volume of sound, etc., by forcing a stream of air upon the strings. Moore. — Æolian harp, Æolian lyre, a musical instrument consisting of a box, on or in which are stretched strings, on which the wind (part 4)

Defn: A South American bird, of the genus Pleroglossius, allied to the toucans. There are several species.

ARACE
A*race", v. t. Etym: [OE. aracen, arasen, OF. arachier, esracier, F.
arracher, fr. L. exradicare, eradicare. The prefix a- is perh. due to
L. ab. See Eradicate.]

Defn: To tear up by the roots; to draw away. [Obs.] Wyatt.

ARACEOUS
A*ra"ceous, a. Etym: [L. arum a genus of plants, fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to an order of plants, of which the genus Arum is the type.

ARACHNID
A*rach"nid, n.

Defn: An arachnidan. Huxley.

ARACHNIDA
A*rach"ni*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the classes of Arthropoda. See Illustration in Appendix.

Note: They have four pairs of legs, no antennæ nor wings, a pair of mandibles, and one pair of maxillæ or palpi. The head is usually consolidated with the thorax. The respiration is either by trancheæ or by pulmonary sacs, or by both. The class includes three principal orders: Araneina, or spiders; Arthrogastra, including scorpions, etc.; and Acarina, or mites and ticks.

ARACHNIDAN
A*rach"ni*dan, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Arachnida.

ARACHNIDIAL Ar`ach*nid"i*al, a. (Zoöl.) (a) Of or pertaining to the Arachnida. (b) Pertaining to the arachnidium.

ARACHNIDIUM
Ar`ach*nid"i*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Arachnida.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The glandular organ in which the material for the web of spiders is secreted.

ARACHNITIS
Ar`ach*ni"tis, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.)

Defn: Inflammation of the arachnoid membrane.

ARACHNOID
A*rach"noid, a. Etym: [Gr.

1. Resembling a spider's web; cobweblike.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining to a thin membrane of the brain and spinal cord, between the dura mater and pia mater.

3. (Bot.)

Defn: Covered with, or composed of, soft, loose hairs or fibers, so as to resemble a cobweb; cobwebby.

ARACHNOID
A*rach"noid, n.

1. (Anat.)

Defn: The arachnoid membrane.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Arachnoidea.

ARACHNOIDAL
Ar`ach*noid"al, a. (Anat.)

Defn: Pertaining to the arachnoid membrane; arachnoid.

ARACHNOIDEA
Ar`ach*noid"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Same as Arachnida.

ARACHNOLOGICAL
A*rach`no*log"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to arachnology.

ARACHNOLOGIST
Ar`ach*nol"o*gist, n.

Defn: One who is versed in, or studies, arachnology.

ARACHNOLOGY
Ar`ach*nol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.]

Defn: The department of zoölogy which treats of spiders and other
Arachnida.

ARAEOMETER
A`ræ*om"e*ter.

Defn: See Areometer.

ARAEOSTYLE
A*ræ"o*style, a. & n. Etym: [L. araeostylos, Gr. (Arch.)

Defn: See Intercolumniation.

ARAEOSYSTYLE
A*ræ`o*sys"tyle, a. & n. Etym: [Gr. Systyle.] (Arch.)

Defn: See Intercolumniation.

ARAGONESE
Ar`a*go*nese, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Aragon, in Spain, or to its inhabitants.
— n. sing. & pl.

Defn: A native or natives of Aragon, in Spain.

ARAGONITE
A*rag"o*nite, n. Etym: [From Aragon, in Spain.] (Min.)

Defn: A mineral identical in composition with calcite or carbonate of lime, but differing from it in its crystalline form and some of its physical characters.

ARAGUATO
A`ra*gua"to, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A South American monkey, the ursine howler (Mycetes ursinus).
See Howler, n., 2.

ARAISE
A*raise"", v. t.

Defn: To raise. [Obs.] Shak.

ARAK
Ar"ak, n.

Defn: Same as Arrack.

ARAMAEAN; ARAMEAN
Ar`a*mæan, Ar`a*me"an, a. Etym: [L. Aramaeus, Gr. Aram, i. e.
Highland, a name given to Syria and Mesopotamia.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Syrians and Chaldeans, or to their language; Aramaic. — n.

Defn: A native of Aram.

ARAMAIC
Ar`a*ma"ic, a. Etym: [See Aramæan, a.]

Defn: Pertaining to Aram, or to the territory, inhabitants, language, or literature of Syria and Mesopotamia; Aramæan; — specifically applied to the northern branch of the Semitic family of languages, including Syriac and Chaldee. — n.

Defn: The Aramaic language.

ARAMAISM
Ar`a*ma"ism, n.

Defn: An idiom of the Aramaic.

ARANEIDA; ARANEOIDEA
Ar`a*ne"i*da, Ar`a*ne*oid"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Araneina.

ARANEIDAN
Ar`a*ne"i*dan, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Araneina or spiders.
— n.

Defn: One of the Araneina; a spider.

ARANEIFORM
Ar`a*ne"i*form a. Etym: [L. aranea spider + -form.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having the form of a spider. Kirby.

ARANEINA
A*ra`ne*i"na, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. L. aranea spider.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The order of Arachnida that includes the spiders.

Note: They have mandibles, modified a poison faIllustration in
Appendix.

ARANEOSE
A*ra"ne*ose`, a. Etym: [L. araneous.]

Defn: Of the aspect of a spider's web; arachnoid.

ARANEOUS A*ra"ne*ous, a. Etym: [L. araneosus, fr. aranea spider, spider's web.]

Defn: Cobweblike; extremely thin and delicate, like a cobweb; as, the araneous membrane of the eye. See Arachnoid. Derham.

ARANGO
A*ran"go, n.; pl. Arangoes. Etym: [The native name.]

Defn: A bead of rough carnelian. Arangoes were formerly imported from
Bombay for use in the African slave trade. McCulloch.

ARAPAIMA
A`ra*pai"ma, n. Etym: [Prob. native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large fresh-water food fish of South America.

ARARA
A*ra"ra, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The palm (or great black) cockatoo, of Australia (Microglossus aterrimus).

ARAROBA
Ar`a*ro"ba, n. [Tupi.]

1. Goa powder.

2. A fabaceous tree of Brazil (Centrolobium robustum) having handsomely striped wood; —called also zebrawood.

ARATION
A*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. aratio, fr. arare to plow.]

Defn: Plowing; tillage. [R.] Lands are said to be in a state of aration when they are under tillage. Brande.

ARATORY
Ar"a*to*ry, a. Etym: [LL. aratorius: cf. F. aratoire.]

Defn: Contributing to tillage.

ARAUCARIA
Ar`au*ca"ri*a, n. Etym: [Araucania, a territory south of Chili.]
(Bot.)

Defn: A genus of tall conifers of the pine family. The species are confined mostly to South America and Australia. The wood cells differ from those of other in having the dots in their lateral surfaces in two or three rows, and the dots of contiguous rows alternating. The seeds are edible.

ARAUCARIAN
Ar`au*ca"ri*an, a.

Defn: Relating to, or of the nature of, the Araucaria. The earliest conifers in geological history were mostly Araucarian. Dana.

ARBALEST; ARBALIST
Ar"ba*lest, Ar"ba*list, n. Etym: [OF. arbaleste, LL. arbalista, for
L. arcuballista; arcus bow + ballista a military engine. See
Ballista.] (Antiq.)

Defn: A crossbow, consisting of a steel bow set in a shaft of wood, furnished with a string and a trigger, and a mechanical device for bending the bow. It served to throw arrows, darts, bullets, etc. [Written also arbalet and arblast.] Fosbroke.

ARBALESTER; ARBALISTER Ar"ba*lest`er, Ar"ba*list`er, n. Etym: [OF. arblastere, OF. arbalestier. See Arbalest.]

Defn: A crossbowman. [Obs.] Speed.

ARBITER Ar"bi*ter, n. Etym: [L. arbiter; ar- (for ad) + the root of betere to go; hence properly, one who comes up to look on.]

1. A person appointed, or chosen, by parties to determine a controversy between them.

Note: In modern usage, arbitrator is the technical word.

2. Any person who has the power of judging and determining, or ordaining, without control; one whose power of deciding and governing is not limited. For Jove is arbiter of both to man. Cowper.

Syn. — Arbitrator; umpire; director; referee; controller; ruler; governor.

ARBITER
Ar"bi*ter, v. t.

Defn: To act as arbiter between. [Obs.]

ARBITRABLE
Ar"bi*tra*ble, a. Etym: [Cf. F. arbitrable, fr. L. arbitrari. See
Arbitrate, v. t.]

Defn: Capable of being decided by arbitration; determinable.
[Archaic] Bp. Hall.

ARBITRAGE Ar"bi*trage, n. Etym: [F., fr. arbiter to give judgment, L. arbitrari.]

1. Judgment by an arbiter; authoritative determination. [Archaic]

2. (Com)

Defn: A traffic in bills of exchange (see Arbitration of Exchange); also, a traffic in stocks which bear differing values at the same time in different markets.

ARBITRAL
Ar"bi*tral, a. Etym: [L. arbitralis.]

Defn: Of or relating to an arbiter or an arbitration. [R.]

ARBITRAMENT
Ar*bit"ra*ment, n. Etym: [LL. arbitramentum.]

1. Determination; decision; arbitration. The arbitrament of time. Everett. Gladly at this moment would MacIvor have put their quarrel to personal arbitrament. Sir W. Scott.

2. The award of arbitrators. Cowell.

ARBITRARILY
Ar"bi*tra*ri*ly, adv.

Defn: In an arbitrary manner; by will only; despotically; absolutely.

ARBITRARINESS
Ar"bi*tra*ri*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being arbitrary; despoticalness; tyranny. Bp.
Hall.

ARBITRARIOUS
Ar`bi*tra"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. arbitrarius. See Arbitrary.]

Defn: Arbitrary; despotic. [Obs.] — Ar`bi*tra"*ri*ous*ly, adv.
[Obs.]

ARBITRARY Ar"bi*tra*ry, a. Etym: [L. arbitrarius, fr. arbiter: cf. F. arbitraire. See Arbiter.]

1. Depending on will or discretion; not governed by any fixed rules; as, an arbitrary decision; an arbitrary punishment. It was wholly arbitrary in them to do so. Jer. Taylor. Rank pretends to fix the value of every one, and is the most arbitrary of all things. Landor.

2. Exercised according to one's own will or caprice, and therefore conveying a notion of a tendency to abuse the possession of power. Arbitrary power is most easily established on the ruins of liberty abused licentiousness. Washington.

3. Despotic; absolute in power; bound by no law; harsh and unforbearing; tyrannical; as, an arbitrary prince or government. Dryden. Arbitrary constant, Arbitrary function (Math.), a quantity of function that is introduced into the solution of a problem, and to which any value or form may at will be given, so that the solution may be made to meet special requirements. — Arbitrary quantity (Math.), one to which any value can be assigned at pleasure.

ARBITRATE Ar"bi*trate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arbitrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Arbitrating.] Etym: [L. arbitratus, p. p. of arbitrari to be a hearer or beholder of something, to make a decision, to give judgment, fr. arbiter. See Arbiter.]

1. To hear and decide, as arbitrators; as, to choose to arbitrate a disputed case.

2. To decide, or determine generally. South. There shall your swords and lances arbitrate The swelling difference of your settled hate. Shak.

ARBITRATE
Ar"bi*trate, v. i.

1. To decide; to determine. Shak.

2. To act as arbitrator or judge; as, to arbitrate upon several reports;; to arbitrate in disputes among heighbors; to arbitrate between parties to a suit.

ARBITRATION Ar`bi*tra"tion, n. Etym: [F. arbitration, L. arbitratio, fr. arbitrari.]

Defn: The hearing and determination of a cause between parties in controversy, by a person or persons chosen by the parties.

Note: This may be done by one person; but it is usual to choose two or three called arbitrators; or for each party to choose one, and these to name a third, who is called the umpire. Their determination is called the award. Bouvier Arbitration bond, a bond which obliges one to abide by the award of an arbitration. — Arbitration of Exchange, the operation of converting the currency of one country into that of another, or determining the rate of exchange between such countries or currencies. An arbitrated rate is one determined by such arbitration through the medium of one or more intervening currencies.

ARBITRATOR
Ar"bi*tra`tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. arbitrari: cf. F. arbitrateur.]

1. A person, or one of two or more persons, chosen by parties who have a controversy, to determine their differences. See Arbitration.

2. One who has the power of deciding or prescribing without control; a ruler; a governor. Though Heaven be shut, And Heaven's high Arbitrators sit secure. Milton. Masters of their own terms and arbitrators of a peace. Addison.

Syn.
— Judge; umpire; referee; arbiter. See Judge.

ARBITRATRIX
Ar"bi*tra`trix, n. Etym: [L., fem. of arbitrator.]

Defn: A female who arbitrates or judges.

ARBITRESS
Ar"bi*tress, n. Etym: [From Arbiter.]

Defn: A female arbiter; an arbitratrix. Milton.

ARBLAST
Ar"blast, n.

Defn: A crossbow. See Arbalest.

ARBOR Ar"bor, n. Etym: [OE. herber, herbere, properly a garden of herbs, F. herbier, fr. L. herbarium. See Herb, and cf. Herbarium.]

Defn: A kind of latticework formed of, or covered with, vines, branches of trees, or other plants, for shade; a bower. Sir P. Sidney.

ARBOR
Ar"bor, n. [Written also arbour.] Etym: [L., a tree, a beam.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A tree, as distinguished from a shrub.

2. Etym: [Cf. F. arbre.] (Mech.) (a) An axle or spindle of a wheel or opinion. (b) A mandrel in lathe turning. Knight. Arbor Day, a day appointed for planting trees and shrubs. [U.S.]

ARBORARY
Ar"bo*ra*ry, a. Etym: [L. arborarius, fr. arbor tree.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to trees; arboreal.

ARBORATOR
Ar"bo*ra`tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. arbor tree.]

Defn: One who plants or who prunes trees. [Obs.] Evelyn.

ARBOR DIANAE
Ar"bor Di*a"næ. Etym: [L., the tree of Diana, or silver.] (Chem.)

Defn: A precipitation of silver, in a beautiful arborescent form.

ARBOREAL
Ar*bo"re*al, a.

1. Of or pertaining to a tree, or to trees; of nature of trees. Cowley.

2. Attached to, found in or upon, or frequenting, woods or trees; as, arboreal animals. Woodpeckers are eminently arboreal. Darwin.

ARBORED
Ar"bored, a.

Defn: Furnished with an arbor; lined with trees. "An arboreal walk."
Pollok.

ARBOREOUS
Ar*bo"re*ous, a. Etym: [L. arboreous, fr. arbor tree.]

1. Having the form, constitution, or habits, of a proper tree, in distinction from a shrub. Loudon.

2. Pertaining to, or growing on, trees; as, arboreous moss. Quincy.

ARBORESCENCE
Ar`bo*res"cence, n.

Defn: The state of being arborescent; the resemblance to a tree in minerals, or crystallizations, or groups of crystals in that form; as, the arborescence produced by precipitating silver.

ARBORESCENT Ar`bo*res"cent, a. Etym: [L. arborescens, p. pr. of arborescere to become a tree, fr. arbor tree.]

Defn: Resembling a tree; becoming woody in stalk; dendritic; having crystallizations disposed like the branches and twigs of a tree. "Arborescent hollyhocks." Evelyn.

ARBORET
Ar"bo*ret, n. Etym: [OF. arboret, dim. of arbre tree, L. arbor]

Defn: A small tree or shrub. [Obs.] Spenser.
Among thick-woven arborets, and flowers Imbordered on each bank.
Milton.

ARBORETUM
Ar`bo*re"tum, n.; pl. Arboreta. Etym: [L., a place grown with trees.]

Defn: A place in which a collection of rare trees and shrubs is cultivated for scientific or educational purposes.

ARBORICAL
Ar*bor"ic*al, a.

Defn: Relating to trees. [Obs.]

ARBORICOLE
Ar*bor"i*cole, a. Etym: [L. arbor + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Tree-inhabiting; — said of certain birds.

ARBORICULTURAL
Ar`bor*i*cul"tur*al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to arboriculture. Loudon.

ARBORICULTURE
Ar`bor*i*cul"ture, n. Etym: [L. arbor tree + cultura. See Culture.]

Defn: The cultivation of trees and shrubs, chiefly for timber or for ornamental purposes.

ARBORICULTURIST
Ar`bor*i*cul"tur*ist, n.

Defn: One who cultivates trees.

ARBORIFORM
Ar*bor"i*form, a.

Defn: Treelike in shape.

ARBORIST
Ar"bor*ist, n. Etym: [F. arboriste, fr. L. arbor tree.]

Defn: One who makes trees his study, or who is versed in the knowledge of trees. Howell.

ARBORIZATION
Ar`bor*i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. arborisation, fr. L. arbor tree.]

Defn: The appearance or figure of a tree or plant, as in minerals or fossils; a dendrite.

ARBORIZED
Ar"bor*ized, a.

Defn: Having a treelike appearance. "An arborized or moss agate."
Wright.

ARBOROUS
Ar"bor*ous, a.

Defn: Formed by trees. [Obs.]
From under shady, arborous roof. Milton.

ARBOR VINE
Ar"bor vine`.

Defn: A species of bindweed.

ARBOR VITAE
Ar"bor vi"tæ. Etym: [L., tree of life.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: An evergreen tree of the cypress tribe, genus Thuja. The
American species is the T. occidentalis.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: The treelike disposition of the gray and white nerve tissues in the cerebellum, as seen in a vertical section.

ARBUSCLE Ar"bus*cle, n. Etym: [L. arbuscula small tree, shrub, dim. of arbor tree.]

Defn: A dwarf tree, one in size between a shrub and a tree; a treelike shrub. Bradley.

ARBUSCULAR
Ar*bus"cu*lar, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to a dwarf tree; shrublike. Da Costa.

ARBUSTIVE Ar*bus"tive, a. Etym: [L. arbustivus, fr. arbustum place where trees are planted.]

Defn: Containing copses of trees or shrubs; covered with shrubs.
Bartram.

ARBUTUS; ARBUTE
Ar"bu*tus, Ar"bute, n. Etym: [L. arbutus, akin to arbor tree.]

Defn: The strawberry tree, a genus of evergreen shrubs, of the Heath family. It has a berry externally resembling the strawberry; the arbute tree. Trailing arbutus (Bot.), a creeping or trailing plant of the Heath family (Epigæa repens), having white or usually rose- colored flowers with a delicate fragrance, growing in small axillary clusters, and appearing early in the spring; in New England known as mayflower; — called also ground laurel. Gray.

ARC
Arc, n. Etym: [F. arc, L. arcus bow, arc. See Arch, n.]

1. (Geom.)

Defn: A portion of a curved line; as, the arc of a circle or of an ellipse.

2. A curvature in the shape of a circular arc or an arch; as, the colored arc (the rainbow); the arc of Hadley's quadrant.

3. An arch. [Obs.] Statues and trophies, and triumphal arcs. Milton.

4. The apparent arc described, above or below the horizon, by the sun or other celestial body. The diurnal arc is described during the daytime, the nocturnal arc during the night. Electric arc, Voltaic arc. See under Voltaic.

ARCADE Ar*cade", n. Etym: [F. arcade, Sp. arcada, LL. arcata, fr. L. arcus bow, arch.]

1. (Arch.) (a) A series of arches with the columns or piers which support them, the spandrels above, and other necessary appurtenances; sometimes open, serving as an entrance or to give light; sometimes closed at the back (as in the cut) and forming a decorative feature. (b) A long, arched building or gallery.

2. An arched or covered passageway or avenue.

ARCADED
Ar*cad"ed, a.

Defn: Furnished with an arcade.

ARCADIA
Ar*ca"di*a, n. Etym: [L. Arcadia, Gr.

1. A mountainous and picturesque district of Greece, in the heart of the Peloponnesus, whose people were distinguished for contentment and rural happiness.

2. Fig.: Any region or scene of simple pleasure and untroubled quiet. Where the cow is, there is Arcadia. J. Burroughs.

ARCADIAN; ARCADIC
Ar*ca"di*an, Ar*ca"dic, a. Etym: [L. Arcadius, Arcadicus, fr.
Arcadia: cf. F. Arcadien, Arcadique.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to Arcadia; pastoral; ideally rural; as,
Arcadian simplicity or scenery.

ARCANE
Ar*cane", a. Etym: [L. arcanus.]

Defn: Hidden; secret. [Obs.] "The arcane part of divine wisdom."
Berkeley.

ARCANUM Ar*ca"num, n.; pl. Arcana. Etym: [L., fr. arcanus closed, secret, fr. arca chest, box, fr. arcere to inclose. See Ark.]

1. A secret; a mystery; — generally used in the plural. Inquiries into the arcana of the Godhead. Warburton.

2. (Med.)

Defn: A secret remedy; an elixir. Dunglison.

ARCBOUTANT
Arc`*bou`tant", n. Etym: [F.] (Arch.)

Defn: A flying buttress. Gwilt.

ARCH
Arch, n. Etym: [F. arche, fr. LL. arca, for arcus. See Arc.]

1. (Geom.)

Defn: Any part of a curved line.

2. (Arch.) (a) Usually a curved member made up of separate wedge-shaped solids, with the joints between them disposed in the direction of the radii of the curve; used to support the wall or other weight above an opening. In this sense arches are segmental, round (i. e., semicircular), or pointed. (b) A flat arch is a member constructed of stones cut into wedges or other shapes so as to support each other without rising in a curve.

Note: Scientifically considered, the arch is a means of spanning an opening by resolving vertical pressure into horizontal or diagonal thrust.

3. Any place covered by an arch; an archway; as, to pass into the arch of a bridge.

4. Any curvature in the form of an arch; as, the arch of the aorta. "Colors of the showery arch." Milton. Triumphal arch, a monumental structure resembling an arched gateway, with one or more passages, erected to commemorate a triumph.

ARCH
Arch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arched; p. pr. & vb. n. Arching.]

1. To cover with an arch or arches.

2. To form or bend into the shape of an arch. The horse arched his neck. Charlesworth.

ARCH
Arch, v. i.

Defn: To form into an arch; to curve.

ARCH-
Arch- (ärch-, except in archangel and one or two other words). Etym:
[L. arch-, Gr. Arch-.]

Defn: A prefix signifying chief, as in archbuilder, archfiend.

ARCH
Arch, a. Etym: [See Arch-, pref.]

1. Chief; eminent; greatest; principal. The most arch act of piteous massacre. Shak.

2. Cunning or sly; sportively mischievous; roguish; as, an arch look, word, lad. [He] spoke his request with so arch a leer. Tatler.

ARCH
Arch, n. Etym: [See Arch-, pref.]

Defn: A chief. [Obs.]
My worthy arch and patron comes to-night. Shak.

ARCH *arch. Etym: [Gr. Arch, a.]

Defn: A suffix meaning a ruler, as in monarch (a sole ruler).

-ARCH -arch. [Gr. 'archo`s chief, commander, 'a`rchein to rule. See Arch, a.]

Defn: A suffix meaning a ruler, as in monarch (a sole ruler).

ARCHAEAN
Ar*chæ"an, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Ancient; pertaining to the earliest period in geological history.

ARCHAEAN
Ar*chæ"an, n. (Geol.)

Defn: The earliest period in geological period, extending up to the Lower Silurian. It includes an Azoic age, previous to the appearance of life, and an Eozoic age, including the earliest forms of life.

Note: This is equivalent to the formerly accepted term Azoic, and to the Eozoic of Dawson.

ARCHAEOGRAPHY
Ar`chæ*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.]

Defn: A description of, or a treatise on, antiquity or antiquities.

ARCHAEOLITHIC
Ar`chæ*o*lith"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Archæol.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the earliest Stone age; — applied to a prehistoric period preceding the Paleolithic age.

ARCHAEOLOGIAN
Ar`chæ*o*lo"gi*an, n.

Defn: An archæologist.

ARCHAEOLOGIC; ARCHAEOLOGICAL
Ar`chæ*o*log"ic, Ar`chæ*o*log"ic*al,

Defn: Relating to archæology, or antiquities; as, archæological
researches.
— Ar`*chæ*o*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

ARCHAEOLOGIST
Ar`chæ*ol"o*gist, n.

Defn: One versed in archæology; an antiquary. Wright.

ARCHAEOLOGY
Ar`chæ*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The science or study of antiquities, esp. prehistoric antiquities, such as the remains of buildings or monuments of an early epoch, inscriptions, implements, and other relics, written manuscripts, etc.

ARCHAEOPTERYX
Ar`chæ*op"te*ryx, n. Etym: [Gr. (Paleon.)

Defn: A fossil bird, of the Jurassic period, remarkable for having a long tapering tail of many vertebræ with feathers along each side, and jaws armed with teeth, with other reptilian characteristics.

ARCHAEOSTOMATOUS
Ar`chæ*o*stom"a*tous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Biol.)

Defn: Applied to a gastrula when the blastorope does not entirely up.

ARCHAEOZOIC
Ar`chæ*o*zo"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Like or belonging to the earliest forms of animal life.

ARCHAIC
Ar*cha"ic, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Of or characterized by antiquity or archaism; antiquated; obsolescent.

ARCHAICAL
Ar*cha"ic*al, a.

Defn: Archaic. [R.] — Ar*cha"ic*al*ly, adv.

ARCHAISM
Ar"cha*ism, n. Etym: [Gr. archaïsme. See Arch, a.]

1. An ancient, antiquated, or old-fashioned, word, expression, or idiom; a word or form of speech no longer in common use.

2. Antiquity of style or use; obsoleteness. A select vocabulary corresponding (in point of archaism and remoteness from ordinary use) to our Scriptural vocabulary. De Quincey.

ARCHAIST
Ar"cha*ist, n.

1. Am antiquary.

2. One who uses archaisms.

ARCHAISTIC
Ar`cha*is"tic, a.

Defn: Like, or imitative of, anything archaic; pertaining to an archaism.

ARCHAIZE
Ar"cha*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Archaized; p. pr. & vb. n.
Archaizing.] Etym: [Gr.

Defn: To make appear archaic or antique. Mahaffy.

ARCHANGEL
Arch`an"gel, n. Etym: [L. archangelus, Gr. archangel, F. archange.
See Arch-, pref., and Angel.]

1. A chief angel; one high in the celestial hierarchy. Milton.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: A term applied to several different species of plants (Angelica archangelica, Lamium album, etc.).

ARCHANGELIC
Arch`an*gel"ic, a. Etym: [Cf. F. archangélique.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to archangels; of the nature of, or resembling, an archangel. Milton.

ARCHBISHOP Arch`bish"op, n. Etym: [AS. arcebisceop, arcebiscop, L. archiepiscopus, fr. Gr. Bishop.]

Defn: A chief bishop; a church dignitary of the first class (often called a metropolitan or primate) who superintends the conduct of the suffragan bishops in his province, and also exercises episcopal authority in his own diocese.

ARCHBISHOPRIC
Arch`bish"op*ric, n. Etym: [AS. arcebiscoprice. See -ric.]

Defn: The jurisdiction or office of an archbishop; the see or province over which archbishop exercises archiepiscopal authority.

ARCH BRICK
Arch" brick`.

Defn: A wedge-shaped brick used in the building of an arch.

ARCHBUTLER
Arch`but"ler, n. Etym: [Pref. arch- + butler.]

Defn: A chief butler; — an officer of the German empire.

ARCHCHAMBERLAIN
Arch`cham"ber*lain, n. Etym: [Cf. G. erzkämmerer. See Arch-, pref.]

Defn: A chief chamberlain; — an officer of the old German empire, whose office was similar to that of the great chamberlain in England.

ARCHCHANCELLOR
Arch`chan"cel*lor, n. Etym: [Cf. Ger. erzkanzler. See Arch-, pref.]

Defn: A chief chancellor; — an officer in the old German empire, who presided over the secretaries of the court.

ARCHCHEMIC
Arch`chem"ic, a.

Defn: Of supreme chemical powers. [R.] "The archchemic sun." Milton.

ARCHDEACON Arch`dea"con, n. Etym: [AS. arcediacon, archidiacon, L. archidiaconus, fr. Gr. Arch-, pref., and Deacon.]

Defn: In England, an ecclesiastical dignitary, next in rank below a bishop, whom he assists, and by whom he is appointed, though with independent authority. Blackstone.

ARCHDEACONRY
Arch`dea"con*ry, n.

Defn: The district, office, or residence of an archdeacon. See
Benefice.
Every diocese is divided into archdeaconries. Blackstone.

ARCHDEACONSHIP
Arch`dea"con*ship, n.

Defn: The office of an archdeacon.

ARCHDIOCESE
Arch`di"o*cese, n. Etym: [Pref. arch- + diocese.]

Defn: The diocese of an archbishop.

ARCHDUCAL
Arch`du"cal, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to an archduke or archduchy.

ARCHDUCHESS
Arch`duch"ess, n. Etym: [Pref. arch- + duchess.]

Defn: The consort of an archduke; also, a princess of the imperial family of Austria. See Archduke.

ARCHDUCHY
Arch`duch"y, n.

Defn: The territory of an archduke or archduchess. Ash.

ARCHDUKE
Arch`duke", n. Etym: [Pref. arch- + duke.]

Defn: A prince of the imperial family of Austria.

Note: Formerly this title was assumed by the rulers of Lorraine, Brabant, Austria, etc. It is now appropriated to the descendants of the imperial family of Austria through the make line, all such male descendants being styled archduke, and all such female descendants archduchesses.

ARCHDUKEDOM
Arch`duke"dom, n.

Defn: An archduchy.

ARCHEBIOSIS
Ar`che*bi*o"sis, n. Etym: [Pref. arche- + Gr.

Defn: To origination of living matter from non-living. See
Abiogenesis. Bastian.

ARCHED
Arched, a.

Defn: Made with an arch or curve; covered with an arch; as, an arched door.

ARCHEGONIAL
Ar`che*go"ni*al, a.

Defn: Relating to the archegonium.

ARCHEGONIUM
Ar`che*go"ni*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: The pistillidium or female organ in the higher cryptogamic plants, corresponding to the pistil in flowering plants.

ARCHEGONY
Ar*cheg"o*ny, n. Etym: [See Archegonium.] (Biol.)

Defn: Spontaneous generation; abiogenesis.

ARCHELOGY
Ar*chel"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.]

Defn: The science of, or a treatise on, first principles. Fleming.

ARCHENCEPHALA
Ar`chen*ceph"a*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. pref. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The division that includes man alone. R. Owen.

ARCHENEMY
Arch`en"e*my, n. Etym: [Pref. arch- + enemy.]

Defn: A principal enemy. Specifically, Satan, the grand adversary of mankind. Milton.

ARCHENTERIC
Arch`en*ter"ic, a. (Biol.)

Defn: Relating to the archenteron; as, archenteric invagination.

ARCHENTERON
Arch`en"ter*on, n. Etym: [Pref. arch- + Gr. (Biol.)

Defn: The primitive enteron or undifferentiated digestive sac of a gastrula or other embryo. See Illust. under Invagination.

ARCHEOLOGY; ARCHEOLOGICAL
Ar`che*ol"o*gy, n., Ar`che*o*log`ic*al, a.

Defn: Same as Archæology, etc.

ARCHER Arch"er, n. Etym: [archier, F. archer, LL. arcarius, fr. L. arcus bow. See Arc, Arch, n.]

Defn: A bowman, one skilled in the use of the bow and arrow.

ARCHERESS
Arch"er*ess, n.

Defn: A female archer. Markham.

ARCHER FISH
Arch"er fish`. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small fish (Toxotes jaculator), of the East Indies; — so called from its ejecting drops of water from its mouth at its prey. The name is also applied to Chætodon rostratus.

ARCHERSHIP
Arch"er*ship, n.

Defn: The art or skill of an archer.

ARCHERY
Arch"er*y, n. Etym: [OE. archerie.]

1. The use of the bow and arrows in battle, hunting, etc.; the art, practice, or skill of shooting with a bow and arrows.

2. Archers, or bowmen, collectively. Let all our archery fall off In wings of shot a-both sides of the van. Webster (1607).

ARCHES
Arch"es,

Defn: pl. of Arch, n. Court of arches, or Arches Court (Eng. Law), the court of appeal of the Archbishop of Canterbury, whereof the judge, who sits as deputy to the archbishop, is called the Dean of the Arches, because he anciently held his court in the church of St. Mary-le-Bow (de arcubus). It is now held in Westminster. Mozley & W.

ARCHETYPAL
Ar"che*ty`pal, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to an archetype; consisting a model (real or ideal) or pattern; original. "One archetypal mind." Gudworth.

Note: Among Platonists, the archetypal world is the world as it existed as an idea of God before the creation.

ARCHETYPALLY
Ar"che*ty`pal*ly, adv.

Defn: With reference to the archetype; originally. "Parts archetypally distinct." Dana.

ARCHETYPE Ar"che*type, n. Etym: [L. archetypum, Gr. archétype. See Arch-, pref.]

1. The original pattern or model of a work; or the model from which a thing is made or formed. The House of Commons, the archetype of all the representative assemblies which now meet. Macaulay. Types and shadows of that glorious archetype that was to come into the world. South.

2. (Coinage)

Defn: The standard weight or coin by which others are adjusted.

3. (Biol.)

Defn: The plan or fundamental structure on which a natural group of animals or plants or their systems of organs are assumed to have been constructed; as, the vertebrate archetype.

ARCHETYPICAL
Ar`che*typ"ic*al, a.

Defn: Relating to an archetype; archetypal.

ARCHEUS
Ar*che"us, n. Etym: [LL. arch, Gr. Archi-, pref.]

Defn: The vital principle or force which (according to the
Paracelsians) presides over the growth and continuation of living
beings; the anima mundi or plastic power of the old philosophers.
[Obs.] Johnson.

ARCHI-
Ar"chi-. Etym: [L., archi-, Gr. arce-, erce-, OHG. erzi-.]

Defn: A prefix signifying chief, arch; as, architect, archiepiscopal. In Biol. and Anat. it usually means primitive, original, ancestral; as, archipterygium, the primitive fin or wing.

ARCHIANNELIDA
Ar`chi*an*nel"i*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL.; pref. archi- + annelida.]
(Zoöl.)

Defn: A group of Annelida remarkable for having no external segments or distinct ventral nerve ganglions.

ARCHIATER
Ar"chi*a`ter, n. Etym: [L. archiatrus, Gr.

Defn: Chief physician; — a term applied, on the continent of Europe, to the first or body physician of princes and to the first physician of some cities. P. Cyc.

ARCHIBALD WHEEL
Ar"chi*bald wheel.

Defn: A metal-hubbed wheel of great strength and elasticity, esp. adapted for artillery carriages and motor cars.

ARCHIBLASTULA
Ar`chi*blas"tu*la, n. Etym: [Pref. archi + blastula.] (Biol.)

Defn: A hollow blastula, supposed to be the primitive form; a c

ARCHICAL
Ar"chi*cal, a. Etym: [Gr. Arch-, pref.]

Defn: Chief; primary; primordial. [Obs.] Cudworth.

ARCHIDIACONAL
Ar`chi*di*ac"o*nal, a. Etym: [L. archidiaconus, Gr. archdeacon.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to an archdeacon.
This offense is liable to be censured in an archidiaconal visitation.
Johnson.

ARCHIEPISCOPACY
Ar`chi*e*pis"co*pa*cy, n. Etym: [Pref. archi- + episcopacy.]

1. That form of episcopacy in which the chief power is in the hands of archbishops.

2. The state or dignity of an archbishop.

ARCHIEPISCOPAL
Ar`chi*e*pis"co*pal, a. Etym: [Pref. archi- + episcopal.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to an archbishop; as, Canterbury is an archiepiscopal see.

ARCHIEPISCOPALITY
Ar`chi*e*pis`co*pal"i*ty, n.

Defn: The station or dignity of an archbishop; archiepiscopacy.
Fuller.

ARCHIEPISCOPATE
Ar`chi*e*pis"co*pate, n. Etym: [Pref. archi- + episcopate.]

Defn: The office of an archbishop; an archbishopric.

ARCHIEREY
Ar*chi"e*rey, n. Etym: [Russ. archieréi, fr. Gr. arch-) + * priest.]

Defn: The higher order of clergy in Russia, including metropolitans, archbishops, and bishops. Pinkerton.

ARCHIL
Ar"chil, n. Etym: [OF. orchel, orcheil, It. orcella, oricello, or
OSp. orchillo. Cf. Orchil.]

1. A violet dye obtained from several species of lichen (Roccella tinctoria, etc.), which grow on maritime rocks in the Canary and Cape Verd Islands, etc. Tomlinson.

2. The plant from which the dye is obtained. [Written also orchal and orchil.]

ARCHILOCHIAN
Ar`chi*lo"chi*an, a. Etym: [L. Archilochius.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the satiric Greek poet Archilochus; as,
Archilochian meter.

ARCHIMAGE; ARCHIMAGUS
Ar"chi*mage, Ar`chi*ma"gus, n. Etym: [NL.; pref. archi- + L. magus,
Gr.

1. The high priest of the Persian Magi, or worshipers of fire.

2. A great magician, wizard, or enchanter. Spenser.

ARCHIMANDRITE Ar`chi*man"drite, n. Etym: [L. archimandrita, LGr. arch-) + (Gr. Church) (a) A chief of a monastery, corresponding to abbot in the Roman Catholic church. (b) A superintendent of several monasteries, corresponding to superior abbot, or father provincial, in the Roman Catholic church.

ARCHIMEDEAN
Ar`chi*me*de"an, a. Etym: [L. Archimedeus.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to Archimedes, a celebrated Greek philosopher; constructed on the principle of Archimedes' screw; as, Archimedean drill, propeller, etc. Archimedean screw, or Archimedes' screw, an instrument, said to have been invented by Archimedes, for raising water, formed by winding a flexible tube round a cylinder in the form of a screw. When the screw is placed in an inclined position, and the lower end immersed in water, by causing the screw to revolve, the water is raised to the upper end. Francis.

ARCHIMEDES
Ar`chi*me"des, n. (Paleon.)

Defn: An extinct genus of Bryzoa characteristic of the subcarboniferous rocks. Its form is that of a screw.

ARCHING
Arch"ing, n.

1. The arched part of a structure.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: Hogging; — opposed to sagging.

ARCHIPELAGIC
Ar`chi*pe*lag"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to an archipelago.

ARCHIPELAGO Ar`chi*pel"a*go, n.; pl. -goes or -gos. Etym: [It. arcipelago, properly, chief sea; Gr. pref Plague.]

1. The Grecian Archipelago, or Ægean Sea, separating Greece from Asia Minor. It is studded with a vast number of small islands.

2. Hence: Any sea or broad sheet of water interspersed with many islands or with a group of islands.

ARCHIPTERYGIUM
Ar*chip`te*ryg"i*um, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. pref. arch-) + (Anat.)

Defn: The primitive form of fin, like that of Ceratodus.

ARCHITECT Ar"chi*tect, n. Etym: [L. architectus, architecton, Gr. archi-) + architecte, It. architetto. See Technical.]

1. A person skilled in the art of building; one who understands architecture, or makes it his occupation to form plans and designs of buildings, and to superintend the artificers employed.

2. A contriver, designer, or maker. The architects of their own happiness. Milton. A French woman is a perfect architect in dress. Coldsmith.

ARCHITECTIVE
Ar`chi*tec"tive, a.

Defn: Used in building; proper for building. Derham.

ARCHITECTONIC; ARCHITECTONICAL Ar`chi*tec*ton"ic, Ar`chi*tec*ton"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. architectonicus, Gr. Architect.]

1. Pertaining to a master builder, or to architecture; evincing skill in designing or construction; constructive. "Architectonic wisdom." Boyle. These architectonic functions which we had hitherto thought belonged. J. C. Shairp.

2. Relating to the systemizing of knowledge.

ARCHITECTONIC
Ar`chi*tec*ton"ic, n. Etym: [Cf. F. architectonique.]

1. The science of architecture.

2. The act of arranging knowledge into a system.

ARCHITECTONICS
Ar`chi*tec*ton"ics, n.

Defn: The science of architecture.

ARCHITECTOR
Ar"chi*tec`tor, n.

Defn: An architect. [Obs.] North.

ARCHITECTRESS
Ar"chi*tec`tress, n.

Defn: A female architect.

ARCHITECTURAL
Ar`chi*tec"tur*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the art of building; conformed to the rules
of architecture.
— Ar`chi*tec"tur*al*ly, adv.

ARCHITECTURE Ar"chi*tec`ture, n. Etym: [L. architectura, fr. architectus: cf. F. architecture. See Architect.]

1. The art or science of building; especially, the art of building houses, churches, bridges, and other structures, for the purposes of civil life; — often called civil architecture. Many other architectures besides Gothic. Ruskin.

3. Construction, in a more general sense; frame or structure;
workmanship.
The architecture of grasses, plants, and trees. Tyndall.
The formation of the first earth being a piece of divine
architecture. Burnet.
Military architecture, the art of fortifications.
— Naval architecture, the art of building ships.

ARCHITEUTHIS
Ar`chi*teu"this, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. pref. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of gigantic cephalopods, allied to the squids, found esp. in the North Atlantic and about New Zealand.

ARCHITRAVE Ar"chi*trave, n. Etym: [F. architrave, fr. It. architrave; pref. archi- + trave beam, L. trabs.] (Arch.) (a) The lower division of an entablature, or that part which rests immediately on the column, esp. in classical architecture. See Column. (b) The group of moldings, or other architectural member, above and on both sides of a door or other opening, especially if square in form.

ARCHITRAVED
Ar"chi*traved, a.

Defn: Furnished with an architrave. Cowper.

ARCHIVAL
Ar"chi*val, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or contained in, archives or records. Tooke.

ARCHIVE Ar"chive, n.; pl. Archives. Etym: [F. archives, pl., L. archivum, archium, fr. Gr. Archi-, pref.]

1. pl.

Defn: The place in which public records or historic documents are
kept.
Our words . . . . become records in God's court, and are laid up in
his archives as witnesses. Gov. of Tongue.

2. pl.

Defn: Public records or documents preserved as evidence of facts; as,
the archives of a country or family. [Rarely used in sing.]
Some rotten archive, rummaged out of some seldom explored press.
Lamb.

Syn.
— Registers; records; chronicles.

ARCHIVIST
Ar"chi*vist, n. Etym: [F. archiviste.]

Defn: A keeper of archives or records. [R.]

ARCHIVOLT Ar"chi*volt, n. Etym: [F. archivolte, fr. It. archivolto; pref. archi- + volto vault, arch. See Vault.] (Arch.) (a) The architectural member surrounding the curved opening of an arch, corresponding to the architrave in the case of a square opening. (b) More commonly, the molding or other ornaments with which the wall face of the voussoirs of an arch is charged.

ARCHLUTE; ARCHILUTE
Arch"lute, Arch"i*lute, n. Etym: [Cf. F. archiluth, It. arciliuto.]
(Mus.)

Defn: A large theorbo, or double-necked lute, formerly in use, having the bass strings doubled with an octave, and the higher strings with a unison.

ARCHLY
Arch"ly, adv.

Defn: In an arch manner; with attractive slyness or roguishness;
slyly; waggishly.
Archly the maiden smiled. Longfellow.

ARCHMARSHAL
Arch`mar"shal, n. Etym: [G. erzmarschall. See Arch-, pref.]

Defn: The grand marshal of the old German empire, a dignity that to the Elector of Saxony.

ARCHNESS
Arch"ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being arch; cleverness; sly humor free from malice; waggishness. Goldsmith.

ARCHON
Ar"chon, n. Etym: [L. archon, Gr. (Antiq.)

Defn: One of the chief magistrates in ancient Athens, especially, by preëminence, the first of the nine chief magistrates. — Ar*chon"tic, a.

ARCHONSHIP
Ar"chon*ship, n.

Defn: The office of an archon. Mitford.

ARCHONTATE
Ar"chon*tate, n. Etym: [Cf. F. archontat.]

Defn: An archon's term of office. Gibbon.

ARCHONTS
Ar"chonts, n. pl. Etym: [Gr. p. pr. See Archon.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The group including man alone.

ARCHOPLASM
Ar"cho*plasm, n. [See Archon; Plasma.] (Biol.)

Defn: The substance from which attraction spheres develop in mitotic cell division, and of which they consist.

ARCHPRELATE
Arch`prel"ate, n. Etym: [Pref. arch- + prelate.]

Defn: An archbishop or other chief prelate.

ARCHPRESBYTER
Arch`pres"by*ter, n.

Defn: Same as Archpriest.

ARCHPRESBYTERY
Arch`pres"by*ter*y, n. Etym: [Pref. arch- + presbutery.]

Defn: The absolute dominion of presbytery. Milton.

ARCHPRIEST
Arch`priest", n.

Defn: A chief priest; also, a kind of vicar, or a rural dean.

ARCHPRIMATE
Arch`pri"mate, n. Etym: [Pref. arch- + primate.]

Defn: The chief primate. Milton.

ARCH STONE
Arch" stone`.

Defn: A wedge-shaped stone used in an arch; a voussoir.

ARCHTRAITOR
Arch`trai"tor, n. Etym: [Pref. arch- + traitor.]

Defn: A chief or transcendent traitor. I. Watts.

ARCHTREASURER
Arch`treas"ur*er, n. Etym: [Pref. arch- + treasurer.]

Defn: A chief treasurer. Specifically, the great treasurer of the
German empire.

ARCHWAY
Arch"way, n.

Defn: A way or passage under an arch.

ARCHWIFE
Arch`wife", n. Etym: [Pref. arch- + wife.]

Defn: A big, masculine wife. [Obs.] Chaucer.

ARCHWISE
Arch"wise, adv.

Defn: Arch-shaped.

ARCHY
Arch"y, a.

Defn: Arched; as, archy brows.

ARCHY *ar"chy. Etym: [Gr. Arch-, pref.]

Defn: A suffix properly meaning a rule, ruling, as in monarchy, the rule of one only. Cf. -arch.

ARCIFORM
Ar"ci*form, a. Etym: [L. arcus bow + -form.]

Defn: Having the form of an arch; curved.

ARC LIGHT
Arc light. (Elec.)

Defn: The light of an arc lamp.

ARCOGRAPH
Arc"o*graph, n. Etym: [L. arcus (E. arc) + -graph.]

Defn: An instrument for drawing a circular arc without the use of a central point; a cyclograph.

ARCTATION Arc*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. arctus shut in, narrow, p. p. of arcere to shut in: cf. F. arctation.] (Med.)

Defn: Constriction or contraction of some natural passage, as in constipation from inflammation.

ARCTIC Arc"tic, a. Etym: [OE. artik, OF. artique, F. arctique, L. arcticus, fr. Gr. ursus bear, Skr.

Defn: Pertaining to, or situated under, the northern constellation called the Bear; northern; frigid; as, the arctic pole, circle, region, ocean; an arctic expedition, night, temperature.

Note: The arctic circle is a lesser circle, parallel to the equator, 23º 28' from the north pole. This and the antarctic circle are called the polar circles, and between these and the poles lie the frigid zones. See Zone.

ARCTIC
Arc"tic, n.

1. The arctic circle.

2. A warm waterproof overshoe. [U.S.]

ARCTISCA
Arc*tis"ca, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A group of Arachnida. See Illust. in Appendix.

ARCTOGEAL
Arc`to*ge"al, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to arctic lands; as, the arctogeal fauna.

ARCTOIDEA
Arc*toid"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -oid.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A group of the Carnivora, that includes the bears, weasels, etc.

ARCTURUS
Arc*tu"rus, n. Etym: [L. Arcturus, Gr. Arctic.] (Anat.)

Defn: A fixed star of the first magnitude in the constellation
Boötes.

Note: Arcturus has sometimes been incorrectly used as the name of the constellation, or even of Ursa Major. Canst thou guide Arcturus with his sons [Rev. Ver.: "the Bear with her train"]. Job xxxviii. 32.

ARCUAL
Arc"u*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to an arc. Arcual measure of an angle (Math.), that in which the unit angle has its measuring arc equal to the radius of the circle.

ARCUATE; ARCUATED Arc"u*ate, Arc"u*a`ted(#), a. Etym: [L. arcuatus, p. p. of arcuare to shape like a bow, fr. arcus. See Arc.]

Defn: Bent or curved in the form of a bow. "Arcuate stalks." Gray.

ARCUATELY
Arc"u*ate*ly, adv.

Defn: In the form of a bow.

ARCUATION
Arc`u*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. arcuatio.]

1. The act of bending or curving; incurvation; the state of being bent; crookedness. Coxe.

2. (Hort.)

Defn: A mode of propagating trees by bending branches to the ground, and covering the small shoots with earth; layering. Chambers.

ARCUBALIST
Ar"cu*ba*list, n. Etym: [See Arbalist.]

Defn: A crossbow. Fosbroke.

ARCUBALISTER
Ar`cu*bal"ist*er, n. Etym: [L. arcuballistarius. Cf. Arbalister.]

Defn: A crossbowman; one who used the arcubalist. Camden.

ARCUBUS
Ar"cu*bus, n.

Defn: See Arquebus. [Obs.]

-ARD; -ART -ard, -art.

Defn: The termination of many English words; as, coward, reynard, drunkard, mostly from the French, in which language this ending is of German origin, being orig. the same word as English hard. It usually has the sense of one who has to a high or excessive degree the quality expressed by the root; as, braggart, sluggard.

ARDASSINE Ar*das"sine, n. Etym: [F. (cf. Sp. ardacina), fr. ardasse a kind of silk thread, fr. Ar. & Per. ardan a kind of raw silk.]

Defn: A very fine sort of Persian silk.

ARDENCY
Ar"den*cy, n.

1. Heat. [R.] Sir T. Herbert.

2. Warmth of passion or affection; ardor; vehemence; eagerness; as, the ardency of love or zeal.

ARDENT Ar"dent, a. Etym: [OE. ardaunt, F. ardant, p. pr. of arder to burn, fr. L. ardere.]

1. Hot or burning; causing a sensation of burning; fiery; as, ardent spirits, that is, distilled liquors; an ardent fever.

2. Having the appearance or quality of fire; fierce; glowing; shining; as, ardent eyes. Dryden.

3. Warm, applied to the passions and affections; passionate; fervent; zealous; vehement; as, ardent love, feelings, zeal, hope, temper. An ardent and impetuous race. Macaulay.

Syn. — Burning; hot; fiery; glowing; intense; fierce; vehement; eager; zealous; keen; fervid; fervent; passionate; affectionate.

ARDENTLY
Ar"dent*ly, adv.

Defn: In an ardent manner; eagerly; with warmth; affectionately; passionately.

ARDENTNESS
Ar"dent*ness, n.

Defn: Ardency. [R.]

ARDOIS SYSTEM
Ar`dois" sys"tem. (Naut.)

Defn: A widely used system of electric night signals in which a series of double electric lamps (white and red) is arranged vertically on a mast, and operated from a keyboard below.

ARDOR
Ar"dor, n. Etym: [L. ardor, fr. ardere to burn: cf. OF. ardor, ardur,
F. ardeur.] [Spelt also ardour.]

1. Heat, in a literal sense; as, the ardor of the sun's rays.

2. Warmth or heat of passion or affection; eagerness; zeal; as, he pursues study with ardor; the fought with ardor; martial ardor.

3. pl.

Defn: Bright and effulgent spirits; seraphim. [Thus used by Milton.]

Syn.
— Fervor; warmth; eagerness. See Fervor.

ARDUOUS Ar"du*ous, a. Etym: [L. arduus steep, high; akin to Ir. ard high, height.]

1. Steep and lofty, in a literal sense; hard to climb. Those arduous pats they trod. Pope.

2. Attended with great labor, like the ascending of acclivities; difficult; laborious; as, an arduous employment, task, or enterprise.

Syn. — Difficult; trying; laborious; painful; exhausting. — Arduous, Hard, Difficult. Hard is simpler, blunter, and more general in sense than difficult; as, a hard duty to perform, hard work, a hard task, one which requires much bodily effort and perseverance to do. Difficult commonly implies more skill and sagacity than hard, as when there is disproportion between the means and the end. A work may be hard but not difficult. We call a thing arduous when it requires strenuous and persevering exertion, like that of one who is climbing a precipice; as, an arduous task, an arduous duty. "It is often difficult to control our feelings; it is still harder to subdue our will; but it is an arduous undertaking to control the unruly and contending will of others."

ARDUOUSLY
Ar"du*ous*ly, adv.

Defn: In an arduous manner; with difficulty or laboriousness.

ARDUOUSNESS
Ar"du*ous*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being arduous; difficulty of execution.

ARDUROUS
Ar"du*rous, a.

Defn: Burning; ardent. [R.]
Lo! further on, Where flames the arduous Spirit of Isidore. Cary.

ARE
Are. Etym: [AS. (Northumbrian) aron, akin to the 1st pers. pl. forms,
Icel. erum, Goth. sijum, L. sumus, Gr. smas; all from a root as. Am
and Is, and cf. Be.]

Defn: The present indicative plural of the substantive verb to be; but etymologically a different word from be, or was. Am, art, are, and is, all come from the root as.

ARE
Are, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. area. See Area.] (Metric system)

Defn: The unit of superficial measure, being a square of which each side is ten meters in length; 100 square meters, or about 119.6 square yards.

AREA A"re*a, n.; pl. Areas . Etym: [L. area a broad piece of level groAre, n.]

1. Any plane surface, as of the floor of a room or church, or of the ground within an inclosure; an open space in a building. The Alban lake . . . looks like the area of some vast amphitheater. Addison.

2. The inclosed space on which a building stands.

3. The sunken space or court, giving ingress and affording light to the basement of a building.

4. An extent of surface; a tract of the earth's surface; a region; as, vast uncultivated areas.

5. (Geom.)

Defn: The superficial contents of any figure; the surface included within any given lines; superficial extent; as, the area of a square or a triangle.

6. (Biol.)

Defn: A spot or small marked space; as, the germinative area.

7. Extent; scope; range; as, a wide area of thought.
The largest area of human history and man's common nature. F.
Harrison.
Dry area. See under Dry.

AREAD; AREED
A*read", A*reed", v. t. Etym: [OE. areden, AS. ar to interpret. See
Read.]

1. To tell, declare, explain, or interpret; to divine; to guess; as, to aread a riddle or a dream. [Obs.] Therefore more plain aread this doubtful case. Spenser.

2. To read. [Obs.] Drayton.

3. To counsel, advise, warn, or direct. But mark what I aread thee now. Avaunt! Milton.

4. To decree; to adjudge. [Archaic] Ld. Lytton.

AREAL
A"re*al, a. Etym: [Cf. L. arealis, fr. area.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to an area; as, areal interstices (the areas or spaces inclosed by the reticulate vessels of leaves).

AREAR
A*rear", v. t. & i. Etym: [AS. ar. See Rear.]

Defn: To raise; to set up; to stir up. [Obs.]

AREAR
A*rear", adv. Etym: [See Arrear, adv.]

Defn: Backward; in or to the rear; behindhand. Spenser.

ARECA
A*re"ca, n. Etym: [Canarese adiki: cf. Pg. & Sp. areca.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of palms, one species of which produces the areca nut, or betel nut, which is chewed in India with the leaf of the Piper Betle and lime.

ARECOLINE; ARECOLIN A*re"co*line, A*re"co*lin, n. [From NL. Areca, a genus of palms bearing betel nut.]

Defn: An oily liquid substance, C8H13O2N, the chief alkaloid of the betel nut, to which the latter owes its anthelmintic action.

AREEK
A*reek", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + reek.]

Defn: In a reeking condition. Swift.

AREFACTION
Ar`e*fac"tion, n. Etym: [L. arefacere to dry.]

Defn: The act of drying, or the state of growing dry.
The arefaction of the earth. Sir M. Hale.

AREFY
Ar"e*fy, v. t. Etym: [L. arere to be dry + -fly.]

Defn: To dry, or make dry. Bacon.

ARENA A*re"na, n.; pl. E. Arenas; L. Arenæ. Etym: [L. arena, harena, sand, a sandy place.]

1. (Rom. Antiq.)

Defn: The area in the central part of an amphitheater, in which the gladiators fought and other shows were exhibited; — so called because it was covered with sand.

2. Any place of public contest or exertion; any sphere of action; as, the arenaof debate; the arena of life.

3. (Med.)

Defn: "Sand" or "gravel" in the kidneys.

ARENACEOUS
Ar`e*na"ceous, a. Etym: [L. arenaceus, fr. arena sand.]

Defn: Sandy or consisting largely of sand; of the nature of sand; easily disintegrating into sand; friable; as, arenaceous limestone.

ARENARIOUS
Ar`e*na"ri*ous, a. Etym: [L. arenarius, fr. arena sand.]

Defn: Sandy; as, arenarious soil.

ARENATION
Ar`e*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. arenatio, fr. arena sand.] (Med.)

Defn: A sand bath; application of hot sand to the body. Dunglison.

ARENDATOR
Ar`en*da"tor, n. Etym: [LL. arendator, arrendator, fr. arendare,
arrendare, to pay rent, fr. arenda yearly rent; ad + renda, F. rente,
E. rent. Cf. Arrentation and Rent.]

Defn: In some provinces of Russia, one who farms the rents or revenues.

Note: A person who rents an estate belonging to the crown is called crown arendator. Tooke.

ARENG; ARENGA
A*reng", A*ren"ga, n. Etym: [Malayan.]

Defn: A palm tree (Saguerus saccharifer) which furnishes sago, wine, and fibers for ropes; the gomuti palm.

ARENICOLITE Ar`e*nic"o*lite, n. Etym: [L. arena sand + colere to cherish or live.] (Paleon.)

Defn: An ancient wormhole in sand, preserved in the rocks. Dana.

ARENILITIC
A*ren`i*lit"ic, a. Etym: [L. arena sand + Gr.

Defn: Of or pertaining to sandstone; as, arenilitic mountains.
Kirwan.

ARENOSE
Ar"e*nose, a. Etym: [L. arenosus, fr. arena sand.]

Defn: Sandy; full of sand. Johnson.

ARENULOUS
A*ren"u*lous, a. Etym: [L. arenula fine sand, dim. of arena.]

Defn: Full of fine sand; like sand. [Obs.]

AREOLA A*re"o*la, n.; pl. Areolæ. Etym: [L. areola, dim. of area: cf. F. aréole. See Area.]

1. An interstice or small space, as between the cracks of the surface in certain crustaceous lichens; or as between the fibers composing organs or vessels that interlace; or as between the nervures of an insect's wing.

2. (Anat. & Med.)

Defn: The colored ring around the nipple, or around a vesicle or pustule.

AREOLAR
A*re"o*lar, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or like, an areola; filled with interstices or areolæ. reolar tissue (Anat.), a form of fibrous connective tissue in which the fibers are loosely arranged with numerous spaces, or areolæ, between them.

AREOLATE; AREOLATED
A*re"o*late, A*re"o*la*ted, a. Etym: [L. areola: cf. F. aréole.]

Defn: Divided into small spaces or areolations, as the wings of insects, the leaves of plants, or the receptacle of compound flowers.

AREOLATION
A`re*o*la"tion, n.

1. Division into areolæ. Dana.

2. Any small space, bounded by some part different in color or structure, as the spaces bounded by the nervures of the wings of insects, or those by the veins of leaves; an areola.

AREOLE
A"re*ole, n.

Defn: Same as Areola.

AREOLET
A*re"o*let, n. Etym: [Dim. of L. areola.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small inclosed area; esp. one of the small spaces on the wings of insects, circumscribed by the veins.

AREOMETER
A`re*om"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter: cf. F. aréomètre.] (Physics)

Defn: An instrument for measuring the specific gravity of fluids; a form hydrometer.

AREOMETRIC; AREOMETRICAL
A`re*o*met"ric, A`re*o*met"ric*al, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or measured by, an areometer.

AREOMETRY
A`re*om"e*try, n. Etym: [Gr. -metry.]

Defn: The art or process of measuring the specific gravity of fluids.

AREOPAGIST
Ar`e*op"a*gist, n.

Defn: See Areopagite.

AREOPAGITE
Ar`e*op"a*gite, n. Etym: [L. Areopagites, Gr.

Defn: A member of the Areopagus. Acts xvii. 34.

AREOPAGITIC
Ar`e*op`a*git"ic, a. Etym: [L. Areopagiticus, Gr.

Defn: Pertaining to the Areopagus. Mitford.

AREOPAGUS
Ar`e*op"a*gus, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr.

Defn: The highest judicial court at Athens. Its sessions were held on
Mars' Hill. Hence, any high court or tribunal

AREOSTYLE
A*re"o*style, a. & n.

Defn: See Intercolumniation, and Aræostyle.

AREOSYSTYLE
A*re`o*sys"tyle, a. & n.

Defn: See Intercolumniation, and Aræosystyle.

ARERE
A*rere", v. t. & i.

Defn: See Arear. [Obs.] Ellis.

AREST
A*rest", n.

Defn: A support for the spear when couched for the attack. [Obs.]
Chaucer.

ARET
A*ret", v. t. Etym: [OE. aretten, OF. areter; a (L. ad) + OF. reter,
L. reputare. See Repute.]

Defn: To reckon; to ascribe; to impute. [Obs.] Chaucer.

ARETAICS
Ar`e*ta"ics, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: The ethical theory which excludes all relations between virtue and happiness; the science of virtue; — contrasted with eudemonics. J. Grote.

ARETE A`rête", n. [F., lit., a sharp fish bone, ridge, sharp edge, fr. L. arista beard of grain.] (Geog.)

Defn: An acute and rugged crest of a mountain range or a subsidiary ridge between two mountain gorges.

ARETOLOGY
Ar`e*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. arétologie.]

Defn: That part of moral philosophy which treats of virtue, its nature, and the means of attaining to it.

AREW
A*rew". adv. Etym: [See Arow, Row.]

Defn: In a row. [Obs.] "All her teeth arew." Spenser.

ARGAL
Ar"gal, n.

Defn: Crude tartar. See Argol.

ARGAL
Ar"gal, adv.

Defn: A ludicrous corruption of the Latin word ergo, therefore. Shak.

ARGAL; ARGALI
Ar"gal, Ar"ga*li, n. Etym: [Mongolian.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A species of wild sheep (Ovis ammon, or O. argali), remarkable for its large horns. It inhabits the mountains of Siberia and central Asia.

Note: The bearded argali is the aoudad. See Aoudad. The name is also applied to the bighorn sheep of the Rocky Mountains. See Bighorn.

ARGALA
Ar"ga*la, n. Etym: [Native name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The adjutant bird.

ARGAND LAMP
Ar"gand lamp`. Etym: [Named from the inventor, Aimé Argand of
Geneva.]

Defn: A lamp with a circular hollow wick and glass chimney which allow a current of air both inside and outside of the flame. Argand burner, a burner for an Argand lamp, or a gas burner in which the principle of that lamp is applied.

ARGAS
Ar"gas, n.

Defn: A genus of venomous ticks which attack men and animals. The famous Persian Argas, also called Miana bug, is A. Persicus; that of Central America, called talaje by the natives, is A. Talaje.

ARGEAN
Ar*ge"an, a.

Defn: Pertaining to the ship Argo. See Argo.

ARGENT Ar"gent, n. Etym: [F. argent, fr. L. argentum, silver; akin to Gr. rajata white, silver, raj to shine, Ir. arg white, milk, airgiod silver, money, and L. arguere to make clear. See Argue.]

1. Silver, or money. [Archaic]

2. (Fig. & Poet.)

Defn: Whiteness; anything that is white.
The polished argent of her breast. Tennyson.

3. (Her.)

Defn: The white color in coats of arms, intended to represent silver, or, figuratively, purity, innocence, beauty, or gentleness; — represented in engraving by a plain white surface. Weale.

ARGENT
Ar"gent, a.

Defn: Made of silver; of a silvery color; white; shining.
Yonder argent fields above. Pope.

ARGENTAL
Ar*gen"tal, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to silver; resembling, containing, or combined with, silver.

ARGENTALIUM
Ar`gen*ta"li*um, n. [NL.; L. argentum silver + E. aluminium.]

Defn: A (patented) alloy of aluminium and silver, with a density of about 2.9.

ARGENTAMINE; ARGENTAMIN
Ar*gen"ta*mine, Ar*gen"ta*min, n. [L. argentum silver + E. amine.]
(Med.)

Defn: A solution of silver phosphate in an aqueous solution of ethylene diamine, used as an antiseptic astringent and as a disinfectant.

ARGENTAN
Ar"gen*tan, n.

Defn: An alloy of nicked with copper and zinc; German silver.

ARGENTATE
Ar"gen*tate, a. Etym: [L. argentatus silvered.] (Bot.)

Defn: Silvery white. Gray.

ARGENTATION Ar`gen*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. argentare to silver, fr. argentum silver. See Argent.]

Defn: A coating or overlaying with silver. [R.] Johnson.

ARGENTIC
Ar*gen"tic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, silver; — said of certain compounds of silver in which this metal has its lowest proportion; as, argentic chloride.

ARGENTIFEROUS Ar`gen*tif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. argentum silver + -ferous: cf. F. argentifère.]

Defn: Producing or containing silver; as, argentiferous lead ore or veins.

ARGENTINE
Ar"gen*tine (; in the 2d sense, commonly ), a.

1. Pertaining to, or resembling, silver; made of, or sounding like, silver; silvery. Celestial Dian, goddess argentine. Shak.

2. Of or pertaining to the Argentine Republic in South America.

ARGENTINE
Ar"gen*tine, n. Etym: [Cf. F. argentin, fr. L. argentum silver.]

1. (Min.)

Defn: A siliceous variety of calcite, or carbonate of lime, having a silvery-white, pearly luster, and a waving or curved lamellar structure.

2. White metal coated with silver. Simmonds.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A fish of Europe (Maurolicus Pennantii) with silvery scales.
The name is also applied to various fishes of the genus Argentina.

4. A citizen of the Argentine Republic.

ARGENTITE
Ar"gen*tite, n. Etym: [L. argentum silver.] (Min.)

Defn: Sulphide of silver; — also called vitreous silver, or silver glance. It has a metallic luster, a lead-gray color, and is sectile like lead.

ARGENTOUS
Ar*gen"tous, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or containing, silver; — said of certain silver compounds in which silver has a higher proportion than in argentic compounds; as, argentous chloride.

ARGENTRY
Ar"gent*ry, n. Etym: [F. argenterie, fr. argent silver, L. argentum.]

Defn: Silver plate or vessels. [Obs.]
Bowls of frosted argentry. Howell.

ARGIL
Ar"gil, n. Etym: [F. argile, L. argilla white clay, akin to Gr.
Argent.] (Min.)

Defn: Clay, or potter's earth; sometimes pure clay, or alumina. See
Clay.

ARGILLACEOUS
Ar`gil*la"ceous, a. Etym: [L. argillaceus, fr. argilla.]

Defn: Of the nature of clay; consisting of, or containing, argil or
clay; clayey. Argillaceous sandstone (Geol.), a sandstone containing
much clay.
— Argillaceous iron ore, the clay ironstone.
— Argillaceous schist or state. See Argillite.

ARGILLIFEROUS
Ar`gil*lif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. argilla white clay + -ferous.]

Defn: Producing clay; — applied to such earths as abound with argil.
Kirwan.

ARGILLITE
Ar"gil*lite, n. Etym: [Gr. -lite.] (Min.)

Defn: Argillaceous schist or slate; clay slate. Its colors is bluish or blackish gray, sometimes greenish gray, brownish red, etc. — Ar`gil*lit"ic, a.

ARGILLO-AREENACEOUS
Ar*gil`lo-are`e*na"ceous, a.

Defn: Consisting of, or containing, clay and sand, as a soil.

ARGILLO-CALCAREOUS
Ar*gil`lo-cal*ca"re*ous, a.

Defn: Consisting of, or containing, clay and calcareous earth.

ARGILLO-FERRUGINOUS
Ar*gil`lo-fer*ru"gi*nous, a.

Defn: Containing clay and iron.

ARGILLOUS
Ar*gil"lous, a. Etym: [L. argillosus, fr. argilla. See Argil.]

Defn: Argillaceous; clayey. Sir T. Browne.

ARGIVE
Ar"give, a. Etym: [L. Argivus, fr. Argos, Argi.]

Defn: Of or performance to Argos, the capital of Argolis in Greece.
— n.

Defn: A native of Argos. Often used as a generic term, equivalent to
Grecian or Greek.

ARGO
Ar"go, n. Etym: [L. Argo, Gr.

1. (Myth.)

Defn: The name of the ship which carried Jason and his fifty-four companions to Colchis, in quest of the Golden Fleece.

2. (Astron.)

Defn: A large constellation in the southern hemisphere, called also Argo Navis. In modern astronomy it is replaced by its three divisions, Carina, Puppis, and Vela.

ARGOAN
Ar*go"an, a.

Defn: Pertaining to the ship Argo.

ARGOILE
Ar"goile, n.

Defn: Potter's clay. [Obs.] Chaucer.

ARGOL
Ar"gol, n. Etym: [Cf. Argal, Orgal. Of unknown origin.]

Defn: Crude tartar; an acidulous salt from which cream of tartar is prepared. It exists in the juice of grapes, and is deposited from wines on the sides of the casks. Ure.

ARGOLIC
Ar*gol"ic, a. Etym: [L. Argolicus, Gr.

Defn: Pertaining to Argolis, a district in the Peloponnesus.

ARGON
Ar"gon, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: A substance regarded as an element, contained in the atmosphere and remarkable for its chemical inertness. Rayleigh and Ramsay.

ARGONAUT
Ar"go*naut, n. Etym: [L. Argonauta, Gr. Argo.]

1. Any one of the legendary Greek heroes who sailed with Jason, in the Argo, in quest of the Golden Fleece.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A cephalopod of the genus Argonauta.

ARGONAUTA
Ar`go*nau"ta, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of Cephalopoda. The shell is called paper nautilus or paper sailor.

Note: The animal has much resemblance to an Octopus. It has eight arms, two of which are expanded at the end and clasp the shell, but are never elevated in the air for sails as was formerly supposed. The creature swims beneath the surface by means of a jet of water, like other cephalopods. The male has no shell, and is much smaller than the female. See Hectocotylus.

ARGONAUTIC
Ar"go*naut"ic, a. Etym: [L. Argonauticus.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Argonauts.

ARGOSY Ar"go*sy, n.; pl. Argosies. Etym: [Earlier ragusy, fr. ragusa meaning orig. a vessel of Ragusa.]

Defn: A large ship, esp. a merchant vessel of the largest size. Where your argosies with portly sail . . . Do overpeer the petty traffickers. Shak.

ARGOT
Ar`got", n. Etym: [F. Of unknown origin.]

Defn: A secret language or conventional slang peculiar to thieves, tramps, and vagabonds; flash.

ARGUABLE
Ar"gu*a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being argued; admitting of debate.

ARGUE
Ar"gue, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Argued; p. pr. & vb. n. Arguing.] Etym:
[OE. arguen, F. arguer, fr. L. argutare, freq. of arguere to make
clear; from the same root as E. argent.]

1. To invent and offer reasons to support or overthrow a proposition, opinion, or measure; to use arguments; to reason. I argue not Against Heaven's hand or will. Milton.

2. To contend in argument; to dispute; to reason; — followed by with; as, you may argue with your friend without convincing him.

ARGUE
Ar"gue, v. t.

1. To debate or discuss; to treat by reasoning; as, the counsel argued the cause before a full court; the cause was well argued.

2. To prove or evince; too manifest or exhibit by inference, deduction, or reasoning. So many laws argue so many sins. Milton.

3. To persuade by reasons; as, to argue a man into a different opinion.

4. To blame; to accuse; to charge with. [Obs.] Thoughts and expressions . . . which can be truly argued of obscenity, profaneness, or immorality. Dryden.

Syn. — to reason; evince; discuss; debate; expostulate; remonstrate; controvert. — To Argue, Dispute, Debate. These words, as here compared, suppose a contest between two parties in respect to some point at issue. To argue is to adduce arguments or reasons in support of one's cause or position. To dispute is to call in question or deny the statements or arguments of the opposing party. To debate is to strive for or against in a somewhat formal manner by arguments. Men of many words sometimes argue for the sake of talking; men of ready tongues frequently dispute for the sake of victory; men in public life often debate for the sake of opposing the ruling party, or from any other motive than the love of truth. Crabb. Unskilled to argue, in dispute yet loud, Bold without caution, without honors proud. Falconer. Betwixt the dearest friends to raise debate. Dryden.

ARGUER
Ar"gu*er, n.

Defn: One who argues; a reasoner; a disputant.

ARGUFY
Ar"gu*fy, v. t. & i. Etym: [Argue + -fy.]

1. To argue pertinaciously. [Colloq.] Halliwell.

2. To signify. [Colloq.]

ARGULUS
Ar"gu*lus, n. Etym: [NL., dim of Argus.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of copepod Crustacea, parasitic of fishes; a fish louse. See Branchiura.

ARGUMENT Ar"gu*ment, n. Etym: [F. argument, L. argumentum, fr. arguere to argue.]

1. Proof; evidence. [Obs.] There is.. no more palpable and convincing argument of the existence of a Deity. Ray. Why, then, is it made a badge of wit and an argument of parts for a man to commence atheist, and to cast off all belief of providence, all awe and reverence for religion South.

2. A reason or reasons offered in proof, to induce belief, or convince the mind; reasoning expressed in words; as, an argument about, concerning, or regarding a proposition, for or in favor of it, or against it.

3. A process of reasoning, or a controversy made up of rational proofs; argumentation; discussion; disputation. The argument is about things, but names. Locke.

4. The subject matter of a discourse, writing, or artistic representation; theme or topic; also, an abstract or summary, as of the contents of a book, chapter, poem. You and love are still my argument. Shak. The abstract or argument of the piece. Jeffrey. [Shields] with boastful argument portrayed. Milton.

5. Matter for question; business in hand. [Obs.] Sheathed their swords for lack of argument. Shak.

6. (Astron.)

Defn: The quantity on which another quantity in a table depends; as, the altitude is the argument of the refraction.

7. (Math.)

Defn: The independent variable upon whose value that of a function depends. Brande & C.

ARGUMENT
Ar"gu*ment, v. i. Etym: [L. argumentari.]

Defn: To make an argument; to argue. [Obs.] Gower.

ARGUMENTABLE
Ar`gu*men"ta*ble, a. Etym: [L. argumentabilis.]

Defn: Admitting of argument. [R.] Chalmers.

ARGUMENTAL
Ar`gu*men"tal, a. Etym: [L. argumentalis.]

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or containing, argument; argumentative.

ARGUMENTATION
Ar`gu*men*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. argumentatio, from argumentari: cf.
F. argumentation.]

1. The act of forming reasons, making inductions, drawing conclusions, and applying them to the case in discussion; the operation of inferring propositions, not known or admitted as true, from facts or principles known, admitted, or proved to be true. Which manner of argumentation, how false and naught it is, . . . every man that hath with perceiveth. Tyndale.

2. Debate; discussion.

Syn.
— Reasoning; discussion; controversy. See Reasoning.

ARGUMENTATIVE
Ar`gu*men"ta*tive, a.

1. Consisting of, or characterized by, argument; containing a process of reasoning; as, an argumentative discourse.

2. Adductive as proof; indicative; as, the adaptation of things to their uses is argumentative of infinite wisdom in the Creator. [Obs.]

3. Given to argument; characterized by argument; disputatious; as, an argumentative writer. —Ar`gu*men"ta*tive*ly, adv. — Ar`gu*men"ta*tive*ness, n.

ARGUMENTIZE
Ar"gu*men*tize, v. i.

Defn: To argue or discuss. [Obs.] Wood.

ARGUS
Ar"gus, n. Etym: [L. Argus, Gr.

1. (Myth.)

Defn: A fabulous being of antiquity, said to have had a hundred eyes, who has placed by Juno to guard Io. His eyes were transplanted to the peacock's tail.

2. One very vigilant; a guardian always watchful.

3. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of East Indian pheasants. The common species (A. giganteus) is remarkable for the great length and beauty of the wing and tail feathers of the male. The species A. Grayi inhabits Borneo.

ARGUS-EYED
Ar"gus-eyed, a.

Defn: Extremely observant; watchful; sharp-sighted.

ARGUS SHELL
Ar"gus shell` . (Zoöl.)

Defn: A species of shell (Cypræa argus), beautifully variegated with spots resembling those in a peacock's tail.

ARGUTATION
Ar`gu*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. argutatio. See Argue.]

Defn: Caviling; subtle disputation. [Obs.]

ARGUTE
Ar*gute", a. Etym: [L. argutus, p. p. of arguere. See Argue.]

1. Sharp; shrill. [Obs.] Johnson.

2. Sagacious; acute; subtle; shrewd. The active preacher . . . the argue schoolman. Milman.

ARGUTELY
Ar*gute"ly, adv.

Defn: In a subtle; shrewdly.

ARGUTENESS
Ar*gute"ness, n.

Defn: Acuteness. Dryden.

ARHIZAL; ARHIZOUS; ARHYTHMIC; ARHYTHMOUS
A*rhi"zal, A*rhi"zous, A*rhyth"*mic, A*rhyth"mous, a.

Defn: See Arrhizal, Arrhizous, Arrhythmic, Arrhythmous.

ARIA
A"ri*a, n. Etym: [It., fr. L. aër. See Air.] (Mus.)

Defn: An air or song; a melody; a tune.

Note: The Italian term is now mostly used for the more elaborate accompanied melodies sung by a single voice, in operas, oratorios, cantatas, anthems, etc., and not so much for simple airs or tunes.

ARIAN
Ar"ian, a. & n. (Ethnol.)

Defn: See Aryan.

ARIAN
A"ri*an, a. Etym: [L. Arianus.]

Defn: Pertaining to Arius, a presbyter of the church of Alexandria, in the fourth century, or to the doctrines of Arius, who held Christ to be inferior to God the Father in nature and dignity, though the first and noblest of all created beings. — n.

Defn: One who adheres to or believes the doctrines of Arius. Mosheim.

ARIANISM
A"ri*an*ism, n.

Defn: The doctrines of the Arians.

ARIANIZE
A"ri*an*ize, v. i.

Defn: To admit or accept the tenets of the Arians; to become an
Arian.

ARIANIZE
A"ri*an*ize, v. t.

Defn: To convert to Arianism.

ARICINE
Ar"i*cine, n. Etym: [From Arica, in Chile.] (Chem.)

Defn: An alkaloid, first found in white cinchona bark.

ARID
Ar"id, a. Etym: [L. aridus, fr. arere to be dry: cf. F. aride.]

Defn: Exhausted of moisture; parched with heat; dry; barren. "An arid waste." Thomson.

ARIDITY
A*rid"i*ty, n.; pl. Aridities. Etym: [L. ariditas, fr. aridus.]

1. The state or quality of being arid or without moisture; dryness.

2. Fig.: Want of interest of feeling; insensibility; dryness of style or feeling; spiritual drought. Norris.

ARIDNESS
Ar"id*ness, n.

Defn: Aridity; dryness.

ARIEL; ARIEL GAZELLE
A"ri*el, n., or; A"ri*el ga*zelle". Etym: [Ar. aryil, ayyil, stag.]
(Zoöl.) A)

Defn: A variety of the gazelle (Antilope, or Gazella, dorcas), found in Arabia and adjacent countries. (b) A squirrel-like Australian marsupial, a species of Petaurus. (c) A beautiful Brazilian toucan Ramphastos ariel).

ARIES
A"ri*es, n. Etym: [L.]

1. (Astron.) (a) The Ram; the first of the twelve signs in the zodiac, which the sun enters at the vernal equinox, about the 21st of March. (b) A constellation west of Taurus, drawn on the celestial globe in the figure of a ram.

2. (Rom. Antiq.)

Defn: A battering-ram.

ARIETATE Ar"i*e*tate, v. i. Etym: [L. arietatus, p. p. of arietare, fr. aries ram.]

Defn: To butt, as a ram. [Obs.]

ARIETATION
Ar`i*e*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. arietatio.]

1. The act of butting like a ram; act of using a battering-ram. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. Act of striking or conflicting. [R.] Glanvill.

ARIETTA; ARIETTE A`ri*et"ta, Ar`i*ette", n. Etym: [It. arietta, dim. of aria; F. ariette.] (Mus.)

Defn: A short aria, or air. "A military ariette." Sir W. Scott.

ARIGHT
A*right", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + right.]

Defn: Rightly; correctly; in a right way or form; without mistake or crime; as, to worship God aright.

ARIL; ARILLUS Ar"il, A*ril"lus, n. Etym: [From LL. arilli dry grapes, perh. fr. L. aridus dry: cf. F,. arille.] (Bot.)

Defn: A exterior covering, forming a false coat or appendage to a seed, as the loose, transparent bag inclosing the seed or the white water lily. The mace of the nutmeg is also an aril. Gray.

ARILLATE; ARILLATED; ARILED Ar"il*late. Ar"il*la`ted, Ar"iled, a. Etym: [Cf. NL. arillatus, F. arillé.]

Defn: Having an aril.

ARILLODE
Ar"il*lode, n. [Arillus + Gr. form.] (Bot.)

Defn: A false aril; an aril originating from the micropyle instead of from the funicle or chalaza of the ovule. The mace of the nutmeg is an arillode.

ARIMAN
A"ri*man, n.

Defn: See Ahriman.

ARIOLATION Ar`i*o*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. ariolatio, hariolatio, fr. hariolari to prophesy, fr. hariolus soothsayer.]

Defn: A soothsaying; a foretelling. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

ARIOSE
Ar"i*ose, a. Etym: [It. arioso, fr. aria.]

Defn: Characterized by melody, as distinguished from harmony. Mendelssohn wants the ariose beauty of Handel; vocal melody is not his forte; the interest of his airs harmonic. Foreign Quart. Rev.

ARIOSO
A`ri*o"so, adv. & a. Etym: [It.] (Mus.)

Defn: In the smooth and melodious style of an air; ariose.

ARISE
A*rise", v. i. [imp. Arose; p. pr. & vb. n. Arising; p. p. Arisen.].
Etym: [AS. arisan; a (equiv. to Goth. us-, ur-, G. er-, orig. meaning
out) + risan to rise; cf. Goth. urreisan to arise. See Rise.]

1. To come up from a lower to a higher position; to come above the horizon; to come up from one's bed or place of repose; to mount; to ascend; to rise; as, to arise from a kneeling posture; a cloud arose; the sun ariseth; he arose early in the morning.

2. To spring up; to come into action, being, or notice; to become operative, sensible, or visible; to begin to act a part; to present itself; as, the waves of the sea arose; a persecution arose; the wrath of the king shall arise. There arose up a new king . . . which knew not Joseph. Ex. i. 8. The doubts that in his heart arose. Milton.

3. To proceed; to issue; to spring. Whence haply mention may arise Of something not unseasonable to ask. Milton.

ARISE
A*rise", n.

Defn: Rising. [Obs.] Drayton.

ARIST
A*rist", 3d sing. pres.

Defn: of Arise, for ariseth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

ARISTA
A*ris"ta, n. Etym: [L.] (Bot.)

Defn: An awn. Gray.

ARISTARCH Ar"is*tarch, n. Etym: [From Aristarchus, a Greek grammarian and critic, of Alexandria, about 200 b. c.]

Defn: A severe critic. Knowles.

ARISTARCHIAN
Ar`is*tar"chi*an, a.

Defn: Severely critical.

ARISTARCHY
Ar"is*tar`chy, n.

Defn: Severely criticism.

ARISTARCHY
Ar"is*tar`chy, n.

Defn: Severe criticism. [Obs.] Sir J. Harrington.

ARISTATE
A*ris"tate, a. Etym: [L. aristatus, fr. arista. See Arista.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: Having a pointed, beardlike process, as the glumes of wheat; awned. Gray.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Having a slender, sharp, or spinelike tip.

ARISTOCRACY Ar`is*toc"ra*cy, n.; pl. Aristocracies. Etym: [Gr. arm, and orig. meant fitting: cf. F. aristocratie. See Arm, and Create, which is related to Gr.

1. Government by the best citizens.

2. A ruling body composed of the best citizens. [Obs.] In the Senate Right not our quest in this, I will protest them To all the world, no aristocracy. B. Jonson.

3. A form a government, in which the supreme power is vested in the principal persons of a state, or in a privileged order; an oligarchy. The aristocracy of Venice hath admitted so many abuses, trough the degeneracy of the nobles, that the period of its duration seems approach. Swift.

4. The nobles or chief persons in a state; a privileged class or patrician order; (in a popular use) those who are regarded as superior to the rest of the community, as in rank, fortune, or intellect.

ARISTOCRAT
A*ris"to*crat, n. Etym: [F. aristocrate. See Aristocracy.]

1. One of the aristocracy or people of rank in a community; one of a ruling class; a noble.

2. One who is overbearing in his temper or habits; a proud or haughty person. A born aristocrat, bred radical. Mrs. Browning.

3. One who favors an aristocracy as a form of government, or believes the aristocracy should govern. His whole family are accused of being aristocrats. Romilly.

ARISTOCRATIC; ARISTOCRATICAL
Ar`is*to*crat"ic, Ar`is*to*crat"ic*al, a. Etym: [Gr. aristocratique.]

1. Of or pertaining to an aristocracy; consisting in, or favoring, a government of nobles, or principal men; as, an aristocratic constitution.

2. Partaking of aristocracy; befitting aristocracy; characteristic of, or originating with, the aristocracy; as, an aristocratic measure; aristocratic pride or manners. — Ar`is*to*crat"ic*al*ly, adv. — Ar`is*to*crat"ic*al*ness, n.

ARISTOCRATISM
Ar"is*to*crat`ism, n.

1. The principles of aristocrats. Romilly.

2. Aristocrats, collectively. [R.]

ARISTOLOGY
Ar`is*tol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.]

Defn: The science of dining. Quart. Rev.

ARISTOPHANIC
Ar`is*to*phan"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Aristophanes, the Athenian comic poet.

ARISTOTELIAN
Ar`is*to*te"li*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Aristotle, the famous Greek philosopher (384-322 b. c.). — n.

Defn: A follower of Aristotle; a Peripatetic. See Peripatetic.

ARISTOTELIANISM
Ar`is*to*te"li*an*ism.

Defn: The philosophy of Aristotle, otherwise called the Peripatetic philosophy.

ARISTOTELIC
Ar`is*to*tel"ic, a.

Defn: Pertaining to Aristotle or to his philosophy. "Aristotelic usage." Sir W. Hamilton.

ARISTOTLE'S LANTERN
Ar"is*to`tle's lan"tern. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The five united jaws and accessory ossicles of certain sea urchins.

ARISTOTYPE
A*ris"to*type`, n. [Gr. best + -type.] (Photog.)

Defn: Orig., a printing-out process using paper coated with silver chloride in gelatin; now, any such process using silver salts in either collodion or gelatin; also, a print so made.

ARISTULATE
A*ris"tu*late, a. Etym: [Dim. fr. arista.] (Bot.)

Defn: Pertaining a short beard or awn. Gray.

ARITHMANCY
Ar"ith*man`cy, n. Etym: [Gr. -mancy.]

Defn: Divination by means of numbers.

ARITHMETIC A*rith"me*tic, n. Etym: [OE. arsmetike, OF. arismetique, L. arithmetica, fr. Gr. arm, the idea of counting coming from that of fitting, attaching. See Arm. The modern Eng. and French forms are accommodated to the Greek.]

1. The science of numbers; the art of computation by figures.

2. A book containing the principles of this science. Arithmetic of sines, trigonometry. — Political arithmetic, the application of the science of numbers to problems in civil government, political economy, and social science. — Universal arithmetic, the name given by Sir Isaac Newton to algebra.

ARITHMETICAL
Ar`ith*met"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to arithmetic; according to the rules or
method of arithmetic. Arithmetical complement of a logarithm. See
Logarithm.
— Arithmetical mean. See Mean.
— Arithmetical progression. See Progression.
— Arithmetical proportion. See Proportion.

ARITHMETICALLY
Ar`ith*met"ic*al*ly, adv.

Defn: Conformably to the principles or methods of arithmetic.

ARITHMETICIAN
A*rith`me*ti"cian, n. Etym: [Cf. F. arithméticien.]

Defn: One skilled in arithmetic.

ARITHMOMANCY
A*rith"mo*man"cy, n.

Defn: Arithmancy.

ARITHMOMETER
Ar`ith*mom"e*ter, n. Etym: [Gr. -meter: cf. F. arithmomètre.]

Defn: A calculating machine.

ARK Ark, n. Etym: [OE. ark, arke, arche, AS. arc, earc, earce, fr. L. arca, fr. arcere to inclose, keep off; akin to Gr.

1. A chest, or coffer. [Obs.] Bearing that precious relic in an ark. Spenser.

2. (Jewish Hist.)

Defn: The oblong chest of acacia wood, overlaid with gold, which supported the mercy seat with its golden cherubs, and occupied the most sacred place in the sanctuary. In it Moses placed the two tables of stone containing the ten commandments. Called also the Ark of the Covenant.

3. The large, chestlike vessel in which Noah and his family were preserved during the Deluge. Gen. vi. Hence: Any place of refuge.

4. A large flatboat used on Western American rivers to transport produce to market.

ARKITE
Ark"ite, a.

Defn: Belonging to the ark. [R.] Faber.

ARKOSE
Ar*kose", n. [F] (Petrog)

Defn: A sandstone derived from the disintegration of granite or gneiss, and characterized by feldspar fragments. — Ar*kos"ic (#), a.

ARK SHELL
Ark" shell`. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A marine bivalve shell belonging to the genus Arca and its allies.

ARLES
Arles, n. pl. Etym: [Cf. F. arrhes, Scot. airles. Cf. Earles penny.]

Defn: An earnest; earnest money; money paid to bind a bargain.
[Scot.] Arles penny, earnest money given to servants. Kersey.

ARM Arm, n. Etym: [AS. arm, earm; akin to OHG. aram, G., D., Dan., & Sw. arm, Icel. armr, Goth. arms, L. armus arm, shoulder, and prob. to Gr. rame. Art, Article.]

1. The limb of the human body which extends from the shoulder to the hand; also, the corresponding limb of a monkey.

2. Anything resembling an arm; as, (a) The fore limb of an animal, as of a bear. (b) A limb, or locomotive or prehensile organ, of an invertebrate animal. (c) A branch of a tree. (d) A slender part of an instrument or machine, projecting from a trunk, axis, or fulcrum; as, the arm of a steelyard. (e) (Naut) The end of a yard; also, the part of an anchor which ends in the fluke. (f) An inlet of water from the sea. (g) A support for the elbow, at the side of a chair, the end of a sofa, etc.

3. Fig.: Power; might; strength; support; as, the secular arm; the
arm of the law.
To whom is the arm of the Lord revealed Isa. lii. 1.
Arm's end, the end of the arm; a good distance off. Dryden.
— Arm's length, the length of the arm.
— Arm's reach, reach of the arm; the distance the arm can reach.
— To go (or walk) arm in arm, to go with the arm or hand of one
linked in the arm of another. "When arm in armwe went along."
Tennyson.
— To keep at arm's length, to keep at a distance (literally or
figuratively); not to allow to come into close contact or familiar
intercourse.
— To work at arm's length, to work disadvantageously.

ARM Arm, n. Etym: [See Arms.] (Mil.) (a) A branch of the military service; as, the cavalry arm was made efficient. (b) A weapon of offense or defense; an instrument of warfare; — commonly in the pl.

ARM Arm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Armed; p. pr. & vb. n. Arming.] Etym: [OE. armen, F. armer, fr. L. armare, fr. arma, pl., arms. See arms.]

1. To take by the arm; to take up in one's arms. [Obs.]
And make him with our pikes and partisans A grave: come, arm him.
Shak.
Arm your prize; I know you will not lose him. Two N. Kins.

2. To furnish with arms or limbs. [R.] His shoulders broad and strong, Armed long and round. Beau. & Fl.

3. To furnish or equip with weapons of offense or defense; as, to arm soldiers; to arm the country. Abram . . . armed his trained servants. Gen. xiv. 14.

4. To cover or furnish with a plate, or with whatever will add strength, force, security, or efficiency; as, to arm the hit of a sword; to arm a hook in angling.

5. Fig.: To furnish with means of defense; to prepare for resistance; to fortify, in a moral sense. Arm yourselves . . . with the same mind. 1 Pet. iv. 1. To arm a magnet, to fit it with an armature.

ARM
Arm, v. i.

Defn: To provide one's self with arms, weapons, or means of attack or resistance; to take arms. " 'Tis time to arm." Shak.

ARMADA Ar*ma"da, n. Etym: [Sp. armada, L. as if armata (sc. classic fleet), fr. armatus, p. p. of armare. See Arm, v. t. Army.]

Defn: A fleet of armed ships; a squadron. Specifically, the Spanish fleet which was sent to assail England, a. d. 1558.

ARMADILLO Ar`ma*dil"lo, n.; pl. Armadillos. Etym: [Sp. armadillo, dim. of armado armed, p. p. of armar to arm. Do called from being armed with a bony shell.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any edentate animal if the family Dasypidæ, peculiar to America. The body and head are incased in an armor composed of small bony plates. The armadillos burrow in the earth, seldom going abroad except at night. When attacked, they curl up into a ball, presenting the armor on all sides. Their flesh is good food. There are several species, one of which (the peba) is found as far north as Texas. See Peba, Poyou, Tatouay. (b) A genus of small isopod Crustacea that can roll themselves into a ball.

ARMADO
Ar*ma"do, n.

Defn: Armada. [Obs.]

ARMAMENT Ar"ma*ment, n. Etym: [L. armamenta, pl., utensils, esp. the tackle of a ship, fr. armare to arm: cf. LL. armamentum, F. armement.]

1. A body of forces equipped for war; — used of a land or naval force. "The whole united armament of Greece." Glover.

2. (Mil. & Nav.)

Defn: All the cannon and small arms collectively, with their equipments, belonging to a ship or a fortification.

3. Any equipment for resistance.

ARMAMENTARY Ar`ma*men"ta*ry, n. Etym: [L. armamentarium, fr. armamentum: cf. F. armamentaire.]

Defn: An armory; a magazine or arsenal. [R.]

ARMATURE Ar"ma*ture, n. Etym: [L. armatura, fr. armare to arm: cf. F. armature. See Arm, v. t., Armor.]

1. Armor; whatever is worn or used for the protection and defense of the body, esp. the protective outfit of some animals and plants.

2. (Magnetism)

Defn: A piece of soft iron used to connect the two poles of a magnet, or electro-magnet, in order to complete the circuit, or to receive and apply the magnetic force. In the ordinary horseshoe magnet, it serves to prevent the dissipation of the magnetic force.

3. (Arch.)

Defn: Iron bars or framing employed for the consolidation of a building, as in sustaining slender columns, holding up canopies, etc. Oxf. Gloss.

ARMCHAIR
Arm"chair`, n.

Defn: A chair with arms to support the elbows or forearms. Tennyson.

ARMED
Armed, a.

1. Furnished with weapons of offense or defense; furnished with the means of security or protection. "And armed host." Dryden.

2. Furnished with whatever serves to add strength, force, or efficiency. A distemper eminently armed from heaven. De Foe.

3. (Her.)

Defn: Having horns, beak, talons, etc; — said of beasts and birds of
prey. Armed at all points (Blazoning), completely incased in armor,
sometimes described as armed cap-à-pie. Cussans.
— Armed en flute. (Naut.) See under Flute.
— Armed magnet, a magnet provided with an armature.
— Armed neutrality. See under Neutrality.

ARMENIAN
Ar*me"ni*an, a. Etym: [Cf. F. Arménien, L. Armenias, fr. Armenia.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to Armenia. Armenian bole, a soft clayey earth
of a bright red color found in Armenia, Tuscany, etc.
— Armenian stone. (a) The commercial name of lapis lazuli. (b)
Emery.

ARMENIAN
Ar*me"ni*an, n.

1. A native or one of the people of Armenia; also, the language of the Armenians.

2. (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: An adherent of the Armenian Church, an organization similar in some doctrines and practices to the Greek Church, in others to the Roman Catholic.

ARMET Arm"et, n. Etym: [F., dim. of arme arm, or corrupted for healmet helmet.]

Defn: A kind of helmet worn in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries.

ARMFUL
Arm"ful, n.; pl. Armfulus.

Defn: As much as the arm can hold.

ARMGAUNT
Arm"gaunt`, a.

Defn: With gaunt or slender legs. "An armgaunt steed." Shak.

Note: This word is peculiar to Shakespeare. Its meaning has not yet been satisfactorily explained.

ARM-GRET
Arm"-gret`, a.

Defn: Great as a man's arm. [Obs.]
A wreath of gold, arm-gret. Chaucer.

ARMHOLE
Arm"hole`, n. Etym: [Arm + hole.]

1. The cavity under the shoulder; the armpit. Bacon.

2. A hole for the arm in a garment.

ARMIFEROUS
Ar*mif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. armifer; arma arms + ferre to bear.]

Defn: Bearing arms or weapons. [R.]

ARMIGER Ar"mi*ger, n. Etym: [L. armiger armor bearer; arma arms + gerere to bear.]

Defn: Formerly, an armor bearer, as of a knight, an esquire who bore his shield and rendered other services. In later use, one next in degree to a knight, and entitled to armorial bearings. The term is now superseded by esquire. Jacob.

ARMIGEROUS
Ar*mig"er*ous, a.

Defn: Bearing arms. [R.] They belonged to the armigerous part of the population, and were entitled to write themselves Esquire. De Quincey.

ARMIL Ar"mil, n. Etym: [L. armilla a bracelet, fr. armus arm: cf. OF. armille.]

1. A bracelet. [Obs.]

2. An ancient astronomical instrument.

Note: When composed of one ring placed in the plane of the equator for determining the time of the equinoxes, it is called an equinoctial armil; when of two or more rings, one in the plane of the meridian, for observing the solstices, it is called a solstitial armil. Whewell.

ARMILLA
Ar*mil"la, n.; pl. E. Armillas, L. Armillæ. Etym: [L., a bracelet.]

1. An armil.

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A ring of hair or feathers on the legs.

ARMILLARY Ar"mil*la*ry, a. Etym: [LL. armillarius, fr. L. armilla arm ring, bracelet, fr. armus arm: cf. F. armillaire. See Arm, n.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or resembling, a bracelet or ring; consisting of rings or circles. Armillary sphere, an ancient astronomical machine composed of an assemblage of rings, all circles of the same sphere, designed to represent the positions of the important circles of the celestial sphere. Nichol.

ARMING
Arm"ing, n.

1. The act of furnishing with, or taking, arms. The arming was now universal. Macaulay.

2. (Naut.)

Defn: A piece of tallow placed in a cavity at the lower end of a sounding lead, to bring up the sand, shells, etc., of the sea bottom. Totten.

3. pl. (Naut.)

Defn: Red dress cloths formerly hung fore and aft outside of a ship's upper works on holidays. Arming press (Bookbinding), a press for stamping titles and designs on the covers of books.

ARMINIAN
Ar*min"i*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Arminius of his followers, or to their doctrines. See note under Arminian, n.

ARMINIAN
Ar*min"i*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: One who holds the tenets of Arminius, a Dutch divine (b. 1560, d. 1609).

Note: The Arminian doctrines are: 1. Conditional election and reprobation, in opposition to absolute predestination. 2. Universal redemption, or that the atonement was made by Christ for all mankind, though none but believers can be partakers of the benefit. 3. That man, in order to exercise true faith, must be regenerated and renewed by the operation of the Holy Spirit, which is the gift of God. 4. That man may resist divine grace. 5. That man may relapse from a state of grace.

ARMINIANISM
Ar*min"i*an*ism, n.

Defn: The religious doctrines or tenets of the Arminians.

ARMIPOTENCE
Ar*mip"o*tence, n. Etym: [L. armipotentia, fr. armipotents.]

Defn: Power in arms. [R.] Johnson.

ARMIPOTENT Ar*mip"o*tent, a. Etym: [L. armipotents; arma arms + potens powerful, p. pr. of posse to be able.]

Defn: Powerful in arms; mighty in battle.
The temple stood of Mars armipotent. Dryden.

ARMISONANT; ARMISONOUS Ar*mis"o*nant, Ar*mis"o*nous, a. Etym: [L. armisonus; arma arms + sonare (p. pr. sonans) to sound.]

Defn: Rustling in arms; resounding with arms. [Obs.]

ARMISTICE Ar"mis*tice, n. Etym: [F. armistice, fr. (an assumed word) L. armistitium; arma arms + stare, statum (combining form, -stitum), to stand still.]

Defn: A cessation of arms for a short time, by convention; a temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement; a truce.

ARMLESS
Arm"less, a.

1. Without any arm or branch.

2. Destitute of arms or weapons.

ARMLET
Arm"let, n. Etym: [Arm + -let.]

1. A small arm; as, an armlet of the sea. Johnson.

2. An arm ring; a bracelet for the upper arm.

3. Armor for the arm.

ARMONIAC
Ar*mo"ni*ac, a.

Defn: Ammoniac. [Obs.]

ARMOR Ar"mor, n. Etym: [OE. armure, fr. F. armure, OF. armeure, fr. L. armatura. See Armature.] [Spelt also armour.]

1. Defensive arms for the body; any clothing or covering worn to protect one's person in battle.

Note: In English statues, armor is used for the whole apparatus of war, including offensive as well as defensive arms. The statues of armor directed what arms every man should provide.

2. Steel or iron covering, whether of ships or forts, protecting them from the fire of artillery. Coat armor, the escutcheon of a person or family, with its several charges and other furniture, as mantling, crest, supporters, motto, etc. — Submarine, a water-tight dress or covering for a diver. See under Submarine.

ARMOR-BEARER
Ar"mor-bear`er, n.

Defn: One who carries the armor or arms of another; an armiger. Judg. ix. 54.

ARMORED
Ar"mored, a.

Defn: Clad with armor.

ARMORED CRUISER
Ar"mored cruis"er. (Nav.)

Defn: A man-of-war carrying a large coal supply, and more or less protected from the enemy's shot by iron or steel armor. There is no distinct and accepted classification distinguishing armored and protected cruisers from each other, except that the first have more or heavier armor than the second.

ARMORER Ar"mor*er, n. Etym: [OE. armurer, armerer, fr. F. armurter, fr. armure armor.]

1. One who makes or repairs armor or arms.

2. Formerly, one who had care of the arms and armor of a knight, and who dressed him in armor. Shak.

3. One who has the care of arms and armor, cleans or repairs them, etc.

ARMORIAL Ar*mo"ri*al, a. Etym: [F. armorial, fr. armoiries arms, coats of arms, for armoieries, fr. OF. armoier to paint arms, coats of arms, fr. armes, fr. L. arma. See Arms, Armory.]

Defn: Belonging to armor, or to the heraldic arms or escutcheon of a
family.
Figures with armorial signs of race and birth. Wordsworth.
Armorial bearings. See Arms, 4.

ARMORIC; ARMORICAN Ar*mor"ic, Ar*mor"i*can, a. Etym: [L. Armoricus, fr. Celtic ar on, at + mor sea.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the northwestern part of France (formerly called Armorica, now Bretagne or Brittany), or to its people. — n.

Defn: The language of the Armoricans, a Celtic dialect which has remained to the present times.

ARMORICAN
Ar*mor"i*can, n.

Defn: A native of Armorica.

ARMORIST
Ar"mor*ist, n. Etym: [F. armoriste.]

Defn: One skilled in coat armor or heraldry. Cussans.

ARMOR-PLATED
Ar"mor-plat`ed, a.

Defn: Covered with defensive plates of metal, as a ship of war;
steel-clad.
This day will be launched . . . the first armor-plated steam frigate
in the possession of Great Britain. Times (Dec. 29, 1860).

ARMORY Ar"mo*ry, n.; pl. Armories. Etym: [OF. armaire, armarie, F. armoire, fr. L. armarium place for keeping arms; but confused with F. armoiries. See Armorial, Ambry.]

1. A place where arms and instruments of war are deposited for safe keeping.

2. Armor: defensive and offensive arms. Celestial armory, shields, helms, and spears. Milton.

3. A manufactory of arms, as rifles, muskets, pistols, bayonets, swords. [U.S.]

4. Ensigns armorial; armorial bearings. Spensplw.

5. That branch of hplwaldry which treats of coat armor. The science of heraldry, or, more justly speaking, armory, which is but one branch of heraldry, is, without doubt, of very ancient origin. Cussans.

ARMOZEEN; ARMOZINE
Ar`mo*zeen", Ar`mo*zine", n. Etym: [armosin, armoisin.]

Defn: A thick plain silk, generally black, and used for clerical.
Simmonds.

ARMPIT
Arm"pit`, n. Etym: [Arm + pit.]

Defn: The hollow beneath the junction of the arm and shoulder; the axilla.

ARMRACK
Arm"rack`, n.

Defn: A frame, generally vertical, for holding small arms.

ARMS Arms, n. pl. Etym: [OE. armes, F. arme, pl. armes, fr. L. arma, pl., arms, orig. fittings, akin to armus shoulder, and E. arm. See Arm, n.]

1. Instruments or weapons of offense or defense. He lays down his arms, but not his wiles. Milton. Three horses and three goodly suits of arms. Tennyson.

2. The deeds or exploits of war; military service or science. "Arms and the man I sing." Dryden.

3. (Law)

Defn: Anything which a man takes in his hand in anger, to strike or assault another with; an aggressive weapon. Cowell. Blackstone.

4. (Her.)

Defn: The ensigns armorial of a family, consisting of figures and colors borne in shields, banners, etc., as marks of dignity and distinction, and descending from father to son.

5. (Falconry)

Defn: The legs of a hawk from the thigh to the foot. Halliwell. Bred to arms, educated to the profession of a soldier. — In arms, armed for war; in a state of hostility. — Small arms, portable firearms known as muskets, rifles, carbines, pistols, etc. — A stand of arms, a complete set for one soldier, as a musket, bayonet, cartridge box and belt; frequently, the musket and bayonet alone. — To arms! a summons to war or battle. — Under arms, armed and equipped and in readiness for battle, or for a military parade. Arm's end, Arm's length, Arm's reach. See under Arm.

ARMURE
Ar"mure, n. Etym: [F. See Armor.]

1. Armor. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. A variety of twilled fabric ribbed on the surface.

ARMY Ar"my, n. Etym: [F. armée, fr. L. armata, fem. of armatus, p. p. of armare to arm. Cf. Armada.]

1. A collection or body of men armed for war, esp. one organized in companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, and divisions, under proper officers.

2. A body of persons organized for the advancement of a cause; as, the Blue Ribbon Army.

3. A great number; a vast multitude; a host. An army of good words. Shak. Standing army, a permanent army of professional soldiers, as distinguished from militia or volunteers.

ARMY ORGANIZATION
Army organization.

Defn: The system by which a country raises, classifies, arranges, and equips its armed land forces. The usual divisions are: (1) A regular or active army, in which soldiers serve continuously with the colors and live in barracks or cantonments when not in the field; (2) the reserves of this army, in which the soldiers, while remaining constantly subject to a call to the colors, live at their homes, being summoned more or less frequently to report for instruction, drill, or maneuvers; and (3) one or more classes of soldiers organized largely for territorial defense, living at home and having only occasional periods of drill and instraction, who are variously called home reserves (as in the table below), second, third, etc., line of defense (the regular army and its reserves ordinarily constituting the first line of defense), territorial forces, or the like. In countries where conscription prevails a soldier is supposed to serve a given number of years. He is usually enrolled first in the regular army, then passes to its reserve, then into the home reserves, to serve until he reaches the age limit. It for any reason he is not enrolled in the regular army, he may begin his service in the army reserves or even the home reserves, but then serves the full number of years or up to the age limit. In equipment the organization of the army is into the three great arms of infantry, cavalry, and artillery, together with more or less numerous other branches, such as engineers, medical corps, etc., besides the staff organizations such as those of the pay and subsistence departments.

ARMY WORM Ar"my worm`. (Zoöl.) (a) A lepidopterous insect, which in the larval state often travels in great multitudes from field to field, destroying grass, grain, and other crops. The common army worm of the northern United States is Leucania unipuncta. The name is often applied to other related species, as the cotton worm. (b) The larva of a small two-winged fly (Sciara), which marches in large companies, in regular order. See Cotton worm, under Cotton.

ARNA; ARNEE
Ar"na, Ar"nee, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The wild buffalo of India (Bos, or Bubalus, arni), larger than the domestic buffalo and having enormous horns.

ARNATTO
Ar*nat"to, n.

Defn: See Annotto.

ARNAUT; ARNAOUT
Ar*naut" Ar*naout", n. [Turk. Arnaut, fr. NGr. , for .]

Defn: An inhabitant of Albania and neighboring mountainous regions, specif. one serving as a soldier in the Turkish army.

ARNICA
Ar"ni*ca, n. Etym: [Prob. a corruption of ptarmica.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of plants; also, the most important species (Arnica montana), native of the mountains of Europe, used in medicine as a narcotic and stimulant.

Note: The tincture of arnica is applied externally as a remedy for bruises, sprains, etc.

ARNICIN
Ar"ni*cin, n. Etym: [See Arnica.] (Chem.)

Defn: An active principle of Arnica montana. It is a bitter resin.

ARNICINE
Ar"ni*cine, n. (Chem.)

Defn: An alkaloid obtained from the arnica plant.

ARNOT; ARNUT
Ar"not, Ar"nut, n. Etym: [Cf. D. aardnoot, E. earthut.]

Defn: The earthnut. [Obs.]

ARNOTTO
Ar*not"to, n.

Defn: Same as Annotto.

AROID; AROIDEOUS
A"roid, A*roid"e*ous, a. Etym: [Arum + -oid.] (Bot.)

Defn: Belonging to, or resembling, the Arum family of plants.

AROINT A*roint", interj. Etym: [Cf. Prov. E. rynt, rynt thee, roynt, or runt, terms used by milkmaids to a cow that has been milked, in order to drive her away, to make room for others; AS. r to make room or way, fr. r room. The final t is perh. for ta, for thou. Cf. Room space.]

Defn: Stand off, or begone. [Obs.]
Aroint thee, witch, the rump-fed ronyon cries. Shak.

AROINT
A*roint", v. t.

Defn: To drive or scare off by some exclamation. [R.] "Whiskered cats arointed flee." Mrs. Browning.

AROLLA
A*rol"la (a*rol"la), n. [F. arolle.] (Bot.)

Defn: The stone pine (Pinus Cembra).

AROMA
A*ro"ma, n. Etym: [L. aroma, Gr. aromaz, aromat, spice, F. aromate.]

1. The quality or principle of plants or other substances which constitutes their fragrance; agreeable odor; as, the aroma of coffee.

2. Fig.: The fine diffusive quality of intellectual power; flavor; as, the subtile aroma of genius.

AROMATIC; AROMATICAL
Ar`o*mat"ic, Ar`o*mat"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. aromaticus, Gr. aromatique.
See Aroma.]

Defn: Pertaining to, or containing, aroma; fragrant; spicy; strong- scented; odoriferous; as, aromatic balsam. Aromatic compound (Chem.), one of a large class of organic substances, as the oils of bitter almonds, wintergreen, and turpentine, the balsams, camphors, etc., many of which have an aromatic odor. They include many of the most important of the carbon compounds and may all be derived from the benzene group, C6H6. The term is extended also to many of their derivatives. — Aromatic vinegar. See under Vinegar.

AROMATIC
Ar`o*mat"ic, n.

Defn: A plant, drug, or medicine, characterized by a fragrant smell, and usually by a warm, pungent taste, as ginger, cinnamon spices.

AROMATIZATION
Ar`o*mat`i*za"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. aromatisation.]

Defn: The act of impregnating or secting with aroma.

AROMATIZE
A*ro"ma*tize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aromatized; p. pr. & vb. n.
Aromatizing.] Etym: [L. aromatizare, Gr. aromatiser.]

Defn: To impregnate with aroma; to render aromatic; to give a spicy scent or taste to; to perfume. Bacon.

AROMATIZER
A*ro"ma*ti`zer, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, aromatizes or renders aromatic. Evelyn.

AROMATOUS
A*ro"ma*tous, a.

Defn: Aromatic. [Obs.] Caxton.

AROPH
Ar"oph, n. Etym: [A contraction of aroma philosophorum.]

Defn: A barbarous word used by the old chemists to designate various medical remedies. [Obs.]

AROSE
A*rose".

Defn: The past or preterit tense of Arise.

AROUND
A*round", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + round.]

1. In a circle; circularly; on every side; round.

2. In a circuit; here and there within the surrounding space; all about; as, to travel around from town to town.

3. Near; in the neighborhood; as, this man was standing around when the fight took place. [Colloq. U. S.]

Note: See Round, the shorter form, adv. & prep., which, in some of the meanings, is more commonly used.

AROUND
A*round", prep.

1. On all sides of; encircling; encompassing; so as to make the circuit of; about. A lambent flame arose, which gently spread Around his brows. Dryden.

2. From one part to another of; at random through; about; on another side of; as, to travel around the country; a house standing around the corner. [Colloq. U. S.]

AROUSAL
A*rous"al, n.

Defn: The act of arousing, or the state of being aroused. Whatever has associated itself with the arousal and activity of our better nature. Hare.

AROUSE
A*rouse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aroused; p. pr. & vb. n. Arousing.]
Etym: [Pref. a- + rouse.]

Defn: To excite to action from a state of rest; to stir, or put in motion or exertion; to rouse; to excite; as, to arouse one from sleep; to arouse the dormant faculties. Grasping his spear, forth issued to arouse His brother, mighty sovereign on the host. Cowper. No suspicion was aroused. Merivale.

AROW
A*row", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + row.]

Defn: In a row, line, or rank; successively; in order. Shak.
And twenty, rank in rank, they rode arow. Dryden.

AROYNT
A*roynt", interj.

Defn: See Aroint.

ARPEGGIO Ar*peg"gio, n. Etym: [It., fr. arpeggiare to play on the harp, fr. arpa harp.] (Mus.)

Defn: The production of the tones of a chord in rapid succession, as in playing the harp, and not simultaneously; a strain thus played.

ARPENT; ARPEN
Ar"pent, Ar"pen, n. Etym: [F. arpent, fr. L. arepennis, arapennis.
According to Columella, a Gallic word for a measure equiv. to half a
Roman jugerum.]

Defn: Formerly, a measure of land in France, varying in different parts of the country. The arpent of Paris was 4,088 sq. yards, or nearly five sixths of an English acre. The woodland arpent was about 1 acre, 1 rood, 1 perch, English.

ARPENTATOR
Ar`pen*ta"tor, n. Etym: [See Arpent.]

Defn: The Anglicized form of the French arpenteur, a land surveyor.
[R.]

ARPINE
Ar"pine, n.

Defn: An arpent. [Obs.] Webster (1623).

ARQUATED
Ar"qua*ted, a.

Defn: Shaped like a bow; arcuate; curved. [R.]

ARQUEBUS; ARQUEBUSE
Ar"que*bus, Ar"que*buse, n. Etym: [F. arquebuse, OF. harquebuse, fr.
D. haak-bus; cf. G. hakenbüchse a gun with a hook. See Hagbut.]

Defn: A sort of hand gun or firearm a contrivance answering to a trigger, by which the burning match was applied. The musket was a later invention. [Written also harquebus.]

ARQUEBUSADE Ar`que*bus*ade", n. Etym: [F. arquebusade shot of an arquebus; eau d'arquebusade a vulnerary for gunshot wounds.]

1. The shot of an arquebus. Ash.

2. A distilled water from a variety of aromatic plants, as rosemary, millefoil, etc.; — originally used as a vulnerary in gunshot wounds. Parr.

ARQUEBUSIER
Ar`que*bus*ier, n. Etym: [F. arquebusier.]

Defn: A soldier armed with an arquebus. Soldiers armed with guns, of whatsoever sort or denomination, appear to have been called arquebusiers. E. Lodge.

ARQUIFOUX
Ar"qui*foux, n.

Defn: Same as Alquifou.

ARRACH
Ar"rach, n.

Defn: See Orach.

ARRACK Ar"rack, n. Etym: [Ar. araq sweat, juice, spirituous liquor, fr. araqa to sweat. Cf. Rack arrack.]

Defn: A name in the East Indies and the Indian islands for all ardent spirits. Arrack is often distilled from a fermented mixture of rice, molasses, and palm wine of the cocoanut tree or the date palm, etc.

ARRAGONITE
Ar*rag"o*nite, n.

Defn: See Aragonite.

ARRAIGN Ar*raign", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arraigned; p. pr. & vb. n. Arraigning.] Etym: [OE. arainen, arenen, OF. aragnier, aranier, araisnier, F. arraisonner, fr. LL. arrationare to address to call before court; L. ad + ratio reason, reasoning, LL. cause, judgment. See Reason.]

1. (Law)

Defn: To call or set as a prisoner at the bar of a court to answer to the matter charged in an indictment or complaint. Blackstone.

2. To call to account, or accuse, before the bar of reason, taste, or any other tribunal. They will not arraign you for want of knowledge. Dryden. It is not arrogance, but timidity, of which the Christian body should now be arraigned by the world. I. Taylor.

Syn.
— To accuse; impeach; charge; censure; criminate; indict; denounce.
See Accuse.

ARRAIGN
Ar*raign", n.

Defn: Arraignment; as, the clerk of the arraigns. Blackstone.
Macaulay.

ARRAIGN
Ar*raign", v. t. Etym: [From OF. aramier, fr. LL. adhramire.] (Old
Eng. Law)

Defn: To appeal to; to demand; as, to arraign an assize of novel disseizin.

ARRAIGNER
Ar*raign"er, n.

Defn: One who arraigns. Coleridge.

ARRAIGNMENT
Ar*raign"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. arraynement, aresnement.]

1. (Law)

Defn: The act of arraigning, or the state of being arraigned; the act of calling and setting a prisoner before a court to answer to an indictment or complaint.

2. A calling to an account to faults; accusation. In the sixth satire, which seems only an Arraignment of the whole sex, there is a latent admonition. Dryden.

ARRAIMENT; ARRAYMENT
Ar*rai"ment, Ar*ray"ment, n. Etym: [From Array, v. t.]

Defn: Clothes; raiment. [Obs.]

ARRANGE
Ar*range", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arranged; p. pr. & vb. n. Arranging.]
Etym: [OE. arayngen, OF. arengier, F. arranger, fr. a (L. ad) + OF.
rengier, rangier, F. ranger. See Range, v. t.]

1. To put in proper order; to dispose (persons, or parts) in the manner intended, or best suited for the purpose; as, troops arranged for battle. So [they] came to the market place, and there he arranged his men in the streets. Berners. [They] were beginning to arrange their hampers. Boswell. A mechanism previously arranged. Paley.

2. To adjust or settle; to prepare; to determine; as, to arrange the preliminaries of an undertaking.

Syn.
— Adjust; adapt; range; dispose; classify.

ARRANGEMENT
Ar*range"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. arrangement.]

1. The act of arranging or putting in an orderly condition; the state of being arranged or put in order; disposition in suitable form.

2. The manner or result of arranging; system of parts disposed in due order; regular and systematic classification; as, arrangement of one's dress; the Linnæan arrangement of plants.

3. Preparatory proceeding or measure; preparation; as, we have made arrangement for receiving company.

4. Settlement; adjustment by agreement; as, the parties have made an arrangement between themselves concerning their disputes; a satisfactory arrangement.

5. (Mus.) (a) The adaptation of a composition to voices or instruments for which it was not originally written. (b) A piece so adapted; a transcription; as, a pianoforte arrangement of Beethoven's symphonies; an orchestral arrangement of a song, an opera, or the like.

ARRANGER
Ar*ran"ger, n.

Defn: One who arranges. Burke.

ARRANT Ar"rant, a. Etym: [OE. erraunt, errant, errand, equiv. to E. errant wandering, which was first applied to vagabonds, as an errant rogue, an errant thief, and hence passed gradually into its present and worse sense. See Errant.]

Defn: Notoriously or preëminently bad; thorough or downright, in a bad sense; shameless; unmitigated; as, an arrant rogue or coward. I discover an arrant laziness in my soul. Fuller.

2. Thorough or downright, in a good sense. [Obs.] An arrant honest woman. Burton.

ARRANTLY
Ar"rant*ly, adv.

Defn: Notoriously, in an ill sense; infamously; impudently; shamefully. L'Estrange.

ARRAS
Ar"ras, n. Etym: [From Arras the capital of Artois, in the French
Netherlands.]

Defn: Tapestry; a rich figured fabric; especially, a screen or
hangings of heavy cloth with interwoven figures.
Stateliest couches, with rich arras spread. Cowper.
Behind the arras I'll convey myself. Shak.

ARRAS
Ar"ras, v. t.

Defn: To furnish with an arras. Chapman.

ARRASENE
Ar`ras*ene", n. Etym: [From Arras.]

Defn: A material of wool or silk used for working the figures in embroidery.

ARRASTRE
Ar*ras"tre, n. Etym: [Sp.]

Defn: A rude apparatus for pulverizing ores, esp. those containing free gold.

ARRASWISE; ARRASWAYS Ar"ras*wise`, Ar"ras*ways`, adv. Etym: [Prob. a corruption of arriswise. See Arris.]

Defn: Placed in such a position as to exhibit the top and two sides, the corner being in front; — said of a rectangular form. Encyc. Brit. Cussans.

ARRAUGHT
Ar*raught". Etym: [The past tense of an old v. areach or arreach. Cf.
Reach, obs. pret. raught.]

Defn: Obtained; seized. Spenser.

ARRAY Ar*ray", n. Etym: [OE. arai, arrai, OF. arrai, arrei, arroi, order, arrangement, dress, F. arroi; a (L. ad) + OF. rai, rei, roi, order, arrangement, fr. G. or Scand.; cf. Goth. raidjan, garaidjan, to arrange, MHG. gereiten, Icel. reithi rigging, harness; akin to E. ready. Cf. Ready, Greith, Curry.]

1. Order; a regular and imposing arrangement; disposition in regular lines; hence, order of battle; as, drawn up in battle array. Wedged together in the closest array. Gibbon.

2. The whole body of persons thus placed in order; an orderly collection; hence, a body of soldiers. A gallant array of nobles and cavaliers. Prescott.

3. An imposing series of things. Their long array of sapphire and of gold. Byron.

4. Dress; garments disposed in order upon the person; rich or beautiful apparel. Dryden.

5. (Law) (a) A ranking or setting forth in order, by the proper officer, of a jury as impaneled in a cause. (b) The panel itself. (c) The whole body of jurors summoned to attend the court. To challenge the array (Law), to except to the whole panel. Cowell. Tomlins. Blount. — Commission of array (Eng. Hist.), a commission given by the prince to officers in every county, to muster and array the inhabitants, or see them in a condition for war. Blackstone.

ARRAY
Ar*ray", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arrayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Arraying.]
Etym: [OE. araien, arraien, fr. OE. arraier, arreier, arreer,
arroier, fr. arrai. See Array, n.]

1. To place or dispose in order, as troops for battle; to marshal.
By torch and trumpet fast arrayed, Each horseman drew his battle
blade. Campbell.
These doubts will be arrayed before their minds. Farrar.

2. To deck or dress; to adorn with dress; to cloth to envelop; — applied esp. to dress of a splendid kind. Pharaoh . . . arrayed him in vestures of fine linen. Gen. xli. In gelid caves with horrid gloom arrayed. Trumbull.

3. (Law)

Defn: To set in order, as a jury, for the trial of a cause; that is, to call them man by man. Blackstone. To array a panel, to set forth in order the men that are impaneled. Cowell. Tomlins.

Syn.
— To draw up; arrange; dispose; set in order.

ARRAYER
Ar*ray"er, n.

Defn: One who arrays. In some early English statutes, applied to an officer who had care of the soldiers' armor, and who saw them duly accoutered.

ARREAR
Ar*rear", adv. Etym: [OE. arere, OF. arere, ariere, F. arrière, fr.
L. ad + retro backward. See Rear.]

Defn: To or in the rear; behind; backwards. [Obs.] Spenser.

ARREAR
Ar*rear", n.

Defn: That which is behind in payment, or which remains unpaid, though due; esp. a remainder, or balance which remains due when some part has been paid; arrearage; — commonly used in the plural, as, arrears of rent, wages, or taxes. Locke. For much I dread due payment by the Greeks Of yesterday's arrear. Cowper. I have a large arrear of letters to write. J. D. Forbes. In arrear or In arrears, behind; backward; behindhand; in debt.

ARREARAGE
Ar*rear"age, n. Etym: [F. arrérage, fr. arrière, OF. arere. See
Arrear.]

Defn: That which remains unpaid and overdue, after payment of a part;
arrears.
The old arrearages . . . being defrayed. Howell.

ARRECT; ARRECTED Ar*rect", Ar*rect"ed, a. Etym: [L. arrectus, p. p. of arrigere to raise, erect; ad + regere to lead straight, to direct.]

1. Lifted up; raised; erect.

2. Attentive, as a person listening. [Obs.] God speaks not the idle and unconcerned hearer, but to the vigilant and arrect. Smalridge.

ARRECT
Ar*rect", v. t.

1. To direct. [Obs.] My supplication to you I arrect. Skelton.

2. Etym: [See Aret.]

Defn: To impute. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

ARRECTARY
Ar*rect"a*ry, n. Etym: [L. arrectarius, fr. arrigere o set up.]

Defn: An upright beam. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

ARRENOTOKOUS
Ar`re*not"o*kous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Producing males from unfertilized eggs, as certain wasps and bees.

ARRENTATION
Ar`ren*ta"tion. Etym: [Cf. F. arrenter to give or take as rent. See
Arendator.] (O. Eng. Law)

Defn: A letting or renting, esp. a license to inclose land in a forest with a low hedge and a ditch, under a yearly rent.

ARREPTION Ar*rep"tion, n. Etym: [L. arripere, arreptum, to seize, snatch; ad + rapere to snatch. See Rapacious.]

Defn: The act of taking away. [Obs.] "This arreption was sudden." Bp.
Hall.

ARREPTITIOUS
Ar`rep*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. arreptitius.]

Defn: Snatched away; seized or possessed, as a demoniac; raving; mad;
crack-brained. [Obs.]
Odd, arreptitious, frantic extravagances. Howell.

ARREST
Ar*rest", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arrested; p. pr. & vb. n. Arresting.]
Etym: [OE. aresten, OF. arester, F. arrêter, fr. LL. arrestare; L. ad
+ restare to remain, stop; re + stare to stand. See Rest remainder.]

1. To stop; to check or hinder the motion or action of; as, to arrest the current of a river; to arrest the senses. Nor could her virtues the relentless hand Of Death arrest. Philips.

2. (Law)

Defn: To take, seize, or apprehend by authority of law; as, to arrest one for debt, or for a crime.

Note: After his word Shakespeare uses of ("I arrest thee of high treason") or on; the modern usage is for.

3. To seize on and fix; to hold; to catch; as, to arrest the eyes or attention. Buckminster.

4. To rest or fasten; to fix; to concentrate. [Obs.] We may arrest our thoughts upon the divine mercies. Jer. Taylor.

Syn. — To obstruct; delay; detain; check; hinder; stop; apprehend; seize; lay hold of.

ARREST
Ar*rest", v. i.

Defn: To tarry; to rest. [Obs.] Spenser.

ARREST Ar*rest", n. Etym: [OE. arest, arrest, OF. arest, F. arrêt, fr. arester. See Arrest, v. t., Arr.]

1. The act of stopping, or restraining from further motion, etc.; stoppage; hindrance; restraint; as, an arrest of development. As the arrest of the air showeth. Bacon.

2. (Law)

Defn: The taking or apprehending of a person by authority of law; legal restraint; custody. Also, a decree, mandate, or warrant. William . . . ordered him to be put under arrest. Macaulay. [Our brother Norway] sends out arrests On Fortinbras; which he, in brief, obeys. Shak.

Note: An arrest may be made by seizing or touching the body; but it is sufficient in the party be within the power of the officer and submit to the arrest. In Admiralty law, and in old English practice, the term is applied to the seizure of property.

3. Any seizure by power, physical or moral. The sad stories of fire from heaven, the burning of his sheep, etc., . . . were sad arrests to his troubled spirit. Jer. Taylor.

4. (Far.)

Defn: A scurfiness of the back part of the hind leg of a horse; — also named rat-tails. White. Arrest of judgment (Law), the staying or stopping of a judgment, after verdict, for legal cause. The motion for this purpose is called a motion in arrest of judgment.

ARRESTATION
Ar`res*ta"tion, n. Etym: [F. arrestation, LL. arrestatio.]

Defn: Arrest. [R.]
The arrestation of the English resident in France was decreed by the
National Convention. H. M. Williams.

ARRESTEE
Ar`res*tee", n. Etym: [See Arrest, v.] (Scots Law)

Defn: The person in whose hands is the property attached by arrestment.

ARRESTER
Ar*rest"er, n.

1. One who arrests.

2. (Scots Law)

Defn: The person at whose suit an arrestment is made. [Also written arrestor.]

ARRESTING
Ar*rest"ing, a.

Defn: Striking; attracting attention; impressive.
This most solemn and arresting occurrence. J. H. Newman.

ARRESTIVE
Ar*rest"ive, a.

Defn: Tending to arrest. McCosh.

ARRESTMENT
Ar*rest"ment, n. Etym: [OF. arrestement.]

1. (Scots Law)

Defn: The arrest of a person, or the seizure of his effects; esp., a process by which money or movables in the possession of a third party are attached.

2. A stoppage or check. Darwin.

ARRET Ar*rêt, n. Etym: [F. See Arrest, n.] (F. Law) (a) A judgment, decision, or decree of a court or high tribunal; also, a decree of a sovereign. (b) An arrest; a legal seizure.

ARRET
Ar*ret", v. t.

Defn: Same as Aret. [Obs.] Spenser.

ARRHA
Ar"rha, n.; pl. Arrhæ (#). [L. Cf. Earnest.] (Law)

Defn: Money or other valuable thing given to evidence a contract; a pledge or earnest.

ARRHAPHOSTIC
Ar`rha*phos"tic, a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Seamless. [R.]

ARRHIZAL; ARRHIZOUS
Ar*rhi"zal, Ar*rhi"zous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Destitute of a true root, as a parasitical plant.

ARRHYTHMIC; ARRHYTHMOUS
Ar*rhyth"mic, Ar*rhyth"mous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Med.)

Defn: Being without rhythm or regularity, as the pulse.

ARRHYTMY
Ar"rhyt*my, n. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Want of rhythm. [R.]

ARRIDE
Ar*ride", v. t. Etym: [L. arridere; ad + ridere to laugh.]

Defn: To please; to gratify. [Archaic] B. Jonson. Above all thy rarities, old Oxenford, what do most arride and solace me are thy repositories of moldering learning. Lamb.

ARRIERE
Ar*riere", n. Etym: [F. arrière. See Arrear.]

Defn: "That which is behind"; the rear; — chiefly used as an
adjective in the sense of behind, rear, subordinate. Arriere fee,
Arriere fief, a fee or fief dependent on a superior fee, or a fee
held of a feudatory.
— Arriere vassal, the vassal of a vassal.

ARRIERE-BAN Ar*riere"-ban`, n. Etym: [F., fr. OE. arban, heriban, fr. OHG. hariban, heriban, G. heerbann, the calling together of an army; OHG. heri an army + ban a public call or order. The French have misunderstood their old word, and have changed it into arrière-ban, though arrière has no connection with its proper meaning. See Ban, Abandon.]

Defn: A proclamation, as of the French kings, calling not only their immediate feudatories, but the vassals of these feudatories, to take the field for war; also, the body of vassals called or liable to be called to arms, as in ancient France.

ARRIS Ar"ris, n. Etym: [OF. areste, F. arête, fr. L. arista the top or beard of an ear of grain, the bone of a fish.] (Arch.)

Defn: The sharp edge or salient angle formed by two surfaces meeting each other, whether plane or curved; — applied particularly to the edges in moldings, and to the raised edges which separate the flutings in a Doric column. P. Cyc. Arris fillet, a triangular piece of wood used to raise the slates of a roof against a chimney or wall, to throw off the rain. Gwilt. — Arris gutter, a gutter of a V form fixed to the eaves of a building. Gwilt.

ARRISH
Ar"rish, n. Etym: [See Eddish.]

Defn: The stubble of wheat or grass; a stubble field; eddish. [Eng.]
[Written also arish, ersh, etc.]
The moment we entered the stubble or arrish. Blackw. Mag.

ARRISWISE
Ar"ris*wise`, adv.

Defn: Diagonally laid, as tiles; ridgewise.

ARRIVAL
Ar*riv"al, n. Etym: [From Arrive.]

1. The act of arriving, or coming; the act of reaching a place from a distance, whether by water (as in its original sense) or by land. Our watchmen from the towers, with longing eyes, Expect his swift arrival. Dryden.

2. The attainment or reaching of any object, by effort, or in natural course; as, our arrival at this conclusion was wholly unexpected.

3. The person or thing arriving or which has arrived; as, news brought by the last arrival. Another arrival still more important was speedily announced. Macaulay.

4. An approach. [Obs.] The house has a corner arrival. H. Walpole.

ARRIVANCE
Ar*riv"ance, n.

Defn: Arrival. [Obs.] Shak.

ARRIVE Ar*rive", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Arrived; p. pr. & vb. n. Arriving.] Etym: [OE. ariven to arrive, land, OF. ariver, F. arriver, fr. LL. arripare, adripare, to come to shore; L. ad + ripa the shore or sloping bank of a river. Cf. Riparian.]

1. To come to the shore or bank. In present usage: To come in progress by water, or by traveling on land; to reach by water or by land; — followed by at (formerly sometimes by to), also by in and from. "Arrived in Padua." Shak. [Æneas] sailing with a fleet from Sicily, arrived . . . and landed in the country of Laurentum. Holland. There was no outbreak till the regiment arrived at Ipswich. Macaulay.

2. To reach a point by progressive motion; to gain or compass an object by effort, practice, study, inquiry, reasoning, or experiment. To arrive at, or attain to. When he arrived at manhood. Rogers. We arrive at knowledge of a law of nature by the generalization of facts. McCosh. If at great things thou wouldst arrive. Milton.

3. To come; said of time; as, the time arrived.

4. To happen or occur. [Archaic] Happy! to whom this glorious death arrives. Waller.

ARRIVE
Ar*rive", v. t.

1. To bring to shore. [Obs.] And made the sea-trod ship arrive them. Chapman.

2. To reach; to come to. [Archaic]
Ere he arrive the happy isle. Milton.
Ere we could arrive the point proposed. Shak.
Arrive at last the blessed goal. Tennyson.

ARRIVE
Ar*rive", n.

Defn: Arrival. [Obs.] Chaucer.
How should I joy of thy arrive to hear! Drayton.

ARRIVER
Ar*riv"er, n.

Defn: One who arrives.

ARROBA Ar*ro"ba, n. Etym: [Sp. and Pg., from Ar. arrub, ar-rubu, a fourth part.]

1. A Spanish weight used in Mexico and South America = 25.36 lbs. avoir.; also, an old Portuguese weight, used in Brazil = 32.38 lbs. avoir.

2. A Spanish liquid measure for wine = 3.54 imp. gallons, and for oil = 2.78 imp. gallons.

ARROGANCE
Ar"ro*gance, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. arrogantia, fr. arrogans. See
Arrogant.]

Defn: The act or habit of arrogating, or making undue claims in an overbearing manner; that species of pride which consists in exorbitant claims of rank, dignity, estimation, or power, or which exalts the worth or importance of the person to an undue degree; proud contempt of others; lordliness; haughtiness; self-assumption; presumption. I hate not you for her proud arrogance. Shak.

Syn. — Haughtiness; hauteur; assumption; lordliness; presumption; pride; disdain; insolence; conceit; conceitedness. See Haughtiness.

ARROGANCY
Ar"ro*gan*cy, n.

Defn: Arrogance. Shak.

ARROGANT
Ar"ro*gant, a. Etym: [F. arrogant, L. arrogans, p. pr. of arrogare.
See Arrogate.]

1. Making, or having the disposition to make, exorbitant claims of rank or estimation; giving one's self an undue degree of importance; assuming; haughty; — applied to persons. Arrogant Winchester, that haughty prelate. Shak.

2. Containing arrogance; marked with arrogance; proceeding from undue claims or self-importance; — applied to things; as, arrogant pretensions or behavior.

Syn. — Magisterial; lordly; proud; assuming; overbearing; presumptuous; haughty. See Magisterial.

ARROGANTLY
Ar"ro*gant*ly, adv.

Defn: In an arrogant manner; with undue pride or self-importance.

ARROGANTNESS
Ar"ro*gant*ness, n.

Defn: Arrogance. [R.]

ARROGATE
Ar"ro*gate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arrogated; p. pr. & vb. n.
Arrogating.] Etym: [L. arrogatus, p. p. of adrogare, arrogare, to
ask, appropriate to one's self; ad + rogare to ask. See Rogation.]

Defn: To assume, or claim as one's own, unduly, proudly, or presumptuously; to make undue claims to, from vanity or baseless pretensions to right or merit; as, the pope arrogated dominion over kings. He arrogated to himself the right of deciding dogmatically what was orthodox doctrine. Macaulay.

ARROGATION
Ar`ro*ga"tion, n. Etym: [L. arrogatio, fr. arrogare. Cf. Adrogation.]

1. The act of arrogating, or making exorbitant claims; the act of taking more than one is justly entitled to. Hall.

2. (Civ. Law)

Defn: Adoption of a person of full age.

ARROGATIVE
Ar"ro*ga*tive, a.

Defn: Making undue claims and pretension; prone to arrogance. [R.]
Dr. H. More.

ARRONDISSEMENT Ar`ron`disse`ment", n. Etym: [F., fr. arrondir to make round; ad + rond round, L. rotundus.]

Defn: A subdivision of a department. [France]

Note: The territory of France, since the revolution, has been divided into departments, those into arrondissements, those into cantons, and the latter into communes.

ARROSE
Ar*rose", v. t. Etym: [F. arroser.]

Defn: To drench; to besprinkle; to moisten. [Obs.]
The blissful dew of heaven does arrose you. Two N. Kins.

ARROSION Ar*ro"sion, n. Etym: [L. arrodere, arrosum, to gnaw: cf. F. arrosion.]

Defn: A gnawing. [Obs.] Bailey.

ARROW Ar"row, n. Etym: [OE. arewe, AS. arewe, earh; akin to Icel. ör, örvar, Goth. arhwazna, and perh. L. arcus bow. Cf. Arc.]

Defn: A missile weapon of offense, slender, pointed, and usually feathered and barbed, to be shot from a bow. Broad arrow. (a) An arrow with a broad head. (b) A mark placed upon British ordnance and government stores, which bears a rude resemblance to a broad arrowhead.

ARROW GRASS
Ar"row grass`, n. (Bot.)

Defn: An herbaceous grasslike plant (Triglochin palustre, and other species) with pods opening so as to suggest barbed arrowheads.

ARROWHEAD
Ar"row*head`, n.

1. The head of an arrow.

2. (Bot.)

Defn: An aquatic plant of the genus Sagittaria, esp. S. sagittifolia, — named from the shape of the leaves.

ARROWHEADED
Ar"row*head`ed, a.

Defn: Shaped like the head of an arow; cuneiform. Arrowheaded characters, characters the elements of which consist of strokes resembling arrowheads, nailheads, or wedges; — hence called also nail-headed, wedge-formed, cuneiform, or cuneatic characters; the oldest written characters used in the country about the Tigris and Euphrates, and subsequently in Persia, and abounding among the ruins of Persepolis, Nineveh, and Babylon. See Cuneiform.

ARROWROOT
Ar"row*root`, n.

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A west Indian plant of the genus Maranta, esp. M. arundinacea, now cultivated in many hot countries. It said that the Indians used the roots to neutralize the venom in wounds made by poisoned arrows.

2. A nutritive starch obtained from the rootstocks of Maranta arundinacea, and used as food, esp. for children an invalids; also, a similar starch obtained from other plants, as various species of Maranta and Curcuma.

ARROWWOOD
Ar"row*wood`, n.

Defn: A shrub (Viburnum dentatum) growing in damp woods and thickets; — so called from the long, straight, slender shoots.

ARROWWORM
Ar"row*worm`, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A peculiar transparent worm of the genus Sagitta, living at the surface of the sea. See Sagitta.

ARROWY
Ar"row*y, a.

1. Consisting of arrows. How quick they wheeled, and flying, behind them shot Sharp sleet of arrowy showers. Milton.

2. Formed or moving like, or in any respect resembling, an arrow; swift; darting; piercing. "His arrowy tongue." Cowper. By the blue rushing of the arrowy Rhone. Byron. With arrowy vitalities, vivacities, and ingenuities. Carlyle.

ARROYO
Ar*roy"o, n.; pl Arroyos. Etym: [Sp., fr. LL. arrogium; cf. Gr.

1. A water course; a rivulet.

2. The dry bed of a small stream. [Western U. S.]

ARSCHIN
Ar"schin, n.

Defn: See Arshine.

ARSE
Arse, n. Etym: [AS. ears; ærs; akin to OHG. ars. G. arsch, D. aars,
Sw. ars, Dan. arts, Gr.

Defn: The buttocks, or hind part of an animal; the posteriors; the fundament; the bottom.

ARSENAL Ar"se*nal, n. Etym: [Sp. & F. arsenal arsenal, dockyard, or It. arzanale, arsenale (cf. It. & darsena dock); all fr. Ar. dar house of industry or fabrication; dar house + art, industry.]

Defn: A public establishment for the storage, or for the manufacture and storage, of arms and all military equipments, whether for land or naval service.

ARSENATE
Ar"se*nate, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A salt of arsenic acid.

ARSENIATE
Ar*se"ni*ate, n.

Defn: See Arsenate. [R.]

ARSENIC
Ar"se*nic, n. Etym: [L. arsenicum, Gr. zernikh: cf. F. arsenic.]

1. (Chem.)

Defn: One of the elements, a solid substance resembling a metal in its physical properties, but in its chemical relations ranking with the nonmetals. It is of a steel-gray color and brilliant luster, though usually dull from tarnish. It is very brittle, and sublimes at 356º Fahrenheit. It is sometimes found native, but usually combined with silver, cobalt, nickel, iron, antimony, or sulphur. Orpiment and realgar are two of its sulphur compounds, the first of which is the true arsenticum of the ancients. The element and its compounds are active poisons. Specific gravity from 5.7 to 5.9. Atomic weight. Symbol As.

2. (Com.)

Defn: Arsenious oxide or arsenious anhydride; — called also arsenious acid, white arsenic, and ratsbane.

ARSENIC
Ar*sen"ic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, arsenic; — said of those compounds of arsenic in which this element has its highest equivalence; as, arsenic acid.

ARSENICAL
Ar*sen"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to, or containing, arsenic; as, arsenical vapor; arsenical wall papers. Arsenical silver, an ore of silver containing arsenic.

ARSENICATE
Ar*sen"i*cate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arsenicated; p. pr. & vb. n.
Arsenicating.]

Defn: To combine with arsenic; to treat or impregnate with arsenic.

ARSENICISM
Ar*sen"i*cism, n. (Med.)

Defn: A diseased condition produced by slow poisoning with arsenic.

ARSENIDE
Ar"sen*ide, n. (Chem.)

Defn: A compound of arsenic with a metal, or positive element or radical; — formerly called arseniuret.

ARSENIFEROUS
Ar`sen*if"er*ous, a. Etym: [Arsenic + -ferous.]

Defn: Containing or producing arsenic.

ARSENIOUS
Ar*se"ni*ous, a. Etym: [Cf. F. arsénieux.]

1. Pertaining to, consisting of, or containing, arsenic; as, arsenious powder or glass.

2. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or derived from, arsenic, when having an equivalence next lower than the highest; as, arsenious acid.

ARSENITE
Ar"sen*ite, n. Etym: [Cf. F. arsénite.] (Chem.)

Defn: A salt formed by the union of arsenious acid with a base.

ARSENIURET
Ar`se*ni"u*ret, n. (Chem.)

Defn: See Arsenide.

ARSENIURETED
Ar`se*ni"u*ret`ed, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Combined with arsenic; — said some elementary substances or radicals; as, arseniureted hydrogen. [Also spelt arseniuretted.]

ARSENOPYRITE
Ar`sen*o*pyr"ite, n. Etym: [Arsenic + pyrite.] (Min.)

Defn: A mineral of a tin-white color and metallic luster, containing arsenic, sulphur, and iron; — also called arsenical pyrites and mispickel.

ARSESMART
Arse"smart, n.

Defn: Smartweed; water pepper. Dr. Prior.

ARSHINE Ar"shine, n. Etym: [Russ. arshin, of Turkish-Tartar origin; Turk. arshin, arshun, ell, yard.]

Defn: A Russian measure of length = 2 ft. 4.246 inches.

ARSINE
Ar"sine, n. Etym: [From Arsenic.] (Chem.)

Defn: A compound of arsenic and hydrogen, AsH3, a colorless and exceedingly poisonous gas, having and odor like garlic; arseniureted hydrogen.

ARSIS Ar"sis, n. Etym: [L. arsis, Gr. lifting of the hand in beating time, and hence the unaccented part of the rhythm.]

1. (Pros.) (a) That part of a foot where the ictus is put, or which is distinguished from the rest (known as the thesis) of the foot by a greater stress of voice. Hermann. (b) That elevation of voice now called metrical accentuation, or the rhythmic accent.

Note: It is uncertain whether the arsis originally consisted in a higher musical tone, greater volume, or longer duration of sound, or in all combined.

2. (Mus.)

Defn: The elevation of the hand, or that part of the bar at which it is raised, in beating time; the weak or unaccented part of the bar; - - opposed to thesis. Moore.

ARSMETRIKE
Ars`met"rike, n. Etym: [An erroneous form of arithmetic, as if from
L. ars metrica the measuring art.]

Defn: Arithmetic. [Obs.] Chaucer.

ARSON
Ar"son, n. Etym: [OF. arson, arsun, fr. L. ardere, arsum, to burn.]
(Law)

Defn: The malicious burning of a dwelling house or outhouse of another man, which by the common law is felony; the malicious and voluntary firing of a building or ship. Wharton.

Note: The definition of this crime is varied by statues in different countries and states. The English law of arson has been considerably modified in the United States; in some of the States it has been materially enlarged, while in others, various degrees of arson have been established, with corresponding punishment. Burrill.

ART
Art.

Defn: The second person singular, indicative mode, present tense, of the substantive verb Be; but formed after the analogy of the plural are, with the ending -t, as in thou shalt, wilt, orig. an ending of the second person sing. pret. Cf. Be. Now used only in solemn or poetical style.

ART Art, n. Etym: [F. art, L. ars, artis, orig., skill in joining or fitting; prob. akin to E. arm, aristocrat, article.]

1. The employment of means to accomplish some desired end; the adaptation of things in the natural world to the uses of life; the application of knowledge or power to practical purposes. Blest with each grace of nature and of art. Pope.

2. A system of rules serving to facilitate the performance of certain actions; a system of principles and rules for attaining a desired end; method of doing well some special work; — often contradistinguished from science or speculative principles; as, the art of building or engraving; the art of war; the art of navigation. Science is systematized knowledge . . . Art is knowledge made efficient by skill. J. F. Genung.

3. The systematic application of knowledge or skill in effecting a desired result. Also, an occupation or business requiring such knowledge or skill. The fishermen can't employ their art with so much success in so troubled a sea. Addison.

4. The application of skill to the production of the beautiful by imitation or design, or an occupation in which skill is so employed, as in painting and sculpture; one of the fine arts; as, he prefers art to literature.

5. pl.

Defn: Those branches of learning which are taught in the academical course of colleges; as, master of arts. In fearless youth we tempt the heights of arts. Pope. Four years spent in the arts (as they are called in colleges) is, perhaps, laying too laborious a foundation. Goldsmith.

6. Learning; study; applied knowledge, science, or letters. [Archaic] So vast is art, so narrow human wit. Pope.

7. Skill, dexterity, or the power of performing certain actions, asquired by experience, study, or observation; knack; a, a man has the art of managing his business to advantage.

8. Skillful plan; device. They employed every art to soothe . . . the discontented warriors. Macaulay.

9. Cunning; artifice; craft.
Madam, I swear I use no art at all. Shak.
Animals practice art when opposed to their superiors in strength.
Crabb.

10 10

Defn: To black art; magic. [Obs.] Shak. Art and part (Scots Law), share or concern by aiding and abetting a criminal in the perpetration of a crime, whether by advice or by assistance in the execution; complicity.

Note: The arts are divided into various classes. The useful, mechanical, or industrial arts are those in which the hands and body are concerned than the mind; as in making clothes and utensils. These are called trades. The fine arts are those which have primarily to do with imagination taste, and are applied to the production of what is beautiful. They include poetry, music, painting, engraving, sculpture, and architecture; but the term is often confined to painting, sculpture, and architecture. The liberal arts (artes liberales, the higher arts, which, among the Romans, only freemen were permitted to pursue) were, in the Middle Ages, these seven branches of learning, — grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. In modern times the liberal arts include the sciences, philosophy, history, etc., which compose the course of academical or collegiate education. Hence, degrees in the arts; master and bachelor of arts. In America, literature and the elegant arts must grow up side by side with the coarser plants of daily necessity. Irving.

Syn. — Science; literature; aptitude; readiness; skill; dexterity; adroitness; contrivance; profession; business; trade; calling; cunning; artifice; duplicity. See Science.

ARTEMIA
Ar*te"mi*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of phyllopod Crustacea found in salt lakes and brines; the brine shrimp. See Brine shrimp.

ARTEMISIA
Ar`te*mi"si*a, n. Etym: [L. Artemisia, Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of plants including the plants called mugwort, southernwood, and wormwood. Of these A. absinthium, or common wormwood, is well known, and A. tridentata is the sage brush of the Rocky Mountain region.

ARTERIAC
Ar*te"ri*ac, a. Etym: [L. arteriacus, Gr. Artery.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the windpipe.

ARTERIAL
Ar*te"ri*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. artériel.]

1. Of or pertaining to an artery, or the arteries; as, arterial action; the arterial system.

2. Of or pertaining to a main channel (resembling an artery), as a river, canal, or railroad. Arterial blood, blood which has been changed and vitalized (arterialized) during passage through the lungs.

ARTERIALIZATION
Ar*te`ri*al*i*za"tion, n. (Physiol.)

Defn: The process of converting venous blood into arterial blood during its passage through the lungs, oxygen being absorbed and carbonic acid evolved; — called also aëration and hematosis.

ARTERIALIZE
Ar*te"ri*al*ize, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arterialized; p. pr. & vb. n.
Arterializing.]

Defn: To transform, as the venous blood, into arterial blood by exposure to oxygen in the lungs; to make arterial.

ARTERIOGRAPHY
Ar*te`ri*og"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.]

Defn: A systematic description of the arteries.

ARTERIOLE Ar*te"ri*ole, n. Etym: [NL. arteriola, dim. of L. arteria: cf. F. artériole.]

Defn: A small artery.

ARTERIOLOGY
Ar*te`ri*ol"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.]

Defn: That part of anatomy which treats of arteries.

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS Ar*te`ri*o*scle*ro"sis (är*te`ri*o*skle*ro"sis), n. [Gr. 'arthri`a artery + sclerosis.] (Med.)

Defn: Abnormal thickening and hardening of the walls of the arteries, esp. of the intima, occurring mostly in old age. — Ar*te`ri*o*scle*rot"ic (#), a.

ARTERIOTOMY
Ar*te`ri*ot"o*my, n. Etym: [L. arteriotomia, Gr.

1. (Med.)

Defn: The opening of an artery, esp. for bloodletting.

2. That part of anatomy which treats of the dissection of the arteries.

ARTERITIS
Ar`te*ri"tis, n. Etym: [Artery + -etis.]

Defn: Inflammation of an artery or arteries. Dunglison.

ARTERY
Ar"ter*y, n.; pl. Artplwies. Etym: [L. arteria windpipe, artery, Gr.

1. The trachea or windpipe. [Obs.] "Under the artery, or windpipe, is the mouth of the stomach." Holland.

2. (Anat.)

Defn: One of the vessels or tubes which carry either venous or arterial blood from the heart. They have tricker and more muscular walls than veins, and are connected with them by capillaries.

Note: In man and other mammals, the arteries which contain arterialized blood receive it from the left ventricle of the heart through the aorta. See Aorta. The pulmonary artery conveys the venous blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, whence the arterialized blood is returned through the pulmonary veins.

3. Hence: Any continuous or ramified channel of communication; as, arteries of trade or commerce.

ARTESIAN Ar*te"sian, a. Etym: [F. artésien, fr. Artois in France, where many such wells have been made since the middle of the last century.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to Artois (anciently called Artesium), in France. Artesian wells, wells made by boring into the earth till the instrument reaches water, which, from internal pressure, flows spontaneously like a fountain. They are usually of small diameter and often of great depth.

ARTFUL
Art"ful, a. Etym: [From Art.]

1. Performed with, or characterized by, art or skill. [Archaic] "Artful strains." "Artful terms." Milton.

2. Artificial; imitative. Addison.

3. Using or exhibiting much art, skill, or contrivance; dexterous; skillful. He [was] too artful a writer to set down events in exact historical order. Dryden.

4. Cunning; disposed to cunning indirectness of dealing; crafty; as, an artful boy. [The usual sense.] Artful in speech, in action, and in mind. Pope. The artful revenge of various animals. Darwin.

Syn. — Cunning; skillful; adroit; dexterous; crafty; tricky; deceitful; designing. See Cunning.

ARTFULLY
Art"ful*ly, adv.

Defn: In an artful manner; with art or cunning; skillfully; dexterously; craftily.

ARTFULNESS
Art"ful*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being artful; art; cunning; craft.

ARTHEN
Ar"then, a.

Defn: Same as Earthen. [Obs.] "An arthen pot." Holland.

ARTHRITIC; ARTHRITICAL
Ar*thrit"ic, Ar*thrit"ic*al, a. Etym: [L. arthriticus, Gr.
Arthritis.]

1. Pertaining to the joints. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

2. Of or pertaining to arthritis; gouty. Cowper.

ARTHRITIS
Ar*thri"tis, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: Any inflammation of the joints, particularly the gout.

ARTHROCHONDRITIS
Ar`thro*chon*dri"tis, n. [NL.] (Med.)

Defn: Chondritis of a joint.

ARTHRODERM
Ar"thro*derm, n. Etym: [Gr. 'derm.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The external covering of an Arthropod.

ARTHRODESIS
Ar*throd"e*sis, n. [NL., fr. Gr. joint + a binding together.]
(Surg.)

Defn: Surgical fixation of joints.

ARTHRODIA
Ar*thro"di*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: A form of diarthrodial articulation in which the articular surfaces are nearly flat, so that they form only an imperfect ball and socket.

ARTHRODIAL; ARTHRODIC
Ar*thro"di*al, Ar*throd"ic, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to arthrodia.

ARTHRODYNIA
Ar`thro*dyn"i*a, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: An affection characterized by pain in or about a joint, not dependent upon structural disease.

ARTHRODYNIC
Ar`thro*dyn"ic, a.

Defn: Pertaining to arthrodynia, or pain in the joints; rheumatic.

ARTHROGASTRA
Ar`thro*gas"tra, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A division of the Arachnida, having the abdomen annulated, including the scorpions, harvestmen, etc.; pedipalpi.

ARTHROGRAPHY
Ar*throg"ra*phy, n. Etym: [Gr. -graphy.]

Defn: The description of joints.

ARTHROLOGY
Ar*throl"o*gy, n. Etym: [Gr. -logy.]

Defn: That part of anatomy which treats of joints.

ARTHROMERE
Ar"thro*mere, n. Etym: [Gr. -mere.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the body segments of Arthropods. See Arthrostraca.
Packard.

ARTHROPATHY
Ar*throp"a*thy, n. [Gr. joint + , , to suffer.] (Med.)

Defn: Any disease of the joints.

ARTHROPLEURA
Ar`thro*pleu"ra, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: The side or limb-bearing portion of an arthromere.

ARTHROPOD
Ar"thro*pod, n (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Arthropoda.

ARTHROPODA
Ar*throp"o*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. -poda.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A large division of Articulata, embracing all those that have
jointed legs. It includes Insects, Arachnida, Pychnogonida, and
Crustacea.
— Ar*throp"o*dal, a.

ARTHROPOMATA
Ar`thro*pom"a*ta, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the orders of Branchiopoda. See Branchiopoda.

ARTHROSIS
Ar*thro"sis, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: Articulation.

ARTHROSPORE
Ar"thro*spore, n. [Gr. joint + E. spore.] (Bacteriol.)

Defn: A bacterial resting cell, — formerly considered a spore, but now known to occur even in endosporous bacteria. — Ar`thro*spor"ic (#), Ar*thros"po*rous (#), a.

ARTHROSTRACA
Ar*thros"tra*ca, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the larger divisions of Crustacea, so called because the thorax and abdomen are both segmented; Tetradecapoda. It includes the Amphipoda and Isopoda.

ARTHROTOME
Ar"thro*tome, n. [Gr. joint + to cut.] (Surg.)

Defn: A strong scalpel used in the dissection of joints.

ARTHROZOIC
Ar`thro*zo"ic, a. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the Articulata; articulate.

ARTHURIAN
Ar*thu"ri*an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to King Arthur or his knights. J. R. Symonds.

In magnitude, in interest, and as a literary origin, the Arthurian invention dwarfs all other things in the book. Saintsbury.

ARTIAD
Ar"ti*ad, a. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: Even; not odd; — said of elementary substances and of radicals the valence of which is divisible by two without a remainder.

ARTICHOKE Ar"ti*choke, n. Etym: [It. articioc, perh. corrupted fr. the same word as carciofo; cf. older spellings archiciocco, archicioffo, carciocco, and Sp. alcachofa, Pg. alcachofra; prob. fr. Ar. al- harshaf, al-kharsh.] (Bot.)

1. The Cynara scolymus, a plant somewhat resembling a thistle, with a dilated, imbricated, and prickly involucre. The head (to which the name is also applied) is composed of numerous oval scales, inclosing the florets, sitting on a broad receptacle, which, with the fleshy base of the scales, is much esteemed as an article of food.

2. See Jerusalem artichoke.

ARTICLE Ar"ti*cle, n. Etym: [F., fr. L. articulus, dim. of artus joint, akin to Gr. ar to join, fit. See Art, n.]

1. A distinct portion of an instrument, discourse, literary work, or any other writing, consisting of two or more particulars, or treating of various topics; as, an article in the Constitution. Hence: A clause in a contract, system of regulations, treaty, or the like; a term, condition, or stipulation in a contract; a concise statement; as, articles of agreement.

2. A literary composition, forming an independent portion of a magazine, newspaper, or cyclopedia.

3. Subject; matter; concern; distinct. [Obs.]
A very great revolution that happened in this article of good
breeding. Addison.
This last article will hardly be believed. De Foe.

4. A distinct part. "Upon each article of human duty." Paley. "Each article of time." Habington. The articles which compose the blood. E. Darwin.

5. A particular one of various things; as, an article of merchandise; salt is a necessary article. They would fight not for articles of faith, but for articles of food. Landor.

6. Precise point of time; moment. [Obs. or Archaic] This fatal news coming to Hick's Hall upon the article of my Lord Russell's trial, was said to have had no little influence on the jury and all the bench to his prejudice. Evelyn.

7. (Gram.)

Defn: One of the three words, a, an, the, used before nouns to limit or define their application. A (or an) is called the indefinite article, the the definite article.

8. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the segments of an articulated appendage. Articles of Confederation, the compact which was first made by the original thirteen States of the United States. They were adopted March 1, 1781, and remained the supreme law until March, 1789. — Articles of impeachment, an instrument which, in cases of impeachment, performs the same office which an indictment does in a common criminal case. — Articles of war, rules and regulations, fixed by law, for the better government of the army. — In the article of death Etym: [L. in articulo mortis], at the moment of death; in the dying struggle. — Lords of the articles (Scot. Hist.), a standing committee of the Scottish Parliament to whom was intrusted the drafting and preparation of the acts, or bills for laws. — The Thirty-nine Articles, statements (thirty-nine in number) of the tenets held by the Church of England.

ARTICLE
Ar"ti*cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Articled; p. pr. & vb. n. Articling.]
Etym: [Cf. F. articuler, fr. L. articulare. See Article, n.,
Articulate.]

1. To formulate in articles; to set forth in distinct particulars. If all his errors and follies were articled against him, the man would seem vicious and miserable. Jer. Taylor.

2. To accuse or charge by an exhibition of articles. He shall be articled against in the high court of admiralty. Stat. 33 Geo. III.

3. To bind by articles of covenant or stipulation; as, to article an apprentice to a mechanic.

ARTICLE
Ar"ti*cle, v. i.

Defn: To agree by articles; to stipulate; to bargain; to covenant.
[R.]
Then he articled with her that he should go away when he pleased.
Selden.

ARTICLED
Ar"ti*cled, a.

Defn: Bound by articles; apprenticed; as, an articled clerk.

ARTICULAR
Ar*tic"u*lar, a. Etym: [L. articularis: cf. F. articulaire. See
Article, n.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the joints; as, an articular disease; an articular process.

ARTICULAR; ARTICULARY
Ar*tic"u*lar, Ar*tic"u*la*ry, n. (Anat.)

Defn: A bone in the base of the lower jaw of many birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.

ARTICULARLY
Ar*tic"u*lar*ly, adv.

Defn: In an articular or an articulate manner.

ARTICULATA Ar*tic`u*la"ta, n. pl. Etym: [Neut. pl. from L. articulatus furnished with joints, distinct, p. p. of articulare. See Article, v.] (Zoöl.)

1. One of the four subkingdoms in the classification of Cuvier. It has been much modified by later writers.

Note: It includes those Invertebrata having the body composed of ringlike segments (arthromeres). By some writers, the unsegmented worms (helminths) have also been included; by others it is restricted to the Arthropoda. It corresponds nearly with the Annulosa of some authors. The chief subdivisions are Arthropoda (Insects, Myriapoda, Arachnida, Pycnogonida, Crustacea); and Anarthropoda, including the Annelida and allied forms.

2. One of the subdivisions of the Brachiopoda, including those that have the shells united by a hinge.

3. A subdivision of the Crinoidea.

ARTICULATE
Ar*tic"u*late, a. Etym: [L. articulatus. See Articulata.]

1. Expressed in articles or in separate items or particulars. [Archaic] Bacon.

2. Jointed; formed with joints; consisting of segments united by joints; as, articulate animals or plants.

3. Distinctly uttered; spoken so as to be intelligible; characterized by division into words and syllables; as, articulate speech, sounds, words. Total changes of party and articulate opinion. Carlyle.

ARTICULATE
Ar*tic"u*late, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: An animal of the subkingdom Articulata.

ARTICULATE
Ar*tic"u*late, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Articulated; p. pr. & vb. n.
Articulating].

1. To utter articulate sounds; to utter the elementary sounds of a language; to enunciate; to speak distinctly.

2. To treat or make terms. [Obs.] Shak.

3. To join or be connected by articulation.

ARTICULATE
Ar*tic"u*late, v. t.

1. To joint; to unite by means of a joint; to put together with joints or at the joints.

2. To draw up or write in separate articles; to particularize; to specify. [Obs.]

3. To form, as the elementary sounds; to utter in distinct syllables or words; to enunciate; as, to articulate letters or language. "To articulate a word." Ray.

4. To express distinctly; to give utterance to. Luther articulated himself upon a process that hand already begun in the Christian church. Bibliotheca Sacra. To . . . articulate the dumb, deep want of the people. Carlyle.

ARTICULATED
Ar*tic"u*la`ted, a.

1. United by, or provided with, articulations; jointed; as, an articulated skeleton.

2. Produced, as a letter, syllable, or word, by the organs of speech; pronounced.

ARTICULATELY
Ar*tic"u*late*ly, adv.

1. After the manner, or in the form, of a joint.

2. Article by article; in distinct particulars; in detail; definitely. Paley. I had articulately set down in writing our points. Fuller.

3. With distinct utterance of the separate sounds.

ARTICULATENESS
Ar*tic"u*late*ness, n.

Defn: Quality of being articulate.

ARTICULATION
Ar*tic`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. articulation, fr. L. articulatio.]

1. (Anat.)

Defn: A joint or juncture between bones in the skeleton.

Note: Articulations may be immovable, when the bones are directly united (synarthrosis), or slightly movable, when they are united intervening substance (amphiarthrosis), or they may be more or less freely movable, when the articular surfaces are covered with synovial membranes, as in complete joints (diarthrosis). The last (diarthrosis) includes hinge joints, admitting motion in one plane only (ginglymus), ball and socket joints (enarthrosis), pivot and rotation joints, etc.

2. (Bot.) (a) The connection of the parts of a plant by joints, as in pods. (b) One of the nodes or joints, as in cane and maize. (c) One of the parts intercepted between the joints; also, a subdivision into parts at regular or irregular intervals as a result of serial intermission in growth, as in the cane, grasses, etc. Lindley.

3. The act of putting together with a joint or joints; any meeting of parts in a joint.

4. The state of being jointed; connection of parts. [R.] That definiteness and articulation of imagery. Coleridge.

5. The utterance of the elementary sounds of a language by the appropriate movements of the organs, as in pronunciation; as, a distinct articulation.

6. A sound made by the vocal organs; an articulate utterance or an elementary sound, esp. a consonant.

ARTICULATIVE
Ar*tic"u*la*tive, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to articulation. Bush.

ARTICULATOR
Ar*tic"u*la`tor, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, articulates; as: (a) One who enunciates distinctly. (b) One who prepares and mounts skeletons. (c) An instrument to cure stammering.

ARTICULUS
Ar*tic"u*lus n.; pl. Articuli. Etym: [L. See Article.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A joint of the cirri of the Crinoidea; a joint or segment of an arthropod appendage.

ARTIFACT
Ar"ti*fact, n. [L. ars, artis, art + facere, factum, to make.]

1. (Archæol.)

Defn: A product of human workmanship; — applied esp. to the simpler products of aboriginal art as distinguished from natural objects.

2. (Biol.) A structure or appearance in protoplasm due to death or the use of reagents and not present during life.

ARTIFICE Ar"ti*fice, n. Etym: [L. artificium, fr. artifex artificer; ars, artis, art + facere to make: cf. F. artifice.]

1. A handicraft; a trade; art of making. [Obs.]

2. Workmanship; a skillfully contrived work. The material universe.. in the artifice of God, the artifice of the best Mechanist. Cudworth.

3. Artful or skillful contrivance. His [Congreve's] plots were constructed without much artifice. Craik.

4. Crafty device; an artful, ingenious, or elaborate trick.

Note: [Now the usual meaning.] Those who were conscious of guilt employed numerous artifices for the purpose of averting inquiry. Macaulay.

ARTIFICER
Ar*tif"i*cer, n. Etym: [Cf. F. artificier, fr. LL. artificiarius.]

1. An artistic worker; a mechanic or manufacturer; one whose occupation requires skill or knowledge of a particular kind, as a silversmith.

2. One who makes or contrives; a deviser, inventor, or framer. "Artificer of fraud." Milton. The great Artificer of all that moves. Cowper.

3. A cunning or artful fellow. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

4. (Mil.)

Defn: A military mechanic, as a blacksmith, carpenter, etc.; also, one who prepares the shells, fuses, grenades, etc., in a military laboratory.

Syn.
— Artisan; artist. See Artisan.

ARTIFICIAL Ar`ti*fi"cial, a. Etym: [L. artificialis, fr. artificium: cf. F. artificiel. See Artifice.]

1. Made or contrived by art; produced or modified by human skill and labor, in opposition to natural; as, artificial heat or light, gems, salts, minerals, fountains, flowers. Artificial strife Lives in these touches, livelier than life. Shak.

2. Feigned; fictitious; assumed; affected; not genuine. "Artificial tears." Shak.

3. Artful; cunning; crafty. [Obs.] Shak.

4. Cultivated; not indigenous; not of spontaneous growth; as, artificial grasses. Gibbon. Artificial arguments (Rhet.), arguments invented by the speaker, in distinction from laws, authorities, and the like, which are called inartificial arguments or proofs. Johnson. — Artificial classification (Science), an arrangement based on superficial characters, and not expressing the true natural relations species; as, "the artificial system" in botany, which is the same as the Linnæan system. — Artificial horizon. See under Horizon. Artificial light, any light other than that which proceeds from the heavenly bodies. — Artificial lines, lines on a sector or scale, so contrived as to represent the logarithmic sines and tangents, which, by the help of the line of numbers, solve, with tolerable exactness, questions in trigonometry, navigation, etc. — Artificial numbers, logarithms. — Artificial person (Law). See under Person. — Artificial sines, tangents, etc., the same as logarithms of the natural, tangents, etc. Hutton.

ARTIFICIALITY
Ar`ti*fi`ci*al"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality or appearance of being artificial; that which is artificial.

ARTIFICIALIZE
Ar`ti*fi"cial*ize, v. t.

Defn: To render artificial.

ARTIFICIALLY
Ar`ti*fi"cial*ly, adv.

1. In an artificial manner; by art, or skill and contrivance, not by nature.

2. Ingeniously; skillfully. [Obs.] The spider's web, finely and artificially wrought. Tillotson.

3. Craftily; artfully. [Obs.] Sharp dissembled so artificially. Bp. Burnet.

ARTIFICIALNESS
Ar`ti*fi"cial*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being artificial.

ARTIFICIOUS
Ar`ti*fi"cious, a. Etym: [L. artificiosus.]

Defn: Artificial. [Obs.] Johnson.

ARTILIZE
Art"i*lize, v. t.

Defn: To make resemble. [Obs.] If I was a philosopher, says Montaigne, I would naturalize art instead of artilizing nature. Bolingbroke.

ARTILLERIST
Ar*til"ler*ist, n.

Defn: A person skilled in artillery or gunnery; a gunner; an artilleryman.

ARTILLERY Ar*til"ler*y, n. Etym: [OE. artilrie, OF. artillerie, arteillerie, fr. LL. artillaria, artilleria, machines and apparatus of all kinds used in war, vans laden with arms of any kind which follow camps; F. artillerie great guns, ordnance; OF. artillier to work artifice, to fortify, to arm, prob. from L. ars, artis, skill in joining something, art. See Art.]

1. Munitions of war; implements for warfare, as slings, bows, and arrows. [Obs.] And Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad. 1 Sam. xx. 40.

2. Cannon; great guns; ordnance, including guns, mortars, howitzers, etc., with their equipment of carriages, balls, bombs, and shot of all kinds.

Note: The word is sometimes used in a more extended sense, including the powder, cartridges, matches, utensils, machines of all kinds, and horses, that belong to a train of artillery.

3. The men and officers of that branch of the army to which the care and management of artillery are confided.

4. The science of artillery or gunnery. Campbell. Artillery park, or Park of artillery. (a) A collective body of siege or field artillery, including the guns, and the carriages, ammunition, appurtenances, equipments, and persons necessary for working them. (b) The place where the artillery is encamped or collected. — Artillery train, or Train of artillery, a number of pieces of ordnance mounted on carriages, with all their furniture, ready for marching.

ARTILLERYMAN
Ar*til"ler*y*man, n.

Defn: A man who manages, or assists in managing, a large gun in firing.

ARTILLERY WHEEL
Ar*til"ler*y wheel.

Defn: A kind of heavily built dished wheel with a long axle box, used on gun carriages, usually having 14 spokes and 7 felloes; hence, a wheel of similar construction for use on automobiles, etc.

ARTIODACTYLA
Ar`ti*o*dac"ty*la, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the divisions of the ungulate animals. The functional toes of the hind foot are even in number, and the third digit of each foot (corresponding to the middle finger in man) is asymmetrical and paired with the fourth digit, as in the hog, the sheep, and the ox; - - opposed to Perissodactyla.

ARTIODACTYLE
Ar`ti*o*dac"tyle, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Artiodactyla.

ARTIODACTYLOUS
Ar`ti*o*dac"ty*lous, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Even-toed.

ARTISAN Ar"ti*san, n. Etym: [F. artisan, fr. L. artitus skilled in arts, fr. ars, artis, art: cf. It. artigiano. See Art, n.]

1. One who professes and practices some liberal art; an artist. [Obs.]

2. One trained to manual dexterity in some mechanic art or trade; and handicraftsman; a mechanic. This is willingly submitted to by the artisan, who can . . . compensate his additional toil and fatigue. Hume.

Syn. — Artificer; artist. — Artisan, Artist, Artificer. An artist is one who is skilled in some one of the fine arts; an artisan is one who exercises any mechanical employment. A portrait painter is an artist; a sign painter is an artisan, although he may have the taste and skill of an artist. The occupation of the former requires a fine taste and delicate manipulation; that of the latter demands only an ordinary degree of contrivance and imitative power. An artificer is one who requires power of contrivance and adaptation in the exercise of his profession. The word suggest neither the idea of mechanical conformity to rule which attaches to the term artisan, nor the ideas of refinement and of peculiar skill which belong to the term artist.

ARTIST Art"ist, n. Etym: [F. artiste, LL. artista, fr. L. ars. See Art, n., and cf. Artiste.]

1. One who practices some mechanic art or craft; an artisan. [Obs.] How to build ships, and dreadful ordnance cast, Instruct the articles and reward their. Waller.

2. One who professes and practices an art in which science and taste preside over the manual execution.

Note: The term is particularly applied to painters, sculptors, musicians, engravers, and architects. Elmes.

3. One who shows trained skill or rare taste in any manual art or occupation. Pope.

4. An artful person; a schemer. [Obs.]

Syn.
— Artisan. See Artisan.

ARTISTE
Ar*tiste", n. Etym: [F. See Artist.]

Defn: One peculiarly dexterous and tasteful in almost any employment, as an opera dancer, a hairdresser, a cook.

Note: This term should not be confounded with the English word artist.

ARTISTIC; ARTISTICAL
Ar*tis"tic, Ar*tis"tic*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. artistique, fr. artiste.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to art or to artists; made in the manner of an
artist; conformable to art; characterized by art; showing taste or
skill.
— Ar*tis"tic*al*ly, adv.

ARTISTRY
Art"ist*ry, n.

1. Works of art collectively.

2. Artistic effect or quality. Southey.

3. Artistic pursuits; artistic ability. The Academy.

ARTLESS
Art"less, a.

1. Wanting art, knowledge, or skill; ignorant; unskillful. Artless of stars and of the moving sand. Dryden.

2. Contrived without skill or art; inartistic. [R.] Artless and massy pillars. T. Warton.

3. Free from guile, art, craft, or stratagem; characterized by simplicity and sincerity; sincere; guileless; ingenuous; honest; as, an artless mind; an artless tale. They were plain, artless men, without the least appearance of enthusiasm or credulity about them. Porteus. O, how unlike the complex works of man, Heaven's easy, artless, unencumbered plan! Cowper.

Syn. — Simple; unaffected; sincere; undesigning; guileless; unsophisticated; open; frank; candid.

ARTLESSLY
Art"less*ly, adv.

Defn: In an artless manner; without art, skill, or guile; unaffectedly. Pope.

ARTLESSNESS
Art"less*ness, n.

Defn: The quality of being artless, or void of art or guile; simplicity; sincerity.

ARTLY
Art"ly, adv.

Defn: With art or skill. [Obs.]

ARTOCARPEOUS; ARTOCARPOUS
Ar`to*car"pe*ous, Ar`to*car"pous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Of or pertaining to the breadfruit, or to the genus Artocarpus.

ARTOTYPE
Ar"to*type, n. Etym: [Art + type.]

Defn: A kind of autotype.

ARTOTYRITE
Ar`to*ty"rite, n. Etym: [LL. Artotyritae, pl., fr. Gr. (Eccl. Hist.)

Defn: One of a sect in the primitive church, who celebrated the Lord's Supper with bread and cheese, alleging that the first oblations of men not only of the fruit of the earth, but of their flocks. [Gen. iv. 3, 4.]

ARTOW
Ar"tow.

Defn: A contraction of art thou. [Obs.] Chaucer.

ARTSMAN
Arts"man, n.

Defn: A man skilled in an art or in arts. [Obs.] Bacon.

ART UNION
Art` un"ion.

Defn: An association for promoting art (esp. the arts of design), and giving encouragement to artists.

ARUM
A"rum, n. Etym: [L. arum, aros, Gr.

Defn: A genus of plants found in central Europe and about the
Mediterranean, having flowers on a spadix inclosed in a spathe. The
cuckoopint of the English is an example.
Our common arums the lords and ladies of village children. Lubbock.

Note: The American "Jack in the pulpit" is now separated from the genus Arum.

ARUNDELIAN
Ar`un*del"ian, a.

Defn: Pertaining to an Earl of Arundel; as, Arundel or Arundelian marbles, marbles from ancient Greece, bought by the Earl of Arundel in 1624.

ARUNDIFEROUS Ar`un*dif"er*ous, a. Etym: [L. arundifer; arundo reed + ferre to bear.]

Defn: Producing reeds or canes.

ARUNDINACEOUS
A*run`di*na"ceous, a. Etym: [L. arundinaceus, fr. arundo reed.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to a reed; resembling the reed or cane.

ARUNDINEOUS
Ar`un*din"e*ous, a. Etym: [L. arundineus, fr. arundo reed.]

Defn: Abounding with reeds; reedy.

ARUSPEX
A*rus"pex, n.; pl. Aruspices. Etym: [L. aruspex or haruspex.]

Defn: One of the class of diviners among the Etruscans and Romans, who foretold events by the inspection of the entrails of victims offered on the altars of the gods.

ARUSPICE
A*rus"pice, n. Etym: [L. aruspex: cf. F. aruspice. Cf. Aruspex,
Haruspice.]

Defn: A soothsayer of ancient Rome. Same as Aruspex. [Written also haruspice.]

ARUSPICY
A*rus"pi*cy, n. Etym: [L. aruspicium, haruspicium.]

Defn: Prognostication by inspection of the entrails of victims slain sacrifice.

ARVAL Ar"val, n. Etym: [W. arwyl funeral; ar over + wylo to weep, or cf. arföl; Icel. arfr inheritance + Sw. öl ale. Cf. Bridal.]

Defn: A funeral feast. [North of Eng.] Grose.

ARVICOLE
Ar"vi*cole, n. Etym: [L. arvum field + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A mouse of the genus Arvicola; the meadow mouse. There are many species.

ARYAN Ar"yan, n. Etym: [Skr. arya excellent, honorable; akin to the name of the country Iran, and perh. to Erin, Ireland, and the early name of this people, at least in Asia.]

1. One of a primitive people supposed to have lived in prehistoric times, in Central Asia, east of the Caspian Sea, and north of the Hindoo

2. The language of the original Aryans. [Written also Arian.]

ARYAN
Ar"yan, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the people called Aryans; Indo-European;
Indo-Germanic; as, the Aryan stock, the Aryan languages.

ARYANIZE
Ar"yan*ize, v. t.

Defn: To make Aryan (a language, or in language). K. Johnston.

ARYTENOID
A*ryt"e*noid, a. Etym: [Gr. (Anat.)

Defn: Ladle-shaped; — applied to two small cartilages of the larynx, and also to the glands, muscles, etc., connected with them. The cartilages are attached to the cricoid cartilage and connected with the vocal cords.

AS As, adv. & conj. Etym: [OE. as, als, alse, also, al swa, AS. eal swa, lit. all so; hence, quite so, quite as: cf. G. als as, than, also so, then. See Also.]

1. Denoting equality or likeness in kind, degree, or manner; like; similar to; in the same manner with or in which; in accordance with; in proportion to; to the extent or degree in which or to which; equally; no less than; as, ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil; you will reap as you sow; do as you are bidden. His spiritual attendants adjured him, as he loved his soul, to emancipate his brethren. Macaulay.

Note: As is often preceded by one of the antecedent or correlative words such, same, so, or as, in expressing an equality or comparison; as, give us such things as you please, and so long as you please, or as long as you please; he is not so brave as Cato; she is as amiable as she is handsome; come as quickly as possible. "Bees appear fortunately to prefer the same colors as we do." Lubbock. As, in a preceding part of a sentence, has such or so to answer correlatively to it; as with the people, so with the priest.

2. In the idea, character, or condition of, — limiting the view to certain attributes or relations; as, virtue considered as virtue; this actor will appear as Hamlet. The beggar is greater as a man, than is the man merely as a king. Dewey.

3. While; during or at the same time that; when; as, he trembled as he spoke. As I return I will fetch off these justices. Shak.

4. Because; since; it being the case that. As the population of Scotland had been generally trained to arms . . . they were not indifferently prepared. Sir W. Scott. [See Synonym under Because.]

5. Expressing concession. (Often approaching though in meaning). We wish, however, to avail ourselves of the interest, transient as it may be, which this work has excited. Macaulay.

6. That, introducing or expressing a result or consequence, after the correlatives so and such. [Obs.] I can place thee in such abject state, as help shall never find thee. Rowe. So as, so that. [Obs.] The relations are so uncertain as they require a great deal of examination. Bacon.

7. As if; as though. [Obs. or Poetic] He lies, as he his bliss did know. Waller.

8. For instance; by way of example; thus; — used to introduce illustrative phrases, sentences, or citations.

9. Than. [Obs. & R.] The king was not more forward to bestow favors on them as they free to deal affronts to others their superiors. Fuller.

10. Expressing a wish. [Obs.] "As have," i. e., may he have. Chaucer.
As . . . as. See So . . . as, under So.
— As far as, to the extent or degree. "As far as can be
ascertained." Macaulay.
— As far forth as, as far as. [Obs.] Chaucer.
— As for, or As to, in regard to; with respect to.
— As good as, not less than; not falling short of.
— As good as one's word, faithful to a promise.
— As if, or As though, of the same kind, or in the same condition
or manner, that it would be if.
— As it were (as if it were), a qualifying phrase used to apologize
for or to relieve some expression which might be regarded as
inappropriate or incongruous; in a manner.
— As now, just now. [Obs.] Chaucer.
— As swythe, as quickly as possible. [Obs.] Chaucer.
— As well, also; too; besides. Addison.
— As well as, equally with, no less than. "I have understanding as
well as you." Job xii. 3.
— As yet, until now; up to or at the present time; still; now.

AS
As, n. Etym: [See Ace.]

Defn: An ace. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ambes-as, double aces.

AS
As, n.; pl. Asses. Etym: [L. as. See Ace.]

1. A Roman weight, answering to the libra or pound, equal to nearly eleven ounces Troy weight. It was divided into twelve ounces.

2. A Roman copper coin, originally of a pound weight (12 oz.); but reduced, after the first Punic war, to two ounces; in the second Punic war, to one ounce; and afterwards to half an ounce.

ASA As"a, n. Etym: [NL. asa, of oriental origin; cf. Per. aza mastic, Ar. asa healing, isa remedy.]

Defn: An ancient name of a gum.

ASAFETIDA; ASAFOETIDA
As`a*fet"i*da, As`a*foet"i*da, n. Etym: [Asa + L. foetidus fetid.]

Defn: The fetid gum resin or inspissated juice of a large umbelliferous plant (Ferula asafoetida) of Persia and the East India. It is used in medicine as an antispasmodic. [Written also assafoetida.]

ASAPHUS
As"a*phus, n. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Paleon.)

Defn: A genus of trilobites found in the Lower Silurian formation.
See Illust. in Append.

ASARABACCA
As`a*ra*bac"ca, n. Etym: [L. asarum + bacca a berry. See Asarone.]
(Bot.)

Defn: An acrid herbaceous plant (Asarum Europæum), the leaves and roots of which are emetic and cathartic. It is principally used in cephalic snuffs.

ASARONE
As"a*rone, n. Etym: [L. asarum hazelwort, wild spikenard, Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: A crystallized substance, resembling camphor, obtained from the
Asarum Europæum; — called also camphor of asarum.

ASBESTIC
As*bes"tic, a.

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling asbestus; inconsumable; asbestine.

ASBESTIFORM
As*bes"ti*form, a. Etym: [L. asbestus + -form.]

Defn: Having the form or structure of asbestus.

ASBESTINE
As*bes"tine, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to asbestus, or partaking of its nature; incombustible; asbestic.

ASBESTOUS
As*bes"tous, a.

Defn: Asbestic.

ASBESTUS; ASBESTOS As*bes"tus, As*bes"tos, n. Etym: [L. asbestos (NL. asbestus) a kind of mineral unaffected by fire, Gr. (Min.)

Defn: A variety of amphibole or of pyroxene, occurring in long and delicate fibers, or in fibrous masses or seams, usually of a white, gray, or green-gray color. The name is also given to a similar variety of serpentine.

Note: The finer varieties have been wrought into gloves and cloth which are incombustible. The cloth was formerly used as a shroud for dead bodies, and has been recommended for firemen's clothes. Asbestus in also employed in the manufacture of iron safes, for fireproof roofing, and for lampwicks. Some varieties are called amianthus. Dana.

ASBOLIN
As"bo*lin, n. Etym: [Gr. (Chem.)

Defn: A peculiar acrid and bitter oil, obtained from wood soot.

ASCARIASIS
As`ca*ri"a*sis, n. [NL., fr. Gr. an intestinal worm.] (Med.)

Defn: A disease, usually accompanied by colicky pains and diarrhea, caused by the presence of ascarids in the gastrointestinal canal.

ASCARID
As"ca*rid, n.; pl. Ascarides or Ascarids. Etym: [NL. ascaris, fr. Gr.
(Zoöl.)

Defn: A parasitic nematoid worm, espec. the roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, often occurring in the human intestine and allied species found in domestic animals; also commonly applied to the pinworm (Oxyuris), often troublesome to children and aged persons.

ASCEND
As*cend", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ascended; p. pr. & vb. n. Ascending.]
Etym: [L. ascendere; ad + scandere to climb, mount. See Scan.]

1. To move upward; to mount; to go up; to rise; — opposed to Ant:
descend.
Higher yet that star ascends. Bowring.
I ascend unto my father and your father. John xx. 17.

Note: Formerly used with up.
The smoke of it ascended up to heaven. Addison.

2. To rise, in a figurative sense; to proceed from an inferior to a superior degree, from mean to noble objects, from particulars to generals, from modern to ancient times, from one note to another more acute, etc.; as, our inquiries ascend to the remotest antiquity; to ascend to our first progenitor.

Syn.
— To rise; mount; climb; scale; soar; tower.

ASCEND
As*cend", v. t.

Defn: To go or move upward upon or along; to climb; to mount; to go up the top of; as, to ascend a hill, a ladder, a tree, a river, a throne.

ASCENDABLE
As*cend"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being ascended.

ASCENDANCY; ASCENDANCE
As*cend"an*cy, As*cend"ance, n.

Defn: Same as Ascendency.

ASCENDANT As*cend"ant, n. Etym: [F. ascendant, L. ascendens; p. pr. of ascendere.]

1. Ascent; height; elevation. [R.] Sciences that were then in their highest ascendant. Temple.

2. (Astrol.)

Defn: The horoscope, or that degree of the ecliptic which rises above the horizon at the moment of one's birth; supposed to have a commanding influence on a person's life and fortune.

Note: Hence the phrases To be in the ascendant, to have commanding power or influence, and Lord of the ascendant, one who has possession of such power or influence; as, to rule, for a while, lord of the ascendant. Burke.

3. Superiority, or commanding influence; ascendency; as, one man has the ascendant over another. Chievres had acquired over the mind of the young monarch the ascendant not only of a tutor, but of a parent. Robertson.

4. An ancestor, or one who precedes in genealogy or degrees of kindred; a relative in the ascending line; a progenitor; — opposed to descendant. Ayliffe.

ASCENDANT; ASCENDENT
As*cend"ant, As*cend"ent, a.

1. Rising toward the zenith; above the horizon. The constellation . . . about that time ascendant. Browne.

2. Rising; ascending. Ruskin.

3. Superior; surpassing; ruling. An ascendant spirit over him. South. The ascendant community obtained a surplus of wealth. J. S. Mill. Without some power of persuading or confuting, of defending himself against accusations, . . . no man could possibly hold an ascendent position. Grote.

ASCENDENCY
As*cend"en*cy, n.

Defn: Governing or controlling influence; domination; power.
An undisputed ascendency. Macaulay.
Custom has an ascendency over the understanding. Watts.

Syn. — Control; authority; influence; sway; dominion; prevalence; domination.

ASCENDIBLE
As*cend"i*ble, a. Etym: [L. ascendibilis.]

Defn: Capable of being ascended; climbable.

ASCENDING
As*cend"ing, a.

Defn: Rising; moving upward; as, an ascending kite. — As*cend"ing*ly, adv. Ascending latitude (Astron.), the increasing latitude of a planet. Ferguson. — Ascending line (Geneol.), the line of relationship traced backward or through one's ancestors. One's father and mother, grandfather and grandmother, etc., are in the line direct ascending. — Ascending node having, that node of the moon or a planet wherein it passes the ecliptic to proceed northward. It is also called the northern node. Herschel. — Ascending series. (Math.) (a) A series arranged according to the ascending powers of a quantity. (b) A series in which each term is greater than the preceding. — Ascending signs, signs east of the meridian.

ASCENSION
As*cen"sion, n. Etym: [F. ascension, L. ascensio, fr. ascendere. See
Ascend.]

1. The act of ascending; a rising; ascent.

2. Specifically: The visible ascent of our Savior on the fortieth day after his resurrection. (Acts i. 9.) Also, Ascension Day.

3. An ascending or arising, as in distillation; also that which arises, as from distillation. Vaporous ascensions from the stomach. Sir T. Browne. Ascension Day, the Thursday but one before Whitsuntide, the day on which commemorated our Savior's ascension into heaven after his resurrection; — called also Holy Thursday. — Right ascension (Astron.), that degree of the equinoctial, counted from the beginning of Aries, which rises with a star, or other celestial body, in a right sphere; or the arc of the equator intercepted between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator that comes to the meridian with the star; — expressed either in degrees or in time. — Oblique ascension (Astron.), an arc of the equator, intercepted between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator which rises together with a star, in an oblique sphere; or the arc of the equator intercepted between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator that comes to the horizon with a star. It is little used in modern astronomy.

ASCENSIONAL
As*cen"sion*al, a.

Defn: Relating to ascension; connected with ascent; ascensive; tending upward; as, the ascensional power of a balloon. Ascensional difference (Astron.), the difference between oblique and right ascension; — used chiefly as expressing the difference between the time of the rising or setting of a body and six o'clock, or six hours from its meridian passage.

ASCENSIVE
As*cen"sive, a. Etym: [See Ascend.]

1. Rising; tending to rise, or causing to rise. Owen.

2. (Gram.)

Defn: Augmentative; intensive. Ellicott.

ASCENT As*cent". Etym: [Formed like descent, as if from a F. ascente, fr. a verb ascendre, fr. L. ascendere. See Ascend, Descent.]

1. The act of rising; motion upward; rise; a mounting upward; as, he made a tedious ascent; the ascent of vapors from the earth. To him with swift ascent he up returned. Milton.

2. The way or means by which one ascends.

3. An eminence, hill, or high place. Addison.

4. The degree of elevation of an object, or the angle it makes with a horizontal line; inclination; rising grade; as, a road has an ascent of five degrees.

ASCERTAIN
As`cer*tain", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ascertained; p. pr. & vb. n.
Ascertaining.] Etym: [OF. acertener; a (L. ad) + certain. See
Certain.]

1. To render (a person) certain; to cause to feel certain; to make confident; to assure; to apprise. [Obs.] When the blessed Virgin was so ascertained. Jer. Taylor. Muncer assured them that the design was approved of by Heaven, and that the Almighty had in a dream ascertained him of its effects. Robertson.

2. To make (a thing) certain to the mind; to free from obscurity, doubt, or change; to make sure of; to fix; to determine. [Archaic] The divine law . . . ascertaineth the truth. Hooker. The very deferring [of his execution] shall increase and ascertain the condemnation. Jer. Taylor. The ministry, in order to ascertain a majority . . . persuaded the queen to create twelve new peers. Smollett. The mildness and precision of their laws ascertained the rule and measure of taxation. Gibbon.

3. To find out or learn for a certainty, by trial, examination, or experiment; to get to know; as, to ascertain the weight of a commodity, or the purity of a metal. He was there only for the purpose of ascertaining whether a descent on England was practicable. Macaulay.

ASCERTAINABLE
As`cer*tain"a*ble, a.

Defn: That may be ascertained.
— As`cer*tain"a*ble*ness, n.
— As`cer*tain"a*bly, adv.

ASCERTAINER
As`cer*tain"er, n.

Defn: One who ascertains.

ASCERTAINMENT
As`cer*tain"ment, n.

Defn: The act of ascertaining; a reducing to certainty; a finding out by investigation; discovery. The positive ascertainment of its limits. Burke.

ASCESSANCY; ASCESSANT
As*ces"san*cy, n. As*ces"sant, a.

Defn: See Acescency, Acescent. [Obs.]

ASCETIC
As*cet"ic a. Etym: [Gr.

Defn: Extremely rigid in self-denial and devotions; austere; severe.
The stern ascetic rigor of the Temple discipline. Sir W. Scott.

ASCETIC
As*cet"ic, n.

Defn: In the early church, one who devoted himself to a solitary and contemplative life, characterized by devotion, extreme self-denial, and self-mortification; a hermit; a recluse; hence, one who practices extreme rigor and self-denial in religious things. I am far from commending those ascetics that take up their quarters in deserts. Norris. Ascetic theology, the science which treats of the practice of the theological and moral virtues, and the counsels of perfection. Am. Cyc.

ASCETICISM
As*cet"i*cism, n.

Defn: The condition, practice, or mode of life, of ascetics.

ASCHAM As"cham, n. Etym: [From Roger Ascham, who was a great lover of archery.]

Defn: A sort of cupboard, or case, to contain bows and other implements of archery.

ASCI
As"ci, n. pl.

Defn: See Ascus.

ASCIAN
As"cian, n.

Defn: One of the Ascii.

ASCIDIAN
As*cid"i*an, n. Etym: [Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the Ascidioidea, or in a more general sense, one of the
Tunicata. Also as an adj.

ASCIDIARIUM
As*cid`i*a"ri*um, n. Etym: [NL. See Ascidium.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The structure which unites together the ascidiozooids in a compound ascidian.

ASCIDIFORM
As*cid"i*form, a. Etym: [Gr. -form.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: Shaped like an ascidian.

ASCIDIOIDEA
As*cid`i*oid"e*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. ascidium + -oid. See
Ascidium.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A group of Tunicata, often shaped like a two-necked bottle. The group includes, social, and compound species. The gill is a netlike structure within the oral aperture. The integument is usually leathery in texture. See Illustration in Appendix.

ASCIDIOZOOID
As*cid`i*o*zo"oid, n. Etym: [Ascidium + zooid.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: One of the individual members of a compound ascidian. See
Ascidioidea.

ASCIDIUM
As*cid"i*um, n.; pl. Ascidia. Etym: [NL., fr. ascus. See Ascus.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A pitcher-shaped, or flask-shaped, organ or appendage of a plant, as the leaves of the pitcher plant, or the little bladderlike traps of the bladderwort (Utricularia).

2. pl. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of simple ascidians, which formerly included most of the known species. It is sometimes used as a name for the Ascidioidea, or for all the Tunicata.

ASCIGEROUS
As*cig"er*ous, a. Etym: [Ascus + -gerous.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having asci. Loudon.

ASCII; ASCIANS
As"ci*i, As"cians, n. pl. Etym: [L. ascii, pl. of ascius, Gr.

Defn: Persons who, at certain times of the year, have no shadow at noon; — applied to the inhabitants of the torrid zone, who have, twice a year, a vertical sun.

ASCITES
As*ci"tes, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: A collection of serous fluid in the cavity of the abdomen; dropsy of the peritoneum. Dunglison.

ASCITIC; ASCITICAL
As*cit"ic, As*cit"ic*al, a.

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or affected by, ascites; dropsical.

ASCITITIOUS
As`ci*ti"tious, a. Etym: [See Adscititious.]

Defn: Supplemental; not inherent or original; adscititious; additional; assumed. Homer has been reckoned an ascititious name. Pope.

ASCLEPIAD
As*cle"pi*ad, n. (Gr. & L. Pros.)

Defn: A choriambic verse, first used by the Greek poet Asclepias, consisting of four feet, viz., a spondee, two choriambi, and an iambus.

ASCLEPIADACEOUS
As*cle`pi*a*da"ceous, a. Etym: [See Asclepias.] (Bot.)

Defn: Of, pertaining to, or resembling, plants of the Milkweed family.

ASCLEPIAS
As*cle"pi*as, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. Asclepios or Aesculapius.] (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of plants including the milkweed, swallowwort, and some other species having medicinal properties. Asclepias butterfly (Zoöl.), a large, handsome, red and black butterfly (Danais Archippus), found in both hemispheres. It feeds on plants of the genus Asclepias.

ASCOCARP
As"co*carp, n. [Gr. 'asko`s a bladder + karpo`s fruit.] (Bot.)

Defn: In ascomycetous fungi, the spherical, discoid, or cup-shaped body within which the asci are collected, and which constitutes the mature fructification. The different forms are known in mycology under distinct names. Called also spore fruit.

ASCOCOCCUS
As`co*coc"cus, n.; pl. Ascococci. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Biol.)

Defn: A form of micrococcus, found in putrid meat infusions, occurring in peculiar masses, each of which is inclosed in a hyaline capsule and contains a large number of spherical micrococci.

ASCOMYCETES
As`co*my*ce"tes, n. pl. [NL.; ascus + Gr. , , fungus.] (Bot.)

Defn: A large class of higher fungi distinguished by septate hyphæ, and by having their spores formed in asci, or spore sacs. It comprises many orders, among which are the yeasts, molds, mildews, truffles, morels, etc. — As`co*my*ce"tous (#), a.

ASCOSPORE
As"co*spore, n. Etym: [Ascus + spore.] (Bot.)

Defn: One of the spores contained in the asci of lichens and fungi.
[See Illust. of Ascus.]

ASCRIBABLE
As*crib"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being ascribed; attributable.

ASCRIBE
As*cribe", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ascribed; p. pr. & vb. n. Ascribing.]
Etym: [L. ascribere, adscribere, to ascribe; ad + scribere to write:
cf. OF. ascrire. See Scribe.]

1. To attribute, impute, or refer, as to a cause; as, his death was ascribed to a poison; to ascribe an effect to the right cause; to ascribe such a book to such an author. The finest [speech] that is ascribed to Satan in the whole poem. Addison.

2. To attribute, as a quality, or an appurtenance; to consider or allege to belong.

Syn. — To Ascribe, Attribute, Impute. Attribute denotes, 1. To refer some quality or attribute to a being; as, to attribute power to God. 2. To refer something to its cause or source; as, to attribute a backward spring to icebergs off the coast. Ascribe is used equally in both these senses, but involves a different image. To impute usually denotes to ascribe something doubtful or wrong, and hence, in general literature, has commonly a bad sense; as, to impute unworthy motives. The theological sense of impute is not here taken into view. More than good-will to me attribute naught. Spenser. Ascribes his gettings to his parts and merit. Pope. And fairly quit him of the imputed blame. Spenser.

ASCRIPT
As"cript, a.

Defn: See Adscript. [Obs.]

ASCRIPTION
As*crip"tion, n. Etym: [L. ascriptio, fr. ascribere. See Ascribe.]

Defn: The act of ascribing, imputing, or affirming to belong; also, that which is ascribed.

ASCRIPTITIOUS
As`crip*ti"tious, a. Etym: [L. ascriptitius, fr. ascribere.]

1. Ascribed.

2. Added; additional. [Obs.] An ascriptitious and supernumerary God. Farindon.

ASCUS
As"cus, n.; pl. Asci. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: A small membranous bladder or tube in which are inclosed the seedlike reproductive particles or sporules of lichens and certain fungi.

A-SEA
A-sea, adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + sea.]

Defn: On the sea; at sea; toward the sea.

ASEMIA
A*se"mi*a, n. [NL., fr. Gr. priv. + sign.] (Med.)

Defn: Loss of power to express, or to understand, symbols or signs of thought.

ASEPSIS
A*sep"sis, n. [NL., fr. Gr. priv. + sepsis.]

Defn: State of being aseptic; the methods or processes of asepticizing.

ASEPTIC
A*sep"tic, a. Etym: [Pref. a- not + septic.]

Defn: Not liable to putrefaction; nonputrescent.
— n.

Defn: An aseptic substance.

ASEXUAL
A*sex"u*al, a. Etym: [Pref. a- not + sexual.] (Biol.)

Defn: Having no distinct; without sexual action; as, asexual reproduction. See Fission and Gemmation.

ASEXUALIZATION
A*sex`u*al*i*za"tion, n. [Asexual + -ize + -ation.]

Defn: The act or process of sterilizing an animal or human being, as by vasectomy.

ASEXUALLY
A*sex"u*al*ly, adv.

Defn: In an asexual manner; without sexual agency.

ASH Ash, n. Etym: [OE. asch, esh, AS. æsc; akin to OHG. asc, Sw. & Dan. ask, Icel. askr, D. esch, G. esche.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of trees of the Olive family, having opposite pinnate leaves, many of the species furnishing valuable timber, as the European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and the white ash (F. Americana). Prickly ash (Zanthoxylum Americanum) and Poison ash (Rhus venenata) are shrubs of different families, somewhat resembling the true ashes in their foliage. — Mountain ash. See Roman tree, and under Mountain.

2. The tough, elastic wood of the ash tree.

Note: Ash is used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound term; as, ash bud, ash wood, ash tree, etc.

ASH
Ash, n.,

Defn: sing. of Ashes.

Note: Ash is rarely used in the singular except in connection with chemical or geological products; as, soda ash, coal which yields a red ash, etc., or as a qualifying or combining word; as, ash bin, ash heap, ash hole, ash pan, ash pit, ash-grey, ash-colored, pearlash, potash. Bone ash, burnt powered; bone earth. — Volcanic ash. See under Ashes.

ASH
Ash, v. t.

Defn: To strew or sprinkle with ashes. Howell.

ASHAME A*shame, v. t. Etym: [Pref. a- + shame: cf. AS. ascamian to shame (where a- is the same as Goth. us-, G. er-, and orig. meant out), gescamian, gesceamian, to shame.]

Defn: To shame. [R.] Barrow.

ASHAMED
A*shamed", a. Etym: [Orig. a p. p. of ashame, v. t.]

Defn: Affected by shame; abashed or confused by guilt, or a conviction or consciousness of some wrong action or impropriety. "I am ashamed to beg." Wyclif. All that forsake thee shall be ashamed. Jer. xvii. 13. I began to be ashamed of sitting idle. Johnson. Enough to make us ashamed of our species. Macaulay. An ashamed person can hardly endure to meet the gaze of those present. Darwin.

Note: Ashamed seldom precedes the noun or pronoun it qualifies. By a Hebraism, it is sometimes used in the Bible to mean disappointed, or defeated.

ASHAMEDLY
A*sham"ed*ly, adv.

Defn: Bashfully. [R.]

ASHANTEE
Ash`an*tee", n.; pl. Ashantees.

Defn: A native or an inhabitant of Ashantee in Western Africa.

ASHANTEE
Ash`an*tee", a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Ashantee.

ASH-COLORED
Ash"-col`ored, a.

Defn: Of the color of ashes; a whitish gray or brownish gray.

ASHEN
Ash"en, a. Etym: [See Ash, the tree.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to the ash tree. "Ashen poles." Dryden.

ASHEN
Ash"en, a.

Defn: Consisting of, or resembling, ashes; of a color between brown and gray, or white and gray. The ashen hue of age. Sir W. Scott.

ASHEN
Ash"en, n.,

Defn: obs. pl. for Ashes. Chaucer.

ASHERY
Ash"er*y, n.

1. A depository for ashes.

2. A place where potash is made.

ASHES
Ash"es, n. pl. Etym: [OE. asche, aske, AS. asce, æsce, axe; akin to
OHG. asca, G. asche, D. asch, Icel. & Sw. aska, Dan. aske, Goth.
azgo.]

1. The earthy or mineral particles of combustible substances remaining after combustion, as of wood or coal.

2. Specifically: The remains of the human body when burnt, or when "returned to dust" by natural decay. Their martyred blood and ashes sow. Milton. The coffins were broken open. The ashes were scattered to the winds. Macaulay.

3. The color of ashes; deathlike paleness. The lip of ashes, and the cheek of flame. Byron. In dust and ashes, In sackcloth and ashes, with humble expression of grief or repentance; — from the method of mourning in Eastern lands. — Volcanic ashes, or Volcanic ash, the loose, earthy matter, or small fragments of stone or lava, ejected by volcanoes.

ASH-FIRE
Ash"-fire, n.

Defn: A low fire used in chemical operations.

ASH-FURNACE; ASH-OVEN
Ash"-fur`nace, Ash"-ov`en, n.

Defn: A furnace or oven for fritting materials for glass making.

ASHINE
A*shine", a.

Defn: Shining; radiant.

ASHLAR; ASHLER
Ash"lar, Ash"ler, n. Etym: [OE. ascheler, achiler, OF. aiseler, fr.
aiselle, dim. of ais plank, fr. L. axis, assis, plank, axle. See
Axle.]

1. (Masonry) (a) Hewn or squared stone; also, masonry made of squared or hewn stone. Rough ashlar, a block of freestone as brought from the quarry. When hammer-dressed it is known as common ashlar. Knight.

(b) In the United States especially, a thin facing of squared and dressed stone upon a wall of rubble or brick. Knight.

ASHLARING; ASHLERING
Ash"lar*ing, Ash"ler*ing, n.

1. The act of bedding ashlar in mortar.

2. Ashlar when in thin slabs and made to serve merely as a case to the body of the wall. Brande & C.

3. (Carp.)

Defn: The short upright pieces between the floor beams and rafters in garrets. See Ashlar, 2.

ASHORE
A*shore", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + shore.]

Defn: On shore or on land; on the land adjacent to water; to the shore; to the land; aground (when applied to a ship); — sometimes opposed to aboard or afloat. Here shall I die ashore. Shak. I must fetch his necessaries ashore. Shak.

ASHTORETH
Ash"to*reth, n.; pl. Ashtaroth.

Defn: The principal female divinity of the Phoenicians, as Baal was the principal male divinity. W. Smith.

ASH WEDNESDAY
Ash` Wednes"day.

Defn: The first day of Lent; — so called from a custom in the Roman Catholic church of putting ashes, on that day, upon the foreheads of penitents.

ASHWEED Ash"weed`, n. (Bot.) Etym: [A corruption of ache-weed; F. ache. So named from the likeness of its leaves to those of ache (celery).]

Defn: Goutweed.

ASHY
Ash"y, a.

1. Pertaining to, or composed of, ashes; filled, or strewed with, ashes.

2. Ash-colored; whitish gray; deadly pale. Shak. Ashy pale, pale as ashes. Shak.

ASIAN
A"sian, a. Etym: [L. Asianus, Gr. Asia.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to Asia; Asiatic. "Asian princes." Jer. Taylor. — n.

Defn: An Asiatic.

ASIARCH
A"si*arch, n. Etym: [L. Asiarcha, Gr.

Defn: One of the chiefs or pontiffs of the Roman province of Asia, who had the superintendence of the public games and religious rites. Milner.

ASIATIC
A`si*at"ic, a. Etym: [L. Asiaticus, Gr.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Asia or to its inhabitants.
— n.

Defn: A native, or one of the people, of Asia.

ASIATICISM
A`si*at"i*cism, n.

Defn: Something peculiar to Asia or the Asiatics.

ASIDE
A*side", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + side.]

1. On, or to, one side; out of a straight line, course, or direction; at a little distance from the rest; out of the way; apart. Thou shalt set aside that which is full. 2 Kings iv. 4. But soft! but soft! aside: here comes the king. Shak. The flames were blown aside. Dryden.

2. Out of one's thoughts; off; away; as, to put aside gloomy thoughts. "Lay aside every weight." Heb. xii. 1.

3. So as to be heard by others; privately. Then lords and ladies spake aside. Sir W. Scott. To set aside (Law), to annul or defeat the effect or operation of, by a subsequent decision of the same or of a superior tribunal; to declare of no authority; as, to set aside a verdict or a judgment.

ASIDE
A*side", n.

Defn: Something spoken aside; as, a remark made by a stageplayer which the other players are not supposed to hear.

ASILUS
A*si"lus, n. Etym: [L., a gadfly.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A genus of large and voracious two-winged flies, including the bee killer and robber fly.

ASINEGO; ASSINEGO
As`i*ne"go, As`si*ne"go, n. Etym: [Sp. asnico, dim. of asno an ass.]

Defn: A stupid fellow. [Obs.] Shak.

ASININE
As"i*nine, a. Etym: [L. asininus, fr. asinus ass. See Ass.]

Defn: Of or belonging to, or having the qualities of, the ass, as stupidity and obstinacy. "Asinine nature." B. Jonson. "Asinine feast." Milton.

ASININITY
As`i*nin"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality of being asinine; stupidity combined with obstinacy.

ASIPHONATE
A*si"phon*ate, a. (Zoöl.)

Defn: Destitute of a siphon or breathing tube; — said of many bivalve shells. — n.

Defn: An asiphonate mollusk.

ASIPHONEA; ASIPHONATA; ASIPHONIDA
As`i*pho"ne*a, A*si`pho*na"ta, As`i*phon"i*da, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr.
Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A group of bivalve mollusks destitute of siphons, as the oyster; the asiphonate mollusks.

ASITIA
A*si"ti*a, n. Etym: [Gr. (Med.)

Defn: Want of appetite; loathing of food.

ASK Ask, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asked; p. pr. & vb. n. Asking.] Etym: [OE. asken, ashen, axien, AS. ascian, acsian; akin to OS. escon, OHG. eiscon, Sw. aska, Dan. æske, D. eischen, G. heischen, Lith. jëskóti, OSlav. iskati to seek, Skr. ish to desire. *5.]

1. To request; to seek to obtain by words; to petition; to solicit; - - often with of, in the sense of from, before the person addressed. Ask counsel, we pray thee, of God. Judg. xviii. 5. If ye abide in me, and my words abide in you, ye shall ask what ye will, and it shall be done unto you. John xv. 7.

2. To require, demand, claim, or expect, whether by way of remuneration or return, or as a matter of necessity; as, what price do you ask Ask me never so much dowry. Gen. xxxiv. 12. To whom men have committed much, of him they will ask the more. Luke xii. 48. An exigence of state asks a much longer time to conduct a design to maturity. Addison.

3. To interrogate or inquire of or concerning; to put a question to
or about; to question.
He is of age; ask him: he shall speak for himself. John ix. 21.
He asked the way to Chester. Shak.

4. To invite; as, to ask one to an entertainment.

5. To publish in church for marriage; — said of both the banns and the persons. Fuller.

Syn. — To beg; request; seek; petition; solicit; entreat; beseech; implore; crave; require; demand; claim; exhibit; inquire; interrogate. See Beg.

ASK
Ask, v. i.

1. To request or petition; — usually folllowed by for; as, to ask for bread. Ask, and it shall be given you. Matt. vii. 7.

2. To make inquiry, or seek by request; — sometimes followed by after. Wherefore . . . dost ask after my name Gen. xxxii. 29.

ASK
Ask, n. Etym: [See 2d Asker.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A water newt. [Scot. & North of Eng.]

ASKANCE; ASKANT A*skance", A*skant", adv. Etym: [Cf. D. schuin, schuins, sideways, schuiven to shove, schuinte slope. Cf. Asquint.]

Defn: Sideways; obliquely; with a side glance; with disdain, envy, or
suspicion.
They dart away; they wheel askance. Beattie.
My palfrey eyed them askance. Landor.
Both . . . were viewed askance by authority. Gladstone.

ASKANCE
A*skance", v. t.

Defn: To turn aside. [Poet.] O, how are they wrapped in with infamies That from their own misdeeds askance their eyes! Shak.

ASKER
Ask"er, n.

Defn: One who asks; a petitioner; an inquirer. Shak.

ASKER
Ask"er, n. Etym: [A corruption of AS. a lizard, newt.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: An ask; a water newt. [Local Eng.]

ASKEW
A*skew", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + skew.]

Defn: Awry; askance; asquint; oblique or obliquely; — sometimes indicating scorn, or contempt, or entry. Spenser.

ASKING
Ask"ing, n.

1. The act of inquiring or requesting; a petition; solicitation. Longfellow.

2. The publishing of banns.

ASLAKE
A*slake", v. t. & i. Etym: [AS. aslacian, slacian, to slacken. Cf.
Slake.]

Defn: To mitigate; to moderate; to appease; to abate; to diminish.
[Archaic] Chaucer.

ASLANT
A*slant", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + slant.]

Defn: Toward one side; in a slanting direction; obliquely.
[The shaft] drove through his neck aslant. Dryden.

ASLANT
A*slant", prep.

Defn: In a slanting direction over; athwart.
There is a willow grows aslant a brook. Shak.

ASLEEP
A*sleep", a. & adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + sleep.]

1. In a state of sleep; in sleep; dormant. Fast asleep the giant lay supine. Dryden. By whispering winds soon lulled asleep. Milton.

2. In the sleep of the grave; dead. Concerning them which are asleep . . . sorrow not, even as others which have no hope. 1 Thess. iv. 13.

3. Numbed, and, usually, tingling. Udall. Leaning long upon any part maketh it numb, and, as we call it, asleep. Bacon.

ASLOPE
A*slope", adv. & a. Etym: [Pref. a- + slope.]

Defn: Slopingly; aslant; declining from an upright direction; sloping. "Set them not upright, but aslope." Bacon.

ASLUG
A*slug", adv. Etym: [Pref. a- + slug to move slowly.]

Defn: Sluggishly. [Obs.] Fotherby.

ASMEAR
A*smear", a. Etym: [Pref. a- + smear.]

Defn: Smeared over. Dickens.

ASMONEAN
As`mo*ne"an, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the patriotic Jewish family to which the Maccabees belonged; Maccabean; as, the Asmonean dynasty. [Written also Asmonæan.]

ASMONEAN
As`mo*ne"an, n.

Defn: One of the Asmonean family. The Asmoneans were leaders and rulers of the Jews from 168 to 35 b. c.

ASOAK
A*soak", a. Etym: [Pref. a- + soak.]

Defn: Soaking.

ASOMATOUS
A*so"ma*tous, a. Etym: [L. asomatus, Gr.

Defn: Without a material body; incorporeal. Todd.

ASONANT
As"o*nant, a. Etym: [Pref. a- not + sonant.]

Defn: Not sounding or sounded. [R.] C. C. Felton.

ASP
Asp, n. (Bot.)

Defn: Same as Aspen. "Trembling poplar or asp." Martyn.

ASP
Asp, n. Etym: [L. aspis, fr. Gr. aspe, F. aspic.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small, hooded, poisonous serpent of Egypt and adjacent countries, whose bite is often fatal. It is the Naja haje. The name is also applied to other poisonous serpents, esp. to Vipera aspis of southern Europe. See Haje.

ASPALATHUS As*pal"a*thus, n. Etym: [L. aspalathus, Gr. (Bot.) (a) A thorny shrub yielding a fragrant oil. Ecclus. xxiv. 15. (b) A genus of plants of the natural order Leguminosæ. The species are chiefly natives of the Cape of Good Hope.

ASPARAGINE
As*par"a*gine, n. Etym: [Cf. F. asparagine.] (Chem.)

Defn: A white, nitrogenous, crystallizable substance, C4H8N2O3+H2O, found in many plants, and first obtained from asparagus. It is believed to aid in the disposition of nitrogenous matter throughout the plant; — called also altheine.

ASPARAGINOUS
As`pa*rag"i*nous, a.

Defn: Pertaining or allied to, or resembling, asparagus; having shoots which are eaten like asparagus; as, asparaginous vegetables.

ASPARAGUS
As*par"a*gus, n. Etym: [L., fr. Gr. prong, sprout, Pers. asparag,
Lith. spurgas sprout, Skr. sphurj to swell. Perh. the Greek borrowed
from the Persian. Cf. Sparrowgrass.]

1. (Bot.)

Defn: A genus of perennial plants belonging to the natural order Liliaceæ, and having erect much branched stems, and very slender branchlets which are sometimes mistaken for leaves. Asparagus racemosus is a shrubby climbing plant with fragrant flowers. Specifically: The Asparagus officinalis, a species cultivated in gardens.

2. The young and tender shoots of A. officinalis, which form a valuable and well-known article of food.

Note: This word was formerly pronounced sparrowgrass; but this pronunciation is now confined exclusively to uneducated people. Asparagus beetle (Zoöl.), a small beetle (Crioceris asparagi) injurious to asparagus.

ASPARTIC
As*par"tic, a. (Chem.)

Defn: Pertaining to, or derived, asparagine; as, aspartic acid.

ASPECT As"pect, n. Etym: [L. aspectus, fr. aspicere, aspectum, to look at; ad + spicere, specere, to look, akin to E. spy.]

1. The act of looking; vision; gaze; glance. [R.] "The basilisk killeth by aspect." Bacon. His aspect was bent on the ground. Sir W. Scott.

2. Look, or particular appearance of the face; countenance; mien; air. "Serious in aspect." Dryden. [Craggs] with aspect open shall erect his head. Pope.

3. Appearance to the eye or the mind; look; view. "The aspect of affairs." Macaulay. The true aspect of a world lying in its rubbish. T. Burnet.

4. Position or situation with regard to seeing; that position which enables one to look in a particular direction; position in relation to the points of the compass; as, a house has a southern aspect, that is, a position which faces the south.

5. Prospect; outlook. [Obs.] This town affords a good aspect toward the hill from whence we descended. Evelyn.

6. (Astrol.)

Defn: The situation of planets or stars with respect to one another, or the angle formed by the rays of light proceeding from them and meeting at the eye; the joint look of planets or stars upon each other or upon the earth. Milton.

Note: The aspects which two planets can assume are five; sextile,

7. (Astrol.)

Defn: The influence of the stars for good or evil; as, an ill aspect.
Shak.
The astrologers call the evil influences of the stars evil aspects.
Bacon. Aspect of a plane (Geom.), the direction of the plane.

ASPECT
As*pect", v. t. Etym: [L. aspectare, v. intens. of aspicere. See
Aspect, n.]

Defn: To behold; to look at. [Obs.]

ASPECTABLE
As*pect"a*ble, a. Etym: [L. aspectabilis.]

Defn: Capable of being; visible. "The aspectable world." Ray.
"Aspectable stars." Mrs. Browning.

ASPECTANT
As*pect"ant, a. (Her.)

Defn: Facing each other.

ASPECTED
As*pect"ed, a.

Defn: Having an aspect. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

ASPECTION
As*pec"tion, n. Etym: [L. aspectio, fr. aspicere to look at.]

Defn: The act of viewing; a look. [Obs.]

ASPECT RATIO
Aspect ratio. (Aëronautics)

Defn: The ratio of the long to the short side of an aëroplane, aërocurve, or wing.

ASPEN; ASP
Asp"en, Asp, n. Etym: [AS. æsp, æps; akin to OHG. aspa, Icel. ösp,
Dan. æsp, Sw. asp, D. esp, G. espe, äspe, aspe; cf. Lettish apsa,
Lith. apuszis.] (Bot.)

Defn: One of several species of poplar bearing this name, especially the Populus tremula, so called from the trembling of its leaves, which move with the slightest impulse of the air.

ASPEN
Asp"en, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to the aspen, or resembling it; made of aspen
wood.
Nor aspen leaves confess the gentlest breeze. Gay.

ASPER
As"per, a. Etym: [OE. aspre, OF. aspre, F. âpre, fr. L. asper rough.]

Defn: Rough; rugged; harsh; bitter; stern; fierce. [Archaic] "An asper sound." Bacon.

ASPER
As"per, n. Etym: [L. spiritus asper rough breathing.] (Greek Gram.)

Defn: The rough breathing; a mark placed over an initial vowel sound or over h before it; thus hws, pronounced h, hrj'twr, pronounced hra\'b6t.

ASPER
As"per, n. Etym: [F. aspre or It. aspro, fr. MGr.

Defn: A Turkish money of account (formerly a coin), of little value; the 120th part of a piaster.

ASPERATE
As"per*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asperated; p. pr. & vb. n.
Asperating.] Etym: [L. asperatus, p. p. of asperare, fr. asper
rough.]

Defn: To make rough or uneven.
The asperated part of its surface. Boyle.

ASPERATION
As`per*a"tion, n.

Defn: The act of asperating; a making or becoming rough. Bailey.

ASPERGES As*per"ges, n. Etym: [L., Thou shalt sprinkle.] (R. C. Ch.) (a) The service or ceremony of sprinkling with holy water. (b) The brush or instrument used in sprinkling holy water; an aspergill.

ASPERGILL; ASPERGILLUM As"per*gill, As`per*gil"lum, n. Etym: [LL. aspergillum, fr. L. aspergere. See Asperse, v. t.]

1. The brush used in the Roman Catholic church for sprinkling holy water on the people. [Also written aspergillus.]

2. (Zoöl.)

Defn: See Wateringpot shell.

ASPERGILLIFORM
As`per*gil"li*form, a. Etym: [Aspergillum + -form.] (Bot.)

Defn: Resembling the aspergillum in form; as, an aspergilliform stigma. Gray.

ASPERIFOLIATE; ASPERIFOLIOUS As`per*i*fo"li*ate, As`per*i*fo"li*ous, a. Etym: [L. asper rough + folium leaf.] (Bot.)

Defn: Having rough leaves.

Note: By some applied to the natural order now called Boraginaceæ or borageworts.

ASPERITY As*per"i*ty, n.; pl. Asperities. Etym: [L. asperitas, fr. asper rough: cf. F. aspérité.]

1. Roughness of surface; unevenness; — opposed to smoothness. "The asperities of dry bodies." Boyle.

2. Roughness or harshness of sound; that quality which grates upon the ear; raucity.

3. Roughness to the taste; sourness; tartness.

4. Moral roughness; roughness of manner; severity; crabbedness; harshness; — opposed to mildness. "Asperity of character." Landor. It is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received. Johnson.

5. Sharpness; disagreeableness; difficulty. The acclivities and asperities of duty. Barrow.

Syn.
— Acrimony; moroseness; crabbedness; harshness; sourness; tartness.
See Acrimony.

ASPERMATOUS
A*sper"ma*tous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Aspermous.

ASPERMOUS
A*sper"mous, a. Etym: [Gr. (Bot.)

Defn: Destitute of seeds; aspermatous.

ASPERNE
A*sperne", v. t. Etym: [L. aspernari; a (ab) + spernari.]

Defn: To spurn; to despise. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

ASPEROUS
As"per*ous, a. Etym: [See Asper, a.]

Defn: Rough; uneven. Boyle.

ASPERSE
As*perse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aspersed; p. pr. & vb. n. Aspersing.]
Etym: [L. aspersus, p. p. of aspergere to scatter, sprinkle; ad +
spargere to strew. See Sparse.]

1. To sprinkle, as water or dust, upon anybody or anything, or to besprinkle any one with a liquid or with dust. Heywood.

2. To bespatter with foul reports or false and injurious charges; to tarnish in point of reputation or good name; to slander or calumniate; as, to asperse a poet or his writings; to asperse a man's character. With blackest crimes aspersed. Cowper.

Syn. — To slander; defame; detract from; calumniate; vilify. — To Asperse, Defame, Slander, Calumniate. These words have in common the idea of falsely assailing the character of another. To asperse is figuratively to cast upon a character hitherto unsullied the imputation of blemishes or faults which render it offensive or loathsome. To defame is to detract from a man's honor and reputation by charges calculated to load him with infamy. Slander (etymologically the same as scandal) and calumniate, from the Latin, have in common the sense of circulating reports to a man's injury from unworthy or malicious motives. Men asperse their neighbors by malignant insinuations; they defame by advancing charges to blacken or sully their fair fame; they slander or calumniate by spreading injurious reports which are false, or by magnifying slight faults into serious errors or crimes.

ASPERSED
As*persed", a.

1. (Her.)

Defn: Having an indefinite number of small charges scattered or strewed over the surface. Cussans.

2. Bespattered; slandered; calumniated. Motley.

ASPERSER
As*pers"er, n.

Defn: One who asperses; especially, one who vilifies another.

ASPERSION
As*per"sion, n. Etym: [L. aspersio, fr. aspergere: cf. F. aspersion.]

1. A sprinkling, as with water or dust, in a literal sense. Behold an immersion, not and aspersion. Jer. Taylor.

2. The spreading of calumniations reports or charges which tarnish reputation, like the bespattering of a body with foul water; calumny. Every candid critic would be ashamed to cast wholesale aspersions on the entire body of professional teachers. Grote. Who would by base aspersions blot thy virtue. Dryden.

ASPERSIVE
As*pers"ive, a.

Defn: Tending to asperse; defamatory; slanderous.
— As*pers"ive*ly, adv.

ASPERSOIR
As`per`soir", n. Etym: [F.]

Defn: An aspergill.

ASPERSORIUM
As`per*so"ri*um, n.; pl. Aspplwsoria. Etym: [LL. See Asperse.]

1. The stoup, basin, or other vessel for holy water in Roman Catholic churches.

2. A brush for sprinkling holy water; an aspergill.

ASPHALT; ASPHALTUM
As"phalt, As*phal"tum, n. Etym: [Gr. asphalte.]

1. Mineral pitch, Jews' pitch, or compact native bitumen. It is brittle, of a black or brown color and high luster on a surface of fracture; it melts and burns when heated, leaving no residue. It occurs on the surface and shores of the Dead Sea, which is therefore called Asphaltites, or the Asphaltic Lake. It is found also in many parts of Asia, Europe, and America. See Bitumen.

2. A composition of bitumen, pitch, lime, and gravel, used for forming pavements, and as a water-proof cement for bridges, roofs, etc.; asphaltic cement. Artificial asphalt is prepared from coal tar, lime, sand, etc. Asphalt stone, Asphalt rock, a limestone found impregnated with asphalt.

ASPHALT
As"phalt, v. t.

Defn: To cover with asphalt; as, to asphalt a roof; asphalted streets.

ASPHALTE
As`phalte", n. Etym: [F. See Asphalt.]

Defn: Asphaltic mastic or cement. See Asphalt, 2.

ASPHALTIC
As*phal"tic, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, of the nature of, or containing, asphalt; bituminous. "Asphaltic pool." "Asphaltic slime." Milton.

ASPHALTITE
As*phal"tite, a.

Defn: Asphaltic.

ASPHALTITE
As*phal"tite, a.

Defn: Asphaltic. Bryant.

ASPHALTUS
As*phal"tus, n.

Defn: See Asphalt.

ASPHODEL
As"pho*del, n. Etym: [L. asphodelus, Gr. Daffodil.] (Bot.)

Defn: A general name for a plant of the genus Asphodelus. The asphodels are hardy perennial plants, several species of which are cultivated for the beauty of their flowers.

Note: The name is also popularly given to species of other genera.
The asphodel of the early English and French poets was the daffodil.
The asphodel of the Greek poets is supposed to be the Narcissus
poeticus. Dr. Prior.
Pansies, and violets, and asphodel. Milton.

ASPHYCTIC
As*phyc"tic, a.

Defn: Pertaining to asphyxia.

ASPHYXIA; ASPHYXY
As*phyx"i*a, As*phyx"y, n. Etym: [NL. asphyxia, fr. Gr. (Med.)

Defn: Apparent death, or suspended animation; the condition which results from interruption of respiration, as in suffocation or drowning, or the inhalation of irrespirable gases.

ASPHYXIAL
As*phyx"i*al, a.

Defn: Of or relating to asphyxia; as, asphyxial phenomena.

ASPHYXIATE
As*phyx"i*ate, v. t.

Defn: To bring to a state of asphyxia; to suffocate.

Note: [Used commonly in the past pple.]

ASPHYXIATED; ASPHYXIED
As*phyx"i*a`ted, As*phyx"ied, p. p.

Defn: In a state of asphyxia; suffocated.

ASPHYXIATION
As*phyx`i*a"tion, n.

Defn: The act of causing asphyxia; a state of asphyxia.

ASPIC
As"pic, n. Etym: [F. See Asp.]

1. The venomous asp. [Chiefly poetic] Shak. Tennyson.

2. A piece of ordnance carrying a 12 pound shot. [Obs.]

ASPIC As"pic, n. Etym: [F., a corrupt. of spic (OF. espi, F. épi), L. spica (spicum, spicus), ear, spike. See Spike.]

Defn: A European species of lavender (Lavandula spica), which produces a volatile oil. See Spike.

ASPIC
As"pic, n. Etym: [F., prob. fr. aspic an asp.]

Defn: A savory meat jelly containing portions of fowl, game, fish, hard boiled eggs, etc. Thackeray.

ASPIDOBRANCHIA
As`pi*do*bran"chi*a, n. pl. Etym: [NL., fr. Gr. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A group of Gastropoda, with limpetlike shells, including the abalone shells and keyhole limpets.

ASPIRANT
As*pir"ant, a. Etym: [Cf. F. aspirant, p. pr. of aspirer. See
Aspire.]

Defn: Aspiring.

ASPIRANT
As*pir"ant, n. Etym: [Cf. F. aspirant.]

Defn: One who aspires; one who eagerly seeks some high position or
object of attainment.
In consequence of the resignations . . . the way to greatness was
left clear to a new set of aspirants. Macaulay.

ASPIRATE
As"pi*rate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aspirated; p. pr. & vb. n.
Aspirating.] Etym: [L. aspiratus, p. p. of aspirare to breathe toward
or upon, to add the breathing h; ad + spirare to breathe, blow. Cf.
Aspire.]

Defn: To pronounce with a breathing, an aspirate, or an h sound; as, we aspirate the words horse and house; to aspirate a vowel or a liquid consonant.

ASPIRATE
As"pi*rate, n.

1. A sound consisting of, or characterized by, a breath like the sound of h; the breathing h or a character representing such a sound; an aspirated sound.

2. A mark of aspiration used in Greek; the asper, or rough breathing. Bentley.

3. An elementary sound produced by the breath alone; a surd, or nonvocal consonant; as, f, th in thin, etc.

ASPIRATE; ASPIRATED
As"pi*rate, As"pi*ra"ted, a. Etym: [L. aspiratus, p. p.]

Defn: Pronounced with the h sound or with audible breath.
But yet they are not aspirate, i. e., with such an aspiration as h.
Holder.

ASPIRATION As`pi*ra"tion, n. Etym: [L. aspiratio, fr. aspirare: cf. F. aspiration.]

1. The act of aspirating; the pronunciation of a letter with a full or strong emission of breath; an aspirated sound. If aspiration be defined to be an impetus of breathing. Wilkins.

2. The act of breathing; a breath; an inspiration.

3. The act of aspiring of a ardently desiring; strong wish; high desire. "Aspirations after virtue." Johnson. Vague aspiration after military renown. Prescott.

ASPIRATOR
As"pi*ra`tor, n.

1. (Chem.)

Defn: An apparatus for passing air or gases through or over certain liquids or solids, or for exhausting a closed vessel, by means of suction.

2. (Med.)

Defn: An instrument for the evacuation of the fluid contents of tumors or collections of blood.

ASPIRATORY
As*pir"a*to*ry, a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to breathing; suited to the inhaling of air

ASPIRE
As*pire", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aspired; p. pr. & vb. n. Aspiring.]
Etym: [F. aspirer, L. aspirare. See Aspirate, v. t.]

1. To desire with eagerness; to seek to attain something high or great; to pant; to long; — followed by to or after, and rarely by at; as, to aspire to a crown; to aspire after immorality. Aspiring to be gods, if angels fell; Aspiring to be angels, men rebel. Pope.

2. To rise; to ascend; to tower; to soar. My own breath still foments the fire, Which flames as high as fancy can aspire. Waller.

ASPIRE
As*pire", v. t.

Defn: To aspire to; to long for; to try to reach; to mount to. [Obs.]
That gallant spirit hath aspired the clouds. Shak.

ASPIRE
As*pire", n.

Defn: Aspiration. [Obs.] Chapman.

ASPIREMENT
As*pire"ment, n.

Defn: Aspiration. [Obs.]

ASPIRER
As*pir"er, n.

Defn: One who aspires.

ASPIRIN
As"pi*rin, n. (Pharm.)

Defn: A white crystalline compound of acetyl and salicylic acid used as a drug for the salicylic acid liberated from it in the intestines.

ASPIRING
As*pir"ing, a.

Defn: That aspires; as, an Aspiring mind.
— As*pir"ing*ly, adv.
— As*pir"ing*ness, n.

ASPISH
Asp"ish, a.

Defn: Pertaining to, or like, an asp.

ASPORTATION As`por*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. asportatio, fr. asportare to carry away; abs = ab + portare to bear, carry.] (Law)

Defn: The felonious removal of goods from the place where they were deposited.

Note: It is adjudged to be larceny, though the goods are not carried from the house or apartment. Blackstone.

ASPRAWL
A*sprawl", adv. & a.

Defn: Sprawling.

ASQUAT
A*squat", adv. & a.

Defn: Squatting.

ASQUINT
A*squint", adv. Etym: [Cf. Askant, Squint.]

Defn: With the eye directed to one side; not in the straight line of vision; obliquely; awry, so as to see distortedly; as, to look asquint.

ASS
Ass, n. Etym: [OE. asse, AS. assa; akin to Icel. asni, W. asen, asyn,
L. asinus, dim. aselus, Gr. esol, OHG. esil, G. esel, Goth. asilus,
Dan. æsel, Lith. asilas, Bohem. osel, Pol. osiel. The word is prob.
of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. ath she ass. Cf. Ease.]

1. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A quadruped of the genus Equus (E. asinus), smaller than the horse, and having a peculiarly harsh bray and long ears. The tame or domestic ass is patient, slow, and sure-footed, and has become the type of obstinacy and stupidity. There are several species of wild asses which are swift-footed.

2. A dull, heavy, stupid fellow; a dolt. Shak. Asses' Bridge. Etym: [L. pons asinorum.] The fifth proposition of the first book of Euclid, "The angles at the base of an isosceles triangle are equal to one another." [Sportive] "A schoolboy, stammering out his Asses' Bridge." F. Harrison. — To make an ass of one's self, to do or say something very foolish or absurd.

ASSAFOETIDA
As`sa*foet"i*da, n.

Defn: Same as Asafetida.

ASSAGAI; ASSEGAI
As"sa*gai, As"se*gai, n. Etym: [Pg. azagaia, Sp. azagaya, fr. a
Berber word. Cf. Lancegay.]

Defn: A spear used by tribes in South Africa as a missile and for stabbing, a kind of light javelin.

ASSAI
As*sa"i. Etym: [It., fr. L. ad + satis enough. See Assets.] (Mus.)

Defn: A direction equivalent to very; as, adagio assai, very slow.

ASSAIL
As*sail", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assailed; p. pr. & vb. n. Assailing.]
Etym: [OE. assailen, asailen, OF. asaillir, assailler, F. assaillir;
(L. ad) + saillir to burst out, project, fr. L. salire to leap,
spring; cf. L. assilire to leap or spring upon. See Sally.]

1. To attack with violence, or in a vehement and hostile manner; to assault; to molest; as, to assail a man with blows; to assail a city with artillery. No rude noise mine ears assailing. Cowper. No storm can now assail The charm he wears within. Keble.

2. To encounter or meet purposely with the view of mastering, as an obstacle, difficulty, or the like. The thorny wilds the woodmen fierce assail. Pope.

3. To attack morally, or with a view to produce changes in the feelings, character, conduct, existing usages, institutions; to attack by words, hostile influence, etc.; as, to assail one with appeals, arguments, abuse, ridicule, and the like. The papal authority . . . assailed. Hallam. They assailed him with keen invective; they assailed him with still keener irony. Macaulay.

Syn.
— To attack; assault; invade; encounter; fall upon. See Attack.

ASSAILABLE
As*sail"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being assailed.

ASSAILANT
As*sail"ant, a. Etym: [F. assaillant, p. pr. of assaillir.]

Defn: Assailing; attacking. Milton.

ASSAILANT
As*sail"ant, n. Etym: [F. assaillant.]

Defn: One who, or that which, assails, attacks, or assaults; an
assailer.
An assailant of the church. Macaulay.

ASSAILER
As*sail"er, n.

Defn: One who assails.

ASSAILMENT
As*sail"ment, n.

Defn: The act or power of assailing; attack; assault. [R.]
His most frequent assailment was the headache. Johnson.

ASSAMAR
As"sa*mar, n. Etym: [L. assare to roast + amarus, bitter.] (Chem.)

Defn: The peculiar bitter substance, soft or liquid, and of a yellow color, produced when meat, bread, gum, sugar, starch, and the like, are roasted till they turn brown.

ASSAMESE
As`sam*ese", a.

Defn: Of or pertaining to Assam, a province of British India, or to its inhabitants. — n. sing. & pl.

Defn: A native or natives of Assam.

ASSAPAN; ASSAPANIC
As`sa*pan", As`sa*pan"ic, n. Etym: [Prob. Indian name.] (Zoöl.)

Defn: The American flying squirrel (Pteromys volucella).

ASSART As*sart", n. Etym: [OF. essart the grubbing up of trees, fr. essarter to grub up or clear ground of bushes, shrubs, trees, etc., fr. LL. exartum, exartare, for exsaritare; L. ex + sarire, sarrire, saritum, to hoe, weed.]

1. (Old Law)

Defn: The act or offense of grubbing up trees and bushes, and thus destroying the tickets or coverts of a forest. Spelman. Cowell.

2. A piece of land cleared of trees and bushes, and fitted for cultivation; a clearing. Ash. Assart land, forest land cleared of woods and brush.

ASSART
As*sart", v. t.

Defn: To grub up, as trees; to commit an assart upon; as, to assart land or trees. Ashmole.

ASSASSIN As*sas"sin, n. Etym: [F. (cf. It. assassino), fr. Ar. one who has drunk of the hashish. Under its influence the Assassins of the East, followers of the Shaikh al-Jabal (Old Man of the Mountain), were said to commit the murders required by their chief.]

Defn: One who kills, or attempts to kill, by surprise or secret assault; one who treacherously murders any one unprepared for defense.

ASSASSIN
As*sas"sin, v. t.

Defn: To assassinate. [Obs.] Stillingfleet.

ASSASSINATE
As*sas"sin*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assassinated; p. pr. & vb. n.
Assassinating.] Etym: [LL. assassinatus, p. p. of assassinare.]

1. To kill by surprise or secret assault; to murder by treacherous violence. Help, neighbors, my house is broken open by force, and I am ravished, and like to be assassinated. Dryden.

2. To assail with murderous intent; hence, by extended meaning, to maltreat exceedingly. [Archaic] Your rhymes assassinate our fame. Dryden. Such usage as your honorable lords Afford me, assassinated and betrayed. Milton.

Syn.
— To kill; murder; slay. See Kill.

ASSASSINATE
As*sas"sin*ate, n. Etym: [F. assassinat.]

1. An assassination, murder, or murderous assault. [Obs.] If I had made an assassinate upon your father. B. Jonson.

2. An assassin. [Obs.] Dryden.

ASSASSINATION
As*sas`si*na"tion, n.

Defn: The act of assassinating; a killing by treacherous violence.

ASSASSINATOR
As*sas"si*na`tor, n.

Defn: An assassin.

ASSASSINOUS
As*sas"sin*ous, a.

Defn: Murderous. Milton.

ASSASTION
As*sas"tion, n. Etym: [F., fr. LL. assatio, fr. L. assare to roast.]

Defn: Roasting. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

ASSAULT
As*sault", n. Etym: [OE. asaut, assaut, OF. assaut, asalt, F. assaut,
LL. assaltus; L. ad + saltus a leaping, a springing, salire to leap.
See Assail.]

1. A violent onset or attack with physical means, as blows, weapons, etc.; an onslaught; the rush or charge of an attacking force; onset; as, to make assault upon a man, a house, or a town. The Spanish general prepared to renew the assault. Prescott. Unshaken bears the assault Of their most dreaded foe, the strong southwest. Wordsworth.

2. A violent onset or attack with moral weapons, as words, arguments, appeals, and the like; as, to make an assault on the prerogatives of a prince, or on the constitution of a government. Clarendon.

3. (Law)

Defn: An apparently violent attempt, or willful offer with force or violence, to do hurt to another; an attempt or offer to beat another, accompanied by a degree of violence, but without touching his person, as by lifting the fist, or a cane, in a threatening manner, or by striking at him, and missing him. If the blow aimed takes effect, it is a battery. Blackstone. Wharton. Practically, however, the word assault is used to include the battery. Mozley & W.

Syn. — Attack; invasion; incursion; descent; onset; onslaught; charge; storm.

ASSAULT
As*sault", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assaulted; p. pr. & vb. n.
Assaulting.] Etym: [From Assault, n.: cf. OF. assaulter, LL.
assaltare.]

1. To make an assault upon, as by a sudden rush of armed men; to attack with unlawful or insulting physical violence or menaces. Insnared, assaulted, overcome, led bound. Milton.

2. To attack with moral means, or with a view of producing moral effects; to attack by words, arguments, or unfriendly measures; to assail; as, to assault a reputation or an administration. Before the gates, the cries of babes newborn, . . . Assault his ears. Dryden.

Note: In the latter sense, assail is more common.

Syn.
— To attack; assail; invade; encounter; storm; charge. See Attack.

ASSAULTABLE
As*sault"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being assaulted.

ASSAULTER
As*sault"er, n.

Defn: One who assaults, or violently attacks; an assailant. E. Hall.

ASSAY
As*say", n. Etym: [OF. asai, essai, trial, F. essa. See Essay, n.]

1. Trial; attempt; essay. [Obs.] Chaucer. I am withal persuaded that it may prove much more easy in the assay than it now seems at distance. Milton.

2. Examination and determination; test; as, an assay of bread or wine. [Obs.] This can not be, by no assay of reason. Shak.

3. Trial by danger or by affliction; adventure; risk; hardship; state of being tried. [Obs.] Through many hard assays which did betide. Spenser.

4. Tested purity or value. [Obs.] With gold and pearl of rich assay. Spenser.

5. (Metallurgy)

Defn: The act or process of ascertaining the proportion of a particular metal in an ore or alloy; especially, the determination of the proportion of gold or silver in bullion or coin.

6. The alloy or metal to be assayed. Ure. Assay and essay are radically the same word; but modern usage has appropriated assay chiefly to experiments in metallurgy, and essay to intellectual and bodily efforts. See Essay.]

Note: Assay is used adjectively or as the first part of a compound; as, assay balance, assay furnace. Assay master, an officer who assays or tests gold or silver coin or bullion. — Assay ton, a weight of 29.1662/3 grams.

ASSAY
As*say", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Assaying.]
Etym: [OF. asaier, essaier, F. essayer, fr. essai. See Assay, n.,
Essay, v.]

1. To try; to attempt; to apply. [Obs. or Archaic] To-night let us assay our plot. Shak. Soft words to his fierce passion she assayed. Milton.

2. To affect. [Obs.] When the heart is ill assayed. Spenser.

3. To try tasting, as food or drink. [Obs.]

4. To subject, as an ore, alloy, or other metallic compound, to chemical or metallurgical examination, in order to determine the amount of a particular metal contained in it, or to ascertain its composition.

ASSAY
As*say", v. i.

Defn: To attempt, try, or endeavor. [Archaic. In this sense essay is
now commonly used.]
She thrice assayed to speak. Dryden.

ASSAYABLE
As*say"a*ble, a.

Defn: That may be assayed.

ASSAYER
As*say"er, n.

Defn: One who assays. Specifically: One who examines metallic ores or compounds, for the purpose of determining the amount of any particular metal in the same, especially of gold or silver.

ASSAYING
As*say"ing, n.

Defn: The act or process of testing, esp. of analyzing or examining metals and ores, to determine the proportion of pure metal.

ASSAY POUND
As"say pound.

Defn: A small standard weight used in assaying bullion, etc., sometimes equaling 0.5 gram, but varying with the assayer.

ASSAY TON
Assay ton.

Defn: A weight of 29.166 + grams used in assaying, for convenience. Since it bears the same relation to the milligram that a ton of 2000 avoirdupois pounds does to the troy ounce, the weight in milligrams of precious metal obtained from an assay ton of ore gives directly the number of ounces to the ton.

ASSE
Asse, n. (Zoöl.)

Defn: A small foxlike animal (Vulpes cama) of South Africa, valued for its fur.

ASSECURATION
As`se*cu*ra"tion, n. Etym: [LL. assecuratio, fr. assecurare.]

Defn: Assurance; certainty. [Obs.]

ASSECURE
As`se*cure", v. t. Etym: [LL. assecurare.]

Defn: To make sure or safe; to assure. [Obs.] Hooker.

ASSECUTION As`se*cu"tion, n. Etym: [F. assécution, fr. L. assequi to obtain; ad + sequi to follow.]

Defn: An obtaining or acquiring. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

ASSEGAI
As"se*gai, n.

Defn: Same as Assagai.

ASSEMBLAGE
As*sem"blage, n. Etym: [Cf. F. assemblage. See Assemble.]

1. The act of assembling, or the state o In sweet assemblage every blooming grace. Fenton.

2. A collection of individuals, or of individuals, or of particular things; as, a political assemblage; an assemblage of ideas.

Syn. — Company; group; collection; concourse; gathering; meeting; convention. Assemblage, Assembly. An assembly consists only of persons; an assemblage may be composed of things as well as persons, as, an assemblage of incoherent objects. Nor is every assemblage of persons an assembly; since the latter term denotes a body who have met, and are acting, in concert for some common end, such as to hear, to deliberate, to unite in music, dancing, etc. An assemblage of skaters on a lake, or of horse jockeys at a race course, is not an assembly, but might be turned into one by collecting into a body with a view to discuss and decide as to some object of common interest.

ASSEMBLANCE
As*sem"blance, n. Etym: [Cf. OF. assemblance.]

1. Resemblance; likeness; appearance. [Obs.] Care I for the . . . stature, bulk, and big assemblance of a man Shak.

2. An assembling; assemblage. [Obs.] To weete [know] the cause of their assemblance. Spenser.

ASSEMBLE
As*sem"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assembled; p. pr. & vb. n.
Assembling.] Etym: [F. assembler, fr. LL. assimulare to bring
together to collect; L. ad + simul together; akin to similis like,
Gr. same. Cf. Assimilate, Same.]

Defn: To collect into one place or body; to bring or call together;
to convene; to congregate.
Thither he assembled all his train. Milton.
All the men of Israel assembled themselves. 1 Kings viii. 2.

ASSEMBLE
As*sem"ble, v. i.

Defn: To meet or come together, as a number of individuals; to convene; to congregate. Dryden. The Parliament assembled in November. W. Massey.

ASSEMBLE
As*sem"ble, v. i.

Defn: To liken; to compare. [Obs.]
Bribes may be assembled to pitch. Latimer.

ASSEMBLER
As*sem"bler, n.

Defn: One who assembles a number of individuals; also, one of a number assembled.

ASSEMBLY
As*sem"bly, n.; pl. Assemblies. Etym: [F. assemblée, fr. assembler.
See Assemble.]

1. A company of persons collected together in one place, and usually for some common purpose, esp. for deliberation and legislation, for worship, or for social entertainment.

2. A collection of inanimate objects. [Obs.] Howell.

3. (Mil.)

Defn: A beat of the drum or sound of the bugle as a signal to troops to assemble.

Note: In some of the United States, the legislature, or the popular branch of it, is called the Assembly, or the General Assembly. In the Presbyterian Church, the General Assembly is the highest ecclesiastical tribunal, composed of ministers and ruling elders delegated from each presbytery; as, the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States, or of Scotland. Assembly room, a room in which persons assemble, especially for dancing. — Unlawful assembly (Law), a meeting of three or more persons on a common plan, in such a way as to cause a reasonable apprehension that they will disturb the peace tumultuously. — Westminster Assembly, a convocation, consisting chiefly of divines, which, by act of Parliament, assembled July 1, 1643, and remained in session some years. It framed the "Confession of Faith," the "Larger Catechism," and the "Shorter Catechism," which are still received as authority by Presbyterians, and are substantially accepted by Congregationalists.

Syn.
— See Assemblage.

ASSEMBLYMAN
As*sem"bly*man, n.; pl. Assemblymen.

Defn: A member of an assembly, especially of the lower branch of a state legislature.

ASSENT
As*sent", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assented; p. pr. & vb. n. Assenting.]
Etym: [F. assentir, L. assentire, assentiri; ad + sentire to feel,
think. See Sense.]

Defn: To admit a thing as true; to express one's agreement, acquiescence, concurrence, or concession. Who informed the governor . . . And the Jews also assented, saying that these things were so. Acts xxiv. 9. The princess assented to all that was suggested. Macaulay.

Syn.
— To yield; agree; acquiesce; concede; concur.

ASSENT
As*sent", n. Etym: [OE. assent, fr. assentir. See Assent, v.]

Defn: The act of assenting; the act of the mind in admitting or
agreeing to anything; concurrence with approval; consent; agreement;
acquiescence.
Faith is the assent to any proposition, on the credit of the
proposer. Locke.
The assent, if not the approbation, of the prince. Prescott.
Too many people read this ribaldry with assent and admiration.
Macaulay.
Royal assent, in England, the assent of the sovereign to a bill which
has passed both houses of Parliament, after which it becomes law.

Syn. — Concurrence; acquiescence; approval; accord. — Assent, Consent. Assent is an act of the understanding, consent of the will or feelings. We assent to the views of others when our minds come to the same conclusion with theirs as to what is true, right, or admissible. We consent when there is such a concurrence of our will with their desires and wishes that we decide to comply with their requests. The king of England gives his assent, not his consent, to acts of Parliament, because, in theory at least, he is not governed by personal feelings or choice, but by a deliberate, judgment as to the common good. We also use assent in cases where a proposal is made which involves but little interest or feeling. A lady may assent to a gentleman's opening the window; but if he offers himself in marriage, he must wait for her consent.

ASSENTATION
As`sen*ta"tion, n. Etym: [L. assentatio. See Assent, v.]

Defn: Insincere, flattering, or obsequious assent; hypocritical or
pretended concurrence.
Abject flattery and indiscriminate assentation degrade as much as
indiscriminate contradiction and noisy debate disgust. Ld.
Chesterfield.

ASSENTATOR
As`sen*ta"tor, n. Etym: [L., fr. assentari to assent constantly.]

Defn: An obsequious; a flatterer. [R.]

ASSENTATORY
As*sent"a*to*ry, a.

Defn: Flattering; obsequious. [Obs.] — As*sent"a*to*ri*ly, adv.
[Obs.]

ASSENTER
As*sent"er, n.

Defn: One who assents.

ASSENTIENT
As*sen"tient, a.

Defn: Assenting.

ASSENTING
As*sent"ing, a.

Defn: Giving or implying assent.
— As*sent"ing*ly, adv.

ASSENTIVE
As*sent"ive, a.

Defn: Giving assent; of the nature of assent; complying.
— As*sent"ive*ness, n.

ASSENTMENT
As*sent"ment, n.

Defn: Assent; agreement. [Obs.]

ASSERT
As*sert", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asserted; p. pr. & vb. n. Asserting.]
Etym: [L. assertus, p. p. of asserere to join or fasten to one's
self, claim, maintain; ad + serere to join or bind together. See
Series.]

1. To affirm; to declare with assurance, or plainly and strongly; to state positively; to aver; to asseverate. Nothing is more shameful . . . than to assert anything to be done without a cause. Ray.

2. To maintain; to defend. [Obs. or Archaic]
That . . . I may assert Eternal Providence, And justify the ways of
God to men. Milton.
I will assert it from the scandal. Jer. Taylor.

3. To maintain or defend, as a cause or a claim, by words or measures; to vindicate a claim or title to; as, to assert our rights and liberties. To assert one's self, to claim or vindicate one's rights or position; to demand recognition.

Syn. — To affirm; aver; asseverate; maintain; protest; pronounce; declare; vindicate. — To Assert, Affirm, Maintain, Vindicate. To assert is to fasten to one's self, and hence to claim. It is, therefore, adversative in its nature. We assert our rights and privileges, or the cause of tree institutions, as against opposition or denial. To affirm is to declare as true. We assert boldly; we affirm positively. To maintain is to uphold, and insist upon with earnestness, whatever we have once asserted; as, to maintain one's cause, to maintain an argument, to maintain the ground we have taken. To vindicate is to use language and measures of the strongest kind, in defense of ourselves and those for whom we act. We maintain our assertions by adducing proofs, facts, or arguments; we are ready to vindicate our rights or interests by the utmost exertion of our powers.

ASSERTER
As*sert"er, n.

Defn: One who asserts; one who avers pr maintains; an assertor.
The inflexible asserter of the rights of the church. Milman.

ASSERTION
As*ser"tion, n. Etym: [L. assertio, fr. asserere.]

1. The act of asserting, or that which is asserted; positive declaration or averment; affirmation; statement asserted; position advanced. There is a difference between assertion and demonstration. Macaulay.

2. Maintenance; vindication; as, the assertion of one's rights or prerogatives.

ASSERTIVE
As*sert"ive, a.

Defn: Positive; affirming confidently; affirmative; peremptory.
In a confident and assertive form. Glanvill.
As*sert"ive*ly, adv.
— As*sert"ive*ness, n.

ASSERTOR
As*sert"or, n. Etym: [L., fr. asserere.]

Defn: One who asserts or avers; one who maintains or vindicates a
claim or a right; an affirmer, supporter, or vindicator; a defender;
an asserter.
The assertors of liberty said not a word. Macaulay.
Faithful assertor of thy country's cause. Prior.

ASSERTORIAL
As`ser*to"ri*al, a.

Defn: Asserting that a thing is; — opposed to problematical and apodeictical.

ASSERTORY
As*sert"o*ry, a. Etym: [L. assertorius, fr. asserere.]

Defn: Affirming; maintaining.
Arguments . . . assertory, not probatory. Jer. Taylor.
An assertory, not a promissory, declaration. Bentham.
A proposition is assertory, when it enounces what is known as actual.
Sir W. Hamilton.

ASSESS As*sess", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assessed; p. pr. & vb. n. Assessing.] Etym: [OF. assesser to regulate, settle, LL. assessare to value for taxation, fr. L. assidere, supine as if assessum, to sit by, esp. of judges in a court, in LL. to assess, tax. Cf. Assize, v., Cess.]

1. To value; to make a valuation or official estimate of for the purpose of taxation.

2. To apportion a sum to be paid by (a person, a community, or an estate), in the nature of a tax, fine, etc.; to impose a tax upon (a person, an estate, or an income) according to a rate or apportionment.

3. To determine and impose a tax or fine upon (a person, community, estate, or income); to tax; as, the club assessed each member twenty- five cents.

4. To fix or determine the rate or amount of. This sum is assessed and raised upon individuals by commissioners in the act. Blackstone.

ASSESSABLE
As*sess"a*ble, a.

Defn: Liable to be assessed or taxed; as, assessable property.

ASSESSEE
As`sess*ee", n.

Defn: One who is assessed.

ASSESSION As*ses"sion, n. Etym: [L. assessio, fr. assid to sit by or near; ad + sed to sit. See Sit.]

Defn: A sitting beside or near.

ASSESSMENT
As*sess"ment, n. Etym: [LL. assessamentum.]

1. The act of assessing; the act of determining an amount to be paid; as, an assessment of damages, or of taxes; an assessment of the members of a club.

2. A valuation of property or profits of business, for the purpose of taxation; such valuation and an adjudging of the proper sum to be levied on the property; as, an assessment of property or an assessment on property.

Note: An assessment is a valuation made by authorized persons according to their discretion, as opposed to a sum certain or determined by law. It is a valuation of the property of those who are to pay the tax, for the purpose of fixing the proportion which each man shall pay. Blackstone. Burrill.

3. The specific sum levied or assessed.

4. An apportionment of a subscription for stock into successive installments; also, one of these installments (in England termed a "call"). [U. S.]

ASSESSOR As*sess"or, n. Etym: [L., one who sits beside, the assistant of a judge, fr. assid. See Assession. LL., one who arranges of determines the taxes, fr. assid. See Assess, v., and cf. Cessor.]

1. One appointed or elected to assist a judge or magistrate with his special knowledge of the subject to be decided; as legal assessors, nautical assessors. Mozley & W.

2. One who sits by another, as next in dignity, or as an assistant and adviser; an associate in office. Whence to his Son, The assessor of his throne, he thus began. Milton. With his ignorance, his inclinations, and his fancy, as his assessors in judgment. I. Taylor.

3. One appointed to assess persons or property for the purpose of taxation. Bouvier.

ASSESSORIAL
As`ses*so"ri*al, a. Etym: [Cf. F. assessorial, fr. L. assessor.]

Defn: Of or pertaining to an assessor, or to a court of assessors.
Coxe.

ASSESSORSHIP
As*sess"or*ship, n.

Defn: The office or function of an assessor.

ASSET
As"set, n.

Defn: Any article or separable part of one's assets.

ASSETS As"sets, n. pl. Etym: [OF. asez enough, F. assez, fr. L. ad + satis, akin to Gr. saps full. Cf. Assai, Satisfy.]

1. (Law) (a) Property of a deceased person, subject by law to the payment of his debts and legacies; — called assets because sufficient to render the executor or administrator liable to the creditors and legatees, so far as such goods or estate may extend. Story. Blackstone. (b) Effects of an insolvent debtor or bankrupt, applicable to the payment of debts.

2. The entire property of all sorts, belonging to a person, a corporation, or an estate; as, the assets of a merchant or a trading association; — opposed to liabilities.

Note: In balancing accounts the assets are put on the Cr. side and the debts on the Dr. side.

ASSEVER
As*sev"er, v. t. Etym: [Cf. OF. asseverer, fr. L. asseverare.]

Defn: See Asseverate. [Archaic]

ASSEVERATE
As*sev"er*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asseverated; p. pr. & vb. n.
Asseverating.] Etym: [L. asseveratus, p. p. of asseverare to assert
seriously or earnestly; ad + severus. See Severe.]

Defn: To affirm or aver positively, or with solemnity.

Syn.
— To affirm; aver; protest; declare. See Affirm.

ASSEVERATION
As*sev`er*a"tion, n. Etym: [L. asseveratio.]

Defn: The act of asseverating, or that which is asseverated; positive affirmation or assertion; solemn declaration. Another abuse of the tongue I might add, — vehement asseverations upon slight and trivial occasions. Ray.

ASSEVERATIVE
As*sev"er*a*tive, a.

Defn: Characterized by asseveration; asserting positively.

ASSEVERATORY
As*sev"er*a*to*ry, a.

Defn: Asseverative.

ASSIBILATE As*sib"i*late, v. t. Etym: [L. assibilatus, p. p. of assibilare to hiss out; ad + sibilare to hiss.]

Defn: To make sibilant; to change to a sibilant. J. Peile.

ASSIBILATION
As*sib`i*la"tion, n.

Defn: Change of a non-sibilant letter to a sibilant, as of -tion to - shun, duke to ditch.

ASSIDEAN
As`si*de"an, n. Etym: [Heb. khasad to be pious.]

Defn: One of a body of devoted Jews who opposed the Hellenistic Jews, and supported the Asmoneans.

ASSIDENT As"si*dent, a. Etym: [L. assidens, p. pr. of assid to sit by: cf. F. assident. See Assession.] (Med.)

Defn: Usually attending a disease, but not always; as, assident signs, or symptoms.

ASSIDUATE As*sid"u*ate, a. Etym: [L. assiduatus, p. p. of assiduare to use assiduously.]

Defn: Unremitting; assiduous. [Obs.] "Assiduate labor." Fabyan.

ASSIDUITY As`si*du"i*ty, n.; pl. Assiduities. Etym: [L. assiduitas: cf. F. assiduite. See Assiduous.]

1. Constant or close application or attention, particularly to some business or enterprise; diligence. I have, with much pains and assiduity, qualified myself for a nomenclator. Addison.

2. Studied and persevering attention to a person; — usually in the plural.

ASSIDUOUS As*sid"u*ous, a. Etym: [L. assiduus, fr. assid to sit near or close; ad + sed to sit. See Sit.]

1. Constant in application or attention; devoted; attentive; unremitting. She grows more assiduous in her attendance. Addison.

2. Performed with constant diligence or attention; unremitting; persistent; as, assiduous labor. To weary him with my assiduous cries. Milton.

Syn.
— Diligent; attentive; sedulous; unwearied; unintermitted;
persevering; laborious; indefatigable. As*sid"u*ous*ly, adv.
— As*sid"u*ous*ness, n.

ASSIEGE As*siege", v. t. Etym: [OE. asegen, OF. asegier, F. assiéger, fr. LL. assediare, assidiare, to besiege. See Siege.]

Defn: To besiege. [Obs.] "Assieged castles." Spenser.

ASSIEGE
As*siege", n.

Defn: A siege. [Obs.] Chaucer.

ASSIENTIST
As`si*en"tist, n. Etym: [Cf. F. assientiste, Sp. asentista.]

Defn: A shareholder of the Assiento company; one of the parties to the Assiento contract. Bancroft.

ASSIENTO As`si*en"to, n. Etym: [Sp. asiento seat, contract or agreement, fr. asentar to place on a chair, to adjust, to make an agreement; a (L. ad) + sentar, a participial verb; as if there were a L. sedentare to cause to sit, fr. sedens, sedentis, p. pr. of sed to sit.]

Defn: A contract or convention between Spain and other powers for furnishing negro slaves for the Spanish dominions in America, esp. the contract made with Great Britain in 1713.

ASSIGN
As*sign", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assigned; p. pr. & vb. n. Assigning.]
Etym: [OE. assignen, asignen, F. assigner, fr. L. assignare; ad +
signare to mark, mark out, designate, signum mark, sign. See Sign.]

1. To appoint; to allot; to apportion; to make over. In the order I assign to them. Loudon. The man who could feel thus was worthy of a better station than that in which his lot had been assigned. Southey. He assigned to his men their several posts. Prescott.

2. To fix, specify, select, or designate; to point out authoritatively or exactly; as, to assign a limit; to assign counsel for a prisoner; to assign a day for trial. All as the dwarf the way to her assigned. Spenser. It is not easy to assign a period more eventful. De Quincey.

3. (Law)

Defn: To transfer, or make over to another, esp. to transfer to, and vest in, certain persons, called assignees, for the benefit of creditors. To assign dower, to set out by metes and bounds the widow's share or portion in an estate. Kent.

ASSIGN
As*sign", n. Etym: [From Assign, v.]

Defn: A thing pertaining or belonging to something else; an
appurtenance. [Obs.]
Six French rapiers and poniards, with their assigns, as girdles,
hangers, and so. Shak.

ASSIGN
As*sign", n. Etym: [See Assignee.] (Law)

Defn: A person to whom property or an interest is transferred; as, a deed to a man and his heirs and assigns.

ASSIGNABILITY
As*sign`a*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality of being assignable.

ASSIGNABLE
As*sign"a*ble, a.

Defn: Capable of being assigned, allotted, specified, or designated; as, an assignable note or bill; an assignable reason; an assignable quantity.

ASSIGNAT As`si`gnat", n. Etym: [F. assignat, fr. L. assignatus, p. p. of assignare.]

Defn: One of the notes, bills, or bonds, issued as currency by the revolutionary government of France (1790-1796), and based on the security of the lands of the church and of nobles which had been appropriated by the state.

ASSIGNATION As`sig*na"tion, n. Etym: [L. assignatio, fr. assignare: cf. F. assignation.]

1. The act of assigning or allotting; apportionment. This order being taken in the senate, as touching the appointment and assignation of those provinces. Holland.

2. An appointment of time and place for meeting or interview; — used chiefly of love interviews, and now commonly in a bad sense. While nymphs take treats, or assignations give. Pope.

3. A making over by transfer of title; assignment. House of assignation, a house in which appointments for sexual intercourse are fulfilled.

ASSIGNEE As`sign*ee", n. Etym: [F. assigné, p. p. of assigner. See Assign, v., and cf. Assign an assignee.] (Law) (a) A person to whom an assignment is made; a person appointed or deputed by another to do some act, perform some business, or enjoy some right, privilege, or property; as, an assignee of a bankrupt. See Assignment (c). An assignee may be by special appointment or deed, or be created by jaw; as an executor. Cowell. Blount. (b) pl.

Defn: In England, the persons appointed, under a commission of bankruptcy, to manage the estate of a bankrupt for the benefit of his creditors.

ASSIGNER
As*sign"er, n.

Defn: One who assigns, appoints, allots, or apportions.

ASSIGNMENT
As*sign"ment, n. Etym: [LL. assignamentum: cf. OF. assenement.]

1. An allotting or an appointment to a particular person or use; or for a particular time, as of a cause or causes in court.

2. (Law) (a) A transfer of title or interest by writing, as of lease, bond, note, or bill of exchange; a transfer of the whole of some particular estate or interest in lands. (b) The writing by which an interest is transferred. (c) The transfer of the property of a bankrupt to certain persons called assignees, in whom it is vested for the benefit of creditors. Assignment of dower, the setting out by metes and bounds of the widow's thirds or portion in the deceased husband's estate, and allotting it to her.

Note: Assignment is also used in law as convertible with specification; assignment of error in proceedings for review being specification of error; and assignment of perjury or fraud in indictment being specifications of perjury or fraud.

ASSIGNOR
As`sign*or", n. Etym: [L. assignator. Cf. Assigner.] (Law)

Defn: An assigner; a person who assigns or transfers an interest; as, the assignor of a debt or other chose in action.

ASSIMILABILITY
As*sim`i*la*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality of being assimilable. [R.] Coleridge.

ASSIMILABLE
As*sim"i*la*ble, a.

Defn: That may be assimilated; that may be likened, or appropriated and incorporated.

ASSIMILATE
As*sim"i*late, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assimilated; p. pr. & vb. n.
Assimilating.] Etym: [L. assimilatus, p. p. of assimilare; ad +
similare to make like, similis like. See Similar, Assemble,
Assimilate.]

1. To bring to a likeness or to conformity; to cause a resemblance
between. Sir M. Hale.
To assimilate our law to the law of Scotland. John Bright.
Fast falls a fleecy; the downy flakes Assimilate all objects. Cowper.

2. To liken; to compa [R.]

3. To appropriate and transform or incorporate into the substance of the assimilating body; to absorb or appropriate, as nourishment; as, food is assimilated and converted into organic tissue. Hence also animals and vegetables may assimilate their nourishment. Sir I. Newton. His mind had no power to assimilate the lessons. Merivale.

ASSIMILATE
As*sim"i*late, v. i.

1. To become similar or like something else. [R.]

2. To change and appropriate nourishment so as to make it a part of the substance of the assimilating body. Aliment easily assimilated or turned into blood. Arbuthnot.

3. To be converted into the substance of the assimilating body; to become incorporated; as, some kinds of food assimilate more readily than others. I am a foreign material, and cannot assimilate with the church of England. J. H. Newman.

ASSIMILATION
As*sim`i*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. assimilatio: cf. F. assimilation.]

1. The act or process of assimilating or bringing to a resemblance, likeness, or identity; also, the state of being so assimilated; as, the assimilation of one sound to another. To aspire to an assimilation with God. Dr. H. More. The assimilation of gases and vapors. Sir J. Herschel.

2. (Physiol.)

Defn: The conversion of nutriment into the fluid or solid substance of the body, by the processes of digestion and absorption, whether in plants or animals. Not conversing the body, not repairing it by assimilation, but preserving it by ventilation. Sir T. Browne.

Note: The term assimilation has been limited by some to the final process by which the nutritive matter of the blood is converted into the substance of the tissues and organs.

ASSIMILATIVE
As*sim"i*la*tive, a. Etym: [Cf. LL. assimilativus, F. assimilatif.]

Defn: Tending to, or characterized by, assimilation; that assimilates or causes assimilation; as, an assimilative process or substance.

ASSIMILATORY
As*sim"i*la*to*ry, a.

Defn: Tending to assimilate, or produce assimilation; as, assimilatory organs.

ASSIMULATE As*sim"u*late, v. t. Etym: [L. assimulatus, p. p. of assimulare, equiv. to assimilare. See Assimilate, v. t.]

1. To feign; to counterfeit; to simulate; to resemble. [Obs.] Blount.

2. To assimilate. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

ASSIMULATION
As*sim`u*la"tion, n. Etym: [L. assimulatio, equiv. to assimilatio.]

Defn: Assimilation. [Obs.] Bacon.

ASSINEGO
As`si*ne"go, n.

Defn: See Asinego.

ASSISH
Ass"ish, a.

Defn: Resembling an ass; asinine; stupid or obstinate.
Such . . . appear to be of the assich kind . . . Udall.

ASSIST
As*sist", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Assisting.]
Etym: [L. assistere; ad + sistere to cause to stand, to stand, from
stare to stand: cf. F. assister. See Stand.]

Defn: To give support to in some undertaking or effort, or in time of distress; to help; to aid; to succor. Assist me, knight. I am undone! Shak.

Syn. — To help; aid; second; back; support; relieve; succor; befriend; sustain; favor. See Help.

ASSIST
As*sist", v. i.

1. To lend aid; to help. With God not parted from him, as was feared, But favoring and assisting to the end. Milton.

2. To be present as a spectator; as, to assist at a public meeting. [A Gallicism] Gibbon. Prescott.

ASSISTANCE
As*sist"ance, n. Etym: [Cf. F. assistance.]

1. The act of assisting; help; aid; furtherance; succor; support. Without the assistance of a mortal hand. Shak.

2. An assistant or helper; a body of helpers. [Obs.] Wat Tyler [was] killed by valiant Walworth, the lord mayor of London, and his assistance, . . . John Cavendish. Fuller.

3. Persons present. [Obs. or a Gallicism]

ASSISTANT
As*sist"ant, a. Etym: [Cf. F. assistant, p. pr. of assister.]

1. Helping; lending aid or support; auxiliary. Genius and learning . . . are mutually and greatly assistant to each other. Beattie.

2. (Mil.)

Defn: Of the second grade in the staff of the army; as, an assistant surgeon. [U.S.]

Note: In the English army it designates the third grade in any particular branch of the staff. Farrow.

ASSISTANT
As*sist"ant, n.

1. One who, or that which, assists; a helper; an auxiliary; a means
of help.
Four assistants who his labor share. Pope.
Rhymes merely as assistants to memory. Mrs. Chapone.

2. An attendant; one who is present. Dryden.

ASSISTANTLY
As*sist"ant*ly, adv.

Defn: In a manner to give aid. [R.]

ASSISTER
As*sist"er, n.

Defn: An assistant; a helper.

ASSISTFUL
As*sist"ful, a.

Defn: Helpful.

ASSISTIVE
As*sist"ive, a.

Defn: Lending aid, helping.

ASSISTLESS
As*sist"less, a.

Defn: Without aid or help. [R.] Pope.

ASSISTOR
As*sist"or, n. (Law)

Defn: A assister.

ASSITHMENT
As*sith"ment, n.

Defn: See Assythment. [Obs.]

ASSIZE As*size", n. Etym: [OE. assise, asise, OF. assise, F. assises, assembly of judges, the decree pronounced by them, tax, impost, fr. assis, assise, p. p. of asseoir, fr. L. assid to sit by; ad + sed to sit. See Sit, Size, and cf. Excise, Assess.]

1. An assembly of knights and other substantial men, with a bailiff or justice, in a certain place and at a certain time, for public business. [Obs.]

2. (Law) (a) A special kind of jury or inquest. (b) A kind of writ or real action. (c) A verdict or finding of a jury upon such writ. (d) A statute or ordinance in general. Specifically: (1) A statute regulating the weight, measure, and proportions of ingredients and the price of articles sold in the market; as, the assize of bread and other provisions; (2) A statute fixing the standard of weights and measures. (e) Anything fixed or reduced to a certainty in point of time, number, quantity, quality, weight, measure, etc.; as, rent of assize. Glanvill. Spelman. Cowell. Blackstone. Tomlins. Burrill.

Note: [This term is not now used in England in the sense of a writ or real action, and seldom of a jury of any kind, but in Scotch practice it is still technically applied to the jury in criminal cases. Stephen. Burrill. Erskine.] (f) A court, the sitting or session of a court, for the trial of processes, whether civil or criminal, by a judge and jury. Blackstone. Wharton. Encyc. Brit. (g) The periodical sessions of the judges of the superior courts in every county of England for the purpose of administering justice in the trial and determination of civil and criminal cases; — usually in the plural. Brande. Wharton. Craig. Burrill. (h) The time or place of holding the court of assize; — generally in the plural, assizes.

3. Measure; dimension; size. [In this sense now corrupted into size.] An hundred cubits high by just assize. Spenser. [Formerly written, as in French, assise.]

ASSIZE
As*size", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assized; p. pr. & vb. n. Assizing.]
Etym: [From Assize, n.: cf. LL. assisare to decree in assize. Cf.
Asses, v.]

1. To assess; to value; to rate. [Obs.] Gower.

2. To fix the weight, measure, or price of, by an ordinance or regulation of authority. [Obs.]

ASSIZER
As*siz"er, n.

Defn: An officer who has the care or inspection of weights and measures, etc.

ASSIZOR
As*siz"or, n. (Scots Law)

Defn: A juror.

ASSOBER
As*so"ber, v. t. Etym: [Pref. ad- + sober. Cf. Ensober.]

Defn: To make or keep sober. [Obs.] Gower.

ASSOCIABILITY
As*so`cia*bil"i*ty, n.

Defn: The quality of being associable, or capable of association; associableness. "The associability of feelings." H. Spencer.

ASSOCIABLE
As*so"cia*ble, a. Etym: [See Associate.]

1. Capable of being associated or joined. We know feelings to be associable only by the proved ability of one to revive another. H. Spencer.

2. Sociable; companionable. [Obs.]

3. (Med.)

Defn: Liable to be affected by sympathy with other parts; — said of organs, nerves, muscles, etc. The stomach, the most associable of all the organs of the animal body. Med. Rep.

ASSOCIABLENESS
As*so"cia*ble*ness, n.

Defn: Associability.

ASSOCIATE
As*so"ci*ate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Associated; p. pr. & vb. n.
Associating.] Etym: [L. associatus, p. p. of associare; ad + sociare
to join or unite, socius companion. See Social.]

1. To join with one, as a friend, companion, partner, or confederate; as, to associate others with .

2. To join or connect; to combine in acting; as, particles of gold associated with other substances.

3. To connect or place together in thought. He succeeded in associating his name inseparably with some names which will last an long as our language. Macaulay.

4. To accompany; to keep company with. [Obs.] Friends should associate friends in grief and woe. Shak.

ASSOCIATE
As*so"ci*ate, v. i.

1. To unite in company; to keep company, implying intimacy; as, congenial minds are disposed to associate.

2. To unite in action, or to be affected by the action of a different part of the body. E. Darwin.

ASSOCIATE
As*so"ci*ate, a. Etym: [L. associatus, p. p.]

1. Closely connected or joined with some other, as in interest, purpose, employment, or office; sharing responsibility or authority; as, an associate judge. While I descend . . . to my associate powers. Milton.

2. Admitted to some, but not to all, rights and privileges; as, an associate member.

3. (Physiol.)

Defn: Connected by habit or sympathy; as, associate motions, such as occur sympathetically, in consequence of preceding motions. E. Darwin.

ASSOCIATE
As*so"ci*ate, n.

1. A companion; one frequently in company with another, implying intimacy or equality; a mate; a fellow.

2. A partner in interest, as in business; or a confederate in a league.

3. One connected with an association or institution without the full rights or privileges of a regular member; as, an associate of the Royal Academy.

4. Anything closely or usually connected with another; an concomitant. The one [idea] no sooner comes into the understanding, than its associate appears with it. Locke.

Syn. — Companion; mate; fellow; friend; ally; partner; coadjutor; comrade; accomplice.

ASSOCIATED
As*so"ci*a`ted, a.

Defn: Joined as a companion; brought into association; accompanying; combined. Associated movements (Physiol.), consensual movements which accompany voluntary efforts without our consciousness. Dunglison.

ASSOCIATESHIP
As*so"ci*ate*ship, n.

Defn: The state of an associate, as in Academy or an office.

ASSOCIATION As*so`ci*a"tion, n. Etym: [Cf. F. association, LL. associatio, fr. L. associare.]

1. The act of associating, or state of being associated; union; connection, whether of persons of things. "Some . . . bond of association." Hooker. Self-denial is a kind of holy association with God. Boyle.

2. Mental connection, or that which is mentally linked or associated with a thing. Words . . . must owe their powers association. Johnson. Why should . . . the holiest words, with all their venerable associations, be profaned Coleridge.

3. Union of persons in a company or society for some particular purpose; as, the American Association for the Advancement of Science; a benevolent association. Specifically, as among the Congregationalists, a society, consisting of a number of ministers, generally the pastors of neighboring churches, united for promoting the interests of religion and the harmony of the churches. Association of ideas (Physiol.), the combination or connection of states of mind or their objects with one another, as the result of which one is said to be revived or represented by means of the other. The relations according to which they are thus connected or revived are called the law of association. Prominent among them are reckoned the relations of time and place, and of cause and effect. Porter.

ASSOCIATIONAL
As*so`ci*a"tion*al, a.

1. Of or pertaining to association, or to an association.

2. Pertaining to the theory held by the associationists.

ASSOCIATIONISM
As*so`ci*a"tion*ism, n. (Philos.)

Defn: The doctrine or theory held by associationists.

ASSOCIATIONIST
As*so`ci*a"tion*ist, n. (Philos.)

Defn: One who explains the higher functions and relations of the soul by the association of ideas; e. g., Hartley, J. C. Mill.

ASSOCIATIVE
As*so"ci*a*tive, a.

Defn: Having the quality of associating; tending or leading to association; as, the associative faculty. Hugh Miller.

ASSOCIATOR
As*so"ci*a`tor, n.

Defn: An associate; a confederate or partner in any scheme. How Pennsylvania's air agrees with Quakers, And Carolina's with associators. Dryden.

ASSOIL
As*soil", v. t. Etym: [OF. assoiler, absoiler, assoldre, F. absoudre,
L. absolvere. See Absolve.]

1. To set free; to release. [Archaic] Till from her hands the spright assoiled is. Spenser.

2. To solve; to clear up. [Obs.] Any child might soon be able to assoil this riddle. Bp. Jewel.

3. To set free from guilt; to absolve. [Archaic] Acquitted and assoiled from the guilt. Dr. H. More. Many persons think themselves fairly assoiled, because they are . . . not of scandalous lives. Jer. Taylor.

4. To expiate; to atone for. [Archaic] Spenser. Let each act assoil a fault. E. Arnold.

5. To remove; to put off. [Obs.] She soundly slept, and careful thoughts did quite assoil. Spenser.

ASSOIL
As*soil", v. t. Etym: [Pref. ad- + soil.]

Defn: To soil; to stain. [Obs. or Poet.] Beau. & Fl.
Ne'er assoil my cobwebbed shield. Wordsworth.

ASSOILMENT
As*soil"ment, n.

Defn: Act of assoiling, or state of being assoiled; absolution; acquittal.

ASSOILMENT
As*soil"ment, n.

Defn: A soiling; defilement.

ASSOILZIE; ASSOILYIE
As*soil"zie, As*soil"yie, v. t. Etym: [Old form assoil. See Assoil.]
(Scots Law)

Defn: To absolve; to acquit by sentence of court.
God assoilzie him for the sin of bloodshed. Sir W. Scott.

ASSONANCE
As"so*nance, n. Etym: [Cf. F. assonance. See Assonant.]

1. Resemblance of sound. "The disagreeable assonance of Steevens.

2. (Pros.)

Defn: A peculiar species of rhyme, in which the last accented vowel and those which follow it in one word correspond in sound with the vowels of another word, while the consonants of the two words are unlike in sound; as, calamo and platano, baby and chary. The assonance is peculiar to the Spaniard. Hallam.

3. Incomplete correspondence. Assonance between facts seemingly remote. Lowell.

ASSONANT As"so*nant, a. Etym: [L. assonans, p. pr. of assonare to sound to, to correspond to in sound; ad + sonare to sound, sonus sound: cf. F. assonant. See Sound.]

1. Having a resemblance of sounds.

2. (Pros.)

Defn: Pertaining to the peculiar species of rhyme called assonance; not consonant.

ASSONANTAL
As`so*nan"tal, a.

Defn: Assonant.

ASSONATE
As"so*nate, v. i. Etym: [L. assonare, assonatum, to respond to.]

Defn: To correspond in sound.

ASSORT
As*sort", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Assorting.]
Etym: [F. assortir; (L. ad) + sortir to cast or draw lots, to obtain
by lot, L. sortiri, fr. sors, sortis, lot. See Sort.]

1. To separate and distribute into classes, as things of a like kind, nature, or quality, or which are suited to a like purpose; to classify; as, to assort goods.

Note: [Rarely applied to persons.] They appear . . . no ways assorted to those with whom they must associate. Burke.

2. To furnish with, or make up of, various sorts or a variety of goods; as, to assort a cargo.

ASSORT
As*sort", v. i.

Defn: To agree; to be in accordance; to be adapted; to suit; to fall into a class or place. Mitford.

ASSORTED
As*sort"ed, a.

Defn: Selected; culled.

ASSORTMENT
As*sort"ment, n. Etym: [Cf. F. assortiment.]

1. Act of assorting, or distributing into sorts, kinds, or classes.

2. A collection or quantity of things distributed into kinds or sorts; a number of things assorted.

3. A collection containing a variety of sorts or kinds adapted to various wants, demands, or purposes; as, an assortment of goods.

ASSOT
As*sot", v. t. Etym: [OF. asoter, F. assoter; ad) + sot stupid. See
Sot.]

Defn: To besot; to befool; to beguile; to infatuate. [Obs.]
Some ecstasy assotted had his sense. Spenser.

ASSOT
As*sot", a.

Defn: Dazed; foolish; infatuated. [Obs.]
Willie, I ween thou be assot. Spenser.

ASSUAGE
As*suage", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assuaged; p. pr. & vb. n. Assuaging.]
Etym: [OE. asuagen, aswagen, OF. asoagier, asuagier, fr. assouagier,
fr. L. ad + suavis sweet. See Sweet.]

Defn: To soften, in a figurative sense; to allay, mitigate, ease, or lessen, as heat, pain, or grief; to appease or pacify, as passion or tumult; to satisfy, as appetite or desire. Refreshing winds the summer's heat assuage. Addison. To assuage the sorrows of a desolate old man Burke. The fount at which the panting mind assuages Her thirst of knowledge. Byron.

Syn. — To alleviate; mitigate; appease; soothe; calm; tranquilize; relieve. See Alleviate.

ASSUAGE
As*suage", v. i.

Defn: To abate or subside. [Archaic] "The waters assuaged." Gen. vii.
1.
The plague being come to a crisis, its fury began to assuage. De Foe.

ASSUAGEMENT
As*suage"ment, n. Etym: [OF. assouagement, asuagement.]

Defn: Mitigation; abatement.

ASSUAGER
As*sua"ger, n.

Defn: One who, or that which, assuages.

ASSUASIVE
As*sua"sive, a. Etym: [From assuage, as if this were fr. a supposed
L. assuadere to persuade to; or from E. pref. ad + -suasive as in
persuasive.]

Defn: Mitigating; tranquilizing; soothing. [R.]
Music her soft assuasive voice applies. Pope.

ASSUBJUGATE
As*sub"ju*gate, v. t. Etym: [Pref. ad- + subjugate.]

Defn: To bring into subjection. [Obs.] Shak.

ASSUEFACTION As`sue*fac"tion, n. Etym: [L. assuefacere to accustom to; assuetus (p. p. of assuescere to accustom to) + facere to make; cf. OF. assuefaction.]

Defn: The act of accustoming, or the state of being accustomed;
habituation. [Obs.]
Custom and studies efform the soul like wax, and by assuefaction
introduce a nature. Jer. Taylor.

ASSUETUDE
As"sue*tude, n. Etym: [L. assuetudo, fr. assuetus accustomed.]

Defn: Accustomedness; habit; habitual use.
Assuetude of things hurtful doth make them lose their force to hurt.
Bacon.

ASSUMABLE
As*sum"a*ble, a.

Defn: That may be assumed.

ASSUMABLY
As*sum"a*bly, adv.

Defn: By way of assumption.

ASSUME
As*sume", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assumed; p. pr. & vb. n. Assuming.]
Etym: [L. assumere; ad + sumere to take; sub + emere to take, buy:
cf. F. assumer. See Redeem.]

1. To take to or upon one's self; to take formally and demonstratively; sometimes, to appropriate or take unjustly. Trembling they stand while Jove assumes the throne. Pope. The god assumed his native form again. Pope.

2. To take for granted, or without proof; to suppose as a fact; to suppose or take arbitrarily or tentatively. The consequences of assumed principles. Whewell.

3. To pretend to possess; to take in appearance. Ambition assuming the mask of religion. Porteus. Assume a virtue, if you have it not. Shak.

4. To receive or adopt. The sixth was a young knight of lesser renown and lower rank, assumed into that honorable company. Sir W. Scott.

Syn.
— To arrogate; usurp; appropriate.

ASSUME
As*sume", v. i.

1. To be arrogant or pretentious; to claim more than is due. Bp. Burnet.

2. (Law)

Defn: To undertake, as by a promise. Burrill.

ASSUMED
As*sumed", a.

1. Supposed.

2. Pretended; hypocritical; make-believe; as, an assumed character.

ASSUMEDLY
As*sum"ed*ly, adv.

Defn: By assumption.

ASSUMENT
As*sum"ent, n. Etym: [L. assumentum, fr. ad + suere to sew.]

Defn: A patch; an addition; a piece put on. [Obs.] John Lewis (1731).

ASSUMER
As*sum"er, n.

Defn: One who assumes, arrogates, pretends, or supposes. W. D.
Whitney.

ASSUMING
As*sum"ing, a.

Defn: Pretentious; taking much upon one's self; presumptuous. Burke.

ASSUMPSIT As*sump"sit, n. Etym: [L., he undertook, pret. of L. assumere. See Assume.] (Law) (a) A promise or undertaking, founded on a consideration. This promise may be oral or in writing not under seal. It may be express or implied. (b) An action to recover damages for a breach or nonperformance of a contract or promise, express or implied, oral or in writing not under seal. Common or indebitatus assumpsit is brought for the most part on an implied promise. Special assumpsit is founded on an express promise or undertaking. Wharton.

ASSUMPT
As*sumpt", v. t. Etym: [L. assumptus, p. p. of assumere. See Assume.]

Defn: To take up; to elevate; to assume. [Obs.] Sheldon.

ASSUMPT
As*sumpt", n. Etym: [L. assumptum, p. p. neut. of assumere.]

Defn: That which is assumed; an assumption. [Obs.]
The sun of all your assumpts is this. Chillingworth.

ASSUMPTION As*sump"tion, n. Etym: [OE. assumpcioun a taking up into heaven, L. assumptio a taking, fr. assumere: cf. F. assomption. See Assume.]

1. The act of assuming, or taking to or upon one's self; the act of taking up or adopting. The assumption of authority. Whewell.

2. The act of taking for granted, or supposing a thing without proof; supposition; unwarrantable claim. This gives no sanction to the unwarrantable assumption that the soul sleeps from the period of death to the resurrection of the body. Thodey. That calm assumption of the virtues. W. Black.

3. The thing supposed; a postulate, or proposition assumed; a supposition. Hold! says the Stoic; your assumption's wrong. Dryden.

4. (Logic)

Defn: The minor or second proposition in a categorical syllogism.

5. The taking of a person up into heaven. Hence: (Rom. Cath. & Greek Churches)

Defn: A festival in honor of the ascent of the Virgin Mary into heaven.

ASSUMPTIVE
As*sump"tive, a. Etym: [L. assumptivus, fr. assumptus, fr. assumere.]

Defn: Assumed, or capable of being assumed; characterized by assumption; making unwarranted claims. — As*sump"tive*ly, adv. Assumptive arms (Her.), originally, arms which a person had a right to assume, in consequence of an exploit; now, those assumed without sanction of the Heralds' College. Percy Smith.

ASSURANCE
As*sur"ance, n. Etym: [OE. assuraunce, F. assurance, fr. assurer. See
Assure.]

1. The act of assuring; a declaration tending to inspire full confidence; that which is designed to give confidence. Whereof he hath given assurance unto all men, in that he hath raised him from the dead. Acts xvii. 31. Assurances of support came pouring in daily. Macaulay.

2. The state of being assured; firm persuasion; full confidence or trust; freedom from doubt; certainty. Let us draw with a true heart in full assurance of faith, having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience. Heb. x. 22.

3. Firmness of mind; undoubting, steadiness; intrepidity; courage; confidence; self-reliance. Brave men meet danger with assurance. Knolles. Conversation with the world will give them knowledge and assurance. Locke.

4. Excess of boldness; impudence; audacity; as, his assurance is intolerable.

5. Betrothal; affiance. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

6. Insurance; a contract for the payment of a sum on occasion of a certain event, as loss or death.

Note: Recently, assurance has been used, in England, in relation to life contingencies, and insurance in relation to other contingencies. It is called temporary assurance, in the time within which the contingent event must happen is limited. See Insurance.

7. (Law)

Defn: Any written or other legal evidence of the conveyance of property; a conveyance; a deed.

Note: In England, the legal evidences of the conveyance of property are called the common assurances of the kingdom. Blackstone.

ASSURE
As*sure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assured; p. pr. & vb. n. Assuring.]
Etym: [OF. aseürer, F. assurer, LL. assecurare; L. ad + securus
secure, sure, certain. See Secure, Sure, and cf. Insure.]

1. To make sure or certain; to render confident by a promise, declaration, or other evidence. His promise that thy seed shall bruise our foe . . . Assures me that the bitterness of death Is past, and we shall live. Milton.