← The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic / An Introduction to the Study of the Religion of the Romans

Index of Subjects

Acca Larentia, 74, 93, 275, 276, 324.
Aedes Herculis: see Forum Boarium.
Aedes Vestae: see Vesta.
Aediles, plebeian, 75, 76, 92.
Aesculapius, 105, 191, 278;
connexion with Vediovis, 122, 278;
temple, 278, 340.
Agonia: December, 265, 281;
January, 277, 280-2;
March, 54, 281;
May, 121, 281.
Agonus (or Agonalis), 323.
Agriculture: festivals, 3, 71, 79-82, 85-8, 88-91, 113-4, 124-8, 145-54, 204-6, 206-9, 212-4, 256-8, 268-73, 324-7, 335.
Alban Mount: Feriae Latinae held at, 95, 97, 227-8;
temple of Jupiter Latiaris, 95-6, 228.
Ambarvalia, 114, 124-8, 154.
Ancilia, 38-9, 41-3, 45-6, 250;
lustration, 57-9, 248, 250;
moving, 39, 41, 43-4, 115
Ancillarum Feriae, 176-8.
Angerona, 274-5;
goddess of Divalia, 274, 336.
Anna Perenna: festival, 44, 50-1, 53, 163;
legends, 51-4, 60;
popularity with lower classes, 44, 50-1;
representative of year, 52-3.
Aphrodite: connexion with Venus, 69, 86.
Aplu, 181.
Apollo, 89, 191, 250;
comparison with Mars, 39-40;
connexion with Aesculapius, 278;
with Vediovis, 122, 181, 225, 278;
coupled with Latona, 181, 186, 200;
festivals, 173, 179-81;
functions, 180, 278;
Medicus, 180;
restoration of worship by Augustus, 180 (n. 4), 181-2;
Soranus, 84, 181;
temples, 180, 182;
worship, 117, 179-82, 339.
April: character, 6, 9, 33, 66-7;
connexion with Venus, 67, 69;
festivals, 66-97;
origin of name, 6, 33, 66;
prevalence of female deities, 67.
Ara Maxima: see Circus Maximus.
Argei: see also Sacella Argeorum, 150, 151;
explanations of custom, 114, 116-20;
mourning of Flaminica Dialis, 112, 115, 119, 151;
origin of name, 112-3; 118-9;
puppets thrown into Tiber, 52, 57, 100, 111-20;
substitution for human victims, 112, 115, 116-7, 119.
Armilustrium, 45, 58, 249, 250-1.
Army: importance of curiae, 303, 305;
mustering, 133.
Artemis, 200.
Asylum, 122, 183 (n. 3), 327;
connexion with Vediovis, 122.
Attalus, King of Pergamus, 69.
August: character, 189-90;
festivals, 189-214.
Augustus, revival of religion, 19, 181-2, 190, 280, 342, 343-4, 349.
Aventine: plebeian quarter, 75-6, 199;
temples, 59, 74-6, 101-5, 158, 198-200, 201, 206, 232, 267, 339.
Beans: harvest, 130, 255;
use as food, 132-3;
use in ritual, 83, 109-10, 131;
religious character, 91, 110, 130-1.
Beating bounds, see Lustrations;
productive of fertility, 104, 178-9, 262, 302, 311, 315, 318-21.
Bellona, 134-5.
Birds: used in augury, 139-40.
Bona Dea, 95;
connexion with Damia, 105-6;
with Maia, 99, 100, 123, 210;
earth goddess, 71, 103, 104, 106;
functions, 104-5, 106;
men excluded from worship, 102-3, 142, 256;
myrtle not allowed in temple, 103-4;
temple, 101-5;
women’s sacrifice, 255-6;
worship, 102-6, 150.
Bouphonia, 176, 329.
Brutus, M. Junius, 130.
Caesar (Julius): birthday, 174;
calendar, 4, 5-6, 11, 14-5.
Cakes: see also Salt-cake;
heads of animals decked with, 148, 242, 244;
sacrifices, 53-5, 155, 161, 295, 304.
Calendar: see also Year, 248-50;
authorities on, 13-4, 16-9;
divergences, 36, 45, 241, 265-6;
Julian: see Caesar;
marks of days, 8-10;
republican, 14-20;
secrecy, 8-9, 11;
surviving, 5-6, 11-4.
Campus Martius, 247-8;
festivals, 50-1;
races, 44-5, 208, 242, 249, 330;
sacrifice of October-horse, 241-3, 247-9.
Capitolium, 129-30, 327;
connexion with Saturnus, 269-70;
temples, 43, 85, 129-30, 145, 157-8, 214, 216-7, 229, 291, 293, 326-7.
Caprotinae, Nonae: see Nones.
Cardea: confusion with Carna, 131-2.
Caristia, 308-9.
Carmenta, 167, 291-3;
festival, 277, 290-3;
temple, 291, 293.
Carmentalia, 15, 277, 290-3.
Carmentes: see Carmenta.
Carna, 130;
confusion with Cardea, 131-2;
festival, 130-3.
Castor and Pollux: see Dioscuri.
Cerealia, 15, 72-3, 77-9, 92;
foxes loosed in Circus Maximus, 77-9, 94;
plebeian character, 70, 77, 92.
Ceres, 73-4, 295, 338;
connexion with Demeter, 73, 74, 181;
with plebeians, 74-7, 92;
festival, 72-3, 77-9, 92, 294-6;
goddess of crops, 67, 71, 73, 126;
Greek influence on, 73, 75-6, 105;
sacrifices, 103, 105, 295;
temple, 74-6, 92.
Cernunnos: identification with Janus, 286.
Character of Romans, 65;
influence of religion on, 344-9.
Charlton-on-Otmoor: lustration of fields, 128, 246.
Circus Flaminius: games, 217, 252, 253;
temples, 134, 135, 180, 202, 211.
Circus Maximus, 190;
altar of Consus, 178, 190, 206-7, 209;
Ara Maxima, 138, 189, 190, 193-7;
festivals, 77-8, 94;
races, 208;
temples, 92, 160, 202, 204.
Cnaeus Flavius, 11.
Coins, 350-2;
heads on, 286-7, 351.
Comitia Curiata: meetings, 63, 64, 123, 305.
Comitium, 57-8.
Compitalia, 255, 277, 279-80, 294, 335, 338.
Consualia, 115, 178, 189, 206-9, 290;
Vestal Virgins present, 115, 150;
winter, 267-8.
Consuls: connexion with Feriae Latinae, 95, 96;
entrance on office, 5, 95, 190, 278;
laying down of office, 216.
Consus, 324, 338;
altar in Circus Maximus, 178, 190, 206-7, 209;
connexion with horses, 207-8;
with Ops, 212-3;
festivals, 115, 178, 206-9, 267-8;
temple, 206, 267.
Corn: supply, 76;
trade, 121;
wolf: see Corn-spirit.
Corn-spirit: animal representation, 78, 83, 90-1, 94, 244-5, 264;
death and renewal of life, 83, 118, 246-7, 316-7;
human representation, 177, 245;
races in rites, 245-6, 330;
rites to aid growth of corn, 41, 83-4;
rites to propitiate, 90-1, 244-8.
Creek Indians: festivals of first-fruits, 152-3.
Cross-roads, 279-80.
Curiae, 16, 71, 303-4;
festivals, 71-2, 219, 302-6, 335;
flamen, 304.
Curio Maximus, 303-4.
Curis, 303.
Damia: connexion with Bona Dea, 105-6.
Days: calendar marks in, 8-10;
market, 8;
number in months, 2-3.
Dead: ancestor worship, 161, 275-6, 300, 308-9;
burial, 108, 109, 307;
cult chiefly in February, 3, 6, 33, 107, 299, 300;
festivals, 106-10, 131, 275-6, 306-10;
offerings, 308;
spirits: see Ghosts.
Dea Dia, 71, 105;
centre of ritual of Fratres Arvales, 74, 105;
connexion with Ceres, 74.
December, 7;
character, 255;
festivals, 33, 255-76.
Deities: abstractions resolved into, 190-1, 341;
chthonic, 207, 210, 211-2;
dualism of male and female, 61-2, 212-3, 221;
female, 67, 71, 74, 106;
fluctuation between male and female, 67, 73, 80, 232-3;
images: see Images;
impersonality, 106, 137, 139, 213, 221-2, 295, 311, 337;
multiplicity, 144, 167, 241, 259-60, 291-3, 337;
prayers: see Prayers;
symbols, 122, 139, 161, 169, 170, 230, 235;
women’s: see Women.
Delphi: Roman dealings with, 181.
Demeter, 103, 110;
connexion with Ceres, 73, 74, 181.
Demons: see Evil spirits.
Diana: connexion with Artemis, 200;
coupled with Hercules, 181, 186;
festival, 198-200;
functions, 198, 200-1;
Nemorensis, 183;
temples, 198-200, 339.
Dionysus: connexion with Liber, 54-5, 74, 88;
introduction of cult into Italy, 88, 342;
sacrifice at Tenedos, 329.
Dioscuri, 296-7, 351;
temples, 202, 296.
Dis Pater, 120, 212, 269.
Dius Fidius, 327;
antiquity, 135-6;
connexion with Genius Jovis, 142-5;
with Hercules, 137-9, 142-4;
with Jupiter, 138-41, 221;
with Semo Sancus, 136-8, 144;
temple, 135, 136, 141.
Divalia, 274-5.
Dogs: connexion with Lares praestites, 101, 351-2;
sacrifices, 89-91, 101, 209, 311, 312, 314.
Earth: deities, 67, 71, 74, 103, 104, 106, 256, 294-5;
spiritualized as feminine, 103, 106.
Epulum Jovis: see Jupiter.
Equirria, 44-6, 330-1.
Esquiline: cults, 228;
divisions, 266;
temples, 38.
Etruscans: influence on Roman religion, 171-2, 185-6, 200, 219-20, 222-3, 229, 234-5, 338-40;
trias, 218, 220, 229, 235, 239.
Evil spirits: expulsion, 40-1, 43, 107;
human scapegoat, 40-1, 46-9.
Fairs, 253.
Fasti: see Calendar;
Ovid’s, see Ovid.
Fauna, 103.
Faunalia, 255, 256-8.
Faunus, 103, 257-8;
connexion with Lupercalia, 257-8, 262, 312-3;
with Pan, 258, 259, 313;
derivation of name, 258-9;
festival, 256-8;
functions, 80, 261-3, 278;
multiplicity, 259-60, 313;
origin, 257-8, 259, 261, 263-5;
temples, 257-8, 278, 302;
woodland character, 260-1.
Favonius, 258, 259, 264;
Feb. 7th, 277, 299.
February, 3, 4, 6, 7;
character, 6, 66, 299;
festivals, 3, 6, 33, 298-331;
origin of name, 6, 298.
Feralia, 10, 107, 306, 309-10.
Feretrius: see Jupiter.
Feriae Latinae, 95-7, 227-8, 335.
Feriae Sementivae, 294-6.
Feronia, 199, 252-4;
temple, 253.
Fertility: customs to produce, 94-5, 104, 178-9, 262, 302, 311, 315, 318-21.
Festivals, 15, 18-9, 44, 336;
agricultural, 3, 71, 79-82, 85-8, 88-91, 113-4, 124-8, 145-54, 204-6, 206-9, 212-4, 256-8, 268-73, 324-7, 335;
of curiae, 16, 71-2, 219, 302-6, 335;
domestic, 107, 306-10;
harvest, 124-8, 145-54, 189-90, 195-6, 207-9, 212-4, 243-4, 294-6;
marked in calendars, 15-6;
men’s, 102-3, 142, 194;
of montes, 16, 265-7, 335;
moveable, 15, 95, 124, 255-6, 277, 279, 294, 303;
pagi, 16, 257, 294-6, 335;
pastoral, 96-7;
patrician, 68 (n. 2), 70;
plebeian, 44, 50-1, 68, 70, 92, 163, 171, 253;
of sacella, 16, 111-20, 335;
survival of, 127-8, 312, 321;
times of, 7, 59, 70, 169-70, 174, 189, 256, 290;
transition from rustic to urban: see Religion;
women’s, 38, 67-8, 102-3, 142, 148, 154-6, 178-9, 255-6, 291.
Fetiales, 230-1;
declaration of war, 134, 230;
lapis silex, 230-1.
Fidenates: legends about, 174, 175, 177, 178.
Fides, 237;
festival, 237-8.
Fig-tree of Rumina, 310, 334.
Fire: deities, 189, 209-10;
sacred fire of Vesta: see Vesta.
Firstfruits: gathering, 151-3;
offering, 195, 211-2.
Fisovius Sancius: see Fisus.
Fisus, 137, 139.
Flamines, 35, 288, 335, 342-3;
antiquity of deity proved by, 92, 187, 201, 237;
Flamen Carmentalis, 292;
Flamen curiae, 304;
Flamen Dialis, 86-8, 204, 221, 313;
Flamen Floralis, 92;
Flamen Furinalis, 187;
Flamen Martialis, 237, 323;
Flamen Palatualis, 267;
Flamen Pomonalis, 201;
Flamen Portunalis, 202;
Flamen Quirinalis, 89, 209, 237, 276, 333, 334;
Flamen Volcanalis, 123, 210;
Flamen Volturnalis, 214;
Flaminica Dialis, 56 (n. 5), 112, 115, 146, 149, 151, 153, 221;
representative of sons of the family, 36, 147, 288, 334.
Flora, 92-3, 240, 324;
festivals, 91-5
functions, 67, 93, 94;
temples, 92, 202, 324.
Floralia, 91-5;
hares and goats loosed in Circus Maximus, 94.
Fons (or Fontus), 240-1, 258;
temple, 341.
Fontinalia, 240-1.
Fordicidia, 71-2, 83, 243;
character, 66, 115, 150;
share of Vestal Virgins in, 71, 83, 115, 150.
Fornacalia, 302-6, 335.
Fors Fortuna: see Fortuna.
Fortuna, 67;
connexion with Jupiter, 166, 168, 223-5;
with Nortia, 171-2;
with Servius Tullius, 68, 156-7, 162, 171-2;
explained as dawn-goddess, 164-6;
explained as moon-goddess, 168-9;
explained as sun-goddess, 168-71;
festivals, 67-9; 161-72;
Fors, 124, 161-3, 340;
functions, 167-8, 170-1;
huiusce diei, 164-5, 343;
origin of name, 163-4, 166-7;
Primigenia, 72, 124, 165-6, 167-8, 223-4, 254;
statues, 156-7, 339;
symbols, 169, 170-1;
temples, 68, 72, 124, 156-7, 161-2, 166, 339, 343;
Virilis, 68;
women especially worship, 167-8;
worshipped at Praeneste, 72, 124, 166, 168, 223.
Forum: meeting of curiae in, 305, 306;
temples, 271, 273-4, 296, 339.
Forum Boarium: Aedes Herculis, 193;
temples, 154, 156-7, 339.
Forum Olitorium: temple, 302.
Foxes, 78;
loosed at Cerealia, 77-9; 94.
Fratres Arvales, 42;
Acta Fratrum Arvalium, 17, 125;
calendar, 12;
decline of, 184-5, 343;
ritual of, 48, 74, 92-3, 105, 125, 127, 136, 240-1, 271, 282.
Freedwomen: worship of Feronia, 253.
Furiae: confusion with Furrina, 187, 188.
Furrina (or Furina), 187-8.
Furrinalia, 173, 187-8.
Gaia Caecilia, 141.
Games (ludi), 15, 50;
Apollinares, 173, 179-80;
Cereales, 72-3;
compitales, 279-80;
Florae, 91-5;
horse races, 44-5, 58, 91, 180, 208, 242, 245-6, 248-9;
Megalesiaci, 69-71;
plebeii, 180, 217, 252, 253;
Romani, 215, 216-7, 252;
saeculares, 182.
Gates: see Porta.
Geese: sacred to Juno, 129-30.
Genita Mana. 101.
Ghosts: purification of house from, 100, 109-10, 131;
classification of, 108-9.
Gods: see Deities.
Guilds, 62, 121;
tibicines, 157-8.
Harawara, 84.
Hares: loosed at Floralia, 94.
Harvest, 154, 189;
customs, 177-8, 245-6;
festivals, 124-8, 153-4, 189-90, 195-6, 207-9.
Healing deities, 104-5, 180, 191, 278.
Heimdal: equation with Janus, 286.
Hephaestus, 123.
Hercules: connexion with Dius Fidius or Semo Sancus, 137-9, 142-4;
with Genius, 143-4, 194-5, 196, 337;
with Juno, 142-4;
with Mars, 194-5, 196;
coupled with Diana, 181, 186;
Invictus, 201;
legends, 102, 112, 138, 193, 196-7;
representative of male principle, 103, 143, 194;
temples, 135, 201;
Victor, 138;
worship, 193-7;
worship confined to men, 102, 103, 142, 194.
Hermes, 120-1;
connexion with Mercury, 121, 186.
Hirpi Sorani: rites at Soracte, 84, 317.
Horatius: legend, 238-9.
Horses: connexion of Consus with, 207-8;
of Mars with, 330;
decked with flowers, 207-8;
heads decked with cakes, 242, 244.
Horta Quirini, 324.
Ides, 8;
sacred to Jupiter, 8, 10, 120, 157, 198, 215, 241.
Iguvium: inscription found at, 17, 114, 127, 137, 139, 176, 221.
Images and statues of gods, 81, 141, 156-7, 200, 201, 218, 228, 239.
Indigitamenta, 71, 191, 192, 274, 341.
Indigites, 192.
Inuus, 312-3.
Isis worship, 252.
January, 5-7;
character, 6, 33, 277;
consuls enter office in, 5, 95, 278;
festivals, 6, 277-97;
origin of name, 6, 7, 33, 99.
Janus, 270;
connexion with Cardea, 131-2;
with January, 6, 33, 99;
with Saturnus, 270;
with tigillum sororium, 238-9;
with Vesta, 282-3, 287-8, 334-5;
cult-titles, 289-90;
geminus, 286;
god of entrances, 282-3, 286-9, 335, 337;
origin of cult, 282-9;
Rex sacrorum connected with worship of, 282, 288, 334-5;
temples, 204, 270.
July, 2, 3, 173;
festivals, 174-88.
June: character, 6, 33;
festivals, 130-72;
origin of name, 6, 99-100, 129-30.
Juno, 312;
Caprotina, 178;
connexion with Bona Dea, 142;
with Hercules, 142-4;
with June, 99-100, 129;
with Jupiter, 134, 218, 221, 223-5;
with Mars, 37-8, 133-4;
with tigillum sororium, 238-9;
cult at Praeneste, 166, 224;
Curitis, 223, 239;
festivals, 174, 178-9;
Kalends sacred to, 8, 38, 129, 239, 241;
Lucina, 38, 105, 156;
Moneta, 129-30;
one of Etruscan trias, 218, 220, 229, 235, 339;
representative of female principle, 38, 141, 143, 178, 221, 321 (n. 1), 337;
Sospita, 302;
temples, 38, 157-8, 215, 216-7, 302, 326-7.
Jupiter, 97, 220-1, 313;
Capitolinus, 97, 158;
cella Jovis, 217;
connexion with Dius Fidius or Semo Sancus, 138-41, 221;
with Fortuna, 166, 168, 223-5;
with Juno, 134, 218, 221, 223-5;
with Mercurius, 120;
with Terminus, 326-7;
with wine, 55, 88, 240;
Elicius, 232, 233;
epulum Jovis, 215, 216, 217-20, 233-4, 253;
Fagutalis, 228;
Feretrius, 229-30, 232, 334;
festivals, 85-8, 157-9, 174, 216-20, 275, 338;
Fulgur, 239;
functions, 55, 88, 97, 141, 222, 229-30, 232, 326;
Ides sacred to, 8, 10, 120, 157, 198, 215, 241;
Indiges, 192;
Invictus, 158;
Latiaris, 97, 198, 227-8;
Liber, 55, 88;
Lucetius, 222;
one of Etruscan trias, 218, 220, 229, 235, 339;
Puer, cult at Praeneste, 166, 224-7;
stones connected with, 230-3, 234;
temples, 95-6, 157-8, 215, 216-7, 228, 229, 232, 326-7, 339;
Viminius, 229;
worship in groves, 183, 227;
worship in Italy, 221-3;
worship on hills, 95, 222, 227, 234.
Juturna, 293;
temple, 341.
Kalends, 8;
sacred to Juno, 8, 38, 129, 239, 241.
Kings, 36, 63, 282;
represented by Pontifex Maximus, 147, 288;
represented by Rex sacrorum, 8, 213, 282, 288.
Lapis: see Stones.
Larentalia, 275-6.
Larentia: see Acca Larentia.
Lares, 136, 309, 337;
compitales or domestici, 101, 338;
praestites, 100-1, 335.
Latin Festival: see Feriae Latinae.
Latins, common worship of Romans and, 95-7, 198-9, 335.
Latona, coupled with Apollo, 181, 186, 200.
Laurel, 83;
sacred to Mars, 35-6.
Lectisternium, 180-1, 186, 200, 273;
connexion with epulum Jovis, 218.
Lemuria, 100, 106-10, 131, 174, 290.
Leucothea, 154.
Liber, 312, 338;
connexion with Dionysus, 54-5, 74, 88.
Libera, 74.
Liberalia, 54-6;
cakes used at, 53-4, 55.
Litania Maior, 91, 127.
Lucaria, 15 (n. 1), 173, 174, 182-5, 186-7.
Luceres, 185.
Ludi: see Games.
Lupercal, 310-1, 318.
Lupercalia, 298, 299, 310-21;
deity of, 257-8, 262, 312-3;
sacrifices at, 101, 311, 312-4;
salt-cake used, 110, 115, 311;
whipping to produce fertility, 104, 179, 262, 302, 311, 315, 318-21.
Luperci, 311, 312-3, 319-20;
derivation of name, 311, 317.
Lupercus, 311, 312.
Lupines, 94.
Lustrations, 68, 83-5, 298;
aedes Vestae, 148-9, 151-4;
Argei, 100, 113-4, 115, 119;
arms, 58-9, 248-9, 250-1;
bound-beating, 114, 125-8, 304, 319;
crops, 100, 114, 124-8, 154;
ghosts, 100;
Lupercalia, 315-6, 319-21;
people, 175-6;
processions, 111, 113-4, 125-6, 335;
rites, 299-302;
sheep, 81;
shields, 58-9, 248, 250;
trumpets, 63-4, 123.
Magna Mater Idaea: festival, 67, 69-71;
introduction into Rome, 67, 69-70, 102, 342;
stone representing, 69-70, 342;
temple, 70.
Maia, 98-100;
connexion with Bona Dea, 99, 100, 123, 129;
with Mercurius, 98-9, 120;
with Volcanus, 123, 210.
Mamuralia, 45-50.
Mamurius: expulsion of Mamurius Veturius, 40-1, 46-9;
festival, 44-50;
smith, 39, 45-6;
variant for Mars, 39, 41, 45.
Manes, 108, 300, 308.
March, 2, 3;
beginning of year, 5, 33, 38;
connexion with Mars, 33-5, 48, 64-5, 99;
festivals, 5, 35-65;
New Year’s Day, 5, 35-43, 278;
origin of name, 33, 99.
Marcus Fulvius Nobilior, 11.
Market days, 8.
Marriages, 293;
customs, 142;
ill-omened in March and May, 60, 67, 100, 109, 293;
prohibited, 146, 308.
Mars, 53, 60, 313;
birthday, 5, 36-8, 60;
comparison with Apollo, 39-40;
connexion with Hercules, 194-5, 196;
with Juno, 37-8, 133-4;
with March, 33-5, 48, 64-5, 99;
with Minerva, 53, 59-60, 62;
with Nerio, 60-2, 186;
with Quirinus, 322-3;
with Robigus, 89, 324;
with Romulus, 33, 37 (n. 3);
with Silvanus, 55, 194;
festivals, 44-6, 57-63, 123, 241-50, 290, 313, 330-1;
functions, 34-5, 41, 43, 64-5, 89, 248-9, 250, 262;
god of powers of vegetation and reproduction, 34-5; 41, 48-9, 64, 126-7, 196;
Greek influence, 35, 37;
laurel sacred to, 35-6;
origin, 34-5, 64;
priests: see Salii;
Sacrarium Martis, 39, 44, 324, 335;
shields: see Ancilia;
temples, 133-4, 232;
war-god, 126, 207, 248, 249.
Mater Larum, 240.
Mater Matuta, 154-6, 165.
Matralia, 154-6, 165.
Matronalia, 38.
May, 2, 3;
character, 6, 33, 100;
festivals, 33, 98-128;
origin of name, 6, 33, 98-100.
Meals: see also Epulum Jovis;
sacrificial, 81, 96-7, 194, 218-20, 308, 309.
Meditrinalia, 236, 239-40.
Megalesia, 69-71.
Men: exclusion from cults, 102-3, 142, 256;
oaths of, 138-9, 142.
Mens, 145.
Mercurius: connexion with Hermes, 121, 186;
with Jupiter, 120;
with Maia, 98-9, 120;
coupled with Neptunus, 181, 186;
god of trade, 121;
temples, 121, 339.
Mildew: see Rust.
Minerva: connexion with Mars, 53, 59-60, 62;
with Nerio, 59-62;
festivals, 59, 62, 158;
goddess of trumpet players, 62, 158;
nail driven into cella of, 234-5;
one of Etruscan trias, 218, 220, 229, 235, 339;
temples, 59, 157-8, 215, 216-7, 326-7, 339.
Mola salsa: see Salt-cake.
Montes, 266-7;
festivals of, 16, 265-7, 335.
Months, 5-7, 33-4;
divisions, 7-8;
lunar, 7;
names, 5-7, 33-4, 99-100;
number of days, 2-3;
solar, 1.
Mundus, 211-2;
open, 211-2, 239, 252.
Myrtle, 68;
excluded from temple of Bona Dea, 103-4.
Nails driven into temples, 172, 217, 234-5.
Nemesis, 170.
Neptunalia, 173, 185-7.
Neptunus, 185-7;
connexion with Poseidon, 185, 186, 187;
with Salacia, 186;
coupled with Mercurius, 181, 186;
functions, 185, 187.
Nerio, 134-5;
connexion with Mars, 60-2, 186;
with Minerva, 59-62.
Nerthus, 117.
New Year: see March.
Nones, 7, 8;
Nonae Caprotinae, 174, 175, 178-9.
Nortia, 235;
connexion with Fortuna, 171-2.
November: character, 252;
festivals, 252-4.
Numa: connexion with calendar, 4, 335-6;
legends, 262-3, 278.
Numbers: lucky and unlucky, 3.
Oak of Jupiter Feretrius, 229, 232, 334.
Oaths, 138-9, 142, 231, 297, 327;
Jupiter’s connexion with, 139, 229-30, 326;
taken at Ara Maxima, 138-9.
Octaeteris cycle, 2-3.
October, 2, 3;
character, 236-7;
festivals, 237-51.
October-horse, 45, 58, 241-50;
blood kept by Vestal Virgins, 83, 150, 243, 247;
corn-spirit represented by, 83, 244-8;
races, 45, 58, 242, 245-6;
sacrifice of, 83, 241-2.
Opalia, 255, 273-4.
Opeconsivia, 115, 150, 189, 212-4, 290.
Ops, 74, 338;
connexion with Consus, 212-3;
with Saturnus, 212, 273-4;
Consiva, 212;
festival, 115, 150, 212-4, 273-4;
Opifera, 210;
temple, 273-4.
Oracles: Faunus, 262-3.
Oscilla: see Puppets.
Ovid: Fasti, 6-7, 13, 14, 36-7, 173, 236-7.
Paganalia, 16, 294-6, 335, 338.
Pagus, 257, 294, 335;
festivals, 16, 257, 294-6, 335, 338.
Palatine: divisions, 266;
Lupercal: see Lupercal;
mundus: see Mundus;
rites celebrated, 276, 310-2, 318-9;
temples, 70, 180 (n. 4), 182;
union with Subura, 247.
Palatua, 267.
Pales, 67, 80, 267;
festival, 79-85;
offerings, 81, 103.
Pan: connexion with Faunus, 258, 259, 313.
Parentalia, 210, 276, 299, 300, 306-10, 335.
Parilia, 66, 79-85, 110, 243, 247;
character, 66, 115, 150;
share of Vestal Virgins in, 71, 83, 115.
Penates, 337.
Persephone, 75.
Picumnus, 201.
Pinarii, 193.
Plebeians: festivals, 44, 50-1, 68, 70, 92, 163, 171, 253;
quarter, 75, 77;
secession, 53, 75-7;
temples, 75-6, 92, 199.
Pomona, 201.
Pons sublicius, Argei thrown from, 112, 113-4.
Pontifices, 114;
decline, 342-3;
growing importance, 339-41;
influence on religion, 190-1, 192, 213, 214, 257-8, 341;
Pontifex Maximus, 147, 288;
priestesses, 105-6;
share in festivals, 112, 114, 276.
Poplifugia, 7, 15 (n. 1), 173, 174-6, 179, 183, 328.
Porta: Agonensis, 281;
Capena, 133, 232;
Carmentalis, 180 (n. 3), 290, 291, 293;
Fontinalis, 240;
Sanqualis, 135, 140;
Trigemina, 201.
Portunalia, 189, 202-4.
Portunus, 202-4, 214,
Poseidon: connexion, with Neptunus, 185, 186, 187;
Hippios, 208.
Potitii, 193.
Praeneste, 254;
cult of Fortuna, 72, 124, 166, 168, 223-4, 254;
cult of Jupiter Puer, 166, 224-7;
foreign influence, 166, 227.
Prayers, 81-2, 89-90, 126-7, 133, 155, 184, 191, 295, 308, 346.
Presents given at festivals, 38, 272, 278.
Priests: see Pontifices.
Primigenia: see Fortuna.
Proserpina, 212.
Prostitutes, festival of, 93.
Punic Wars, 19, 69-71, 179;
institution of festivals and temples due to, 19, 69, 179, 341, 342.
Puppets: Argei thrown into Tiber, 111-20;
oscilla hung on trees, 96, 116, 296.
Purification: see Lustration.
Pythagoreans, 110.
Quinctilis: see July.
Quinquatrus, 45, 57-62, 290;
minusculae, 157-9.
Quirinal, 237, 281, 322;
cults, 229, 322-4;
temples, 124, 135, 136, 141, 190-1, 322, 324.
Quirinalia, 304-5, 322-4.
Quirinus, 305, 322-4;
temples, 191, 322, 323.
Quirites, 322.
Races: see Games.
Regia, 190, 213, 220, 282, 335;
laurel fixed on, 5, 35;
sacrarium Martis in, 39, 44, 324, 335;
sacrarium Opis in, 213.
Regifugium, 174, 327-30, 331.
Religion, 18-20;
authorities, 332-3;
based on cult, 20, 333-4;
daemonistic character, 74, 106, 137, 139, 213, 221-2, 226-7, 232-3, 295, 313;
decline, 341-3;
Etruscan influence, 171-2, 219-20, 229, 234-5;
Graeco-Etruscan influence, 185-6, 211-2, 223, 338-40;
Greek influence, 191, 194, 200, 218, 226-7, 268-9, 273, 342, 343;
influence on character, 344-9;
Oriental influence, 19, 252;
pontifices’ influence, 190-1, 192, 213, 214, 257-8, 341;
reaction against foreign influence, 340-1, 349;
representative of stages of growth, 334-8;
revival by Augustus: see Augustus;
transition from aniconic to iconic, 219-20, 229, 233-4;
transition from rustic to urban, 90, 91, 103, 195-6, 248-50, 257-8, 279-80, 294.
Reproduction, spirit: see Corn-spirit.
Rex sacrorum, 8, 335;
connexion with Janus worship, 282, 288, 334-5;
representative of king, 8, 213, 282, 288;
representative of head of household, 213, 282, 288, 334.
Robigalia, 66, 88-91.
Robigus, 324, 338;
connexion with Mars, 89, 324;
festival, 88-91.
Romulus, 4;
connexion with Mars, 33, 37 (n. 3);
with Quirinus, 322;
legends, 175-6, 229, 310.
Rust, red, 88-9, 91.
Sabine women, legend, 178, 208-9.
Sacella Argeorum, 16, 56-7, 111-2, 335;
procession round, 56, 111, 113-4, 335.
Sacrifices, 51, 54, 56, 62, 86, 209, 267, 313-4;
bean meal and lard, 130, 133;
boar, 210;
bull, 126;
cakes, 53-5, 155, 161, 295, 304;
cereals, 292-3;
cheese, 96, 228;
cow, 71;
dog, 89-91, 101, 209, 311, 312, 314;
fig-tree, 178;
fish, 209-10;
flight after, 176, 328, 329-30;
goat, 122, 311, 312, 314;
heifer, 96, 179, 193, 217, 228;
honey, 309, 325;
horse, 241-2;
human, relics of, 112, 115, 116-7, 119, 315;
kid, 257;
lamb, 64, 105, 325;
milk, 81, 96, 103, 228, 309;
millet, 81;
oil, 309;
pig, 105, 126, 256, 272, 325;
procession of victims, 126;
ram, 282;
red calf, 210;
sacrificial meal, 81, 96-7, 194, 228;
salt-cake (mola salsa), 110, 115, 148, 311;
sheep, 89, 96, 126;
sow, 295;
water, 309;
wine, 87, 103, 257, 309, 325.
Salacia, 186.
Salii, 36, 39-43, 58, 194, 250, 331, 334;
Agonenses, 41, 54, 281, 323;
Carmen Saliare, 39, 41, 45, 49, 289;
Collini, 41, 54, 320, 323;
mansiones Saliorum, 41, 44;
number, 41, 42;
Palatini, 41, 320, 323;
shields: see Ancilia;
skins worn by, 47-8, 49-50.
Salt-cake (mola salsa): made by Vestal Virgins, 110-1, 115, 148, 149, 153, 205, 311;
used at Ides of September, 110, 115, 311;
used at Lupercalia, 110, 115, 311;
used at Vestalia, 110, 115, 148, 311.
Salus, 190-1, 343.
Sancus: see Semo Sancus.
Saturnalia, 15, 177, 255, 268-73, 335.
Saturnus, 120, 268-71;
connexion with Ops Consiva, 212, 273-4;
festival, 268-73;
functions, 270, 338;
temples, 71, 273-4, 339.
Scapegoat, 176;
Mamurius Veturius, 40-1, 46-9.
Seianus: owner of statue of Fortuna, 156-7, 171.
Semo Sancus, 160, 327;
connexion with Dius Fidius, 136-8, 144;
functions, 139-41.
Semones, 136.
Senate, 134.
September: character, 215-6;
festivals, 215-35.
Septimontium, 16, 265-7, 335.
Servius Tullius, 280;
connexion with Fortuna, 68, 156-7, 162, 171-2, 339;
Etruscan origin, 157, 171;
founder of temples, 68, 162, 198-9, 339.
Sextilis: see August.
Sheep: fold decorated, 80-1;
lustration, 81;
sacrifice, 89, 96, 126.
Sibylline books, 68, 69, 74, 92, 93, 145, 179, 181.
Silvanus, 55, 103, 258, 261, 262;
connexion with Mars, 55, 194.
Sirius, 90.
Slaves, 155;
deities of, 199, 253-4;
festivals open to, 38, 162-3, 178-9, 193, 194, 199-200, 272-3, 280;
manumissions, 253-4.
Snakes, 104.
Sol Indiges, 191-3.
Soranus, 160;
Apollo, 84, 181.
Sosigenes, 4.
Spells, 80-1, 83, 84, 96, 109-10, 150, 243, 279-80, 296, 301, 309-10;
rain, 119-20, 232-3.
Spirits: dead, see Ghosts;
evil, see Evil spirits.
Statues: see Images.
Stones, sacred, 140;
lapis silex, 230-2;
manalis, 211, 232-3;
oath per Iovem lapidem, 138, 231;
representing Magna Mater Idaea, 69-70, 342;
Terminus, 230-1, 326-7, 334.
Strenia, 278.
Stultorum feriae, 304-6, 322.
Subura, 247, 266.
Summanalia, 161.
Summanus, 160-1, 241.
Sun, 84;
deities of, 35, 168-70, 191-3, 283-4;
symbols of, 139, 169-70.
Supplicatio, 191.
Tacita, 210, 309-10.
Tanaquil, 141.
Tarquinii, 75-6, 121, 280, 327-8;
worships introduced by, 96, 181.
Tellus, 67, 71, 74, 294-5;
festivals, 71-2, 294-6;
sacrifices, 71, 295.
Tempestates, temple, 341.
Temples, 339-43;
of Aesculapius in insula, 278, 340;
Apollo at Actium, 182;
Apollo in Flaminian fields, 180;
Apollo Palatinus on the Palatine, 180 (n. 4), 182;
Bellona in Circo Flaminio, 134;
Bona Dea on the Aventine, 101-5;
Carmenta at Porta Carmentalis, 291, 293;
Castor and Pollux ad Forum, 296;
Castor and Pollux in Circo Flaminio, 202;
Ceres, Liber, and Libera on the Aventine, 74-6, 339;
Consus on the Aventine, 206, 267;
Diana on the Aventine, 198-200, 339;
Dius Fidius on the Quirinal, 135, 136, 141;
Faunus in insula, 257-8, 278;
Feronia at Tarracina, 253;
Flora ad Circum Maximum, 92, 202;
Flora or Horta Quirini on Quirinal, 324;
Fors Fortuna trans Tiberim, 161-2, 339;
Fortuna in Foro Boario, 156-7, 339;
Fortuna Huiusce Diei, 165, 343;
Fortuna Primigenia at Praeneste, 72
Fortuna Primigenia on the Quirinal, 124;
Fortuna Virilis, 68;
Hercules near the Circus Flaminius, 135;
Hercules Invictus ad portam trigeminam, 201;
Janus ad Theatrum Marcelli, 204;
Juno Lucina on the Esquiline, 38;
Juno Moneta in arce, 129-30;
Juno Sospita ad Forum Olitorium, 302;
Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva in Capitolio, 157-8, 215, 216-7, 326-7, 339;
Jupiter Elicius under the Aventine, 232;
Jupiter Feretrius in Capitolio, 229;
Jupiter Invictus, 158;
Jupiter Latiaris on the Alban Mount, 95-6, 228;
Juturna, 341;
Magna Mater Idaea, 70;
Mars extra Portam Capenam, 133-4, 232;
Mater Matuta in Foro Boario, 154;
Mens in Capitolio, 145;
Mercurius, 121, 339;
Minerva on the Aventine, 59, 158;
Ops ad Forum, 273-4;
Quirinus in Colle, 191, 322;
round, 193;
Salus on the Quirinal, 190-1;
Saturnus ad Forum, 271, 273-4, 339;
Summanus ad Circum Maximum, 160;
Tempestates, 341;
Vediovis in arce, 43;
Vediovis in insula, 122, 277;
Vediovis inter duos lucos, 122;
Venus ad Circum Maximum, 204;
Venus Erycina in Capitolio, 85, 145;
Venus Verticordia, 68, 343;
Victory on the Palatine, 70;
Volcanus in Circo Flaminio, 211;
Vortumnus on the Aventine, 201, 341.
Terminalia, 4, 324-7, 335.
Terminus, 324, 326-7;
festival, 324-7;
stone, 230-1, 326-7, 334.
Theatrum Marcelli, 204.
Tiber, worship, 214.
Tiber island: temples, 122, 257-8, 277, 278, 340.
Tiberinus, 120, 203, 214.
Tibicines: see Trumpets.
Tigillum sororium, 238-9.
Tina (or Tinia), 222-3.
Tirones, 56.
Tithes: offered on Ara Maxima, 138; 195-7;
offered to Hercules Victor, 138-9.
Toga virilis, assumption of, 56.
Totemism, 84-5, 101, 231-2, 334.
Treaties: Dius Fidius’ connexion with, 141;
Jupiter’s connexion with, 229-30, 326;
making, 229-30;
ratified at Ara Maxima, 138.
Tree-worship, 228-9, 232, 234.
Tribuni: celerum, 58-9;
militum, 58;
plebis, 75.
Trumpets, 63-4, 159;
lustration, 63-4, 123;
players, 62, 157-9.
Tubilustrium, 44, 45, 62-4, 123, 290;
connexion with Minerva, 62;
festival of Mars, 62, 290.
Vediovis, 121-2, 160, 225, 277-8;
connexion with Apollo, 122, 181, 225, 277;
festivals, 43, 121-2, 277-8;
temples, 43, 122, 277.
Vegetation spirit: see Corn-spirit.
Veneralia, 67-9.
Venus: connexion with April, 67, 69;
with Fortuna, 68;
with wine, 86, 204;
Erycina, 85, 145;
festivals, 67-8, 85-6;
functions, 67, 86;
Greek influence, 67, 69, 86;
Mimnermia (or Meminia), 145;
temples, 68, 85-6, 145, 204, 343;
Verticordia, 68-9, 343.
Vesta: aedes, 148-9, 151-4, 335;
connexion with Janus, 282-3, 287-8, 334-5;
festival, 145-54;
functions, 150;
hearth-goddess, 147-8, 150, 282-3, 287-8, 334, 337;
laurels fixed on aedes, 5, 36, 153;
penus Vestae, 83, 148, 149-50, 153, 288;
origin of cult, 146-8, 149, 282-3;
sacred fire, 5, 35, 114, 147-8, 150-1, 153.
Vestalia, 145-54;
character, 115, 126, 154;
mourning of Flaminica Dialis, 115, 146, 149, 151, 153;
salt-cake used, 110, 115, 148.
Vestal Virgins, 36, 68-9, 306, 324, 335;
festivals shared in, 52, 57, 71, 85, 112, 114-15, 150, 256;
functions, 147, 149-51, 288;
representative of daughters of family, 36, 111, 147, 149, 213, 256, 288, 334;
salt-cake made by, 110-1, 115, 148, 149, 153, 205, 311.
Vetches, 94.
Victory, temple of, 70.
Viminal, cults on, 229.
Vinalia, 10, 338;
connexion with Jupiter, 85, 86-8, 338;
with Venus, 85-6, 204;
Priora, 85-8;
Rustica, 10, 85, 86, 87, 189, 204-6.
Vitulatio, 179.
Volcanalia, 189, 209-11.
Volcanus, 209-11;
connexion with Maia, 123, 210;
festivals, 123, 209-10;
functions, 123-4, 210;
temple, 211.
Volturnalia, 214.
Volturnus, 214.
Volupia, 274.
Vortumnus, 201, 341.
War: conduct of, 216;
declaration of, 134, 230;
gods of, 126, 134-5, 207, 248, 249.
Water: deities of, 187, 189.
Weddings: see Marriages.
Weeks: eight days, 7, 8.
Wells and springs: sanctity, 240.
Wheel symbol, 161, 169-70.
Wills: sanctioned by Comitia Curiata, 63, 123.
Wine: festivals, 85-8, 204-6, 236, 239-40;
introduction of vine into Italy, 88, 97, 236;
Jupiter’s connexion with, 55, 88, 240;
Venus’ connexion with, 86, 204;
vintage, 236.
Wolf: corn; see Corn-spirit;
sacred to Mars, 311, 334.
Women, 262;
deities of, 38, 68, 102-3, 106, 155-6, 167-8, 200-1, 291-3;
excluded from worship of Hercules, 102, 103, 142, 194;
festivals, 38, 67-8, 102-3, 142, 148, 154-6, 178-9, 255-6, 291;
oaths, 142;
rites to produce fertility, 94-5, 104, 178-9, 262, 302, 311, 315, 318-21.
Woods, importance in religion, 183-4.
Year: beginning, 5-7, 35-6, 278;
lunar, 1-3;
method of reckoning, 1-4;
solar, 1-3.