Preface

The plan of arrangement used in this book has in view a combination of the recitation and lecture systems, and affords an opportunity for teachers to apply the best principles of both. The paragraph headings should be thoroughly fixed in mind and close attention should be given to the words in heavy type and Italics that occur in the body of a paragraph; together they form a convenient outline for the lesson. The questions at the end of each lesson are to be used to test the pupils’ mastery of the lesson material; all available works of reference should be consulted for fuller information than the limited space of one book will admit of, each member of the class preparing one or more abstracts to be read before the class. The review outlines and suggestions are to be used in the same way, special attention being given to written answers such as would be required in an examination.

With a view of furnishing the reader a considerable amount of material on the growth of music as an art, biographical sketches have been made short, especially since so many excellent works of that description are available at a small price. Emphasis has been laid on the work of the men who developed music, on the influences which shaped their careers and the permanent value of their contributions to music. A clear knowledge of how music reached its present state is not to be had by studying books, biographical and critical; the works of the composers must be examined, played and sung, compared, analyzed as to methods of construction (Form) and expression (Melody, Harmony and Rhythm), so that the student may appreciate the change from simple, elementary processes to the free, polyphonic style found in the complex modern piano and orchestral scores. Reference is made to representative compositions by classical and modern composers, which are part of the average teaching repertoire. The works of the earlier composers are not, however, readily accessible, although good examples of the style of the 16th and 17th centuries are in the cheap editions of Peters, Litolff, Augener, Breitkopf and Härtel, and Ricordi.

The plan of this book provides for two lessons a week for thirty weeks. This will occupy a school year and allow time for quizzes, reviews and examinations. If more time is available, the work may be divided into four, five or six terms and stress laid on the study of representative compositions, the preparation of short papers on the suggested topics, adding, as a feature to interest friends and music lovers generally, public programs including music.

Musical clubs will find in this book material for several years’ programs, special attention having been given to the lessons on modern composers and their music, the suggestions as to class-work applying with equal force to the study classes of clubs. The individual reader should follow out the suggested historical and biographical parallels which help so strongly to fix in the mind the periods in which composers lived.

Lessons III to VI were prepared by Dr. H. A. Clarke, of the University of Pennsylvania; Lessons VIII to XIV by Mr. Arthur L. Judson, of Denison University; Lessons XV and XVI by Mr. Preston Ware Orem, Mus. Bac., of Philadelphia; Lessons XVII to XIX, XXI to XXIII, XXXVII to XL by Mr. Frederic S. Law, of Philadelphia; Lessons XXV to XXXIII by Mr. Clarence G. Hamilton, A. M., of Wellesley College; Lessons XLI to XLVIII by Mr. Edward Burlingame Hill, A. B., of Boston; Lessons L to LVI by Mr. Arthur Elson, of Boston.

W. J. B.

November 1, 1905.

September 1, 1906.

CONTENTS.

Preface v

Introduction

Lesson I. Music of the Chinese, Japanese and Hindoos

Lesson II. Music of the Babylonians, Egyptians and Hebrews

Lesson III. Music of the Greeks: Scales

Lesson IV. Music of the Greeks (Concluded)

Lesson V. Ecclesiastical System

Lesson VI. Notation

Lesson VII. Music Outside the Church

Lesson VIII. The Causes of Polyphonic Development

and the Importance of the Polyphonic Era

Lesson IX. The Paris School

Lesson X. The Gallo-Belgic School

Lesson XI. The English School

Lesson XII. The School of the Netherlands

Lesson XIII. The Italian School

Lesson XIV. Palestrina and His Influence on the

Music of the Italian School. The Madrigal

Lesson XV. Musical Instruments

Lesson XVI. The Organ, Organ Playing and Organ Music

Lesson XVII. The Beginning of the Opera

Lesson XVIII. The Oratorio. Development of the Opera

Lesson XIX. Alessandro Scarlatti and the Neapolitan School

Lesson XX. Singing and Singers

Lesson XXI. Opera in France and England

Lesson XXII. The Opera in Germany. Handel and Gluck

Lesson XXIII. Mozart to Rossini

Lesson XXIV. The Oratorio

Lesson XXV. The Evolution of the Pianoforte

Lesson XXVI. The Early Italian Clavier Composers

Lesson XXVII. The Early English and French Clavier Schools

Lesson XXVIII. The German Polyphonic Clavier Schools

Lesson XXIX. The German Sonata Composers to Haydn

Lesson XXX. Franz Joseph Haydn

Lesson XXXI. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Lesson XXXII. Ludwig van Beethoven

Lesson XXXIII. Beethoven and the Sonata

Lesson XXXIV. The Violin and its Makers

Lesson XXXV. Violin Playing and Violin Music

Lesson XXXVI. The Orchestra and Absolute Music

Lesson XXXVII. The Romantic Opera. Weber, Spohr, Marschner

Lesson XXXVIII. The French School of the 19th Century

Lesson XXXIX. The Italian School of the 19th Century

Lesson XL. Richard Wagner’s Music Dramas. Other Schools

Lesson XLI. Piano Playing and Composition: Clementi to Field

Lesson XLII. Franz Peter Schubert

Lesson XLIII. Weber. Mendelssohn

Lesson XLIV. Robert Schumann

Lesson XLV. Frederic Chopin

Lesson XLVI. Franz Liszt

Lesson XLVII. Pianists and Teachers Since Liszt. I

Lesson XLVIII. Pianists and Teachers Since Liszt. II

Lesson XLIX. The Art Song. Oratorio after Mendelssohn

Lesson L. The Symphonic Poem in Germany

Lesson LI. German Opera Since Wagner

Lesson LII. Old and New Schools in France

Lesson LIII. Musical Regeneration in Italy

Lesson LIV. England and the Netherlands

Lesson LV. National Schools: Bohemia and Scandinavia

Lesson LVI. The Russian School

Lesson LVII. Music in the United States

Lesson LVIII. American Composers:

Works in Large Instrumental Forms

Lesson LIX. American Composers: Vocal Forms;

Piano and Organ.—Musical Literature

Lesson LX. Musical Education

Index