Contents

CHAPTER V.

THE WARS OF SCOTLAND, NORTHUMBERLAND, AND WALES. 1093–1098.

A. D. PAGE

Events of the year 1093; relations between England and Scotland; results of the war of 1093 3–4

Growth of the English power and of the English nation under Rufus; the Scottish kingdom becomes English 4–5

1093 – Death of Malcolm; first reign of Donald

1094 – Reign of Duncan; second reign of Donald

1097 – Establishment of Eadgar

1095 – Revolt of Robert of Mowbray 5–5

Affairs of Wales; comparison between Wales and Scotland

Effects of the reign on the union of Britain; comparison with Ireland and Normandy 6–8

§ 1. The last year of Malcolm.
1093.

Complaints of Malcolm against William Rufus; effects on Scotland of the restoration of Carlisle; other grounds of offence 8–9

March, 1093 – Scottish embassy at Gloucester; Malcolm summoned to Gloucester; Eadgar sent to bring him 9–10

Present favour of Eadgar with William 9–10

August – Malcolm sets forth; he stops at Durham

August 11 – He lays a foundation stone of the abbey; import of the ceremony 11–12

August 24 – Malcolm at Gloucester; William refuses to see him; questions between the kings; William observes his safe-conduct 13–14

Malcolm’s last invasion of England; he draws near to Alnwick; history of the place 15–16

English feeling about Malcolm

Nov. 13 – Malcolm slain by Morel 16–17

Burial of Malcolm at Tynemouth; history of Tynemouth; his translation to Dunfermline 18–19

Local estimate of Malcolm’s death

Character of Margaret; Malcolm’s devotion to her; her children and their education 20–22

Margaret’s reforms; Scottish feeling towards them 22–26

Her religious reforms 22–23

She increases the pomp of the court 23–24

English influence in Scotland; English and Norman settlers 24–26

Nov. 27 – Death of Margaret; different versions; her burial at Dunfermline; Scottish feeling towards her 26–28

Donald elected king; he drives out the English; meaning of the words 29–30

Margaret’s children driven out; action of the elder Eadgar

Eadgyth and Mary brought up at Romsey; Malcolm at Romsey; story of Eadgyth and William Rufus 31–32

Events of 1094; order of Scottish events 32–33

Christmas, 1093–1094 – Assembly at Gloucester; Duncan claims the Scottish crown; his Norman education 33–34

1094 – He receives the crown from William, and wins the kingdom by the help of Norman and English volunteers 34–35

May, 1094 – Revolution in Scotland; the foreigners driven out

November – Duncan slain and Donald restored

1094–1097 – Second reign of Donald

§ 2. The revolt of Robert of Mowbray.
1095–1096.

Conspiracy against William Rufus; no general support for the plot 37–40

Robert of Mowbray marries Matilda of Laigle

His dealings with Earl Hugh and Bishop William; other conspirators; William of Eu 38–39

Designs on behalf of Stephen of Aumale 39–40

Earl Robert plunders the Norwegian ships; the merchants complain to the King; Robert refuses redress 40–41

March 25, 1095 – Easter assembly at Winchester; Robert summoned, but refuses to come

April 4 – Falling stars 41–42

Messages between the King and Robert

May 13 – Whitsun assembly at Windsor; Robert again refuses to come

The King marches against Robert; his rebellion 42–43

The rebels expect help from Normandy

The King marches to Nottingham; Anselm’s command in Kent 44–45

Robert’s fortresses; the New Castle, Tynemouth, Bamburgh; taking of the New Castle 46–47

July – Siege of Tynemouth; description of the site; taking of Tynemouth 47–48

The castle of Bamburgh; Robert defends it against the King 49–50

Failure of direct attacks; making of the Malvoisin; the King goes away 51–52

Robert entrapped by a false message; he flees to Tynemouth; he is besieged in the monastery, taken, and imprisoned 52–53

Bamburgh defended by Matilda of Laigle

November – She yields to save her husband’s eyes

Later history of Robert and Matilda 54–55

Morel turns King’s evidence

1095–1096 – Christmas assembly at Windsor; all tenants-in-chief summoned; constitutional importance of the meeting 56–59

January 13 – The meeting adjourned to Salisbury; action of the assembly; no general sympathy with the accused 56–59

Bishop William charged with treason and summoned to take his trial; portents foretelling his death 59–61

Dec. 25, 1095–
Jan. 1, 109 – His sickness and death

Debate as to his burial-place; he is buried in the chapter-house 61–62

Sentences of the assembly; Earl Hugh buys his pardon 62–63

January 13 – William of Eu appealed by Geoffrey of Baynard, and convicted by battle

He is blinded and mutilated; action of Earl Hugh 64–65

Story of Arnulf of Hesdin; his innocence proved by battle

He goes to the crusade and dies

William of Alderi sentenced to death; the King refuses to spare him 66–67

His pious end 67–68

Last days of William of Eu and of Morel 68–69

§ 3. The Conquest and Revolt of Wales.
1093–1097.

Relations with Wales; character of the Welsh wars of Rufus; effect of the building of castles 69–71

Welsh campaigns of Harold and William Rufus compared 71–72

Immediate failure and lasting success

Comparison of the conquest of Wales with the English and Norman conquests; difference of geographical conditions 72–74

Extension of England by conquest and settlement

Various elements in Wales; the Flemish settlements; ndurance of the Welsh language 74–75

The local nomenclature of Wales contrasted with that of England 75–76

The Welsh castles; contrast with England; the Welsh towns 76–77

Conquests before the accession of Rufus; Robert of Rhuddlan; reigns of Rhys ap Tewdwr and Cedivor 77–78

1091 – Saint David’s robbed by pirates

1093 – Beginning of the conquest of South Wales; legend of the conquest of Glamorgan 79–81

Story of Jestin and Einion; settlement of Robert Fitz-hamon and his knights 80–81

Estimate of the story; elements of truth 81–82

History of Robert Fitz-hamon; his lands, marriage, and settlement at Cardiff 82–83

His works at Gloucester and Tewkesbury; his grants of Welsh churches to English monasteries

Distinction between Morganwg and Glamorgan; extent of Glamorgan

The lords and their castles 86–87

The South-Welsh churches and monasteries 88–89

Saxon and Flemish settlements in South Wales; oundation of boroughs

Conquest of Brecknock; Bernard of Newmarch and his wife Nest 89–91

Easter, 1093 – Defeat and death of Rhys at Brecknock; effects of his death 91–92

April 30 – Cadwgan harries Dyfed

July 1 – Norman conquest of Ceredigion and Dyfed 92–93

Tale of Rufus’s threats against Ireland 92–93

Acquisition of Saint David’s; Bishop Wilfrith

The Pembrokeshire castles

Pembroke castle begun by Arnulf of Montgomery; second building by Gerald of Windsor; his wife Nest 96–97

Earl Hugh in Anglesey; castle of Aberlleiniog

Advance of Earl Roger in Powys; castle of Rhyd-y-gors

Seeming conquest of Wales; Gower and Caermarthen unsubdued

Effect of William’s absence; general revolt under Cadwgan son of Bleddyn 98–100

Invasion of England

Deliverance of Anglesey; Aberlleiniog castle broken down

Character of the war; action of Cadwgan in Dyfed; Pembroke castle holds out 101–102

Question of a winter campaign; conquest of Kidwelly, Gower, and Caermarthen

1099 – Alleged West-Saxon settlement in Gower; the Gower castles

Pagan of Turberville helps the Welsh

North Wales holds out; the Welsh take Montgomery 104–105

Michaelmas, 1095 – William’s invasion of Wales

November 1 – He reaches Snowdon; ill-success of the campaign

1096 – The Welsh take Rhyd-y-gors; revolt of Gwent and Brecknock

English feeling towards the war 106–107

Vain attempts to recover Gwent

Importance of the castles; the Welsh attack Pembroke; defence of Gerald of Windsor 108–109

1097 – Gerald takes the offensive against the Welsh

Easter, 1097 – William’s second campaign; seeming conquest; fresh revolt under Cadwgan 110–111

June–Aug. 1097 – William’s third campaign; his ill-success 111–112

October – He determines to build castles 112–113

§ 4. The Establishment of Eadgar in Scotland.
1097–1098.

August, 1097 – Decree for action in Scotland; the elder Eadgar commissioned to restore the younger

Story of Godwine and Ordgar; the Ætheling Eadgar cleared by battle 114–118

Estimate and importance of the story 117–118

September – The two Eadgars march to Scotland; exploits of Robert son of Godwine; defeat and blinding of Donald; later life of Eadmund 118–120

1097–1107 – Reign of Eadgar in Scotland 120–123

Eadgar’s gifts to Robert son of Godwine

1099–1100 – Eadgar and Robert go to the Crusade 121–122

1103 – Exploits and martyrdom of Robert son of Godwine; parallels and contrasts 122–123

1107–1124 – Reign of Alexander in Scotland; friendship of the Scottish kings for England; Turgot and Eadmer

1124–1153 – Reign of David in Scotland; English influence in Scotland; the Scottish kings of the second series 125–126

§ 5. The Expedition of Magnus.
1098.

Events of the year 1098; their wide geographical range; Anglesey the centre of the story 126–127

Winter, 1097–1098 – Schemes of Cadwgan and Gruffydd; they take wikings from Ireland into pay 127–128

The two Earls Hugh of Chester and Shrewsbury

The Earls enter Anglesey; they rebuild the castle of Aberlleiniog 129–130

The Earls bribe the wikings; Cadwgan and Gruffydd flee to Ireland 130–131

Cruelties of the Earls; mutilation and restoration of Cenred 131–132

1093–1103 – Reign of Magnus Barefoot in Norway; his surnames

He professes friendship for England; his treasure at Lincoln 133–134

Harold son of Harold in his fleet 134–136

Designs of Magnus on Ireland; Irish marriage of his son Sigurd; his voyage among the islands

1075–1095 – Reign of Godred Crouan in Man and the Sudereys 136–137

1078–1094 – His Irish dominion 136–137

His sons Lagman and Harold

Rulers of Man sent from Ireland and Norway; civil war in Man 137–138

Legend of Magnus and Saint Olaf 138–140

Magnus seizes the Orkney earls and gives the earldom to his son Sigurd

Further voyage of Magnus; he occupies Man; his designs 140–142

He approaches Anglesey; preparations of the earls; he fleet off Aberlleiniog 142–143

Death of Hugh of Shrewsbury; different versions 143–144

Peace between Magnus and Hugh of Chester

Anglesey and North Wales subdued by Hugh 145–146

Sigurd’s kingdom in the islands; dealings of Magnus with Scotland 145–146

§ 6. The Establishment of Robert of Bellême in England.
1098.

1098 – Effects of the death of Hugh of Shrewsbury; Robert of Bellême buys his earldom and his other possessions; doubtful policy of the grant 147–149

Unique position of Robert in England; effects of his coming; his cruelty and spoliations 149–151

His skill in castle-building; his defences in Shropshire; early history of the Shropshire fortresses 151–152

896–912 – First works at the Bridge 152–153

Quatford; Earl Roger’s house and chapel 153–154

Robert of Bellême removes to Bridgenorth and Oldbury 155–158

The group of fortresses

Robert builds the castle of Careghova

Roger of Bully; his Yorkshire and Nottingham estates 159–160

The castle of Tickhill; use of the names Tickhill and Blyth 160–162

1088 – The priory of Blyth founded by Roger of Bully

Death of Roger of Bully; his lands granted to Robert of Bellême 162–164

CHAPTER VI.

THE LAST WARS OF WILLIAM RUFUS. 1097–1099.

1097–1100 – Character of the last years of William Rufus; his designs on France 165–167

1097–1098 – Beginning of the wars between France and Maine

Nov. 1097 – William crosses the sea

Comparison of France and Maine; Philip and Helias; advantage of the kingly dignity 168–170

Lewis son of Philip

Jan. 1098 – Beginning of the war of Maine

§ 1. The Beginning of the French War.
1097–1098.

1092 – King Philip; his adulterous marriage with Bertrada of Montfort 171–172

Opposition of Ivo and Hugh of Lyons; excommunication of Philip and Bertrada 173–174

Sons of Philip and Bertrada; she schemes against Lewis

Philip invests Lewis with the Vexin

1097 – William’s grounds of offence; he demands the cession of the Vexin; his demand is refused 175–176

November 11–30 – William crosses to Normandy; excesses of his followers in England 176–177

William and Lewis; difficulties of Lewis; fate of the captives on each side 178–179

French traitors; Guy of the Rock; description of Roche Guyon 179–182

Policy of Robert of Meulan; he receives William’s troops; importance and description of Meulan 182–184

Prospects of William; failure of his plans 184–185

The castle of Chaumont-en-Vexin 185–186

1096 – The castle of Gisors; its first defences strengthened by Robert of Bellême 186–188

Castles of Trye and Boury 188–189

National feeling in the French Vexin 189–190

Prisoners on both sides; Gilbert of Laigle; Simon of Montfort

§ 2. The First War of Maine.
1098.

November, 1097–1098 – Dates of the French war

Jan.–Aug. 1098 – War of Maine

1089 – Robert suspects the loyalty of Maine; he asks help of Fulk of Anjou; marriage of Fulk and Bertrada 191–194

1090 – Movements in Maine; Hugh son of Azo sent for 194–195

Character of Helias of La Flèche; his descent; his castles; he accepts the succession of Hugh 195–197

1090 – Revolt of Maine; Hugh received at Le Mans 197–200

Bishop Howel imprisoned by Helias 197–199

Release of Howel; his dealings with Robert 199–200

Disputes between Hugh and Howel; disputes of Howel with his chapter; he goes to England

June 28, 1090 – Return of Howel; unpopularity of Hugh

February, 1091 – Helias buys the county of Hugh 202–203

1091–1098 – First reign of Helias; peace of the land 203–204

October 17, 1093 – Translation of Saint Julian

November, 1095 – Visit of Pope Urban to Le Mans

1095–1097 – Sickness of Howel

1095–1096 – Helias takes the cross; estimate of his conduct 205–207

Aug. 1096 – William in Normandy; danger to Maine; negotiations of Helias with Robert

Interview of William and Helias; mutual challenge and defiance 208–210

1096–1097 – William delays his attack

July 29, 1097 – Death of Howel; disputed election to the bishopric 210–211

1097–1126 – Hildebert Bishop of Le Mans 211–212

Claims of the Norman dukes over the bishopric; anger of Rufus at the election of Hildebert 211–213

Nov. 1097 – William in Normandy; his designs on Maine

Robert of Bellême attacks Maine; Helias strengthens Dangeul; geographical character of the war 213–214

Jan. 1098 – Robert of Bellême invites the King; guerrilla warfare of Helias 214–215

William leaves Maine; Robert of Bellême continues the war; castles held by him 216–219

Nature of the country and of the war; comparison of Maine and England 219–221

Helias defeats Robert at Saônes; cruelty of Robert 221–223

April 28, 1098 – Second victory of Helias; he is taken prisoner near Danguel 223–224

Helias surrendered to the king; contrast between William Rufus and Robert of Bellême 224–225

Hildebert and the council at Le Mans 225–226

William at Rouen; a great levy ordered; numbers of the army 226–228

June, 1098 – The army meets at Alençon; invasion of Maine; truce with Ralph of Fresnay 228–230

Dealings with the nobles of Maine 230–231

May 5 – Fulk of Anjou at Le Mans; he leaves Geoffrey in command 231–232

March of William Rufus; he approaches Le Mans by Coulaines; he ravages Coulaines 232–234

Sally from the city; Rufus goes away; the siege of Le Mans raised 234–236

Ballon betrayed to Rufus; occupied by Robert of Bellême, and besieged by Fulk 235–236

July 20 – William relieves Ballon; his treatment of the captive knights 236–237

August – Fulk goes back to Le Mans; convention between William and Fulk; Le Mans to be surrendered and Helias set free 237–238

Submission of Le Mans; William’s entry 238–241

William leaves Le Mans; general submission of Maine

Meeting of William and Helias at Rouen; the offers of Helias rejected; his defiance 242–243

Helias set free; illustration of the King’s character 244–245

§ 3. The End of the French War.
September-December, 1098.

1097–1099 – William on the Continent; extent of his conquest in Maine; he begins, but does not finish

September 27, 1098 – He sets forth against France; the sign in the sky

He marches to Pontoise; position of the town and castle; Pontoise his furthest point 247–248

Siege of Chaumont; castle not taken 248–249

Alliance between Normandy and Aquitaine; coming of Duke William of Poitiers 249–250

Campaign to the west of Paris; valley of the Maudre; the two Williams march against the Montfort castles 250–252

The castles resist singly; Peter of Maule 252–253

The two Simons of Montfort; the castle of Montfort; successful defence of the younger Simon 253–255

Christmas, 1098–1099 – William keeps Christmas in Normandy; truce with France

Ill-success of the French war; illustrations of William’s character

§ 4. The Gemót of 1099.

April 10, 1099 – Easter assembly

May 19 – Whitsun assembly in the new hall at Westminster

Buildings of William Rufus; they are reckoned among the national grievances; probable abuses of the law 257–260

Various grievances and natural phænomena

The wall round the tower, the bridge, and the hall; growth of the greatness of London; relations of London and Winchester 259–261

Westminster Hall; its two founders; its history 262–263

Object of the hall; personal pride of Rufus; the Whitsun feast; the sword borne by the King of Scots 263–264

Deaths of bishops and abbots; character and acts of Walkelin of Winchester 265–266

April 8, 1093 – The monks take possession of the new church of Winchester

1097–1098 – Walkelin joint regent with Flambard; the King’s demand for money 266–267

Jan. 3, 1098 – Death of Walkelin

Death of Turold of Peterborough and Robert of New Minster

Abbot Baldwin of Saint Eadmund’s; rebuilding of the church; the King forbids the dedication 267–269

April 30, 1095 – Various details of Abbot Baldwin; translation of Saint Eadmund 268–270

Dec. 29, 1097 – Death of Abbot Baldwin

The bishopric of Durham granted to Randolf Flambard

June 5, 1099 – Consecration of Flambard

1099–1128 – Character of the appointment; Flambard’s episcopate 271–274

His works at Durham and Norham

Later events of the year 1099

§ 5. The Second War of Maine.
April–September, 1099.

Aug. 1098-April, 1099 – Helias withdraws to La Flèche; he strengthens the castles on the Loir 274–276

April, 1099 – He attacks the castle held by the King

June – He marches against Le Mans; battle at Pontlieue; he recovers Le Mans 277–278

The castles still held for the King; the Normans set fire to the city; comparison of Le Mans and York 279–281

Vain operations against the castles; use of the church towers; Robert of Bêlleme strengthens Ballon 281–282

The news brought to William in the New Forest; his ride to the coast 282–284

He crosses to Touques and rides to Bonneville; the castle of Bonneville 284–287

His levy; he marches to Le Mans; Helias flees to Château-du-Loir

William passes through Le Mans; he harries southern Maine; Helias burns the castles 288–289

William besieges Mayet; observance of the Truce of God; details of the siege; the siege raised 289–294

The land ravaged, but the campaign left unfinished 294–295

William at Le Mans; his good treatment of the city; he drives out the canons 295–296

Sept. 1099 – He goes back to England

Hildebert reconciled to the King; the King bids him pull down the towers of Saint Julian’s; question whether the order was carried out 297–300

1099 – Revolt in Anglesey; return of Cadwgan and Gruffydd; recovery of Anglesey and Ceredigion by the Welsh 300–301

Nov. 3, 1099 – The great tide in the Thames

December 3 – Death of Bishop Osmund of Salisbury

CHAPTER VII.

THE LAST DAYS OF WILLIAM RUFUS AND THE ACCESSION OF HENRY. 1100–1102.

1000–1100 – End of the eleventh century; changes in Britain and in the world 303–307

Change from Æthelred to William Rufus; contradiction in William’s position; his defeats not counted defeats 307–308

The year 1100; lack of events in its earlier months; comparison with the year 1000; vague expectations, portents, and prophecies 308–310

§ 1. The Last days of William Rufus.
January–August, 1100.

The three assemblies of 1099–1100; no record of these assemblies; continental schemes of Rufus 310–311

Return of Robert from the crusade; his marriage with Sibyl of Conversana 311–313

William of Aquitaine; his crusade; he proposes to pledge his duchy to Rufus; preparations for the occupation of Aquitaine 313–314

Alleged designs of Rufus on the Empire

May, 1100 – Portents; death of Richard son of Robert 315–316

June, July – Warlike preparations

July 15 – Consecration of Gloucester abbey

August 1 – Visions and prophecies; Abbot Fulchered’s sermon at Gloucester 317–321

August 1 – William at Brockenhurst; his companions; Walter Tirel; his history; his gab with the King; illustrative value of the story 321–325

August 2 – Last day of William Rufus; various versions of his death; estimate of the received tale 325–327

Versions of Orderic and William of Malmesbury 327–331

Versions which assert a repentance for Rufus 331–332

Version charging Ralph of Aix 333–335

Impression made at the time by the death of Rufus; its abiding memory; local traditions; end and character of Rufus 335–337

Accounts of William’s burial; the genuine story; his popular excommunication; he is buried in the Old Minster without religious rites 338–341

July 31 – Portents at William’s death; dream of Abbot Hugh of Clugny

August 1 – Vision of Anselm’s doorkeeper

August 2 – News brought to Anselm’s clerk; vision of Count William of Mortain 341–343

§ 2. The First Days of Henry.
August 2-November 11, 1100.

Vacancy of the throne; claims of Robert by the treaty of 1091; choice between Robert and Henry; claims of Henry; his speedy election 343–345

August 2 – Story of Henry on the day of the King’s death; he hastens to Winchester 345–346

He demands the treasure and is resisted by William of Breteuil; popular feeling for Henry 346–347

August 3 – Meeting for the election; division in the assembly; influence of Henry Earl of Warwick; Henry chosen King 347–348

Henry grants the bishopric of Winchester to William Giffard

August 5 – Henry crowned at Westminster; form of his oath; joy at his accession 349–351

He puts forth his charter; its provisions 352–357

Privilege of the knights and its effects 355–356

Renewal of the Law of Eadward

Witnesses to the charter

August 5 – Appointments to abbeys; Robert of Saint Eadmund’s and Richard of Ely; their later history 359–360

1100–1120 – Herlwin Abbot of Glastonbury

1100–1117 – Faricius Abbot of Abingdon

Imprisonment of Flambard 361–362

The King’s inner council 362–363

The news of the King’s death brought to Anselm; his grief

Letters to him from his monks and from the King; popular language of Henry’s letter 363–366

Intrigues of the Norman nobles with Robert; renewed anarchy in Normandy 366–367

Sept. 1100 – Return of Robert to Normandy; his renewed no-government 367–368

Henry keeps his own fief; war between Henry and Robert

Sept. 23. – Return of Anselm

Helias returns to Le Mans; the King’s garrison holds out in the royal tower

Helias calls in Fulk; siege of the tower

Courtesies between Helias and the garrison; messages sent to Robert and Henry; surrender of the castle 370–373

1100–1110 – Just reign of Helias; his friendship for Henry

1109 – His second marriage; later history of Maine; descent of the later English kings from Helias

Meeting of Anselm and Henry; comparison of the dispute between Anselm and William Rufus and that between Anselm and Henry 374–375

Henry calls on Anselm to do homage; Anselm refuses; hange in his views 375–377

Truce till Easter; the Pope to be asked to allow the homage; the spiritual power strengthened through Rufus’ abuse of the temporal power 375–378

The temporalities of the archbishopric provisionally restored

Reformation of the court; personal character of Henry; his mistresses and children; story of Ansfrida and her son Richard 379–382

Henry is exhorted to marry; he seeks for Eadgyth daughter of Malcolm; policy of the marriage 382–383

Objections to the marriage; Eadgyth said to have taken the veil

Anselm holds an assembly to settle the question; adgyth declared free to marry; other versions of the story 384–387

November 11, 1100 – Marriage of Henry and Eadgyth; she changes her name to Matilda 387–388

Anselm’s speech at the wedding; objections not wholly silenced

1100–1118 – Matilda as Queen; her children and character; “Godric and Godgifu” 388–391

Guy of Vienne comes as Legate; his claims not acknowledged

Nov. 18 – Death of Thomas Archbishop of York

1100–1108 – Gerard of Hereford Archbishop of York

§ 3. Invasion of Robert.
January–August, 1101.

Likeness of the years 1088 and 1101; plots to give the crown to Robert; a party in Normandy to give the crown to Henry 392–393

Character of Robert and Eadgar; Robert as crusader; is relapse on his return to Normandy

Parties in England and Normandy; Henry’s strict rule distasteful to the nobles 394–395

Plots of Robert of Bellême and others; Duke Robert’s grants to Robert of Bellême 395–396

Christmas 1100–1101 – Assembly at Westminster

Flambard escapes to Normandy; his influence with Robert 396–398

April 21 – Easter assembly at Winchester; the questions between Henry and Anselm adjourned; growth of the conspiracy

June 9 – Whitsun assembly; its popular character; mediation of Anselm; renewed promise of good laws 399–400

The Church and the people for Henry; England united against invasion

Importance of the campaign of 1101; last opposition of Normans and English; their fusion under Henry 401–402

July, 1101 – Robert and his fleet at Tréport 401–403

Henry’s levée; Anselm and his contingent; the English at Pevensey 403–404

The English fleet sent out; some of the crews desert to Robert

July 20 – Robert lands at Portchester; comparison with former invasions 405–406

Robert marches on Winchester; Matilda in child-bed in the city; he declines to attack Winchester

Estimate of his conduct; personal character of the chivalrous feeling 406–408

Robert marches towards London; the armies meet near Maldon 408–409

Desertion of Robert of Bellême and William of Warren 408–409

July 26 – Death of Earl Hugh

Anselm’s energy on the King’s side; zeal of the English; exhortations of the King 410–411

Negotiations between Henry and Robert; their personal meeting; they agree on terms 412–413

Treaty of 1101; Robert resigns his claim to England; enry gives up his Norman possessions, but keeps Domfront; other stipulations 413–414

Michaelmas, 1101 – Robert goes back; mischief done by his army

§ 4. Revolt of Robert of Bellême.
1102.

Continued disloyalty of the Norman nobles; Henry’s plans for breaking their power

Flambard in Normandy; his dealings with the see of Lisieux 415–416

Banishment and restoration of Earl William of Warren

Other banishments; trial of Ivo of Grantmesnil; his bargain with Robert of Meulan 417–418

1102–1118 – Robert of Meulan Earl of Leicester; his death; his ecclesiastical foundations 418–421

Christmas, 1101–1102 – Assembly at Westminster; danger from Robert of Bellême; the King watches him 420–421

April 6, 1102 – Easter assembly at Winchester; Robert of Bellême summoned, but does not come 421–422

Second summons to Robert; the war begins

Robert and his brothers Arnulf and Roger; his acquisition of Ponthieu; his dealings with Wales, reland, and Norway 423–424

Condition of Wales; return of Gruffydd and Cadwgan

Alliance of Robert of Bellême with the Welsh

Arnulf’s dealings with Murtagh; the Irish king’s daughter promised to him 425–426

Henry’s negotiations with Duke Robert; the Duke attacks Robert of Bellême’s fortress of Vignats

Treason of Robert of Montfort; defeat of the besiegers; eneral ravages 427–428

Robert of Bellême strengthens his castles; his works at Bridgenorth

The King besieges Arundel; truce with the besieged 428–429

Robert and Arnulf harry Staffordshire

Surrender of Arundel

Surrender of Tickhill; its later history 431–432

Autumn, 1102 – Henry’s Shropshire campaign; Robert of Bellême at Shrewsbury; the three captains at Bridgenorth 432–433

Story of William Pantulf; he joins the King; his services 434–435

Siege of Bridgenorth; division between the nobles and the mass of the army 435–437

Gathering of the mass of the army; they stand by the King 437–438

William Pantulf wins over Jorwerth to the King 439–440

The captains at Bridgenorth agree to surrender 440–441

Arnulf goes to Ireland; Robert asks help of Magnus in vain 442–443

The mercenaries at Bridgenorth refuse to surrender; hey are overpowered by the captains and the townsmen 443–444

Surrender of Bridgenorth; the mercenaries march out with the honours of war 444–445

Robert still holds Shrewsbury; his despair 445–446

The King’s march to Shrewsbury; zeal of the English; learing of the road 446–447

The King refuses terms to Robert; he submits at discretion, and is banished from England 448–449

Joy at Robert’s overthrow; banishment of his brothers; later history of Robert of Bellême 449–450

1103 – Death of Magnus

1103 – Later history of Jorwerth; his trial at Shrewsbury and imprisonment 451–453

Assemblies held in various places under Henry

1104–1106 – Establishment of Henry’s power; banishment of William of Mortain; his imprisonment and alleged blinding

1102–1135 – Peace of Henry’s reign; its character; Henry the refounder of the English nation 454–455

1107 – The compromise with Anselm

1106 – Battle of Tinchebrai

General character and results of the reigns of William Rufus and Henry 456–457

APPENDIX.

Note A. The Accession of William Rufus

B. The Beginning of the Rebellion of 1088

C. The Share of Bishop William of Saint-Calais in the Rebellion of 1088

D. The Deliverance of Worcester in 1088

E. The Attempted Landing of the Normans at Pevensey

F. The Bishopric of Somerset and the Abbey of Bath

G. The Character of William Rufus

H. The Ecclesiastical Benefactions of William Rufus

I. Chivalry

K. The Purchase of the Côtentin by the Ætheling Henry

L. The Death of Conan

M. The Siege of Courcy

N. The Treaty of 1091

O. The Siege of Saint Michael’s Mount

P. The Adventures of Henry after the Surrender of Saint Michael’s Mount

Q. The Homage of Malcolm in 1091

R. The Earldom of Carlisle

S. The Early Life of Randolf Flambard

T. The Official Position of Randolf Flambard

U. The alleged Domesday of Randolf Flambard

W. The Dealings of William Rufus with vacant Bishoprics and Abbeys

X. The Appointment of Herbert Losinga to the See of Thetford

Y. The Letters of Anselm

Z. Robert Bloet

AA. The Mission of Abbot Geronto

BB. The Embassies between William Rufus and Malcolm in 1093

CC. The Death of Malcolm

DD. The Burial of Margaret

EE. Eadgyth-Matilda

FF. Tynemouth and Bamburgh

GG. The Conquest of Glamorgan

HH. Godwine of Winchester and his son Robert

II. The Expedition of Magnus

KK. The Relations between Hildebert and Helias

LL. The Surrender of Le Mans to William Rufus

MM. The Fortresses of Le Mans

NN. The Dates of the Building of Le Mans Cathedral

OO. The Interview between William Rufus and Helias

PP. The Voyage of William Rufus to Touques

QQ. The Siege of Mayet

RR. William Rufus and the Towers of Le Mans Cathedral

SS. The Death of William Rufus

TT. The Burial of William Rufus

UU. The Election of Henry the First

WW. The Objections to the Marriage of Henry and Matilda

XX. The Treaty of 1101