt, n. decayed vegetable matter like turf, cut out of boggy places, and when dried used for fuel.—ns. Peat′-bog, a district covered with peat: a place from which peat is dug—also Peat′-bed, Peat′-moor, Peat′-moss; Peat′-hag, a ditch whence peat has been dug; Peat′-reek, the smoke of peat, supposed to add a delicate flavour to whisky; Peat′-spade, a spade having a side wing at right angles for cutting peat in rectangular blocks.—adj. Peat′y, like peat: abounding in, or composed of, peat. [True form beat—M. E. beten, to mend a fire—A.S. bétan, to make better—bót, advantage.]

Peba, pē′ba, n. a South American armadillo.

Pebble, peb′l, n. a small roundish ball or stone: transparent and colourless rock-crystal used for glass in spectacles, a fine kind of glass: a large size of gunpowder.—v.t. to give (to leather) a rough appearance with small rounded prominences.—adjs. Pebb′led, Pebb′ly, full of pebbles.—ns. Pebb′le-pow′der, gunpowder consisting of large cubical grains, and burning slowly—also Cube-powder and Prismatic-powder; Pebb′le-ware, a kind of fine pottery made of various coloured clays mixed together; Pebb′ling, a way of graining leather with a ribbed or roughened appearance. [A.S. papol-(-stán), a pebble(-stone); akin to L. papula, a pustule.]

Pebrine, peb′rin, n. a destructive disease of silkworms.—adj. Peb′rinous. [Fr.]

Pecan, pē-kan′, n. a North American tree whose wood is chiefly used for fuel, also the nut it yields.

Peccable, pek′a-bl, adj. liable to sin.—ns. Peccabil′ity; Pecc′ancy, sinfulness: transgression.—adj. Pecc′ant, sinning: transgressing: guilty: morbid: offensive: bad.—adv. Pecc′antly. [L. peccabilis—peccāre, -ātum, to sin.]

Peccadillo, pek-a-dil′lo, n. a little or trifling sin: a petty fault:—pl. Peccadil′los, Peccadil′loes. [Sp. pecadillo, dim. of pecado—L. peccatum, a sin.]

Peccary, pek′ar-i, n. a hog-like quadruped of South America.

Peccavi, pe-kā′vī, I have sinned. [L. 1st pers. sing. perf. indic. act. of peccāre, I sin.]

Pech, Pegh, peh, v.i. (Scot.) to pant, to breathe hard. [Imit.]

Pecht, peht, n. a corruption of Pict.

Peck, pek, n. a measure of capacity for dry goods=2 gallons, or one-fourth of a bushel: a great amount. [M. E. pekke, prob. from peck, 'to pick up.']

Peck, pek, v.t. to strike with the beak: to pick up with the beak: to eat: to strike with anything pointed: to strike with repeated blows.—ns. Peck′er, that which pecks: a woodpecker: (slang) spirit, as in 'to keep one's pecker up'=to keep up one's spirits; Peck′ing, the sport of throwing pebbles at birds.—adj. Peck′ish, somewhat hungry. [Pick.]

Pecksniff, pek′snif, n. one who talks large about virtue and benevolence, while at heart a selfish and unprincipled hypocrite.—adj. Peck′sniffian.—n. Peck′sniffianism. [From Mr Pecksniff in Dickens's Martin Chuzzlewit.]

Pecten, pek′ten, n. a genus of molluscs, one species of which is the scallop—so called from the valves having ribs radiating from the umbo to the margin like a comb: a membrane on the eyes of birds.—adjs. Pectinā′ceous, like the scallops; Pec′tinal, of a comb: comb-like: having bones like the teeth of a comb; Pec′tināte, -d, having teeth like a comb: resembling the teeth of a comb.—adv. Pec′tinātely.—n. Pectinā′tion, the state of being pectinated—adjs. Pectinē′al, having a comb-like crest; Pec′tinibranchiate, having comb-like gills; Pec′tiniform, comb-like. [L. pecten, a comb.]

Pectic, pek′tik, adj. congealing, curdling.—ns. Pec′tin, Pec′tine, a soluble gelatinising substance obtained from pectose; Pec′tōse, a substance yielding pectin, contained in the fleshy pulp of unripe fruit. [Gr. pēktikos, congealing—pēgnynai, to make solid.]

Pectoral, pek′tō-ral, adj. relating to the breast or chest.—n. armour for the breast: an ornament worn on the breast, esp. the breastplate worn by the ancient Jewish high-priest, and the square of gold, embroidery, &c. formerly worn on the breast over the chasuble by bishops during mass: a pectoral cross: a pectoral fin: a medicine for the chest.—adv. Pec′torally.—n. Pectoril′oquy, the sound of the patient's voice heard through the stethoscope when applied to the chest in certain morbid conditions of the lungs.—Pectoral fins, the anterior paired fins of fishes; Pectoral theology, a name sometimes applied to the theology of those Christians who make much of experience and emotion, as themselves guides to a knowledge of divine truth—in Neander's phrase, 'Pectus est quod facit theologum.' [Fr.,—L. pectoralis—pectus, pectoris, the breast.]

Peculate, pek′ū-lāt, v.t. to take for one's own use money or property entrusted to one's care: to embezzle: to steal.—ns. Peculā′tion; Pec′ulātor. [L. peculāri, -ātus—pecūlium, private property, akin to pecunia, money.]

Peculiar, pē-kūl′yar, adj. one's own: belonging to no other: appropriate: particular: odd, uncommon, strange.—n. (obs.) private property: a parish or church exempt from the jurisdiction of the ordinary or bishop in whose diocese it is placed.—v.t. Pecul′iarise, to set apart.—n. Peculiar′ity, quality of being peculiar or singular: that which is found in one and in no other: that which marks a person off from others: individuality.—adv. Pecul′iarly.—n. Pecū′lium, private property, esp. that given by a father to a son, &c.—Peculiar people, the people of Israel: a sect of faith-healers, founded in London in 1838, who reject medical aid in cases of disease, and rely on anointing with oil by the elders, and on prayer, with patient nursing. [Fr.,—L. peculiaris—peculium, private property.]

Pecuniary, pē-kū′ni-ar-i, adj. relating to money: consisting of money.—adv. Pecū′niarily.—adj. Pecū′nious, rich. [Fr.,—L. pecuniarius—pecunia, money—pecu-, which appears in L. pecudes (pl.), cattle.]

Ped, ped, n. (Spens.) a basket, a hamper. [Pad.]

Pedagogue, ped′a-gog, n. a teacher: a pedant.—v.t. to teach.—adjs. Pedagog′ic, -al, relating to teaching: belonging to, or possessed by, a teacher of children.—ns. Pedagog′ics, Ped′agogism, Ped′agogy, the science of teaching: instruction: discipline. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. paidagōgos—pais, paidos, a boy, agōgos, a leader—agein, to lead.]

Pedal, ped′al, adj. pertaining to a foot.—n. any part of a machine transmitting power from the foot: in musical instruments, a lever moved by the foot.—v.i. to work a pedal.—n. Pēdā′le, a foot-cloth in front of an altar: a collection of canons of general councils in the Greek Church.—adjs. Pēdā′lian, relating to the foot, or to a metrical foot; Ped′āte, divided like a foot: (bot.) having the side lobes of a divided leaf also divided into smaller parts, the midribs of which do not run to a common centre as in the palmate leaf.—adv. Ped′ātely.—adj. Pedat′ifid, divided in a pedate manner, but having the divisions connected at the base.—Combination pedal, a metal pedal in organs controlling several stops at once. [L. pedalis—pes, pedis, the foot.]

Pedant, ped′ant, n. one who makes a vain display of learning: a pretender to knowledge which he does not possess: (Shak.) a pedagogue.—adjs. Pedant′ic, -al, displaying knowledge for the sake of showing.—adv. Pedant′ically, in a pedantic manner.—ns. Pedant′icism, Ped′antism.—v.i. Ped′antise, to play the pedant.—ns. Pedantoc′racy, government by pedants; Ped′antry, acts, manners, or character of a pedant: vain display of learning: (Swift) the overrating of any kind of knowledge we pretend to. [Fr.,—It. pedante—L. pædagogans, -antis, teaching—pædagogus, a pedagogue.]

Peddle, ped′l, v.i. to travel about with a basket or bundle of goods, esp. of smallwares, for sale: to trifle.—v.t. to retail in small quantities.—ns. Pedd′ler, Ped′lar, Ped′ler, a hawker or travelling merchant; Pedd′lery, Ped′lary, the trade or tricks of a peddler: wares sold by a peddler.—adj. Pedd′ling, unimportant.—n. the trade or tricks of a peddler. [Peddar, pedder, one who carries wares in a ped or basket.]

Pederasty, ped′e-rast-i, n. unnatural commerce of males with males, esp. boys.—n. Ped′erast, one addicted to this vice.—adj. Pederast′ic. [Gr., pais, paidos, a boy, erastēs—eraein, to love.]

Pederero, ped-e-rē′rō, n. an old gun for discharging stones, pieces of iron, &c., also for firing salutes.

Pedesis, ped-ē′sis, n. the rapid oscillation of small particles in a liquid.

Pedestal, ped′es-tal, n. anything that serves as a foot or a support: the foot or base of a pillar, &c.: the fixed casting which holds the brasses, in which a shaft turns, called also Axle-guard or Pillow-block.—v.t. to place on a pedestal. [Sp.,—It. piedestallo—L. pes, pedis, the foot, It. stallo, a place.]

Pedestrian, pē-des′tri-an, adj. going on foot: performed on foot: pertaining to common people: vulgar.—n. one journeying on foot: an expert walker, one who practises feats of walking or running.—adj. Pēdes′trial, of or pertaining to the foot: pedestrian.—adv. Pēdes′trially.—v.t. Pēdes′trianise, to traverse on foot.—n. Pēdes′trianism, a going on foot: walking: the practice of a pedestrian. [L. pedestris—pes, pedis.]

Pedetentous, ped-ē-ten′tus, adj. proceeding slowly.

Pediatrics, ped-i-at′riks, n.pl. that branch of medical science which relates to children and their special diseases.—Also Ped′iatry. [Gr. pais, paidos, a child, iatrikos, relating to a physician.]

Pedicel, ped′i-sel, n. the little footstalk by which a single leaf or flower is fixed on the twig or on the cluster of which it forms a part—also Ped′icle.—n. Pedicellā′ria, a minute structure on the skin of sea-urchins and star-fish, like a stalk with a three or two bladed snapping forceps at the summit.—adjs. Ped′icellate, Pedic′ūlate, provided with a pedicel.—n. Ped′icle, a fetter for the foot. [Fr. pédicelle—L. pediculus, dim. of pes, pedis, the foot.]

Pediculus, pē-dik′ū-lus, n. a genus of lice, or an individual of it.—adjs. Pēdic′ular, Pēdic′ulous, lousy.—ns. Pēdiculā′tion, Pēdiculō′sis, lousiness.

Pedicure, ped′i-kūr, n. the treatment of corns, bunions, or the like: one who treats the feet.

Pediferous, pē-dif′e-rus, adj. footed—also Pēdig′erous.—adj. Ped′iform, foot-shaped.

Pedigree, ped′i-grē, n. a line of ancestors: a list, in order, of the ancestors from whom one has descended: lineage: genealogy.—adj. Ped′igreed, having a pedigree. [Skeat suggests Fr. pied de grue, crane's-foot, from its use in the drawing out of pedigrees.]

Pedimanous, pē-dim′a-nus, adj. having all four feet like hands—of the opossums and lemurs.—n. Ped′imane.

Pediment, ped′i-ment, n. (archit.) a triangular or circular ornament which crowns the fronts of buildings, and serves as a finish to the tops of doors, windows, porticoes, &c.—adjs. Pediment′al; Ped′imented, furnished with a pediment: like a pediment. [L. pedamentum—pes, pedis, the foot.]

Pedipalp, ped′i-palp, n. a maxillipalp or maxillary palpus.—adj. pertaining to the same.—n.pl. Pedipal′pi, an order of Arachnida.—adj. Pedipal′pous.

Pedlar. See Peddle.

Pedobaptism, pē-dō-bap′tizm, n. infant baptism.—n. Pedobap′tist, one who believes in infant baptism. [Gr. pais, paidos, a child, baptism.]

Pedometer, pē-dom′et-ėr, n. an instrument, somewhat like a watch, by which the number of the steps of a pedestrian are registered, from which the distance he has walked is measured.—adj. Pedomet′ric. [L. pes, pedis, a foot, Gr. metron, a measure.]

Pedomotor, ped-ō-mō′tor, n. a means for applying the foot as a driving power.—adj. Pedomō′tive.

Pedotrophy, pē-dot′rō-fi, n. the rearing of children.—adj. Pedotroph′ic.—n. Pedot′rophist. [Gr. pais, paidos, a child, trephein, to nourish.]

Pedum, pē′dum, n. a shepherd's crook. [L.]

Peduncle, pē-dung′kl, n. the stalk by which a cluster of flowers or leaves is joined to a twig or branch—sometimes same as pedicel—also Pedun′culus.—adjs. Pedun′cular, Pedun′culate, -d. [Fr. pedoncule—Low L. pedunculus—L. pes, pedis, the foot.]

Peece, pēs, n. (Shak.) a fabric, a fortified place.

Peeced, pēsd, adj. (Spens.) imperfect.

Peek, pēk, v.i. to peep.—n. Peek′aboo, a children's game, from the cry made when hiding one's eyes.

Peel, pēl, v.t. to strip off the skin or bark: to bare.—v.i. to come off as the skin: to lose the skin: (slang) to undress.—n. the skin, rind, or bark: (print.) a wooden pole with short cross-piece for carrying printed sheets to the poles on which they are to be dried: the wash or blade of an oar—not the loom: a mark for cattle, for persons who cannot write, &c.—adj. Peeled, stripped of skin, rind, or bark: plundered.—ns. Peel′er, one who peels, a plunderer; Peel′ing, the act of stripping: that which is stripped off: (print.) the removing of the layers of a paper overlay, to get a lighter impression. [O. Fr. peler, to unskin—L. pilāre, to deprive of hair—pilus, a hair; or pellis, a skin.]

Peel, pēl, n. a small Border fortress.—Also Peel′-tow′er. [Pile.]

Peel, pēl, n. a baker's wooden shovel: a fire-shovel. [O. Fr. pele—L. pāla, a spade.]

Peel, pēl, v.t. to plunder: to pillage. [Pill (v.).]

Peeler, pēl′ėr, n. a policeman, from Sir R. Peel, who established the Irish police (1812-18) and improved those in Britain (1828-30).—n. Peel′ite, a follower of Peel in the reform of the Corn-laws in 1846.

Peen, pēn, n. the end of a hammer-head, usually shaped for indenting.—v.t. to strike with such. [Ger. pinne.]

Peenge, pēnj, v.i. (Scot.) to complain childishly.

Peep, pēp, v.i. to chirp, or cry as a chicken.—n. the cry of a young chicken. [Fr. piper—L. pipāre.]

Peep, pēp, v.i. to look through a narrow opening: to look out from concealment: to look slyly or cautiously: to begin to appear.—n. a sly look: a beginning to appear, a glimpse: a narrow view, a slit.—ns. Peep′er, one that peeps: a prying person: a chicken just breaking the shell: (slang) the eye; Peep′-hole, a hole through which one may look without being seen; Peep′-o'-day, the first appearance of light in the morning; Peep′-show, a small show viewed through a small hole, usually fitted with a magnifying-glass; Peep′-sight, a plate on the breach with a small hole through which a gunner takes his sight.—Peeping Tom, a prying fellow, esp. one who peeps in at windows; Peep-o'-day boys, a band of Protestants in the north of Ireland, in the end of the 18th century—opposed to the Catholic Defenders. [Same as above, Fr. piper, to chirp like a bird, then to beguile, whence peep=to look out slyly.]

Peer, pēr, n. an equal in rank, ability, character, &c.: an associate: a nobleman: a member of the House of Lords:—fem. Peer′ess.—n. Peer′age, the rank or dignity of a peer: the body of peers: a book containing a description of the history, connections, &c. of the different peers.—adj. Peer′less, having no peer or equal: matchless.—adv. Peer′lessly.—n. Peer′lessness.—House of Peers, the House of Lords; Spiritual peer, one of the bishops or archbishops qualified to sit as members of the House of Lords; Temporal peer, one of the members of the House of Lords, other than the bishops. [O. Fr. (Fr. pair),—L. par, paris, equal.]

Peer, pēr, v.i. to look narrowly or closely: to peep: to appear:—pa.t. and pa.p. peered.—adj. Peer′y, prying, sly. [M. E. piren—Low Ger. piren, orig. pliren, to draw the eyelids together.]

Peerie, Peery, pēr′i, n. a top spun with a string.

Peevers, pēv′ers, n. (Scot.) the game of hop-scotch.

Peevish, pēv′ish, adj. habitually fretful: easily annoyed: hard to please: showing ill-nature: childish.—adv. Peev′ishly.—n. Peev′ishness. [Prob. imit. of the puling of fretful infants.]

Peewit. Same as Pewit.

Peg, peg, n. a wooden pin for fastening boards, or the soles of shoes: one of the pins on which the strings of a musical instrument are stretched: a reason or excuse for action: a drink of soda-water with brandy, &c.: a degree or step.—v.t. to fasten with a peg: to keep up the market price by buying or selling at a fixed price: to make points during the game of cribbage before the show of hands.—v.i. to work with unremitting effort:—pr.p. peg′ging; pa.t. and pa.p. pegged.—ns. Peg′-fiched, an English game played with pegs or pointed sticks; Peg′-float, a machine for rasping away the ends of pegs inside shoes.—adj. Pegged, fashioned of, or furnished with, pegs.—ns. Peg′ging, the act of fastening with a peg: pegs collectively: a thrashing: determined perseverance in work; Peg′-leg, a wooden leg of the simplest form, or one who walks on such; Peg′-strip, a ribbon of wood cut to the width, &c., of a shoe-peg; Peg′-tank′ard, a drinking-vessel having each one's share marked off by a knob; Peg′-top, a child's plaything made to spin round by winding a string round it and then rapidly pulling it off: (pl.) a kind of trousers, wide at the top and narrow at the ankles.—adj. shaped like a top.—Peg away, to keep continually working.—Take down a peg, to take down, to humble. [Scand.; as in Dan. pig, a spike.]

Pegasus, peg′a-sus, n. a winged horse which arose from the blood of the Gorgon Medusa, when she was slain by Perseus: a genus of small fishes with large, wing-like, pectoral fins: one of the constellations in the northern sky.—adj. Pegasē′an.

Peggy, peg′i, n. one of several small warblers, the whitethroat, &c. [Peggy, from Peg=Meg—Margaret.]

Pegmatite, peg′ma-tīt, n. coarsely crystallised granite.—adj. Pegmatit′ic.

Pehlevi, pā′le-vē, n. an ancient West Iranian idiom during the period of the Sassanides, largely mixed with Semitic words, and poorer in inflections and terminations than Zend (235-640 A.D.): the characters used in writing this language.—adj. of or pertaining to, or written in, Pehlevi. [Pers.]

Peignoir, pēn-wär′, n. a loose wrapper worn by women during their toilet. [Fr.]

Peinct, pāngkt, v.t. (Spens.) to paint.

Peine, pān, n. a form of punishment by pressing to death—usually Peine forte et dure. [Fr.]

Peirastic, pī-ras′tik, adj. tentative.—n. Peiram′eter, an instrument for measuring the resistances of road-surface to traction. [Gr. peira, a trial.]

Peise, pāz, v.t. (Spens., Shak.) to poise, to weigh.—n. a weight. [Poise.]

Pejoration, pē-jō-rā′shun, n. a becoming worse: deterioration.—v.i. Pē′jorāte.—adj. and n. Pē′jorātive.—n. Pējor′ity. [L. pejor, worse, comp. of malus, bad.]

Pekan, pek′an, n. an American species of Marten—called also Wood-shock, Fisher, and Black-fox.

Pekoe, pē′kō, n. a scented black tea. [Chinese.]

Pelage, pel′āj, n. the hair or wool of a mammal. [Fr.]

Pelagian, pē-lā′ji-an, n. one who holds the views of Pelagius, a British monk of the 4th century, who denied original sin.—adj. pertaining to Pelagius.—n. Pelā′gianism, the doctrines of Pelagius.

Pelagic, pē-laj′ik, adj. inhabiting the deep sea, marine, oceanic. [Gr. pelagos, the sea.]

Pelargonium, pel-ar-gō′ni-um, n. a vast genus of beautiful flowering plants of order Geraniaceæ.—adj. Pēlar′gic, stork-like. [Gr. pelargos, stork, the beaked capsules resembling a stork's beak.]

Pelasgic, pē-las′jik, adj. pertaining to the Pelasgians or Pelasgi, a race spread over Greece in prehistoric times, to whom are ascribed many enormous remains built of unhewn stones, without cement—the so-called Pelasgic architecture. Also Pelas′gian.

Pêle-mêle. See Pell-mell, adv.

Pelerine, pel′ėr-in, n. a woman's tippet or cape with long ends coming down in front. [Fr., a tippet—pèlerin, a pilgrim—L. peregrinus, foreign.]

Pelf, pelf, n. riches (in a bad sense): money. [O. Fr. pelfre, booty; allied to pilfer.]

Pelican, pel′i-kan, n. a large water-fowl, having an enormous distensible gular pouch: an alembic with tubulated head from which two opposite and crooked beaks extend and enter again the body of the vessel—used for continuous distillation: a dentist's instrument: (her.) a pelican above her nest, with wings indorsed, wounding her breast with her beak in order to feed her young with her blood. [Low L. pelicanus—Gr. pelikan—pelekus, an axe.]

Pelike, pel′i-kē, n. a large vase like the hydria, double-handled. [Gr.]

Pelisse, pe-lēs′, n. a cloak of silk or other cloth, with sleeves, worn by ladies: a garment lined with fur, a dragoon's jacket with shaggy lining. [Fr.,—Low L. pellicea (vestis)—L. pellis, a skin.]

Pell, pel, n. a skin or hide: a roll of parchment. [O. Fr. pel (Fr. peau)—L. pellis, a skin or hide.]

Pellagra, pe-lā′gra, n. a loathsome skin disease supposed to be common in the rice-producing part of the north of Italy.—n. Pellā′grin, one afflicted with pellagra.—adj. Pellā′grous, like or afflicted with pellagra. [Gr. pella, skin, agra, seizure.]

Pellet, pel′et, n. a little ball, as of lint or wax: a small rounded boss: a small pill: a ball of shot.—adj. Pell′eted, consisting of pellets: pelted, as with bullets. [O. Fr. pelote—L. pila, a ball.]

Pellicle, pel′i-kl, n. a thin skin or film: the film or scum which gathers on liquors.—adj. Pellic′ular.

Pellitory, pel′i-tor-i, n. a genus of plants found most commonly on old walls and heaps of rubbish: the feverfew.—n. Pell′itory-of-Spain, a plant which grows in Algeria, the root of which causes in the hands first a sensation of extreme cold, then one of a burning heat. [L. parietaria, the wall-plant—parietarius—paries, parietis, a wall.]

Pell-mell, pel-mel′, adv. in great confusion: promiscuously: in a disorderly manner—also written Pêle-mêle.—n. Pell-mell′ (same as Pall-mall). [O. Fr. pesle-mesle (Fr. pêle-mêle), -mesle being from O. Fr. mesler (Fr. mêler), to mix—Low L. misculāre—L. miscēre; and pesle, a rhyming addition, perh. influenced by Fr. pelle, shovel.]

Pellucid, pe-lū′sid, adj. perfectly clear: letting light through: transparent.—ns. Pellūcid′ity, Pellū′cidness.—adv. Pellū′cidly. [Fr.,—L. pellucidus—per, perfectly, lucidus, clear—lucēre, to shine.]

Pelma, pel′ma, n. the sole of the foot.—n. Pelmat′ogram, the impression of the foot. [Gr.]

Pelopid, pel′ō-pid, adj. pertaining to Pelops.—n. one of his descendants.

Peloponnesian, pel-ō-po-nē′zi-an, adj. of or pertaining to the Peloponnesus or southern part of Greece.—n. an inhabitant or a native of the Peloponnesus.—Peloponnesian war, a war between Athens and Sparta (431-404 B.C.). [Gr. Pelops, an ancient Greek hero, nēsos, an island.]

Peloria, pē-lō′ri-a, n. the appearance of regularity in flowers normally irregular—also Pel′orism.—adjs. Pēlor′iate, Pēlor′ic. [Gr. pelōr, a monster.]

Pelt, pelt, n. a raw hide: the quarry or prey of a hawk all torn.—ns. Pelt′monger, a dealer in skins; Pelt′ry, the skins of animals with the fur on them: furs. [M. E. pelt, peltry—O. Fr. pelleterie—pelletier, a skinner—L. pellis, a skin.]

Pelt, pelt, v.t. to strike with something thrown: to cast.—v.i. to fall heavily, as rain.—n. a blow from something thrown.—ns. Pel′ter, a shower of missiles, a sharp storm of rain, &c.: a storm of anger; Pel′ting, an assault with a pellet, or with anything thrown. [Cf. Pellet.]

Pelta, pel′ta, n. a light buckler.—n. Pel′tast, a soldier armed with this.—adjs. Pel′tāte, -d, shield-shaped; Peltat′ifid, Pel′tiform. [L.,—Gr. peltē.]

Pelting, pel′ting, adj. (Shak.) paltry, contemptible.—adv. Pelt′ingly. [Paltry.]

Pelvis, pel′vis, n. the bony cavity at the lower end of the trunk, forming the lower part of the abdomen.—adjs. Pel′vic, of or pertaining to the pelvis; Pel′viform, openly cup-shaped.—ns. Pelvim′eter, an instrument for measuring the diameters of the pelvis; Pelvim′etry. [L. pelvis, a basin.]

Pemmican, Pemican, pem′i-kan, n. a North American Indian preparation, consisting of lean venison, dried, pounded, and pressed into cakes, now made of beef and used in Arctic expeditions, &c.

Pemphigus, pem′fi-gus, n. an affection of the skin with pustules.—adj. Pem′phigoid. [Gr.]

Pen, pen, v.t. to shut up: to confine in a small enclosure:—pr.p. pen′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. penned or pent.—n. a small enclosure: a fold for animals: a coop. [A.S. pennan, to shut up, in comp. on pennan, to unpen. Prop. to fasten with a pin.]

Pen, pen, n. one of the large feathers of the wing of a bird: an instrument used for writing, formerly made of the feather of a bird, but now of steel, &c.: style of writing: a female swan—opp. to Cob.—v.t. to write, to commit to paper:—pr.p. pen′ning; pa.t. and pa.p. penned.—adj. Pen′-and-ink′, written, literary: executed with pen and ink, as a drawing.—ns. Pen′-case, a holder for a pen or pens; Pen′craft, skill in penmanship: the art of composition; Pen′-driv′er, a clerk; Pen′ful, what one can write with one dip of ink; Pen′-hold′er, a holder for pens or nibs; Pen′-wī′per, a piece of cloth, leather, &c. for wiping pens after use; Pen′-wom′an, a female writer. [O. Fr. penne—L. penna, a feather.]

Penal, pē′nal, adj. pertaining to, incurring, or constituting punishment: used for punishment.—v.t. Pē′nalise, to lay under penalty.—adv. Pē′nally.—Penal laws, laws prohibiting certain actions under penalties; Penal servitude, hard labour in a prison as a punishment for crime—introduced in England in 1853 instead of transportation; Penal statute, a statute imposing a penalty or punishment for crime. [Fr.,—L. pœnalis—pœna, Gr. poinē, punishment.]

Penalty, pen′al-ti, n. punishment: suffering in person or property for wrong-doing or for breach of a law: a fine or loss which a person agrees to pay or bear in case of his non-fulfilment of some undertaking: a fine.—Under penalty of, so as to suffer, or (after a negative) without suffering the punishment of.

Penance, pen′ans, n. repentance: external acts performed to manifest sorrow for sin, to seek to atone for the sin and to avert the punishment which, even after the guilt has been remitted, may still remain due to the offence—also the sacrament by which absolution is conveyed (involving contrition, confession, and satisfaction): any instrument of self-punishment.—v.t. to impose penance on: to punish. [O. Fr.; cf. Penitence.]

Penang-lawyer, pe-nang′-law′yėr, n. a walking-stick made from the stem of a Penang palm. [Prob. a corr. of Penang liyar, the wild areca.]

Penannular, pē-nan′ū-lar, adj. shaped almost like a ring. [L. pæna, almost, annularis, annular.]

Penates, pē-nā′tēs, n.pl. the household gods of ancient Rome who presided over and were worshipped by each family. [L., from root pen- in L. penitus, within, penetralia, the inner part of anything.]

Pence, pens, n. plural of penny (q.v.).

Penchant, päng′shäng, n. inclination: decided taste: bias. [Fr., pr.p. of pencher, to incline, through a form pendicāre, from L. pendēre, to hang.]

Pencil, pen′sil, n. a small hair brush for laying on colours: any pointed instrument for writing or drawing without ink: a collection of rays of light converging to a point: the art of painting or drawing.—v.t. to write, sketch, or mark with a pencil: to paint or draw:—pr.p. pen′cilling; pa.t. and pa.p. pen′cilled.—ns. Pen′cil-case, a holder for a pencil; Pen′cil-com′pass, a compass having a pencil on one of its legs for use in drawing.—adjs. Pen′cilled, written or marked with a pencil: having pencils of rays: radiated: (bot.) marked with fine lines, as with a pencil; Pen′cilliform, having the form of a pencil, as of rays.—ns. Pen′cilling, the art of writing, sketching, or marking with a pencil: marks made with a pencil: fine lines on flowers or the feathers of birds: a sketch; Pen′cil-sketch, a sketch made with a pencil. [O. Fr. pincel (Fr. pinceau)—L. penicillum, a painter's brush, dim. of penis, a tail.]

Pend, pend, n. (obs.) an enclosure: (Scot.) a narrow close leading off a main street.

Pend, pend, v.i. to hang, as in a balance, to impend.—adj. Pend′ing, hanging: remaining undecided: not terminated.—prep. during.

Pendant, pen′dant, n. anything hanging, esp. for ornament: an earring: a lamp hanging from the roof: an ornament of wood or of stone hanging downwards from a roof: a long narrow flag, at the head of the principal mast in a royal ship: something attached to another thing of the same kind, an appendix, a companion picture, poem, &c.—ns. Pen′dence, Pen′dency, a hanging in suspense: state of being undecided.—adj. Pen′dent, hanging: projecting: supported above the ground or base: (bot.) hanging downwards, as a flower or a leaf.—n. Penden′tive (archit.), the triangular portion of a dome cut off between two supporting arches at right angles to each other.—adv. Pen′dently.—ns. Pen′dicle, an appendage: something attached to another, as a privilege, a small piece of ground for cultivation; Pen′dūlet, a pendant. [Fr. pendant, pr.p. of pendre, to hang—L. pendens, -entis—pr.p. of pendēre, to hang.]

Pendragon, pen-drag′on, n. a chief leader: an ancient British chief.—n. Pendrag′onship. [W. pen, head, dragon, a chief.]

Pendulum, pen′dū-lum, n. any weight so hung from a fixed point as to swing freely: the swinging weight which regulates the movement of a clock: a lamp, &c., pendent from a ceiling: a guard-ring of a watch by which it is attached to a chain.—adj. Pen′dular, relating to a pendulum.—v.i. Pen′dulate, to swing, vibrate.—adjs. Pen′dulent, pendulous; Pen′duline, building a pendulous nest; Pen′dulous, hanging loosely: swinging freely, as the pensile nests of birds: (bot.) hanging downwards, as a flower on a curved stalk.—adv. Pen′dulously.—ns. Pen′dulousness, Pen′dulosity.—Pendulum wire, a kind of flat steel wire for clock pendulums.—Compensation pendulum, a pendulum so constructed that its rod is not altered in length by changes of temperature; Compound pendulum, every ordinary pendulum is compound, as differing from a Simple pendulum, which is a material point suspended by an ideal line; Invariable pendulum, a pendulum for carrying from station to station to be oscillated at each so as to fix the relative acceleration of gravity; Long and short pendulum, a pendulum for determining the absolute force of gravity by means of a bob suspended by a wire of varying length. [L., neut. of pendulus, hanging—pendēre, to hang.]

Peneian, pē-nē′yan, adj. relating to the river Peneus in the famous Vale of Tempe in Thessaly.

Penelopise, pē-nel′o-pīz, v.i. to act like Penelope, the wife of Ulysses, who undid at night the work she did by day, to gain time from her suitors.

Penetrate, pen′ē-trāt, v.t. to thrust into the inside: to pierce into: to affect the mind or feelings: to enter and to fill: to understand: to find out.—v.i. to make way: to pass inwards.—ns. Penetrabil′ity, Pen′etrableness.—adj. Pen′etrable, that may be penetrated or pierced by another body: capable of having impressions made upon the mind.—adv. Pen′etrably, so as to be penetrated—n.pl. Penetrā′lia, the inmost parts of a building: secrets: mysteries.—ns. Pen′etrance, Pen′etrancy, the quality of being penetrant.—adjs. Pen′etrant, subtle, penetrating; Pen′etrating, piercing or entering: sharp: subtle: acute: discerning.—adv. Pen′etratingly.—n. Penetrā′tion, the act or power of penetrating or entering: acuteness: discernment: the space-penetrating power of a telescope.—adj. Pen′etrative, tending to penetrate: piercing: sagacious: affecting the mind.—adv. Pen′etratively, in a penetrative manner.—n. Pen′etrativeness, the quality of being penetrative: penetrative power. [L. penetrāre, -ātum—penes, within.]

Pen-fish, pen′-fish, n. a sparoid fish of genus Calamus.

Penfold. Same as Pinfold.

Penguin, pen′gwin, n. an aquatic bird in the southern hemisphere, unable to fly, but very expert in diving—also Pin′guin.—n. Pen′guinery, a breeding-place of penguins. [Ety. dub.; a corr. of pen-wing, or from W. pen, head, gwen, white.]

Pen-gun, pen′-gun, n. a pop-gun.

Penicil, pen′i-sil, n. a brush of hairs: a pledget for wounds, &c.—adjs. Pen′icillate, Penicil′liform.—n. Penicil′lium, one of the blue-moulds.

Peninsula, pē-nin′sū-la, n. land so surrounded by water as to be almost an island.—adj. Penin′sular, pertaining to a peninsula: in the form of a peninsula: inhabiting a peninsula.—n. Peninsular′ity, state of being, or of inhabiting, a peninsula: narrow provincialism.—v.t. Penin′sulate, to form into a peninsula: to surround almost entirely with water.—Peninsular war, the war in Spain and Portugal, carried on by Great Britain against Napoleon's marshals (1804-1814).—The Peninsula, Spain and Portugal. [L.,—pæne, almost, insula, an island.]

Penis, pē′nis, n. the characteristic external male organ.—adj. Pē′nial. [L., a tail.]

Penistone, pen′i-stōn, n. a coarse frieze.—Penistone flags, a kind of sandstone for paving and building, brought from Penistone in Yorkshire.

Penitent, pen′i-tent, adj. suffering pain or sorrow for sin: contrite: repentant.—n. one who is sorry for sin: one who has confessed sin, and is undergoing penance.—ns. Pen′itence, Pen′itency, state of being penitent: sorrow for sin.—adj. Peniten′tial, pertaining to, or expressive of, penitence.—n. a book of rules relating to penance.—adv. Peniten′tially.—adj. Peniten′tiary, relating to penance: penitential.—n. a penitent: an office at the court of Rome for examining and issuing secret bulls, dispensations, &c.: a book for guidance in imposing penances: a place for the performance of penance: a house of correction and punishment for offenders.—adv. Pen′itently.—Penitential garment, a rough garment worn for penance; Penitential psalms, certain psalms suitable for being sung by penitents, as the 6th, 32d, 38th, 51st, 102d, 130th, 143d. [Fr.,—L. pœnitens, -entis—pœnitēre, to cause to repent.]

Penknife, pen′nīf, n. a small knife, originally for making and mending quill pens.

Penman, pen′man, n. a man skilled in the use of the pen: an author:—pl. Pen′men.—n. Pen′manship, the use of the pen: art or manner of writing.

Penna, pen′a, n. a feather, esp. one of the large feathers of the wings or tail.—adj. Pennā′ceous. [L.]

Pennal, pen′al, n. a freshman at a German university—so called from their pennales or pen-cases.—n. Penn′alism, a system of fagging once in vogue at German universities.

Pen-name, pen′-nām, n. a name, other than his real one, by which an author is known to the public: a nom de plume.

Pennant, pen′ant, n. a flag many times as long as it is wide: a streamer: a long narrow piece of bunting at the mast-heads of war-ships.—Also Penn′on. [Pennant is formed from pennon, with excrescent t; pennon is Fr. pennon—L. penna, a wing.]

Pennate, -d, pen′āt, -ed, adj. winged: (bot.) same as Pinnate.—adj. Pennatif′id (see Pinnatifid).—n. Penne (Spens.), a feather.—adj. Penned, having wings: winged: written with a pen.—n. Pen′ner, a case for holding pens: (her.) a representation of such carried at the girdle.—adjs. Pennif′erous, Pennig′erous, feathered; Pen′niform, like a feather in form. [L. pennatus—penna, wing.]

Pennill, pen′il, n. a kind of Welsh verse, in which the singer has to change words and measure according to the variations of his accompanist on the harp. [W. 'a verse,' pl. pennillion.]

Pennon, pen′on, n. a flag, a medieval knight-bachelor's ensign: a long narrow flag: a pinion or wing.—ns. Penn′oncelle, a small flag like a pennon; Penn′oncier, a knight-bachelor.—adj. Penn′oned, bearing a pennon. [Cf. Pennant.]

Penny, pen′i, n. a copper coin (bronze since 1860), originally silver=1⁄12 of a shilling, or four farthings: a small sum: money in general: (N.T.) a silver coin=7½d.: pound, in fourpenny, sixpenny, tenpenny nails=four, six, ten pound weight to the thousand:—pl. Pennies (pen′iz), denoting the number of coins; Pence (pens), the amount of pennies in value.—adjs. Penn′ied, possessed of a penny; Penn′iless, without a penny: without money: poor.—ns. Penn′ilessness; Penn′y-a-lin′er, one who writes for a public journal at so much a line: a writer for pay; Penn′y-a-lin′erism, hack-writing; Penn′y-dog, the tope or miller's dog, a kind of shark; Penn′y-post, a means of carrying a letter for a penny; Penn′y-rent, income; Penn′yweight, twenty-four grains of troy weight (the weight of a silver penny); Penn′y-wis′dom, prudence in petty matters.—adj. Penn′y-wise, saving small sums at the risk of larger: niggardly on improper occasions.—ns. Penn′y-worth, a penny's worth of anything: the amount that can be given for a penny: a good bargain—also Penn′'orth (coll.); Pē′ter's-pence, the name given to an old tribute offered to the Roman Pontiff, now a voluntary contribution.—Penny fee (Scot.), a small wage; Penny gaff (slang), a low-class theatre; Penny mail (Scot.), rent in money, not in kind: a small sum paid to the superior of land; Penny wedding, a wedding ceremonial in Scotland, at which the invited guests made contributions in money to pay the general expenses.—A pretty penny, a considerable sum of money; Turn an honest penny, to earn money honestly. [A.S. penig, oldest form pending, where pend=Eng. pawn, Ger. pfand, Dut. pand, a pledge, all which are from L. pannus, a rag, a piece of cloth.]

Pennyroyal, pen′i-roi-al, n. a species of mint, much in use in domestic medicine, in the form of a warm infusion, to promote perspiration and as an emmenagogue. [Corr. from old form pulial, which is traced through O. Fr. to L. puleium regium, the plant pennyroyal—pulex, a flea.]

Penology, Pænology, pē-nol′ō-ji, n. the study of punishment in its relation to crime: the management of prisons.—n. Penol′ogist. [Gr. poinē, punishment, logia, description.]

Pensée, pang-sā′, n. a thought. [Fr.]

Penseroso, pen-se-rō′so, adj. melancholy: thoughtful:—fem. Penserō′sa. [It.]

Pensile, pen′sīl, adj. hanging: suspended.—ns. Pen′sileness, Pensil′ity. [Fr.,—L.,—pendēre, hang.]

Pension, pen′shun, n. a stated allowance to a person for past services performed by himself or by some relative: a payment made to a person retired from service on account of age or weakness: a boarding-school or boarding-house on the Continent (pron. pong-siong′): a sum paid to a clergyman in place of tithes.—v.t. to grant a pension to.—adjs. Pen′sionable, entitled, or entitling, to a pension; Pen′sionary, receiving a pension: consisting of a pension.—n. one who receives a pension: the syndic or legal adviser of a Dutch town.—ns. Pen′sioner, one who receives a pension: a dependent: one who pays out of his own income for his commons, chambers, &c. at Cambridge University=an Oxford commoner; Pen′sionnaire.—Grand pensionary, the president of the States-general of Holland. [Fr.,—L. pension-em—pendĕre, pensum, to weigh, pay.]

Pensive, pen′siv, adj. thoughtful: reflecting: expressing thoughtfulness with sadness.—adj. Pen′sived (Shak.), thought over.—adv. Pen′sively.—n. Pen′siveness, state of being pensive: gloomy thoughtfulness: melancholy. [Fr. pensif—L. pensāre, to weigh—pendĕre, to weigh.]

Penstock, pen′stok, n. a trough conveying water to a water-wheel.

Pensum, pen′sum, n. an extra task given a scholar in punishment.

Pent, pa.t. and pa.p. of pen, to shut up.

Pentacapsular, pen-ta-kap′sū-lar, adj. having five capsules.

Pentachord, pen′ta-kord, n. a musical instrument with five strings: a diatonic series of five tones.

Pentacle, pent′a-kl, n. a figure formed by two equilateral triangles intersecting regularly so as to form a six-pointed star: properly a five-pointed object, the same as Pentagram (q.v.), a defence against demons.—adj. Pentac′ular. [O. Fr., but prob. not from Gr. pente, five, but O. Fr. pente, pendre, to hang. As applied to a magical figure prob. a corr. of pentangle, perh. pentacol—pendre, to hang, a, on, col, the neck.]

Pentacoccous, pen-ta-kok′us, adj. (bot.) having five grains or seeds.

Pentacrostic, pen-ta-kros′tik, adj. containing five acrostics of the same name.—n. a set of such verses.

Pentact, pen′takt, adj. five-rayed.—Also Pentac′tinal.

Pentad, pen′tad, n. the number five, a group of five things: a mean of temperature, &c., taken every five days.

Pentadactylous, pen-ta-dak′ti-lus, adj. having five digits—also Pentadac′tyl.—n. Pentadac′tylism.

Pentadelphous, pen-ta-del′fus, adj. (bot.) grouped together in five sets.

Pentaglot, pen′ta-glot, adj. of five tongues.—n. a work in five languages.

Pentagon, pen′ta-gon, n. (geom.) a plane figure having five angles and five sides: a fort with five bastions.—adj. Pentag′onal.—adv. Pentag′onally. [Gr. pentagōnon—pente, five, gōnia, angle.]

Pentagram, pen′ta-gram, n. a five-pointed star: a magic figure so called.—This is the proper pentacle.—adj. Pentagrammat′ic. [Gr. pente, five, gramma, a letter.]

Pentagraph=Pantograph.

Pentagynia, pent-a-jin′i-a, n. (bot.) a Linnæan order of plants, characterised by their flowers having five pistils.—n. Pent′agyn (bot.), a plant having five styles.—adjs. Pentagyn′ian, Pentag′ynous. [Gr. pente, five, gynē, a female.]

Pentahedron, pen-ta-hē′dron, n. (geom.) a solid figure bounded by five plane faces.—adj. Pentahē′dral. [Gr. pente, five, hedra, base.]

Pentalpha, pen-tal′fa, n. a five-pointed star: a pentacle. [Gr. pente, five, alpha.]

Pentameron, pen-tam′e-ron, n. a famous collection of fifty folk-tales (Naples 1637) written in the Neapolitan dialect by Giambattista Basile, supposed to be told during five days by ten old women, for the entertainment of a Moorish slave who has usurped the place of the rightful princess. [It. pentamerone.]

Pentamerous, pen-tam′ėr-us, adj. (bot.) consisting of or divided into five parts.—Pentamerus beds (geol.), a name applied to the upper and lower Llandovery rocks, full of the brachiopods called Pentamerus. [Gr. pente, five, meros, part.]

Pentameter, pen-tam′e-tėr, n. a verse of five measures or feet.—adj. having five feet.—Elegiac pentameter, a verse of six dactylic feet, the third and sixth with the first member only; Iambic pentameter, in English, heroic couplets and blank verse. [Gr. pentametros—pente, five, metron, a measure.]

Pentandria, pen-tan′dri-a, n. (bot.) a Linnæan order of plants, characterised by their flowers having five stamens.—n. Pentan′der, a plant of the class Pentandria.—adjs. Pentan′drian, Pentan′drous. [Gr. pente, five, anēr, andros, a man, a male.]

Pentangular, pen-tang′gū-lar, adj. having five angles.

Pentapetalous, pen-ta-pet′a-lus, adj. having five petals.

Pentaphyllous, pen-ta-fil′us, adj. having five leaves. [Gr. pente, five, phyllon, a leaf.]

Pentapody, pen-tap′o-di, n. a measure of five feet.

Pentapolis, pen-tap′o-lis, n. a group of five cities.—adj. Pentapol′itan, esp. of the ancient Pentapolis of Cyrenaica in northern Africa. [Gr. pente, five, polis, a city.]

Pentarchy, pen′tär-ki, n. government by five persons. [Gr. pente, five, archē, rule.]

Pentasepalous, pen-ta-sep′a-lus, adj. having five sepals.

Pentaspermous, pent-a-spėr′mus, adj. (bot.) containing five seeds. [Gr. pente, five, sperma, seed.]

Pentastich, pen′ta-stik, n. a composition of five verses.—adj. Pentas′tichous, five-ranked.

Pentastyle, pen′ta-stīl, adj. having five columns in front.—n. (archit.) a building with a portico of five columns. [Gr. pente, five, stylos, a pillar.]

Pentasyllabic, pen-ta-si-lab′ik, adj. having five syllables.

Pentateuch, pen′ta-tūk, n. a name used to denote the Jewish Thorah, the first five books of the Old Testament.—adj. Pen′tateuchal. [Gr. pente, five, teuchos, a book—teuchein, to prepare.]

Pentathlon, pen-tath′lon, n. a contest consisting of five exercises—wrestling, throwing the discus, spear-throwing, leaping, and running—also Pentath′lum.—n. Pentath′lēte, one who contests in the pentathlon. [Gr. pente, five, athlon, a contest.]

Pentatonic, pen-ta-ton′ik, adj. consisting of five tones.

Penteconter, pen′tē-kon-tėr, n. an ancient Greek ship having fifty oars.

Pentecost, pen′tē-kost, n. a Jewish festival held on the fiftieth day after the Passover, in commemoration of the giving of the law: the festival of Whitsuntide, held in remembrance of the descent of the Holy Ghost upon the assembled disciples at the feast of Pentecost.—adj. Pentecost′al.—n.pl. offerings formerly made to the parish priest at Whitsuntide. [Gr. pentēkostē (hēmera), the fiftieth (day).]

Pentegraph=Pantograph.

Pentelic, -an, pen-tel′ik, -an, adj. describing a kind of marble found at Mount Pentelicus near Athens.

Penteteric, pen-te-ter′ik, adj. occurring every five years. [Gr., pente, five, etos, a year.]

Penthemimeral, pen-thē-mim′e-ral, adj. belonging to a metrical group of 2½ feet. [Gr. pente, five, hēmi, half, meros, a part.]

Penthouse, pent′hows, n. a shed projecting from or adjoining a main building: a protection from the weather over a door or a window: anything resembling a penthouse.—v.t. to provide with a penthouse, shelter by means of a shed sloping from a wall, or anything similar. [A corr. of pentice, which is from Fr. appentis—L. appendicium, an appendage.]

Pentice, pen′tis, n. See Penthouse.

Pentile=Pantile.

Pentroof, pent′rōōf, n. a roof with a slope on one side only. [A hybrid word, from Fr. pente, a slope—pendre, to hang, and Eng. roof.]

Pentstemon, pent-stē′mon, n. a genus of perennial herbs of the order Scrophularineæ, common in California. [Gr. pente, five, stēmōn, warp, stamen.]

Pentzia, pent′si-a, n. a genus of South African shrubs, having yellow flowers in small heads, usually in corymbs.—The chief species is Pentzia virgata or the 'sheep-fodder bush.' [Named after C. J. Pentz, a student under Thunberg.]

Penult, pē-nult′, or pē′nult, Penult′ima, n. the syllable last but one.—adj. Penult′imāte, last but one.—n. the penult: the last member but one of any series. [L. penultima—pæne, almost, ultimus, last.]

Penumbra, pē-num′bra, n. a partial or lighter shadow round the perfect or darker shadow of an eclipse: the part of a picture where the light and shade blend into each other.—adjs. Penum′bral, Penum′brous. [L. pæne, almost, umbra, shade.]

Penury, pen′ū-ri, n. want: absence of means or resources: great poverty.—adj. Penū′rious, showing penury: not bountiful: too saving: sordid: miserly.—adv. Penū′riously.—n. Penū′riousness. [Fr.,—L. penuria; Gr. peina, hunger, penēs, poor.]

Peon, pē′on, n. a day-labourer, esp. in South America, one working off a debt by bondage: in India, a foot-soldier, a messenger, a native policeman.—ns. Pē′onage, Pē′onism, this kind of agricultural servitude. [Sp.,—Low L. pedo—L. pes, pedis, a foot.]

Peony, pē′o-ni, n. a genus of plants of the natural order Ranunculaceæ, with large showy flowers, carmine, in some white. [O. Fr. pione (Fr. pivoine)—L. pæonia, healing—Gr. Paiōn.]

People, pē′pl, n. persons generally: the men, women, and children of a country or a nation: the mass of persons as distinguished from the rulers, &c.: an indefinite number: inhabitants: the vulgar: the populace:—pl. Peoples (pē′plz), races, tribes.—v.t. to stock with people or inhabitants.—People's palace, an institution for the amusement, recreation, and association of the working-classes, as that in the East End of London, inaugurated in 1887.—Chosen people, the Israelites; Good people, or folk, a popular euphemistic name for the fairies; Peculiar people (see Peculiar); The people, the populace, the mass. [Fr. peuple—L. populus, prob. reduplicated from root of plebs, people.]

Peotomy, pē-ot′ō-mi, n. the amputation of the penis. [Gr. peos, the penis, temnein, to cut.]

Peperin, pep′e-rin, n. a volcanic tufa found in the Alban Hills near Rome. [It. peperino—pepe, pepper—L. piper, pepper.]

Pepita, pe-pē′ta, n. a nugget of gold. [Sp.]

Peplum, pep′lum, n. an upper robe worn by women in ancient Greece.—Also Pep′lus. [L.,—Gr. peplos.]

Pepo, pē′pō, n. a fruit like that of the gourd. [Gr.]

Pepper, pep′ėr, n. a pungent aromatic condiment consisting of the dried berries of the pepper-plant, entire or powdered: any plant of genus Piper: a plant of genus Capsicum, or one of its pods, whence Cayenne pepper.—v.t. to sprinkle with pepper: to hit or pelt with shot, &c.: to pelt thoroughly: to do for.—adj. Pepp′er-and-salt′, of a colour composed of a light ground dotted with fine spots of a dark colour, or of a dark ground with light spots.—ns. Pepp′er-box, a box with a perforated top for sprinkling pepper on food; Pepp′er-cake, a kind of spiced cake or gingerbread; Pepp′er-cast′er, the vessel, on a cruet-stand, from which pepper is sprinkled; Pepp′ercorn, the berry of the pepper plant: something of little value—Peppercorn rent, a nominal rent; Pepp′erer, one who sells pepper, a grocer; Pepp′er-gin′gerbread, hot-spiced gingerbread; Pepp′er-grass, any plant of genus Lepidium; Pepp′eriness; Pepp′ermint, a species of mint, aromatic and pungent like pepper: a liquor distilled from the plant: a lozenge flavoured with peppermint—Peppermint-drop, a confection so flavoured; Pepp′er-pot, a West Indian dish, of cassareep, together with flesh or dried fish and vegetables, esp. green okra and chillies: tripe shredded and stewed, with balls of dough and plenty of pepper; Pepp′er-tree, a shrub of the cashew family, native to South America, &c.—also Pepper shrub and Chili pepper; Pepp′erwort, the dittander.—adj. Pepp′ery, possessing the qualities of pepper: hot, choleric.—Æthiopian pepper, the produce of Xylopia Æthiopica; Benin pepper, of Cubeba Clusii; Guinea pepper, or Maleguetta pepper, of Amomum; Jamaica pepper, or Pimento, of species of Eugenia (Myrtaceæ); Long pepper, the fruit of Piper Longum; White pepper, the seed freed from the skin and fleshy part of the fruit by soaking in water and rubbing the dried fruit. [A.S. pipor—L. piper—Gr. peperi—Sans. pippala.]

Pepper's Ghost, pep′ėrs gōst, n. a device for associating on the same stage living persons and phantoms to act together—the phantom produced by a large sheet of unsilvered glass on the stage, practically invisible to the spectators, reflecting to them, along with a visible actor or actors, the appearance of another actor on an understage, himself invisible. [John H. Pepper (b. 1821), the improver and exhibitor of Henry Dircks' invention.]

Pepsin, Pepsine, pep′sin, n. one of the essential constituents of the gastric juice: the active agent in fermenting food in the stomach—a hydrolytic ferment.—adj. Pep′tic, relating to or promoting digestion: having a good digestion.—ns. Peptic′ity, eupepsia; Pep′tics, digestion considered as a science: the digestive organs; Pep′togen, a substance producing peptone, any preparation that facilitates digestion.—adjs. Peptogen′ic, Peptog′enous, Pepton′ic.—ns. Pep′tōne, one of a class of albumenoids formed by the action of the chemical ferment pepsin and hydrochloric acid, the latter first converting into a syntonin or acid protein, the former converting this syntonin into peptone—they are soluble in water, are not coagulated by boiling, and pass readily through an animal membrane, being therefore easily absorbed; Peptonisā′tion.—v.t. Pep′tonise, to convert into peptones.—n. Pep′tonoid, a substance like peptone: one of certain food preparations. [Fr.,—Gr. pepsis, digestion—peptein, to digest.]

Pepysian, pep′is-i-an, adj. pertaining to Samuel Pepys (1633-1703), his inimitable diary, or the collection of prints, books, ballads, &c. he bequeathed to Magdalene College, Cambridge.

Per, pėr, prep. through, by means of, according to.—Per annum, year by year: for each year; Per capita, by heads, implying equal rights to two or more persons; Per cent., per hundred; Per contra, on the contrary: as a set-off; Per diem, every day: day by day; Per mensem, monthly: by the month; Per saltum, at a single leap: all at once; Per se, by himself, &c.: essentially.

Peracute, per-a-kūt′, adj. very sharp or violent.

Peradventure, per-ad-vent′ūr, adv. by adventure: by chance: perhaps.—n. uncertainty: question.

Perambulate, per-am′bū-lāt, v.t. to walk through or over: to pass through for the purpose of surveying: to survey the boundaries of.—ns. Perambulā′tion, act of perambulating: a survey or inspection by travelling through: the district within which a person has the right of inspection; Peram′bulātor, one who perambulates: an instrument for measuring distances on roads: a light carriage for a child.—adj. Peram′bulātory. [L. perambulāre, -ātum—per, through, ambulāre, to walk.]

Percale, per-käl′, n. a closely woven French cambric.—n. Per′caline, a glossy cotton cloth. [Fr.]

Percase, per-kās′, adv. (Bacon) perchance, perhaps. [L. per, through, by, casus, a chance.]

Perceable, pėrs′a-bl, adj. (Spens.)=Pierceable.

Perceant, pėrs′ant, adj. piercing, penetrating.—v.t. Perc′en (Spens.), to pierce. [Fr. perçant, pr.p. of percer, to pierce.]

Perceive, per-sēv′, v.t. to become aware of through the senses: to get knowledge of by the mind: to see: to understand: to discern.—adj. Perceiv′able (same as Perceptible).—adv. Perceiv′ably (same as Perceptibly).—ns. Perceiv′er; Perceiv′ing (Bacon), perception. [O. Fr. percever—L. percipĕre, perceptum—per, perfectly, capĕre, to take.]

Percentage, per-sen′tāj, n. rate per hundred: an allowance of so much for every hundred.—adj. Percen′tile. [Cf. Cent.]

Percept, pėr′sept, n. that which is perceived by means of the senses.—n. Perceptibil′ity, quality of being perceptible.—adj. Percep′tible, that can be perceived: that may be known by the senses: discernible.—adv. Percep′tibly.—n. Percep′tion, act of perceiving: discernment: (phil.) the faculty of perceiving: the evidence of external objects by our senses.—adjs. Percep′tional; Percep′tive, having the power of perceiving or discerning.—ns. Percep′tiveness, the faculty or power of perceiving: readiness to perceive; Perceptiv′ity, character or quality of being perceptive: power of perceiving.—adj. Percep′tūal, of the nature of perception.

Perch, pėrch, n. a genus of fresh-water fishes.—adjs. Perch′-backed, shaped like a perch's back; Per′ciform, percoid; Per′cine, perciform; Per′coid, like the perch: pertaining to the perch family. [Fr. perche—L. perca—Gr. perkē, a perch, prob. conn. with perknos, spotted.]

Perch, pėrch, n. a rod on which birds roost: any high seat or position: a measure=5½ yards: a square measure=30¼ square yards: a pole joining the fore and hind gear of a spring carriage: a frame on which cloth is examined for flaws.—v.i. to sit or roost on a perch: to settle.—v.t. to place, as on a perch.—ns. Perch′er, a bird that perches on trees; Perch′ing, the examination of cloth stretched on a frame for burs, knots, or holes—also called Burling.—adj. insessorial.—ns. Perch′-plate, a plate or block above or below a carriage-reach, at the king-bolt; Perch′-pole, an acrobat's climbing-pole; Perch′-stay, one of the side-rods bracing the perch to the hind-axle. [Fr. perche—L. pertica, a rod.]

Perchance, per-chans′, adv. by chance: perhaps.

Percheron, per-she-rong′, n. a horse of the Percheron breed, large strong draught-horses, usually dapple-gray—also Norman and Norman Percheron.—adj. pertaining to the foregoing. [Fr.,—Perche, in southern Normandy.]

Perchloric, per-klō′rik, adj. pertaining to an acid, a syrupy liquid obtained by decomposing potassium perchlorate by means of sulphuric acid.—n. Perchlō′rate, a salt of perchloric acid.

Percipient, per-sip′i-ent, adj. perceiving: having the faculty of perception.—n. one who perceives or who has the power of perceiving.—ns. Percip′ience, Percip′iency.

Perclose, per-klōz′, n. an enclosed place: (archit.) a railing separating a tomb or chapel from the rest of the church: (her.) the lower half of a garter with the buckle.—Also Par′aclose, Parclose′. [O. Fr.,—L. præ, in front, claudĕre, clausum, to shut.]

Percoct, per-kokt′, adj. well-cooked. [L. percoctus, percoquĕre, to cook thoroughly.]

Percoid, per′koid. See Perch (1).

Percolate, pėr′kō-lāt, v.t. to strain through pores or small openings, as a liquid: to filter.—v.i. to pass or ooze through very small openings: to filter.—n. a filtered liquid.—ns. Percolā′tion, act of filtering; Per′colator, a filtering vessel. [L. percolāre,-ātum—per, through, colāre, to strain.]

Percurrent, per-kur′ent, adj. running through the whole length.—adj. Percur′sory, running over slightly or in haste (same as Cursory). [L. percurrens, pr.p. of percurrĕre, percursum, to run through.]

Percuss, per-kus′, v.t. to strike so as to shake: to tap for purposes of diagnosis.—adj. Percus′sant (her.), bent round and striking the side, as a lion's tail—also Percussed′.

Percussion, per-kush′un, n. the forcible striking of one body against another: collision, or the shock produced by it: impression of sound on the ear: (med.) the tapping upon the body to find the condition of an internal organ by the sounds: in the jargon of palmistry, the outer side of the hand.—adjs. Percuss′ional, Percuss′ive.—ns. Percuss′ion-bull′et, a bullet so formed as to explode on striking something: an explosive bullet; Percus′sion-cap, a cap of copper partly filled with a substance which explodes when struck, formerly used for firing rifles, &c.; Percus′sion-fuse, a fuse in a projectile set in action by concussion when the projectile strikes the object; Percus′sion-hamm′er, a small hammer for percussion in diagnosis; Percus′sion-lock, a kind of lock for a gun in which a hammer strikes upon a percussion-cap on the nipple, igniting the charge; Percus′sion-pow′der, powder which explodes on being struck, called also fulminating powder.—adv. Percuss′ively.—ns. Percuss′or; Percuteur′, an instrument for light percussion in neuralgia, &c.—adj. Percū′tient, striking or having power to strike.—n. that which strikes or has power to strike. [L. percussion-em—percutĕre, percussum—per, thoroughly, quatĕre, to shake.]

Percutaneous, per-kū-tā′nē-us, adj. done or applied through or by means of the skin.—adv. Percutā′neously. [L. per, through, cutis, the skin.]

Perdendo, per-den′dō, adj. (mus.) dying away.—Also Perden′dosi. [It.]

Perdie, Perdy, pėr′di, adv.=Pardieu.

Perdition, per-dish′un, n. utter loss or ruin: the utter loss of happiness in a future state.—n. Per′dita, a lost woman.—adj. Perdi′tionable. [Fr.,—L. perditio—perdĕre, perditum—per, entirely, dăre, to put.]

Perdu, Perdue, per-dū′, adj. lost to view: concealed: being on a forlorn hope or on a desperate enterprise: reckless.—n. (Shak.) one lying in concealment or ambush: one on a forlorn hope. [Fr., pa.p. of perdre, to lose—L. perdĕre, to destroy.]

Perduellion, per-dū-el′i-on, n. treason. [L.]

Perdurable, per′dū-ra-bl, adj. (Shak.) very durable, long continued.—ns. Perdurabil′ity, Perdū′rance, Perdurā′tion.—adv. Perdū′rably (Shak.), very durably: everlastingly.—v.i. Perdure′, to last for a very long time. [L. perdurāre—per, through, durāre, to last.]

Peregal, per′e-gal, adj. fully equal.—n. equal.

Peregrinate, per′ē-gri-nāt, v.i. to travel through the country: to travel about from place to place: to live in a foreign country.—adj. foreign.—ns. Peregrinā′tion, act of peregrinating or travelling about; Per′egrinātor, one who travels about.—adj. Per′egrine, foreign, not native: migratory, as a bird.—n. a foreigner resident in any country: a kind of falcon.—n. Peregrin′ity, foreignness. [L. peregrināri, -ātus—peregrinus, foreign.]

Pereion, pe-rī′on, n. the thorax in crustacea:—pl. Perei′a.—n. Perei′opod, one of the true thoracic limbs of a crustacean. [Gr. periiōn, pr.p. of periienai, to go about.]

Perelle, pe-rel′, n. Same as Parella.

Peremptory, per′emp-tō-ri, adj. preventing debate: authoritative: dogmatical: final, determinate: fully resolved or determined: that must be done.—adv. Per′emptorily.—n. Per′emptoriness. [Fr.,—L. peremptorius—perimĕre, peremptum—per, entirely, emĕre, to take.]

Perennial, pe-ren′i-al, adj. lasting through the year: perpetual: never failing: growing constantly: (bot.) lasting more than two years: of insects, living more than one year.—n. a plant which lives more than two years.—v.i. Perenn′ate, to live perennially.—n. Perennā′tion.—adv. Perenn′ially. [L. perennis—per, through, annus, a year.]

Perennibranchiate, pe-ren-i-brang′ki-āt, adj. having perennial branchiæ or gills.—Also Perenn′ibranch.

Perfect, pėr′fekt, adj. done thoroughly or completely: completed: without blemish, fault, or error: having neither too much nor too little: entire, very great: in the highest degree: possessing every moral excellence: completely skilled or acquainted: (gram.) expressing an act completed: (bot.) having both stamens and pistils, hermaphrodite.—v.t. (or per-fekt′) to make perfect: to finish: to teach fully, to make fully skilled in anything.—ns. Perfectā′tion (rare); Per′fecter; Perfect′i, a body of Catharists in the 12th and 13th centuries, of very strict lives; Perfectibil′ity, quality of being made perfect.—adj. Perfect′ible, that may be made perfect.—ns. Perfec′tion, state of being perfect: a perfect quality or acquirement: the highest state or degree; Perfec′tionism (or Perfectibil′ity), the belief that man in a state of grace may attain to a relative perfection or a state of living without sin in this life; Perfec′tionist, one who pretends to be perfect: one who thinks that moral perfection can be attained in this life: one of the Bible Communists or Free-lovers, a small American sect founded by J. H. Noyes (1811-86), which settled at Oneida in 1848, holding that the gospel if accepted secures freedom from sin.—adj. Perfect′ive, tending to make perfect.—advs. Perfect′ively, Per′fectly, in a perfect manner: completely: exactly: without fault.—n. Per′fectness, state or quality of being perfect: completeness: perfection: consummate excellence.—Perfect insect, the imago or completely developed form of an insect; Perfect metals (see Metal); Perfect number, a number equal to the sum of all its divisors, the number itself of course excepted, as 6 = 1 + 2 + 3, 28 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14. [Fr.,—L. perfectus, pa.p. of perficĕre—per, thoroughly, facĕre, to do.]

Perfervid, per-fer′vid, adj. very fervid: very hot or eager.—n. Perfer′vidness.—Perfervidum ingenium, a very ardent disposition. [L. perfervidus, præfervidus—præ, before, fervidus, fervid.]

Perficient, pėr-fish′ent, adj. effectual.—n. one who does a lasting work, esp. who endows a charity.

Perfidious, per-fid′i-us, adj. faithless: unfaithful: basely violating trust: treacherous.—adv. Perfid′iously.—ns. Perfid′iousness, Per′fidy, treachery. [L. perfidiosus—perfidia, faithlessness.]

Perfoliate, -d, per-fō′li-āt, -ed, adj. (bot.) having the stem as it were passing through the blade—of a leaf: having the leaf round the stem at the base: (zool.) surrounded by a circle of hairs, &c., taxicorn. [L. per, through, folium, a leaf.]

Perforate, pėr′fō-rāt, v.t. to bore through: to pierce: to make a hole through.—adj. Per′forable, capable of being perforated.—n. Per′forans, the long flexor muscle of the toes, or the deep flexor muscle of the fingers.—adjs. Per′forant, perforating; Per′forate, -d (bot.), pierced with holes: having transparent dots, as the leaves of certain flowers.—n. Perforā′tion, act of boring through: a hole through or into anything.—adj. Per′forātive, having power to pierce.—ns. Per′forātor, one who bores, or an instrument for boring; Per′forātus, the short flexor of the toes, or the superficial flexor of the fingers. [L. perforāre, -ātum—per, through, forāre, to bore.]

Perforce, per-fōrs′, adv. by force: of necessity.

Perform, per-form′, v.t. to do thoroughly: to carry out: to achieve: to act, as on the stage.—v.i. to do: to act a part: to play, as on a musical instrument.—adj. Perfor′mable, capable of being performed: practicable.—ns. Perfor′mance, act of performing: a carrying out of something: something done, esp. of a public character: a piece of work: an exhibition in a theatre or a place of amusement: an act or action; Perfor′mer, one who performs, esp. one who makes a public exhibition of his skill: an actor, an actress, &c.—adj. Perfor′ming, doing: trained to perform tricks. [O. Fr. parfournir, par—L. per, through, fournir, to furnish.]

Perfume, pėr′fūm, or pėr-fūm′, n. sweet-smelling smoke: sweet scent: anything which yields a sweet odour.—v.t. (pėr-fūm′) to fill with a pleasant odour: to scent.—adj. Perfū′matory, yielding perfume.—ns. Per′fume-foun′tain, a small appliance for throwing a jet or spray of perfume; Perfū′mer, one who or that which perfumes: one who makes or sells perfumes; Perfū′mery, perfumes in general: the art of preparing perfumes; Per′fume-set, a set of articles for the toilet-table.—adj. Per′fūmy. [Fr. parfum—L. per, through, fumus, smoke.]

Perfunctory, per-fungk′tō-ri, adj. done merely as a duty to be passed over: performed carelessly or without interest: negligent: slight.—adv. Perfunc′torily, in a careless, half-hearted manner: without zeal or interest.—n. Perfunc′toriness, careless performance: half-heartedness. [L. perfunctorius—perfunctus, pa.p. of perfungi, to execute—per, thoroughly, fungi, to do.]

Perfuse, per-fūz′, v.t. to pour through or over.—n. Perfū′sion.—adj. Perfū′sive, sprinkling, or tending to sprinkle. [L. perfusus, poured over—per, through, fundĕre, to pour.]

Pergameneous, per-ga-mē′nē-us, adj. thin and parchment-like in texture.—adj. Pergamentā′ceous, parchment-like. [L. pergamena, parchment.]

Pergola, per′gō-la, n. an arbour, a balcony.—Also Per′gula. [It.,—L. pergula, a shed.]

Pergunnah, pėr-gun′a, n. a sub-division of a zillah or district in India.—Also Pargan′a. [Hind.]

Perhaps, per-haps′, adv. it may be: possibly.

Peri, pē′ri, n. in Persian mythology, a female elf or fairy, represented as descended from the fallen angels. [Fr. péri—Pers. parī, a fairy.]

Periagua, per-i-ä′gwä, n. a canoe hollowed out of a single trunk, a dug-out: a vessel made by cutting a canoe in two lengthwise and inserting a large plank: a large keelless flat-bottomed boat for shoal-water navigation, decked at the ends only, propelled by rowing, or by sails on two masts capable of being struck.—Also Pirogue′. [Sp. piragua.]

Periaktos, per-i-ak′tos, n. in the ancient Greek theatre a tall prism-shaped frame or screen at the side entrances, each carrying three scenes changed by turning the frames. [Gr.]

Perianth, per′i-anth, n. the floral envelope where the calyx and corolla are not easily distinguished. [Gr. peri, around, anthos, a flower.]

Periapt, per′i-apt, n. (Shak.) an amulet. [Gr. periapton, something hung round, peri, about, aptos—aptein, to fasten.]

Periaxial, per-i-ak′si-al, adj. surrounding an axis.

Periblast, per′i-blast, n. the protoplasm about the nucleus of a cell.—adj. Periblast′ic. [Gr. peri, about, blastos, a germ.]

Peribolos, pe-rib′o-los, n. a court enclosed by a wall, esp. one containing a temple or a church, the whole outer enclosure of sanctuary or refuge. [Gr. peribolos, encircling—peri, around, ballein, to throw.]

Pericardium, per-i-kär′di-um, n. (anat.) the bag or sac composed of two layers which surrounds the heart.—adjs. Pericar′diac, Pericar′dial, Pericar′dian.—n. Pericardī′tis, inflammation of the pericardium. [Late L.,—Gr. perikardion—peri, around, kardia, heart.]

Pericarp, per′i-kärp, n. (bot.) the covering, shell, or rind of fruits: a seed-vessel.—adj. Pericarp′ial. [Gr. perikarpion—peri, around, karpos, fruit.]

Pericentral, per-i-sen′tral, adj. surrounding a central body.—adj. Pericen′tric.

Perichondrium, per-i-kon′dri-um, n. the fibrous investment of cartilage. [Gr. peri, about, chondros, cartilage.]

Periclase, per′i-klāz, n. a rare mineral consisting of magnesia with a little iron protoxide. [Gr. peri, about, klasis, fracture.]

Periclean, per-i-klē′an, adj. of Pericles (died 429 B.C.) or the golden age of art and letters at Athens.

Pericope, pē-rik′ō-pē, n. an extract, esp. the selections from the epistles and gospels for the Sundays of the year. [Gr. peri, around, koptein, to cut.]

Pericranium, per-i-krā′ni-um, n. (anat.) the membrane that surrounds the cranium.—adj. Pericrā′nial.—n. Per′icrāny (obs.), the skull. [Late L.,—Gr. perikranion—peri, around, kranion, the skull.]

Periculum, pē-rik′ū-lum, n. (Scots law) a risk:—pl. Peric′ula. [L.]

Pericystitis, per-i-sis-tī′tis, n. inflammation around the bladder. [Gr. peri, around, kystis, the bladder.]

Peridental, per-i-den′tal, adj. surrounding the teeth.

Periderm, per′i-derm, n. the hard integument of some tubularian hydromedusans: (bot.) the outer bark.—adj. Per′idermal. [Gr. peri, about, derma, skin.]

Peridesmium, per-i-des′mi-um, n. (anat.) the areolar tissue round a ligament. [Gr. peri, around, desmos, a band.]

Peridium, pē-rid′i-um, n. the outer coat of a sporophore in angiocarpous fungi.—adj. Perid′ial.—n. Peridī′olum (bot.), an inner peridium inside of which the hymenium is formed. [Gr. pēridion, dim. of pēra, a wallet.]

Peridotite, per′i-dō-tīt, n. rock mainly composed of olivine.—n. Per′idot, chrysolite.—adj. Peridot′ic.

Peridrome, per′i-drōm, n. the space between the inner cell or chamber and the surrounding pillars in an ancient temple. [Gr. peridromos, running round—peri, around, dromos, a race.]

Periegesis, per-i-ē-jē′sis, n. a progress or journey through. [Gr.]

Perienteron, per-i-en′te-ron, n. the primitive perivisceral cavity.—adj. Perienter′ic. [Gr. peri, about, enteron, an intestine.]

Perifibrum, per-i-fī′brum, n. the membraneous covering of the spicules and fibre of sponges.

Periganglionic, per-i-gang-gli-on′ik, adj. surrounding a ganglion.

Perigastric, per-i-gas′trik, adj. surrounding the alimentary canal.

Perigee, per′i-jē, n. (astron.) the point of the moon's orbit at which it is nearest the earth—opp. to Apogee.—adjs. Perigē′al, Perigē′an. [Gr. peri, near, gē, the earth.]

Perigenesis, per-i-jen′e-sis, n. wave-generation, the dynamic theory of reproduction by a kind of wave-motion of plastidules.

Periglottis, per-i-glot′is, n. the epidermis of the tongue.—adj. Periglott′ic.

Perigone, per′i-gōn, n. (bot.) the same as Perianth—also Perigō′nium.—adj. Perigō′nial. [Gr. peri, about, gonē, seed.]

Perigraph, per′i-graf, n. an inaccurate delineation of anything.—adj. Perigraph′ic.

Perigynous, per-ij′i-nus, adj. (bot.) denoting flowers which have the petals and stamens growing on the calyx, or around the pistil.—n. Perigyn′ium. [Gr. peri, about, gynē, a female.]

Perihelion, per-i-hē′li-on, n. the point of the orbit of a planet or a comet at which it is nearest to the sun—opp. to Aphelion.—Also Perihē′lium. [Gr. peri, near, hēlios, the sun.]

Perihepatic, per-i-hē-pat′ik, adj. surrounding the liver.

Peril, per′il, n. danger: a source of danger: exposure to danger.—v.t. to expose to danger:—pr.p. per′illing; pa.t. and pa.p. per′illed.—adj. Per′ilous, full of peril: dangerous.—adv. Per′ilously.—n. Per′ilousness. [Fr. péril—L. periculum.]

Perilymph, per′i-limf, n. the fluid which surrounds the membraneous labyrinth of the ear.

Perimeter, pē-rim′e-tėr, n. (geom.) the circuit or boundary of any plane figure, or the sum of all its sides: an instrument for measuring the area over which a person can see distinctly.—adjs. Perimet′ric, -al, pertaining to the perimeter.—n. Perim′etry, the act of making perimetrical measurements. [Gr. perimetros—peri, around, metron, measure.]

Perimorph, per′i-morf, n. a mineral enclosing another.—adjs. Perimor′phic, Perimor′phous.

Perineum, Perinæum, per-i-nē′um, n. the lower part of the body between the genital organs and the rectum.—adj. Perinē′al. [L.,—Gr.]

Period, pē′ri-ud, n. the time in which anything is performed: (astron.) the time occupied by one of the heavenly bodies in making its revolution: a stated interval of time, at the end of which certain events begin again to go through the same course as before: a series of events: a series of years: length of duration: the time at which anything ends: conclusion: (gram.) a mark at the end of a sentence: (rhet.) a complete sentence.—v.t. (Shak.) to put an end to.—adjs. Period′ic, -al, pertaining to a period: happening by revolution: occurring at regular intervals: pertaining to periodicals.—ns. Period′ical, a magazine or other publication which appears in parts at regular periods; Period′icalist, one who writes in a periodical.—adv. Period′ically.—n. Periodic′ity, state of being periodic: tendency to happen over again at regular intervals of time.—Periodical literature, literature published in magazines, &c.; Periodic function, one whose operation being iterated a certain number of times restores the variable: a function having a period; Periodic inequality, a disturbance in the motion of a planet due to its position in its orbit relatively to another planet; Periodic law (chem.), a relation of elements according to their atomic weights. [Fr.,—L.,—Gr. periodos—peri, around, hodos, a way.]

Periophthalmus, per-i-of-thal′mus, n. a genus of acanthopterous fishes, allied to gobies, with protruding mobile eyes, pectoral fins that can be used as legs.

Periorbital, per-i-or′bi-tal, adj. pertaining to the orbit of the eye.

Periosteum, per-i-os′tē-um, n. a tough fibrous membrane which forms the outer coating of bones.—adjs. Perios′tēal, Perios′tēous; Periostit′ic.—n. Periostī′tis, inflammation of the periosteum. [Gr. periosteon—peri, around, osteon, a bone.]

Periotic, per-i-ō′tik, adj. surrounding the inner ear.—n. a periotic bone. [Gr. peri, about, ous, ōtos, the ear.]

Peripatetic, -al, per-i-pa-tet′ik, -al, adj. walking about: of or pertaining to the philosophy of Aristotle, who taught while walking up and down in the Lyceum at Athens.—n. Peripatet′ic, an adherent of the philosophy of Aristotle: one accustomed or obliged to walk: (pl.) instruction by lectures.—n. Peripatet′icism, the philosophy of Aristotle. [Gr. peripatētikos—peri, about, patein, to walk.]

Peripatus, pe-rip′ā-tus, n. a genus of myriapods.

Peripetia, per-i-pe-tī′a, n. the dénouement of a drama.

Periphery, pe-rif′ėr-i, n. (geom.) the circumference of a circle or of any closed figure: the outside of anything generally.—adjs. Periph′eral, Peripher′ic, -al. [L.—Gr. peri, around, pherein, to carry.]

Periphractic, per-i-frak′tik, adj. enclosed around. [Gr. peri, about, phrassein, to enclose.]

Periphrase, per′i-frāz, n. a round-about way of speaking: the use of more words than are necessary to express an idea: (rhet.) a figure employed to avoid a trite expression—also Periph′rasis.—v.t. or v.i. to use circumlocution.—adjs. Periphras′tic, -al, containing or expressed by periphrasis or circumlocution.—adv. Periphras′tically. [L.,—Gr. periphrasis—peri, about, phrasis, a speaking.]

Periplast, per′i-plast, n. the intercellular substance of an organ or tissue of the body.—adj. Periplast′ic.

Periplus, per′i-plus, n. a circumnavigation. [Gr. peri, around, ploos, plous, a voyage.]

Periptery, pe-rip′tėr-i, n. (archit.) a building surrounded by a wing or row of columns.—adjs. Perip′teral, having a periptery or range of columns all round, said of a temple, &c.; Perip′terous, feathered on all sides: peripteral. [Gr. peripteros—peri, about, pteron, a wing.]

Perirhinal, per-i-rī′nal, adj. surrounding the nose.

Periscii, pe-rish′i-ī, n.pl. the people within the polar circle, because their shadows, on some days in summer, move round in a complete circle, owing to the fact that on those days the sun does not set.—adj. Peris′cian. [Gr. periskios, throwing a shadow all round; peri, around, skia, a shadow.]

Periscope, per′i-skōp, n. an instrument like the altiscope, used in directing submarine boats.—adj. Periscop′ic. [Gr. peri, about, skopein, to see.]

Perish, per′ish, v.i. to pass away completely: to waste away: to decay: to lose life: to be destroyed: to be ruined or lost.—ns. Perishabil′ity, Per′ishableness, the quality of being liable to speedy decay or destruction.—adj. Per′ishable, that may perish: subject to speedy decay.—adv. Per′ishably.—v.i. Per′ishen (Spens.), to perish. [O. Fr. perir, pr.p. perissant—L. perīre, to perish—per, completely, īre, to go.]

Perisperm, per′i-spėrm, n. (bot.) that which is round a seed, the albumen.—adj. Perisper′mic. [Gr. peri, around, sperma, seed.]

Perispheric, -al, per-i-sfer′ik, -al, adj. globular.

Perispore, per′i-spōr, n. the outer covering of a spore.

Perissad, pe-ris′ad, n. (chem.) an atom whose valency is represented by an odd number—opp. to Artiad—also adj. [Gr. perissos, beyond the regular number.]

Perissodactyla, pe-ris-ō-dak′ti-la, n. one of the two divisions of the great mammalian order Ungulata, including the horse, tapir, and rhinoceros, distinguished by the third digit of each limb being symmetrical in itself, by the presence of an odd number of digits on the hind-foot, &c.—opp. to Artiodactyla.—adjs. Perissodac′tyl, Perissodac′tylate, Perissodactyl′ic, Perissodac′tylous. [Gr. perissos, beyond the regular number, daktylos, a finger.]

Perissology, per-i-sol′ō-ji, n. verbiage.—adj. Perissolog′ical, redundant in words.

Perissosyllabic, pe-ris-o-si-lab′ik, adj. having superfluous syllables.

Peristalith, pe-ris′ta-lith, n. a series of standing stones surrounding a barrow or burial-mound. [Gr. peri, around, histanai, to stand, lithos, a stone.]

Peristaltic, per-i-stalt′ik, adj. noting the involuntary muscular action of the alimentary canal, by which it forces its contents onwards.—n. Peristal′sis. [Gr. peristaltikos—peristellein, to wrap round—peri, around, stellein, to place.]

Peristeropod, pē-ris′te-rō-pod, adj. pigeon-toed—also n. [Gr. peristera, a pigeon, pous, podos, a foot.]

Peristome, per′i-stōm, n. the mouth-parts of echinoderms, &c.: the fringe of hair-like appendages round the rim of the capsule of a moss.

Peristyle, per′i-stīl, n. a range of columns round a building or round a square: a court, square, &c., with columns all round.—adj. Peristy′lar. [L. peristylium—Gr. peristylon, with pillars round the wall—peri, around, stylos, a column.]

Perithoracic, per-i-thō-ras′ik, adj. around the thorax.

Peritomous, pe-rit′ō-mus, adj. (min.) cleaving in more directions than one parallel to the axis, the faces being all similar. [Gr. peri, round, temnein, to cut.]

Peritoneum, Peritonæum, per-i-tō-nē′um, n. a serous membrane which encloses all the viscera lying in the abdominal and pelvic cavities.—adjs. Peritonē′al; Peritonit′ic.—n. Peritonī′tis, inflammation of the peritoneum. [Gr. peritoneion—peri, around, teinein, to stretch.]

Perityphlitis, per-i-tif-lī′tis, n. inflammation of the cæcum, appendix, and connective tissue, or of the peritoneum covering cæcum and appendix. [Gr. peri, round, typhlos, blind (the cæcum being the 'blind gut').]

Perivascular, per-i-vas′kū-lar, adj. surrounding a vascular structure.

Perivisceral, per-i-vis′e-ral, adj. surrounding viscera.

Periwig, per′i-wig, n. a peruke or small wig, usually shortened to Wig: an artificial head of hair.—v.t. to dress with a periwig.—adj. Per′iwig-pā′ted, wearing a periwig. [Old Dut. peruyk—Fr. perruque.]

Periwinkle, per′i-wingk-l, n. a creeping evergreen plant, growing in woods. [M. E. peruenke, through A.S. peruincæ, from L. pervinca, vincīre, to bind.]

Periwinkle, per′i-wingk-l, n. a small univalve mollusc: a small shellfish, abundant between tide-marks on the rocks, boiled and eaten as food. [Corrupted by confusion with preceding from A.S. pinewincla—wincle, a whelk; prov. Eng. pin-patch.]

Perjure, pėr′jōōr, v.t. to swear falsely (followed by a reciprocal pronoun): to cause to swear falsely.—v.i. to be false to one's oath.—n. (Shak.) a perjured person.—adj. Per′jured, having sworn falsely: being sworn falsely, as an oath.—n. Per′jurer.—adjs. Perju′rious, Per′jurous, guilty of perjury.—n. Per′jury, false swearing: the breaking of an oath: (law) the crime committed by one who, when giving evidence on oath as a witness in a court of justice, gives evidence which he knows to be false. [Fr.,—L. perjurāre—per-, jurāre, to swear.]

Perk, pėrk, adj. trim: spruce: jaunty: proud.—v.t. to make smart or trim.—v.i. to hold up the head with smartness: to toss or jerk the head.—adj. Perk′y (Tenn.), perk, trim. [W. perc, trim.]

Perk, pėrk, v.i. (prov.) to peer.—adj. Perk′ing, peering, inquisitive.

Perkin, per′kin, n. weak perry.

Perlaceous=Pearlaceous. See Pearl.

Perlite, pėr′līt, n. the name given to some vitreous rocks, as obsidian, which seem as if made up of little pearly or enamel-like spheroids.—adj. Perlit′ic.

Perlous, pėrl′us, adj. (Spens.). Same as Perilous.

Perlustrate, per-lus′trāt, v.t. to survey carefully.—n. Perlustrā′tion. [L. perlustrāre, -ātum.]

Permanent, pėr′ma-nent, adj. lasting: durable: not subject to change: not to be removed: (zool.) always present.—ns. Per′manence, Per′manency, state or quality of being permanent: continuance in the same state, position, &c.: unlikelihood of change: duration.—adv. Per′manently.—Permanent way, the finished road of a railway. [Fr.,—L. permanēre—per, through, manēre, to continue.]

Permanganate, per-man′gan-āt, n. a salt containing manganese.—adj. Permangan′ic.

Permeate, pėr′mē-āt, v.t. to pass through the pores of: to penetrate and fill the pores of.—n. Permēabil′ity.—adj. Per′mēable, that may be permeated or passed through: allowing the passage of liquids.—adv. Per′mēably.—n. Permēā′tion, act of permeating, or state of being permeated.—adj. Permēā′tive. [L. permeatus—per, through, meāre, to pass.]

Permian, per′mi-an, n. a group of strata forming the uppermost division of the Palezoic series.

Permiscible, per-mis′i-bl, adj. capable of being mixed.

Permit, per-mit′, v.t. to give leave to: to allow to be or to be done: to afford means: to give opportunity:—pr.p. permit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. permit′ted.—n. (per′mit) a written permission, esp. from a custom-house officer to remove goods.—n. Permissibil′ity.—adj. Permiss′ible, that may be permitted: allowable.—adv. Permiss′ibly.—n. Permis′sion, act of permitting: liberty granted: allowance.—adj. Permiss′ive, granting permission or liberty: allowing: granted: not hindered.—adv. Permiss′ively, by permission, without prohibition.—ns. Permit′tance, permission; Permittēē′, one to whom permission is granted; Permit′ter, one who permits.—Permissive Bill, a measure embodying the principles of local option for the regulation of the liquor traffic; Permissive laws, laws that permit certain things without enforcing anything. [L. permittĕre, -missum, to let pass through—per, through, mittĕre, to send.]

Permutable, per-mū′ta-bl, adj. that may be changed one for another.—ns. Permū′tableness, Permutabil′ity.—adv. Permū′tably.—ns. Permū′tant; Permutā′tion, act of changing one thing for another: (math.) the arrangement of things or letters in every possible order.—v.t. Permute′. [L.,—permutāre—per, through, mutāre, to change.]

Pern, pėrn, n. a honey-buzzard.—Also Per′nis.

Pernicious, per-nish′us, adj. killing utterly: hurtful: destructive: highly injurious.—adv. Perni′ciously.—n. Perni′ciousness. [Fr.,—L. perniciosus—per, completely, nex, necis, death by violence.]

Pernickety, per-nik′e-ti, adj. easily troubled about trifles: (coll.) fastidious.—n. Pernick′etiness.

Pernoctation, pėr-nok-tā′shun, n. act of passing the whole night, esp. in prayer or watching: a watch all night. [L. per, through, nox, noctis, night.]

Perone, per′ō-nē, n. the fibula or small bone of the leg.—adjs. Perōnē′al; Perōnēōtib′ial, pertaining to the perone and the tibia.—n. a muscle from the fibula to the tibia in some marsupials: an anomalous muscle in man, constant in apes, between the inner side of the head of the fibula and the tibia.—n. Peronē′us, one of several fibular muscles. [Fr.,—Gr. peronē, the tongue of a buckle.]

Peropod, pē′rō-pod, adj. having rudimentary hind limbs, as serpents—also n. [Gr. pēros, maimed, pous, podos, a foot.]

Peroration, per-ō-rā′shun, n. the conclusion of a speech, usually summing up the points and enforcing the argument.—v.i. Per′orate, to make a peroration: (coll.) to make a speech. [Fr.,—L. peroratio—perorāre, to bring a speech to an end—per, through, orāre, to speak—os, oris, the mouth.]

Peroxide, per-ox′īd, n. an oxide having a larger proportion of oxygen than any other oxide of the same series.—n. Peroxidā′tion.—v.t. and v.i. Perox′idise.

Perpend, per-pend′, v.t. to weigh in the mind, to consider carefully. [L. perpendĕre—per, inten., pendĕre, to weigh.]

Perpend, per′pend, n. in building, a bond-stone or bonder.—Also Per′pend-stone, Per′pent-stone. [O. Fr. parpaigne, Fr. parpaing.]

Perpendicular, pėr-pen-dik′ū-lar, adj. exactly upright: extending in a straight line toward the centre of the earth: (geom.) at right angles to a given line or surface.—n. a perpendicular line or plane.—n. Perpendicular′ity, state of being perpendicular.—adv. Perpendic′ularly.—Perpendicular style, a style of Gothic architecture in England which succeeded the Decorated style, prevailing from the end of the 14th to the middle of the 16th century, contemporary with the Flamboyant style in France, marked by stiff and rectilinear lines, mostly vertical window-tracery, depressed or four-centre arch, fan-tracery vaulting, and panelled walls. [Fr.,—L. perpendicularis—perpendiculum, a plumb-line—per, through, pendĕre, to weigh.]

Perpetrate, pėr′pē-trāt, v.t. to perform or commit (usually in a bad sense): to produce (as a poor pun).—adj. Per′petrable.—ns. Perpetrā′tion, act of committing a crime: the thing perpetrated: an evil action; Per′petrātor. [L. perpetrāre, -ātum—per, thoroughly, patrāre, to perform.]

Perpetual, per-pet′ū-al, adj. never ceasing: everlasting: not temporary.—adv. Perpet′ually.—Perpetual curate, a curate of a parish where there was neither rector nor vicar, the tithes being in the hands of a layman—abolished in 1868, every incumbent not a rector now being a vicar; Perpetual motion, motion of a machine arising from forces within itself, constantly kept up without any force from without; Perpetual screw, an endless screw. [Fr. perpétuel—L. perpetuus, continuous.]

Perpetuate, per-pet′ū-āt, v.t. to make perpetual: to cause to last for ever or for a very long time: to preserve from extinction or oblivion.—adj. Perpet′ūable, capable of being perpetuated.—n. Perpet′uance, the act of making perpetual.—adjs. Perpet′uāte, -d, made perpetual: continued for an indefinite time.—n. Perpetuā′tion, act of perpetuating or preserving from oblivion: preservation for ever, or for a very long time; Perpetū′ity, state of being perpetual: endless time: duration for an indefinite period: something lasting for ever: the sum paid for a perpetual annuity: the annuity itself.

Perplex, per-pleks′, v.t. to make difficult to be understood: to embarrass: to puzzle: to tease with suspense or doubt.—n. (obs.) a difficulty.—adv. Perplex′edly.—n. Perplex′edness.—adj. Perplex′ing.—adv. Perplex′ingly.—n. Perplex′ity, state of being perplexed: confusion of mind arising from doubt, &c.: intricacy: embarrassment: doubt. [Fr.,—L. perplexus, entangled—per, completely, plexus, involved, pa.p. of plectĕre.]

Perquisite, pėr′kwi-zit, n. an allowance granted over and above the settled wages: a fee allowed by law to an officer for a specific service.—ns. Perquisi′tion, a strict search: diligent inquiry; Perquis′itor, the first purchaser of an estate. [L. perquisitum, from perquirĕre—per, thoroughly, quærĕre, to ask.]

Perradial, pėr-rā′di-al, adj. fundamentally radial.—n. Perrā′dius.

Perrier, per′i-ėr, n. a machine for hurling stones.

Perron, per′on, n. an external flight of steps giving access to the entrance-door of a building.

Perruque, Perruquier. See Peruke.

Perry, per′i, n. an agreeable beverage made by fermenting the juice of pears. [Fr. poiré, from poire, a pear—L. pirum.]

Persant, pėrs′ant, adj. (Spens.). Same as Perceant.

Perscrutation, per-skrōō-tā′shun, n. a thorough search through: a minute inquiry. [L. per, through, scrutāri, to search carefully.]

Perse, pers, adj. dark blue, bluish-gray.—n. a dark-blue colour, a cloth of such colour. [O. Fr. pers—L. persicum, a peach.]

Persecute, pėr′se-kūt, v.t. to pursue so as to injure or annoy: to follow after persistently: to annoy or punish, esp. for religious or political opinions.—ns. Persecū′tion, act or practice of persecuting: state of being persecuted: a time of general oppression on account of religious opinions; Per′secūtor:—fem. Per′secūtrix. [Fr.,—L. persequi, persecutus—per, thoroughly, sequi, to follow.]

Perseus, per′sūs, n. a fabled Greek hero, who slew the Gorgon Medusa, and rescued Andromeda from a sea-monster: a constellation in the northern sky. [Gr.]

Persevere, pėr-sē-vēr′, v.i. to persist in anything: to pursue anything steadily: to be constant: not to give over.—n. Persevē′rance, act or state of persevering: continued application to anything which one has begun: a going on till success is met with.—adj. Persevē′ring.—adv. Persevē′ringly.—Perseverance of saints, the Calvinistic doctrine that those who are effectually called by God cannot fall away so as to be finally lost. [Fr.,—L. perseverāre—perseverus, very strict—per, very, severus, strict.]

Persian, pėr′shi-an, adj. of, from, or relating to Persia, its inhabitants, or language.—n. a native of Persia: the language of Persia: (archit.) male figures used instead of columns to support an entablature—also Per′sic.—Persian apple, the peach; Persian berry, the fruit of several buckthorns; Persian blinds (see Persienne); Persian wheel, a large wheel for raising water, fixed vertically with a number of buckets at its circumference.

Persicot, per′si-kot, n. a cordial flavoured with kernels of peaches and apricots. [Fr.,—L. persicum, a peach.]

Persienne, per-si-en′, n. an Eastern cambric or muslin with coloured printed pattern: (pl.) Persian blinds, outside shutters of thin movable slats in a frame.

Persiflage, pėr′si-fläzh, n. a frivolous way of talking or treating any subject: banter.—adj. Per′siflant, bantering.—v.i. Per′siflāte (Thackeray).—n. Per′siflour (Carlyle). [Fr.,—persifler, to banter—L. per, through, Fr. siffler—L. sibilāre, to whistle, to hiss.]

Persimmon, Persimon, per-sim′on, n. the American date-plum. [Amer. Ind.]

Persist, per-sist′, v.i. to stand throughout to something begun: to continue in any course, esp. against opposition: to persevere.—ns. Persis′tence, Persis′tency, quality of being persistent: perseverance: obstinacy: duration, esp. of an effect after the exciting cause has been removed.—adj. Persis′tent, persisting: pushing on, esp. against opposition: tenacious: fixed: (bot.) remaining till or after the fruit is ripe, as a calyx.—advs. Persis′tently; Persis′tingly.—adj. Persis′tive (Shak.), persistent. [Fr.,—L. persistĕre—per, through, sistĕre, to cause to stand—stāre, to stand.]

Person, pėr′sun, n. character represented, as on the stage: character: an individual, sometimes used slightingly: a living soul: a human being: the outward appearance, &c.: bodily form: one of the three hypostases or individualities in the triune God: (gram.) a distinction in form, according as the subject of the verb is the person speaking, spoken to, or spoken of.—adj. Per′sonable, having a well-formed body or person: of good appearance.—n. Per′sonāge, a person: character represented: an individual of eminence: external appearance.—adj. Per′sonal, belonging to a person: having the nature or quality of a person: peculiar to a person or to his private concerns: pertaining to the external appearance: done in person: relating to one's own self: applied offensively to one's character: (gram.) denoting the person.—n. Personalisā′tion, personification.—v.t. Per′sonalise, to make personal.—ns. Per′sonalism, the character of being personal; Per′sonalist, one who writes personal notes; Personal′ity, that which distinguishes a person from a thing, or one person from another: individuality: a derogatory remark or reflection directly applied to a person—esp. in pl. Personal′ities.—adv. Per′sonally, in a personal or direct manner: in person: individually.—n. Per′sonalty (law), all the property which, when a man dies, goes to his executor or administrator, as distinguished from the realty, which goes to his heir-at-law.—v.t. Per′sonāte, to assume the likeness or character of: to represent: to counterfeit: to feign.—adj. (bot.) mask-like, as in the corollary of the snapdragon: larval, cucullate.—adj. Per′sonāted, impersonated, feigned, assumed.—ns. Personā′tion; Per′sonātor.—n. Personisā′tion.—v.t. Per′sonise, to personify.—n. Personnel′, the persons employed in any service, as distinguished from the materiel.—Personal estate, property, movable goods or property, as distinguished from freehold or real property, esp. in land; Personal exception (Scots law), a ground of objection which applies to an individual and prevents him from doing something which, but for his conduct or situation, he might do; Personal identity, the continued sameness of the individual person, through all changes both without and within, as testified by consciousness; Personal rights, rights which belong to the person as a living, reasonable being; Personal security, security or pledge given by a person, as distinguished from the delivery of some object of value as security; Personal service, delivery of a message or an order into a person's hands, as distinguished from delivery in any other indirect way; Personal transaction, something done by a person's own effort, not through the agency of another.—In person, by one's self, not by a representative. [Fr.,—L. persōna, a player's mask, perh. from persŏnāre, -ātum—per, through, sonāre, to sound.]

Persona, pėr-sō′na, n. a person.—Persona grata, a person who is acceptable to those to whom he is sent.—Dramatis personæ, the characters in a play or story. [L.]

Personify, per-son′i-fī, v.t. (rhet.) to treat, look on, or describe as a person: to ascribe to any inanimate object the qualities of a person: to be the embodiment of:—pa.t. and pa.p. person′ifīed.—n. Personificā′tion. [L. persona, a person, facĕre, to make.]

Perspective, per-spek′tiv, n. a view or a vista: the art of drawing objects on a plane surface, so as to give the picture the same appearance to the eye as the objects themselves: just proportion in all the parts: a telescope or field-glass: a picture in perspective.—adj. pertaining or according to perspective.—adv. Perspec′tively.—ns. Perspec′tograph, an instrument for indicating correctly the points and outlines of objects; Perspectog′raphy, the science of perspective, or of delineating it.—Perspective plane, the surface on which the picture of the objects to be represented in perspective is drawn.—In perspective, according to the laws of perspective. [Fr.,—L. perspicĕre, perspectum—per, through, specĕre, to look.]

Perspicacious, pėr-spi-kā′shus, adj. of clear or acute understanding: quick-sighted.—adv. Perspicā′ciously.—ns. Perspicā′ciousness; Perspicac′ity, state of being acute in discerning: keenness of sight or of understanding; Perspicū′ity, state of being perspicacious: clearness in expressing ideas so as to make them easily understood by others: freedom from obscurity.—adj. Perspic′ūous, that can be seen through: clear to the mind: easily understood: not obscure in any way: evident.—adv. Perspic′ūously.—n. Perspic′ūousness. [L. perspicax, perspicacis—perspicĕre, to see through.]

Perspire, per-spīr′, v.i. and v.t. to emit or to be emitted, as moisture, through the pores of the skin: to sweat.—n. Perspirabil′ity.—adj. Perspīr′able, capable of being perspired.—v.i. Per′spirāte (rare), to sweat.—n. Perspirā′tion, act of perspiring: that which is perspired: moisture given out through the pores of the skin: sweat.—adj. Perspīr′atory, pertaining to or causing perspiration. [L. perspirāre, -ātum—per, through, spirāre, to breathe.]

Perstringe, pėr-strinj′, v.t. to criticise.

Persuade, per-swād′, v.t. to influence successfully by argument, advice, &c.: to bring to any particular opinion: to cause to believe: to convince.—adj. Persuad′able.—n. Persuad′er.—adj. Persuā′sible, capable of being persuaded.—ns. Persuā′sibleness, Persuasibil′ity; Persuā′sion, act of persuading: state of being persuaded: settled opinion: a creed: a party adhering to a creed: (Spens.) an inducement.—adjs. Persuā′sive, Persuā′sory, having the power to persuade: influencing the mind or passions.—n. that which persuades or wins over.—adv. Persuā′sively.—n. Persuā′siveness. [Fr.,—L. persuadēre, -suasum—per, thoroughly, suadēre, to advise.]

Persue, pėrs′ū, n. (Spens.) a track.

Persulphate, pėr-sul′fāt, n. that sulphate of a metal which contains the relatively greater quantity of acid.

Pert, pėrt, adj. (obs.) open: evident: plain. [O. Fr. apert—L. aperīre, apertum, to open.]

Pert, pėrt, adj. forward: saucy: impertinent: too free in speech: (obs.) clever.—n. an impudent person.—adv. Pert′ly.—n. Pert′ness. [Perk.]

Pertain, per-tān′, v.i. to belong: to relate (with to).—ns. Per′tinence, Per′tinency, state of being pertinent or to the point: fitness for the matter on hand: suitableness: appositeness.—adj. Per′tinent, pertaining or related to a subject: being to the point: fitted for the matter on hand: fitting or appropriate: suitable: apposite.—adv. Per′tinently.—n. Per′tinentness. [O. Fr. partenir—L. pertinēre—per, thoroughly, tenēre, to hold.]

Pertinacious, pėr-ti-nā′shus, adj. thoroughly tenacious: holding obstinately to an opinion or a purpose: obstinate: unyielding.—adv. Pertinā′ciously.—ns. Pertinā′ciousness; Pertinac′ity, quality of being pertinacious or unyielding: obstinacy: resoluteness. [Fr.,—L. pertinax, -acis, holding fast—per, thoroughly, tenax, tenacious—tenēre, to hold.]

Perturb, per-turb′, v.t. to disturb greatly: to agitate—also Per′turbate.—adj. Pertur′bable, that can be agitated or confused.—ns. Pertur′bance, Perturbā′tion, act of perturbing or state of being perturbed: disquiet of mind: irregular action, esp. (astron.) the disturbance produced in the simple elliptic motion of one heavenly body about another by the action of a third body, or by the non-sphericity of the principal body; Pertur′bant, any disturbing thing.—adjs. Perturbā′tional; Pertur′bative.—n. Pertur′batory, the power of deflecting the divining-rod by magnetic influence.—p.adj. Perturbed′.—adv. Perturb′edly.—ns. Pertur′ber, Perturbā′tor:—fem. Per′turbātrix. [Fr.,—L. perturbāre, -ātum—per, thoroughly, turbāre, to disturb—turba, a crowd.]

Pertusion, pėr-tū′zhon, n. a hole made by a sharp instrument.—adjs. Pertū′sate, pierced at the apex; Pertuse′, -d, pierced with holes. [L. pertundĕre, -tusum—per, through, tundĕre, to strike.]

Pertussis, per-tus′is, n. whooping-cough.—adj. Pertuss′al.

Peruke, per-ūk′, or per′ūk, n. an artificial cap of hair: a periwig—also Perruque.—adj. Peruquēr′ian, of or pertaining to the making of wigs.—n. Perru′quier, a wigmaker. [Fr. perruque—It. parrucca (Sp. peluca)—L. pilus, hair.]

Peruse, per-ūz′, or per-ōōz′, v.t. to read attentively: to examine carefully or in detail.—ns. Perusal (per-ūz′al, or per-ōōz′al), the act of perusing: careful examination: study: reading; Perus′er. [Formed from L. per, thoroughly, uti, usum, to use.]

Peruvian, per-ōō′vi-an, adj. pertaining to Peru in South America.—n. a native of Peru.—Peruvian balsam, a fragrant bitterish liquid yielded by a South American tree, used for asthma and in making soaps; Peruvian bark, cinchona (q.v.).

Pervade, per-vād′, v.t. to go through or penetrate: to spread all over.—n. Pervā′sion.—adj. Pervā′sive, tending or having power to pervade. [L. pervadĕre, pervasum—per, through, vadĕre, to go.]

Perverse, per-vėrs′, adj. turned aside: obstinate in the wrong: stubborn: vexatious.—adv. Perverse′ly.—ns. Perverse′ness, Perver′sity, state or quality of being perverse: inclination to oppose: wickedness.—adj. Perver′sive, tending to pervert. [L. perversus, turned the wrong way.]

Pervert, per-vėrt′, v.t. to turn wrong or from the right course: to change from its true use: to corrupt: to turn from truth or virtue.—v.i. to go wrong or out of the right course.—n. (per′vert) one who has changed from a former position: an apostate.—ns. Perver′sion, the act of perverting: a diverting from the true object: a turning from truth or propriety: misapplication; Pervert′er.—adj. Pervert′ible, able to be perverted. [Fr. pervertir—L. pervertĕre—per, thoroughly, vertĕre, versum, to turn.]

Perveyaunce. Same as Purveyance.

Pervicacious, per-vi-kā′shus, adj. very obstinate.—ns. Pervicā′ciousness, Pervicac′ity.

Pervious, pėr′vi-us, adj. permeable, penetrable: open, perforate.—adv. Per′viously.—n. Per′viousness. [L. pervius—per, through, via, a way.]

Pesade, pe-zād′, n. the act or position of a saddle-horse in rearing. [Fr.]

Peseta, pe-sā′ta, n. a silver coin of Spain worth 9½d. [Sp., dim. of pesa, weight.]

Peshito, pe-shē′to, n. a translation of the Bible into Syriac, made in the second century.—Also Peshit′to. [Syriac, pĕshittá, the simple.]