Table of Transliteration

ا (Hamza) not represented at the beginning or end of a word; ʾ in the middle of a word. ذ ẕ غ g͟h

ب b ر r ف f

پ p ڑ ṛ ق q

ت t ز z ك k

ٹ ṭ ژ z͟h گ g

ث s̤ س s ل l

ج j ش s͟h م m

چ ch ص ṣ ن n (m before ب and پ)

ح h ض ẓ و w (v in Hindu names)

خ kh ط t̤ ة h (not represented at the end of a word except when radical)

د d ظ z̤ ى y

ڈ ḍ ع ʿ

Vowels—_َ_ a. ا_َ_ ā. اى_َ_ (alif maḳṣūra) ā.

_ِ_ i. ى_ِ_ ī; e in some Hindu names. ىّ_ِ_ iyy; ī at the end of a word.

_ُ_ u. و_ُ_ ū; o in some Hindu names. وّ_ُ_ uww; ū at the end of a word.

Diphthongs—و_َ_ au. وّ_َ_ aww. ى_َ_ ai. ىّ_َ_ ayy.

The ‘Izāfat’ is rendered by ‘-i-’.

The Persian copulative particle و is transliterated by ‘u’.

The ل of the Arabic article is assimilated according to rule, the final vowel of the preceding word being preserved.