← A Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges

Chapter 17

C

Caesura, 2542-2544;

hiatus in, 2477;

masculine and feminine, 2557;

after the third trochee, 2558.

Calling,

verbs of, with two accusatives, 1167;

with indef. subj., 1033.

Can,

verbs meaning, with infin., 2169.

Capability,

suffixes denoting, , 292-294.

Capable,

adjs. meaning, with gerundive construction or gerund, 2252.

Cardinal numerals,

decl. of, 637-642, ;

list of, 2404, 2405;

some forms of, 2415-2418;

in dates, 2419;

in combination with singulī, 2420.

Case,

endings, function of, ;

endings, lacking in prons., ;

the cases, defined, , ;

oblique cases, defined, ;

nouns, defective in, see Defective;

rules for formation of the cases of nouns, general, 422-428;

in -ā- stems, 436-443;

in -o- stems, 452-465;

in cons. stems, 495-507;

in -i- stems, 540-564;

in -u- stems, 590-595;

in -ē- stems, 602-607;

principal and secondary cases, 1111, 1112;

see Agreement, Nominative, &c., Prepositions.

Catalectic verse,

defined, 2537;

in syllabam, &c., 2539.

Catalexis, 2537.

Catullus,

lyric strophes of, 2738.

Causal,

sentences, defined, 1716;

mood in, 1721;

subjv. of ind. disc. and attraction in, 1722, 2319;

tense of, after secondary, 1756;

words, use of, 2133, 2154-2158;

see Cause.

Causative,

verbs, ;

use of verb, 2304.

Cause,

gen. of, 1232-1238;

abl. of, 1316-1319;

expressed by abl. abs., 1317, 1367;

coordinated member denoting, 1703;

rel. sentences of, 1824-1830;

expressed by sentence with quod, quia, 1838-1858;

expressed by sentence with cum, 1859, 1874-1880;

expressed by sentence with quoniam, 1882, 1884;

expressed by sentence with postquam, ubī̆, ut, &c., 1926, 1930;

expressed by sentence with dum, 1998;

expressed by sentence with quandō, quandōque, 2010, 2013, 2014;

expressed by abl. of gerundive construction or gerund, 2266;

expressed by partic., 2295, 1317;

otherwise expressed, 1317.

Cease,

verbs meaning, with infin., 2169.

Change,

in characters of alphabet, , , , ;

in sound of vowels, 95-145;

in sound of diphthongs, 95-101;

in sound of consonants, 146-174;

see Substitution, Development, Disappearance, Assimilation, Dissimilation, Interchange, Lengthening, Shortening, Weakening, Hiatus, Contraction, Elision, Affinities.

Characteristic,

rel. sentences of, 1818-1823.

Charge,

gen. of, 1280-1282.

Choliambus, 2597-2600.

Choosing,

verbs of, with two accusatives, 1167;

with pred. abl., 1363.

Choriambic rhythms, 2707.

Choriambus, 2521.

Circumflex accent, 174-177.

Circumstances,

expressed by abl. abs., 1362, 1365;

by abl. of gerundive construction or gerund, 2266.

Cities,

see Towns.

Claudus,

trochaic tetrameter, 2639-2641.

Clause,

defined, 1055;

subst. in apposition to, 1081;

see Sentence, Subordinate.

Clausula, 2536.

Climax,

asyndeton in, 1639;

introduced by vērō, 1684.

Cognate,

see Kindred.

Coincident action,

defined, 1733;

introduced by quī, 1826;

introduced by quod, quia, 1850;

introduced by cum, 1864, 1874;

introduced by dum, 1998.

Collectives,

defined, ;

suffixes forming, , ;

with sing. and plur. verb, 1071, 1080;

with plur. subst., 1080;

words denoting person used as, 1099;

used in abl. with ab, 1477.

Colon, 2532.

Combination,

of sentences, 1055;

of substs. by a prep., 1426-1428;

of different copulatives, 1662-1666.

Command,

acc. in, 1150;

intimated by question, 1531;

expressed by subjv., 1547-1552;

expressed by imper., 1571-1586;

accompanied by voc. or voc. nom., 1571;

expressed by fut., 1624;

introduced by proinde, proin, 2157;

verbs of, case with, 1181-1185;

subjv. coordinated with verbs of, 1708;

verbs of, with purpose clause, 1950;

verbs of, with acc. and infin., 2200-2202.

Common,

names, defined, ;

quantity, definition and sign of, ;

gender, nouns of, .

Comparative,

of adjectives, diminutive formed from stem of, ;

formed from stems and roots, ;

stem of, , ;

suffixes of, 346-348;

doubled suffix of, ;

lacking, , ;

formed by magis, ;

declension and case forms of, 621-623, , , ;

used as adverbs, ;

of adverbs, ending of, , , ;

lacking, .

Use of, 1455-1464;

general function of, 1455;

used in comparison of adjs. and advs., 1457, 1458;

combined with a positive, 1458;

modified by abl. of difference, 1393, 1459;

modified by acc., 1398;

expressing disproportion, 1460, 1461;

in neg. sentence, for superl., 1462;

emphasized by magis, 1463;

modified by aequē, 1463;

with abl., for positive, 1464;

strengthening a superl., 1468;

agreeing with a rel., 1810;

followed by quam, quam ut, quam quī, 1896;

quō of purpose with, 1974;

followed by quasi, 2122;

followed by abl. of gerundive construction, 2268;

double, with quam . . . tam, 1893;

with quantō . . . tantō, 1973.

Sentence, defined, 1716;

with ut, coordinated member equivalent to, 1704;

quisquam and ūllus in, 2402;

period of equality, tam . . . quam, &c. in, 1889, 1895;

of inequality, 1894;

with quō and eō, 1973.

Comparison,

of adjs., 342-360;

in -ior, issimus, ;

of adjs. in -ilis, , ;

of adjs. in -er, ;

with superl. in -rimus, , ;

with superl. in -limus, , ;

with superl. in -timus, ;

with superl. in -mus or -imus, ;

with compar. in -erī or -er, , ;

with compar. and superl. from different forms of same stem or from different stems, 353-355;

without positive, , ;

without compar., ;

without superl., ;

with magis and maximē, ;

not admitted, .

Of adverbs, 361-364;

with superl. in -ēd, ;

with superl. in -ō or -um, ;

without positive, ;

without compar., ;

without superl., .

Of participles, 2284.

Use of degrees of, 1454-1468, see Positive, Comparative, Superlative.

Ablative of, 1320-1330;

atque, et in, 1653, 1654;

periods of, with quam, 1888-1898;

with tamquam, 1908-1910;

conditional periods of, 2117-2122.

Compensation, .

Complement,

the essential, defined, 1177;

the essential, uses of, 1180-1204;

the optional, defined, 1178;

the optional, uses of, 1205-1218;

see Dative.

Complementary,

dat., see Dative;

final clauses, 1948-1960;

consecutive clauses, 1948, 1965-1969;

infin., 2168-2171, 2223-2225, 1953.

Completed,

action, tenses of, 1603, 1605, 1614, 1626, 2218.

Complex,

sentence, defined, 1058;

varieties of, 1058-1061;

treated, 1714-2122, see Sentence.

Composition,

treated, 376-396;

of nouns, 379-390;

real compounds, 379-385;

apparent compounds, 386-390;

of verbs, 391-396;

real compounds, , , ;

apparent compounds, 393-396, ;

verb with verb, ;

subst. with verb, ;

adv. with verb, ;

of partic., 2284.

Compound,

words, defined, ;

containing mute or f followed by l or r, ;

direct, defined, ;

indirect, defined, ;

real, defined, ;

apparent, defined, ;

determinative, defined, 382-384;

objective, defined, ;

possess., defined, ;

compound formative suffixes, defined, ;

compound verbs, with stem differing from simple, 821-823;

perf. of, ;

reduplication in, , ;

forms of, 922-1020;

cases with, 1137, 1138, 1187, 1191, 1194-1199, 1209;

formation of, 1402-1409;

compound sentence, defined, 1056;

abridged, 1057;

treated, 1636-1713;

see Sentence, Composition.

Compounds,

of dīc, dūc, accent of, ;

of roots fac-, ag-, cap-, ;

of faciō, accent of, ;

of faciō, form of, ;

in -cola and -gena, gen. plur. of, ;

in -fer and -ger, decl. of, , ;

of dō, , ;

of eō, 763-767;

of edō, ;

in -fīō and -ficior, ;

of dūcō, imper. of, ;

of ne, 1444, 1445;

changes within, .

Conative,

use of verb, 2301-2303.

Conceivable,

action, subjv. of, in main sentence, 1554-1562;

in subordinate sentence, 1731;

tense of, in subordinate sentence, 1753;

in rel. characteristic or result sentences, 1818;

in quam sentences, 1888, 1896;

in quamquam sentences, 1901;

in sentences of result with ut, 1947;

in sentences of purpose with ut, 1962;

with dum, dōnec, quoad, quamdiū, 1994;

in sentences with quandō, 2010.

Concession,

expressed by abl. abs., 1367;

expressed by subjv. of desire, 1553;

expressed by imper., 1571;

expressed by fut., 1620;

coordinated member equivalent to clause of, 1702, 1710;

rel. sentences of, 1824-1830;

expressed by sentence with quod, 1843;

expressed by sentence with quamquam, 1900;

expressed by sentence with quamvīs, 1904;

expressed by sentence with quamlibet, 1907;

expressed by sentence with ut, nē, 1963;

expressed by sentence with etsī, tametsī, &c., 2116;

expressed by partic., 2295;

ille (quidem), hīc, is, iste in, 2361.

Concessive,

sentences, defined, 1716;

tense of, after secondary, 1756;

cum, 1876-1880;

ut . . . ita, sīc, 1938;

protases, 2116;

conjunctions and advs., use of, 2133, 2150-2153.

Conclusion,

introduced by ergō, itaque, igitur, 2158;

see Conditional.

Concrete,

substs., defined, .

Condemning,

verbs of, with gen., 1280-1282;

with abl., 1280-1282;

with quod, 1852.

Conditional,

sentences, defined, 1716;

subjv. of ind. disc. and attraction in, 1722;

subjv. of repeated action in, 1730;

wish in form of, with sī, ō sī, 1546;

unchanged after primary tense, 1753;

with sī, sī fōrte, for indirect question, 1777;

rel. sentences equivalent to, 1812;

cum sentences equivalent to, 1859;

expressed by ut, nē . . . sīc, proviso, 1964.

Periods, 2016-2021;

development of, 2016;

words introducing prot., 2019-2021;

classes of, 2022-2024.

Indeterminate protases, 2025-2090;

indic. use, 2025-2071.

Present indicative in prot., 2026-2033;

with apod. in pres. indic., 2026;

with apod. in perf. indic., 2027;

with apod. in impf. indic., 2028;

with apod. in plup. indic., 2029;

with apod. in fut., 2030;

with apod. in fut. perf., 2031;

with apod. in imper., 2032;

with apod. in pres. subjv., 2033.

Perfect indicative in prot., 2034-2041;

with apod. in pres. indic., 2034;

with apod. in perf. indic., 2035;

with apod. in plup. indic., 2036;

with apod. in fut., 2037;

with apod. in imper., 2038;

with apod. in pres. subjv., 2039;

with apod. in impf. subjv., 2040;

with apod. in plup. subjv., 2041.

Imperfect indicative in prot., 2042-2047;

with apod. in pres. indic., 2042;

with apod. in perf. indic., 2043;

with apod. in impf. indic., 2044;

with apod. in fut., 2045;

with apod. in pres. subjv., 2046;

with apod. in impf. subjv., 2047.

Pluperfect indicative in prot., 2048-2051;

with apod. in pres. indic., 2048;

with apod. in perf. indic., 2049;

with apod. in impf. indic., 2050;

with apod. in impf. subjv., 2051.

Future in prot., 2052-2058;

with apod. in pres. indic., 2052;

with apod. in perf. indic., 2053;

with apod. in fut., 2054;

with apod. in fut. perf., 2055;

with apod. in imper., 2056;

with apod. in pres. subjv., 2057;

with apod. in perf. subjv., 2058.

Future perfect in prot., 2059-2064;

with apod. in pres. indic., 2059;

with apod. in perf. indic., 2060;

with apod. in fut., 2061;

with apod. in fut. perf., 2062;

with apod. in imper., 2063;

with apod. in pres. subjv., 2064.

General, 2034, 2035, 2044, 2050, 2054, 2069-2071;

special uses, 2065-2067;

nōn, sī ... 2067;

with mīror, mīrum est, 2068;

use of subjv. for indic., 2069-2071.

Indeterminate protases, subjv. use, 2072-2090;

indic. for subjv. in expressions of ability, duty, &c., 2074;

non-occurrent action viewed as occurrent, 2075.

Prot. in pres. subjv., 2076-2083;

prot. in perf. subjv., 2084-2088;

apod. in pres. subjv., 2076, 2084;

apod. in perf. subjv., 2077, 2085;

apod. in pres. indic., 2078;

apod. in fut., 2079, 2086;

apod. in fut. perf., 2080;

apod. in periphrastic, 2081, 2087;

apod. in impf. subjv., 2082, 2088;

apod. in plup. subjv., 2083;

conversion to past time, 2089;

periods of exemplification, 2054, 2090.

Protases of action non-occurrent, 2024, 2091-2108;

force of tenses, 2091-2093;

prot. in impf. subjv., 2094-2097;

prot. in plup. subjv., 2096, 2098-2107;

periphrastic prot., 2108;

apod. in impf. subjv., 2094, 2097, 2108;

apod. in plup. subjv., 2095, 2098, 2108;

apod. in pres. subjv., 2098;

periphrastic apod., 2096, 2100;

apod. in impf. indic., 2101, 2102, 2104, 2106;

apod. in perf. indic., 2101, 2103-2105;

apod. in plup. indic., 2104, 2107.

Variation of prot., 2109-2111;

variation of apod., 2112-2115;

forms which apod. may take, 2018;

coordinated member equivalent to prot., 1574, 1701;

imper. as prot., 1574;

prot. expressed by abl. abs., 2295;

prot. expressed by partic., 2295;

conditional comparisons, 2117-2122;

protases in ind. disc., 2326-2329;

apodoses in ind. disc., 2330-2334;

sentence, quisquam and ūllus in, 2402.

Conjugation,

defined, ;

of sum, 744-750;

of possum, , 751-753;

of dō, , 754-757;

of bibō, serō, sistō, , ;

of inquam, 759-761;

of eō, , 762-767;

of queō, nequeō, , ;

of edō, 769-771;

of volō, 772-774;

of nōlō, , 775-777;

of mālō, , , ;

of ferō, , , ;

of verbs in -ere (third conjug.), 782-784;

of aiō, 785-787;

of fīō, , 788-790;

of verbs in -iō, -ere, 784-791;

of verbs in -āre (first conjug.), , ;

of verbs in -ēre (sec. conjug.), , ;

of verbs in -īre (fourth conjug.), , ;

of deponent verbs, 798-801;

of periphrastic forms, 802-804;

see Stems, Person, Formation.

Conjunctional,

see Conjunctive.

Conjunctions,

defined, ;

origin of, ;

copulative, use of, 1644-1661, 1687-1692, 1881, 2133-2149;

combination of different, 1662-1666;

disjunctive, use of, 1667-1675, 2133-2149;

adversative, use of, 1676-1686, 2133, 2150-2153;

postpositive, 1676;

quamquam as, 1899, 1900;

quamvīs as, 1904, 1905;

quī, 1976;

concessive, use of, 2133, 2150-2153;

causal and illative, use of, 2133, 2154-2158;

affirmative coordination, 2159;

see Connectives.

Conjunctive,

particle sentences, 1838-2122;

introduced by quod, quia, 1838-1858;

by nōn quod, nōn quō, &c., 1855;

by cum, 1859-1881;

by quoniam, 1882-1884;

by quotiēns, quotiēnscumque, 1885-1887;

by quam, 1888-1898;

by quantus, ut, 1892;

by quamquam, 1899-1902;

by quamvīs, 1903-1906;

by quamlibet, 1907;

by tamquam, 1908-1910;

by quemadmodum, 1908;

by antequam, priusquam, 1911-1921;

by prīdiē quam, postrīdiē quam, 1922;

by postquam, ubī̆, ut, cum prīmum, 1923-1934;

by utī, ut, nē, 1935-1970;

by ubī̆, 1971;

by quō, quī, 1972-1976;

by quantō, 1973;

by quōminus, 1977, 1978;

by quō sētius, 1979;

by quīn, 1980-1990;

by dum, dōnec, quoad, quamdiū, 1991-2009;

by modo, 2003;

by quandō, quandōque, 2010-2014;

by sī, nisi, &c., 2015-2115;

by etsī, tametsī, tamenetsī, etiamsī, sī, 2116;

by quasi, quam sī, tamquam sī, &c., 2117-2122;

particle sentences, in ind. disc., 2315, 2317, 2319.

Connection,

of the parts of sentence, 1636-1692;

of sentences or periods, 2123-2159;

relationship, &c., words of, with gen., 1203.

Connectives,

compound sentence without, 1636-1642;

separate sentences or periods without, 2124-2127;

relatives as, 2131;

demonstrative and determinative words as, 2129, 2130;

concessive words as, 2150-2153;

disjunctive words as, 1667-1675, 2134-2149;

copulative words as, 1644-1661, 2134-2149;

adversative words as, 1676-1686, 2150-2153;

other words than conjunctions as, 1687-1692;

causal words as, 2154-2158;

illative words as, 2154-2158;

affirmative coordination, 2159.

Consecutive,

sentences, defined, 1716;

tense of, after secondary, 1757-1759;

complementary, 1948, 1965-1969;

pure, 1948, 1970.

Consonants,

cons. and vowel i and u, 22-28;

x a double cons., how sounded, ;

x makes long syllable, ;

doubled cons., how written and how pronounced, ;

doubled, never ends a word, ;

doubled, makes long syllable, ;

pronunciation of, 53-72;

classification of the consonants, 73-79;

consonant changes, 146-174, see Substitution, Development, Disappearance, Assimilation, Dissimilation, Interchange;

mute or f followed by l or r, how affecting preceding short vowel, ;

cons. roots, defined, ;

cons. stems of substs., decl. of, 467-512, see Declension;

cons. stems of substs., general rules of gender of, 570-584;

cons. stems of adjs., decl. of, 621-626, 467-512.