C. Inflection (part 2)

monētō, he shall advise monentō, they shall advise

NOUNS OF THE VERB.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.

Pres. monēre, to advise Pres. monēns, advising

Perf. monuisse, to have advised

Fut. monitūrus esse, to be going to advise

Fut. monitūrus, going to advise

GERUND. SUPINE.

Gen. monendī, of advising

Dat. monendō, for advising

Acc. monendum, advising

Acc. *monitum, to advise, not used

Abl. monendō, by advising

Abl. monitū, in advising

Verbs in -ēre.

The Second Conjugation.

795.

moneor, am advised.

PASSIVE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular. Plural.

moneor, I am advised monēmur, we are advised

monēris or -re, thou art advised

monēminī, you are advised

monētur, he is advised monentur, they are advised

Imperfect Tense.

monēbar, I was advised monēbāmur, we were advised

monēbāre or -ris, thou wert advised

monēbāminī, you were advised

monēbātur, he was advised monēbantur, they were advised

Future Tense.

monēbor, I shall be advised

monēbimur, we shall be advised

monēbere or -ris, thou wilt be advised

monēbiminī, you will be advised

monēbitur, he will be advised

monēbuntur, they will be advised

Perfect Tense.

monitus sum, I have been, or was advised

monitī sumus, we have been, or were advised

monitus es, thou hast been, or wert advised

monitī estis, you have been, or were advised

monitus est, he has been, or was advised

monitī sunt, they have been, or were advised

Pluperfect Tense.

monitus eram, I had been advised

monitī erāmus, we had been advised

monitus erās, thou hadst been advised

monitī erātis, you had been advised

monitus erat, he had been advised

monitī erant, they had been advised

Future Perfect Tense.

monitus erō, I shall have been advised

monitī erimus, we shall have been advised

monitus eris, thou wilt have been advised

monitī eritis, you will have been advised

monitus erit, he will have been advised

monitī erunt, they will have been advised

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular. Plural.

monear, may I be advised moneāmur, may we be advised

moneāre or -ris, mayst thou be advised

moneāminī, may you be advised

moneātur, let him be advised

moneantur, let them be advised

Imperfect Tense.

monērer, I should be advised

monērēmur, we should be advised

monērēre or -ris, thou wouldst be advised

monērēminī, you would be advised

monērētur, he would be advised

monērentur, they would be advised

Perfect Tense.

monitus sim, I may have been advised

monitī sīmus, we may have been advised

monitus sīs, thou mayst have been advised

monitī sītis, you may have been advised

monitus sit, he may have been advised

monitī sint, they may have been advised

Pluperfect Tense.

monitus essem, I should have been advised

monitī essēmus, we should have been advised

monitus essēs, thou wouldst have been advised

monitī essētis, you would have been advised

monitus esset, he would have been advised

monitī essent, they would have been advised

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

monēre or monētor, be advised, thou shalt be advised

monēminī, be advised

monētor, he shall be advised

monentor, they shall be advised

NOUNS OF THE VERB.

INFINITIVE. GERUNDIVE.

Pres. monērī, to be advised monendus, to be advised

Perf. monitus esse, to have been advised

PERFECT PARTICIPLE.

Fut. *monitum īrī, to be going to be advised,
not used (2273)

monitus, advised

(3.) VERBS IN -īre.

The Fourth Conjugation.

796.

audiō, hear.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.

Pres. Indic. Pres. Infin. Perf. Indic. Perf. Part.

audiō audīre audīvī audītus

ACTIVE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular. Plural.

audiō, I hear, or am hearing

audīmus, we hear, or are hearing

audīs, thou hearest, or art hearing

audītis, you hear, or are hearing

audit, he hears, or is hearing

audiunt, they hear, or are hearing

Imperfect Tense.

audiēbam, I was hearing, or I heard

audiēbāmus, we were hearing, or we heard

audiēbās, thou wert hearing, or thou heardst

audiēbātis, you were hearing, or you heard

audiēbat, he was hearing, or he heard

audiēbant, they were hearing, or they heard

Future Tense.

audiam, I shall hear audiēmus, we shall hear

audiēs, thou wilt hear audiētis, you will hear

audiet, he will hear audient, they will hear

Perfect Tense.

audīvī, I have heard, or I heard

audīvimus, we have heard, or we heard

audīvistī, thou hast heard, or thou heardst

audīvistis, you have heard, or you heard

audīvit, he has heard, or he heard

audīvērunt or -re, they have heard, or they heard

Pluperfect Tense.

audīveram, I had heard audīverāmus, we had heard

audīverās, thou hadst heard audīverātis, you had heard

audīverat, he had heard audīverant, they had heard

Future Perfect Tense.

audīverō, I shall have heard

audīverimus, we shall have heard

audīveris, thou wilt have heard

audīveritis, you will have heard

audīverit, he will have heard

audīverint, they will have heard

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular. Plural.

audiam, may I hear audiāmus, let us hear

audiās, mayst thou hear audiātis, may you hear

audiat, let him hear audiant, let them hear

Imperfect Tense.

audīrem, I should hear audīrēmus, we should hear

audīrēs, thou wouldst hear audīrētis, you would hear

audīret, he would hear audīrent, they would hear

Perfect Tense.

audīverim, I may have heard

audīverīmus, we may have heard

audīverīs, thou mayst have heard

audīverītis, you may have heard

audīverit, he may have heard

audīverint, they may have heard

Pluperfect Tense.

audīvissem, I should have heard

audīvissēmus, we should have heard

audīvissēs, thou wouldst have heard

audīvissētis, you would have heard

audīvisset, he would have heard

audīvissent, they would have heard

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

audī or audītō, hear, thou shalt hear

audīte or audītōte, hear, you shall hear

audītō, he shall hear audiuntō, they shall hear

NOUNS OF THE VERB.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.

Pres. audīre, to hear Pres. audiēns, hearing

Perf. audīvisse, to have heard

Fut. audītūrus esse, to be going to hear

Fut. audītūrus, going to hear

GERUND. SUPINE.

Gen. audiendī, of hearing

Dat. audiendō, for hearing

Acc. audiendum, hearing

Acc. audītum, to hear

Abl. audiendō, by hearing

Abl. audītū, in hearing

Verbs in -īre.

The Fourth Conjugation.

797.

audior, am heard.

PASSIVE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular. Plural.

audior, I am heard audīmur, we are heard

audīris or -re, thou art heard

audīminī, you are heard

audītur, he is heard audiuntur, they are heard

Imperfect Tense.

audiēbar, I was heard audiēbāmur, we were heard

audiēbāre or -ris, thou wert heard

audiēbāminī, you were heard

audiēbātur, he was heard audiēbantur, they were heard

Future Tense.

audiar, I shall be heard audiēmur, we shall be heard

audiēre or -ris, thou wilt be heard

audiēminī, you will be heard

audiētur, he will be heard audientur, they will be heard

Perfect Tense.

audītus sum, I have been, or was heard

audītī sumus, we have been, or were heard

audītus es, thou hast been, or wert heard

audītī estis, you have been, or were heard

audītus est, he has been, or was heard

audītī sunt, they have been, or were heard

Pluperfect Tense.

audītus eram, I had been heard

audītī erāmus, we had been heard

audītus erās, thou hadst been heard

audītī erātis, you had been heard

audītus erat, he had been heard

audītī erant, they had been heard

Future Perfect Tense.

audītus erō, I shall have been heard

audītī erimus, we shall have been heard

audītus eris, thou wilt have been heard

audītī eritis, you will have been heard

audītus erit, he will have been heard

audītī erunt, they will have been heard

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.

Singular. Plural.

audiar, may I be heard audiāmur, may we be heard

audiāre or -ris, mayst thou be heard

audiāminī, may you be heard

audiātur, let him be heard audiantur, let them be heard

Imperfect Tense.

audīrer, I should be heard audīrēmur, we should be heard

audīrēre or -ris, thou wouldst be heard

audīrēminī, you would be heard

audīrētur, he would be heard

audīrentur, they would be heard

Perfect Tense.

audītus sim, I may have been heard

audītī sīmus, we may have been heard

audītus sīs, thou mayst have been heard

audītī sītis, you may have been heard

audītus sit, he may have been heard

audītī sint, they may have been heard

Pluperfect Tense.

audītus essem, I should have been heard

audītī essēmus, we should have been heard

audītus essēs, thou wouldst have been heard

audītī essētis, you would have been heard

audītus esset, he would have been heard

audītī essent, they would have been heard

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

audīre or audītor, be heard, thou shalt be heard

audīminī, be heard

audītor, he shall be heard

audiuntor, they shall be heard

NOUNS OF THE VERB.

INFINITIVE. GERUNDIVE.

Pres. audīrī, to be heard audiendus, to be heard

Perf. audītus esse, to have been heard PERFECT PARTICIPLE.

Fut. audītum īrī, to be going to be heard (2273)

audītus, heard

The Deponent Verb.

798. Deponents, that is, verbs with passive person endings and a reflexive or an active meaning , have these active noun forms: participles, the future infinitive, the gerund, and the supines. The perfect participle is usually active, but sometimes passive; the gerundive always passive. The following is a synopsis of deponents:

PRINCIPAL PARTS.

queror, complain, querī, questus

mīror, wonder, mīrārī, mīrātus

vereor, fear, verērī, veritus

partior, share, partīrī, partītus

I. -ī II. (1.) -ārī (2.) -ērī (3.) -īrī

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Pres. queror mīror vereor partior

Imp. querēbar mīrābar verēbar partiēbar

Fut. querar mīrābor verēbor partiar

Perf. questus sum mīrātus sum veritus sum partītus sum

Plup. questus eram mīrātus eram veritus eram partītus eram

F. P. questus erō mīrātus erō veritus erō partītus erō

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Pres. querar mīrer verear partiar

Imp. quererer mīrārer verērer partīrer

Perf. questus sim mīrātus sim veritus sim partītus sim

Plup. questus essem mīrātus essem veritus essem partītus essem

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

querere mīrāre verēre partīre

PARTICIPLES.

Pres. querēns mīrāns verēns partiēns

Perf. questus mīrātus veritus partītus

Fut. questūrus mīrātūrus veritūrus partītūrus

INFINITIVE.

Pres. querī mīrārī verērī partīrī

Perf. questus esse mīrātus esse veritus esse partītus esse

Fut. questūrus esse mīrātūrus esse veritūrus esse partītūrus esse

GERUND AND GERUNDIVE.

Gen. querendī, &c. mīrandī, &c. verendī, &c. partiendī, &c.

querendus mīrandus verendus partiendus

SUPINE.

Acc. questum *mīrātum *veritum *partītum

Abl. *questū mīrātū *veritū *partītū

799. Three deponents in -ior, -ī, gradior, walk, morior, die, and patior, suffer, and their compounds, have a present system like the passive of capiō . But adgredior and prōgredior and morior and ēmorior have sometimes the forms of verbs in -īrī; for these, and for orior, arise, orīrī, ortus, and potior, become master of, potīrī, potītus, see . By far the largest number of deponents are verbs in -ārī, like mīror, mīrārī .

800. Some verbs waver between active and passive person endings: as, adsentiō, agree, adsentīre, and adsentior, adsentīrī; populō, ravage, populāre, and populor, populārī: see 1481.

801. A few verbs are deponent in the present system only: as, dēvortor, turn in, perfect dēvortī; revortor, turn back, perfect revortī, but with active perfect participle revorsus. Four are deponent in the perfect system only: fīdō, trust, fīdere, fīsus, and the compounds, cōnfīdō, diffīdō; and audeō, dare, audēre, ausus, gaudeō, feel glad, gaudēre, gāvīsus, and soleō, am used, solēre, solitus. Most impersonals in -ēre have both an active and a deponent form in the perfect system: see , .

Periphrastic Forms.

802. (1.) The future active participle with a form of sum is used to denote an intended or future action: as,

rēctūrus sum, I am going to rule, intend to rule.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Singular. Plural.

Pres.

rēctūrus sum, es, est

rēctūrī sumus, estis, sunt

Imp.

rēctūrus eram, erās, erat

rēctūrī erāmus, erātis, erant

Fut.

rēctūrus erō, eris, erit

rēctūrī erimus, eritis, erunt

Perf.

rēctūrus fuī, fuistī, fuit

rēctūrī fuimus, fuistis, fuērunt

Plup.

rēctūrus fueram, fuerās, fuerat

rēctūrī fuerāmus, fuerātis, fuerant

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Pres.

rēctūrus sim, sīs, sit

rēctūrī sīmus, sītis, sint

Imp.

rēctūrus essem, essēs, esset

rēctūrī essēmus, essētis, essent

Perf.

rēctūrus fuerim, fuerīs, fuerit

rēctūrī fuerīmus, fuerītis, fuerint

Plup.

rēctūrus fuissem, fuissēs, fuisset

rēctūrī fuissēmus, fuissētis, fuissent

INFINITIVE.

Pres. rēctūrus esse

Perf. rēctūrus fuisse

803. A future perfect is hardly ever used: as, fuerit victūrus (Sen.). In the imperfect subjunctive, forem, forēs, foret, and forent are sometimes used (Nep., Sall., Liv., Vell.).

804. (2.) The gerundive with a form of sum is used to denote action which requires to be done: as,

regendus sum, I am to be ruled, must be ruled.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Singular. Plural.

Pres.

regendus sum, es, est

regendī sumus, estis, sunt

Imp.

regendus eram, erās, erat

regendī erāmus, erātis, erant

Fut.

regendus erō, eris, erit

regendī erimus, eritis, erunt

Perf.

regendus fuī, fuistī, fuit

regendī fuimus, fuistis, fuērunt

Plup.

regendus fueram, fuerās, fuerat

regendī fuerāmus, fuerātis, fuerant

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Pres.

regendus sim, sīs, sit

regendī sīmus, sītis, sint

Imp.

regendus essem, essēs, esset

regendī essēmus, essētis, essent

Perf.

regendus fuerim, fuerīs, fuerit

regendī fuerīmus, fuerītis, fuerint

Plup.

regendus fuissem, fuissēs, fuisset

regendī fuissēmus, fuissētis, fuissent

INFINITIVE.

Pres. regendus esse

Perf. regendus fuisse

Defective Verbs.

805. (1.) Some verbs have only a few forms: as,

inquam, quoth I ; aiō, avouch . See also apage, avaunt, get thee behind me, cedo, give, tell, fārī, to lift up one’s voice, havē̆ or avē̆ and salvē, all hail, ovat, triumphs, and quaesō, prithee, in the dictionary.

806. (2.) Many verbs have only the present system; such are:

807. (a.) sum, am ; ferō, carry ; fīō, grow, become .

808. (b.) Some verbs in -ere: angō, throttle, bītō, go, clangō, sound, claudō or claudeō, hobble, fatīscō, gape, glīscō, wax, glūbō, peel, hīscō, gape, temnō, scorn, vādō, go, vergō, slope. Also many inceptives : as, dītēscō, get rich, dulcēscō, get sweet, &c., &c.

809. (c.) Some verbs in -ēre: albeō, am white, aveō, long, calveō, am bald, cāneō, am gray, clueō, am called, hight, flāveō, am yellow, hebeō, am blunt, immineō, threaten, lacteō, suck, līveō, look dark, maereō, mourn, polleō, am strong, renīdeō, am radiant, squāleō, am scaly, ūmeō, am wet.

810. (d.) Some verbs in -īre: balbūtiō, sputter, feriō, strike, ganniō, yelp, ineptiō, am a fool, superbiō, am stuck up, tussiō, cough. Also most desideratives .

811. Many verbs are not attended by a perfect participle, and lack in consequence the perfect passive system, or, if deponent, the perfect active system.

812. (3.) Some verbs have only the perfect system: so particularly coepī, have begun, began ; and with a present meaning, ōdī, have come to hate, hate; and meminī, have called to mind, remember. The following is a synopsis of these three verbs:

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Active. Passive. Active. Active.

Perf. coepī coeptus sum

ōdī

meminī

Plup. coeperam coeptus eram ōderam memineram

F. P. coeperō coeptus erō ōderō meminerō

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Perf. coeperim coeptus sim ōderim meminerim

Plup. coepissem coeptus essem ōdissem meminissem

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Perf. —— —— —— mementō, mementōte

INFINITIVE.

Perf. coepisse coeptus esse ōdisse meminisse

PARTICIPLES.

Perf. coeptus —— ——

Fut. coeptūrus ōsūrus ——

813. A few forms of the present system of coepī occur in old writers: as, coepiō (Plaut.), coepiam (Caec., Cato), coepiat (Plaut.), coeperet (Ter.), and coepere (Plaut.); perfect once coēpit (Lucr.). ōsus sum or fuī (Plaut., C. Gracch., Gell.), exōsus sum (Verg., Sen., Curt., Gell.), and perōsus sum (Suet., Col., Quint.), are sometimes used as deponents. meminī is the only verb which has a perfect imperative active. ōdī and meminī have no passive.

814. coeptūrus is rather rare and late (Liv. 2, Plin., Suet.), once as future infinitive (Quint.); and ōsūrus is very rare (Cic., Gell.). exōsus and perōsus, as active participles, hating bitterly, are not uncommon in writers of the empire; the simple ōsus is not used as a participle.

815. (4.) Impersonal verbs have usually only the third person singular, and the infinitive present and perfect: as,

(a.) pluit, it rains, tonat, it thunders, and other verbs denoting the operations of nature. (b.) Also a few verbs in -ēre denoting feeling: as, miseret (or miserētur, miserēscit), it distresses, miseritum est; paenitet, it repents, paenituit; piget, it grieves, piguit or pigitum est; pudet, it shames, puduit or puditum est; taedet, it is a bore, taesum est.

816. Some other verbs, less correctly called impersonal, with an infinitive or a sentence as subject, are likewise defective: as,

lubet or libet, it suits, lubitum or libitum est, lubuit or libuit; licet, it is allowed, licuit or licitum est; oportet, it is proper, oportuit; rē fert or rēfert, it concerns, rē ferre or rēferre, rē tulit or rētulit. For the impersonal use of the third person singular passive, as pugnātur, there is fighting, pugnandum est, there must be fighting, see .

817. Of the impersonals in -ēre, some have other forms besides the third person singular and the infinitives: as,

paenitēns, repenting, paenitendus, to be regretted, late; pigendus, irksome; pudēns, modest, pudendus, shameful, puditūrum, going to shame; lubēns or libēns, with willing mind, gladly, very common indeed; imperative LICETO, be it allowed (inscrr. 133-111 B.C.), licēns, unrestrained, licitus, allowable; gerunds pudendum, pudendō, pigendum.

Redundant Verbs.

818. (1.) Some verbs have more than one form of the present stem: thus,

819. (a.) Verbs in -ere have rarely forms of verbs in -ēre in the present system: as, abnueō, nod no, abnuēbunt (Enn.), for abnuō, abnuent; congruēre, to agree (Ter.), for congruere. For verbs in -iō, -ere (or -ior, -ī), with forms of verbs in -īre (or -īrī), see . Once pīnsībant (Enn.).

820. (b.) Some verbs in -āre have occasionally a present stem like verbs in -ere: as, lavis, washest, lavit, &c., for lavās, lavat, &c.; sonit, sounds, sonunt, for sonat, sonant. Others have occasionally a present stem like verbs in -ēre: as, dēnseō, thicken, dēnsērī, for dēnsō, dēnsārī.

821. (c.) Some verbs in -ēre have occasionally a present stem like verbs in -ere: as, fervit, boils, fervont, for fervet, fervent. See also fulgeō, oleō, scateō, strīdeō, tergeō, tueor in the dictionary. cieō, set a going, sometimes has a present stem in -īre, particularly in compounds: as, cīmus, ciunt, for ciēmus, cient.

822. (d.) Some verbs in -īre have occasionally a present stem like verbs in -ere: as, ēvenunt, turn out, for ēveniunt; ēvenat, ēvenant, for ēveniat, ēveniant, and advenat, pervenat, for adveniat, perveniat (Plaut.).

823. (2.) Some verbs have more than one form of the perfect stem: as,

eō, go, old īī , common iī, rarely īvī ; pluit, it rains, pluit, sometimes plūvit. See also pangō, parcō, clepō, vollō or vellō, intellegō, pōnō, nectō, and adnectō, saliō and īnsiliō, applicō, explicō and implicō, dīmicō and necō in the dictionary. Some compound verbs have a form of the perfect which is different from that of the simple verb: as, canō, make music, cecinī, concinuī, occinuī; pungō, punch, pupugī, compunxī, expunxī; legō, pick up, lēgī, dīlēxī, intellēxī, neglēxī; emō, take, buy, ēmī (adēmī, exēmī), cōmpsī, dēmpsī, prōmpsī, sūmpsī.

Formation of Stems.

Variable Vowel.

824. The final vowel of a tense stem is said to be variable when it is -o- in some of the forms, and -u-, -e-, or -i- in others.

825. The sign for the variable vowel is -o|e-: thus, rego|e-, which may be read ‘rego- or rege-,’ represents rego- or regu-, rege- or regi-, as seen in rego-r or regu-nt, rege-re or regi-t.

826. The variable vowel occurs in the present of verbs in -ere, except in the subjunctive, in the future in -bō or -bor, and in the future perfect, as may be seen in the paradigms. It is usually short; but in the active, o is long: as, regō, laudābō, laudāverō; and poets rarely lengthen i in the second and third person singular of the present. For the future perfect, see .

827. In old Latin, the stem vowel of the third person plural of the present was o: as, COSENTIONT; o was long retained after v, u, or qu (107, c): as, vīvont, ruont, sequontur; or, if o was not retained, qu became c: as, secuntur.

I. The Present System.

PRESENT INDICATIVE STEM.

I. Primitives.

(A.) ROOT VERBS.

828. A root without addition is used as the present stem, in the present tense or parts of the present tense, in root verbs (744-781): as,

es-t, is; da-t, gives; inqui-t, quoth he; i-t, goes; nequi-t, can’t; ēs-t, eats; vol-t, will; fer-t, carries. With reduplicated root : bibi-t, drinks; seri-t, sows; sisti-t, sets.

(B.) VERBS IN -ere.

829. (1.) The present stem of many verbs in -ere is formed by adding a variable vowel -o|e-, which appears in the first person singular active as -ō, to a root ending in a consonant or in two consonants: as,

Present Stem. Verb. From Theme.

rego|e- regō, guide reg-

verto|e- vertō, turn vert-

Other examples are: tegō, cover, petō, make for; mergō, dip, serpō, creep; pendō, weigh; dīcō, say, fīdō, trust, scrībō, write, with long ī for ei ; dūcō, lead, with long ū for eu, ou ; lūdō, play, with long ū for oi, oe ; laedō, hit, claudō, shut; rādō, scrape, cēdō, move along, fīgō, fix, rōdō, gnaw, glūbō, peel. *furō, rave; agō, drive, alō, nurture. gignō, beget, (gen-, gn-), has reduplication, and sīdō, settle, light (sed-, sd-), is also the result of an ancient reduplication .

830. In some present stems an original consonant has been modified: as, gerō, carry (ges-), ūrō, burn ; trahō, draw (tragh-), vehō, cart ; or has disappeared: as, fluō, flow (flūgu-).

831. Some roots in a mute have a nasal before the mute in the present stem: as, frangō, break (frag-). Other examples are: iungō, join, linquō, leave, pangō, fix, pingō, paint; findō, cleave, fundō, pour; -cumbō, lie, lambō, lick, rumpō, break (164, 3). The nasal sometimes runs over into the perfect or perfect participle, or both.

832. (2.) The present stem of many verbs in -ere is formed by adding a suffix ending in a variable vowel -o|e-, which appears in the first person singular active as -ō, to a root: thus, -nō, -scō, -tō, -iō: as,

Present Stem. Verb. From Theme.

lino|e- linō, besmear li-

crēsco|e- crēscō, grow crē-

pecto|e- pectō, comb pec-

capio|e- capiō, take cap-

833. (a.) -nō is added to roots in a vowel, or in a continuous sound, -m-, -r-, or -l-.

So regularly linō, besmear, sinō, let; temnō, scorn, cernō, sift, spernō, spurn, only. The third persons plural danunt (Naev., Plaut.) for dant, prōdīnunt, redīnunt (Enn.) for prōdeunt, redeunt hardly belong here; their formation is obscure. In a few verbs, -n is assimilated (166, 6): as, tollō, lift. Sometimes the doubled l runs into the perfect : as, vellī, fefellī. minuō, lessen, and sternuō, sneeze, have a longer suffix -nuo|e-.

834. (b.) -scō, usually meaning ‘begin to,’ forms presents called Inceptives or Inchoatives.

-scō is attached: first, to roots: as, nāscor, am born, nōscō, learn, pāscō, feed, scīscō, resolve; consonant roots have ī, less commonly ē, before the suffix: as, tremīscō or tremēscō, fall a-trembling, nancīscor, get ; but discō, learn (170, 1), and poscō, demand (, ), are shortened; see . Secondly, to a form of the present stem of denominative verbs, especially of those in -ēre: as, clārēscō, brighten; the stem is often assumed only, as in inveterāscō, grow old, mātūrēscō, get ripe. Many inceptives are used only in composition: as, extimēscō, get scared, obdormīscō, drop asleep.

835. (c.) -tō occurs in the following presents from guttural roots: flectō, turn, nectō, string, pectō, comb, plector, am struck, amplector, hug, complector, clasp. From a lingual root vid-, comes vīsō, go to see, call on . From vowel roots: bētō or bītō, go, and metō, mow.

836. (d.) -iō is usually added to consonant roots with a short vowel; the following have presents formed by this suffix:

capiō, take, cupiō, want, faciō, make, fodiō, dig, fugiō, run away, iaciō, throw, pariō, bring forth, quatiō, shake, rapiō, seize, sapiō, have sense, and their compounds; the compounds of *laciō, lure, and speciō or spiciō, spy, and the deponents gradior, step, morior, die, and patior, suffer, and their compounds. For occasional forms like those of verbs in -īre (or -īrī), see . For aiō, see ; for fīō, .

837. A few present stems are formed by adding a variable vowel -o|e-, for an older -io|e-, to a vowel root: as,

ruō, tumble down, rui-s, rui-t, rui-mus, rui-tis, ruu-nt . Vowel roots in -ā-, -ē-, or -ī- have a present stem like that of denominatives: as, stō, stand, stā-s, sta-t, stā-mus, stā-tis, sta-nt; fleō, weep, flē-s, fle-t, flē-mus, flē-tis, fle-nt; neō, spin, has once neu-nt for ne-nt (Tib.); sciō, know, scī-s, sci-t, scī-mus, scī-tis, sciu-nt.

838. Most present stems formed by adding the suffix -iō to a root ending in -l-, -r-, or -n-, and all formed by adding -iō to a long syllable, have the form of denominatives in -īre in the present system: as, saliō, leap, salīre, aperiō, open, aperīre, veniō, come, venīre; farciō, cram, farcīre.

II. Denominatives.

839. The present stem of denominatives is formed by attaching a variable vowel -o|e-, for an older -io|e-, to a theme consisting of a noun stem: as,

Uncontracted Present Stem. Verb. From Theme.

cēnao|e- cēnō, dine cēnā-

flōreo|e- flōreō, blossom flōre-

vestio|e- vestiō, dress vesti-

acuo|e- acuō, point acu-

The noun stem ending is often slightly modified in forming the theme: thus, laud- becomes laudā- in laudō for *laudā-ō, and flōr- becomes flōre- in flōre-ō.

840. In many of the forms, the final vowel of the theme is contracted with the variable vowel: as,

plantō, plantās (, ) for *plantāi̭ō, *plantāi̭es (153, 2); monēs for *monēi̭es (118, 1), audīs for *audīi̭es (118, 3). The long ā, ē, or ī, is regularly shortened in some of the forms: as, scit, arat, habet, for Plautine scīt, arāt, habēt. In a few forms no contraction occurs: as, moneō, audiō, audiu-nt, audie-ntis, &c., audie-ndus, &c. . Denominatives from stems in -u-, as acuō, are not contracted, and so have the forms of verbs in -ere .

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE.

841. The suffix of the present subjunctive of sum, am, is -ī-, which becomes -i- before -m, -t, and -nt: si-m, sī-s, si-t, sī-mus, sī-tis, si-nt (35, 2, 3). So also in the singular and in the third person plural, dui-m, &c. , and edi-m, &c. , and in all the persons, veli-m, &c. (nōli-m, &c., māli-m, &c.). An old suffix is -iē- (-ie-), in sie-m, siē-s, sie-t, and sie-nt.

842. (1.) The present subjunctive stem of verbs in -ere, -ēre, and -īre, ends in -ā-, which becomes -a- in some of the persons; this suffix replaces the variable vowel of the indicative: as,

rega-m, regā-s, rega-t, regā-mus, regā-tis, rega-nt; capia-m, capiā-s, &c.; monea-m, moneā-s, &c.; audia-m, audiā-s, &c. ea-m, quea-m, fera-m, and the old fua-m , also have the formative subjunctive vowel.

843. (2.) The present subjunctive stem of verbs in -āre ends in -ē-, which becomes -e- in some of the persons: as,

laude-m, laudē-s, laude-t, laudē-mus, laudē-tis, laude-nt. dō, give, also has de-m, dē-s, &c.

IMPERATIVE.

844. Root verbs have a root as imperative stem (745-780): as, es, &c., fer, &c. But the imperative of nōlō has a stem in -ī-, like verbs in -īre: thus, nōlī, nōlī-tō, nōlī-te, nōlī-tōte.

845. The imperative stem of verbs in -ere, and of verbs in -āre, -ēre, and -īre, is the same as that of the indicative: as,

rege, regi-tō, regu-ntō, rege-re; cape, capi-tō, capiu-ntō; fī; laudā, &c.; monē, &c.; audī, &c.

846. The second person singular imperative active of dīcō, dūcō, and faciō, is usually dīc, dūc, and fac, respectively, though the full forms, dīce, &c., are also used, and are commoner in old Latin. Compounds of dūcō may have the short form: as, ēdūc. ingerō has once inger (Catull.). sciō has regularly the singular scī-tō, plural scī-tōte, rarely scī-te.

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE.

847. The imperfect indicative stem ends in -bā-, which becomes -ba- in some of the persons: as,

daba-m, dabā-s, daba-t, dabā-mus, dabā-tis, daba-nt; ība-m; quība-m. In verbs in -ere and -ēre, the suffix is preceded by a form ending in -ē-: as, regēba-m; monēba-m; so also volēba-m (nōlēba-m, mālēba-m), and ferēba-m; in verbs in -iō, -ere, and in -iō, -īre, by a form ending in -iē-: as, capiēba-m; audiēba-m; in verbs in -āre, by one ending in -ā-: as, laudāba-m. In verse, verbs in -īre sometimes have -ī- before the suffix (Plaut., Ter., Catull., Lucr., Verg., &c.): as, audība-t. āiō, say, has sometimes a͡iba-m, &c. .

848. The suffix of the imperfect indicative of sum, am, is -ā-, which becomes -a- before -m, -t, and -nt (35, 2, 3)the s becomes r between the vowels : era-m, erā-s, era-t, erā-mus, erā-tis, era-nt.

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.

849. The imperfect subjunctive stem ends in -rē-, which becomes -re- in some of the persons: as,

dare-m, darē-s, dare-t, darē-mus, darē-tis, dare-nt; īre-m, fore-m, ferre-m. In verbs in -ere, the -rē- is preceded by a form ending in -e-: as, regere-m, capere-m; in verbs in -āre, -ēre, and -īre, by one ending in -ā-, -ē-, or -ī-, respectively: as, laudāre-m, monēre-m, audīre-m.

850. The suffix of the imperfect subjunctive of sum, am, is -sē-, which becomes -se- in some of the persons; esse-m, essē-s, esse-t, essē-mus, essē-tis, esse-nt; so also ēssē-s, &c. . volō, wish, nōlō, won’t, and mālō, prefer, have velle-m, nōlle-m, and mālle-m respectively (166, 8).

FUTURE.

851. The future stem of sum, am, is ero|e-: erō, eri-s, eri-t, eri-mus, eri-tis, eru-nt. dō has dabō, eō has ībō, and queō has quībō.

852. (1.) The future stem of verbs in -ere and -īre ends in -a- in the first person singular, otherwise in -ē-, which becomes -e- in some of the persons: as,

rega-m, regē-s, rege-t, regē-mus, regē-tis, rege-nt; capia-m, capiē-s, &c.; audia-m, audiē-s, &c. The first person singular is not a future form, but the subjunctive present, used with a future meaning ; forms in -em occur in manuscripts of Plautus: as, faciem, sinem. Verbs in -īre sometimes have -bo|e-, chiefly in the dramatists: as, scībō, opperībo-r (Plaut., Ter.), lēnību-nt (Prop.); rarely verbs in -ere : as, exsūgēbō (Plaut.). For reddibō, instead of the usual reddam, see .

853. (2.) The future stem of verbs in -āre and -ēre ends in -bo|e-, which is preceded by a form ending in long -ā- or -ē- respectively: as,

laudābō, laudābi-s, laudābi-t, laudābi-mus, laudābi-tis, laudābu-nt. monēbō, monēbi-s, &c.

II. The Perfect System.

PERFECT INDICATIVE STEM.

854. There are two kinds of perfect stems: (A.) Some verbs have as perfect stem a root, generally with some modification, but without a suffix (858-866). (B.) Some perfects are formed with a suffix, -s-, or -v- or -u- (867-875).

855. Some perfects of primitives are formed not from a root, but from the present stem without the formative vowel, treated as a root: as, prehendī, seized, from prehend- ; poposcī, asked, fefellī, deceived ; iūnxī, joined .

856. The first person of the perfect ends in -ī, sometimes written ei (29, 2). -t, -stī, sometimes written -stei (29, 2), -stis, and -mus are preceded by short i; -re is always, and -runt is usually, preceded by long ē: as,

rēxī, rēxi-stī, rēxi-t, rēxi-mus, rēxi-stis, rēxē-runt (rēxe-runt), or rēxē-re.

857. Sometimes -t is preceded by long ī: as, iīt, petiīt, REDIEIT (29, 2). -runt is sometimes preceded by short e (Plaut., Ter., Lucr., Hor., Ov., Verg., Phaedr.). This is the original form; -ē- is by analogy to -ēre.

(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.

858. (1.) Some verbs in -ere form their perfect stem by prefixing to the root its initial consonant with the following vowel, which, if a, is usually represented by e; this is called the Reduplicated Perfect, and the first syllable is called the Reduplication: as,

Perfect Stem. Verb. From Theme.

pu-pug- pungō, punch pug-

pe-pig- pangō, fix pag-

Other examples are: cadō, fall, cecidī (cad-, 104, c); pariō, bring forth, peperī (par-, 104, c); pellō, push, pepulī (pol-, 105, h); poscō, demand, poposcī ; fallō, deceive, fefellī (, 104, c); see also 923-932. caedō, cut, has cecīdī (108, a); and a few old forms are quoted from verbs having an o or an u in the root with e in the reduplication: as, memordī, pepugī.

859. Four verbs with vowel roots also have a reduplicated perfect stem: dō, give, put, dare, dedī; bibō, drink, bibere, bibī; stō, stand, stāre, stetī, and sistō, set, sistere, -stitī, rarely stitī. Also four verbs in -ēre: mordeō, bite, momordī, pendeō, hang, pependī, spondeō, promise, spopondī, tondeō, clip, -totondī. In the root syllable of spopondī, promised, stetī, stood, stitī, set, and the old scicidī, clove, an s is dropped (173, 2).

860. In compounds the reduplication is commonly dropped: as,

cecidī, fell, compound concidī, tumbled down. Compounds of cucurrī, ran, sometimes retain the reduplication: as, prōcucurrī. Compounds of bibī, drank, didicī, learned, poposcī, asked, stitī, set, stetī, stood, and dedī, gave, put, retain it, the last two weakening e to i: as, restitī, staid back. abscondidī, hid away, usually becomes abscondī; in apparent compounds, e is usually retained: as, circum stetī, stood round, vēnum dedī, put for sale. The reduplication is also lost in the simple verbs tulī, carried, old tetulī, and in scindō, split, scidī, which last is rare as a simple verb.

861. Some compounds with re- drop only the vowel of the reduplication (111, a): as, reccidī, fell back; rettulī, brought back (see also ); repperī, found; rettudī, beat back. Some perfects occur only in composition: as, percellō, knock down, perculī; cōntundō, smash to pieces, contudī; diffindō, split apart, diffidī; but fidī also occurs a couple of times as a simple verb.

862. (2.) Some verbs in -ere have a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel (135, 1): as,

Perfect Stem. Verb. From Theme.

ēd- edō, eat ed-

lēg- legō, pick up, read leg-

Other examples are: fodiō, dig, fōdī; fundō, pour, fūdī; linquō, leave, līquī; see 936-946. Three verbs in -ēre also have this form, sedeō, sit, sēdī, strīdeō, grate, strīdī, videō, see, vīdī; and one in -īre, veniō, come, vēnī.

863. The following verbs in -ere with a in the present stem, have long ē in the perfect stem :

agō, do, ēgī, frangō, break, frēgī, pangō, fix, rarely pēgī, but always compēgī, impēgī, oppēgī; capiō, take, cēpī, faciō, make, fēcī, iaciō, throw, iēcī. So also the old co-ēpī, began, common coepī.

864. Two verbs in -āre and some in -ēre have a perfect stem consisting of a root which ends in -v- and has a long vowel: iuvō, help, iuvāre, iūvī, lavō, wash, lavāre or lavere, lāvī; caveō, look out, cavēre, cāvī; see .

865. Verbs in -uō, -uere, both primitives and denominatives, have usually a perfect stem in short u of the theme : as, luō, pay, luī; acuō, sharpen, acuī: see , . Forms with long ū are old and rare : as, fūī, adnūī, cōnstitūī, īnstitūī. fluō, flow, and struō, pile, have flūxī and strūxi .

866. (3.) Some verbs in -ere from roots ending in two consonants have a perfect stem consisting of the root: as,

Perfect Stem. Verb. From Theme.

mand- mandō, chew mand-

pand- pandō, open pand-

Other examples are: vortō or vertō, turn, vortī or vertī; scandō, climb, -scendī; prehendō, seize, prehendī ; vollō or vellō, pluck, vollī or vellī; see 949-951. Similarly ferveō, boil, fervere or fervēre, has fervī or ferbuī , and prandeō, lunch, prandēre, has prandī.

(B.) PERFECT STEM IN -s-, OR IN -v- OR -u-.

PERFECT STEM IN -s-.

867. Many verbs in -ere form their perfect stem by adding the suffix -s- to a root, which generally ends in a mute: as,

Perfect Stem. Verb. From Theme.

carp-s- carpō, pluck carp-

scalp-s- scalpō, dig scalp-

ges-s- gerō, bear ges-

dīx- dīcō, say dīc-

Other examples are: dūcō, lead, dūxī ; fingō, mould, fīnxī ; lūdō, play, lūsī (166, 2); scrībō, write, scrīpsī (164, 1); struō, pile, strūxī (164, 1); vīvō, live, vīxī . Some verbs with a short vowel in the present, have a long vowel in the perfect: as, regō, guide, rēxī ; intellegō, understand, intellēxī ; tegō, cover, tēxī; iungō, join, iūnxī . And some verbs with a long vowel in the present, have a short vowel in the perfect: as, ūrō, burn, ussī . See -961.

868. Some verbs in -ēre also have a perfect in -s-: as algeō, am cold, alsī (170, 3); haereō, stick, haesī (166, 2): see , 1000. Also some in -īre: as, sarciō, patch, sarsī (170, 3): see 1014, 1015.

PERFECT STEM IN -v- OR -u-.

869. (1.) Some verbs in -ere, with vowel roots, and almost all verbs in -āre or -īre, form their perfect stem by adding the suffix -v- to a theme ending in a long vowel: as,

Perfect Stem. Verb. From Theme.

crē-v- crēscō, grow crē-

laudā-v- laudō, praise laudā-

audī-v- audiō, hear audī-

For other verbs in -ere with a perfect stem in -v-, and particularly terō, cernō, spernō, and sternō, see 962-970.

870. A few verbs in -ere have a perfect stem in -v- attached to a presumed theme in long ī: as, cupiō, want, cupīvī; petō, aim at, petīvī; quaerō, inquire, quaesīvī; arcēssō, fetch, arcēssīvī; see 966-970.

871. A few verbs in -ēre also have a perfect stem in -v-: as, fleō, weep, flēre, flēvī; see 1001-1003. And three verbs in -ēscere have a perfect stem in -v- attached to a presumed theme in long ē: -olēscō, grow, -olēvī; quiēscō, get quiet, quiēvī; suēscō, get used, suēvī.

872. One verb in -āscere has a perfect stem in -v- attached to a presumed theme in long ā: advesperāscit, it gets dusk, advesperāvit.

873. (2.) Many verbs in -ere form their perfect stem by adding the suffix -u- to a consonant root: as,

Perfect Stem. Verb. From Theme.

al-u- alō, nurture al-

gen-u- gignō, beget gen-

Other examples are: colō, cultivate, coluī; cōnsulō, consult, cōnsuluī; -cumbō, lie, -cubuī; fremō, roar, fremuī; ēliciō, draw out, ēlicuī; molō, grind, moluī; rapiō, snatch, rapuī; serō, string, -seruī; stertō, snore, -stertuī; strepō, make a racket, strepuī; texō, weave, texuī; volō, will, voluī; compescō, check, compescuī ; see 971-976.

874. Some verbs in -āre also have a perfect stem in -u-: as, crepō, rattle, crepāre, crepuī ; and many in -ēre: as, moneō, warn, monēre, monuī: see 1004-1006; also four in -īre: as, saliō, leap, salīre, saluī (1019).

875. The perfect potuī to the present possum is from a lost present *poteō, *potēre . pōnere (for *po-sinere, ; 170, 2) forms an old perfect posīvī , later posuī, as if pos- were the stem.

PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.

876. The perfect subjunctive stem ends in -erī-, for which -eri- is sometimes used (35, 2, 3): as,

rēxeri-m, rēxerī-s, rēxeri-t, rēxerī-mus, rēxerī-tis, rēxeri-nt.

877. In the perfect subjunctive, long ī is found before the person endings -s, -mus, and -tis, some 25 times, as follows: -īs, 18 times (Plaut. 3, Pac., Enn., Ter., Hor., Tib., Sen., inscr., once each, Ov. 8), -īmus, 4 times (Plaut. 3, Ter. 1), -ītis, 3 times (Plaut. 2, Enn. 1).

878. In the perfect subjunctive, short i is found, as in the future perfect, some 9 times, thus: -is, 8 times (Plaut. in anapests 3, Verg. 2, Hor. 3), -imus once (Verg.). But before -tis, short i is not found.

PERFECT IMPERATIVE.

879. One verb only, meminī, remember, has a perfect imperative; in this imperative, the person endings are not preceded by a vowel, thus: memen-tō, memen-tōte.

PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE.

880. The pluperfect indicative stem ends in -erā-, which becomes -era- in some of the persons: as,

rēxera-m, rēxerā-s, rēxera-t, rēxerā-mus, rēxerā-tis, rēxera-nt.

PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.

881. The pluperfect subjunctive stem ends in -issē-, which becomes -isse- in some of the persons: as,

rēxisse-m, rēxissē-s, rēxisse-t, rēxissē-mus, rēxissē-tis, rēxisse-nt.

FUTURE PERFECT.

882. The future perfect stem ends in -erō- and -eri-: as,

rēxerō, rēxeri-s, rēxeri-t, rēxeri-mus, rēxeri-tis, rēxeri-nt.

883. In the future perfect, short i is found before the person endings -s, -mus, and -tis, some 40 times, as follows: -is, 29 times (Plaut. 2, Cic. 1, Catull. 1, Verg. 7, Hor. 12, Ov. 4, Germ. 1, Juv. 1); -imus, 3 times (Plaut., Ter., Lucr.); -itis, 8 times (Enn. 1, Plaut. 5, Ov. 2).

884. In the future perfect, long ī is found, as in the perfect subjunctive, some 33 times, thus: -īs, 28 times (Plaut. 3, Hor. 5, Ov. 15, Prop., Stat., Mart., Priap., inscr., once each), -īmus, once (Catull.), -ītis, 4 times (Ov. 3, Priap. 1).

SHORT OR OLD FORMS.

885. (1.) Some shorter forms in the perfect system are principally found in old Latin.

886. (a.) Shorter forms in the perfect indicative, the pluperfect subjunctive, and the infinitive, most of them from perfects in -s- , occur chiefly in verse: thus,

Perfect indicative, second person singular, common: as, dīxtī (Plaut., Ter., Cic.); plural, rare: as, accestis (Verg.). Pluperfect subjunctive singular, not very common: as, exstīnxem (Verg.), intellēxēs (Plaut.), vīxet (Verg.); plural, once only, ērēpsēmus (Hor.). Infinitive, dīxe (Plaut.), cōnsūmpse (Lucr.).

887. (b.) A perfect subjunctive stem in -sī- or in -ssī-, and a future perfect indicative stem in -so|e- or in -sso|e-, occur chiefly in old laws and prayers, and in dramatic verse: as,

Perfect subjunctive: faxim, faxīs, FAXSEIS (inscr. 145 B.C.), faxit, faxīmus, faxītis, faxint; ausim, ausīs, ausit; locāssim, amāssīs, servāssit, amāssint, prohibēssīs, prohibēssit, cohibēssit, licēssit.

Future perfect indicative: faxō, faxis, faxit, faxitis, capsō, recepsō, iussō, occīsit, capsimus; levāssō, invītāssitis, mulcāssitis, exoculāssitis, prohibēssis, prohibēssint. Denominatives in -āre have also, in old Latin, a future perfect infinitive: as, impetrāssere.

888. Passive inflections, as future perfect faxitur, turbāssitur, deponent MERCASSITVR (inscr. 111 B.C.), are very rare; and, indeed, with the exception of faxō and ausim, even the active forms had become antiquated by 150 B.C. Denominatives in -īre never have the above formations. But ambiō, canvass, is thought to have a future perfect ambīssit twice (Plaut. prol.).

889. (2.) Shortened forms from perfect stems formed by the suffix -v- are very common in all periods.

890. (a.) In tenses formed from perfect stems in -āv-, -ēv-, and -ōv-, v is often dropped before -is-, -ēr-, or -er-, and the vowels thus brought together are contracted (153, 1): as,

laudāvistī, laudāstī; laudāvistis, laudāstis; laudāvērunt, laudārunt (but the form in -re, as laudāvēre, is never contracted); laudāverim, laudārim, &c.; laudāveram, laudāram, &c.; laudāvissem, laudāssem, &c.; laudāverō, laudārō, &c.; laudāvisse, laudāsse.

-plēvistī, -plēstī; -plēvistis, -plēstis; -plēvērunt, -plērunt; plēverim, -plērim, &c.; -plēveram, -plēram, &c.; -plēvissem, -plēssem, &c.; -plēverō, -plērō, &c.; -plēvisse, -plēsse.

nōvistī, nōstī; nōvistis, nōstis; nōvērunt, nōrunt; nōverim, nōrim, &c.; nōveram, nōram, &c.; nōvissem, nōssem, &c.; nōverō always retains the v, but cōgnōrō, &c.; nōvisse, nōsse.

891. The verbs in which v belongs to the root , are not thus shortened, except moveō, mostly in compounds. From iuvō, iuerint (Catull.), adiuerō (Enn.), once each, and twice adiuerit (Plaut., Ter.) are unnecessary emendations.

892. Contractions in the perfect before -t and -mus are rare: as, inrītāt, disturbāt; suēmus or su͡emus (Lucr.), nōmus (Enn.), cōnsu͡emus (Prop.).

893. (b.) In tenses formed from perfect stems in -īv-, v is often dropped before -is-, -ēr-, or -er-; but contraction is common only in the forms which have -is-: as,

audīvistī, audīstī; audīvistis, audīstis; audīvērunt, audiērunt; audīverim, audierim, &c.; audīveram, audieram, &c.; audīvissem, audīssem, &c.; audīverō, audierō, &c.; audīvisse, audīsse. Sometimes audiī, audiit, audīt. Intermediate between the long and the short forms are audīerās and audīerit, once each (Ter.). In the perfect subjunctive, sinō has sīverīs (Plaut., Cato), sīrīs (Plaut., Cato, Liv.), sīreis (Pac.), or seirīs (Plaut.), sīrit (Plaut., Liv.), sīrītis (Plaut.), sīverint (Plaut., Curt.), sierint (Cic., Curt.), or sīrint (Plaut.). dēsinō is thought to have dēsīmus in the perfect indicative a couple of times (Sen., Plin. Ep.).

Nouns of the Verb.

INFINITIVE.

894. The active infinitive has the ending -re in the present, and -isse in the perfect: as,

dare; regere, capere; laudāre, monēre, audīre. rēxisse; laudāvisse or laudāsse, monuisse, audīvisse or audīsse.

895. For -rē in old Latin, see 134, 2. The infinitive of fīō, become, ends in -rī, fī̆erī, with a passive ending ; twice fīere (Enn. Laev.). An older form for -re is -se, found in esse, to be, ēsse, to eat, and their compounds. For velle, to wish (mālle, nōlle), see 166, 8. In the perfect, eō, go, sometimes has -iisse in compounds , and in poetry, petō, go to, has rarely petiisse.

896. The present infinitive passive of verbs in -ere has the ending -ī; that of other verbs has -rī: as,

regī, capī; laudārī, monērī, audīrī. ferō, carry, has ferrī. The length of the ī is sometimes indicated by the spelling ei (29, 2): as, DAREI.

897. A longer form in -ier for -ī, and -rier for -rī, is common in old laws and dramatic verse, and occurs sometimes in other poetry: as, FIGIER, to be posted, GNOSCIER, to be read (inscr. 186 B.C.); dīcier, to be said, cūrārier, to be looked after (Plaut.); dominārier, to be lord paramount (Verg.).

898. The place of the perfect passive, future active, and future passive infinitive is supplied by a circumlocution, as seen in the paradigms. For the future perfect -āssere, see .

GERUNDIVE AND GERUND.

899. The gerundive stem is formed by adding -ndo-, nominative -ndus, -nda, -ndum, to the present stem: as,

dandus, stem dando-; regendus, capiendus; laudandus, monendus, audiendus. Verbs in -ere and -īre often have -undus, when not preceded by u or v, especially in formal style: as, capiundus; eō, go, always has eundum, and orior, rise, oriundus. For the adjective use, see . The gerund is like the oblique cases of the neuter singular. For -bundus, see ; -cundus, .

SUPINE.

900. The supine stem is formed by the suffix -tu-, which is often changed to -su- .

This suffix is attached to a root or to a form of the present stem after the manner of the perfect participle : as, nūntiātum, to report, nūntiātū, in reporting, stem nūntiātu-. Many of the commonest verbs have no supine: as, sum, eō, ferō; regō, emō, tegō; amō, dēleō, doceō, &c., &c.

PRESENT PARTICIPLE.

901. The present participle stem is formed by adding -nt- or -nti-, nominative -ns, to the present stem: as,

dāns, giving, stems dant-, danti-; regēns, capiēns; laudāns, monēns, audiēns.

902. The adjective sontem (accusative, no nominative), which was originally the participle of sum, has o before the suffix, and absēns and praesēns have e; the participle of eō has ē in the nominative singular, otherwise u, iēns, euntis, &c. n rarely drops before -s : as, LIBES (inscr.), exsultās (Enn.), animās (Lucr.).

903. Some adjectives which were originally present participles have no verb: as, clēmēns, merciful, ēlegāns, choice, ēvidēns, clear, frequēns, thick, petulāns, wanton, recēns, fresh, repēns, sudden, &c., &c. For potēns, powerful, see .

FUTURE PARTICIPLE.

904. The future participle suffix is -tūro-, nominative -tūrus, -tūra, -tūrum, which is often changed to -sūro-, nominative -sūrus, -sūra, -sūrum .

This suffix is added to a theme after the manner of the perfect participle : as, rēctūrus, going to guide; laudātūrus, going to praise.

905. Some future participles have a different formation from that of the perfect participle: as, mortuus, dead, moritūrus; see also in the dictionary arguō, fruor, orior, ruō, secō. And some verbs have two forms of the future participle: as, āgnōscō, īgnōscō, hauriō, iuvō, pariō. Some verbs which have no perfect participle have a future participle: as, acquiēscō, appāreō, ardeō, caleō, careō, doleō, ēsuriō, fugiō, haereō, incidō, iaceō, -nuō, parcō, rauciō, recidō, sonō, stō, valeō.

PERFECT PARTICIPLE.

906. The perfect participle suffix is -to-, nominative -tus, -ta, -tum, which is often changed to -so-, nominative -sus, -sa, -sum .

907. The perfect participle was originally active as well as passive, and some participles have retained the active meaning: as,

adultus, grown up; ēmersus, rising out from; exōsus, perōsus, hating bitterly; placitus, engaging; iūrātus, sworn, coniūrātus, conspiring; prānsus, having lunched, cēnātus, having dined, pōtus, drunk, &c. The perfect participles of deponents are usually active, but sometimes passive: as, meditātus, having studied, or studied. Many verbs are not accompanied by a perfect participle , particularly verbs in -ēre, with a parallel adjective in -idus . Intransitive verbs have usually only the neuter. A perfect active participle meminēns is said to have been used twice (Plaut., Laev.).

908. The perfect participle is formed in one of two separate ways:

909. (1.) From a theme consisting of a root; in this way the participles of most verbs in -ere and -ēre are formed: as,

gestus, carried, aptus, fit, solūtus, loosed , iūnctus, joined , sparsus, sprinkled (170, 3); doctus, taught.

910. In some consonant root participles of verbs in -ere, -āre, or -ēre, which have the suffix -u- in the perfect stem , the -to- is preceded by a short i: as, genitus, born (971-976); domitus, tamed ; monitus, warned (1003, 1004, 1009). In old Latin, e occurs: as, MERETA ; e is retained in vegetus, sprightly. One participle has -tuo-: mortuus, dead.

911. Some verbs in -āre have participles from consonant roots: as, frictus, rubbed, fricō, fricāre; see . Also some in -īre: as, fartus, stuffed (170, 3), farciō, farcīre; fultus, propped, fulciō, fulcīre; see 1011-1015, and 1017, 1019, 1020.

912. Roots in -d- and -t- change -to- to -so-, before which the dentals change to s . After long vowels, nasals, and liquids the double ss is simplified to s: as, fossus, dug, but dīvīsus, divided; vorsus or versus, turned. The suffix -so- is also found with some roots in -l-, -m-, or -r- and a few others: as, pulsus .

913. (2.) From a theme in long ā or in long ī; in this way participles are regularly formed from denominatives in -āre or -īre respectively: as,

laudātus, praised; audītus, heard.

914. A few perfect participles of verbs in -ere are formed from a presumed theme in long ī, or long ē, or from one in long ū: as, petītus, aimed at; exolētus, grown out; see 967-970; tribūtus, assigned; see , .

915. (1.) Many perfect participles formed from consonant roots have a short root vowel (135, 1): as,

adspectus, beheld; captus, taken; coctus, cooked; commentus, devising; cultus, tilled; dictus, said, verb dīcō; ductus, led, dūcō; factus, made; fossus, dug; gestus, carried; inlectus, allured; questus, complaining; raptus, seized; tersus, neat; textus, woven; vorsus, turned.

916. (2.) Some perfect participles formed from consonant roots have a long root vowel, sometimes even when the vowel of the parallel present stem is short (135, 1; 122, f): as,

fīxus, fastened, verb fīgō; -flīctus, dashed, -flīgō; pāstus, fed, pāscō; pollūctus, offered up, pollūceō; scrīptus, written, scrībō; -cāsus, fallen, cadō. Also āctus, driven, agō; vīsus, seen, videō; frūctus, enjoying, fruor; lēctus, culled, legō; pīctus, painted, pingō; rēctus, ruled, regō; ēsus, eaten, edō; strūctus, piled, struō; tēctus, covered, tegō; ūnctus, anointed, unguō; frāctus, broken, frangō; pāctus, fixed, pangō. Furthermore, iūnctus, joined, iungō; sānctus, hallowed, sanciō ; also, fūnctus, having performed, fungor.

917. (1.) Most perfect participles formed from vowel roots have a long root vowel: as,

lātus, borne (, ); nātus, born; -plētus, filled; trītus, worn; nōtus, known; sūtus, sewed. So also an isolated rūtus, in the law phrase rūta caesa, or rūta et caesa, diggings and cuttings, i.e. minerals and timber.

918. (2.) Ten perfect participles formed from vowel roots have a short root vowel; they are:

citus, datus, hurried, given

itum, ratus, gone, thinking

-rutus, satus, fallen, planted

situs, status, lying, set

litus, quitus, besmeared, been able

919. As citus, so always percitus and incitus (once incītus, doubtful); usually concitus, rarely concītus; excitus and excītus equally common; always accītus. ambītus always has long ī . āgnitus, recognized, cōgnitus, known, and the adjectives inclutus or inclitus, of high renown, and putus, clean, have a short root vowel. For dēfrūtum, dēfrutum, see , 1.

List of Verbs Arranged According to the Principal Parts.

920. I. The principal parts of root verbs and of verbs in -ere are formed in a variety of ways and are best learned separately for every verb (922-986).

921. II. The principal parts of verbs in -āre, -ēre, and -īre, are usually formed as follows:

laudō, praise laudāre laudāvī laudātus

moneō, advise monēre monuī monitus

audiō, hear audīre audīvī audītus

For other formations, see 989-1022.

I. Primitive Verbs.

(A.) ROOT VERBS.

922. Root verbs have their principal parts as follows:

sum, am esse —— ——

——, become, get, am fore fuī ——

For fuam, &c., forem, &c., fore, see . fuī, &c., serves as the perfect system of sum.

pos-sum, can pos-se —— ——

——, can —— potuī ——

potuī, &c., serves as the perfect system of possum. Of the present system of potuī, only potēns, powerful, is used, and only as an adjective.

dō, give, put dare dedī datus

For compounds, see .

bibō, drink bibere bibī pōtus

So the compounds, with the reduplication preserved in the perfect system .

serō, sow serere sēvī satus

Compounds have i for a in the perfect participle: as, cōn-situs.

sistō, set sistere -stitī, rarely stitī status

inquam, quoth I —— inquiī once ——

eō, go īre iī, very rarely īvī itum, -itus

queō, can quīre quīvī quitus

ne-queō, can’t ne-quīre ne-quīvī ne-quitus

edō, eat ēsse ēdī ēsus

volō, will, wish, want velle voluī ——

nōlō, won’t nōlle nōluī ——

mālō, like better mālle māluī ——

ferō, carry ferre (tulī) (lātus)

For tulī, old tetulī, and lātus, see ; for the perfect of re-ferō, .

(B.) VERBS IN -ere.

(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.

923. (1 a.) The following verbs in -ere have a reduplicated perfect stem , and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:

924. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- .

canō, make music canere cecinī (cantātus)

For con-cinō, oc-cinō, and prae-cinō, see and .

tendō, stretch tendere tetendī tentus

For tennitur (Ter.), dis-tennite (Plaut.), see 166, 4; late participle tēnsus. Compounds have -tendī and -tentus. But sometimes ex-tēnsus, and in late writers, dē-tēnsus, dis-tēnsus, os-tēnsus, and re-tēnsus.

925. (b.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -o|e- .

pangō, fix pangere pepigī, agreed pāctus

In meaning, the perfect pepigī corresponds to pacīscor; pānxit, made, set in verse (Enn.), pānxerit, set (Col.), pēgit (Pac.), pēgerit (Cic.), fixed, once each. For com-pingō and im-pingō, see .

pungō, punch pungere pupugī pūnctus

For com-pungō and ex-pungō, see and .

tangō, touch tangere tetigī tāctus

In old Latin: tagō (Turp.), tagit, tagam (Pac.). Compounds have i for a in the present system: as, con-tingō, con-tingere, con-tigī , con-tāctus; in old Latin: at-tigās (Plaut., Ter., Acc., Pac.), at-tigat (Pac.), at-tigātis (Plaut., Pac.).

926. (c.) With the present stem in -lo|e- .

tollō, take off tollere (sus-tulī) (sub-lātus)

As the perfect and perfect participle of tollō are appropriated by ferō, tollō takes those of sus-tollō. The original perfect is tetulī .

927. (d.) With the present stem in -sco|e- .

discō, learn discere didicī ——

poscō, demand poscere poposcī ——

For poposcī, see . For -didicī and -poposcī, see .

928. (e.) With the present stem in -io|e- .

pariō, bring forth parere peperī partus

For forms in -īre, see . com-periō, 1012; re-periō, 1011.

929. (1 b.) The following verbs in -ere have a reduplicated perfect stem , and the perfect participle, when used, is -sus .

930. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- .

cadō, fall cadere cecidī -cāsus

Compounds have i for a in the present system: as, oc-cidō, oc-cidere, oc-cidī , oc-cāsus. Rarely e in the present and perfect systems (Enn., Lucr., Varr.): as, ac-cedere, ac-cedisset . For the perfect of re-cidō, see .

caedō, fell, cut caedere cecīdī caesus

Compounds have ī for ae: as, ac-cīdō, ac-cīdere, ac-cīdī , ac-cīsus.

parcō, spare parcere pepercī ——

pepercī, &c. (regularly in Cic., Caes., Hor., Ov., Mart.; Nep. once; also Plaut. twice, Ter. once). Old parsī, &c. (Plaut. 8, Cato, Ter., Nov., Nep., once each); once parcuit (Naev.). Compounds: com-perce (Plaut.), con-parsit (Ter.), in-perce, im-percitō, re-percis (Plaut.), re-parcent (Lucr.).

pendō, weigh, pay pendere pependī pēnsus

931. (b.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -o|e- .

tundō, pound tundere tutudī not used tūnsus

For the perfect of re-tundō, see ; other compounds have the perfect -tudī , but once con-tūdit (Enn.). Perfect participle, tūsus (Plin., Mart.); compounds: con-tūnsus (Plin.), con-tūsus (Cato, Varr., Caes., Lucr., Sal., Verg., &c.); ob-tūnsus (Plaut., Verg., Liv., Sen.), op-tūsus, ob-tūsus (Lucr., Sen., Quintil., Tac.); per-tūssus (Plaut.), per-tūsus (Cato, Lucr., Liv., Sen., &c.); re-tūnsus (Plaut., Verg.), re-tūsus (Cic., Lucr., Hor.); sub-tūsus (Tib.).

932. (c.) With the present stem in -ro|e-, or -lo|e- .

currō, run currere cucurrī cursum

For perfect of compounds, see .

fallō, cheat fallere fefellī falsus

Compound re-fellō, re-fellere, re-fellī , ——.

pellō, push pellere pepulī pulsus

For the perfect of re-pellō, see . Other compounds have -pulī .

933. (1 c.) The following verbs in -ere are without the reduplication :

934. (a.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -o|e- .

findō, split apart findere -fidī, rarely fidī fissus

scindō, rend scindere -scidī, rarely scidī scissus

935. (b.) With the present stem in -lo|e- .

per-cellō, knock down per-cellere per-culī per-culsus

936. (2 a.) The following verbs in -ere have a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel , and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:

937. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- .

agō, drive agere ēgī āctus

Real compounds have i for a in the present system: as, ab-igō, ab-igere, ab-ēgī, ab-āctus; but per-agō retains a. cōgō and dēgō are contracted: cōgō, cōgere, co-ēgī, co-āctus; dēgō, dēgere, ——, ——.

emō, take, buy emere ēmī emptus

co-emō retains e in the present system, and usually inter-emō and per-emō; other compounds have -imō. For cōmō, dēmō, prōmō, and sūmō, see .

——, strike —— īcī ictus

Forms of the present system are īcit (Plaut., Lucr.), īcitur (Plin.), īcimur (Lucr.).

legō, pick up, read legere lēgī lēctus

Compounds with ad, inter, nec-, per, prae, and re-, have -legō in the present system, others -ligō. For dī-ligō, intel-legō, neg-legō, see .

938. (b.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -o|e- .

com-pingō, fix together com-pingere com-pēgī com-pāctus

A compound of pangō (, ).

frangō, smash frangere frēgī frāctus

Compounds have i for a in the present system: as, cōn-fringō, cōn-fringere, cōn-frēgī, cōn-frāctus.

im-pingō, drive in im-pingere im-pēgī im-pāctus

A compound of pangō (, ). So also op-pēgī.

linquō, leave linquere līquī -lictus

rumpō, burst rumpere rūpī ruptus

So the compounds. But Plautus has con-rumptus and dir-rumptus.

vincō, conquer vincere vīcī victus

939. (c.) With the present stem in -sco|e- .

pavēscō, get afraid pavēscere ex-pāvī ——

940. (d.) With the present stem in -io|e- .

capiō, take capere cēpī captus

Compounds have i for a in the present system and e in the perfect participle: as, in-cipiō, in-cipere, in-cēpī, in-ceptus. In the present system, e is rare: as, re-cepit (Lucr.); u is frequent in old Latin.

coepiō, begin rare coepere once coepī coeptus

See -814.

faciō, make facere fēcī factus

For fac, see ; for passive, . Compounds have i for a in the present system and e in the perfect participle: as, ef-ficiō, ef-ficere, ef-fēcī, ef-fectus.

fugiō, run away fugere fūgī ——

iaciō, throw iacere iēcī iactus

Compounds have -iciō (104, c), -icere, -iēcī, -iectus: as, ē-iciō, ē-icere, ē-iēcī, ē-iectus. In old Latin the present system has rarely -ieciō; -iecere. dis-siciō is sometimes used (Lucr., Verg.) for dis-iciō.

941. (2 b.) The following verbs in -ere have a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel , and the perfect participle, when used, in -sus .

942. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- .

cūdō, hammer cūdere -cūdī -cūsus

943. (b.) With reduplication and -o|e- in the present stem .

sīdō, settle sīdere sīdī, -sīdī, -sēdī -sessus

944. (c.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -o|e- .

fundō, pour fundere fūdī fūsus

945. (d.) With the present stem in -so|e- for -to|e- .

vīsō, go to see vīsere vīsī ——

946. (e.) With the present stem in -io|e- .

fodiō, dig fodere fōdī fossus

For forms in -īre, see .

947. (2 c.) The following verbs in -ere with the present stem in -o|e- (, ), have the perfect stem in -u- or in -v- of the theme , and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:

acuō, sharpen acuere acuī acūtus adjective

arguō, make clear arguere arguī argūtus rare

con-gruō, agree con-gruere con-gruī ——

ex-uō, doff ex-uere ex-uī ex-ūtus

im-buō, give a smack of im-buere im-buī im-būtus

ind-uō, don ind-uere ind-uī ind-ūtus

in-gruō, impend in-gruere in-gruī ——

luō, pay, atone for luere luī -lūtus, washed

metuō, fear metuere metuī metūtus once

-nuō, nod -nuere -nuī ——

pluit, it rains pluere pluit, plūvit ——

ruō, tumble down ruere ruī -rutus

so-lvō, loose so-lvere so-lvī so-lūtus

spuō, spit spuere -spuī ——

statuō, set statuere statuī statūtus

Compounds have i for a throughout: as, cōn-stituō, cōn-stituere, &c.

volvō, roll volvere volvī volūtus

suō, sew suere -suī sūtus

tribuō, assign tribuere tribuī tribūtus

948. Two verbs in -ere with the present stem in -nuo|e- , have the perfect stem in -nu- , and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:

minuō, lessen minuere minuī minūtus

sternuō, sneeze sternuere sternuī ——

949. (3.) The following verbs in -ere have a perfect stem consisting of a root ending in two consonants , and the perfect participle in -sus :

950. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- ; most have a nasal .

-cendō, light -cendere -cendī -cēnsus

-fendō, hit -fendere -fendī -fēnsus

mandō, chew mandere mandī once mānsus

pandō, open pandere pandī passus, pānsus

For dis-pennite (Plaut.), see 166, 4. dis-pandō, dis-pendō, has perfect participle dis-pessus (Plaut., Lucr.), dis-pānsus (Lucr., Plin., Suet.).

pre-hendō, seize pre-hendere pre-hendī pre-hēnsus

Rarely prae-hendō; but very often prēndō, prēndere, prēndī, prēnsus.

scandō, climb scandere -scendī -scēnsus

Compounds have e for a throughout: as, dē-scendō, dē-scendere, &c.

vorrō, verrō, sweep vorrere, verrere -vorrī, -verrī vorsus, versus

vortō, vertō, turn vortere, vertere vortī, vertī vorsus, versus

951. (b.) With the present stem in -lo|e- .

vollō, vellō, tear vollere, vellere vollī, vellī volsus, vulsus

Late perfect vulsī (Sen., Luc.); -vulsī (Laber., Col., Sen., Luc.).

(B.) PERFECT STEM IN -s-, OR IN -v- OR -u-.

PERFECT STEM IN -s-.

952. (1 a.) The following verbs in -ere have the perfect stem in -s- , and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:

953. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- .

carpō, nibble, pluck carpere carpsī carptus

Compounds have e for a: as, dē-cerpō, dē-cerpere, dē-cerpsī, dē-cerptus.

com-būrō, burn up com-būrere com-bussī com-būstus

cōmō, put up cōmere cōmpsī cōmptus

Compound of com- and emō (, ). See also dēmō, prōmō, sūmō.

coquō, cook coquere coxī coctus

dēmō, take away dēmere dēmpsī dēmptus

dīcō, say dīcere dīxī dictus

For dīc, see .

dī-ligō, esteem dī-ligere dī-lēxī dī-lēctus

Compound of dis- and legō (, ). See also intel-legō and neg-legō.

dūcō lead dūcere dūxī ductus

For dūc, ē-dūc, see .

-flīgō, smash -flīgere -flīxī -flīctus

Of the simple verb, flīgit occurs (L. Andr.), flīgēbant (Lucr.), and flīgī (L. Andr., Acc.).

gerō, carry gerere gessī gestus

intel-legō, understand intel-legere intel-lēxī intel-lēctus

neg-legō, disregard neg-legere neg-lēxī neg-lēctus

In the perfect system very rarely intel-lēgī and neg-lēgī (, ).

nūbō, veil, marry (a man) nūbere nūpsī nūpta

prōmō, take out prōmere prōmpsī prōmptus

regō, guide, rule regere rēxī rēctus

In the present system, con-rigō and ē-rigō; commonly por-rigō, sometimes porgō; rarely sur-rigō, commonly surgō; always pergō.

rēpō, creep rēpere rēpsi ——

scalpō, dig scalpere scalpsī scalptus

scrībō, write scrībere scrīpsī scrīptus

sculpō, carve sculpere sculpsī sculptus

struō, build up struere strūxī strūctus

sūgō, suck sūgere sūxī suctus

sūmō, take up sūmere sūmpsī sūmptus

tegō, cover tegere tēxī tēctus

trahō, drag trahere trāxī tractus

ūrō, burn ūrere ussī ustus

vehō, cart vehere vēxī vectus

vīvō, live vīvere vīxī ——

954. (b.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -o|e- .

cingō, gird cingere cīnxī cīnctus

com-pungō, prick over com-pungere com-pūnxī com-pūnctus

A compound of pungō (, ).

ē-mungō, clean out ē-mungere ē-mūnxī ē-mūnctus

ex-pungō, prick out ex-pungere ex-pūnxī ex-pūnctus

A compound of pungō (, ).

fingō, mould fingere fīnxī fīctus

iungō, join iungere iūnxī iūnctus

pingō, paint pingere pīnxī pīctus

plangō, beat plangere plānxī plānctus

stinguō, poke, poke out stinguere -stīnxī -stīnctus

stringō, peel, graze stringere strīnxī strīctus

tingō, wet tingere tīnxī tīnctus

unguō, anoint unguere ūnxī ūnctus

Sometimes ungō, ungere, &c., in the present system.

955. (c.) With the present stem in -no|e- .

temnō, scorn temnere (con-tempsī) (con-temptus)

956. (d.) With the present stem in -io|e- .

ad-liciō, lure ad-licere ad-lexī ——

in-liciō, inveigle in-licere in-lexī in-lectus

pel-liciō, lead astray pel-licere pel-lexī pel-lectus

-spiciō, spy -spicere -spēxī -spectus

Forms of the simple verb are old and rare: as, specitur, spicit, spece (Plaut.), specimus (Varr.), spiciunt (Cato), spēxit (Naev., Enn.).

957. (1 b.) The following verbs in -ere have the perfect stem in -s- , and the perfect participle, when used, in -sus :

958. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- .

cēdō, move along cēdere cessī cessus

claudō, shut claudere clausī clausus

Sometimes clūdō, clūdere, clūsī, clūsus. Compounds have ū for au throughout.

dī-vidō, separate dī-videre dī-vīsī dī-vīsus

fīgō, pin fīgere fīxī fīxus, twice fīctus

fluō, flow fluere flūxī fluxus adjective

laedō, hurt laedere laesī laesus

Compounds have ī for ae throughout: as, in-līdō, in-līdere, &c.

lūdō, play lūdere lūsī lūsus

mittō, send mittere mīsī missus

mergō, dip, duck mergere mersī mersus

plaudō, clap plaudere plausī plausus

Also ap-plaudō, ap-plaudere, &c. Other compounds have usually ō for au throughout: as, ex-plōdō, &c.; but ex-plaudō (Lucr.).

premō, squeeze premere pressī pressus

Compounds have i for e in the present system: as, com-primō, &c.

rādō, scrape rādere rāsī rāsus

rōdō, gnaw rōdere rōsī rōsus

spargō, scatter spargere sparsī sparsus

Compounds usually have e for a throughout: as, cōn-spergō, &c.

trūdō, shove trūdere trūsī trūsus

vādō, go vādere -vāsī -vāsus

959. (b.) With the present stem in -sco|e- .

algēscō, get cold algēscere alsī ——

ardēscō, flame out ardēscere arsī (ex-arsī) ——

lūcēscō, grow light lūcēscere -lūxī ——

Sometimes in the present system lūcīscō, lūcīscere, &c.

frīgēscō, grow cold frīgēscere -frīxī ——

vīvēscō, get alive vīvēscere (re-vīxī) ——

In composition, also re-vīvīscō, re-vīvīscere.

960. (c.) With the present stem in -to|e- .

flectō, turn flectere flexī flexus

nectō, bind together nectere nexī, nexuī nexus

Perfect system rare: nexit (Lucil., Acc.); nexuit, ad-nexuerant (Sall.).

pectō, comb pectere pexī once pexus

961. (d.) With the present stem in -io|e- .

quatiō, shake quatere -cussī quassus

Compounds drop the a (111, a): as, in-cutiō, in-cutere, in-cussī, in-cussus.

PERFECT STEM IN -v-.

962. (2 a.) The following verbs in -ere have the perfect stem in -v-, preceded by a long vowel of the root , and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:

963. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- .

terō, rub terere trīvī trītus

Perfect infinitive once in pentameter verse at-teruisse (Tib.).

964. (b.) With the present stem in -no|e- .

cernō, sift, separate, see cernere crēvī, decided certus, -crētus

linō, besmear linere lēvī, rarely līvī litus

In the present system some forms in -īre are used by late writers.

sinō, leave, let sinere sīvī situs

Perfect system forms of sinō and dē-sinō in -v- are: sīvī (Plaut., Ter., Cic.); dē-sīvit (Sen.), sīvistis (Cic.), once each; sīverīs (Plaut., Cato), dē-sīverit (Cato, Gell.), sīverint (Plaut., Curt.), sīvisset (Cic., Liv.). Much oftener without -v-: as, dē-siī (Sen.), sīstī (Plaut., Cic.); dē-sīstī often, siit once (Ter.), dē-siit (Varr., Sen., &c.), dē-sīt (Mart., &c.), dē-siimus (Lent.), dē-sīmus , sīstis; dē-siērunt (Cic., Liv.); dē-sierat, dē-sierit (Cic.); dē-sīssem, &c., sīsset, sīssent, dē-sīsse. For sīrīs, &c., see ; for pōnō, .

spernō, spurn spernere sprēvī sprētus

sternō, strew sternere strāvī strātus

965. (c.) With the present stem in -sco|e- .

crēscō, grow crēscere crēvī crētus

nōscō, get to know nōscere nōvī nōtus adjective

Compounds: ī-gnōscō, ī-gnōvī, ī-gnōtum; ā-gnōscō, ā-gnōvī, ā-gnitus; cō-gnōscō, cō-gnōvī, cō-gnitus; dī-nōscō, dī-nōvī, rarely dī-gnōscō, dī-gnōvī, ——; inter-nōscō, inter-nōvī, ——. Old passive infinitive GNOSCIER (inscr. 186 B.C.).

pāscō, feed pāscere pāvī pāstus

scīscō, enact scīscere scīvī scītus

966. (2 b.) The following verbs in -ere have the perfect stem in -v-, preceded by the long vowel of a presumed denominative stem , and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:

967. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- .

petō, aim at petere petīvī petītus

In the perfect, sometimes petiī (Cic., Ov., Liv., Val. Fl., Plin. Ep.), PETIEI (inscr.), petī late (Sen., Stat.); petiit (Cic., Hor., Tac., Suet.), petīt (Verg., Ov., Phaedr., Sen., Luc., Suet.), petiisse (Verg., Hor., Ov., Val. Fl., Stat.).

quaerō, inquire quaerere quaesīvī quaesītus

Compounds sometimes retain ae in old Latin, but usually have ī for ae throughout: as, con-quīrō, con-quīrere, &c.

968. (b.) With the present stem in -sco|e- .

ab-olēscō, vanish away ab-olēscere ab-olēvī ——

ad-olēscō, grow up ad-olēscere ad-olēvī ad-ultus

con-cupīscō, hanker for con-cupīscere con-cupīvī con-cupītus

-dormīscō, fall asleep -dormīscere -dormīvī ——

ex-olēscō, grow out ex-olēscere ex-olēvī ex-olētus

in-veterāscō, get set in-veterāscere in-veterāvī ——

obs-olēscō, get worn out obs-olēscere obs-olēvī obs-olētus adj.

quiēscō, get still quiēscere quiēvī quiētus adjective

re-sipīscō, come to re-sipīscere re-sipīvī ——

suēscō, get used suēscere suēvī suētus

vesperāscit, gets dusk vesperāscere vesperāvit ——

969. (c.) With the present stem in -io|e- .

cupiō, want cupere cupīvī cupītus

Once with a form in -īre , cupīret (Lucr.).

sapiō, have a smack sapere sapīvī ——

Compounds have i for a: as, re-sipiō, &c.

970. (d.) With the present stem in -sso|e- .

ar-cēssō, send for ar-cēssere ar-cēssīvī ar-cēssītus

Sometimes ac-cersō, &c.; infinitive rarely ar-cēssīrī or ac-cersīrī.

capēssō, undertake capēssere capēssīvī ——

facēssō, do, make off facēssere facēssīvī facēssītus

Perfect system rare: facēssierīs or facēsserīs (Cic.), facēssīsset (Tac.).

in-cēssō, attack in-cēssere in-cēssīvī ——

lacēssō, provoke lacēssere lacēssīvī lacēssītus

PERFECT STEM IN -u-.

971. (3.) The following verbs in -ere have the perfect stem in -u- , and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus; in some participles -tus is preceded by a short i, thus, -itus :

972. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- .

alō, bring up alere aluī altus, rarely alitus

colō, till, stay round, court colere coluī cultus

con-cinō, chime with con-cinere con-cinuī ——

A compound of canō (, ). See also oc-cinō and prae-cinō.

cōn-sulō, consult cōn-sulere cōn-suluī cōn-sultus

depsō, knead depsere depsuī depstus

fremō, growl fremere fremuī ——

gemō, groan gemere gemuī ——

molō, grind molere moluī molitus

oc-cinō, sing ominously oc-cinere oc-cinuī ——

Once with reduplication, oc-cecinerit (Liv.).

oc-culō, hide oc-culere oc-culuī oc-cultus

pīsō, pīnsō, bray pīsere, pīnsere pīnsuī, pīsīvī pistus

Once (, ) pīnsībant (Enn.). Perfect once pīnsuī (Pomp.), once (, ) pīsiērunt (Varr.). Perfect participle often pīnsītus (Col.), once pīnsus (Vitr.).

pōnō, place pōnere po-suī po-situs

A compound of po- and sinō . Perfect in old Latin po-sīvī ; po-suī is first used by Ennius . Perfect participle in verse sometimes, po-stus, -po-stus; inf. inposīsse (Plaut.).

prae-cinō, play before prae-cinere prae-cinuī ——

serō, string serere -seruī sertus

stertō, snore stertere (dē-stertuī) ——

strepō, make a racket strepere strepuī ——

texō, weave texere texuī textus

tremō, quake tremere tremuī ——

vomō, throw up vomere vomuī ——

973. (b.) With reduplication and -o|e- in the present stem .

gignō, beget gignere genuī genitus

Present sometimes also without reduplication, genit, &c. (Varr., Lucr.).

974. (c.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -o|e- .

ac-cumbō, lie by ac-cumbere ac-cubuī ac-cubitus

So also in-cumbō; dis-cumbō has dis-cubuī, dis-cubitum. Compounds with dē, ob, prō, re-, and sub, have -cubuī, ——.

975. (d.) With the present stem in -io|e- .

ē-liciō, coax out ē-licere ē-licuī ē-licitus

rapiō, seize rapere rapuī raptus

Compounds have i for a in the present and perfect systems, and e in the perfect participle: as, ē-ripiō, ē-ripere, ē-ripuī, ē-reptus. Old Latin has u in dē-rupier and in sub-rupiō, sub-rupere, sub-rupuī, sub-ruptus; shortened forms are: surpuit, surpuerit (Plaut.), surpit (Plaut. prol.), surpere (Lucr.), surpite, surpuerat (Hor.). For sub-repsit (Plaut.), see .

976. (e.) With the present stem in -sco|e- ; for com-pēscuī, see 855.

acēscō, get sour acēscere -acuī ——

alēscō, grow up alēscere (co-aluī) (co-alitus)

ārēscō, dry up ārēscere -āruī ——

calēscō, get warm calēscere -caluī ——

candēscō, get white candēscere -canduī ——

cānēscō, get grey cānēscere cānuī ——

clārēscō, get bright clārēscere clāruī ——

com-pescō, check com-pescere com-pescuī ——

con-ticēscō, get all still con-ticēscere con-ticuī ——

Also in the present system, con-ticīscō, con-ticīscere, &c.

crēbrēscō, get common crēbrēscere -crēbruī ——

crūdēscō, wax bad crūdēscere (re-crūduī) ——

-dolēscō, get pained -dolēscere -doluī ——

dūrēscō, get hard dūrēscere dūruī ——

ē-vīlēscō, get cheap ē-vīlēscere ē-vīluī ——

fervēscō, boil up fervēscere -ferbuī, -fervī ——

flōrēscō, blossom out flōrēscere -flōruī ——

horrēscō, bristle up horrēscere -horruī ——

languēscō, get weak languēscere languī ——

latēscō, hide away latēscere -lituī ——

liquēscō, melt liquēscere (dē-licuī) ——

madēscō, get moist madēscere maduī ——

marcēscō, pine away marcēscere (ē-marcuī) ——

mātūrēscō, ripen mātūrēscere mātūruī ——

nigrēscō, get black nigrēscere nigruī ——

nōtēscō, get known nōtēscere nōtuī ——

ob-mūtēscō, get still ob-mūtēscere ob-mūtuī ——

ob-surdēscō, get deaf ob-surdēscere ob-surduī ——

oc-callēscō, get hard oc-callēscere oc-calluī ——

pallēscō, grow pale pallēscere palluī ——

pūtēscō, get soaked pūtēscere pūtuī ——

rigēscō, stiffen up rigēscere riguī ——

rubēscō, redden rubēscere rubuī ——

sānēscō, get well sānēscere -sānuī ——

senēscō, grow old senēscere -senuī ——

stupēscō, get dazed stupēscere (ob-stupuī) ——

Also op-stipēscō or ob-stipēscō, op-stipuī or ob-stipuī.

tābēscō, waste away tābēscere tābuī ——

tepēscō, get lukewarm tepēscere tepuī ——

-timēscō, get scared -timēscere -timuī ——

torpēscō, get numb torpēscere torpuī ——

tremēscō, quake tremēscere (con-tremuī) ——

Also in the present system, con-tremīscō, con-tremīscere, &c.

tumēscō, swell up tumēscere -tumuī ——

valēscō, get strong valēscere -valuī ——

vānēscō, wane vānēscere (ē-vānuī) ——

DEPONENTS IN -ī.

977. (1.) The following deponents in -ī have the perfect participle in -tus, except morior, which has -tuus:

978. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- .

fruor, enjoy fruī frūctus

loquor, speak loquī locūtus

queror, complain querī questus

sequor, follow sequī secūtus

979. (b.) With the present stem in a nasalized root followed by -o|e- .

fungor, get quit fungī fūnctus

980. (c.) With the present stem in -sco|e- .

apīscor, lay hold of apīscī aptus

Compounds have i and e for a: as, ad-ipīscor, ad-ipīscī, ad-eptus.

com-minīscor, devise com-minīscī com-mentus

ex-pergīscor, stretch myself, wake ex-pergīscī ex-per-rēctus

Perfect participle rarely ex-pergitus (Lucil., Lucr.).

nancīscor, get nancīscī nactus, nānctus

nāscor, am born nāscī nātus

ob-līvīscor, forget ob-līvīscī ob-lītus

pacīscor, bargain pacīscī pactus

Compounds: dē-pecīscor, dē-pecīscī, dē-pectus; com-pectus.

pro-ficīscor, start on pro-ficīscī pro-fectus

ulcīscor, avenge ulcīscī ultus

981. (d.) With the present stem in -io|e- .

morior, die morī mortuus

orior, rise orīrī ortus

potior, master potīrī potītus

For forms in -īrī of these three verbs, see . For potīrī, twice potī (Enn., Pac.).

982. (2.) The following deponents in -ī have the perfect participle in -sus :

983. (a.) With the present stem in -o|e- .

lābor, tumble down lābī lapsus

nītor, rest on nītī nīsus, nīxus

ūtor, use ūtī ūsus

984. (b.) With the present stem in -sco|e- .

dē-fetīscor, get tired out dē-fetīscī dē-fessus

985. (c.) With the present stem in -to|e- .

am-plector, hug round am-plectī am-plexus

com-plector, hug up com-plectī com-plexus

986. (d.) With the present stem in -io|e- .

gradior, step gradī gressus

patior, suffer patī passus

Compounds of these two verbs have e for a: as, ad-gredior, per-petior, per-pessus; for forms of -gredior in -īrī, see .

II. Denominative Verbs.

987. Most verbs in -āre, -ēre, and -īre (or in -ārī, -ērī, and -īrī), are denominatives.

988. Some primitives from vowel roots have the form of denominatives in the present system, or throughout; and some verbs with a denominative present system have the perfect and perfect participle formed directly from a root.

(1.) VERBS IN -āre.

(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.

989. (1.) The following verb in -āre has a reduplicated perfect stem :

stō, stand stāre stetī ——

For -stitī, see . The compound prae-stō has rarely the perfect participle prae-stātus (Brut., Plin.), and prae-stitus (Liv.).

990. (2.) The following verbs in -āre have a perfect stem consisting of a root which ends in -v- and has a long vowel , and the perfect participle in -tus:

iuvō, help iuvāre iūvī iūtus once

In the perfect system, iuverint, adiuverō, and adiuverit occur once each in Catull., Enn., Plaut., and Ter.; see . Perfect participle usual only in the compound ad-iūtus.

lavō, bathe lavāre lāvī lautus

Forms in -ere are very common in the present tense : lavis (Plaut., Hor.), lavit (Plaut., Lucr., Catull., Verg., Hor.), lavimus (Hor.), lavitur (Val. Fl.), lavitō (Cato), lavere often, lavī (Pomp.). Perfect participle often lōtus in writers of the empire; supine, lautum, lavātum.

(B.) PERFECT STEM IN -v- OR -u-.

PERFECT STEM IN -v-.

991. (1 a.) Two verbs in -āre have the perfect stem in -v- , and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus, both preceded by a long -ā- of the root:

flō, blow flāre flāvī flātus

nō, swim nāre nāvī ——

992. (1 b.) Most verbs in -āre have the perfect stem in -v- , and the perfect participle in -tus, both preceded by a form of the present stem in long -ā-: as,

laudō, praise laudāre laudāvī laudātus

līberō, free līberāre līberāvī līberātus

nōminō, name nōmināre nōmināvī nōminātus

spērō, hope spērāre spērāvī spērātus

PERFECT STEM IN -u-.

993. (2.) The following verbs in -āre have the perfect stem in -u , and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus; in some participles, -tus is preceded by a short i, thus, -itus :

crepō, rattle crepāre crepuī (in-crepitus)

Forms of the perfect system in -v- are: in-crepāvit (Plaut.), dis-crepāvit (Varr.), in-crepārit (Suet.).

cubō, lie cubāre cubuī ——

Forms of the perfect system in -v- are: ex-cubāverant (Caes.), cubāris (Prop.), in-cubāvēre (Plin.), cubāsse (Quintil.). Compound perfect participle in-cubitus (Plin.).

domō, tame domāre domuī domitus

ē-necō, murder ē-necāre ē-necuī ē-nectus

The simple verb has necāvī, necātus; twice necuit (Enn., Phaedr.). ē-necō sometimes has i for e in the present and perfect system; once ē-nicāvit, and once ē-nicāssō (Plaut.); perfect participle also ē-necātus (Plin.).

fricō, rub down fricāre fricuī frictus

Perfect participle also fricātus (Vitr.), cōn-fricātus (Varr., Plin.), dē-fricātus (Catull., Col., Plin.), īn-fricātus (Col., Plin.), per-fricātus (Vitr., Plin.).

micō, quiver micāre micuī ——

So the compounds; except dī-micō, dī-micāvī, dī-micātum; twice in pentameter verse dī-micuisse (Ov.).

-plicō, fold -plicāre -plicuī -plicitus

A few forms of the present system of the simple verb occur. In the perfect and perfect participle usually -plicāvī, -plicātus; but sometimes ap-plicuī (Cic. once, Tib., Ov., Liv., Sen., &c.); com-plicuī (Sen.), ex-plicuī (Verg., Hor., Liv., Sen., &c.), im-plicuī (Verg., Tib., Ov., Sen., &c.); ap-plicitus (Col., Quintil., Plin. Ep.), ex-plicitus (Caes., Sen., Plin. Ep.), im-plicitus (Plaut., Cic., Liv.); once re-plictus (Stat.).

secō, cut secāre secuī sectus

The compound with ex sometimes has i for e; once exicāveris (Cato).

sonō, sound sonāre sonuī ——

Also sonit, sonunt (Enn., Acc.), sonere (Acc., Lucr.); re-sonunt (Enn.). Perfect re-sonārint (Hor.), re-sonāvit (Man.), sonātūrus (Hor.).

tonō, thunder tonāre tonuī (at-tonitus)

Once tonimus (Varr.). Perfect participle once in-tonātus (Hor.).

vetō, forbid vetāre vetuī vetitus

In old Latin, votō, &c. . Perfect once vetāvit (Pers.).

DEPONENTS IN -ārī.

994. There are many deponents in -ārī, with the perfect participle in -ātus: as,

hortor, exhort hortārī hortātus

For the primitive fārī, speak, and compounds, see the dictionary.

(2.) VERBS IN -ēre.

(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.

995. (1.) The following verbs in -ēre have a reduplicated perfect stem , and the perfect participle, when used, in -sus :

mordeō, bite mordēre momordī morsus

The compound prae-mordeō has once prae-morsisset (Plaut.).

pendeō, am hung pendēre pependī ——

The compound prō-pendeō has the perfect participle prō-pēnsus.

spondeō, covenant spondēre spopondī spōnsus

For dē-spondī and re-spondī, see ; rarely dē-spopondī (Plaut.).

tondeō, shear tondēre -totondī, -tondī tōnsus

For dē-tondunt (Varr.), see . Perfect only in the compounds at-tondī and dē-tondī ; once dē-totonderat (Varr.), and perhaps dē-totondit (Enn.).

996. (2 a.) The following verbs in -ēre have a perfect stem consisting of a root which ends in -v- and has a long vowel , and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:

caveō, look out cavēre cāvī cautus

faveō, am friendly favēre fāvī ——

foveō, warm, cherish fovēre fōvī fōtus

moveō, move movēre mōvī mōtus

For short forms in the perfect system, particularly in compounds, see .

voveō, vow vovēre vōvī vōtus

997. (2 b.) Three verbs in -ēre have a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel , and the perfect participle in -sus :

sedeō, sit sedēre sēdī -sessus

Real compounds have i for e in the present system: as, ob-sideō, &c. Compounds with dis-, prae, and re- have no perfect participle.

strīdeō, grate strīdēre strīdī ——

Often with a present system in -ere .

videō, see vidēre vīdī vīsus

998. (3.) The following verbs in -ēre have a perfect stem ending in two consonants , and the perfect participle, when used, in -sus :

ferveō, boil fervēre fervī, ferbuī ——

Sometimes with forms in -ere in verse. The perfect system is rare.

prandeō, lunch prandēre prandī prānsus

(B.) PERFECT STEM IN -s-, OR IN -v- OR -u-.

PERFECT STEM IN -s-.

999. (1 a.) The following verbs in -ēre have the perfect stem in -s- , and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:

augeō, increase augēre auxī auctus

in-dulgeō, am kind in-dulgēre in-dulsī ——

lūceō, beam lūcēre lūxī ——

lūgeō, mourn lūgēre lūxī ——

torqueō, twist torquēre torsī tortus

1000. (1 b.) The following verbs in -ēre have the perfect stem in -s- , and the perfect participle, when used, in -sus :

algeō, feel cold algēre alsī ——

ardeō, blaze ardēre arsī ——

cō-nīveō, wink and blink cō-nīvēre cō-nīxī, cō-nīvī ——

The perfects cō-nīxī (Turp.), cō-nīvī (Crass.), occur once each.

fulgeō, flash fulgēre fulsī ——

Forms of the present in -ere occur in verse: fulgit (Pomp., Lucil., Lucr.), fulgere (Pac., Acc., Lucil., Lucr., Verg.); ef-fulgere (Verg., Claud.).

haereō, stick haerēre haesī ——

iubeō, order iubēre iussī iussus

In old Latin, IOVBEO, after IOVSI (IVSI); later iussī, iussus, after iubeō.

maneō, stay manēre mānsī mānsum

mulceō, stroke mulcēre mulsī mulsus adjective

Perfect participle per-mulsus rare (Cornif., Varr.).

mulgeō, milk mulgēre mulsī mulsus once

rīdeō, laugh rīdēre rīsī -rīsus

suādeō, advise suādēre suāsī suāsus

tergeō, wipe tergēre tersī tersus

For forms in -ere in the present, as tergit, &c. (Varr., Prop., Stat., Col.), see .

turgeō, am swelling turgēre tursī once ——

Of the perfect system, turserat (Enn.).

urgeō, push urgēre ursī ——

PERFECT STEM IN -v- OR -u-.

PERFECT STEM IN -v-.

1001. (1 a.) The following verbs in -ēre have the perfect stem in -v- , and the perfect participle in -tus, both preceded by a long -ē- of the root:

dē-leō, wipe out dē-lēre dē-lēvī dē-lētus

fleō, weep flēre flēvī flētus

neō, spin nēre nēvī ——

For neunt (Tib.), see .

-pleō, fill -plēre -plēvī -plētus

1002. (1 b.) The following verb in -ēre has the perfect stem in -v- , preceded by long -ī-, and the perfect participle in -tus, preceded by short -i- of the root:

cieō, set a going ciēre cīvī citus

Somewhat defective; also with a form in -īre . For the perfect participle of compounds, see .

1003. (1 c.) The following verb in -ēre has the perfect stem in -v- , and the perfect participle in -itus :

ab-oleō, destroy ab-olēre ab-olēvī ab-olitus

PERFECT STEM IN -u-.

1004. (2 a.) Most verbs in -ēre have the perfect stem in -u- , and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus, which is usually preceded by a short i : as,

doceō, teach docēre docuī doctus

habeō, have habēre habuī habitus

So also post-habeō; other compounds have i for a: as, pro-hibeō, pro-hibēre, pro-hibuī, pro-hibitus; twice contracted, prōbet, prōbeat (Lucr.). Compounds with dē and prae are regularly contracted, dēbeō, praebeō, &c.: but in Plautus once de-hibuistī, and regularly prae-hibeō, &c., throughout.

mereō, earn merēre meruī meritus

Often deponent : mereor, merērī, meritus.

misceō, mix miscēre miscuī mixtus, mistus

The present stem is an extension of the suffix -sco|e- ; -sc- of the present runs over into the perfect.

moneō, advise monēre monuī monitus

placeō, am pleasing placēre placuī placitus

So the compounds com-placeō and per-placeō; dis-pliceō has i for a throughout.

taceō, hold my tongue tacēre tacuī tacitus adjective

The compound re-ticeō has i for a and no perfect participle.

teneō, hold tenēre tenuī -tentus

Compounds have i for e in the present and perfect: as, dē-tineō, dē-tinuī, dē-tentus.

terreō, scare terrēre terruī territus

torreō, roast torrēre torruī tostus

1005. (2 b.) The following verb in -ēre has the perfect stem in -u- , and the perfect participle in -sus :

cēnseō, count, rate cēnsēre cēnsuī cēnsus

1006. (3.) The following verbs in -ēre have the perfect stem in -u- , and no perfect participle :

arceō, check arcēre arcuī ——

The compounds co-erceō and ex-erceō have e for a, and perfect participles co-ercitus and ex-ercitus.

caleō, am warm calēre caluī ——

candeō, glow white candēre canduī ——

careō, have not carēre caruī ——

doleō, ache dolēre doluī ——

egeō, need egēre eguī ——

The compound ind-igeō, ind-igēre, ind-iguī, ——, has i for e.

ē-mineō, stick out ē-minēre ē-minuī ——

flōreō, bloom flōrēre flōruī ——

horreō, bristle up horrēre horruī ——

iaceō, lie iacēre iacuī ——

lateō, lie hid latēre latuī ——

liceō, am rated licēre licuī ——

liqueō, am melted liquēre licuī ——

madeō, am soaked madēre maduī ——

niteō, shine nitēre nituī ——

noceō, am hurtful nocēre nocuī ——

oleō, smell olēre oluī ——

For forms in -ere in the present system, see .

palleō, look pale pallēre palluī ——

pāreō, wait on, am obedient pārēre pāruī ——

pateō, am open patēre patuī ——

rigeō, am stiff rigēre riguī ——

sileō, am silent silēre siluī ——

sorbeō, suck up sorbēre sorbuī ——

The perfect system of the simple verb is rare: sorbuit, sorbuerint (Plin.); also sorpsit (Val. Max.); ab-sorbeō and ex-sorbeō have -sorbuī; but ab-sorpsī (Plin., Luc., Macr.), ex-sorpsī (Sen.).

studeō, am eager studēre studuī ——

stupeō, am dazed stupēre stupuī ——

timeō, fear timēre timuī ——

valeō, am strong valēre valuī ——

vigeō, feel strong vigēre viguī ——

1007. For audeō, gaudeō, and soleō, see ; for lubet or libet, licet, miseret, oportet, paenitet, piget, pudet, taedet, see and .

DEPONENTS IN -ērī.

1008. (1 a.) The following deponent in -ērī has the perfect participle in -tus:

reor, reckon, think rērī ratus

1009. (1 b.) The following deponents in -ērī have the perfect participle in -tus, which is preceded by a short i :

liceor, bid licērī licitus

misereor, pity miserērī miseritus

Perfect participle also misertus (Val. Max., Sen., Curt.). Active forms are: miserēte, miserērent (Enn.), misereās (Ter.), miseret (Lucr.), miserent (Val. Fl.). Passive forms are sometimes used impersonally : as, miserētur, &c.

tueor, look to, protect tuērī tuitus late

Forms in -ī also occur in verse . As perfect participle, generally tūtātus.

vereor, am awed at verērī veritus

1010. (2.) One deponent in -ērī has the perfect participle in -sus :

fateor, confess fatērī fassus

Compounds have i and e for a: as, cōn-fiteor, cōn-fessus.

(3.) VERBS IN -īre.

(A.) PERFECT STEM WITHOUT A SUFFIX.

1011. (1 a.) The following verb in -īre has a reduplicated perfect stem , and the perfect participle in -tus:

re-periō, find re-perīre re-pperī re-pertus

1012. (1 b.) The following verb in -īre has no reduplication in the perfect stem, and the perfect participle in -tus:

com-periō, find out com-perīre com-perī com-pertus

As deponent: com-periar (Ter.), com-perior (Sall., Tac.).

1013. (2.) The following verb in -īre has a perfect stem consisting of a consonant root with a long vowel , and the perfect participle in -tus:

veniō, come venīre vēnī ventum, -ventus

For ē-venunt, ē-venat, ē-venant, ad-venat, per-venat, see .

(B.) PERFECT STEM IN -s-, OR IN -v- OR -u-.

PERFECT STEM IN -s-.

1014. (1.) The following verbs in -īre have the perfect stem in -s- , and the perfect participle in -tus:

farciō, stuff farcīre farsī fartus

Compounds have usually e for a throughout.

fulciō, prop fulcīre fulsī fultus

hauriō, drain haurīre hausī haustus

A perfect subjunctive haurierint is quoted from Varro .

saepiō, hedge in saepīre saepsī saeptus

sanciō, hallow sancīre sānxī sānctus adjective

Perfect participle rarely sancītus (Lucr., Liv.). A pluperfect sancierat is quoted from Pomponius Secundus .

sarciō, patch sarcīre sarsī sartus

vinciō, bind vincīre vīnxī vīnctus

1015. (2.) The following verb in -īre has the perfect stem in -s- , and the perfect participle in -sus :

sentiō, feel sentīre sēnsī sēnsus

The compound with ad is generally deponent .

PERFECT STEM IN -v-.

1016. (1 a.) The following verb in -īre has the perfect stem in -v- , and the perfect participle in -tus, both preceded by a long ī of the root:

sciō, know scīre scīvī scītus

1017. (1 b.) The following verb in -īre has the perfect stem in -v- , and the perfect participle in -tus:

sepeliō, bury sepelīre sepelīvī sepultus

1018. (1 c.) Most verbs in -īre have the perfect stem in -v- , and the perfect participle in -tus, both preceded by a form of the present stem in long -ī-: as,

audiō, hear audīre audīvī audītus

PERFECT STEM IN -u-.

1019. (2.) The following verbs in -īre have the perfect stem in -u- , and the perfect participle, when used, in -tus:

am-iciō, don am-icīre am-icuī am-ictus

Perfect rare: once am-icuī (Brut.), once am-ixī (Varr.).

ap-eriō, open ap-erīre ap-eruī ap-ertus

op-eriō, cover over op-erīre op-eruī op-ertus

saliō, leap salīre saluī ——

Compounds have i for a throughout: as, īn-siliō. A perfect system in -v- (, ), as ex-silīvī, occurs in late writers (Col., Sen., Plin., &c.).

DEPONENTS IN -īrī.

1020. (1 a.) The following deponents in -īrī have the perfect participle in -tus:

ex-perior, try ex-perīrī ex-pertus

op-perior, wait for op-perīrī op-pertus

Perfect participle once op-perītus (Plaut.).

1021. (1 b.) The following deponents in -īrī have the perfect participle in -ītus:

blandior, am agreeable blandīrī blandītus

largior, shower largīrī largītus

mentior, tell lies mentīrī mentītus

mōlior, work hard mōlīrī mōlītus

partior, share partīrī partītus

sortior, draw lots sortīrī sortītus

1022. (2.) The following deponents in -īrī have the perfect participle in -sus :

mētior, measure mētīrī mēnsus

ōrdior, begin ōrdīrī ōrsus