Division I. Polypetalous Exogenous Plants (part 2)

8. P. Nuttàllii, Torr. & Gray. Resembles the last, but usually lower; spikes cylindrical, narrow; flowers duller or greenish purple, on very short pedicels; the awl-shaped scaly bracts persistent on the axis after the flowers or fruits fall; seed very hairy, the caruncle smaller.—Dry sandy soil, coast of Mass. to Mo., and southward.—Spike sometimes rather loose.

9. P. Curtíssii, Gray. Slender (9´ high), leaves, etc., as in the two preceding, flowers rose-purple, in usually short racemes; pedicels about equalling or exceeding the persistent bracts; the narrow oblong erect wings fully twice the length of the pod; caruncle small, on one side of the stalk-like base of the very hairy seed, which is conspicuously apiculate at the broader end.—Md. to Ga.—The species was founded upon an abnormal form with elongated racemes and pedicels.

[*][*][*] Annuals with at least the lower stem-leaves whorled in fours, sometimes in fives; spikes terminating the stem and branches; fl. summer and autumn.

[+] Spikes short and thick (4–9´´ in diameter); bracts persisting after the fall of the (middle-sized) rose or greenish purple flowers; crest small.

10. P. cruciàta, L. Stems (3–10´ high) almost winged at the angles, with spreading opposite branches; leaves nearly all in fours, linear and somewhat spatulate or oblanceolate; spikes sessile or nearly so; wings broadly deltoid-ovate, slightly heart-shaped, tapering to a bristly point or rarely pointless; caruncle nearly as long as the seed.—Margin of swamps, Maine to Va. and southward near the coast, and west to Minn. and Neb.

11. P. brevifòlia, Nutt. Rather slender, branched above; leaves scattered on the branches, narrower; spikes peduncled; wings lanceolate-ovate, pointless or barely mucronate.—Margin of sandy bogs, R. I., N. J. and southward.

[+][+] Spikes slender (about 2´´ thick), the bracts falling with the flowers, which are small, greenish-white or barely tinged with purple, the crest of the keel larger.

12. P. verticillàta, L. Slender (6–10´ high), much branched; stem-leaves all whorled, those of the (mostly opposite) branches scattered, linear, acute; spikes peduncled, usually short and dense, acute; wings round, clawed; the 2-lobed caruncle half the length of the seed.—Dry soil; common.

Var. ambígua. Leaves (and branches) all scattered or the lowest in fours; spikes long-peduncled, more slender, the flowers often purplish and scattered. (P. ambigua, Nutt.)—N. Y. to Mo., and southward.

[*][*][*][*] Biennials or annuals, with alternate leaves, and yellow flowers, which are disposed to turn greenish in drying; crest small; flowering all summer.

13. P. lùtea, L. Low; flowers (bright orange-yellow) in solitary ovate or oblong heads (¾´ thick) terminating the stem or simple branches; leaves (1–2´ long) obovate or spatulate; lobes of the caruncle nearly as long as the seed.—Sandy swamps, N. J. and southward, near the coast.

14. P. ramòsa, Ell. Flowers (citron-yellow) in numerous short and dense spike-like racemes collected in a flat-topped compound cyme; leaves oblong-linear, the lowest spatulate or obovate; seeds ovoid, minutely hairy, twice the length of the caruncle.—Damp pine-barrens, Del. and southward.

15. P. cymòsa, Walt. Stem short, naked above, the numerous racemes in a usually nearly simple cyme, leaves narrow, acuminate; seeds globose, without caruncle.—Del. and southward.

Order 32. LEGUMINÒSÆ. (Pulse Family.)

Plants with papilionaceous or sometimes regular flowers, 10 (rarely 5 and sometimes many) monadelphous, diadelphous, or rarely distinct stamens, and a single simple free pistil, becoming a legume in fruit. Seeds mostly without albumen. Leaves alternate, with stipules, usually compound. One of the sepals inferior (i.e. next the bract); one of the petals superior (i.e. next the axis of the inflorescence).—A very large order (nearly free from noxious qualities), of which the principal representatives in northern temperate regions belong to the first of the three suborders it comprises.

Suborder I. Papilionaceæ. Calyx of 5 sepals, more or less united, often unequally so. Corolla inserted into the base of the calyx, of 5 irregular petals (or very rarely fewer), more or less distinctly papilionaceous, i.e. with the upper or odd petal (vexillum or standard) larger than the others and enclosing them in the bud, usually turned backward or spreading; the two lateral ones (wings) oblique and exterior to the two lower, which last are connivent and commonly more or less coherent by their anterior edges, forming the carina or keel, which usually encloses the stamens and pistil. Stamens 10, very rarely 5, inserted with the corolla, monadelphous, diadelphous (mostly with 9 united into a tube which is cleft on the upper side, and the tenth or upper one separate), or occasionally distinct. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes 2-celled by an intrusion of one of the sutures, or transversely 2–many-celled by cross-division into joints; style simple; ovules amphitropous, rarely anatropous. Cotyledons large, thick or thickish; radicle incurved.—Leaves simple or simply compound, the earliest ones in germination usually opposite, the rest alternate; leaflets almost always quite entire. Flowers perfect, solitary and axillary, or in spikes, racemes, or panicles.

I. Stamens (10) distinct.

[*] Leaves palmately 3-foliolate or simple; calyx 4–5-lobed; herbs. (Podalyrieæ.)

1. Baptisia. Pod inflated.

2. Thermopsis. Pod flat, linear.

[*][*] Leaves pinnate; calyx-teeth short. (Sophoreæ.)

3. Cladrastis. Flowers panicled, white. Pod flat. A tree.

4. Sophora. Flowers racemose, white. Pod terete, moniliform. Herbaceous.

II. Stamens monadelphous, or diadelphous (9 and 1, rarely 5 and 5); nearly distinct in n. 14.

[*] Anthers of two forms; stamens monadelphous; leaves digitate or simple; leaflets entire. (Genisteæ.)

5. Crotalaria. Calyx 5-lobed. Pod inflated. Leaves simple.

6. Genista. Calyx 2-lipped. Pod flat. Seed estrophiolate. Leaves simple. Shrubby.

7. Cytisus. Calyx 2-lipped. Pod flat. Seed strophiolate. Leaves 1–3-foliolate. Shrubby.

8. Lupinus. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Pod flat. Leaves 7–11-foliolate.

[*][*] Anthers uniform (except in n. 13 and 29).

[+] Leaves digitately (rarely pinnately) 3-foliolate; leaflets denticulate or serrulate; stamens diadelphous, pods small, 1–few-seeded, often enclosed in the calyx or curved or coiled. (Trifolieæ.)

9. Trifolium. Flowers capitate. Pods membranaceous, 1–6-seeded. Petals adherent to the stamen-tube.

10. Melilotus. Flowers racemed. Pod coriaceous, wrinkled, 1–2-seeded.

11. Medicago. Flowers racemed or spiked. Pods curved or coiled, 1–few-seeded.

[+][+] Leaves unequally pinnate (or digitate in n. 13); pod not jointed; not twining nor climbing (except n. 20).

[++] Flowers umbellate (solitary in ours) on axillary peduncles. (Loteæ.)

12. Hosaekia. Leaves 1–3-foliolate. Peduncle leafy-bracteate. Pod linear.

[++][++] Flowers in spikes, racemes, or heads. (Galegeæ.)

[=] Herbage glandular-dotted; stamens mostly monadelphous; pod small, indehiscent, mostly 1-seeded; leaves pinnate (except in n. 13).

13. Psoralea. Corolla truly papilionaceous. Stamens 10, half of the anthers often smaller or less perfect. Leaves mostly palmately 3–5-foliolate.

14. Amorpha. Corolla of one petal! Stamens 10, monadelphous at base.

15. Dalea. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous. Stamens 9 or 10; the cleft tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals about its middle.

16. Petalostemon. Corolla scarcely at all papilionaceous. Stamens 5; the cleft tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals on its summit.

[=][=] Herbage not glandular-dotted (except in n. 23); stamens mostly diadelphous; pod 2-valved, several-seeded; leaves pinnately several-foliolate; flowers racemose.

a. Wings cohering with the keel; pod flat or 4-angled; hoary perennial herbs.

17. Tephrosia. Standard broad. Pod flat. Leaflets pinnately veined.

18. Indigofera. Calyx and standard small. Pod 4-angled. Leaflets obscurely veined.

b. Flowers large and showy; standard broad; wings free; woody; leaflets stipellate.

19. Robinia. Pod flat, thin, margined on one edge. Trees or shrubs.

20. Wistaria. Pod tumid, marginless. Woody twiners; leaflets obscurely stipellate.

c. Standard narrow, erect; pod turgid or inflated; perennial herbs.

21. Astragalus. Keel not tipped with a point or sharp appendage. Pod with one or both the sutures turned in, sometimes dividing the cell lengthwise into two.

22. Oxytropis. Keel tipped with an erect point; otherwise as Astragalus.

23. Glycyrrhiza. Flowers, etc., of Astragalus. Anther-cells confluent. Pod prickly or muricate, short, nearly indehiscent.

[+][+][+] Herbs with pinnate or pinnately 1–3-foliolate leaves; no tendrils; pod transversely 2–several-jointed, the reticulated 1-seeded joints indehiscent, or sometimes reduced to one such joint. (Hedysareæ.)

[=] Leaves pinnate, with several leaflets, not stipellate.

24. Æschynomene. Stamens equally diadelphous (5 and 5). Calyx 2-lipped. Pod several-jointed; joints square.

25. Coronilla. Stamens unequally diadelphous (9 and 1). Calyx 5-toothed. Joints oblong, 4-angled. Flowers umbellate.

26. Hedysarum. Stamens unequally diadelphous (9 and 1). Calyx 5-cleft. Pod several-jointed; joints roundish.

[=][=] Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, rarely 1-foliolate.

27. Desmodium. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1) or monadelphous below. Calyx 2-lipped. Pod several-jointed. Flowers all of one sort and complete. Leaflets stipellate.

28. Lespedeza. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1); anthers uniform. Pod 1–2-jointed. Flowers often of 2 sorts, the more fertile ones apetalous. Leaflets not stipellate.

29. Stylosanthes. Stamens monadelphous; anthers of 2 sorts. Pod 1–2-jointed. Calyx deciduous, the tube narrow and stalk-like. Leaflets not stipellate.

[+][+][+][+] Herbs with abruptly pinnate leaves, terminated by a tendril or bristle; stamens diadelphous; pod continuous, 2-valved, few–several-seeded. (Vicieæ.)

30. Vicia. Wings adherent to the keel. Style filiform, bearded with a tuft or ring of hairs at the apex.

31. Lathyrus. Wings nearly free. Style somewhat dilated and flattened upwards, bearded down the inner face.

[+][+][+][+][+] Twining (sometimes only trailing) herbs, leaves pinnately 3- (rarely 1- or 5–7-) foliolate; no tendrils; peduncles or flowers axillary, pod not jointed, 2-valved. (Phaseoleæ.)

[=] Leaves pinnate.

32. Apios. Herbaceous twiner; leaflets 5–7. Keel slender and much incurved or coiled.

[=][=] Leaves 3-foliolate. Ovules and seeds several. Flowers not yellow.

33. Phaseolus. Keel spirally coiled; standard recurved-spreading. Style bearded lengthwise. Flowers racemose. Seeds round-reniform.

34. Strophostyles. Keel long, strongly incurved. Style bearded lengthwise. Flowers sessile, capitate, few. Seeds oblong, mostly pubescent.

35. Centrosema. Calyx short, 5-cleft. Standard with a spur at the base; keel broad, merely incurved. Style minutely bearded next the stigma.

36. Clitoria. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed. Standard erect, spurless; keel scythe-shaped. Style bearded down the inner face.

37. Amphicarpæa. Calyx tubular, 4–5-toothed. Standard erect; keel almost straight. Style beardless. Some nearly apetalous fertile flowers next the ground.

38. Galactia. Calyx 4 cleft, the upper lobe broadest and entire. Style beardless. Bract and bractlets minute, mostly deciduous.

[=][=][=] Leaves 1–3-foliolate. Ovules and seeds only one or two. Flowers yellow.

39. Rhynchosia. Keel scythe shaped. Calyx 4–5-parted. Pod short.

Suborder II. Cæsalpinieæ. (Brasiletto Family.) Corolla perfectly or not at all papilionaceous, sometimes nearly regular, imbricated in the bud, the upper or odd petal inside and enclosed by the others, Stamens 10 or fewer, commonly distinct, inserted on the calyx. Seeds anatropous, often with albumen. Embryo straight.

[*] Flowers imperfectly papilionaceous, perfect. Trees.

40. Cercis. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Pod flat, wing-margined. Leaves simple.

[*][*] Flowers not at all papilionaceous, perfect. Calyx 5-parted. Herbs.

41. Cassia. Leaves simply and abruptly pinnate, not glandular-punctate.

42. Hoffmanseggia. Leaves bipinnate, glandular-punctate.

[*][*][*] Flowers not at all papilionaceous, polygamous or diœcious. Trees.

43. Gymnocladus. Leaves all doubly pinnate. Calyx-tube elongated, at its summit bearing 5 petals resembling the calyx lobes. Stamens 10.

44. Gleditschia. Thorny; leaves simply and doubly pinnate. Calyx tube short; its lobes, petals, and the stamens 3–5.

Suborder III. Mimoseæ. (Mimosa Family.) Flower regular, small. Corolla valvate in æstivation, often united into a 4–5-lobed cup, hypogynous, as are the (often very numerous) exserted stamens. Embryo straight. Leaves twice pinnate.

45. Desmanthus. Petals distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod smooth.

46. Schrankia. Petals united below into a cup. Stamens 8 or 10. Pod covered with small prickles or rough projections.

1. BAPTÍSIA, Vent. False Indigo.

Calyx 4–5-toothed. Standard not longer than the wings, its sides reflexed; keel-petals nearly separate, and, like the wings, straight. Stamens 10, distinct. Pod stalked in the persistent calyx, roundish or oblong, inflated, pointed, many seeded.—Perennial herbs, with palmately 3-foliolate (rarely simple) leaves, which generally blacken in drying, and racemed flowers. (Named from βαπτίζω, to dye, from the economical use of some species, which yield a poor indigo.)

[*] Racemes many, short and loose, terminal, often leafy at base, flowers yellow.

1. B. tinctòria, R. Br. (Wild Indigo.) Smooth and slender (2–3° high), rather glaucous; leaves almost sessile, leaflets rounded wedge-obovate (½–1½´ long), stipules and bracts minute and deciduous, pods oval-globose, on a stalk longer than the calyx.—Sandy dry soil, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and La.

[*][*] Racemes fewer, opposite the leaves.

[+] Flowers yellow.

2. B. villòsa, Ell. Sometimes soft-hairy, usually minutely pubescent when young, erect (2–3° high) with divergent branches; leaves almost sessile, leaflets wedge-lanceolate or obovate, lower stipules lanceolate and persistent, on the branchlets often small and subulate, racemes many-flowered; pedicels short; bracts subulate, mostly deciduous; pods ovoid-oblong and taper-pointed, minutely pubescent.—Va. to N. C. and Ark.

[+][+] Flowers white or cream-color.

3. B. leucophæ̀a, Nutt. Hairy, low (1° high), with divergent branches; leaves almost sessile, leaflets narrowly oblong-obovate or spatulate; stipules and bracts large and leafy, persistent; racemes long (often 1°), reclined; flowers on elongated pedicels, cream-color; pods pointed at both ends, hoary.—Mich. to Minn., south to Tex. April, May.

4. B. leucántha, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stems, leaves, and racemes as in n. 6; stipules early deciduous; flowers white; pods oval-oblong, raised on a stalk fully twice the length of the calyx.—Alluvial soil, Ont. and Ohio to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

5. B. álba, R. Br. Smooth (1–3° high), the branches slender and widely spreading; petioles slender; stipules and bracts minute and deciduous; leaflets oblong or oblanceolate; racemes slender on a long naked peduncle; pods linear-oblong (1–1½´ long), short-stalked.—Dry soil, S. Ind. and Mo., to La., N. C., and Fla. July.

[+][+][+] Flowers indigo-blue.

6. B. austràlis, R. Br. (Blue False-Indigo.) Smooth, tall and stout (4–5°); leaflets oblong-wedge-form, obtuse; stipules lanceolate, as long as the petioles, rather persistent; raceme elongated (1–2°) and many-flowered, erect; bracts deciduous; stalk of the oval-oblong pods about the length of the calyx.—Alluvial soil, Penn. to Ga., west to S. Ind., Mo., and Ark.

2. THERMÓPSIS, R. Br.

Pod sessile or shortly stipitate in the calyx, flat, linear, straight or curved. Otherwise nearly as Baptisia.—Perennial herbs, with palmately 3-foliolate leaves and foliaceous stipules, not blackening in drying, and yellow flowers in terminal racemes. (Name from θέρμος, the lupine, and ὄψις resemblance.)

1. T. móllis, M. A. Curtis. Finely appressed-pubescent, 2–3° high; leaflets rhombic-lanceolate, 1–3´ long; stipules narrow, mostly shorter than the petiole; raceme elongated; pods narrow, short stipitate, somewhat curved, 2–4´ long.—Mountains of S. Va. and N. C.

2. T. rhombifòlia, Nutt. Low, with smaller leaves and broad conspicuous stipules; racemes short, few-flowered; pods broadly linear, spreading, usually strongly curved.—Sask. to E. Col., near or in the mountains, reported from central Kan.

3. CLADRÁSTIS, Raf. Yellow-Wood.

Calyx 5-toothed. Standard large, roundish, reflexed; the distinct keel-petals and wings straight, oblong. Stamens 10, distinct; filaments slender, incurved above. Pod short-stalked above the calyx, linear, flat, thin, marginless, 4–6-seeded, at length 2-valved.—A handsome tree, with yellow wood, smooth bark, nearly smooth pinnate leaves of 7–11 oval or ovate leaflets, and ample panicled racemes (10–20´ long) of showy white flowers drooping from the ends of the branches. Stipules obsolete. Base of the petioles hollow, enclosing the leaf buds of the next year. Bracts minute and fugacious. (Name from κλάδος, a branch, and θραυστός, brittle.)

1. C. tinctòria, Raf. Sometimes 50° high; pods 3–4´ long.—Rich hillsides, central Ky. and Tenn. to N. C. Also in cultivation. The wood yields a yellow dye.

4. SOPHÒRA, L.

Calyx bell-shaped, shortly 5-toothed. Standard rounded; keel nearly straight. Stamens distinct or nearly so. Pod coriaceous, stipitate, terete, more or less constricted between the seeds, indehiscent. Seeds subglobose.—Shrubby or ours an herbaceous perennial, the leaves pinnate with numerous leaflets, and flowers white or yellow in terminal racemes. (Said by Linnæus to be the ancient name of an allied plant.)

1. S. serícea, Nutt. Silky canescent, erect, 1° high or less; leaflets oblong-obovate, 3–6´´ long; flowers white; pods few-seeded.—Central Kan. to Col., Tex., and Ariz.

5. CROTALÀRIA, L. Rattle-box.

Calyx 5-cleft, scarcely 2-lipped. Standard large, heart-shaped; keel scythe-shaped. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens cleft on the upper side; 5 of the anthers smaller and roundish. Pod inflated, oblong, many-seeded.—Herbs with simple leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name from κρόταλον, a rattle; the loose seeds rattling in the coriaceous inflated pods.)

1. C. sagittàlis, L. Annual, hairy (3–6´ high); leaves oval or oblong-lanceolate, scarcely petioled, stipules united and decurrent on the stem, so as to be inversely arrow-shaped; peduncles few-flowered; corolla not longer than the calyx; pod blackish.—Sandy soil; Maine to Ill., Minn., Kan., and southward.

6. GENÍSTA, L. Woad-Waxen. Whin.

Calyx 2-lipped. Standard oblong-oval, spreading; keel oblong, straight, deflexed. Stamens monadelphous, the sheath entire; 5 alternate anthers shorter. Pod mostly flat and several-seeded.—Shrubby plants, with simple leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name from the Celtic gen, a bush.)

G. tinctòria, L. (Dyer's Green-weed.) Low, not thorny, with striate-angled erect branches; leaves lanceolate; flowers in spiked racemes.—Established on sterile hills, eastern N. Y. and Mass. (Adv. from Eu.)

7. CÝTISUS, Tourn. Broom.

Calyx campanulate, with 2 short broad lips. Petals broad, the keel obtuse and slightly incurved. Stamens monadelphous. Pod flat, much longer than the calyx. Seeds several, with a strophiole at the hilum.—Shrubs, with stiff green branches, leaves mostly digitately 3-foliolate, and large bright yellow flowers. (The ancient Roman name of a plant, probably a Medicago.)

C. scopàrius, Link. (Scotch Broom.) Glabrous or nearly so (3–5° high); leaflets small, obovate, often reduced to a single one; flowers solitary or in pairs, on slender pedicels, in the axils of the old leaves, forming leafy racemes along the upper branches; style very long and spirally incurved.—Va. and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)

8. LUPÌNUS, Tourn. Lupine.

Calyx very deeply 2-lipped. Sides of the standard reflexed; keel scythe-shaped, pointed. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens entire; anthers alternately oblong and roundish. Pod oblong, flattened, often knotty by constrictions between the seeds. Cotyledons thick and fleshy.—Herbs, with palmately 1–15-foliolate leaves, stipules adnate to base of the petiole, and showy flowers in terminal racemes or spikes. (Name from Lupus, a wolf, because these plants were thought to devour the fertility of the soil.)

1. L. perénnis, L. (Wild Lupine.) Perennial, somewhat hairy; stem erect (1–2°); leaflets 7–11, oblanceolate; flowers in a long raceme, showy, purplish-blue (rarely pale); pods broad, very hairy, 5–6-seeded.—Sandy soil, N. Eng. to Minn., Mo., and south to the Gulf.—Var. occidentàlis, Watson, has stems and petioles more villous.—Mich. and Wisc.

2. L. pusíllus, Pursh. Annual, low, villous; leaflets usually 5; racemes short, sessile; flowers purple or rose-color; pods oval, hirsute, 2-seeded.—Central Dak. and Kan., and westward.

9. TRIFÒLIUM, Tourn. Clover. Trefoil.

Calyx persistent, 5-cleft, the teeth bristle-form. Corolla mostly withering or persistent; the claws of all the petals, or of all except the oblong or ovate standard, more or less united below with the stamen-tube; keel short and obtuse. Tenth stamen more or less separate. Pods small and membranous, often included in the calyx, 1–6-seeded, indehiscent, or opening by one of the sutures.—Tufted or diffuse herbs. Leaves mostly palmately, sometimes pinnately 3-foliolate; leaflets usually toothed. Stipules united with the petiole. Flowers in heads or spikes. (Name from tres, three, and folium, a leaf.)

[*] Flowers sessile in dense heads; corolla purple or purplish, withering away after flowering, tubular below, the petals more or less coherent with each other.

[+] Calyx-teeth silky-plumose, longer than the whitish corolla; root annual.

T. arvénse, L. (Rabbit-foot or Stone Clover.) Silky, branching (5–10´ high); leaflets oblanceolate; heads becoming very soft-silky and grayish, oblong or cylindrical.—Old fields, etc. (Nat. from Eu.)

[+][+] Calyx scarcely hairy except a bearded ring in the throat, shorter than the rose-purple elongated-tubular corolla. (Short-lived perennials; flowers sweet-scented.)

T. praténse, L. (Red C.) Stems ascending, somewhat hairy; leaflets oval or obovate, often notched at the end and marked on the upper side with a pale spot; stipules broad, bristle-pointed; heads ovate, sessile.—Fields and meadows; largely cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.)

T. mèdium, L. (Zigzag C.) Stems zigzag, smoothish; leaflets oblong, entire, and spotless; heads mostly stalked; flowers deeper purple, otherwise too like the last.—Dry hills, N. Scotia to E. Mass. (Adv. from Eu.)

[*][*] Flowers pedicelled in umbel-like round heads on a naked peduncle, their short pedicels reflexed when old; corolla white or rose-color, withering-persistent and turning brownish in fading; the tubular portion short.

1. T. refléxum, L. (Buffalo C.) Annual or biennial; stems ascending, downy; leaflets obovate-oblong, finely toothed; stipules thin, ovate; standard rose-red, wings and keel whitish; calyx-teeth hairy; pods 3–5-seeded.—Western N. Y. and Ont. to Iowa, Kan., and southward.

2. T. stoloníferum, Muhl. (Running Buffalo-C.) Smooth, perennial; stems with long runners from the base; leaflets broadly obovate or obcordate, minutely toothed; heads loose; flowers white, tinged with purple; pods 2-seeded.—Open woodlands and prairies, Ohio and Ky., west to Iowa and Kan.

3. T. rèpens, L. (White C.) Smooth, perennial; the slender stems spreading and creeping; leaflets inversely heart-shaped or merely notched, obscurely toothed; stipules scale-like, narrow; petioles and especially the peduncles very long; heads small and loose; calyx much shorter than the white corolla; pods about 4-seeded.—Fields and copses, everywhere. Indigenous only in the northern part of our range, if at all.

4. T. Caroliniànum, Michx. Somewhat pubescent small perennial, procumbent, in tufts; leaflets wedge-obovate and slightly notched; stipules ovate, foliaceous; heads small on slender peduncles; calyx-teeth lanceolate, nearly equalling the purplish corolla; standard pointed; pods 4-seeded.—Waste ground near Philadelphia, south to Va., Fla., and Tex.

T. hýbridum, L. (Alsike C.) Resembling T. repens, but the stems erect or ascending, not rooting at the nodes; flowers rose-tinted.—Becoming common. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*][*] Flowers short-pedicelled in close heads, reflexed when old; corolla yellow, persistent, turning dry and chestnut-brown with age, the standard becoming hood-shaped; annuals, fl. in summer.

T. agràrium, L. (Yellow or Hop-C.) Smoothish, somewhat upright (6–12´ high); leaflets obovate-oblong, all three from the same point (palmate) and nearly sessile; stipules narrow, cohering with the petiole for more than half its length.—Sandy fields and roadsides; N. Scotia to Va.; also in western N. Y. (Nat. from Eu.)

T. procúmbens, L. (Low Hop-C.) Stems spreading or ascending, pubescent (3–6´ high); leaflets wedge-obovate, notched at the end, the lateral at a small distance from the other (pinnately 3-foliolate); stipules ovate, short.—Sandy fields and roadsides, common.—Var. mìnus, Gray, has smaller heads, the standard not much striate with age. (Nat. from Eu.)

10. MELILÒTUS, Tourn. Melilot. Sweet Clover.

Flowers much as in Trifolium, but in spike-like racemes, small; corolla deciduous, free from the stamen-tube. Pod ovoid, coriaceous, wrinkled, longer than the calyx, scarcely dehiscent, 1–2-seeded.—Annual or biennial herbs, fragrant in drying, with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, leaflets toothed. (Name from μέλι, honey, and λωτός, some leguminous plant.)

M. officinàlis, Willd. (Yellow Melilot.) Upright (2–4° high); leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse; corolla yellow; the petals nearly of equal length.—Waste or cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.)

M. álba, Lam. (White M.) Leaflets truncate; corolla white; the standard longer than the other petals.—In similar places. (Adv. from Eu.)

11. MEDICÀGO, Tourn. Medick.

Flowers nearly as in Melilotus. Pod 1–several-seeded, scythe-shaped, incurved, or variously coiled.—Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; leaflets toothed; stipules often cut. (Μηδική, the name of Lucerne, because it came to the Greeks from Media.)

M. satìva, L. (Lucerne. Alfalfa.) Upright, smooth, perennial; leaflets obovate-oblong, toothed; flowers (purple) racemed; pods spirally twisted.—Cultivated for green fodder; spontaneous from Mass. to Minn. and Kan. (Adv. from Eu.)

M. lupulìna, L. (Black Medick. Nonesuch.) Procumbent, pubescent, annual; leaflets wedge-obovate, toothed at the apex; flowers in short spikes (yellow); pods kidney-form, 1-seeded.—Waste places, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Mich., Iowa, and Mo. (Adv. from Eu.)

M. maculàta, Willd. (Spotted Medick.) Spreading or procumbent annual, somewhat pubescent; leaflets obcordate, with a purple spot, minutely toothed; peduncles 3–5-flowered; flowers yellow; pods compactly spiral, of 2 or 3 turns, compressed, furrowed on the thick edge, and fringed with a double row of curved prickles.—N. Brunswick to Mass. (Adv. from Eu.)

M. denticulàta, Willd. Nearly glabrous; pods loosely spiral, deeply reticulated, and with a thin keeled edge; otherwise like the last, and with the same range. (Adv. from Eu.)

12. HOSÁCKIA, Douglas.

Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals free from the diadelphous stamens; standard ovate or roundish, its claw often remote from the others; wings obovate or oblong; keel incurved. Pod linear, compressed or somewhat terete, sessile, several-seeded.—Herbs, with pinnate leaves (in ours 1–3-foliolate, with gland-like stipules), and small yellow or reddish flowers in umbels (ours solitary) upon axillary leafy-bracteate peduncles. (Named for Dr. David Hosack, of New York.)

1. H. Purshiàna, Benth. Annual, more or less silky-villous or glabrous, often 1° high or more; leaves nearly sessile, the 1–3 leaflets ovate to lanceolate (3–9´´ long); peduncles often short, bracteate with a single leaflet.—N. C.; S. W. Minn. to Ark., and west to the Pacific. Very variable.

13. PSORÀLEA, L.

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, the lower lobe longest. Stamens diadelphous or sometimes monadelphous. Pod seldom longer than the calyx, thick, often wrinkled, indehiscent, 1-seeded.—Perennial herbs, usually sprinkled all over or roughened (especially the calyx, pods, etc.) with glandular dots or points. Leaves mostly 3–5-foliolate. Flowers spiked or racemed, white or mostly blue-purplish. Root sometimes tuberous and farinaceous. (Name, ψωραλέος, scurfy, from the glands or dots.)

[*] Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate.

1. P. Onóbrychis, Nutt. Nearly smooth and free from glands, erect (3–5° high); leaflets lanceolate-ovate, taper-pointed (3´ long); stipules and bracts awl-shaped; racemes elongated; peduncle shorter than the leaves; pods roughened and wrinkled.—River-banks, Ohio to Ill. and Mo.; also south and east to S. C. July.

2. P. stipulàta, Torr. & Gray. Nearly smooth and glandless; stems diffuse; leaflets ovate-elliptical, reticulated; stipules ovate; flowers in heads on rather short peduncles; bracts broadly ovate, sharp-pointed.—Rocks, S. Ind. and Ky. June, July.

3. P. melilotoìdes, Michx. Somewhat pubescent, more or less glandular; stems erect (1–2° high), slender; leaflets lanceolate or narrowly oblong; spikes oblong, long-peduncled; stipules awl-shaped; bracts ovate or lanceolate, taper-pointed; pods strongly wrinkled transversely.—Dry soil, Fla. to Tenn., S. Ind. and Kan. June.

[*][*] Leaves palmately 3–5-foliolate; roots not tuberous.

4. P. tenuiflòra, Pursh. Slender, erect, much branched and bushy (2–4° high), minutely hoary-pubescent when young; leaflets varying from linear to obovate-oblong (½–1½´ long), glandular-dotted; flowers (2–3´´ long) in loose racemes; lobes of the calyx and bracts ovate, acute; pod glandular. (P. floribunda, Nutt.)—Prairies, Minn. to Ill., Tex., and westward. June–Sept.

5. P. argophýlla, Pursh. Silvery silky-white all over, erect, divergently branched (1–3° high); leaflets elliptical-lanceolate; spikes interrupted; lobes of the calyx and bracts lanceolate.—High plains, N. Wisc. to Iowa, Kan., and westward. June.—Flowers 4–5´´ long.

6. P. digitàta, Nutt. More slender and less hoary, 1–2° high; leaflets linear-oblanceolate; bracts of the interrupted spike obcordate; calyx-lobes oblong, acute.—Central Kan. to Col. and Tex.

7. P. lanceolàta, Pursh. Glabrous or nearly so, yellowish green, densely punctate; leaflets 3, linear to oblanceolate; flowers small, in very short spikes; calyx 1´´ long, with short broad teeth.—Central Kan. to the Sask. and westward.

[*][*][*] Leaves palmately 5-foliolate; root tuberous; spike-like racemes dense.

8. P. esculénta, Pursh. Roughish hairy all over; stem stout (5–15´ high) and erect from a tuberous or turnip-shaped farinaceous root; leaflets obovate- or lanceolate-oblong; spikes oblong, long-peduncled; lobes of the calyx and bracts lanceolate, nearly equalling the corolla (½´ long).—High plains, Sask. to Wisc., Iowa, and Tex. June. The Pomme blanche, or Pomme de Prairie, of the voyageurs.

9. P. hypogæ̀a, Nutt. Tuber small; nearly acaulescent, hoary with appressed hairs; leaflets linear; spikes short-capitate, on peduncles ½–2´ long; calyx narrow, 3–6´´ long.—Central Kan. to Col. and Tex.

10. P. cuspidàta, Pursh. Stout, tall, from a deep-seated tuber, hoary with appressed hairs; leaflets usually broadly oblanceolate, obtuse; flowers large, the petals (6–8´´ long) exceeding the lanceolate-lobed calyx.—Central Kan. to Col. and Tex.

14. AMÓRPHA, L. False Indigo.

Calyx inversely conical, 5-toothed, persistent. Standard (the other petals entirely wanting!) wrapped around the stamens and style. Stamens 10, monadelphous at the very base, otherwise distinct. Pod oblong, longer than the calyx, 1–2-seeded, roughened, tardily dehiscent.—Shrubs, with odd-pinnate leaves; the leaflets marked with minute dots, usually stipellate, the midvein excurrent. Flowers violet or purple, crowded in clustered terminal spikes. (Name, ἄμορφος, deformed, from the absence of four of the petals.)

[*] Pods 1-seeded; leaflets small (½´ long or less), crowded.

1. A. canéscens, Nutt. (Lead-Plant.) Whitened with hoary down (1–3° high); leaflets 15–25 pairs, oblong-elliptical, becoming smoothish above; spikes usually clustered at the summit.—Sask. to Ind. and Tex., west to the Rocky Mts.; also eastward to Ga.

2. A. microphýlla, Pursh. Nearly glabrous throughout, 1° high or less; leaflets rather rigid; spikes usually solitary.—Sask. to Minn. and Iowa, west to the Rocky Mts.

[*][*] Pods 2-seeded; leaflets larger, scattered.

3. A. fruticòsa, L. (False Indigo.) A tall shrub, rather pubescent or smoothish, leaflets 8–12 pairs, oblong to broadly elliptical.—River-banks, S. Penn. to Fla., west to Sask., Tex., and the Rocky Mts. Very variable.

15. DÀLEA, L.

Calyx 5-cleft or toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous; petals all on claws; the standard heart-shaped, inserted in the bottom of the calyx; the keel and wings borne on the middle of the monadelphous sheath of filaments, which is cleft down one side. Stamens 10, rarely 9. Pod membranaceous, 1-seeded, indehiscent, enclosed in the persistent calyx.—Mostly herbs, more or less glandular-dotted, with minute stipules; the small flowers in terminal spikes or heads. (Named for Samuel Dale, an English botanist.)

[*] Glabrous; flowers white or rose-color; leaflets 4–20 pairs; annuals.

1. D. alopecuroìdes, Willd. Erect (1–2° high); leaflets 10–20 pairs, linear-oblong; flowers light rose-color or whitish, in cylindrical spikes; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, deciduous; calyx very villous, with long slender teeth.—Alluvial soil, Minn. to Ill. and Ala., west to the Rocky Mts.

2. D. laxiflòra, Pursh. Erect (1–4° high), branching; leaflets 3–5 pairs, linear, 2–3´´ long; spikes loosely-flowered; bracts conspicuous, persistent, almost orbicular and very obtuse; petals white; calyx densely villous, the long teeth beautifully plumose.—Iowa and Mo. to Tex., west to Col.

[*][*] Pubescent; leaflets 3–4 pairs; perennial herbs.

3. D. aùrea, Nutt. Stems erect and simple, 1–3° high; leaflets oblong-obovate to linear-oblong, more or less silky-pubescent; spikes solitary, oblong-ovate, very compact and densely silky; bracts short, rhombic-ovate; petals yellow.—On the plains, Mo. to Tex., and westward.

4. D. lanàta, Spreng. Very pubescent throughout, 1–2° high, branching; leaflets obovate to oblong-obovate, 2–3´´ long; spikes slender, rather loose, the obovate acute bracts equalling the small short-toothed calyx; petals short, purple.—Central Kan. to Tex., and westward.

16. PETALOSTÈMON, Michx. Prairie Clover.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla indistinctly papilionaceous; petals all on thread-shaped claws, 4 of them nearly similar and spreading, borne on the top of the monadelphous and cleft sheath of filaments, alternate with the 5 anthers; the fifth (standard) inserted in the bottom of the calyx, heart-shaped or oblong. Pod membranaceous, enclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1–2 seeded.—Chiefly perennial herbs, upright, glandular-dotted, with crowded odd-pinnate leaves, minute stipules, and small flowers in very dense terminal and peduncled heads or spikes. (Name combined of the two Greek words for petal and stamen, alluding to the peculiar union of these organs in this genus.)

1. P. violàceus, Michx. Smoothish; leaflets 5, narrowly linear; heads globose-ovate, or oblong-cylindrical when old; bracts pointed, not longer than the silky-hoary calyx; corolla rose-purple.—Dry prairies, Minn. to Ind. and Tex., west to the Rocky Mts. July.

2. P. cándidus, Michx. Smooth; leaflets 7–9, lanceolate or linear-oblong; heads oblong, when old cylindrical; bracts awned, longer than the nearly glabrous calyx; corolla white.—With n. 1.

3. P. villòsus, Nutt. Soft-downy or silky all over; leaflets 13–17, linear or oblong, small (4–5´´ long); spikes cylindrical (1–5´ long), short-peduncled, soft-villous; corolla rose-color.—Wisc. to Mo., west to the Rocky Mts.

4. P. foliòsus, Gray. Smooth, very leafy; leaflets 15–29, linear-oblong; spikes cylindrical, short-peduncled; bracts slender-awned from a lanceolate base, exceeding the glabrous calyx; petals rose-color.—River-banks, Ill. and Tenn.

5. P. multiflòrus, Nutt. Glabrous throughout, erect, branching; leaflets 3–9, linear to oblong; spikes globose, the subulate setaceous bracts much shorter than the acutely toothed calyx, petals white.—Kan. to Tex.

17. TEPHRÒSIA, Pers. Hoary Pea.

Calyx about equally 5-cleft. Standard roundish, usually silky outside, turned back, scarcely longer than the coherent wings and keel. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several seeded, 2-valved.—Hoary perennial herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white or purplish racemed flowers. Leaflets mucronate, veiny. (Name from τεφρός, ash-colored or hoary.)

1. T. Virginiàna, Pers. (Goat's Rue. Catgut.) Silky-villous with whitish hairs when young; stem erect and simple (1–2° high), leafy to the top; leaflets 17–29, linear-oblong; flowers large and numerous, clustered in a terminal oblong dense raceme or panicle, yellowish-white marked with purple.—Dry sandy soil. June, July.—Roots long and slender, very tough.

2. T. spicàta, Torr. & Gray. Villous with rusty hairs; stems branched below, straggling or ascending (2° long), few-leaved; leaflets 9–15, obovate or oblong-wedge-shaped, often notched; flowers few, in a loose and interrupted very long-peduncled spike, reddish.—Dry soil, from Del. and Va. to Fla. and Miss. July.

3. T. hispídula, Pers. Hairy with some long and rusty or only minute and appressed pubescence; stems slender (9–24´ long), divergently branched, straggling; leaflets 5–15, oblong, varying to obovate-wedge-shaped and oblanceolate; peduncles longer than the leaves, 2–4-flowered, flowers reddish-purple.—Dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla. and Ala.

18. INDIGÒFERA, L. Indigo.

Calyx small, equally 5-cleft. Standard roundish, silky outside, wings coherent; keel erect, gibbous or spurred at base. Stamens diadelphous; connective gland-like. Pod 1–several-seeded, septate within between the seeds.—Herbs or shrubs, mostly canescent with appressed hairs fixed by the middle, with odd-pinnate faintly-nerved leaves, and pink or purplish flowers in naked axillary spikes. (So named because some of the species yield the indigo of commerce.)

1. I. leptosépala, Nutt. A perennial herb, ½–2° high; leaflets 5–9, oblanceolate; spikes very loose; pods linear, 6–9 seeded, obtusely 4-angled, reflexed, 1´ long.—Kan. to Tex. and Fla.

19. ROBÍNIA, L. Locust-tree.

Calyx short, 5-toothed, slightly 2-lipped. Standard large and rounded, turned back, scarcely longer than the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, margined on the seed-bearing edge, at length 2-valved.—Trees or shrubs, often with prickly spines for stipules. Leaves odd-pinnate, the ovate or oblong leaflets stipellate. Flowers showy, in hanging axillary racemes. Base of the leaf-stalks covering the buds of the next year. (Named in honor of John Robin, herbalist to Henry IV. of France, and his son Vespasian Robin, who first cultivated the Locust-tree in Europe.)

1. R. Pseudacàcia, L. (Common Locust or False Acacia.) Branches naked; racemes slender, loose; flowers white, fragrant; pod smooth.—S. Penn. to Ind., Iowa, and southward. Commonly cultivated as an ornamental tree, and for its valuable timber; naturalized in many places. June.

2. R. viscòsa, Vent. (Clammy L.) Branchlets and leaf-stalks clammy; flowers crowded in oblong racemes, tinged with rose-color, nearly inodorous; pod glandular-hispid.—Va. to N. C. and Ga., in the mountains. Cultivated, like the last, and often escaped. June.

3. R. híspida, L. (Bristly L. or Rose Acacia.) Shrub 3–8° high; branchlets and stalks bristly; flowers large and deep rose-color, inodorous; pods glandular-hispid.—Varies with less bristly or nearly naked branchlets; also with smaller flowers, etc.—Mts. of Va. to N. C. and Ga. May, June.

20. WISTÀRIA, Nutt.

Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lipped; upper lip of 2 short teeth, the lower of 3 longer ones. Standard roundish, large, turned back, with 2 callosities at its base; keel scythe-shaped; wings doubly auricled at the base. Stamens diadelphous. Pods elongated, thickish, knobby, stipitate, many-seeded, at length 2-valved. Seeds large.—Woody twiners, climbing high, with minute stipules, pinnate leaves of 9–13 ovate-lanceolate leaflets, with or without minute stipels, and dense racemes of large and showy lilac-purple flowers. (Dedicated to the late Professor Wistar, of Philadelphia.)

1. W. frutéscens, Poir. Downy or smoothish when old; wings of the corolla with one short auricle and an awl-shaped one as long as the claw.—Alluvial grounds, Va. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Kan. and La. May.—Sometimes cultivated for ornament, as is the still handsomer Chinese species.

21. ASTRÁGALUS, Tourn. Milk-Vetch.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla usually long and narrow; standard narrow, equalling or exceeding the wings and blunt keel, its sides reflexed or spreading. Stamens diadelphous. Pod several–many-seeded, various, mostly turgid, one or both sutures usually projecting into the cell, either slightly or so as to divide the cavity lengthwise into two.—Chiefly herbs (ours perennials), with odd-pinnate leaves and spiked or racemed flowers. Mature pods are usually necessary for certain identification of the species. (The ancient Greek name of a leguminous plant, as also of the ankle-bone; but the connection between the two is past all guess.)

I. Pod turgid, completely or imperfectly 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal suture, the ventral suture being not at all or less deeply inflexed.—Astragalus proper.

[*] Pod plum-shaped, succulent, becoming thick and fleshy, indehiscent, not stipitute, completely 2-celled.

1. A. caryocárpus, Ker. (Ground Plum.) Pale and minutely appressed-pubescent; leaflets narrowly oblong; flowers in a short spike-like raceme; corolla violet-purple; fruit glabrous, ovate-globular, more or less pointed, about {2/3}´ in diameter, very thick-walled, cellular or corky when dry.—Sask. and Minn. to Mo., Col., and Tex. May.

2. A. Mexicànus, A. DC. Smoother, or pubescent with looser hairs, larger; leaflets roundish, obovate, or oblong; flowers larger (10–12´´ long); calyx softly hairy; corolla cream-color, bluish only at the tip; fruit globular, very obtuse and pointless, 1´ or more in diameter; otherwise like the last.—Prairies and open plains, Ill. to Kan., south to Tex. The unripe fruits of both resemble green plums—whence the popular name—and are eaten, raw or cooked, by travellers.

3. A. Platténsis, Nutt. Loosely villous; stipules conspicuous; leaflets oblong, often glabrous above; flowers crowded in a short spike or oblong head, cream-color often tinged or tipped with purple; fruit ovate, pointed, and with the calyx villous.—Gravelly or sandy banks, Minn. to Ind. and Ala., west to Col. and Tex.—Var. Tennesseénsis, Gray, has the pod oblong and slightly curved, and much less fleshy. May.

[*][*] Pod dry, coriaceous, cartilaginous or membranous, dehiscent.

[+] Pod completely 2-celled, sessile.

4. A. mollíssimus, Torr. Stout, decumbent, densely silky-villous throughout and tomentose; leaflets 19–29, ovate-oblong; peduncles elongated; spikes dense, with rather large violet flowers (6–12´´ long); pod narrow-oblong (5–9´´ long), glabrous, somewhat obcompressed and sulcate at both sutures, at length incurved.—Neb. to Kan. and Tex., west to Col. The most common "loco"-plant, and said to be very poisonous to cattle.

5. A. Canadénsis, L. Tall and erect (1–4° high), somewhat pubescent or glabrate; leaflets 21–27, oblong; flowers greenish cream-color, very numerous, in long dense spikes, pods crowded, oblong (6´´ long), glabrous, terete, scarcely sulcate and only on the back, nearly straight.—River-banks, western N. Y. to N. Ga., and far westward.

6. A. adsúrgens, Pall. Ascending or decumbent (4–18´ high), cinereous with minute appressed pubescence or glabrate; leaflets about 21, narrowly or linear-oblong; spike dense, with medium-sized pale or purplish flowers; pubescence of calyx appressed; pod oblong (4–5´´ long), finely pubescent, triangular-compressed, with a deep dorsal furrow, straight.—Red River valley, Minn., to W. Kan., and westward. (Asia.)

7. A. hypoglóttis, L. Slender (6´–2° long), diffusely procumbent or ascending, with a rather loose pubescence or nearly glabrous; leaflets 15–21, oblong, obtuse or retuse; flowers violet, capitate; calyx loosely pubescent; pod as in the last, but ovate and silky-villous.—Red River valley, Minn., to central Kan. and westward.

[+][+] Pod not completely 2-celled.

[++] Pod stipitate, pendent.

8. A. alpìnus, L. Diffuse (6–12´ high), smooth or slightly hairy; leaflets 13–25; flowers violet-purple, or at least the keel tipped with violet or blue; calyx campanulate; pod narrowly oblong, short-acuminate, black-pubescent, triangular-turgid, deeply grooved on the back, straight or curved, its stipe usually rather exceeding the calyx.—Rocky banks, Lab. to Maine and N. Vt.

9. A. Robbínsii, Gray. Nearly smooth and erect (1° high), slender; leaflets 7–11; calyx more oblong; flowers white; pod oblong (6´´ long), obtuse or acutish, minutely darkish-pubescent, somewhat laterally compressed, not dorsally sulcate or obsoletely so, straight or somewhat incurved, rather abruptly narrowed at base into the often included stipe.—Rocky ledges, Vt.

10. A. racemòsus, Pursh. Stout (1–2° high), erect or ascending, appressed-pubescent or glabrate; leaflets 13–25; flowers numerous, white, pendent; calyx campanulate, gibbous, white-pubescent; pod straight, narrow, 1´ long, acute at both ends, triangular-compressed, deeply grooved on the back, the ventral edge acute.—Neb. to Mo., and westward.

[++][++] Pod sessile.

11. A. grácilis, Nutt. Subcinereous, slender (1° high or more); leaflets 11–17, linear, obtuse or retuse; racemes loose; flowers small (3´´ long); pods pendent, 2–3´´ long, coriaceous, elliptic-ovate, concave on the back, the ventral suture prominent, white-hairy, at length glabrous, transversely veined.—Minn. to Neb. and Mo., and westward.

12. A. distórtus, Torr. & Gray. Low, diffuse, many-stemmed, subglabrous; leaflets 17–25, oblong, emarginate; flowers in a short spike, pale-purple; pod ovate- or lance-oblong, curved, 6–9´´ long, glabrous, thick-coriaceous, somewhat grooved on the back, the ventral suture nearly flat.—Ill. to Iowa, Mo., Ark. and Tex.

13. A. lotiflòrus, Hook. Hoary or cinereous with appressed hairs; stems very short; leaflets 7–13, lance-oblong; flowers yellowish, in few-flowered heads, with peduncles exceeding the leaves or very short; calyx campanulate, the subulate teeth exceeding the tube; pod oblong-ovate, 9–12´´ long, acuminate, acute at base, canescent, the back more or less impressed, the acute ventral suture nearly straight.—Sask. to Neb. and Tex., west to the mountains.

14. A. Missouriénsis, Nutt. Short-caulescent, hoary with a closely appressed silky pubescence; leaflets 5–15, oblong, elliptic or obovate; flowers few, capitate or spicate, 5–8´´ long, violet; calyx oblong, the teeth very slender; pod oblong (1´ long), acute, obtuse at base, pubescent, nearly straight, obcompressed or obcompressed-triangular, depressed on the back and the ventral suture more or less prominent, transversely rugulose.—Sask. to Neb. and N. Mex.

II. Pod 1-celled, neither suture being inflexed or the ventral more intruded than the dorsal.—Phaca.

15. A. Coòperi, Gray. Nearly smooth, erect (1–2° high); leaflets 11–21, elliptical or oblong, somewhat retuse, minutely hoary beneath; flowers white, rather numerous in a short spike; calyx dark-pubescent; pod coriaceous, inflated, ovate-globose (6–9´´ long), acute, glabrous, slightly sulcate on both sides, cavity webby.—Ont. and western N. Y. to Minn. and Iowa.

16. A. flexuòsus, Dougl. Ashy-puberulent, ascending (1–2° high); leaflets 11–21, mostly narrow; flowers small, in loose racemes; pod thin-coriaceous, cylindric (8–11´´ long, 2´´ broad), pointed, straight or curved, puberulent, very shortly stipitate.—Red River Valley, Minn., to Col.

22. OXÝTROPIS, DC.

Keel tipped with a sharp projecting point or appendage; otherwise as in Astragalus. Pod often more or less 2-celled by the intrusion of the ventral suture.—Our species are low, nearly acaulescent perennials, with tufts of numerous very short stems from a hard and thick root or rootstock, covered with scaly adnate stipules; pinnate leaves of many leaflets; peduncles scape-like, bearing a head or short spike of flowers. (Name from ὀξύς, sharp, and τρόπις, keel.)

[*] Leaves simply pinnate.

1. O. campéstris, DC., var. cærùlea, Koch. Pubescent or smoothish; leaflets lanceolate or oblong; flowers violet or blue, sometimes pure white; pods ovate or oblong-lanceolate, of a thin or papery texture.—N. Maine to Labrador.

2. O. Lambérti, Pursh. Silky with fine appressed hairs; leaflets mostly linear; flowers larger, purple, violet, or sometimes white; pods cartilaginous or firm-coriaceous in texture, silky-pubescent, strictly erect, cylindraceous-lanceolate and long-pointed, almost 2-celled by intrusion of the ventral suture.—Dry plains, Sask. and Minn. to Mo. and Tex., west to the mountains.

[*][*] Leaflets numerous, mostly in fascicles of 3 or 4 or more along the rhachis.

3. O. spléndens, Dougl. Silvery silky-villous (6–12´ high); scape spicately several to many-flowered; flowers erect-spreading; pod ovate, erect, 2-celled, hardly surpassing the very villous calyx.—Plains of Sask. and W. Minn., to N. Mex. and the Rocky Mts.

23. GLYCYRRHÌZA, Tourn. Liquorice.

Calyx with the two upper lobes shorter or partly united. Anther-cells confluent at the apex, the alternate ones smaller. Pod ovate or oblong-linear, compressed, often curved, clothed with rough glands or short prickles, scarcely dehiscent, few-seeded. The flower, etc., otherwise as in Astragalus.—Long perennial root sweet (whence the name, from γλυκύς, sweet, and ῥίζα, root); herbage glandular-viscid; leaves odd-pinnate, with minute stipules; flowers in axillary spikes, white or bluish.

1. G. lepidòta, Nutt. (Wild Liquorice.) Tall (2–3° high); leaflets 15–19, oblong-lanceolate, mucronate-pointed, sprinkled with little scales when young, and with corresponding dots when old; spikes peduncled, short; flowers whitish; pods oblong, beset with hooked prickles, so as to resemble the fruit of Xanthium on a smaller scale.—Minn. to Iowa and Mo., and westward; Ft. Erie, Ont.

24. ÆSCHYNÓMENE, L. Sensitive Joint-Vetch.

Calyx 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-, the lower 3-cleft. Standard roundish; keel boat-shaped. Stamens diadelphous in two sets of 5 each. Pod flattened, composed of several easily separable joints.—Leaves odd-pinnate with several pairs of leaflets, sometimes sensitive, as if shrinking from the touch (whence the name, from αἰσχυνομένη, being ashamed.)

1. Æ. híspida, Willd. Erect, rough-bristly annual; leaflets 37–51, linear; racemes few-flowered; flowers yellow, reddish externally; pod stalked, 6–10-jointed.—Along rivers, S. Penn. to Fla. and Miss. Aug.

25. CORONÍLLA, L.

Calyx 5-toothed. Standard orbicular; keel incurved. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1. Pod terete or 4-angled, jointed; the joints oblong.—Glabrous herbs or shrubs, with pinnate leaves, and the flowers in umbels terminating axillary peduncles. (Diminutive of corona, a crown, alluding to the inflorescence.)

C. vària, L. A perennial herb with ascending stems; leaves sessile; leaflets 15–25, oblong; flowers rose-color; pods coriaceous, 3–7-jointed, the 4 angled joints 3–4´´ long.—Conn. to N. J. (Nat. from Eu.)

26. HEDÝSARUM, Tourn.

Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes awl-shaped and nearly equal. Keel nearly straight, obliquely truncate, not appendaged, longer than the wings. Stamens diadelphous, 5 and 1. Pod flattened, composed of several equal-sided separable roundish joints connected in the middle.—Perennial herbs; leaves odd-pinnate. (Name composed of ἡδύς, sweet, and ἄρομα, smell.)

1. H. boreàle, Nutt. Leaflets 13–21, oblong or lanceolate, nearly glabrous; stipules scaly, united opposite the petiole; raceme of many deflexed purple flowers; standard shorter than the keel; joints of the pod 3 or 4, smooth, reticulated.—Lab. to northern Maine and Vt.; north shore of L. Superior, and north and westward.

27. DESMÒDIUM, Desv. Tick-Trefoil.

Calyx usually more or less 2 lipped. Standard obovate; wings adherent to the straight or straightish and usually truncate keel, by means of a little transverse appendage on each side of the latter. Stamens diadelphous, 9 and 1, or monadelphous below. Pod flat, deeply lobed on the lower margin, separating into few or many flat reticulated joints (mostly roughened with minute hooked hairs, by which they adhere to the fleece of animals or to clothing).—Perennial herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate (rarely 1-foliolate) leaves, stipellate. Flowers (in summer) in axillary or terminal racemes, often panicled, and 2 or 3 from each bract, purple or purplish, often turning green in withering. Stipules and bracts scale-like, often striate. (Name from δεσμός, a bond or chain, from the connected joints of the pods.)

§ 1. Pod raised on a stalk (stipe) many times longer than the slightly toothed calyx and nearly as long as the pedicel, straightish on the upper margin, deeply sinuate on the lower; the 1–4 joints mostly half-obovate and concave on the back; stamens monadelphous below; plants nearly glabrous; stems erect or ascending; raceme terminal, panicled; stipules bristle-form, deciduous.

1. D. nudiflòrum, DC. Leaves all crowded at the summit of sterile stems; leaflets broadly ovate, bluntish, whitish beneath; raceme elongated on an ascending mostly leafless stalk or scape from the root, 2° long.—Dry woods, common.

2. D. acuminàtum, DC. Leaves all crowded at the summit of the stem from which arises the elongated naked raceme or panicle; leaflets round-ovate, taper-pointed, green both sides, the end one round (4–5´ long).—Rich woods, from Canada to the Gulf.

3. D. pauciflòrum, DC. Leaves scattered along the low (8–15´ high) ascending stems; leaflets rhombic-ovate, bluntish, pale beneath; raceme few-flowered, terminal.—Woods, Ont. to Penn., Mich., Kan., and southward.

§ 2. Pod raised on a stalk (stipe) little if at all surpassing the deeply deft calyx; stems long and prostrate or decumbent; racemes axillary and terminal.

[*] Stipules conspicuous, ovate, attenuate, striate, persistent; racemes mostly simple.

4. D. rotundifòlium, DC. Soft-hairy all over, truly prostrate; leaflets orbicular, or the odd one slightly rhomboid; flowers purple; pods almost equally sinuate on both edges, 3–5-jointed; the joints rhomboid-oval.—Dry rocky woods, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., Mo., and La.

Var. glabràtum, Gray, is almost glabrous, otherwise nearly as the ordinary form.—Mass. and N. Y.

5. D. ochroleùcum, M. A. Curtis. Stems sparsely hairy, decumbent; leaflets nearly glabrous, ovate, acute or obtuse, transversely reticulated beneath, the lateral ones smaller or sometimes wanting; racemes much elongated; corolla whitish; pods twisted, 2–4-jointed, the large rhomboid joints smooth and reticulated but the margins downy.—Woodlands, Md. and Va.

[*][*] Stipules smaller, lanceolate and awl-shaped, less persistent; racemes panicled.

6. D. humifùsum, Beck. Glabrous or nearly so, procumbent; leaflets ovate or ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, much smaller than in the two preceding (1¼–2´ long), corolla purple; pods 2–4-jointed, flat, the oval-rhomboid joints minutely scabrous throughout.—Dry sandy soil, S. Penn. to Md.

§ 3. Pod slightly if at all stalked in the calyx; racemes panicled.

[*] Stems tall (3–5°) and erect; the persistent stipules and deciduous bracts large and conspicuous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed; flowers rather large.

[+] Pods of 4–7 unequal-sided rhombic joints, which are considerably longer than broad (about 6´´ long).

7. D. canéscens, DC. Stem loosely branched, hairy; leaflets ovate, bluntish, about the length of the petioles, whitish and reticulated beneath, both sides roughish with a close fine pubescence; joints of the pod very adhesive.—Moist grounds, Mass. and Vt. to Minn. and southward, chiefly westward. Branches clothed with both minute and hooked, and longer, spreading, rather glutinous hairs.—Var. villosíssimum, Torr. & Gray, has the panicle and upper part of the stem very villous, and leaflets oblong-ovate.—Mo.

8. D. cuspidàtum, Torr. & Gray. Very smooth except the panicle; stem straight; leaflets lanceolate-ovate and taper-pointed, green both sides, longer than the petiole (3–5´); joints of the pod rhomboid-oblong, smoothish.—Thickets, common. The conspicuous bracts and stipules ¾´ long.

[+][+] Pods of 3–5 oval joints (not over 3´´ long).

9. D. Illinoénse, Gray. Erect (3–5° high); stem and leaves with short rough pubescence; leaflets ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate (2–4´ long), obtuse, subcoriaceous, cinereous beneath, veins and veinlets prominent, strongly reticulated, the lower leaflets nearly equalling the petiole; pods scarcely over 1´ long, sinuate on both margins (deeper below).—Dry ground, Ill. to Iowa and Kan.

[*][*] Stems (2–5° high) erect; stipules and bracts mostly deciduous, small and inconspicuous; joints of the pod 3–5, triangular or half-rhombic or very unequal-sided rhomboidal, longer than broad, 3´´ or less in length; flowers middle-sized.

10. D. lævigàtum, DC. Smooth or nearly so throughout; stem straight; leaflets ovate, bluntish, pale beneath (2–3´ long); panicles minutely rough-pubescent.—Pine woods, N. J. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex.

11. D. viridiflòrum, Beck. Stem very downy, rough at the summit; leaflets broadly ovate, very obtuse, rough above, whitened with a soft velvety down underneath (2–3´ long).—Southern N. Y. to N. J. and Fla., west to Mich., Mo., and Tex.

12. D. Dillènii, Darlingt. Stem pubescent; leaflets oblong or oblong-ovate, commonly bluntish, pale beneath, softly and finely pubescent, mostly thin (2–3´ long).—Open woodlands, common.

13. D. paniculàtum, DC. Nearly smooth throughout; stem slender, tall; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, or narrowly lanceolate, tapering to a blunt point, thin (3–5´ long); racemes much panicled.—Copses, common.

14. D. stríctum, DC. Stem very straight and slender, simple (2–3° high), the upper part and narrow panicle rough-glandular; leaflets linear, blunt, strongly reticulated, thickish, very smooth (1–2´ long, ¼´ wide); joints of the pod 1–3, semi-obovate or very gibbous (only 2´´ long).—Pine woods, N. J. to Fla. and La.

[*][*][*] Stipules small and inconspicuous, mostly deciduous; pods of few roundish or obliquely oval or sometimes roundish-rhomboidal joints, 1½–2½´´ long.

[+] Stems erect; bracts before flowering conspicuous; racemes densely flowered.

15. D. Canadénse, DC. Stem hairy (3–6° high); leaflets oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, with numerous straightish veins, much longer than the petiole (1½–3´ long); flowers showy, larger than in any other species (½–{1/3}´ long).—Dry rich woods, N. Brunswick to N. C., Minn., and Kan.

16. D. sessilifòlium, Torr. & Gray. Stem pubescent (2–4° high); leaves nearly sessile; leaflets linear or linear-oblong, blunt, thickish, reticulated, rough above, downy beneath; branches of the panicle long; flowers small.—Copses, Penn. and Ky., west to Mich., Iowa, Mo., and Tex.

[+][+] Stems ascending (1–3° high); bracts small; racemes or panicles elongated and loosely flowered; flowers small.

17. D. rígidum, DC. Stem branching, somewhat hoary, like the lower surface of the leaves, with a close roughish pubescence; leaflets ovate-oblong, blunt, thickish, reticulated-veiny, rather rough above, the lateral ones longer than the petiole.—Dry hillsides, Mass. to Fla., west to Mich., Mo., and La.

18. D. ciliàre, DC. Stem slender, hairy or rough-pubescent; leaves crowded, on very short hairy petioles; leaflets round-ovate or oval, thickish, more or less hairy on the margins and underneath (½–1´ long).—Dry hills and sandy fields, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Mich., Mo., and Tex.

19. D. Marilándicum, F. Boott. Nearly smooth throughout, slender; leaflets ovate or roundish, very obtuse, thin, the lateral ones about the length of the slender petiole; otherwise resembling the preceding.—Copses, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Mich., Mo., and La.

[+][+][+] Stems reclining or prostrate; racemes loosely flowered.

20. D. lineàtum, DC. Stem minutely pubescent, striate-angled; leaflets orbicular, smoothish (½–1´ long), much longer than the petiole; pod scarcely stalked in the calyx.—Dry soil, Md. and Va. to Fla. and La.

28. LESPEDÈZA, Michx. Bush-Clover.

Calyx 5-cleft; the lobes nearly equal, slender. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1); anthers all alike. Pods of a single 1-seeded joint (sometimes 2 jointed, with the lower joint empty and stalk-like), oval or roundish, flat, reticulated.—Herbs with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, not stipellate. Flowers often polygamous, in summer and autumn. (Dedicated to Lespedez, the Spanish governor of Florida in the time of Michaux.)

§ 1. Stipules subulate-setaceous; bracts minute; calyx-lobes attenuate; perennial.

[*] Flowers of two sorts, the larger (violet-purple) perfect, but seldom fruitful, panicled or clustered; with smaller pistillate and fertile but mostly apetalous ones intermixed or in small subsessile clusters; calyx 1–2´´ long; pod exserted.

1. L. procúmbens, Michx. Slender, trailing and prostrate, minutely appressed-hairy to soft-downy; leaflets oval or obovate-elliptical, 3–9´´ long; peduncles very slender, few-flowered; keel equalling the wings; pod small, roundish, obtuse or acute. (Incl. L. repens, Bart.)—Dry sandy soil; common.

2. L. violàcea, Pers. Stems upright or spreading, slender, branched, rather sparsely leafy and sparingly pubescent; leaflets thin, broadly oval or oblong, finely appressed-pubescent beneath; peduncles very slender, loosely few-flowered, mostly longer than the leaves; flowers 3–4´´ long, the keel often the longest; pod ovate, 2–3´´ long, nearly glabrous.—Dry copses, N. Eng. to Minn. and E. Kan., south to Fla. and La.

3. L. reticulàta, Pers. Stouter, erect, very leafy; leaflets thickish, linear to linear-oblong, 6–15´´ long, finely appressed-pubescent; flowers (scarcely 3´´ long) clustered on peduncles much shorter than the leaves, the keel shorter than the standard; pods ovate, acute, 2´´ long, appressed-subpubescent. (L. violacea, var. angustifolia, Torr. & Gray.)—Mass. to Minn., and southward.

4. L. Stùvei, Nutt. Stems upright-spreading, very leafy, simple or somewhat branched, downy with spreading pubescence; leaflets oval or roundish varying to oblong or rarely linear-oblong, silky or white-woolly beneath and sometimes above; flowers as in the last, often numerous and crowded; pods ovate, acuminate, mostly 3´´ long, downy.—Mass. to Mich., and south to Va. and Tex.

Var. intermèdia, Watson. Pubescence more scanty and usually fine and appressed as in n. 3, but the leaflets oval to oblong; inflorescence often more open; pod of n. 4 or of n. 3. (L. violacea, var. sessiliflora, of Man., mainly.)—Mass. to Fla., and west to Mich., Ill., E. Kan., and Ark.

[*][*] Flowers all alike and perfect, in close spikes or heads; corolla whitish or cream-color with a purple spot on the standard, about the length of the downy 5-parted calyx; pod included; stems upright, wand-like (2–4° high).

5. L. polystàchya, Michx. Stem with mostly spreading pubescence; petioles 2–6´´ long; leaflets from orbicular to oblong-ovate, hairy; spikes oblong, on elongated peduncles; pod (at maturity) oblong-ovate, pubescent, nearly 3´´ long, hardly shorter than the calyx. (L. hirta, Ell.)—Dry hills, common.

6. L. capitàta, Michx. Stems rigid, woolly; petioles very short; leaflets oblong to narrowly oblong, thickish, reticulated and mostly smooth above, silky or sometimes downy beneath; heads of flowers globular, on peduncles shorter than the leaves; pod oblong-ovate, pubescent, much shorter than the calyx.—Dry and sandy soil, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn., Mo., and La.

7. L. angustifòlia, Ell. Like the last, but mostly appressed-silky, the leaflets linear, the smaller often oblong heads on distinct and sometimes slender peduncles, the pod round-ovate, acutish, 1½–2´´ long, hardly shorter than the calyx. (L. capitata, var. angustifolia, Pursh.)—N. J. to Fla., west to Mich., Iowa, and La.

8. L. leptostàchya, Gray. Clothed with appressed silky pubescence; stems often branched, slender; leaflets linear to narrowly oblong; spikes slender, somewhat loosely-flowered, on peduncles as long as the leaves; pod ovate, small (1½´´ long), about equalling the calyx, densely pubescent.—Ill., Iowa, and Minn.

§ 2. Stipules and bracts broad and scarious; calyx-lobes broad; annual.

L. striàta, Hook. & Arn. Diffusely branched, decumbent, subpubescent; petioles very short; leaflets oblong-obovate, 6´´ long or less; peduncles very short, 1–5-flowered; pod small, little exceeding the calyx.—Common in the Southern States, extending into Mo. (Nat. from E. Asia.)

29. STYLOSÁNTHES, Swartz.

Calyx early deciduous; tube slender and stalk-like; limb unequally 4–5-cleft, the lower lobe more distinct. Corolla and monadelphous stamens inserted at the summit of the calyx-tube; standard orbicular; keel incurved. Anthers 10, the 5 longer ones fixed near their base, and the 5 alternate shorter ones fixed by the middle. Style filiform, its upper part falling off after flowering, the lower part incurved or hooked, persistent on the 1–2-jointed small and short reticulated pod; the lower joint when present empty and stalk-like.—Low perennials, branched from the base, with wiry stems, pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, the sheathing stipules united to the petiole, no stipels, and small, yellow flowers in terminal heads or short spikes. (Name composed of στύλος, a column, and ἄνθος, a flower, from the stalk-like calyx-tube.)

1. S. elàtior, Swartz. Tufted; leaflets lanceolate, strongly straight-veined; heads or clusters small and few-flowered.—Pine barrens, Long Island and N. J. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Kan., and Ark.

30. VÍCIA, Tourn. Vetch. Tare.

Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth often shorter, or the lowest longer. Wings of the corolla adhering to the middle of the keel. Stamens more or less diadelphous (9 and 1); the orifice of the tube oblique. Style filiform, hairy all round or only on the back at the apex. Pod flat, 2-valved, 2–several-seeded. Seeds globular. Cotyledons very thick, remaining under ground in germination.—Herbs, mostly climbing more or less by the tendril at the end of the pinnate leaves. Stipules half-sagittate. Flowers or peduncles axillary. (The classical Latin name.)

[*] Annual; flowers 1 or 2 in the axils, nearly sessile, large, violet-purple.

V. satìva, L. (Common Vetch or Tare.) Somewhat pubescent; stem simple; leaflets 5–7 pairs, varying from obovate-oblong to linear, notched and mucronate at the apex; pod linear, several-seeded.—Cultivated fields and waste places, N. Eng. to N. J. and southward, west to Mich. and Minn.—Var. angustifòlia, Seringe, has longer and narrow leaflets. (Adv. from Eu.)

[*][*] Annual, slender; peduncles elongated; flowers small.

V. tetraspérma, L. Peduncles 1–2-flowered; leaflets 4–6 pairs, linear-oblong, obtuse; calyx-teeth unequal; corolla whitish; pods narrow, 4-seeded, smooth.—Waste places, near the coast, N. Scotia to N. J. (Nat. from Eu.)

V. hirsùta, Koch. Peduncles 3–6-flowered; leaflets 6–8 pairs, truncate; calyx-teeth equal; corolla bluish; pods oblong, 2-seeded, hairy.—N. Brunswick to Mass. and Va. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*][*] Perennial; peduncles elongated; calyx-teeth unequal; pod several-seeded.

1. V. Crácca, L. Downy-pubescent; leaflets 20–24, oblong-lanceolate, strongly mucronate; spikes densely many-flowered, 1-sided; flowers blue, turning purple, 6´´ long, reflexed; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube.—Borders of thickets, Newf. to N. J., west to Ky., Iowa, and Minn. (Eu.)

2. V. Caroliniàna, Walt. Nearly smooth; leaflets 8–24, oblong, obtuse, scarcely mucronate; peduncles loosely-flowered; flowers small, more scattered than in the preceding, whitish, the keel tipped with blue; calyx-teeth very short.—River-banks, Ont. and N. Y. to Ga., west to Minn. and Kan.

3. V. Americàna, Muhl. Glabrous; leaflets 10–14, elliptical or ovate-oblong, very obtuse, many-veined; peduncles 4–8-flowered; flowers purplish (8´´ long).—Moist soil, N. Y. and N. J., to Kan., Minn., and westward.—Var. lineàris, Watson, a low form with linear leaflets, occurs in Kan. and Neb., and is common westward.

31. LÁTHYRUS, Tourn. Vetchling. Everlasting Pea.

Style flattish, dilated and flattish (not grooved) above, hairy along the inner side (next the free stamen). Sheath of the filaments scarcely oblique at the apex. Otherwise nearly as in Vicia.—Our species are perennial and mostly smooth plants, the rhachis of the leaves in some not produced into a tendril. (Λάθυρος, a leguminous plant of Theophrastus.)

[*] Tendrils present; stipules large and broad; leaflets 3–5 pairs.

1. L. marítimus, Bigelow. (Beach Pea.) Stout (1° high or more); stipules broadly ovate and halberd-shaped, nearly as large as the leaflets, the lower lobe larger and usually coarsely toothed; leaflets thick, ovate-oblong (1–2´ long); peduncles a little shorter than the leaves, 6–10-flowered, flowers large (9´´ long), purple.—Seashore from N. J. and Oregon to the Arctic Sea; also on the Great Lakes. (Eu.)

2. L. ochroleùcus, Hook. Stem slender (1–3° high); stipules semi-cordate, half as large as the thin ovate leaflets; peduncles 7–10-flowered; flowers smaller, yellowish-white.—Hillsides, N. Eng. to Minn., Iowa, and westward.

[*][*] Tendrils present; stipules narrow, semi-sagittate, acuminate.

[+] Flowers purple; leaflets several pairs.

3. L. venòsus, Muhl. Stout, climbing, usually somewhat downy; stipules very small and mostly slender; leaflets 4–6 pairs, oblong ovate, mostly obtuse (about 2´ long); peduncles many-flowered; flowers 6–8´´ long.—Shady banks, Penn. to Ga., west to Kan. and Minn.

4. L. palústris, L. Slender, glabrous or somewhat pubescent; stem often winged; stipules lanceolate, sharp-pointed at both ends; leaflets 2–4 pairs, narrowly oblong to linear, acute (1–2´ long); peduncles 2–6-flowered; flowers 6´´ long.—Moist places, N. Scotia to N. J., and westward across the continent. (Eu.)

Var. myrtifòlius, Gray. Stipules usually broader and larger; leaflets ovate to oblong (1´ long or less).—Same range, and extending south to N. C.

[+][+] Flowers yellow; leaflets a single pair.

L. pratènsis, L. Low and straggling; leaflets narrowly lanceolate to linear, acute; peduncles several-flowered.—Spontaneous in Mass., N. Y., and Ont. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*][*] Tendrils usually wanting; low, mostly erect; stipules semi-sagittate; flowers very large, purple; pod stipitate in the calyx.

5. L. polymórphus, Nutt. Leaflets 3–6 pairs, narrowly oblong to linear, thick and strongly nerved, 1–2´ long; seeds with a narrow footstalk and short hilum.—Mo., Kan., and westward.

6. L. ornàtus, Nutt. Like the last, but leaflets always narrow, 3–12´´ long; seeds with a very broad footstalk and long hilum.—Kan. to Col. and Dak. Scarcely 1° high.

32. ÁPIOS, Boerhaave. Ground-nut. Wild Bean.

Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 lateral teeth being nearly obsolete, the upper very short, the lower one longest. Standard very broad, reflexed; the long scythe-shaped keel strongly incurved, at length coiled. Stamens diadelphous. Pod straight or slightly curved, linear, elongated, thickish, many-seeded.—A perennial herb (with some milky juice!), twining and climbing over bushes, and bearing edible tubers on underground shoots. Leaflets 3–7, ovate-lanceolate, obscurely stipellate. Flowers in dense and short, often branching racemes. (Name from ἄπιον, a pear, from the shape of the tubers.)

1. A. tuberòsa, Moench. Flowers brown-purple or chocolate-color, violet-scented.—Low grounds, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., Kan., and La.

33. PHASÈOLUS, Tourn. Kidney Bean.

Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft, the two upper teeth often higher united. Keel of the corolla, with the included stamens and style, spirally coiled. Stamens diadelphous. Style bearded along the upper side; stigma oblique or lateral. Pod scythe-shaped, several–many-seeded, tipped with the hardened base of the style. Seeds round-reniform, with very short hilum. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, rising out of the ground nearly unchanged in germination.—Twining herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate stipellate leaves. Flowers racemose, produced in summer and autumn. (The ancient name of the Kidney Bean.)

1. P. perénnis, Walt. (Wild Bean.) Stem climbing high from a perennial root; leaflets roundish-ovate, short-pointed; flowers purple, handsome, but small; pods drooping, strongly curved, 4–5-seeded.—Copses, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and La.

34. STROPHOSTỲLES, Ell.

Keel of the corolla with the included stamens and style elongated, strongly incurved, not spirally coiled. Pod linear, terete or flattish, straight or nearly so. Seeds quadrate or oblong with truncate ends, mealy-pubescent or glabrate; hilum linear. Flowers few, sessile and capitate clustered on the mostly long peduncles. Otherwise as Phaseolus.—Stems prostrate or climbing, more or less retrorsely hairy. Stipules and bracts striate. (Name from στροφή, a turning, and στῦλος, a style.)

1. S. angulòsa, Ell. Annual; stems branched, 1–6° long; leaflets ovate to oblong-ovate (rarely linear-oblong), with a more or less prominent rounded lobe toward the base (the terminal 2-lobed), or some or all often entire, about 1´ (6–20´´) long; corolla greenish-white and purplish; pod terete, 2–3´ long by 3´´ wide, 4–8-seeded, nearly glabrous; seeds oblong, about 3´´ long, usually very pubescent. (Phaseolus diversifolius, Pers. P. helvolus, L.)—Sandy shores and river-banks; coast of Mass. and southward, along the Great Lakes to Minn., and south to Kan. and Tex.

Var. Missouriénsis, Watson in herb. Climbing high (10–30°); leaves often 3´ long, rhombic-ovate, rarely at all lobed; seeds 3–4´´ long.—River-bottoms near Independence, Mo.; nearly two months later. (F. Bush.)

2. S. pedunculàris, Ell. Stems more slender, from a perennial rootstock, 2–4° long; leaflets ovate to oblong-linear, rarely at all lobed, 1´ long or less; pod 1½–2´ long and scarcely 2´´ wide; seeds much smaller, 1½–2´´ long, short-oblong to quadrate. (Phaseolus helvolus, Man., etc., not L.)—Sandy ground, Long Island and N. J. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Ky., and La.

3. S. pauciflòrus, Watson in herb. Annual, slender, low-climbing, pubescent; leaflets oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong to linear, not lobed, 1´ long; pod pubescent, 1´ long, flattish; seeds as in the last, very finely mealy, soon glabrate. (Phaseolus pauciflorus, Benth.)—River-banks, Ind. to Minn., south to Miss. and Tex.

35. CENTROSÈMA, DC. Spurred Butterfly-Pea.

Calyx short, 5-cleft. Corolla, etc., much as in Clitoria, but the spreading standard with a spur-shaped projection on the back near the base; keel broad. Style bearded at the apex around the terminal stigma. Pod long and linear, flat, pointed with the awl-shaped style, many-seeded, thickened at the edges, the valves marked with a raised line on each side next the margin.—Twining perennials, with 3-foliolate stipellate leaves, and large showy flowers. Stipules, bracts, and bractlets striate, the latter longer than the calyx. (Name from κέντρον, a spur, and σήμα, a standard.)

1. C. Virginiànum, Benth. Rather rough with minute hairs; leaflets varying from oblong-ovate to lanceolate and linear, very veiny, shining; peduncles 1–4-flowered; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped; corolla violet, 1´ long; pods straight, 4–5´ long.—Sandy woods, Md. to Fla. and Ark. (Trop. Am.)

36. CLITÒRIA, L. Butterfly-Pea.

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Standard much larger than the rest of the flower, erect, rounded, notched at the top, not spurred on the back; keel small, shorter than the wings, incurved, acute. Stamens monadelphous below. Style bearded down the inner face. Pod linear-oblong, flattish, knotty, several-seeded, pointed with the base of the style.—Erect or twining perennials, with mostly pinnately 3-foliolate stipellate leaves, and very large flowers. Peduncles 1–3-flowered; bractlets opposite, striate. (Derivation recondite.)

1. C. Mariàna, L. Low, ascending or twining, smooth; leaflets oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate; stipules and bracts awl-shaped; peduncles short; the showy pale-blue flowers 2´ long.—Dry banks, N. Y. to Va. and Fla., west to Mo. and Tex.

37. AMPHICARPÆ̀A, Ell. Hog Pea-nut.

Flowers of 2 kinds; those of the racemes from the upper branches perfect, but seldom ripening fruit; those near the base and on filiform creeping branches with the corolla none or rudimentary, and few free stamens, but fruitful. Calyx about equally 4- (rarely 5-) toothed; bractlets none or minute. Keel and wing-petals similar, almost straight; the standard partly folded round them. Stamens diadelphous. Style beardless. Pods of the upper flowers, when formed, somewhat scymetar-shaped, stipitate, 3–4-seeded; of the lower ones commonly subterranean and fleshy, obovate or pear-shaped, ripening usually but one large seed.—Low and slender perennials; the twining stems clothed with brownish hairs. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; leaflets rhombic-ovate, stipellate. Flowers in simple or compound racemes, purplish. Bracts persistent, round, partly clasping, striate, as well as the stipules. (Name from ἀμφί, both, and καρπός, fruit, in allusion to the two kinds of pods.)

1. A. monòica, Nutt. Leaflets thin, ½–2´ long; racemes nodding; calyx of upper flowers 2´´ long, the ovary glabrous except the hairy margin; pod 1´ long; ovary and pod of the rudimentary flowers hairy.—Rich damp woodlands, common. Aug., Sept.

2. A. Pítcheri, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets usually 2–4´ long; rhachis of the racemes usually villous; calyx 3´´ long, the teeth acuminate; ovary hairy.—Western N. Y. to Ill., Mo., La., and Tex. The upper flowers more commonly fertile; apparently producing subterranean fruit but rarely.

38. GALÁCTIA, P. Browne. Milk-Pea.

Calyx 4-cleft; the lobes acute, the upper one broadest, entire. Keel scarcely incurved. Stamens diadelphous or nearly so. Style beardless. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded (some few of them rarely partly subterranean and fleshy or deformed).—Low, mostly prostrate or twining perennial herbs. Leaflets usually 3, stipellate. Flowers in somewhat interrupted or knotty racemes, purplish; in summer. (Name from γάλα, -ακτος, milk; some species being said to yield a milky juice, which is unlikely.)

1. G. glabélla, Michx. Stems nearly smooth, prostrate; leaflets elliptical or ovate-oblong, sometimes slightly hairy beneath; racemes short, 4–8-flowered; pods somewhat hairy.—Sandy woods, southern N. Y. to Va., Fla., and Miss.

2. G. pilòsa, Ell. Stems (decumbent and somewhat twining) and leaves beneath soft-downy and hoary; leaflets oval; racemes many-flowered, pods very downy. (G. mollis, Gray, Manual; not Michx.)—Penn. to Fla. and Miss.

39. RHYNCHÒSIA, Lour.

Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, or deeply 4–5-parted. Keel scythe-shaped, or incurved at the apex. Stamens diadelphous. Ovules only 2. Pod 1–2-seeded, short and flat, 2-valved.—Usually twining or trailing perennial herbs, pinnately 3-foliolate, or with a single leaflet, not stipellate. Flowers yellow, racemose or clustered. (Name from ῥύγχος, a beak, from the shape of the keel.)

1. R. tomentòsa, Hook. & Arn. Trailing and twining, the stem and leaves more or less pubescent with spreading hairs; leaflets 3, roundish or round-rhombic, acute or acutish; racemes few-flowered, almost sessile in the axils; calyx about as long as the corolla, 4-parted, the upper lobe 2-cleft; pod oblong. (R. tomentosa, var. volubilis, Torr. & Gray.)—Dry soil, Va. to Fla. and Tex.

2. R. erécta, DC. Erect, 1–2° high; stem and leaves more or less tomentose; leaflets 3, oval to oblong, obtuse or acutish; racemes short and shortly pedunculate. (R. tomentosa, var. erecta, Torr. & Gray.)—Del. to Fla. and Miss.

3. R. renifórmis, DC. Dwarf and upright, 3–8´ high; pubescence spreading; leaflets solitary (rarely 3), round-reniform, very obtuse or apiculate; racemes few-flowered, sessile in the axils. (R. tomentosa, var. monophylla, Torr. & Gray.)—Va. to Fla. and Miss.

40. CÉRCIS, L. Red-bud. Judas-tree.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous; standard smaller than the wings, and enclosed by them in the bud; the keel-petals larger and not united. Stamens 10, distinct, declined. Pod oblong, flat, many-seeded, the upper suture with a winged margin. Embryo straight.—Trees, with rounded heart-shaped simple leaves, caducous stipules, and red-purple flowers in umbel-like clusters along the branches of the last or preceding years, appearing before the leaves, acid to the taste. (The ancient name of the Oriental Judas-tree.)

1. C. Canadénsis, L. (Red-bud.) Leaves pointed; pods nearly sessile above the calyx.—Rich soil, N. Y. and N. J. to Fla., west to S. Minn., Kan., and La. A small ornamental tree, often cultivated.

41. CÁSSIA, Tourn. Senna.

Sepals 5, scarcely united at base. Petals 5, little unequal, spreading. Stamens 5–10, unequal, and some of them often imperfect, spreading; anthers opening by 2 pores or chinks at the apex. Pod many-seeded, often with cross partitions.—Herbs (in the United States), with simply and abruptly pinnate leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (An ancient name of obscure derivation.)

[*] Leaflets large; stipules deciduous; the three upper anthers deformed and imperfect; flowers in short axillary racemes, the upper ones panicled; herbage glabrous.

1. C. Marilándica, L. (Wild Senna.) Stem 3–4° high; leaflets 6–9 pairs, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse; petiole with a club-shaped gland near the base; pods linear, slightly curved, flat, at first hairy (2–4´ long); root perennial.—Alluvial soil, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Mich., S. E. Neb., Kan., and La.

2. C. Tòra, L. Annual; leaflets 3 or rarely 2 pairs, obovate, obtuse, with an elongated gland between those of the lower pairs or lowest pair; pods slender, 6´ long, curved. (C. obtusifolia, L.)—River-banks, S. Va. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Mo., and Ark.

C. occidentàlis, L. Annual; leaflets 4–6 pairs, ovate-lanceolate, acute; an ovate gland at the base of the petiole; pods long linear (5´ long) with a tumid border, glabrous.—Va., S. Ind., and southward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)

[*][*] Leaflets small, somewhat sensitive to the touch; stipules striate, persistent; a cup-shaped gland beneath the lowest pair of leaflets; anthers all perfect; flowers in small clusters above the axils; pods flat; root annual.

3. C. Chamæcrísta, L. (Partridge Pea.) Stems spreading (1° long); leaflets 10–15 pairs, linear-oblong, oblique at the base; flowers (large) on slender pedicels, 2 or 3 of the showy yellow petals often with a purple spot at base; anthers 10, elongated, unequal (4 of them yellow, the others purple); style slender.—Sandy fields; common, especially southward.

4. C. níctitans, L. (Wild Sensitive-plant.) Leaflets 10–20 pairs, oblong-linear; flowers (very small) on very short pedicels; anthers 5, nearly equal; style short.—Sandy fields, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Ind., Kan., and La.

42. HOFFMANSÉGGIA, Cav.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, nearly equal, oblong or oval. Stamens 10, distinct, slightly declined; anthers dehiscing longitudinally. Pod flat, oblong, often falcate, few–several-seeded.—Low perennial herbs, or woody at base, punctate with black glands, with bipinnate leaves, and naked racemes of yellow flowers opposite the leaves or terminal. (Named for Count von Hoffmansegg, a German botanist.)

1. H. Jamèsii, Torr. & Gray. Herbaceous, finely pubescent; pinnæ 2 or 3 pairs with an odd one, the small oblong leaflets 5–9 pairs; pods broad, falcate, 1´ long, 2–3-seeded.—Central Kan. to Tex., Ariz., and Mex.

43. GYMNÓCLADUS, Lam. Kentucky Coffee-tree.

Flowers diœcious or polygamous, regular. Calyx elongated-tubular below, 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong, equal, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Stamens 10, distinct, short, inserted with the petals. Pod oblong, flattened, hard, pulpy inside, several seeded. Seeds flattish.—A large tall tree, with rough bark, stout branchlets, not thorny, and large unequally twice-pinnate leaves; the leaflets standing vertically.—Flowers whitish, in terminal racemes. (Name from γυμνός, naked, and κλάδος, a branch, alluding to the stout branches destitute of spray.)

1. G. Canadénsis, Lam. Leaves 2–3° long, with several large partial leafstalks bearing 7–13 ovate stalked leaflets, the lowest pair with single leaflets; stipules wanting; pod 6–10´ long, 2´ broad; the seeds over ½´ across.—Rich woods, western N. Y. and Penn. to Minn., E. Neb., and Ark.

44. GLEDÍTSCHIA, L. Honey-Locust.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx short, 3–5-cleft, the lobes spreading. Petals as many as the sepals and equalling them, the 2 lower sometimes united. Stamens 3–10, distinct, inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx. Pod flat, 1–many-seeded. Seeds flat.—Thorny trees, with abruptly once or twice pinnate leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flowers in small spikes. Thorns above the axils. (Named in honor of J. G. Gleditsch, a botanist contemporary with Linnæus.)

1. G. triacánthos, L. (Three-thorned Acacia, or Honey-Locust.) Thorns stout, often triple or compound; leaflets lanceolate-oblong, somewhat serrate; pods linear, elongated (1–1½° long), often twisted, filled with sweet pulp between the seeds.—Rich woods, western N. Y. and Penn. to Ga., west to Mich., E. Neb., Kan., and La. A large tree, common in cultivation, with very hard and heavy wood.

2. G. aquática, Marsh. (Water-Locust.) Thorns slender, mostly simple; leaflets ovate or oblong; pods oval, 1-seeded, pulpless. (G. monosperma, Walt.)—Deep swamps, Mo. to S. Ind., S. Car., and southward. A smaller tree, 30–40° high.

45. DESMÁNTHUS, Willd.

Flowers perfect or polygamous, regular. Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed. Petals 5, distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod flat, membranaceous or somewhat coriaceous, several-seeded, 2-valved, smooth.—Herbs, with twice-pinnate leaves of numerous small leaflets, and with one or more glands on the petiole, setaceous stipules, and axillary peduncles bearing a head of small greenish-white flowers. (Name composed of δέσμα, a bond, and ἄνθος, flower.)

1. D. brachýlobus, Benth. Nearly glabrous perennial, erect (1–4° high); pinnæ 6–15 pairs; leaflets 20–30 pairs; peduncles 1–3´ long; stamens 5; pods numerous in dense globose heads, oblong or lanceolate, curved, scarcely 1´ long, 2–6-seeded.—Prairies and alluvial banks, Ind. and Ky. to Minn., Mo., and Tex.; also in Fla.

2. D. leptólobus, Torr. & Gray. Pinnæ 5–8 pairs; leaflets 10–20 pairs; peduncles 1´ long or less; heads rather loose, stamens 5; pods usually few, narrowly linear, erect, 1–2´ long.—Central Kan. to Tex.

46. SCHRÁNKIA, Willd. Sensitive Briar.

Flowers polygamous, regular. Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Petals united into a funnel-form 5-cleft corolla. Stamens 10–12, distinct, or the filaments united at base. Pods long and narrow, rough-prickly, several-seeded, 4-valved, i.e., the two narrow valves separating on each side from a thickened margin.—Perennial herbs, nearly related to the true Sensitive Plants (Mimosa); the procumbent stems and petioles recurved-prickly, with twice-pinnate sensitive leaves of many small leaflets, and axillary peduncles bearing round heads of small rose-colored flowers. (Named for F. P. Schrank, a German botanist.)

1. S. uncinàta, Willd. Prickles hooked; pinnæ 4–6 pairs; leaflets elliptical, reticulated with strong veins beneath; pods oblong-linear, nearly terete-short-pointed, densely prickly (2´ long).—Dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla., west to S. Ill., Kan., and Tex.

2. S. angustàta, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets oblong-linear, scarcely veined; pods slender, taper-pointed, sparingly prickly (about 4´ long).—S. Va. (?) to Fla., Tenn., and Tex.

Order 33. ROSÀCEÆ. (Rose Family.)

Plants with regular flowers, numerous (rarely few) distinct stamens inserted on the calyx, and 1–many pistils, which are quite distinct, or (in the last tribe) united and combined with the calyx tube. Seeds (anatropous) 1–few in each ovary, almost always without albumen. Embryo straight, with large and thick cotyledons. Leaves alternate, with stipules, these sometimes caducous, rarely obsolete or wanting.—Calyx of 5 or rarely 3–4–8 sepals (the odd one superior), united at the base, often appearing double by a row of bractlets outside. Petals as many as the sepals (rarely wanting), mostly imbricated in the bud, and inserted with the stamens on the edge of a disk that lines the calyx tube. Trees, shrubs, or herbs.—A large and important order, almost destitute of noxious qualities, and producing the most valuable fruits. Very intimately connected with Leguminosæ on one hand, and with Saxifragaceæ on the other.

I. Ovary superior and not enclosed in the calyx tube at maturity.

[*] Calyx deciduous, without bractlets, pistil solitary, becoming a drupe.

Tribe I. PRUNEÆ. Trees or shrubs, with simple mostly serrate leaves. Ovules 2, pendulous, but seed almost always solitary. Style terminal.

1. Prunus. Flowers perfect. Lobes of calyx and corolla 5. Stone of the drupe bony.

[*][*] Calyx mostly persistent; pistils few to many (rarely solitary).

[+] Calyx without bractlets; ovules 2–many.

Tribe II. SPIRÆEÆ. Pistils mostly 5, becoming 2–several seeded follicles. Shrubs or perennial herbs.

a. Calyx short, 5 cleft. Petals obovate, equal.

2. Spiræa. Flowers perfect or diœcious. Pods 1-valved. Herbs or shrubs; leaves simple or pinnate.

3. Physocarpus. Pods inflated, 2-valved. Shrub; leaves palmately lobed.

b. Calyx elongated, 5-toothed. Petals slender, unequal.

4. Gillenia. Herbs; leaves 3-foliolate.

Tribe III. RUBEÆ. Pistils several or numerous, becoming drupelets in fruit. Ovules 2 and pendulous, but seed solitary. Perennials, herbaceous or with biennial soft-woody stems.

5. Rubus. Pistils numerous, fleshy in fruit, crowded upon a spongy receptacle.

6. Dalibarda. Pistils 5–10 in the bottom of the calyx, nearly dry in fruit.

[+][+] Calyx lobes mostly with bractlets; ovule solitary.

Tribe IV. POTENTILLEÆ. Pistils few–many, 1-ovuled, becoming dry achenes. Herbs.

a. Styles persistent and elongated after anthesis, often plumose or jointed.

7. Geum. Calyx lobes usually with 5 alternating small bractlets. Stamens and carpels numerous, styles becoming plumose or hairy tails, or naked and straight or jointed.

b. Styles not elongated after anthesis, mostly deciduous.

8. Waldsteinia. Petals and calyx lobes 5; small or no bractlets. Stamens numerous. Achenes 2–6; styles deciduous from the base.

9. Fragaria. Flower as in Potentilla. Receptacle much enlarged and pulpy in fruit.

10. Potentilla. Petals 5 (rarely 4) conspicuous. Calyx lobes as many, with an alternating set of bractlets. Stamens and achenes numerous; the latter heaped on a dry receptacle. Styles commonly more or less lateral, deciduous or not enlarging in fruit.

11. Sibbaldia. Petals minute; stamens and achenes 5–10; otherwise as Potentilla.

II. Ovaries inferior or enclosed in the calyx-tube.

Tribe V. POTERIEÆ. Pistils 1–4, becoming achenes, completely enclosed in the dry and firm calyx-tube, which is constricted or nearly closed at the throat. Herbs with compound or lobed leaves. Petals often none.

12. Alchemilla. Calyx urceolate, bracteolate. Petals none. Stamens 1–4. Flowers minute, clustered.

13. Agrimonia. Calyx turbinate, with a margin of hooked prickles. Stamens 5–12. Flowers yellow, in long racemes.

14. Poterium. Calyx lobes petaloid; tube 4-angled, naked. Petals none. Flowers densely capitate or spicate.

Tribe VI. ROSEÆ. Pistils many, becoming bony achenes, enclosed in the globose or urn-shaped fleshy calyx-tube, which resembles a pome. Petals conspicuous. Stamens numerous.

15. Rosa. The only genus. Prickly shrubs with pinnate leaves.

Tribe VII. POMEÆ. Carpels 2–5, enclosed in and coalescent with the fleshy or berry-like calyx, in fruit becoming a 2–several-celled pome. Trees or shrubs, with stipules free from the petiole.

a. Cells of the compound ovary as many as the styles (2–5), each 2- (rarely several-) ovuled.

16. Pyrus. Pome containing 2–5 papery or cartilaginous carpels.

17. Cratægus. Pome drupe-like, with 1–5 bony stones or kernels. Usually thorny.

b. Cells of the compound ovary becoming twice as many as the styles, each 1-ovuled.

18. Amelanchier. Pome usually of 5 carpels; each becomes incompletely 2-celled by a projection from its back; otherwise as Pyrus.

1. PRÙNUS, Tourn. Plum, Cherry, etc.

Calyx 5-cleft, the tube bell-shaped, urn-shaped, or tubular-obconical, deciduous after flowering. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15–20. Pistil solitary, with 2 pendulous ovules. Drupe fleshy, with a bony stone.—Small trees or shrubs, with mostly edible fruit. (The ancient Latin name.)

§ 1. PRUNUS proper (and Cerasus). Drupe smooth, and the stone smooth or somewhat rugged; flowers (usually white) from separate lateral scaly buds in early spring, preceding or coetaneous with the leaves; the pedicels few or several in simple umbel-like clusters.

1. P. Americàna, Marshall. (Wild Yellow or Red Plum.) Tree thorny, 8–20° high; leaves ovate or somewhat obovate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely or doubly serrate; very veiny, glabrous when mature; fruit nearly destitute of bloom, roundish oval, yellow, orange, or red, ½–{2/3}´ in diameter, with the turgid stone more or less acute on both margins, or in cultivated states 1´ or more in diameter, the flattened stone with broader margins; pleasant-tasted, but with a tough and acerb skin.—Woodlands and river banks, common.

2. P. marítima, Wang. (Beach Plum.) Low and straggling (1–5°); leaves ovate or oval, finely serrate, softly pubescent underneath; pedicels short, pubescent; fruit globular, purple or crimson with a bloom (½–1´ in diameter); the stone very turgid, acute on one edge, rounded and minutely grooved on the other.—Sea beaches and the vicinity, N. Brunswick to Va. It varies, when at some distance from the coast (N. J. and southward), with the leaves smoother and thinner and the fruit smaller.

3. P. Alleghaniénsis, Porter. A low straggling shrub or small tree (3–15° high), seldom thorny; leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate, often long-acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, softly pubescent when young, glabrate with age; fruit globose-ovoid, very dark purple with a bloom (less than ½´ in diameter); stone turgid, a shallow groove on one side and a broad flat ridge on the other.—Bluffs of the Alleghany Mts., Penn.

4. P. Chicàsa, Michx. (Chickasaw Plum.) Stem scarcely thorny (8–15° high); leaves nearly lanceolate, finely serrulate, glabrous; fruit globular, red, nearly destitute of bloom (½–{2/3}´ in diameter); the ovoid stone almost as thick as wide, rounded at both sutures, one of them minutely grooved.—Md. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Kan., and Tex.

5. P. grácilis, Engelm. & Gray. Soft-pubescent, 1–4° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate, acute, sharply serrate, becoming nearly glabrous above, 1–2´ long; pedicels and calyx pubescent; fruit less than ½´ in diameter; stone rather turgid, suborbicular.—Prairies and sandy places, S. Kan. to Tex. and Tenn.

6. P. pùmila, L. (Dwarf Cherry. Sand C.) Smooth, depressed and trailing (6´–6° high); leaves obovate-lanceolate, tapering to the base, somewhat toothed near the apex, pale underneath; flowers 2–4 together; fruit ovoid, dark red or nearly black when ripe, without bloom; stone ovoid, marginless, of the size of a large pea.—Rocks or sandy banks, N. Brunswick to Va., west to Minn. and Kan. Fruit usually sour and astringent.

7. P. Pennsylvánica, L. f. (Wild Red Cherry.) Tree 20–30° high, with light red-brown bark; leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, finely and sharply serrate, shining, green and smooth both sides; flowers many in a cluster, on long pedicels; fruit globose, light red, very small, with thin and sour flesh; stone globular.—Rocky woods, Newf. to N. C., west to Minn. and Mo.

P. spinòsa, L. (Sloe. Black Thorn.) Branches thorny; leaves obovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, at length glabrous; pedicels glabrous; fruit small, globular, black with a bloom, the stone turgid, acute on one edge.—Var. insitítia (Bullace-Plum), is less spiny, the pedicels and lower side of the leaves pubescent.—Roadsides and waste places, N. Eng. to Penn. and N. J. (Adv. from Eu.)

§ 2. PADUS. Drupe small, globose, without bloom; the stone turgid-ovate, marginless; flowers in racemes terminating leafy branches, therefore appearing after the leaves, late in spring.

8. P. Virginiàna, L. (Choke-Cherry.) A tall shrub, with grayish bark; leaves oval, oblong, or obovate, abruptly pointed, very sharply (often doubly) serrate with slender teeth, thin; petals roundish; fruit red turning to dark crimson; stone smooth.—River-banks, Newf. to Ga., west to Minn., E. Neb., and Tex.—Fruit very austere and astringent. A variety with very short dense racemes and sweeter yellowish fruit has been found at Dedham, Mass.

9. P. seròtina, Ehrh. (Wild Black Cherry.) A large tree, with reddish-brown branches; leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, taper-pointed, serrate with incurved short and callous teeth, thickish, shining above; racemes elongated; petals obovate; fruit purplish-black.—Woods, N. Scotia to Fla., west to Minn., E. Neb., and La.—Fruit slightly bitter, but with a pleasant vinous flavor.

10. P. demíssa, Walp. Low but tree-like in habit, 3–12° high, resembling n. 8 in foliage, but the leaves rather thick and the teeth less slender; racemes often elongated; fruit purplish-black, sweet and but slightly astringent.—Central Kan. and Neb. to New Mex., Dak., and westward.

2. SPIRÆ̀A, L. Meadow-Sweet.

Calyx 5-cleft, short, persistent. Petals 5, obovate, equal, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 10–50. Pods (follicles) 5–8, not inflated, few–several-seeded. Seeds linear, with a thin or loose coat and no albumen.—Shrubs or perennial herbs, with simple or pinnate leaves, and white or rose-colored flowers in corymbs or panicles. (The Greek name, from σπειράω, to twist, from the twisting of the pods in the original species.)

§ 1. SPIRÆA proper. Erect shrubs, with simple leaves; stipules obsolete; pods mostly 5, several-seeded.

1. S. betulæfòlia, Pall., var. corymbòsa, Watson. Nearly smooth (1–2° high); leaves oval or ovate, cut-toothed toward the apex; corymbs large, flat, several times compound; flowers white. (S. corymbosa, Raf.)—Mountains of Penn. and N. J. to Ga., west to Ky. and Mo.

2. S. salicifòlia, L. (Common Meadow-Sweet.) Nearly smooth (2–3° high); leaves wedge-lanceolate, simply or doubly serrate; flowers in a crowded panicle, white or flesh-color; pods smooth.—Wet or low grounds, Newf. to the mountains of Ga., west to Minn. and Mo.; also to the far northwest. (Eu.)

3. S. tomentòsa, L. (Hardhack. Steeple-Bush.) Stems and lower surface of the ovate or oblong serrate leaves very woolly; flowers in short racemes crowded in a dense panicle, rose-color, rarely white; pods woolly.—Low grounds, N. Scotia to the mountains of Ga., west to Minn. and Kan.

§ 2. ULMÀRIA. Perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves and panicled cymose flowers; stipules kidney-form; pods 5–8, 1–2-seeded.

4. S. lobàta, Jacq. (Queen of the Prairie.) Glabrous (2–8° high); leaves interruptedly pinnate; the terminal leaflet very large, 7–9-parted, the lobes incised and toothed; panicle compound-clustered, on a long naked peduncle; flowers deep peach-blossom color, handsome, the petals and sepals often in fours.—Meadows and prairies, Penn. to Ga., west to Mich., Ky., and Iowa.

§ 3. ARÚNCUS. Perennial herbs, with diœcious whitish flowers in many slender spikes, disposed in a long compound panicle; leaves thrice pinnate; stipules obsolete; pods 3–5, several-seeded; pedicels reflexed in fruit.

5. S. Arúncus, L. (Goat's-Beard.) Smooth, tall; leaflets thin, lanceolate-oblong, or the terminal ones ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply cut and serrate.—Rich woods, N. Y. and Penn. to Ga. in the mountains, west to Iowa and Mo.

3. PHYSOCÁRPUS, Maxim. Nine-bark.

Carpels 1–5, inflated, 2-valved; ovules 2–4. Seeds roundish, with a smooth and shining crustaceous testa and copious albumen. Stamens 30–40. Otherwise as Spiræa.—Shrubs, with simple palmately-lobed leaves and umbel-like corymbs of white flowers. (Name from φῦσα, a bladder, and καρπός, fruit.)

1. P. opulifòlius, Maxim. Shrub 4–10° high, with long recurved branches, the old bark loose and separating in numerous thin layers; leaves roundish, somewhat 3-lobed and heart-shaped; the purplish membranaceous pods very conspicuous. (Spiræa opulifolia, L. Neillia opulifolia, Benth. & Hook.)—Rocky banks of streams, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Mo., and the Pacific northward. Often cultivated.

4. GILLÈNIA, Moench. Indian Physic.

Calyx narrow, somewhat constricted at the throat, 5-toothed; teeth erect. Petals 5, rather unequal, linear-lanceolate, inserted in the throat of the calyx, convolute in the bud. Stamens 10–20, included. Pods 5, included, at first lightly cohering with each other, 2–4-seeded. Seeds ascending, with a close coriaceous coat, and some albumen.—Perennial herbs, with almost sessile 3-foliolate leaves; the thin leaflets doubly serrate and incised. Flowers loosely paniculate-corymbed, pale rose-color or white. (Dedicated to an obscure German botanist or physician, A. Gille, or Gillenius.)

1. G. trifoliàta, Moench. (Bowman's Root.) Leaflets ovate-oblong, pointed, cut-serrate; stipules small, awl-shaped, entire.—Rich woods, N. Y. to N. J. and Ga., west to Mich., Ind., and Mo.

2. G. stipulàcea, Nutt. (American Ipecac.) Leaflets lanceolate, deeply incised; stipules large and leaf-like, doubly incised.—Western N. Y. and Penn. to S. Ind. and Kan., south to Ala. and La.

5. RÙBUS, Tourn. Bramble.

Calyx 5-parted, without bractlets. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Achenes usually many, collected on a spongy or succulent receptacle, becoming small drupes; styles nearly terminal.—Perennial herbs, or somewhat shrubby plants, with white (rarely reddish) flowers, and edible fruit. (The Roman name, kindred with ruber, red.)

§ 1. Fruit, or collective mass of drupes, falling off whole from the dry receptacle when ripe, or of few grains which fall separately.—Raspberry.

[*] Leaves simple; flowers large; prickles none; fruit and receptacle flat and broad.

1. R. odoràtus, L. (Purple Flowering-Raspberry.) Stem shrubby (3–5° high); branches, stalks, and calyx bristly with glandular clammy hairs; leaves 3–5-lobed, the lobes pointed and minutely toothed, the middle one prolonged; peduncles many-flowered; flowers showy (2´ broad); calyx-lobes tipped with a long narrow appendage; petals rounded, purple rose-color; fruit reddish.—N. Scotia to N. J. and Ga., west to Mich.

2. R. Nutkànus, Moçino. (Salmon-berry.) Glandular, scarcely bristly; leaves almost equally 5-lobed, coarsely toothed; peduncles few-flowered; petals oval, white.—Upper Mich., Minn., and westward.

3. R. Chamæmòrus, L. (Cloud-berry. Baked-apple Berry.) Herbaceous, low, diœcious; stem simple, 2–3-leaved, 1-flowered; leaves roundish-kidney-form, somewhat 5-lobed, serrate, wrinkled; calyx-lobes pointless; petals obovate, white; fruit of few grains, amber-color.—In sphagnous swamps, highest peaks of White Mts., coast of E. Maine, and north and west to the Arctic regions. (Eu.)

[*][*] Leaflets (pinnately or pedately) 3–5; petals small, erect, white.

[+] Stems annual, herbaceous, not prickly; fruit of few separate grains.

4. R. triflòrus, Richardson. (Dwarf Raspberry.) Stems ascending (6–12´ high) or trailing, leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute at both ends, coarsely doubly serrate, thin, smooth; peduncle 1–3-flowered.—Wooded hillsides, Lab. to N. J., west to Minn. and Iowa. Sepals and petals often 6 or 7. This appears to be more properly a blackberry.

[+][+] Stems biennial and woody, prickly; receptacle oblong; fruit hemispherical.

5. R. strigòsus, Michx. (Wild Red Raspberry.) Stems upright, and with the stalks, etc., beset with stiff straight bristles (or a few becoming weak hooked prickles), glandular when young, somewhat glaucous; leaflets 3–5, oblong-ovate, pointed, cut-serrate, whitish-downy underneath, the lateral ones sessile; petals as long as the sepals; fruit light red.—Thickets and hills, Lab. to N. J., and south in the mountains to N. C., west to Minn. and Mo.

6. R. occidentàlis, L. (Black Raspberry. Thimbleberry.) Glaucous all over; stems recurved, armed like the stalks, etc., with hooked prickles, not bristly; leaflets 3 (rarely 5), ovate, pointed, coarsely doubly serrate, whitened-downy underneath, the lateral ones somewhat stalked; petals shorter than the sepals; fruit purple-black (rarely a whitish variety), ripe early in July.—Common, especially northward.—An apparent hybrid (R. neglectus, Peck) between this and the last species occurs, with characters intermediate between the two, and growing with them.

§ 2. Fruit, or collective drupes, not separating from the juicy prolonged receptacle, mostly ovate or oblong, blackish; stems prickly and flowers white.—Blackberry.

7. R. villòsus, Ait. (Common or High Blackberry.) Shrubby (1–6° high), furrowed, upright or reclining, armed with stout curved prickles; branchlets, stalks, and lower surface of the leaves hairy and glandular; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), ovate, pointed, unequally serrate, the terminal ones somewhat heart-shaped, conspicuously stalked; flowers racemed, numerous; bracts short; sepals linear-pointed, much shorter than the obovate-oblong spreading petals.—Borders of thickets, etc., common, and very variable in size, aspect, and shape of fruit.—Var. frondòsus, Torr., is smoother and much less glandular, with flowers more corymbose, leafy bracts and roundish petals. With the type, more common at the north.—Var. humifùsus, Torr. & Gray, is smaller and trailing, with peduncles few-flowered. More common southward, and connecting with the next species.

8. R. Canadénsis, L. (Low Blackberry. Dewberry.) Shrubby, extensively trailing, slightly prickly; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5–7), oval or ovate-lanceolate, mostly pointed, thin, nearly smooth, sharply cut-serrate; flowers racemed, with leaf-like bracts.—Dry fields, common; Newf. to Va., west to central Minn. and E. Kan.

9. R. híspidus, L. (Running Swamp-Blackberry.) Stems slender, scarcely woody, extensively procumbent, beset with small reflexed prickles; leaflets 3 (or rarely pedately 5), smooth, thickish, mostly persistent, obovate, obtuse, coarsely serrate, entire toward the base; peduncles leafless, several-flowered, often bristly; flowers small; fruit of few grains, black.—In low woods or swampy grassy ground, N. Scotia to Ga., west to Minn. and E. Kan.

10. R. cuneifòlius, Pursh. (Sand Blackberry.) Shrubby (1–3° high), upright, armed with stout recurved prickles, branchlets and lower side of the leaves whitish-woolly; leaflets 3–5, wedge-obovate, thickish, serrate above; peduncles 2–4-flowered; petals large.—Sandy woods, southern N. Y. and Penn. to Fla., west to Mo. and La.

11. R. triviàlis, Michx. (Low Bush-blackberry.) Shrubby, procumbent, bristly and prickly; leaves evergreen, coriaceous, nearly glabrous; leaflets 3 (or pedately 5), ovate-oblong or lanceolate, sharply serrate; peduncles 1–3-flowered; petals large.—Sandy soil, Va. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex.

6. DALIBÁRDA, L.

Calyx deeply 5–6-parted, 3 of the divisions larger and toothed. Petals 5, sessile, deciduous. Stamens many. Ovaries 5–10, becoming nearly dry seed-like drupes; styles terminal, deciduous.—Low perennials, with creeping and densely tufted stems or rootstocks, and roundish-heart-shaped crenate leaves on slender petioles. Flowers 1 or 2, white, on scape-like peduncles. (Named in honor of Thomas Dalibard, a French botanist of the time of Linnæus.)

1. D. rèpens, L. Downy; sepals spreading in the flower, converging and enclosing the fruit.—Wooded banks; common northward. June–Aug.—In aspect and foliage resembling a stemless Violet.

7. GÈUM, L. Avens.

Calyx bell-shaped or flattish, deeply 5-cleft, usually with 5 small bractlets at the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens many. Achenes numerous, heaped on a conical or cylindrical dry receptacle, the long persistent styles forming hairy or naked and straight or jointed tails. Seed erect; radicle inferior.—Perennial herbs, with pinnate or lyrate leaves. (A name used by Pliny, of unknown meaning.)

§ 1. GEUM proper. Styles jointed and bent near the middle, the upper part deciduous and mostly hairy, the lower naked and hooked, becoming elongated; head of fruit sessile in the calyx; calyx-lobes reflexed.

[*] Petals white or pale greenish-yellow, small, spatulate or oblong; stipules small.

1. G. álbum, Gmelin. Smoothish or softly pubescent; stem slender (2° high); root-leaves of 3–5 leaflets, or simple and rounded, with a few minute leaflets on the petiole below; those of the stem 3-divided or lobed, or only toothed; hairs upon the long slender peduncles ascending or spreading; receptacle of the fruit densely bristly-hirsute.—Borders of woods, etc.; common. May–Aug.

2. G. Virginiànum, L. Bristly-hairy, especially the stout stem; lower and root-leaves pinnate, very various, the upper mostly 3-parted or divided, incised; petals inconspicuous, shorter than the calyx; heads of fruit larger, on short stout peduncles hirsute with reflexed hairs; receptacle glabrous or nearly so.—Borders of woods and low grounds; common. June–Aug.

[*][*] Petals golden-yellow, conspicuous, broadly-obovate, exceeding the calyx; stipules larger and all deeply cut.

3. G. macrophýllum, Willd. Bristly-hairy, stout (1–3° high); root-leaves lyrately and interruptedly pinnate, with the terminal leaflet very large and round-heart-shaped; lateral leaflets of the stem-leaves 2–4, minute, the terminal roundish, 3-cleft, the lobes wedge-form and rounded; receptacle nearly naked.—N. Scotia and N. Eng. to Minn., Mo., and westward. June. (Eu.)

4. G. stríctum, Ait. Somewhat hairy (3–5° high); root-leaves interruptedly pinnate, the leaflets wedge-obovate; leaflets of the stem-leaves 3–5, rhombic-ovate or oblong, acute; receptacle downy.—Moist meadows, Newf. to N. J., west to Minn., Kan., and westward. July, Aug. (Eu.)

§ 2. STÝLIPUS. Styles smooth; head of fruit conspicuously stalked in the calyx; bractlets of the calyx none, otherwise nearly as § 1.

5. G. vérnum, Torr. & Gray. Somewhat pubescent; stems ascending, few-leaved, slender; root-leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3–5-lobed, or some of them pinnate, with the lobes cut; petals yellow, about the length of the calyx; receptacle smooth.—Thickets, Penn. to Ill., south to Ky. and Tex. April–June.

§ 3. CARYOPHYLLÀTA. Style jointed and bent in the middle, the upper joint plumose; flowers large; calyx erect or spreading; petals erect.

6. G. rivàle, L. (Water, or Purple Avens.)—Stems nearly simple, several-flowered (2° high); root-leaves lyrate and interruptedly pinnate, those of the stem few, 3-foliolate or 3-lobed; petals dilated-obovate, retuse, contracted into a claw, purplish-orange; head of fruit stalked in the brown-purple calyx.—Bogs and wet meadows, Newf. to N. J., west to Minn. and Mo.—Flowers nodding; pedicels erect in fruit. (Eu.)

§ 4. SIEVÉRSIA. Style not jointed, wholly persistent and straight; head of fruit sessile; flowers large; calyx erect or spreading. (Flowering stems simple, and bearing only bracts or small leaves.)

7. G. triflòrum, Pursh. Low, softly-hairy; root-leaves interruptedly pinnate; leaflets very numerous and crowded, oblong-wedge-form, deeply cut-toothed; flowers 3 or more on long peduncles; bractlets linear, longer than the purple calyx, as long as the oblong purplish erect petals; styles very long (2´), strongly plumose in fruit.—Rocks, Lab. and northern N. Eng., to Minn. and Mo., rare. April–June.

8. G. radiàtum, Michx. Hirsutely hairy or smoothish; root-leaves rounded-kidney-shaped, radiate-veined (2–5´ broad), doubly or irregularly cut-toothed and obscurely 5–7-lobed, also a set of minute leaflets down the long petiole; stems (8–18´ high) 1–5-flowered; bractlets minute; petals yellow, round-obovate and more or less obcordate, exceeding the calyx (½´ long), spreading; styles naked except the base. (High mountains of N. C.)

Var. Péckii, Gray. Nearly glabrous, or the stalks and veins of the leaves sparsely hirsute.—Alpine tops of the White Mts.

Dryas Octopetala, L., a dwarf matted slightly shrubby plant, with simple toothed leaves and large white solitary flowers, has the characters of this section excepting its 8–9-parted calyx and 8 or 9 petals. It was said by Pursh to have been found on the White Mountains, N. H., ninety years ago, but it is not known to have been seen there since.

8. WALDSTEÌNIA, Willd.

Calyx-tube inversely conical; the limb 5-cleft, with 5 often minute and deciduous bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted into the throat of the calyx. Achenes 2–6, minutely hairy; the terminal slender styles deciduous from the base by a joint. Seed erect; radicle inferior.—Low perennial herbs, with chiefly radical 3–5-lobed or divided leaves, and small yellow flowers on bracted scapes. (Named in honor of Francis von Waldstein, a German botanist.)

1. W. fragarioìdes, Tratt. (Barren Strawberry.) Low; leaflets 3, broadly wedge-form, cut-toothed, scapes several-flowered; petals longer than the calyx.—Wooded hillsides, N. Eng. to Ga., west to Ind., Mich., and Minn.

9. FRAGÀRIA, Tourn. Strawberry.

Flowers nearly as in Potentilla. Styles deeply lateral. Receptacle in fruit much enlarged and conical, becoming pulpy and scarlet, bearing the minute dry achenes scattered over its surface.—Stemless perennials, with runners, and with white cymose flowers on scapes. Leaves radical; leaflets 3, obovate-wedge-form, coarsely serrate, stipules cohering with the base of the petioles, which with the scapes are usually hairy. (Name from the fragrance of the fruit.)—Flowering in spring. (The species are indiscriminately called Wild Strawberry.)

1. F. Virginiàna, Mill. Achenes imbedded in the deeply pitted fruiting receptacle, which usually has a narrow neck, calyx becoming erect after flowering and connivent over the hairy receptacle when sterile or unfructified; leaflets of a firm or coriaceous texture; the hairs of the scapes, and especially of the pedicels, silky and appressed.—Moist or rich woodlands, fields, etc.; common.

Var. Illinoénsis, Gray, is a coarser or larger plant, with flowers more inclined to be polygamo-diœcious, and the villous hairs of the scape and pedicels widely spreading.—Rich soil, western N. Y. to Minn., and westward.

2. F. vésca, L. Achenes superficial on the glabrous conical or hemispherical fruiting receptacle (not sunk in pits); calyx remaining spreading or reflexed; hairs on the scape mostly widely spreading, on the pedicels appressed; leaflets thin, even the upper face strongly marked by the veins.—Fields and rocky places; less common. (Eu.)

F. Índica, L., differing from the true strawberries in having leafy runners, a calyx with incised leafy bractlets larger than the sepals, yellow petals, and insipid fruit, has become somewhat established near Philadelphia and in the S. States; an escape from cultivation. Flowers and fruit produced through the summer and autumn. (Adv. from India.)

10. POTENTÍLLA, L. Cinque-foil. Five-finger.

Calyx flat, deeply 5-cleft, with as many bractlets at the sinuses, thus appearing 10-cleft. Petals 5, usually roundish. Stamens many. Achenes many, collected in a head on the dry mostly pubescent or hairy receptacle; styles lateral or terminal, deciduous. Radicle superior.—Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with compound leaves, and solitary or cymose flowers; their parts rarely in fours. (Name a diminutive from potens, powerful, originally applied to P. Anserina, from its once reputed medicinal powers.)

§ 1. Styles thickened and glandular toward the base; achenes glabrous, numerous; inflorescence cymose.

[*] Style nearly basal; stamens 25–30; perennial glandular-villous herbs, with pinnate leaves, and rather large white or yellow flowers.

1. P. argùta, Pursh. Stems erect, usually stout (1–4° high), brownish-hairy, clammy above; leaflets 7–11, oval or ovate, cut-serrate, downy beneath; cyme strict and rather close; stamens mostly 30, on a thick glandular disk.—Rocky hills, N. Brunswick to N. J., Minn., Kan., and westward.

[*][*] Style terminal; flowers small, yellow; leaves pinnate or ternate.

[+] Annual or biennial; leaflets incisely serrate, not white-tomentose; stamens 5–20.

2. P. Norvégica, L. Stout, erect, hirsute (½–2° high); leaves ternate; leaflets obovate or oblong-lanceolate; cyme rather close, leafy; calyx large; stamens 15 (rarely 20).—Lab. to N. J., west to Minn. and Kan. (Eu.)

3. P. rivàlis, Nutt. More slender and branched, softly villous; leaves pinnate, with two pairs of closely approximate leaflets, or a single pair and the terminal leaflet 3-parted; leaflets cuneate-obovate or -oblong; cyme loose, often diffuse, less leafy; calyx small; petals minute; stamens 10–20 (rarely 5).—Neb. to Mo. and N. Mex., and westward.

Var. millegràna, Watson. Leaves all ternate; stems erect, or weak and ascending; achenes often small and light-colored.—Minn. to Mo., N. Mex., and westward.

Var. pentándra, Watson. Leaves ternate, the lateral leaflets of the lower leaves parted nearly to the base; stamens 5, opposite to the sepals.—Iowa, Mo., and Ark.

4. P. supìna, L. Stems decumbent at base or erect, often stout, leafy, subvillous; leaflets pinnately 5–11, obovate or oblong; cyme loose, leafy; stamens 20; achenes strongly gibbous on the ventral side. (P. paradoxa, Nutt.)—Minn. to Mo., and westward; also eastward along the Great Lakes.—Var. Nicollétii, Watson. Slender; leaflets mostly but 3; inflorescence much elongated, leafy, and falsely racemose.—Devil's Lake, Minn.

[+][+] Herbaceous perennials, more or less white-tomentose; leaflets incisely pinnatifid; bractlets and sepals nearly equal; stamens 20–25.

5. P. Pennsylvánica, L. Stems erect or decumbent at base (½–2° high); leaflets 5–9, white-tomentose beneath, short-pubescent and greener above, oblong, obtuse, the linear segments slightly or not at all revolute; cyme fastigiate but rather open.—Coast of Maine, N. H., and the lower St. Lawrence, L. Superior, and westward. July, Aug.—Var. strigòsa, Lehm. Stems 6–12´ high; silky-tomentose throughout; leaflets deeply pinnatifid, the margins of the narrow lobes revolute; cyme short and close.—Minn. and westward.

§ 2. Styles filiform, not glandular at base; inflorescence cymose.

[*] Style terminal; achenes glabrous; stamens 20; herbaceous perennials, with rather large yellow flowers.

[+] Leaves pinnate.

6. P. Hippiàna, Lehm. Densely white-tomentose and silky throughout, the upper surface of the leaves a little darker; stems ascending (1–1½° high), slender, branching above into a diffuse cyme; leaflets 5–11, cuneate-oblong, incisely toothed at least toward the apex, diminishing uniformly down the petiole; carpels 10–30.—N. W. Minn., and westward.

7. P. effùsa, Dougl. Tomentose throughout, with scattered villous hairs; stems ascending (4–12´ high), diffusely branched above; leaflets 5–11, interruptedly pinnate, the alternate ones smaller, cuneate-oblong, coarsely-incised-serrate or dentate; carpels 10.—W. Minn. to Mont. and Col.

[+][+] Leaves palmate, of 3 or 5 leaflets; tomentose or villous.

8. P. argéntea, L. (Silvery Cinque-foil.) Stems ascending, paniculately branched at the summit, many-flowered, white-woolly; leaflets 5, wedge-oblong, almost pinnatifid, entire toward the base, with revolute margins, green above, white with silvery wool beneath.—Dry barren fields, etc., N. Scotia to N. J., west to Dak. and E. Kan. June–Sept. (Eu.)

9. P. frígida, Vill. Dwarf (1–3' high), tufted, villous when young; leaflets 3, broadly cuneate-obovate, deeply 3–5-toothed at summit, nearly glabrous above; flowers mostly solitary, small, on very slender stems; bractlets and sepals equal.—Alpine summits of the White Mts. (Eu.)

[*][*] Style lateral; purple petals (shorter than the broad calyx) somewhat persistent; disk thick and hairy; achenes glabrous; hairy receptacle becoming large and spongy.

10. P. palústris, Scop. (Marsh Five-Finger.) Stems stout, ascending from a decumbent rooting perennial base (½–2° long), glabrous below; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5–7, oblong, serrate, lighter colored and more or less pubescent beneath; flowers few in an open cyme; calyx (1´ broad) dark purple inside.—Cool bogs, N. J. to N. Ind., Ill., Minn., and northward. (Eu.)

[*][*][*] Style attached below the middle; achenes and receptacle densely villous; woody perennials.

11. P. fruticòsa, L. (Shrubby Cinque-foil.) Stem erect, shrubby (1–4° high), much branched; leaves pinnate, leaflets 5–7, crowded, oblong-lanceolate, entire, silky, usually whiter beneath and the margins revolute; petals yellow, orbicular.—Wet grounds, Lab. to N. J., west to Minn., northern Iowa, and north and westward. June–Sept. (Eu.)

12. P. tridentàta, Ait. (Three-toothed C.) Stems low (1–10´ high), rather woody at base, tufted, ascending, cymosely several-flowered; leaves palmate; leaflets 3, wedge-oblong, nearly smooth, thick, coarsely 3-toothed at the apex; petals white; achenes and receptacle very hairy.—Coast of N. Eng. from Cape Cod northward, Norfolk, Ct. (Barbour), and mountain-tops of the Alleghanies; also shores of the upper Great Lakes, and N. Iowa, Wisc., and Minn.

§ 3. Styles filiform, lateral; peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered; achenes glabrous; receptacle very villous; herbaceous perennials, with yellow flowers.

13. P. Anserìna, L. (Silver-Weed.) Spreading by slender many-jointed runners, white-tomentose and silky-villous; leaves all radical, pinnate; leaflets 7–21, with smaller ones interposed, oblong, sharply serrate, silky tomentose at least beneath; bractlets and stipules often incisely cleft; peduncles elongated.—Brackish marshes, river-banks, etc., New Eng. to N. J., N. Ind., Minn., and northward. (Eu.)

14. P. Canadénsis, L. (Common Cinque-foil or Five-Finger.) Stems slender and decumbent or prostrate, or sometimes erect; pubescence villous, often scanty; leaves ternate, but apparently quinate by the parting of the lateral leaflets; leaflets cuneate-oblong or -obovate, incisely serrate, nearly glabrous above; bractlets entire.—Dry soil; common and variable. Apr.–July.—Often producing summer runners.

11. SIBBÁLDIA, L.

Calyx flattish, 5-cleft, with 5 bractlets. Petals 5, linear-oblong, minute. Stamens 5, inserted alternate with the petals into the margin of the woolly disk which lines the base of the calyx. Achenes 5–10; styles lateral.—Low and depressed mountain perennials; included by some in Potentilla. (Dedicated to Dr. Robert Sibbald, professor at Edinburgh at the close of the 17th century.)

1. S. procùmbens, L. Leaflets 3, wedge-shaped, 3-toothed at the apex; petals yellow.—Alpine summits of the White Mts., and northward. (Eu.)

12. ALCHEMÍLLA, Tourn. Lady's Mantle.

Calyx-tube inversely conical, contracted at the throat; limb 4-parted with as many alternate accessory lobes. Petals none. Stamens 1–4. Pistils 1–4; the slender style arising from near the base; achenes included in the tube of the persistent calyx.—Low herbs, with palmately lobed or compound leaves, and small corymbed greenish flowers. (From Alkemelyeh, the Arabic name, having reference to the silky pubescence of some species.)

A. arvénsis, Scop. (Parsley Piert.) Small annual (3–8´ high), leafy; leaves 3-parted, with the wedge-shaped lobes 2–3-cleft, pubescent; flowers fascicled opposite the axils.—Va. and N. C. (Adv. from Eu.)

13. AGRIMÒNIA, Tourn. Agrimony.

Calyx-tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, beset with hooked bristles above, indurated in fruit and enclosing the 2 achenes; the limb 5-cleft, closed after flowering. Petals 5. Stamens 5–15. Styles terminal. Seed suspended.—Perennial herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves, and yellow flowers in slender spiked racemes; bracts 3-cleft. (Name a corruption of Argemonia, of the same derivation as Argemone, p. 59.)

1. A. Eupatòria, L. (Common Agrimony.) Leaflets 5–7 with minute ones intermixed, oblong-obovate, coarsely toothed; petals twice the length of the calyx.—Borders of woods, common. July–Sept. (Eu.)

2. A. parviflòra, Ait. (Small-flowered A.) Leaflets crowded, 11–19, with smaller ones intermixed, lanceolate, acute, deeply and regularly cut-serrate, as well as the stipules; petals small.—Woods and glades, N. Y. and N. J. to Ga., west to Mich., Kan., and La.

14. POTÈRIUM, L. Burnet.

Calyx with a top-shaped tube, constricted at the throat, persistent; the 4 broad petal-like spreading lobes imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens 4–12 or more, with flaccid filaments and short anthers. Pistils 1–3; the slender terminal style tipped with a tufted or brush-like stigma. Achene (commonly solitary) enclosed in the 4-angled dry and thickish closed calyx-tube. Seed suspended.—Chiefly perennial herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves, stipules coherent with the petiole, and small, often polygamous or diœcious flowers crowded in a dense head or spike at the summit of a long and naked peduncle, each bracteate and 2-bracteolate. (Name ποτήριον, a drinking-cup, the foliage of Burnet having been used in the preparation of some medicinal drink.)

1. P. Canadénse, Benth. & Hook. (Canadian Burnet.) Stamens 4, long-exserted, club-shaped, white, as is the whole of the elongated and cylindrical spike; stem 3–6° high; leaflets numerous, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, obtuse, heart shaped at base, as if stipellate; stipules serrate.—Bogs and wet meadows, Newf. to mountains of Ga., west to Mich.

P. Sanguisórba, L. (Garden Burnet.) Stamens 12 or more in the lower flowers of the globular greenish head, with drooping capillary filaments, the upper flowers pistillate only; stems about 1° high; leaflets numerous, small, ovate, deeply cut.—Fields and rocks, N. Y. to Md. (Adv. from Eu.)

15. RÒSA, Tourn. Rose.

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, contracted at the mouth, becoming fleshy in fruit. Petals 5, obovate or obcordate, inserted with the many stamens into the edge of the hollow thin disk that lines the calyx-tube and within bears the numerous pistils below. Ovaries hairy, becoming bony achenes in fruit.—Shrubby and usually spiny or prickly, with odd-pinnate leaves, and stipules cohering with the petiole; stalks, foliage, etc., often bearing aromatic glands. Many of the species are very variable in their characters, and are often indeterminable upon imperfect specimens. (The ancient Latin name.)

[*] Styles cohering in a protruding column, as long as the stamens.

1. R. setígera, Michx. (Climbing or Prairie Rose.) Stems climbing, armed with stout nearly straight scattered prickles, not bristly; leaflets 3–5, ovate, acute, sharply serrate, smooth or downy beneath; stalks and calyx glandular; flowers corymbed; sepals pointed; petals deep rose-color changing to white; fruit (hip) globular.—Borders of prairies and thickets, Ont. to Ohio, S. C., and Fla., west to Wisc., Neb., and Tex.; also cultivated. July.—The only American climbing rose, or with united protruding styles; strong shoots growing 10–20° in a season.

[*][*] Styles distinct; sepals connivent after flowering and persistent; pedicels and receptacles naked.

[+] Fruit oblong-obovate to oblong; infrastipular spines usually none.

2. R. Engelmánni, Watson. Stems usually 3–4° high or less; infrastipular spines, when present, straight and slender; prickles often abundant; leaflets 5–7, often somewhat resinous-puberulent beneath and the teeth serrulate; flowers solitary; sepals entire, naked or hispid; fruit 6–12´´ long.—Whisky Island, L. Huron, shores of L. Superior, and west to the Red River valley, and in the mountains from N. Mont, and N. Idaho to Col.

[+][+] Fruit globose; infrastipular spines none; acicular prickles often present.

3. R. blánda, Ait. Stems 1–3° high, wholly unarmed (occasionally with a few or very rarely numerous prickles); stipules dilated, naked and entire, or slightly glandular-toothed; leaflets 5–7, usually oblong-lanceolate, cuneate at base and petiolulate, simply serrate, not resinous; flowers usually large, corymbose or solitary; sepals hispid, entire.—On rocks and rocky shores, Newf. to N. Eng., central N. Y., Ill. (La Salle Co.), and the region of the Great Lakes.

4. R. Sàyi, Schwein. Stems usually low (1–2° high), very prickly; stipules usually dilated, glandular-ciliate and resinous; leaflets 3–7, broadly elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, sessile and obtuse or subcordate at base, resinous-puberulent and teeth serrulate; flowers large, solitary (very rarely 2 or 3); outer sepals usually with 1 or 2 narrow lateral lobes, not hispid.—N. Mich. and Wisc. to Minn. and Col.

5. R. Arkansàna, Porter. Stems low, very prickly; stipules narrow, more or less glandular-toothed above (or even glandular-ciliate); leaflets 7–11, broadly elliptical to oblong-oblanceolate, subcuneate at base, sessile or petiolulate, simply toothed, not resinous; flowers corymbose; sepals rarely hispid, the outer lobed.—Minn. to Mo. and W. Tex., west to Col.

[+][+][+] Fruit globose; infrastipular spines present.

6. R. Woòdsii, Lindl. Stems usually low (¼–3° high), with slender straight or recurved spines, sometimes with scattered prickles, or wholly unarmed above; leaflets 5–7, obovate to oblong or lanceolate, more or less toothed; flowers corymbose or solitary; sepals naked or hispid, the outer usually lobed; fruit globose with a short neck.—Minn. to Mo., west to Col.

[*][*][*] Styles distinct; sepals spreading after flowering and deciduous; infrastipular spines usually present, often with scattered prickles; sepals, globose receptacle, and pedicel usually hispid; teeth simple; pubescence not resinous.

[+] Leaflets mostly finely many-toothed.

7. R. Carolìna, L. Stems usually tall (1–7° high), with stout straight or usually more or less curved spines; stipules long and very narrow; leaflets dull green, 5–9 (usually 7), usually narrowly oblong and acute at each end and petiolulate, but often broader, usually pubescent beneath.—Borders of swamps and streams, N. Scotia to Fla., west to Minn. and Miss.

[+][+] Leaflets coarsely toothed.

8. R. lùcida, Ehrh. Stems often tall and stout (a few inches to 6° high), with at length stout and usually more or less hooked spines; stipules usually naked, more or less dilated; leaflets (mostly 7) dark green, rather thick, smooth and often shining above; flowers corymbose or solitary; outer sepals frequently with 1 or 2 small lobes.—Margins of swamps or moist places, Newf. to N. Eng., N. Y., and E. Penn.

9. R. hùmilis, Marsh. Stems usually low (1–3°) and more slender, less leafy, with straight slender spines, spreading or sometimes reflexed; stipules narrow, rarely somewhat dilated; leaflets as in the last, but usually thinner and paler; flowers very often solitary; outer sepals always more or less lobed. (R. lucida of most authors.)—Mostly in dry soil or on rocky slopes, Maine to Ga., west to Minn., Mo., Ind. Terr., and La.

10. R. nítida, Willd. Low, nearly or quite glabrous throughout, the straight slender spines often scarcely stouter than the prickles which usually thickly cover the stem and branches; stipules mostly dilated; leaflets bright green and shining, usually narrowly oblong and acute at each end; flowers solitary (rarely 2 or 3); sepals entire.—Margins of swamps, Newf. to N. Eng.

Naturalized species.

R. canìna, L. (Dog Rose.) Stems armed with stout recurved spines, without prickles, the branches sometimes unarmed; leaflets 5–7, elliptical or oblong-ovate, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, simply toothed, not resinous-puberulent; flowers solitary (or 2–4) on usually naked pedicels; sepals pinnatifid, deciduous; fruit oblong-ovate to nearly globular.—Roadsides, E. Penn., Tenn., etc. (Int. from Eu.)

R. rubiginòsa, L. (Sweetbrier. Eglantine.) Resembling the last, but of more compact habit, the leaflets densely resinous beneath and aromatic, and doubly serrate; the short pedicels and pinnatifid sepals hispid. (Incl. R. micrantha, Smith; less aromatic, with oblong fruit and glabrous styles.)—N. Scotia and Ont. to S. C. and Tenn. (Int. from Eu.)

16. PỲRUS, L. Pear. Apple.

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft. Petals roundish or obovate. Stamens numerous. Styles 2–5. Pome fleshy or berry-like; the 2–5 carpels or cells of a papery or cartilaginous texture, 2-seeded.—Trees or shrubs, with handsome flowers in corymbed cymes. (The classical name of the Pear-tree.)

§ 1. MÀLUS (Apple). Leaves simple; cymes simple and umbel-like; pome fleshy, globular, sunk in at the attachment of the stalk.

1. P. coronària, L. (American Crab-Apple.) Leaves ovate, often rather heart-shaped, cut-serrate or lobed, soon glabrous; styles woolly and united at base.—Glades, Ont. and W. New York to N. C., west to Minn., Kan., and La. May.—Tree 20° high, somewhat thorny, with large rose-colored very fragrant blossoms, few in a corymb; fruit fragrant and greenish.

2. P. angustifòlia, Ait. Resembling the last, but with leaves oblong or lanceolate, often acute at base, mostly toothed, glabrous; styles distinct.—Glades, Penn. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Kan., and La. April.

§ 2. ADENÒRHACHIS. Leaves simple, the midrib glandular along the upper side; cymes compound; styles united at base; fruit berry-like, small.

3. P. arbutifòlia, L. f. (Choke-berry.) A shrub usually 1–3° high; leaves oblong or oblanceolate, mostly acute or acuminate, finely glandular-serrate, tomentose beneath; cyme tomentose; flowers white or reddish; fruit pear-shaped, or globose when ripe, small, red or purple, astringent.—Swamps and damp thickets; common, from N. Scotia to Fla., and west to Minn., Ill., Mo., and La.

Var. melanocárpa, Hook. Nearly smooth throughout, with larger black fruit; leaves usually less acute.—Of apparently the same range.

§ 3. SÓRBUS. Leaves odd-pinnate, with rather numerous leaflets; cymes compound; styles separate; pome berry-like, small.

4. P. Americàna, DC. (American Mountain-Ash.) Tree or tall shrub, nearly glabrous or soon becoming so; leaflets 13–15, lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate with pointed teeth, bright green; cymes large and flat; berries globose, bright red, not larger than peas; leaf-buds pointed, glabrous and somewhat glutinous.—Swamps and mountain-woods, Newf. to mountains of N. C., west to N. Mich, and Minn. Often cultivated.

5. P. sambucifòlia, Cham. & Schlecht. Leaflets oblong, oval, or lance-ovate, mostly obtuse or abruptly short-pointed, serrate (mostly doubly) with more spreading teeth, often pale beneath; cymes smaller; flowers and berries larger, the latter (4´´ broad) when young ovoid, at length globose; leaf-buds sparingly hairy; otherwise nearly as the preceding.—Lab. to northern N. Eng. and Lake Superior, and westward.

17. CRATÆ̀GUS, L. Hawthorn. White Thorn.

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, the limb 5-cleft. Petals 5, roundish. Stamens many, or only 10–15. Styles 1–5. Pome drupe-like, containing 1–5 bony 1-seeded stones.—Thorny shrubs or small trees, with simple and mostly lobed leaves, and white (rarely rose-colored) blossoms. (Name from κράτος, strength, on account of the hardness of the wood.)

[*] Corymbs many-flowered.

[+] Fruit small, depressed-globose (not larger than peas), bright red; flowers mostly small; calyx-teeth short and broad (except in n. 3); styles 5; glabrous (except C. Pyracantha) and glandless.

C. Pyracántha, Pers. (Evergreen Thorn.) Leaves evergreen, shining (1´ long), oblong or spatulate-lanceolate, crenulate; the short petioles and young branchlets pubescent; corymbs small.—Shrub, spontaneous near Washington and Philadelphia. (Adv. from Eu.)

1. C. spathulàta, Michx. Shrub or tree, 10–25° high; leaves thickish, shining, deciduous, spatulate or oblanceolate, with a long tapering base, crenate above, rarely cut-lobed, nearly sessile.—Va. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex.

2. C. cordàta, Ait. (Washington Thorn.) Trunk 15–25° high; leaves broadly ovate or triangular, mostly truncate or a little heart-shaped at the base, on a slender petiole, variously 3–5-cleft or cut, serrate.—Va. to Ga. in the mountains, west to Mo.

3. C. víridis, L. A small tree, often unarmed; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong or lanceolate, or oblong-obovate, mostly acute at both ends, on slender petioles, acutely serrate, often somewhat lobed, and often downy in the axils; flowers larger, numerous; fruit bright red or rarely orange. (C. arborescens, Ell.)—Mississippi bottoms from St. Louis to the Gulf, and from S. Car. to Tex.

[+][+] Fruit small (¼–{1/3}´ long), ovoid, deep red; flowers rather large; styles 1–3.

C. Oxyacántha, L. (English Hawthorn.) Smooth; leaves obovate, cut-lobed and toothed, wedge-form at the base; calyx not glandular. More or less spontaneous as well as cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. C. apiifòlia, Michx. Softly pubescent when young; leaves roundish, with a broad truncate or slightly heart-shaped base, pinnately 5–7-cleft, the crowded divisions cut-lobed and sharply serrate; petioles slender; calyx-lobes glandular-toothed, slender.—S. Va. to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex.

[+][+][+] Fruit large (½–1´ long), red; flowers large; styles and stones even in the same species 1–3 (when the fruit is ovoid or pear-shaped) or 4–5 (in globular fruit); stipules, calyx-teeth, bracts, etc., often beset with glands; shrubs or low trees. [Species as characterized by Prof. C. S. Sargent.]

5. C. coccínea, L. Branches reddish; spines stout, chestnut-brown; villous-pubescent on the shoots, glandular peduncles, and calyx; leaves on slender petioles, thin, pubescent beneath or often glabrous, round-ovate, cuneate or subcordate at base, acutely glandular-toothed, sometimes cut-lobed; flowers ½´ broad; fruit coral-red, globose or obovate, ½´ broad.—Newf. to Minn. and southward.—Var. macracántha, Dudley; spines longer; leaves thicker, cuneate at base, on stout petioles, often deeply incised; cymes broader; flowers and fruit rather larger.—From the St. Lawrence and E. Mass. to Minn.

Var. móllis, Torr. & Gray. Shoots densely pubescent; leaves large, slender-petioled, cuneate, truncate or cordate at base, usually with acute narrow lobes, often subscabrous above, more or less densely pubescent beneath; flowers 1´ broad, in broad cymes; fruit bright scarlet with a light bloom, 1´ broad. (C. tomentosa, var. mollis, Gray. C. subvillosa, Schrad.)—E. Mass, to Mo. and Tex. Sometimes 20–30° high, blooming two weeks before the type.

6. C. tomentòsa, L. Branches gray, rarely with stout gray spines; shoots, peduncles, and calyx villous-pubescent; glands none; leaves large, pale, prominently veined, densely pubescent beneath, ovate or ovate-oblong, sharply serrate, usually incisely lobed, contracted into a margined petiole; flowers small, ill-scented; fruit dull red, obovate, rarely globose (½´ broad), upright.—Western N. Y. to Mich., Mo., and Ga. In flower 2–3 weeks after n. 3.

7. C. punctàta, Jacq. Branches horizontal; glands none; leaves smaller, mostly wedge-obovate, attenuate and entire below, unequally toothed above, rarely lobed, villous-pubescent becoming smooth but dull, the many veins more impressed, prominent beneath; fruit globose (1´ broad), red or bright yellow. (C. tomentosa, var. punctata, Gray.)—Quebec to Ont. and south to Ga.

8. C. Crus-gálli, L. (Cockspur Thorn.) Branches horizontal, with slender thorns often 4´ long; glabrous; leaves thick, dark green, shining above, wedge-obovate and oblanceolate, tapering into a very short petiole, serrate above the middle; fruit globular, dull red ({1/3}´ broad).—Thickets, common.

[*][*] Corymbs simple, few- (1–6-) flowered; calyx, bracts, etc., glandular.

9. C. flàva, Ait. (Summer Haw.) Tree 15–20° high, somewhat pubescent or glabrous; leaves wedge-obovate or rhombic-obovate, narrowed into a glandular petiole, unequally toothed and somewhat cut above the middle, rather thin, the teeth glandular; styles 4–5; fruit somewhat pear-shaped, yellowish, greenish, or reddish (½´ broad).—Sandy soil, Va. to Mo., and southward.

Var. pubéscens, Gray. Downy or villous-pubescent when young; leaves thickish, usually obtuse or rounded at the summit; fruit larger (¾´ broad), scarlet or sometimes yellow.—Va. to Fla.

10. C. parvifòlia, Ait. (Dwarf Thorn.) Shrub 3–6° high, downy; leaves thick, obovate-spatulate, crenate-toothed (½–1½´ long), almost sessile, the upper surface at length shining; flowers solitary or 2–3 together on very short peduncles; calyx-lobes as long as the petals; styles 5; fruit globular or pear-shaped, yellowish.—Sandy soil, N. J. to Fla. and La.

18. AMELÁNCHIER, Medic. June-berry.

Calyx 5-cleft; lobes downy within. Petals oblong, elongated. Stamens numerous, short. Styles 5, united below. Ovary 5-celled, each cell 2-ovuled, but a projection grows from the back of each and forms a false cartilaginous partition; the berry-like pome thus 10-celled, with one seed in each cell (when all ripen).—Small trees or shrubs, with simple sharply serrated leaves, and white racemose flowers. (Amelancier is the name of A. vulgaris in Savoy.)

1. A. Canadénsis, Torr. & Gray. (Shad-bush. Service-berry.) A tree 10–30° high, nearly or soon glabrous; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, usually somewhat cordate at base, pointed, very sharply serrate, 1–3½´ long; bracts and stipules very long-silky-ciliate; flowers large, in drooping nearly glabrous racemes; petals oblong, 6–8´´ long; fruit on elongated pedicels, globose, crimson or purplish, sweet and edible. (Var. Botryapium, Torr. & Gray.)—Dry open woodlands; Newf. to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and La. Fruit ripening in June.—Var. rotundifòlia, Torr. & Gray, appears to be only a broad-leaved form.

Var. (?) oblongifòlia, Torr. & Gray. A smaller tree or shrub (6–10° high), the young leaves and racemes densely white-tomentose; leaves oblong or sometimes rather broadly elliptical, acute, mostly rounded at base, finely serrate, 1–2´ long; flowers in denser and shorter racemes; petals 3–4´´ long, oblong-spatulate; fruit similar but more juicy, on shorter pedicels.—Low moist grounds or swampy woods; N. Brunswick to Va., west to Minn. and Mo.—A form of this with broader leaves (broadly elliptical or rounded), often very obtuse at the summit, and rounded, subcordate or acute at base, and usually coarsely toothed, is common from Manitoba to Minn. and Iowa, and is sometimes cultivated for its fruit.

2. A. oligocárpa, Roem. A low shrub 2–4° high, soon glabrous; leaves thin, oblong, acute at both ends, finely serrate, 1–2´ long; flowers few (1–4), rather long-pedicelled; petals oblong-obovate; fruit broad-pyriform, dark purple with a dense bloom. (A. Canadensis, var. oligocarpa, Torr. & Gray.)—Cold swamps and mountain bogs; Lab. to northern N. Eng. and N. Y., and the shores of Lake Superior.

3. A. alnifòlia, Nutt. A shrub 3–8° high, usually glabrate or nearly so; leaves somewhat glaucous and thickish, broadly elliptical or roundish, very obtuse or rarely acute, often subcordate at base, coarsely toothed toward the summit, ½–2´ long; raceme short and rather dense; petals cuneate-oblong, 3–8´´ long; fruit globose, purple. (A. Canadensis, var. alnifolia, Torr. & Gray.)—A western mountain species, which occurs in Minn. and N. Mich., and which the broad-leaved form of A. Canadensis sometimes closely simulates.

Order 34. CALYCANTHÀCEÆ. (Calycanthus Family.)

Shrubs with opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the sepals and petals similar and indefinite, the anthers adnate and extrorse, and the cotyledons convolute; the fruit like a rose-hip. Chiefly represented by the genus

1. CALYCÁNTHUS, L. Carolina Allspice. Sweet-Scented Shrub.

Calyx of many sepals, united below into a fleshy inversely conical cup (with some leaf-like bractlets growing from it); the lobes lanceolate, mostly colored like the petals, which are similar, in many rows, thickish, inserted on the top of the closed calyx-tube. Stamens numerous, inserted just within the petals, short; some of the inner ones sterile (destitute of anthers). Pistils several or many, enclosed in the calyx-tube, inserted on its base and inner face, resembling those of the Rose; but the enlarged hip dry when ripe, enclosing the achenes.—The lurid purple flowers terminating the leafy branches. Bark and foliage aromatic; the crushed flowers exhaling more or less the fragrance of strawberries. (Name composed of κάλυξ, a cup or calyx, and άνθος, flower, from the closed cup which contains the pistils.)

1. C. flóridus, L. Leaves oval, soft-downy underneath.—Virginia(?) and southward, on hillsides in rich soil. Common in gardens. April–Aug.

2. C. lævigàtus, Willd. Leaves oblong, thin, either blunt or taper-pointed, bright green and glabrous or nearly so on both sides, or rather pale beneath; flowers smaller.—Mountains of Franklin Co., Penn. (Prof. Porter), and southward along the Alleghanies. May–Aug.

3. C. glaùcus, Willd. Leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously taper-pointed, glaucous-white beneath, roughish above, glabrous, large (4–7´ long), probably a variety of the preceding.—Virginia (?) near the mountains and southward. May–Aug.

Order 35. SAXIFRAGÀCEÆ. (Saxifrage Family.)

Herbs or shrubs, of various aspect, distinguishable from Rosaceæ by having copious albumen in the seeds, opposite as well as alternate leaves, and usually no stipules; the stamens mostly definite, and the carpels commonly fewer than the sepals, either separate or partly so, or all combined into one compound pistil. Calyx either free or adherent, usually persistent or withering away. Stamens and petals almost always inserted on the calyx. Ovules anatropous.

Tribe I. SAXIFRAGEÆ. Herbs. Leaves alternate (rarely opposite in n. 2 and 6). Fruit dry, capsular or follicular, the styles or tips of the carpels distinct.

[*] Ovary 2- (rarely 3-) celled with axile placentas, or of as many nearly distinct carpels.

1. Astilbe. Flowers polygamous, panicled. Stamens (8 or 10) twice as many as the small petals. Seeds few. Leaves decompound.

2. Saxifraga. Flowers perfect. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Seeds numerous, with a close coat.

3. Boykinia. Flowers perfect. Stamens only as many as the petals, which are convolute in the bud and deciduous. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Seed-coat close.

4. Sullivantia. Flowers perfect. Stamens 5. Calyx nearly free. Seeds wing-margined.

[*][*] Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas alternate with the stigmas. Sterile stamens none.

5. Tiarella. Calyx nearly free from the slender ovary. Petals entire. Stamens 10. Placentas nearly basal.

6. Mitella. Calyx partly cohering with the depressed ovary. Petals small, pinnatifid. Stamens 10.

7. Henchera. Calyx bell-shaped, coherent with the ovary below. Petals small, entire. Stamens 5.

8. Chrysosplenium. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary. Petals none. Stamens 10.

[*][*][*] Ovary 1-celled, with 3–4 parietal placentas opposite the sessile stigmas. A cluster of united sterile filaments at the base of each petal.

9. Parnassia. Sepals, petals and proper stamens 5. Peduncle scape-like, 1-flowered.

Tribe II. HYDRANGEÆ. Shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple. Ovary 2–5-celled; the calyx coherent at least with its base. Fruit capsular.

[*] Stamens 8 or 10.

10. Hydrangea. Calyx-lobes minute in complete flowers. Petals valvate in the bud.

[*][*] Stamens 20–40.

11. Decumaria. Calyx-lobes small. Petals 7–10, valvate in the bud. Filaments subulate. Style 1.

12. Philadelphus. Calyx-lobes conspicuous. Petals 4–5, convolute in the bud. Filaments linear. Styles 3–5.

Tribe III. ESCALLONIEÆ. Shrubs. Leaves alternate and simple. Ovary 2–5-celled. Fruit capsular.

13. Itea. Calyx 5-cleft, free from the 2-celled ovary, which becomes a septicidal capsule.

Tribe IV. RIBESIEÆ. Shrubs. Leaves alternate and simple, with stipules adnate to the petiole or wanting. Fruit a berry.

14. Ribes. Calyx-tube adnate to the 1-celled ovary. Placentas 2, parietal, many-seeded.

1. ASTÍLBE, Don. False Goatsbeard.

Flowers diœciously polygamous. Calyx 4–5-parted, small. Petals 4–5, spatulate, small, withering-persistent. Stamens 8 or 10. Ovary 2-celled, almost free, many-ovuled; styles 2, short. Capsule 2-celled, separating into 2 follicles, each ripening few seeds. Seed-coat loose and thin, tapering at each end.—Perennial herbs, with twice or thrice ternately-compound ample leaves, cut-lobed and toothed leaflets, and small white or yellowish flowers in spikes or racemes, which are disposed in a compound panicle. (Name composed of ἀ- privative and στίλβη, a bright surface, because the foliage is not shining.)

1. A. decándra, Don. Somewhat pubescent (3–5° high); leaflets mostly heart-shaped; petals minute or wanting in the fertile flowers, stamens 10.—Rich woods; mountains of S. W. Va. to N. C. and Ga. Closely imitating Spiræa Aruncus, but coarser.

2. SAXÍFRAGA, L. Saxifrage.

Calyx either free from or cohering with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft or parted. Petals 5, entire, imbricated in the bud, commonly deciduous. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-beaked, 2-celled, opening down or between the beaks, or sometimes 2 almost separate follicles. Seeds numerous, with a close coat.—Chiefly perennial herbs, with the root-leaves clustered, those of the stem mostly alternate. (Name from saxum, a rock, and frango, to break; many species rooting in the clefts of rocks.)

[*] Stems prostrate, in tufts, leafy; leaves opposite; calyx free from the capsule.

1. S. oppositifòlia, L. (Mountain Saxifrage.) Leaves fleshy, ovate, keeled, ciliate, imbricated on the sterile branches (1–2´´ long); flowers solitary, large; petals purple, obovate, much longer than the 5-cleft-calyx.—Rocks, Willoughby Mountain, Vt., and northward. (Eu.)

[*][*] Stems ascending; leaves alternate; calyx coherent below with the capsule.

2. S. rivulàris, L. (Alpine Brook-S.) Small, stems weak, 3–5-flowered; lower leaves rounded, 3–5-lobed, on slender petioles, the upper lanceolate; petals white, ovate.—Alpine region of the White Mts., to Lab. (Eu.)

3. S. aizoìdes, L. (Yellow Mountain-S.) Low (3–5´ high), in tufts, with few or several corymbose flowers; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, fleshy, distantly spinulose-ciliate; petals yellow, spotted with orange, oblong.—N. Vt. to S. W. New York, N. Mich., and northward. June. (Eu.)

4. S. tricuspidàta, Retz. Stems tufted (4–8´ high), naked above; flowers corymbose, leaves oblong or spatulate, with 3 rigid sharp teeth at the summit; petals obovate-oblong, yellow.—Shore of L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

[*][*][*] Leaves clustered at the root; scape many-flowered, erect, clammy-pubescent.

[+] Petals all alike.

5. S. Aizòon, Jacq. Scape 5–10´ high; leaves persistent, thick, spatulate, with white cartilaginous toothed margins; calyx partly adherent; petals obovate, cream-color, often spotted at the base.—Moist rocks, Lab. to N. Vt., L. Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

6. S. Virginiénsis, Michx. (Early S.) Low (4–9´ high); leaves obovate or oval-spatulate, narrowed into a broad petiole, crenate-toothed, thickish; flowers in a clustered cyme, which is at length open and loosely panicled; lobes of the nearly free calyx erect, not half the length of the oblong obtuse (white) petals; follicles united merely at the base, divergent, purplish.—Exposed rocks and dry hillsides; N. Brunswick to Ga., and west to Minn., Ohio, and Tenn.; common, especially northward. April–June.

7. S. Pennsylvánica, L. (Swamp S.) Large (1–2° high); leaves oblanceolate, obscurely toothed (4–8´ long), narrowed at base into a short and broad petiole; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first clustered; lobes of the nearly free calyx recurved, about the length of the linear-lanceolate (greenish) small petals; filaments awl-shaped, follicles at length divergent.—Bogs, N. Eng. to Va., west to Minn. and Iowa.

8. S. eròsa, Pursh. (Lettuce S.) Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, sharply toothed, tapering into a margined petiole (8–12´ long); scape slender (1–3° high); panicle elongated, loosely flowered; pedicels slender; calyx reflexed, entirely free, nearly as long as the oval obtuse (white) petals; filaments club-shaped; follicles nearly separate, diverging, narrow, pointed, 2–3´´ long.—Cold mountain brooks, Penn. to Va. and N. C.

9. S. Forbèsii, Vasey. Stem stout, 2–4° high; leaves denticulate, oval to elongated oblong (4–8´ long); filaments filiform; follicles short, ovate; otherwise as in the last.—Shaded cliffs, near Makanda, S. Ill. (Forbes); E. Mo. (Lettermann.)

[+][+] Petals unequal, with claws, white, all or some of them with a pair of yellow spots near the base; leaves oblong, wedge-shaped or spatulate; calyx free and reflexed.

10. S. leucanthemifòlia, Michx. Leaves coarsely toothed or cut, tapering into a petiole; stems (5–18´ high) bearing one or more leaves or leafy bracts and a loose, spreading corymbose or paniculate cyme; petals lanceolate, the 3 larger ones with a heart-shaped base and a pair of spots, the 2 smaller with a tapering base and no spots.—Mts. of Va. to N. C. and Ga.

11. S. stellàris, L., var comòsa, Willd. Leaves wedge-shaped, more or less toothed; scape (4–5´ high) bearing a small contracted panicle, many or most of the flowers changed into little tufts of green leaves, petals all lanceolate and tapering into the claw.—Mt. Katahdin, Maine, north to Lab. and Greenland. (Eu.)

3. BOYKÍNIA, Nutt.

Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the 2-celled and 2-beaked capsule. Stamens 5, as many as the deciduous petals, these mostly convolute in the bud. Otherwise as in Saxifraga.—Perennial herbs, with alternate palmately 5–7-lobed or cut petioled leaves, and white flowers in cymes. (Dedicated to the late Dr. Boykin of Georgia.)

1. B. aconitifòlia, Nutt. Stem glandular (6–20´ high); leaves deeply 5–7-lobed.—Mountains of southwestern Va. to Ga. and Tenn. July.

4. SULLIVÁNTIA, Torr. & Gray.

Calyx bell-shaped, cohering below only with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblanceolate, entire, acutish, withering-persistent. Stamens 5, shorter than the petals. Capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked, many-seeded, opening between the beaks, the seeds wing-margined, imbricated upward.—A low and reclined-spreading perennial herb, with rounded and cut-toothed or slightly lobed smooth leaves, on slender petioles, and small white flowers in a branched loosely cymose panicle, raised on a nearly leafless slender stem (6–12´ long). Peduncles and calyx glandular; pedicels recurved in fruit. (Dedicated to the distinguished bryologist who discovered our species.)

1. S. Ohiònis, Torr. & Gray.—Limestone cliffs, Ohio to Ind., Iowa, and Minn. June.

5. TIARÉLLA, L. False Mitre-wort.

Calyx bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary, 5-parted. Petals 5, with claws, entire. Stamens 10, long and slender. Styles 2. Capsule membranaceous, 1-celled, 2-valved; the valves unequal. Seeds few, at the base of each parietal placenta, globular, smooth.—Perennials; flowers white. (Name a diminutive from τιάρα, a tiara, or turban, from the form of the pod, or rather pistil, which is like that of Mitella, to which the name of Mitre-wort properly belongs.)

1. T. cordifòlia, L. Leaves from the rootstock or summer runners heart-shaped, sharply lobed and toothed, sparsely hairy above, downy beneath; stem leafless or rarely with 1 or 2 leaves (5–12´ high); raceme simple; petals oblong, often subserrate.—Rich rocky woods, N. Eng. to Minn. and Ind., and southward in the mountains. April, May.

6. MITÉLLA, Tourn. Mitre-wort. Bishop's-Cap.

Calyx short, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, slender, pinnatifid. Stamens 5 or 10, included. Styles 2, very short. Capsule short, 2-beaked, 1-celled, with 2 parietal or rather basal several-seeded placentæ, 2-valved at the summit. Seeds smooth and shining.—Low and slender perennials, with round heart-shaped alternate leaves on the rootstock or runners, on slender petioles; those on the flowering stems opposite, if any. Flowers small, in a simple slender raceme or spike. Fruit soon widely dehiscent. (Diminutive of mitra, a cap, alluding to the form of the young pod.)

1. M. diphýlla, L. Hairy; leaves heart-shaped, acute, somewhat 3–5-lobed, toothed, those on the many-flowered stem 2, opposite, nearly sessile, with interfoliar stipules; flowers white, in a raceme 6–8´ long; stamens 10.—Hillsides in rich woods; N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn. and Mo. May.

2. M. nùda, L. Small and slender; leaves rounded or kidney-form, deeply and doubly crenate; stem usually leafless, few-flowered, very slender (4–6´ high); flowers greenish; stamens 10.—Deep moist woods, in moss, N. Eng. to N. Y., Mich., Minn., and northward. May–July.

7. HEÙCHERA, L. Alum-root.

Calyx bell-shaped, the tube cohering at the base with the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, spatulate, small, entire. Stamens 5. Styles 2, slender. Capsule 1-celled, with 2 parietal many-seeded placentæ, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds oval, with a rough and close seed-coat.—Perennials, with the round heart-shaped leaves principally from the rootstock; those on the stems, if any, alternate. Petioles with dilated margins or adherent stipules at their base. Flowers in small clusters disposed in a prolonged and narrow panicle, greenish or purplish. (Named in honor of John Henry Heucher, a German botanist of the beginning of the 18th century.)

[*] Flowers small, loosely panicled; stamens and styles exserted; calyx regular.

1. H. villòsa, Michx. Stems (1–3° high), petioles, and veins of the acutely 7–9-lobed leaves villous with rusty hairs beneath; calyx 1½´´ long; petals spatulate-linear, about as long as the stamens, soon twisted.—Rocks, Md. to Ga., west to Ind. and Mo. Aug., Sept.

2. H. Rugélii, Shuttlw. Stems slender, ½–2° high, glandular-hirsute, as well as the petioles, etc.; leaves round-reniform, with 7–9 short and broad rounded lobes; flowers very small (1´´ long); petals linear-spatulate, twice as long as the calyx-lobes; fruit narrow.—Shaded cliffs, S. Ill. to Tenn. and N. C.

3. H. Americàna, L. (Common Alum-root.) Stems (2–3° high), etc., glandular and more or less hirsute with short hairs; leaves roundish, with short rounded lobes and crenate teeth; calyx very broad, 2´´ long, the spatulate petals not longer than its lobes.—Rocky woodlands, Conn. to N. C., west to Minn., Mo., and Miss.

[*][*] Flowers larger, in a very narrow panicle; calyx (3–4´´ long) more or less oblique; stamens short; leaves rounded, slightly 5–9-lobed.

4. H. híspida, Pursh. Stems 2–4° high; hispid or hirsute with long spreading hairs (occasionally almost glabrous), scarcely glandular; stamens soon exserted, longer than the spatulate petals.—Mountains of Va. and N. C., west to Minn. and E. Kan. May, June.

5. H. pubéscens, Pursh. Stem (1–3° high) and petioles granular-pubescent or glandular above, not hairy, below often glabrous; stamens shorter than the lobes of the calyx and the spatulate petals.—Rich woods, in the mountains, from Penn. to Ky., and southward. June, July.

8. CHRYSOSPLÈNIUM, Tourn. Golden Saxifrage.

Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary; the blunt lobes 4–5, yellow within. Petals none. Stamens 8–10, very short, inserted on a conspicuous disk. Styles 2. Capsule inversely heart-shaped or 2-lobed, flattened, very short, 1-celled with 2 parietal placentæ, 2-valved at the top, many-seeded.—Low and small smooth herbs, with tender succulent leaves, and small solitary or leafy-cymed flowers. (Name compounded of χρυσός, golden, and σπλήν, the spleen; probably from some reputed medicinal qualities.)

1. C. Americànum, Schwein. Stems slender, decumbent and forking; leaves principally opposite, roundish or somewhat heart-shaped, obscurely crenate-lobed; flowers distant, inconspicuous, nearly sessile (greenish tinged with yellow or purple).—Cold wet places, N. Scotia to N. Ga., west to Minn.

2. C. alternifòlium, L. Stems erect; leaves alternate, reniform-cordate, doubly crenate or somewhat lobed; flowers corymbose.—Decorah, Iowa, west to the Rocky Mts., and north through Brit. Amer. (Eu., Asia.)

9. PARNÁSSIA, Tourn. Grass of Parnassus.

Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, slightly united at the base, and sometimes also with the base of the ovary, persistent. Petals 5, veiny, spreading, at length deciduous, imbricated in the bud; a cluster of somewhat united gland-tipped sterile filaments at the base of each. Proper stamens 5, alternate with the petals, persistent; anthers introrse or subextrorse. Ovary 1-celled, with 4 projecting parietal placentæ; stigmas 4, sessile, directly over the placentæ. Capsule 4-valved, the valves bearing the placentæ on their middle. Seeds very numerous, anatropous, with a thick wing-like seed-coat and little if any albumen. Embryo straight; cotyledons very short.—Perennial smooth herbs, with entire leaves, and solitary flowers on long scape-like stems, which usually bear a single sessile leaf. Petals white, with greenish or yellowish veins. (Named from Mount Parnassus; called Grass of Parnassus by Dioscorides.)

1. P. parviflòra, DC. Petals sessile, little longer than the calyx (3´´ long); sterile filaments about 7 in each set, slender; leaves ovate or oblong, tapering at base.—Sandy banks, Lab. to Mich., N. Minn., and westward.

2. P. palústris, L. Scapes 3–10´ high; leaves heart-shaped; flower nearly 1´ broad; petals sessile, rather longer than the calyx, few-veined; sterile filaments 9–15 in each set, slender.—Same range as the last. (Eu.)

3. P. Caroliniàna, Michx. Scapes 9´–2° high; flower 1–1½´ broad; petals sessile, more than twice as long as the calyx, many-veined; sterile filaments 3 in each set, stout, distinct almost to the base; leaves thickish, ovate or rounded, often heart shaped, usually but one low down on the scape and clasping.—Wet banks, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., Iowa, and La.

4. P. asarifòlia, Vent. Petals abruptly contracted into a claw at base; sterile filaments 3 in each set; leaves rounded, kidney-shaped; otherwise as in the foregoing.—High mountains of Va. and N. C.

10. HYDRÀNGEA, Gronov.

Calyx-tube hemispherical, 8–10 ribbed, coherent with the ovary, the limb 4–5-toothed. Petals ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8–10, slender. Capsule 15-ribbed, crowned with the 2 diverging styles, 2-celled below, many-seeded, opening by a hole between the styles.—Shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, no stipules, and numerous flowers in compound cymes. The marginal flowers are usually sterile and radiant, consisting merely of a showy membranaceous and colored flat and dilated calyx. (Name from ὕδωρ, water, and ἄγγος, a vase, from the shape of the capsule.)

1. H. arboréscens, L. (Wild Hydrangea.) Glabrous or nearly so, 1–8° high; leaves ovate, rarely heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, green both sides; cymes flat; flowers often all fertile, rarely all radiant.—Rocky banks, Penn. to Fla., west to Iowa and Mo.

2. H. radiàta, Walt. Leaves densely tomentose and paler or white beneath.—S. C. and Ga. to Tenn. and Mo.

11. DECUMÀRIA, L.

Flowers all fertile. Calyx-tube turbinate, 7–10-toothed, coherent with the ovary. Petals oblong, valvate in the bud. Stamens 20–30. Styles united into one, persistent. Stigma thick, 7–10-rayed. Capsule 10–15-ribbed, 7–10-celled, many-seeded, bursting at the sides, the thin partitions at length separating into numerous chaffy scales.—A smooth climbing shrub, with opposite ovate or oblong entire or serrate leaves, no stipules, and numerous fragrant white flowers in compound terminal cymes. (Name said to be derived from decem, ten, referring to the fact of its being often 10-merous.)

1. D. bárbara, L. Leaves shining, sometimes pubescent; capsule with the persistent style and stigma urn-shaped, pendulous.—Banks of streams; Dismal Swamp, Va., to Fla. and La.

12. PHILADÉLPHUS, L. Mock Orange or Syringa.

Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the ovary; the limb 4–5-parted, spreading, persistent, valvate in the bud. Petals rounded or obovate, large, convolute in the bud. Stamens 20–40. Styles 3–5, united below or nearly to the top. Stigmas oblong or linear. Capsule 3–5-celled, splitting at length into as many pieces. Seeds very numerous, on thick placentæ projecting from the axis, pendulous, with a loose membranaceous coat prolonged at both ends.—Shrubs, with opposite often toothed leaves, no stipules, and solitary or cymose-clustered showy white flowers. (An ancient name, applied by Linnæus to this genus for no obvious reason.)

1. P. inodòrus, L. Glabrous; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, entire or with some spreading teeth; flowers single or few at the ends of the diverging branches, pure white, scentless; calyx-lobes acute, scarcely longer than the tube.—Mountains of Va. to Ga. and Ala.

2. P. grandiflòrus, Willd. A tall shrub, with long and recurved branches; like the last, but somewhat pubescent, with larger flowers, and the calyx-lobes long and taper-pointed. (P. modorus, var. grandiflorus, Gray.)—Along streams, Va. to Fla. Often cultivated.

P. coronàrius, L., the common Mock Orange or Syringa of cultivation, from S. Eu., with cream-colored odorous flowers, has sometimes escaped.

13. ÍTEA, Gronov.

Calyx 5-cleft, free from the ovary or nearly so. Petals 5, lanceolate, much longer than the calyx, and longer than the 5 stamens. Capsule oblong, 2-grooved, 2-celled, tipped with the 2 united styles, 2-parted (septicidal) when mature, several-seeded.—Shrubs, with simple, alternate, petioled leaves, without stipules, and small white flowers in simple racemes. (Greek name of the Willow.)

1. I. Virgínica, L. Leaves deciduous, oblong, pointed, minutely serrate; seeds oval, flattish, with a crustaceous coat.—Wet places, Penn. and N. J. to Fla., west to Mo. and La.

14. RÌBES, L. Currant. Gooseberry.

Calyx 5-lobed, often colored; the tube coherent with the ovary. Petals 5, inserted in the throat of the calyx, small. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentæ and 2 distinct or united styles. Berry crowned with the shrivelled remains of the calyx, the surface of the numerous seeds swelling into a gelatinous outer coat investing a crustaceous one. Embryo minute at the base of hard albumen.—Low, sometimes prickly shrubs, with alternate and palmately-lobed leaves, which are plaited in the bud (except in one species), often fascicled on the branches; the small flowers from the same clusters, or from separate lateral buds. (From riebs, a German popular name for the currant. Grossularia was the proper name to have been adopted for the genus.)

§ 1. GROSSULÀRIA. (Gooseberry.) Stems mostly bearing thorns at the base of the leafstalks or clusters of leaves, and often with scattered bristly prickles; berries prickly or smooth. (Our species are indiscriminately called Wild Gooseberry; the flowers greenish.)

[*] Peduncles 1–3-flowered; calyx as high as broad; leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3–5-lobed.

[+] Calyx-lobes decidedly shorter than the tube; berries apt to be prickly.

1. R. Cynósbati, L. Stamens and undivided style not longer than the broadly bell-shaped calyx; berries large, armed with long prickles or rarely smooth.—Rocky woods, N. Brunswick to the mountains of N. C., and west to Minn. and Mo.

[+][+] Calyx-lobes decidedly longer than the short and rather narrow tube; berries smooth, purple, sweet and pleasant.

2. R. grácile, Michx. (Missouri Gooseberry.) Spines often long, stout and red; peduncles long and slender; flowers white or whitish; filaments capillary, 4–6´´ long, generally connivent or closely parallel, soon conspicuously longer than the oblong-linear calyx-lobes. (R. rotundifolium, Man., in part.)—Mich. to Tenn., west to Tex., Minn., and the Rocky Mts.

3. R. rotundifòlium, Michx. Spines short; peduncles short; flowers greenish or the lobes dull purplish; filaments slender, 2–3´´ long, more or less exceeding the narrowly oblong-spatulate calyx-lobes.—W. Mass, and N. Y., south in the Alleghanies to N. C.

4. R. oxyacanthoìdes, L. Peduncles very short, flowers greenish or dull purplish; stamens usually scarcely equalling the rather broadly oblong calyx-lobes. (R. hirtellum, Michx.)—Newf. to N. J., west to Ind., Minn., and westward. The common smooth-fruited gooseberry of the north, the whitish spines often numerous.

[*][*] Flowers several in a nodding raceme, small and flattish, greenish.

5. R. lacústre, Poir. Young stems clothed with bristly prickles and with weak thorns; leaves heart-shaped, 3–5-parted, with the lobes deeply cut; calyx broad and flat; stamens and style not longer than the petals; fruit bristly (small, unpleasant).—Cold woods and swamps, Newf. to N. Eng., west to N. Y., Mich., and Minn.

§ 2. RIBÈSIA. (Currant.) Thornless and prickless; racemes few–many-flowered, stamens short.

6. R. prostràtum, L'Her. (Fetid Currant.) Stems reclined; leaves deeply heart-shaped, 5–7-lobed, smooth, the lobes ovate, acute, doubly serrate; racemes erect, slender, calyx flattish; pedicels and the (pale red) fruit glandular-bristly.—Cold damp woods and rocks, Lab. to mountains of N. C., west to Mich., Minn., and the Rocky Mts.

7. R. flóridum, L'Her. (Wild Black Currant.) Leaves sprinkled with resinous dots, slightly heart-shaped, sharply 3–5-lobed, doubly serrate; racemes drooping, downy; bracts longer than the pedicels; flowers large, whitish; calyx tubular-bell-shaped, smooth; fruit round-ovoid, black, smooth.—Woods, N. Eng. to Va., west to Ky., Iowa, and Minn.

8. R. rùbrum, L., var. subglandulòsum, Maxim. (Red Currant.) Stems straggling or reclined; leaves somewhat heart-shaped, obtusely 3–5-lobed, serrate, downy beneath when young; racemes from lateral buds distinct from the leaf-buds, drooping, calyx flat (green or purplish); fruit globose, smooth, red.—Cold bogs and damp woods, N. Eng. to N. J., west to Ind. and Minn.

§ 3. SIPHÓCALYX. Thornless and prickless; leaves convolute in the bud; racemes several-flowered; calyx-tube elongated; berry naked and glabrous.

9. R. aúreum, Pursh. (Missouri or Buffalo Currant.) Shrub 5–12° high; leaves 3–5-lobed, rarely at all cordate; racemes short; flowers golden-yellow, spicy-fragrant; tube of salverform calyx (6´´ long or less) 3 or 4 times longer than the oval lobes; stamens short; berries yellow or black.—Banks of streams, Mo. and Ark. to the Rocky Mts., and westward. Common in cultivation.

Order 36. CRASSULÀCEÆ. (Orpine Family.)

Succulent herbs, with perfectly symmetrical flowers; viz., the petals and pistils equalling the sepals in number (3–20), and the stamens the same or double their number,—technically different from Saxifrageæ only in this complete symmetry, and in the carpels (in most of the genera) being quite distinct from each other. Also, instead of a perigynous disk, there are usually little scales on the receptacle, one behind each carpel. Fruit dry and dehiscent; the pods (follicles) opening down the ventral suture, many-rarely few-seeded.—Stipules none. Flowers usually cymose, small. Leaves mostly sessile, in Penthorum not at all fleshy.

[*] Not succulent; the carpels united, forming a 5-celled capsule.

1. Penthorum. Sepals 5. Petals none. Stamens 10. Pod 5-beaked, many-seeded.

[*][*] Leaves, etc., thick and succulent. Carpels distinct.

2. Tillæa. Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Seeds few or many.

3. Sedum. Sepals, petals, and pistils 4 or 5. Stamens 8–10. Seeds many.

1. PÉNTHORUM, Gronov. Ditch Stone-crop.

Sepals 5. Petals rare, if any. Stamens 10. Pistils 5, united below, forming a 5-angled, 5-horned, and 5-celled capsule, which opens by the falling off of the beaks, many-seeded.—Upright weed-like perennials (not fleshy like the rest of the family), with scattered leaves, and yellowish-green flowers loosely spiked along the upper side of the naked branches of the cyme. (Name from πέντε, five, and ὅρος, a mark, from the quinary order of the flower.)

1. P. sedoìdes, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends.—Open wet places, N. Brunswick to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. July–Oct. Parts of the flower rarely in sixes or sevens.

2. TILLÆ̀A, Mich.

Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Pods 2–many-seeded.—Very small tufted annuals, with opposite entire leaves and axillary flowers. (Named in honor of Michael Angelo Tilli, an early Italian botanist.)

1. T. símplex, Nutt. Rooting at the base (1–2´ high); leaves linear-oblong; flowers solitary, nearly sessile; calyx half the length of the (greenish-white) petals and the narrow 8–10-seeded pods, the latter with a scale at the base of each.—Muddy river-banks, Mass. to Md. July–Sept.

3. SÉDUM, Tourn. Stone-crop. Orpine.

Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10. Follicles many-seeded; a little scale at the base of each.—Chiefly perennial, smooth, and thick-leaved herbs, with the flowers cymose or one-sided. Petals almost always narrow and acute or pointed. (Name from sedeo, to sit, alluding to the manner in which these plants fix themselves upon rocks and walls.)

[*] Flowers perfect and sessile, as it were spiked along one side of spreading flowering branches or of the divisions of a scorpioid cyme, the first or central flower mostly 5-merous and 10-androus, the others often 4-merous and 8-androus.

[+] Flowers white or purple.

1. S. pulchéllum, Michx. Stems ascending or trailing (4–12´ high); leaves terete, linear-filiform, much crowded; spikes of the cyme several, densely flowered; petals rose-purple.—Va. to Ga., west to Ky., E. Kan., and Tex.; also cultivated in gardens. July.

2. S. Névii, Gray. Stems spreading, simple (3–5´ high); leaves all alternate, those of the sterile shoots wedge-obovate or spatulate, on flowering stems linear-spatulate and flattish; cyme about 3-spiked, densely flowered; petals white, more pointed than in the next; the flowering 3 or 4 weeks later; leaves and blossoms smaller.—Rocky cliffs, mountains of Va. to Ala.

3. S. ternàtum, Michx. Stems spreading (3–6´ high); leaves flat, the lower whorled in threes, wedge-obovate, the upper scattered, oblong; cyme 3-spiked, leafy; petals white.—Rocky woods, N. Y. to Ga., west to Ind. and Tenn.

[+][+] Flowers yellow.

S. àcre, L. (Mossy Stone-crop.) Spreading on the ground, moss-like; leaves very small, alternate, almost imbricated on the branches, ovate, very thick; petals yellow.—Escaped from cultivation to rocky roadsides, etc. July. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. S. Torrèyi, Don. Annual; stems simple or branched from the base (2–4´ high); leaves flat or teretish, scattered, oblong, 2–3´´ long; petals rather longer than the ovate sepals; carpels at length widely divergent.—Mo. to Ark. and Tex.

[*][*] Flowers in a terminal naked and regular cyme or cluster, more or less peduncled; leaves flat, obovate or oblong, mostly alternate.

[+] Flowers perfect, 5-merous, 10-androus.

5. S. telephioìdes, Michx. Stems ascending (6–12´ high), stout, leafy to the top; leaves oblong or oval, entire or sparingly toothed; cyme small; petals flesh-color, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed; follicles tapering into a slender style.—Dry rocks, N. J. to Ga., west to western N. Y. and S. Ind. June.

S. Teléphium, L. (Garden Orpine or Live-for-ever.) Stems erect (2° high), stout; leaves oval, obtuse, toothed; cymes compound; petals purple, oblong-lanceolate; follicles abruptly pointed with a short style.—Rocks and banks, escaped from cultivation in some places. July. (Adv. from Eu.)

S. refléxum, L. Glabrous, erect, 1° high; leaves crowded, cylindric, subulate-tipped, spreading or reflexed; flowers yellow, pedicelled.—Coast of Mass.; western N. Y.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

[+][+] Flowers diœcious, mostly 4-merous and 8-androus.

6. S. Rhodìola, DC. (Roseroot.) Stems erect (5–10´ high); leaves oblong or oval, smaller than in the preceding; flowers in a close cyme, greenish-yellow, or the fertile turning purplish.—Throughout Arctic America, extending southward to the coast of Maine, and cliffs of Delaware River; also in the western mountains. May, June. (Eu.)

Order 37. DROSERÀCEÆ. (Sundew Family.)

Bog-herbs, mostly glandular-haired, with regular hypogynous flowers, pentamerous and withering-persistent calyx, corolla, and stamens, the anthers fixed by the middle and turned outward, and a 1-celled capsule with twice as many styles or stigmas as there are parietal placentæ.—Calyx imbricated. Petals convolute. Seeds numerous, anatropous, with a short and minute embryo at the base of the albumen.—Leaves circinate in the bud, i.e., rolled up from the apex to the base as in Ferns. A small family of insectivorous plants.

1. DRÓSERA, L. Sundew.

Stamens 5. Styles 3, or sometimes 5, deeply 2-parted so that they are taken for 6 or 10, slender, stigmatose above on the inner face. Capsule 3- (rarely 5-) valved; the valves bearing the numerous seeds on their middle for the whole length.—Low perennials or biennials; the leaves clothed with reddish gland-bearing bristles, in our species all in a tuft at the base; the naked scape bearing the flowers in a 1-sided raceme-like inflorescence, which nods at the undeveloped apex, so that the fresh-blown flower (which opens only in sunshine) is always highest. The plants yield a purple stain to paper. (The glands of the leaves exude drops of a clear glutinous fluid, glittering like dew-drops, whence the name, from δροσερός, dewy.)

1. D. rotundifòlia, L. (Round-leaved Sundew.) Leaves orbicular, abruptly narrowed into the spreading hairy petioles; seeds spindle-shaped, the coat loose and chaff-like; flowers white, the parts sometimes in sixes.—Peat-bogs, Lab. to Minn., Ind., and southward; common. July, Aug. (Eu.)

2. D. intermèdia, Hayne, var. Americàna, DC. Leaves spatulate-oblong, tapering into the long rather erect naked petioles; seeds oblong, with a rough close coat; flowers white. (D. longifolia, Gray, Manual.)—Bogs, with the same range but less common. June–Aug.—Plant raised on its prolonged caudex when growing in water. (Eu.)

3. D. lineàris, Goldie. (Slender Sundew.) Leaves linear, obtuse, the blade (2–3´ long, scarcely 2´´ wide) on naked erect petioles about the same length; seeds oblong, with a smooth and perfectly close coat; flowers white.—Shore of L. Superior, Mich., and Minn.

4. D. filifórmis, Raf. (Thread-leaved Sundew.) Leaves very long and filiform, erect, with no distinction between blade and stalk; seeds spindle-shaped; flowers numerous, purple rose-color (½´ broad).—Wet sand, near the coast, Mass. to N. J. and Fla.

Dionæ̀a muscípula, Ellis, the Venus's Fly-trap,—so noted for the extraordinary irritability of its leaves, closing quickly at the touch,—is a native of the sandy savannas of the eastern part of N. C. It differs in several respects from the character of the order given above; the stamens being 15, the styles united into one, and the seeds all at the base of the pod.

Order 38. HAMAMELÍDEÆ. (Witch-Hazel Family.)

Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves and deciduous stipules; flowers in heads or spikes, often polygamous or monœcious; the calyx cohering with the base of the ovary, which consists of 2 pistils united below, and forms a 2-beaked, 2-celled woody capsule, opening at the summit, with a single bony seed in each cell, or several, only one or two of them ripening.—Petals inserted on the calyx, narrow, valvate or involute in the bud, or often none at all. Stamens twice as many as the petals, and half of them sterile and changed into scales, or numerous. Seeds anatropous. Embryo large and straight, in scanty albumen; cotyledons broad and flat.

[*] Flowers with a manifest calyx, or calyx and corolla, and a single ovule suspended from the summit of each cell.

1. Hamamelis. Petals 4, strap-shaped. Stamens and scales each 4, short.

2. Fothergilla. Petals none. Stamens about 24, long; filaments thickened upward.

[*][*] Flowers naked, with barely rudiments of a calyx and no corolla, crowded into catkin-like heads. Ovules several or many in each cell.

3. Liquidambar. Monœcious or polygamous. Stamens very numerous. Capsules consolidated by their bases in a dense head.

1. HAMAMÈLIS, L. Witch-Hazel.

Flowers in little axillary clusters or heads, usually surrounded by a scale-like 3-leaved involucre. Calyx 4-parted, and with 2 or 3 bractlets at its base. Petals 4, strap-shaped, long and narrow, spirally involute in the bud. Stamens 8, very short; the 4 alternate with the petals anther-bearing, the others imperfect and scale-like. Styles 2, short. Capsule opening loculicidally from the top; the outer coat separating from the inner, which encloses the single large and bony seed in each cell, but soon bursts elastically into two pieces.—Tall shrubs, with straight-veined leaves, and yellow, perfect or polygamous flowers. (From ἅμα, at the same time with, and μηλίς, an apple-tree; a name anciently applied to the Medlar, or some similar tree.)

1. H. Virginiàna, L. Leaves obovate or oval, wavy-toothed, somewhat downy when young; blossoming late in autumn, when the leaves are falling, and maturing its seeds the next summer.—Damp woods, N. Scotia to Fla., west to E. Minn. and La.

2. FOTHERGÍLLA, L.

Flowers in a terminal catkin-like spike, mostly perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, the summit truncate, slightly 5–7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens about 24, borne on the margin of the calyx in one row, all alike; filaments very long, thickened at the top (white). Styles 2, slender. Capsule cohering with the base of the calyx, 2-lobed, 2-celled, with a single bony seed in each cell.—A low shrub; the oval or obovate leaves smooth, or hoary underneath, toothed at the summit; the flowers appearing rather before the leaves, each partly covered by a scale-like bract. (Dedicated to the distinguished Dr. John Fothergill.)

1. F. Gardèni, L. (F. alnifolia, L. f.)—Low grounds, Va. to N. C. April, May.

3. LIQUIDÁMBAR, L. Sweet-Gum Tree.

Flowers usually monœcious, in globular heads or catkins; the sterile arranged in a conical cluster, naked; stamens very numerous, intermixed with minute scales; filaments short. Fertile flowers consisting of many 2-celled 2-beaked ovaries, subtended by minute scales in place of a calyx, all more or less cohering together and hardening in fruit, forming a spherical catkin or head; the capsules opening between the 2 awl-shaped beaks. Styles 2, stigmatic down the inner side. Ovules many, but only one or two perfecting. Seeds with a wing-angled seed-coat.—Catkins racemed, nodding, in the bud enclosed by a 4-leaved deciduous involucre. (A mongrel name, from liquidus, fluid, and the Arabic ambar, amber; in allusion to the fragrant terebinthine juice which exudes from the tree.)

1. L. Styracíflua, L. (Sweet Gum. Bilsted.) Leaves rounded, deeply 5–7-lobed, smooth and shining, glandular-serrate, the lobes pointed.—Moist woods, from Conn. to S. Ill., and south to Fla. and Tex. April.—A large and beautiful tree, with fine-grained wood, the gray bark commonly with corky ridges on the branchlets. Leaves fragrant when bruised, turning deep crimson in autumn. The woody pods filled mostly with abortive seeds, resembling sawdust.

Order 39. HALORÀGEÆ. (Water-Milfoil Family.)

Aquatic or marsh plants (at least in northern countries), with the inconspicuous symmetrical (perfect or unisexual) flowers sessile in the axils of leaves or bracts, calyx-tube coherent with the ovary (or calyx and corolla wanting in Callitriche), which consists of 2–4 more or less united carpels (or in Hippuris of only one carpel), the styles or sessile stigmas distinct. Limb of the calyx obsolete or very short in fertile flowers. Petals small or none. Stamens 1–8. Fruit indehiscent, 1–4-celled, with a single anatropous seed suspended from the summit of each cell. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen; cotyledons minute.

1. Myriophyllum. Flowers monœcious or polygamous, the parts in fours, with or without petals. Stamens 4 or 8. Leaves often whorled, the immersed pinnately dissected.

2. Proserpinaca. Flowers perfect, the parts in threes. Petals none. Leaves alternate, the immersed pinnately dissected.

3. Hippuris. Flowers usually perfect. Petals none. Stamen, style, and cell of the ovary only one. Leaves entire, in whorls.

4. Callitriche. Flowers monœcious. Calyx and petals none. Stamen 1. Ovary 4-celled, with 2 filiform styles. Leaves entire, opposite.

1. MYRIOPHÝLLUM, Vaill. Water-Milfoil.

Flowers monœcious or polygamous. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4-parted, of the fertile 4-toothed. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4–8. Fruit nut-like, 4-celled, deeply 4-lobed; stigmas 4, recurved.—Perennial aquatics. Leaves crowded, often whorled; those under water pinnately parted into capillary divisions. Flowers sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, usually above water in summer; the uppermost staminate. (Name from μυρίος, a thousand, and φύλλον, a leaf, i.e., Milfoil.)

[*] Stamens 8; petals deciduous; carpels even; leaves whorled in threes or fours.

1. M. spicàtum, L. Leaves all pinnately parted and capillary, except the floral ones or bracts; these ovate, entire or toothed, and chiefly shorter than the flowers, which thus form an interrupted spike.—Deep water, Newf. to N. Eng. and N. Y., west to Minn., Ark., and the Pacific. (Eu.)

2. M. verticillàtum, L. Floral leaves much longer than the flowers, pectinate-pinnatifid; otherwise nearly as n. 1.—Ponds, etc., common. (Eu.)

[*][*] Stamens 4; petals rather persistent; carpels 1–2-ridged and roughened on the back; leaves whorled in fours and fives, the lower with capillary divisions.

3. M. heterophýllum, Michx. Stem stout; floral leaves ovate and lanceolate, thick, crowded, sharply serrate, the lowest pinnatifid; fruit obscurely roughened.—Lakes and rivers, Ont. and N. Y. to Fla., west to Minn. and Tex.

4. M. scabràtum, Michx. Stem rather slender; lower leaves pinnately parted with few capillary divisions; floral leaves linear (rarely scattered), pectinate-toothed or cut-serrate; carpels strongly 2-ridged and roughened on the back.—Shallow ponds, S. New Eng. to S. C., west to Mo. and La.

[*][*][*] Stamens 4; petals rather persistent; carpels even on the back, leaves chiefly scattered, or wanting on the flowering stems.

5. M. ambíguum, Nutt. Immersed leaves pinnately parted into about 10 very delicate capillary divisions; the emerging ones pectinate, or the upper floral linear and sparingly toothed or entire; flowers mostly perfect; fruit (minute) smooth.—Ponds and ditches, Mass. to N. J. and Penn.; also in Ind.—Var. capillàceum, Torr. & Gray, has stems floating, long and very slender, and leaves all immersed and capillary. Var. limòsum, Torr., is small, rooting in the mud, with leaves all linear, incised, toothed, or entire.

6. M. tenéllum, Bigelow. Flowering stems nearly leafless and scape-like (3–10´ high), erect, simple; the sterile shoots creeping and tufted, bracts small, entire; flowers alternate, monœcious; fruit smooth.—Borders of ponds, Newf. to N. Eng., west to Mich.

2. PROSERPINÀCA, L. Mermaid-weed.

Flowers perfect. Calyx-tube 3-sided, the limb 3-parted. Petals none. Stamens 3. Stigmas 3, cylindrical. Fruit bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded, nut-like.—Low, perennial herbs, with the stems creeping at base, alternate leaves, and small flowers sessile in the axils, solitary or 3–4 together, in summer. (Name applied by Pliny to a Polygonum, meaning pertaining to Proserpine.)

1. P. palústris, L. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate, the lower pectinate when under water; fruit sharply angled.—Wet swamps, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Minn. and Tex.

2. P. pectinàcea, Lam. Leaves all pectinate, the divisions linear-awl-shaped; fruit rather obtusely angled.—Sandy swamps, near the coast, Mass. to Fla. and La.

3. HIPPÙRIS, L. Mare's Tail.

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx entire. Petals none. Stamen one, inserted on the edge of the calyx. Style single, thread-shaped, stigmatic down one side, received in the groove between the lobes of the large anther. Fruit nut-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded.—Perennial aquatics, with simple entire leaves in whorls, and minute flowers sessile in the axils in summer. (Name from ἵππος a horse, and οὐρά, a tail.)

1. H. vulgàris, L. Stems simple (1–2° high); leaves in whorls of 8 or 12, linear, acute; fruit nearly 1´´ long.—Ponds and springs, Penn. to Ind. and Minn., and northward. (Eu.)

4. CALLÍTRICHE, L. Water-Starwort.

Flowers monœcious, solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axil of the same leaf, wholly naked or between a pair of membranaceous bracts. Sterile flower a single stamen; filament bearing a heart-shaped 4-celled anther, which by confluence becomes 1-celled, and opens by a single slit. Fertile flower a single 4-celled ovary, either sessile or pedicelled, bearing 2 distinct and filiform sessile, usually persistent stigmas. Fruit nut-like, compressed, 4-lobed, 4-celled, separating at maturity into as many closed 1-seeded portions. Seed pendulous, filling the cell; embryo slender, straight or slightly curved, nearly the length of the oily albumen.—Low, slender and usually tufted, glabrous, or beset with minute (microscopic) stellate scales, with spatulate or linear entire leaves, both forms of leaves often occurring on the same stem. (Name from καλός, beautiful, and θρίξ, hair, from the often almost capillary stems.)

[*] Small annuals, forming tufts on moist soil, destitute of stellate scales; leaves uniform, very small, obovate or oblanceolate, 3-nerved, crowded; bracts none.

1. C. defléxa, Braun. var. Austìni, Hegelm. Stems ½–1´ high; fruit small ({1/3}´´ broad), broader than high, deeply notched above and below, on a pedicel often nearly of its own length or nearly sessile; lobes of the fruit narrowly winged and with a deep groove between them; persistent stigmas shorter than the fruit, spreading or reflexed; leaves 1–2´´ long. (C. Austini, Engelm)—On damp soil, N. Y. and N. J. to Ill., Mo., and Tex. (S. Am.)

[*][*] Amphibious perennials; leaves with stellate scales, the floating ones obovate and 3-nerved, the submersed linear (all uniform and narrow in terrestrial forms) flowers usually between a pair of bracts.

2. C. vérna, L. Fruit (½´´ long) higher than broad, obovate, slightly obcordate, usually thickest at the base, sessile, its lobes sharply keeled or very narrowly winged above, and with a wide groove between them; stigmas shorter than the fruit, almost erect, usually deciduous; floating leaves crowded in a tuft, obovate, narrowed into a petiole.—Common in stagnant waters, Penn. and N. J. to Fla., west to Minn., Tex., and the Pacific. (Eu.)

3. C. heterophýlla, Pursh. Fruit smaller, as broad or broader than high, deeply emarginate, thick, almost ventricose, sessile or nearly so, its lobes obtusely angled, with a small groove between them; stigmas as long as the fruit, erect, persistent; floating leaves crowded in a tuft, broadly spatulate, often retuse, abruptly narrowed into a long petiole.—Stagnant water, N. Y. and N. J. to S. Ind. and Mo.

[*][*][*] Submersed perennial, with numerous uniform linear 1-nerved leaves; flowers without bracts; carpels separate nearly to the axis.

4 C. autumnàlis, L. Stems 3–6´ high; fruit large (1´´ wide or more), flattened, circular, deeply and narrowly notched, sessile or nearly so, its lobes broadly winged, and with a very deep and narrow groove between them; stigmas very long, reflexed, deciduous; leaves all linear from a broader base, retuse or notched at the tip (2–6´´ long).—W. Mass., Lake Champlain and N. New York, Lake Superior, and westward. (Eu.)

Order 40. MELASTOMÀCEÆ. (Melastoma Family.)

Plants with opposite 3–7-ribbed leaves, and definite stamens, the anthers opening by pores at the apex; otherwise much as in the Onagraceæ.—All tropical, except the genus

1. RHÉXIA, L. Deer-Grass. Meadow-Beauty.

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, coherent with the ovary below, and continued above it, persistent, 4-cleft at the apex. Petals 4, convolute in the bud, oblique, inserted along with the 8 stamens on the summit of the calyx-tube. Anthers long, 1-celled, inverted in the bud. Style 1; stigma 1. Capsule invested by the permanent calyx, 4-celled, with 4 many-seeded placentæ projecting from the central axis. Seeds coiled like a snail shell, without albumen.—Low perennial herbs, often bristly, with mostly sessile 3–5-nerved and bristly-edged leaves, and large showy cymose flowers; in summer; the petals falling early. (A name in Pliny for some unknown plant, probably from ῥῆξις, a crevice, from the place of growth.)

[*] Anthers linear, curved, with a minute spur on the back at the attachment of the filament above its base; flowers cymose, peduncled.

1. R. Virgínica, L. Stem square, with wing-like angles; leaves oval-lanceolate, sessile, acute; calyx-tube and pedicels more or less hispid with gland-tipped hairs; petals bright purple.—Sandy swamps; coast of Maine to Fla., west to northern N. Y., Ind., Mo., and La. Slender rootstocks tuberiferous.

2. R. aristòsa, Britt. Branches somewhat wing-angled; leaves linear-oblong, sessile, not narrowed at base, naked or very sparsely hairy; hairs of the calyx mostly below the throat, not gland-tipped; petals sparsely villous, bright purple.—Egg Harbor City, N. J. (J. E. Peters); also Sumter Co., S. C. (J. D. Smith).

3. R. Mariàna, L. Stems cylindrical; leaves linear-oblong, narrowed below, mostly petiolate; petals paler.—Sandy swamps; N. J. to Fla., west to Mo. and La.

[*][*] Anthers oblong, straight, without any spur; flowers few, sessile.

4. R. ciliòsa, Michx. Stem square, glabrous; leaves broadly ovate, ciliate with long bristles; calyx glabrous.—Md. to Fla. and La.

Order 41. LYTHRÀCEÆ. (Loosestrife Family.)

Herbs, with mostly opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the calyx enclosing but free from the 1–4-celled many-seeded ovary and membranous capsule, and bearing the 4–7 deciduous petals and 4–14 stamens on its throat; the latter lower down. Style 1; stigma capitate, or rarely 2-lobed.—Flowers axillary or whorled, rarely irregular, perfect, sometimes dimorphous or even trimorphous, those on different plants with filaments and style reciprocally longer and shorter. Petals sometimes wanting. Capsule often 1-celled by the early breaking away of the thin partitions; placentæ in the axis. Seeds anatropous, without albumen.—Branches usually 4-sided.

[*] Flowers regular or nearly so.

[+] Flowers mostly solitary in the axils of the leaves, sessile or nearly so.

1. Didiplis. Calyx short, without appendages. Petals none. Stamens 4. Capsule indehiscent. Small aquatic.

2. Rotala. Calyx short, the sinuses appendaged. Petals and stamens 4. Capsule septicidal, with 3–4 valves.

3. Ammannia. Flowers not trimorphous. Petals generally 4 or none. Stamens 4. Capsule bursting irregularly.

[+][+] Flowers in 3–many-flowered axillary cymes (rarely solitary).

4. Lythrum. Calyx tubular. Petals usually 6. Stamens mostly 6 or 12. Flowers cymose-spicate in one species.

5. Decodon. Flowers trimorphous. Petals 5 (rarely 4). Stamens 8–10. Capsule 3–4-valved, loculicidal.

[*][*] Flowers irregular and unsymmetrical, with 6 petals and 11 stamens.

6. Cuphea. Calyx spurred or enlarged on one side at base. Petals unequal.

1. DIDÍPLIS, Raf. Water Purslane.

Calyx short-campanulate or semiglobose, with no appendages at the sinuses (or a mere callous point). Petals none. Stamens 4, short. Capsule globular, indehiscent, 2-celled.—Submersed aquatic (sometimes terrestrial), rooting in the mud, with opposite linear leaves, and very small greenish flowers solitary in their axils. ("Didiplis means two doubling;" from δíς, twice, and διπλóος, double.)

1. D. lineàris, Raf. Leaves when submersed elongated, thin, closely sessile by a broad base, when emersed shorter and contracted at base; calyx with broad triangular lobes; style very short; capsules very small. (Ammannia Nuttallii, Gray.)—From Minn. and Wisc. to Tex., east to N. C. and Fla.

2. ROTÀLA, L.

Calyx short-campanulate or semiglobose, with tooth-like appendages at the sinuses (abnormally, in our species). Petals 4 (in ours). Stamens 4, short. Capsule globular, 4-celled, septicidal, the valves (under a strong lens) transversely and densely striate. (Name a diminutive of rota, a wheel, from the whorled leaves of the original species.)

1. R. ramòsior, Koehne. Leaves tapering at base or into a short petiole, linear-oblanceolate or somewhat spatulate; flowers solitary (rarely 3) in the axils and sessile; accessory teeth of calyx as long as the lobes or shorter. (Ammannia humilis, Michx.)—Low or wet ground, Mass. to Fla., west to Ind., Kan., and Tex.—With Ammannia-like habit, an exception in the genus.

3. AMMÁNNIA, Houston.

Flowers in 3–many-flowered axillary cymes. Calyx globular or bell-shaped, 4-angled, 4-toothed, usually with a little horn-shaped appendage at each sinus. Petals 4 (purplish), small and deciduous, sometimes wanting. Stamens 4–8. Capsule globular, 2–4-celled, bursting irregularly.—Low and inconspicuous smooth herbs, with opposite narrow leaves, and small flowers in their axils, produced all summer. (Named after Paul Ammann, a German botanist anterior to Linnæus.)

1. A. coccínea, Rottb. Leaves linear-lanceolate (2–3´ long), with a broad auricled sessile base; cymes subsessile, dense; petals purplish; stamens more or less exserted; style usually slender; capsule included. (A. latifolia, Gray, Manual, not L.)—N. J. to Fla., west to S. Ind., Kan., and Tex. The style varies much in length, sometimes in the same specimen. Apparently the more developed form of the southern A. latifolium, L., which, as limited by Koehne, has apetalous flowers, with included stamens and short style.

4. LÝTHRUM, L. Loosestrife.

Calyx cylindrical, striate, 5–7-toothed, with as many little processes in the sinuses. Petals 5–7. Stamens as many as the petals or twice the number, inserted low down on the calyx, commonly nearly equal. Capsule oblong, 2-celled.—Slender herbs, with opposite or scattered mostly sessile leaves, and purple (rarely white) flowers; produced in summer. (Name from λύθρον, blood; perhaps from the styptic properties of some species.)

[*] Stamens and petals 5–7; flowers small, solitary and nearly sessile in the axils of the mostly scattered upper leaves; proper calyx-teeth often shorter than the intermediate processes; plants smooth.

1. L. Hyssopifòlia, L. Low annual (6–10´ high), pale; leaves oblong-linear, obtuse, longer than the inconspicuous flowers; petals pale-purple; stamens usually 4–6, included.—Marshes, near the coast, Maine to N. J. (Eu.)

2. L. lineàre, L. Stem slender and tall (3–4° high), bushy at top, with 2 margined angles; leaves linear, chiefly opposite; petals whitish; flowers with 6 included stamens and a short style, or the stamens exserted and style short; ovary on a thick short stalk; no fleshy hypogynous ring.—Brackish marshes, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

3. L. alàtum, Pursh. Tall and wand-like perennial; branches with margined angles; leaves oblong-ovate to linear-lanceolate, acute, with a cordate or rounded base, the upper mostly alternate; calyx 2–4´´ long; petals rather large, deep-purple; stamens of the short-styled flowers exserted; fleshy hypogynous ring prominent.—Ont. to Minn., south to Ga., Ark., and Col.; also near Boston.

[*][*] Stamens 12 (rarely 8 or 10), twice the number of the petals, 6 longer and 6 shorter; flowers large, crowded and whorled in an interrupted spike.

L. Salicària, L. (Spiked Loosestrife.) More or less downy and tall; leaves lanceolate, heart-shaped at base, sometimes whorled in threes; flowers purple, trimorphous in the relative lengths of the stamens and style.—Wet meadows, N. Scotia to Del. (Nat. from Eu.)

5. DÉCODON, Gmel. Swamp Loosestrife.

Calyx short, broadly bell-shaped or hemispherical, with 5–7 erect teeth, and as many longer and spreading horn-like processes at the sinuses. Petal 5. Stamens 10 (rarely 8), exserted, of two lengths. Capsule globose, 3–5-celled, loculicidal.—Perennial herbs or slightly shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, and axillary clusters of trimorphous flowers. (Name from δέκα, ten, and ὀδούς, tooth.)

1. D. verticillàtus, Ell. Smooth or downy; stems recurved (2–8° long), 4–6-sided; leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile, opposite or whorled, the upper with clustered flowers in their axils on short pedicels; petals 5, wedge-lanceolate, rose-purple (½´ long); stamens 10, half of them shorter. (Nesæa verticillata, HBK.)—Swampy grounds, N. Eng. to Fla., west to Ont., Minn., and La. Bark of the lower part of the stem often spongy-thickened.

6. CÙPHEA, Jacq.

Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, somewhat inflated below, gibbous or spurred at the base on the upper side, 6-toothed at the apex, and usually with as many little processes in the sinuses. Petals 6, very unequal. Stamens mostly 12, approximate in 2 sets, included, unequal. Ovary with a curved gland at the base next the spur of the calyx, 1–2-celled; style slender; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule oblong, few-seeded, early ruptured through one side.—Flowers solitary or racemose, stalked. (Name from κυφός, gibbous, from the shape of the calyx.)

1. C. viscosíssima, Jacq. (Clammy Cuphea.) Annual, very viscid-hairy, branching; leaves ovate-lanceolate; petals ovate, short-clawed, purple; seeds flat, borne on one side of the placenta, which is early forced out of the ruptured capsule.—Dry fields, R. I. to Ga., west to Kan. and La.

Order 42. ONAGRÀCEÆ. (Evening-Primrose Family.)

Herbs, with 4-merous (sometimes 2–3- or 5–6-merous) perfect and symmetrical flowers; the tube of the calyx cohering with the 2–4-celled ovary, its lobes valvate in the bud, or obsolete, the petals convolute in the bud, sometimes wanting; and the stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or calyx-lobes, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Style single, slender; stigma 2–4-lobed or capitate. Pollen grains often connected by cobwebby threads. Seeds anatropous, small, without albumen.—Mostly herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves. Stipules none or glandular.

[*] Parts of the flower in fours or more.

[+] Fruit a many-seeded pod, usually loculicidal.

[++] Calyx-limb divided to the summit of the ovary, persistent.

1. Jussiæa. Petals 4–6. Stamens twice as many. Capsule elongated.

2. Ludwigia. Petals 4 or none. Stamens 4. Capsule short.

[++][++] Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary (scarcely so in n. 3) and deciduous from it. Flowers 4-merous.

3. Epilobium. Seeds silky-tufted. Flowers small, not yellow. Lower leaves often opposite.

4. Œnothera. Seeds naked. Flowers mostly yellow. Leaves alternate.

[+][+] Fruit dry and indehiscent, 1–4-seeded. Leaves alternate.

5. Gaura. Calyx-tube obconical. Filaments appendaged at base.

6. Stenosiphon. Calyx-tube filiform. Filaments not appendaged.

[*][*] Parts of the flower in twos. Leaves opposite.

7. Circæa. Petals 2, obcordate or 2-lobed. Stamens 2. Fruit 1–2-seeded, bristly.

1. JUSSIÆ̀A, L.

Calyx-tube elongated, not at all prolonged beyond the ovary; the lobes 4–6, herbaceous and persistent. Petals 4–9. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Capsule 4–6-celled, usually long, opening between the ribs. Seeds very numerous.—Herbs (ours glabrous perennials), with mostly entire and alternate leaves, and axillary yellow flowers, in summer. (Dedicated to Bernard de Jussieu, the founder of the Natural System of Botany.)

1. J. decúrrens, DC. Stem erect (1–2° high), branching, winged by the decurrent lanceolate leaves; calyx-lobes 4, as long as the petals; capsule oblong-club-shaped, wing-angled; seeds in several rows in each cell.—Wet places, Va. to Fla., west to S. Ill., Ark., and La.

2. J. rèpens, L. Stem creeping, or floating and rooting; leaves oblong, tapering into a slender petiole; flowers large, long-peduncled; calyx-lobes and obovate petals 5; pod woody, cylindrical, with a tapering base; seeds quadrate, in 1 row in each cell, adherent to the spongy endocarp.—In water, Ill. and Ky. to E. Kan., Ark., and Tex.

2. LUDWÍGIA, L. False Loosestrife.

Calyx-tube not at all prolonged beyond the ovary; the lobes 4, usually persistent. Petals 4, often small or wanting. Stamens 4. Capsule short or cylindrical, many-seeded. Seeds minute, naked.—Perennial herbs, with axillary (rarely capitate) flowers, through summer and autumn. (Named for C. G. Ludwig, Professor of Botany at Leipsic, contemporary with Linnæus.)

[*] Leaves all alternate, sessile or nearly so.

[+] Flowers peduncled in the upper axils, with conspicuous yellow petals (4–8´´ long), equalling the ovate or lanceolate foliaceous lobes of the calyx.

1. L. alternifòlia, L. (Seed-box.) Smooth or nearly so, branched (3° high); leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, acute or pointed at both ends; capsules cubical, rounded at base, wing-angled.—Swamps, E. Mass. to Fla., west to Mich., E. Kan., and La.

2. L. hirtélla, Raf. Hairy all over; stems nearly simple (1–2° high); leaves oblong, or the upper lanceolate, blunt at both ends; capsules nearly as in the last, but scarcely wing-angled.—Moist pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. and Tex.

[+][+] Flowers small, sessile (solitary or sometimes clustered) in the axils, with very small greenish petals (in n. 5) or mostly none; leaves mostly lanceolate or linear on the erect stems (1–3° high) and numerous branches; but prostrate or creeping sterile shoots often produced from the base, thickly beset with shorter obovate or spatulate leaves. (Our species glabrous, except n. 3.)

3. L. sphærocárpa, Ell. Minutely pubescent, especially the calyx, or nearly glabrous; leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, tapering at base, those of runners obovate with a wedge-shaped base and glandular-denticulate; bractlets minute, obsolete, or none; capsules globular or depressed (sometimes acute at base), not longer than the calyx-lobes (less than 2´´ long).—Water or wet swamps, E. Mass. to Fla. and La. Bark below often spongy-thickened.

4. L. polycárpa, Short & Peter. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute at both ends, those of the runners oblong-spatulate, acute, entire; bractlets linear-awl-shaped and conspicuous on the base of the 4-sided somewhat top-shaped capsule, which is longer than the calyx-lobes.—Wet places, E. Mass. and Conn. to Mich., Minn., E. Kan., and Ky.

5. L. lineàris, Walt. Slender, mostly low; leaves narrowly linear, those of the short runners obovate; minute petals usually present; bractlets minute at the base of the elongated top-shaped 4-sided capsule, which is 3´´ long and much longer than the calyx-lobes.—Bogs, pine barrens of N. J., and southward.

6. L. cylíndrica, Ell. Much branched; leaves oblong- or spatulate-lanceolate, much tapering at the base or even petioled; bractlets very minute at the base of the cylindrical capsule, which is 3´´ long, and several times exceeds the calyx-lobes.—Swamps, S. Ill. to Fla. and Tex.

[*][*] Leaves all opposite; stems creeping or floating.

7. L. palústris, Ell. (Water Purslane.) Smooth; leaves ovate or oval, tapering into a slender petiole; petals none, or small and reddish when the plant grows out of water; calyx-lobes very short; capsules oblong, 4-sided, not tapering at base, sessile in the axils (2´´ long).—Ditches, common. (Eu.)

8. L. arcuàta, Walt. Smooth, small and creeping; leaves oblanceolate, nearly sessile; flowers solitary, long-peduncled; petals yellow, exceeding the calyx (3´´ long); capsules oblong-club-shaped, somewhat curved ({1/3}´ long).—Swamps, Va. to Fla.

3. EPILÒBIUM, L. Willow-herb.

Calyx-tube not or scarcely prolonged beyond the ovary; the limb 4-cleft or -parted, deciduous. Petals 4. Stamens 8; anthers short. Capsule linear, many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft of long hairs at the end.—Mostly perennials, with nearly sessile leaves, and violet, purple, or white flowers; in summer. A large genus, many of its species of difficult limitation. The following provisional arrangement has been made by Prof. W. Trelease, mainly in accordance with Haussknecht's revision of the genus. (Name composed of ἐπί, upon, and λόβιον, a little pod.)

§ 1. Flowers large, purple, in a long raceme; calyx-limb deeply parted; petals entire; stamens and style successively deflexed; stigma of 4 long lobes.

1. E. angustifòlium, L. (Great Willow-herb. Fire-weed.) Stem simple, tall (4–7°); leaves scattered, ample, lanceolate, nearly entire.—Low grounds, especially in newly cleared lands; N. Eng. to N. C., west to Minn. and E. Kan., and far north and westward. (Eu., Asia.)

§ 2. Flowers mostly small and corymbed or panicled; calyx-limb 5-cleft; petals mostly deeply notched; stamens and style erect.

[*] Stigma 4-parted; stem terete.

E. hirsùrum, L. Densely soft-hairy, stout, branching (3–5° high); leaves mostly opposite, lance-oblong, serrulate, sessile; flowers in the upper axils or in a leafy short raceme; petals 6´´ long, rose-purple.—Waste grounds, Mass. to N. Y. and Ont. (Nat. from Eu.)

[*][*] Stigma clavate; stem terete, without decurrent lines (or with traces in n. 2); leaves numerous, the lower opposite, subentire, with revolute margins.

2. E. lineàre, Muhl. Usually much branched above and minutely hoary-pubescent, 1–2° high; leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering to a short but distinct petiole, acutish; flowers numerous, pale; capsules hoary, on pedicels as long as the leaves. (E. palustre, var. lineare, Gray, mainly.)—Bogs, N. Eng. to Penn., Iowa, and northward.

3. E. stríctum, Muhl. Erect, 1–2½° high, densely beset with soft spreading somewhat glandular white hairs; leaves broader, more obtuse and with evident veins, very short-petioled or sessile; pubescence of the capsule soft and spreading. (E. molle, Torr.)—Bogs, Mass. to Minn., south to Va. and Ill.

[*][*][*] Stigma clavate; stem somewhat quadrangular with 2–4 ridges or hairy lines decurrent from some of the leaves.

[+] Tall and mostly branching, many-flowered; leaves rather large, toothed, not revolute, the lower opposite; seeds papillose.

4. E. coloràtum, Muhl. Somewhat hoary-pubescent above or glandular, 1–3° high; leaves lanceolate, sharply serrulate or denticulate, acute, narrowed to conspicuous petioles; flowers pale, more or less nodding; peduncles shorter than the leaves; seeds dark, unappendaged; coma cinnamon-color.—Wet places, common.

5. E. adenocaùlon, Haussk. Differs in its more glandular pubescence above, the often blunter and less toothed leaves abruptly contracted to shorter petioles, flowers erect, paler seeds with a slight prolongation at top, and a merely dingy coma.—Wet places through the Northern States.

6. E. glandulòsum, Lehm. Subsimple; pubescence above not glandular; leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly abruptly rounded to a sessile base and more glandular-toothed; seeds larger.—Canada to the mountains of N. C. (fide Haussknecht). (Asia.)

[+][+] Mostly low, slender and simple (except forms of n. 10); leaves chiefly opposite, less toothed; flowers few, nodding; seeds appendaged at the apex.

[++] Seeds areolate but not papillose; leaves not revolute.

7. E. anagallidifòlium, Lam. Glabrate, a span high or less; leaves erect or ascending, about equalling the internodes, elliptical-oblong to narrowly obovate, entire or the upper denticulate, tapering to short petioles; flowers purple; sepals rather obtuse; capsules glabrous on peduncles exceeding the leaves.—White Mts. and Adirondacks (fide Haussknecht). (Eu.)

8. E. lactiflòrum, Haussk. Glabrous except the pubescent lines, 6–12´ high, with elongated internodes; leaves elliptical or the lowest round-obovate, slightly repand-denticulate, obtuse, tapering into mostly elongated petioles; flowers smaller, white; sepals more acute; seeds more prominently appendaged.—White Mts., and northward (fide Haussknecht). (Eu.)

[++][++] Seeds papillose-roughened.

9. E. Hornemánni, Reichenb. Glabrate, 8–18´ high; leaves mostly horizontal, ovate, the upper acutish, remotely denticulate, abruptly contracted to winged petioles, not revolute; seeds often only slightly roughened, short and shortly appendaged. (E. alpinum, Man.)—White Mts., dells of the Wisconsin River (Lapham), and northward. (Eu.)

10. E. palústre, L. Slender, 1° high or less, often branched, finely pubescent; leaves erect or ascending, about equalling or longer than the internodes, sessile, linear to linear-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, with revolute margins; capsules pubescent to nearly glabrous, mostly shorter than the slender peduncles; seeds fusiform, with long beak. (E. palustre, var. lineare, Man., in part.)—Penn. to Minn. and the White Mts., north and westward. (Eu.)

4. ŒNOTHÈRA, L. Evening Primrose.

Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous; the lobes 4, reflexed. Petals 4. Stamens 8; anthers mostly linear and versatile. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds naked.—Leaves alternate. Flowers yellow, white or rose-color. (An old name, of unknown meaning, for a species of Epilobium.)

§ 1. Stigma-lobes linear, elongated (except in n. 7); calyx-tube linear, slightly dilated at the throat; anthers linear.

[*] Caulescent annuals or biennials; flowers erect in the bud, nocturnal, yellow, the calyx-tips free; capsules sessile, coriaceous; seeds in two rows in each cell.

[+] Flowers in a leafy spike; capsules stout, oblong, slightly narrowed above.

1. Œ. biénnis, L. (Common Evening Primrose.) Rather stout, erect (1–5° high), usually simple, more or less pubescent and hairy; leaves lanceolate to oblong- or rarely ovate-lanceolate (2–6´ long), acute or acuminate, repandly denticulate, the lowest petioled; calyx-tube 1–2½´ long, the tips of the sepals contiguous; petals ½–¾´ long; capsule more or less pubescent or hirsute.—Throughout the U. S.—Var. cruciàta, Torr. & Gray, with small narrow petals, appears to be merely a rare garden (?) sport. E. Mass.

Var. grandiflòra, Lindl., has petals as long as the calyx-tube (1–2½´ long).—Same range as the type, but not so common east.

2. Œ. Oakesiàna, Robbins. Annual, more slender, not hairy, the puberulence mainly appressed; calyx-tips not contiguous at base; otherwise nearly as in the typical form of the last. (Œ. biennis, var. Oakesiana, Gray.)—Dry places, E. Mass., R. I., and Conn.

[+][+] Flowers in a leafy spike or axillary; capsules linear.

3. Œ. rhombipétala, Nutt. Rarely branching, appressed-puberulent and subcanescent; leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, the lowest attenuate to a petiole and rarely pinnatifid, diminishing upward into the close, elongated, conspicuously bracted spike; calyx silky-canescent (tube 1½´ long); petals rhombic-ovate (6–10´ long).—Ind. to Minn. and Ark.

4. Œ. humifùsa, Nutt. Stems decumbent or ascending (½–2° long); hoary-pubescent with short dense appressed hairs; leaves narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate (¼–1´ long), sparingly repand-dentate or entire, the radical leaves pinnatifid, the floral not reduced; capsule ½–1´ long, silky, curved; seeds smooth.—On the sea-coast, N. J. to Fla.

5. Œ. sinuàta, L. Stems ascending or decumbent, simple or branched (1° high or more), more or less strigose-pubescent and puberulent; leaves oblong or lanceolate (1–2´ long), sinuately toothed or often pinnatifid, the floral similar; capsule 1–1½´ long; seeds strongly pitted.—N. J. to Fla., west to E. Kan. and Tex. Very variable.

[*][*] Caulescent perennial; flowers axillary, nodding in the bud, white turning rose-color; capsules sessile, linear; seeds in a single row.

6. Œ. albicaùlis, Nutt. Stems erect (½–4° high), simple or branched, white and often shreddy, glabrous or puberulent; leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate (1–3´ long), entire or repand-denticulate, or sinuate-pinnatifid toward the base; calyx-tips free, throat naked; pods ½–2´ long, often curved or twisted; seeds lance-linear, smooth.—W. Minn. to N. Mex., and westward.

[*][*][*] Caulescent; flowers diurnal, yellow and erect in the bud (except in n. 11); capsules obovate or clavate, quadrangular, the valves ribbed and the angles more or less strongly winged (except in n. 7).

7. Œ. linifòlia, Nutt. Annual or biennial, erect, very slender, simple or diffuse (6–15´ high), glabrous, the branchlets and capsules puberulent; radical leaves oblanceolate, cauline linear-filiform ½–1´ long; spikes loosely flowered; corolla 2–3´´ long; stigmas short; capsules obovate to oblong-clavate, 2–3´´ long, not winged, nearly sessile.—Ill. to E. Kan., La., and Tex.

8. Œ. pùmila, L. Biennial, puberulent, 1–2° high; leaves mostly glabrous, entire, obtuse, the radical spatulate, the cauline narrowly oblanceolate; flowers loosely spiked; corolla 4–12´´ long; capsule glabrous, oblong-clavate, 3–6´´ long, sessile or on a short pedicel, slightly winged. (Incl. Œ. chrysantha, Michx.)—Dry fields, N. Scotia to N. J., west to Minn. and Kan. June.

9. Œ. fruticòsa, L. (Sundrops.) Biennial or perennial, erect, often tall and stout (1–3° high), villous-pubescent or puberulent or nearly glabrous; leaves oblong- to linear-lanceolate, mostly denticulate; raceme corymbed or loose; petals 9–12´´ long; capsule subsessile or with a pedicel shorter than itself, prominently ribbed and strongly winged.—Common and very variable.

Var. lineàris, Watson. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate; capsule usually shorter than the pedicel, rather less broadly winged. (Œ. linearis of Man., in part. Œ. riparia, Nutt.)—Conn. to Fla., west to Mo. and La.

Var. humifùsa, Allen. Low, decumbent, somewhat woody, diffusely branched, puberulent; branches slender, flexuous; leaves narrow; flowers few, small; capsules pubescent, about equalling the pedicel. (Œ. linearis of Man., in part.)—Suffolk Co., L. Island.

10. Œ. glaùca, Michx. Perennial, erect (2–3° high), glabrous and glaucous; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong (2–4´ long), repand-denticulate; flowers in short leafy corymbs; petals 9–15´´ long; capsule glabrous, ovoid-oblong, very broadly winged, usually abruptly contracted into a pedicel equalling or shorter than itself.—Mountains of Va. to Ala., west to Ky. and E. Kan.

11. Œ. speciòsa, Nutt. Perennial, erect or subdecumbent, finely pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear, repand-denticulate, or more or less deeply sinuate-pinnatifid; flowers large, white or rose; capsule clavate-obovate, strongly 8-ribbed, rigid, acute, stoutly pedicelled.—Mo. to Kan. and Tex.

[*][*][*][*] Capsule oblong to ovate or orbicular, broadly winged, rigid and sessile.

[+] Acaulescent or nearly so; flowers white or rose-color.

12. Œ. tríloba, Nutt. Biennial or perennial, nearly glabrous; leaves 2–10´ long, somewhat ciliate, long-petioled, runcinate-pinnatifid or oblanceolate and only sinuate-toothed; calyx-tips free, the tube slender (2–4´ long); petals 6–12´´ long; capsule ovate, ½–1´ long, strongly winged, net-veined.—Ky. to Miss. and Tex., west to the Pacific.

Var. (?) parviflòra, Watson. Flowers very small (1–2´ long), fertilized in the bud and rarely fully opening; fruit abundant, forming at length a densely crowded hemispherical or cylindrical mass nearly 2´ in diameter and often 2–3´ high.—Plains of Kan. and Neb.

[+][+] Low caulescent perennials; flowers axillary, yellow.

13. Œ. Missouriénsis, Sims. Stems decumbent; pubescence short and silky, closely appressed, sometimes dense or wholly wanting; leaves thick, oval to linear, mostly narrowly lanceolate (2–5´ long), acuminate, entire or repand-denticulate; calyx-tube 2–5´ long; petals broad, 1–2½´ long; capsules orbicular, very broadly winged (1–3´ long).—Mo. and Kan. to Tex.

14. Œ. Fremóntii, Watson. Hoary with appressed silky pubescence; leaves linear, pointed, entire; calyx-tube 1–2´ long; petals ½–1´ long; capsule hoary, oblong, narrowed at base, 9´´ long.—Central Kan.

§ 2. Stigma discoid; calyx-tube more broadly dilated above; anthers oblong-linear; capsule mostly sessile, linear-cylindric; perennial, somewhat woody, with axillary yellow flowers.

15. Œ. Hartwègi, Benth., var. lavandulæfòlia, Watson. Stems numerous from a woody base, 3–6´ high; leaves numerous, hoary-puberulent, mostly linear, ¼–1´ long; calyx-tube 1–2´ long; capsule 8–10´´ long.—Central Kan. to Col. and N. Mex.

16. Œ. serrulàta, Nutt. Slender (3–15´ high), simple or branched, canescent or glabrous; leaves linear to lanceolate (1–3´ long), irregularly and sharply denticulate; calyx-tube broadly funnnelform (2–4´ long), strongly nerved; petals broadly obovate (3–4´´ long), crenulate; capsule 9–15´´ long.—Wisc. and Minn. to Mo., Tex., and N. Mex.

5. GAÙRA, L.

Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous; the lobes 4 (rarely 3), reflexed. Petals clawed, unequal or turned to the upper side. Stamens mostly 8, often turned down, as is also the long style. A small scale-like appendage before the base of each filament. Stigma 4-lobed, surrounded by a ring or cup-like border. Fruit hard and nut-like, 3–4-ribbed or angled, indehiscent or nearly so, usually becoming 1-celled and 1–4-seeded. Seeds naked.—Leaves alternate, sessile. Flowers rose-color or white, changing to reddish in fading, in spikes or racemes, in our species quite small (so that the name, from γαῦρος, superb, does not seem appropriate).

[*] Fruit sessile or nearly so.

1. G. biénnis, L. Soft-hairy or downy (3–8° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, denticulate; spikes wand-like; fruit oval or oblong, acute at both ends; 2–3´´ long, ribbed, downy.—Dry banks, N. Y. to Minn., and southward. Aug.

2. G. parviflòra, Dougl. Soft-villous and puberulent, 2–5° high; leaves ovate-lanceolate, repand-denticulate, soft-pubescent; spikes dense; fruit oblong-clavate, narrowed to both ends, 4-nerved, obtusely angled above, 3–4´´ long.—Mo. to La. and westward.

3. G. coccínea, Nutt. Canescent, puberulent or glabrate (6–12´ high), very leafy; leaves lanceolate, linear-oblong or linear, repand-denticulate or entire; flowers in simple spikes, rose-color turning to scarlet; fruit terete below, 4-sided and broader above, 2–3´´ long.—Minn. to Kan., and westward.

[*][*] Fruit slender-pedicelled.

4. G. fílipes, Spach. Nearly smooth; stem slender (2–4° high); leaves linear, mostly toothed, tapering at base; branches of the panicle very slender, naked; fruit obovate-club-shaped, 4-angled at the summit.—Open places, Va. to Fla., west to Ill., Kan., and Ark.

6. STENÓSIPHON, Spach.

Calyx prolonged beyond the ovary into a filiform tube. Filaments (8) not appendaged at base. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded. Otherwise as Gaura, which it also resembles in habit. (From στενός, narrow, and σίφων, a tube.)

1. S. virgàtus, Spach. Slender, 2–4° high, glabrous, leafy, leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, pointed, entire, much reduced above; flowers numerous in an elongated spike, white, ½´ long; fruit pubescent, oblong-ovate, 8-ribbed, small.—E. Kan. to Col. and Tex.

7. CIRCÆ̀A, Tourn. Enchanter's Nightshade.

Calyx-tube slightly prolonged, the end filled by a cup-shaped disk, deciduous; lobes 2, reflexed. Petals 2, inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 2. Fruit indehiscent, small and bur-like, bristly with hooked hairs, 1–2-celled; cells 1-seeded.—Low and inconspicuous perennials, in cool or damp woods, with opposite thin leaves on slender petioles, and small whitish flowers in racemes, produced in summer. (Named from Circe, the enchantress.)

1. C. Lutetiàna, L. Taller (1–2° high); leaves ovate, slightly toothed; bracts none; hairs of the roundish 2-celled fruit bristly.—Very common. (Eu.)

2. C. alpìna, L. Low (3–8´ high), smooth and weak; leaves heart-shaped, thin, shining, coarsely toothed; bracts minute; hairs of the obovate-oblong 1-celled fruit soft and slender.—Deep woods, N. Eng. to Ga., Ind., and Minn. (Eu.)

Order 43. LOASÀCEÆ. (Loasa Family.)

Herbs, with a rough or stinging pubescence, no stipules, the calyx-tube adherent to a 1-celled ovary with 2 or 3 parietal placentæ;—represented here only by the genus

1. MENTZÈLIA, Plumier.

Calyx-tube cylindrical or club-shaped; the limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5 or 10, regular, spreading, flat, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens indefinite, rarely few, inserted with the petals on the throat of the calyx. Styles 3, more or less united into one; stigmas terminal, minute. Capsule at length dry and opening by valves or irregularly at the summit, few–many-seeded. Seeds flat, anatropous, with little albumen.—Stems erect. Leaves alternate, very adhesive by the barbed pubescence. Flowers terminal, solitary or cymose-clustered. (Dedicated to C. Mentzel, an early German botanist.)

[*] Seeds few, oblong, not winged; petals 5, not large; filaments all filiform.

1. M. oligospérma, Nutt. Rough and adhesive (1–3° high), much branched, the brittle branches spreading; leaves ovate and oblong, cut-toothed or angled, often petioled; flowers yellow (7–10´´ broad), opening in sunshine; petals wedge-oblong, pointed; stamens 20 or more; capsule small, about 9-seeded.—Prairies and plains, Ill. to Kan. and Col., south to Tex.

[*][*] Seeds numerous, rounded and wing-margined; petals 10, large and showy; outer filaments petaloid in n. 3; capsule large, oblong; leaves sessile.

2. M. ornàta, Torr. & Gray. Stout, 1–2° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, deeply repand-toothed or pinnatifid, the segments acute; calyx-tube leafy-bracteate; petals 2–3´ long, yellowish-white; filaments all filiform or the outer dilated below; capsule 1{½}–2´ long; seeds narrowly margined.—On the plains, W. Dak. to central Kan. and Tex.

3. M. nùda, Torr. & Gray. More slender, 1–5° high; leaves somewhat lanceolate, rather bluntly or shortly repand-dentate; flowers half as large as in the last; calyx not bracteate; outer filaments narrowly dilated, sterile; capsule about 1´ long; seeds plainly winged.—Plains of Dak. to central Kan. and Tex.

Order 44. PASSIFLORÀCEÆ. (Passion-Flower Family.)

Herbs or woody plants, climbing by tendrils, with perfect flowers, 5 monadelphous stamens, and a stalked 1-celled ovary free from the calyx, with 3 or 4 parietal placentæ, and as many club-shaped styles.

1. PASSIFLÒRA, L. Passion-Flower.

Calyx of 5 sepals united at the base into a short cup, imbricated in the bud, usually colored like the petals, at least within; the throat crowned with a double or triple fringe. Petals 5, on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5; filaments united in a tube which sheathes the long stalk of the ovary, separate above; anthers large, fixed by the middle. Berry (often edible) many-seeded; the anatropous albuminous seeds invested by a pulpy covering. Seed-coat brittle, grooved.—Leaves alternate, generally palmately lobed, with stipules. Peduncles axillary, jointed. Ours are perennial herbs. (An adaptation of flos passionis, a translation of fior della passione, the popular Italian name early applied to the flower from a fancied resemblance of its parts to the implements of the crucifixion.)

1. P. lùtea, L. Smooth, slender; leaves obtusely 3-lobed at the summit, the lobes entire; petioles glandless; flowers greenish-yellow (1´ broad); fruit ½´ in diameter.—Damp thickets, S. Penn. to Fla., west to Ill., Mo., and La.

2. P. incarnàta, L. Pubescent; leaves 3–5-cleft, the lobes serrate, the base bearing 2 glands; flower large (2´ broad), nearly white, with a triple purple and flesh-colored crown; involucre 3-leaved; fruit as large as a hen's egg.—Dry soil, Va. to Fla., west to Mo. and Ark. Fruit called maypops.

Order 45. CUCURBITÀCEÆ. (Gourd Family.)

Mostly succulent herbs with tendrils, diœcious or monœcious (often gamopetalous) flowers, the calyx-tube cohering with the 1–3-celled ovary, and the 5 or usually 2½ stamens (i.e., 1 with a 1-celled and 2 with 2-celled anthers) commonly united by their often tortuous anthers, and sometimes also by the filaments. Fruit (pepo) fleshy, or sometimes membranaceous.—Limb of the calyx and corolla usually more or less combined. Stigmas 2 or 3. Seeds large, usually flat, anatropous, with no albumen. Cotyledons leaf-like. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or veined.—Mostly a tropical or subtropical order; represented in cultivation by the Gourd (Lagenària vulgàris), Pumpkin and Squash (species of Cucurbita), Muskmelon (Cùcumis Mèlo), Cucumber (C. satìvus), and Watermelon (Citrúllus vulgàris).

[*] Fruit prickly. Seeds few, erect or pendulous. Flowers white. Annual.

[+] Ovary 1-celled. Seed solitary, pendulous.

1. Sicyos. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 5-lobed. Fruit indehiscent.

[+][+] Ovary 2–3-celled. Seeds few, erect or ascending.

2. Echinocystis. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 6-parted. Anthers 3. Fruit bladdery, 2-celled, 4-seeded, bursting at the top.

3. Cyclanthera. Corolla 5-parted. Anther 1, annular. Fruit oblique and gibbous.

[*][*] Fruit smooth. Seeds numerous, horizontal, attached to the 3–5 parietal placentæ. Perennial.

4. Melothria. Flowers small, greenish; corolla 5-parted. Slender, climbing. Fruit small.

5. Cucurbita. Flowers large, yellow, tubular-campanulate. Prostrate. Fruit large.

1. SÍCYOS, L. One-seeded Bur-Cucumber.

Flowers monœcious. Petals 5, united below into a bell-shaped or flattish corolla. Anthers cohering in a mass. Ovary 1-celled, with a single suspended ovule; style slender; stigmas 3. Fruit ovate, dry and indehiscent, filled by the single seed, covered with barbed prickly bristles which are readily detached.—Climbing annuals, with 3-forked tendrils, and small whitish flowers; the sterile and fertile mostly from the same axils, the former corymbed, the latter in a capitate cluster, long-peduncled. (Greek name for the Cucumber.)

1. S. angulàtus, L. Leaves roundish heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed, the lobes pointed; plant clammy-hairy.—River-banks, and a weed in damp yards, N. H. and Quebec to Fla., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. July–Sept.

2. ECHINOCÝSTIS, Torr. & Gray. Wild Balsam-apple.

Flowers monœcious. Petals 6, lanceolate, united at the base into an open spreading corolla. Anthers more or less united. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect ovules in each cell; stigma broad. Fruit fleshy, at length dry, clothed with weak prickles, bursting at the summit, 2-celled, 4-seeded, the inner part fibrous-netted. Seeds large, flat, with a thickish hard and roughened coat.—Tall climbing annual, nearly smooth, with 3-forked tendrils, thin leaves, and very numerous small greenish-white flowers; the sterile in compound racemes often 1° long, the fertile in small clusters or solitary, from the same axils. (Name composed of ἐχῖνος, a hedgehog, and κύστις, a bladder, from the prickly fruit.)

1. E. lobàta, Torr. & Gray. Leaves deeply and sharply 5-lobed; fruit oval (2´ long); seeds dark-colored.—Rich soil along rivers, W. New Eng. and Penn. to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. Also cult. for arbors. July–Oct.

3. CYCLANTHÈRA, Schrad.

Flowers monœcious. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted. Stamens united into a central column, the anther solitary in our species and annular. Ovary (1–3-) usually 2-celled and 4-locellate with 4 erect or ascending ovules. Fruit spiny, obliquely ovoid and gibbous, beaked, bursting irregularly. Seeds flattened.—Slender glabrous climbing annuals or perennials, with very small racemose or panicled white sterile flowers and a solitary fertile one in the same axil. (Name from κύκλος, a circle, and ἀνθήρα, anther.)

1. C. dissécta, Arn. Annual; leaves digitately 3–7-foliolate, the oblong divisions somewhat lobed or toothed; tendrils simple or bifid; fruit 1´ long, on a short peduncle.—Central Kan. to Tex. and Mex.

4. MELÒTHRIA, L.

Flowers polygamous or monœcious; the sterile campanulate, the corolla 5-lobed; the fertile with the calyx-tube constricted above the ovary, then campanulate. Anthers more or less united. Berry small, pulpy, filled with many flat and horizontal seeds.—Tendrils simple. Flowers very small. (Altered from μήλωθρον, an ancient name for a sort of white grape.)

1. M. péndula, L. Slender, from a perennial root, climbing; leaves small, roundish and heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed, roughish; sterile flowers few in small racemes; the fertile solitary, greenish or yellowish; berry oval, green, 4–6´´ long.—Copses, Va. to Fla., west to S. Ind. and La.

5. CUCÚRBITA, L.

Flowers monœcious, mostly solitary. Calyx-tube campanulate; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed to the middle. Filaments distinct; anthers linear, united, sigmoid. Ovary oblong, with short thick style, 3–5 2-lobed stigmas, and 3–5 parietal placentas; ovules numerous, horizontal. Fruit smooth, fleshy with a hard rind, indehiscent.—Prostrate scabrous vines, rooting at the joints, with large yellow flowers and large fruit. (The Latin name for the Gourd.)

1. C. fœtidíssima, HBK. Root very large, fusiform; leaves thick, triangular-cordate; flowers 3–4´ long; fruit globose or obovoid, 2–3´ in diameter. (C. perennis, Gray.)—Central Neb. to Tex., and westward.

Order 46. CACTÀCEÆ. (Cactus Family.)

Fleshy and thickened mostly leafless plants, of peculiar aspect, globular or columnar and many-angled, or flattened and jointed, usually with prickles. Flowers solitary, sessile; the sepals and petals numerous, imbricated in several rows, the bases adherent to the 1-celled ovary.—Stamens numerous, with long and slender filaments, inserted on the inside of the tube or cup formed by the union of the sepals and petals. Style 1; stigmas numerous. Fruit a 1-celled berry, with numerous campylotropous seeds on several parietal placentæ.

1. Mamillaria. Globose or oval plants, covered with spine-bearing tubercles. Flowers from between the tubercles. Ovary naked; berry succulent.

2. Opuntia. Branching or jointed plants; the joints flattened or cylindrical.

1. MAMILLÀRIA. Haw.

Flowers about as long as wide, the tube campanulate or funnel-shaped. Ovary often hidden between the bases of the tubercles, naked, the succulent berry exserted. Seeds yellowish-brown to black, crustaceous.—Globose or oval plants, covered with spine-bearing cylindrical, oval, or conical tubercles, the flowers from distinct woolly or bristly areoles at their base. (Name from mamilla, a nipple, referring to the tubercles.)

1. M. vivípara, Haw. Simple or cespitose, 1–5´ high, the almost terete tubercles bearing bundles of 5–8 reddish-brown spines (10´´ long or less), surrounded by 15–20 grayish ones in a single series, all straight and very rigid; flowers purple, with lance-subulate petals and fringed sepals; berry oval, green; seeds pitted, light brown.—Plains of Dak. to Kan., and westward.

2. M. Missouriénsis, Sweet. Smaller, globose, with fewer (10–20) weaker ash-colored spines; flowers yellow, 1–2´ broad; berry subglobose, scarlet; seeds few, black, pitted. (M. Nuttallii, Engelm.)—S. Dak. to central Kan., Tex., and westward.

2. OPÚNTIA, Tourn. Prickly Pear. Indian Fig.

Sepals and petals not united into a prolonged tube, spreading, regular, the inner roundish. Berry often prickly. Seeds flat and margined, covered with a white bony arillus. Embryo coiled around albumen; cotyledons large, foliaceous in germination.—Stem composed of joints (flattened in ours), bearing very small awl-shaped and usually deciduous leaves arranged in a spiral order, with clusters of barbed bristles and often spines also in their axils. Flowers in our species yellow, opening in sunshine for more than one day. (A name of Theophrastus, originally belonging to some different plant.)

[*] Spines small or none; fruit pulpy.

1. O. vulgàris, Mill. Prostrate or spreading, light green; joints broadly obovate (2–4´ long); leaves minute (2–2½´´ long), ovate-subulate, generally appressed, bristles short, greenish yellow, rarely with a few small spines; flowers pale yellow (about 2´ broad), with about 8 petals; fruit 1´ long.—Sandy fields and dry rocks, Nantucket to S. C., near the coast; Falls of the Potomac.

2. O. Rafinésquii, Engelm. Prostrate, deep green; joints broadly obovate or orbicular (3–5´ long); leaves (3–4´´ long), spreading; bristles bright red-brown, with a few small spines and a single strong one (9–12´´ long) or none; flowers yellow (2½–3½´ broad), sometimes with a reddish centre; petals 10–12; fruit 1½´ long, with an attenuated base.—Sterile soil, Nantucket and southward along the coast to Fla., and in the Mississippi valley, from Mich. to Minn., and south to Ky. and Ark.

[*][*] Very spiny, fruit dry and prickly.

3. O. Missouriénsis, DC. Prostrate, joints light green, broadly obovate, flat and tuberculate (2–6´ long), leaves small (1½–2´´ long); their axils armed with a tuft of straw-colored bristles and 5–10 slender radiating spines (1–2´ long); flowers light yellow (2–3´ broad), fruit with spines of variable length.—Wisc. to Mo., westward across the plains, very variable.

4. O. frágilis, Haw. Subdecumbent; joints small (1–2´ long or less), ovate, compressed or tumid, or even terete; leaves hardly 1´´ long, red; bristles few, larger spines 1–4, cruciate, with 4–6 smaller white radiating ones below; flowers yellow.—Minn. to Iowa and Kan., and westward.

Order 47. FICOÍDEÆ.

A miscellaneous group, chiefly of fleshy or succulent plants, with mostly opposite leaves and no stipules. Differing from Caryophyllaceæ and Portulacaceæ by having the ovary and capsule 2–several-celled, and the stamens and petals sometimes numerous, as in Cactaceæ (but the latter wanting in most of the genera), seeds, as in all these orders, with the slender embryo curved about mealy albumen. Our genera are apetalous and with the calyx free from the ovary.

1. Sesuvium. Calyx-lobes 5, petaloid. Stamens 5–60. Capsule circumscissile. Succulent.

2. Mollugo. Sepals 5. Stamens 3 or 5. Capsule 3-valved. Not succulent.

1. SESÙVIUM, L. Sea Purslane.

Calyx 5-parted, purplish inside, persistent, free. Petals none. Stamens 5–60, inserted on the calyx. Styles 3–5, separate. Pod 3–5-celled, many-seeded, circumscissile, the upper part falling off as a lid.—Usually prostrate maritime herbs, with succulent stems, opposite leaves, and axillary or terminal flowers. (An unexplained name.)

1. S. pentándrum, Ell. Annual, procumbent or sometimes erect; leaves oblong- to obovate-spatulate, obtuse; flowers sessile, stamens 5. (S. Portulacastrum, Gray, Manual, not L.)—Sea coast, N. J. to Fla.

2. MOLLÙGO, L. Indian-Chickweed.

Sepals 5, white inside. Stamens hypogynous, 5 and alternate with the sepals, or 3 and alternate with the 3 cells of the ovary. Stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal, the partitions breaking away from the many-seeded axis.—Low homely annuals, much branched, the stipules obsolete. (An old Latin name for some soft plant.)

M. verticillàta, L. (Carpet-weed.) Prostrate, forming patches; leaves spatulate, clustered in whorls at the joints, where the 1-flowered pedicels form a sort of sessile umbel, stamens usually 3.—Sandy river-banks, and cultivated grounds. June–Sept. (An immigrant from farther south.)

Order 48. UMBELLÍFERÆ. (Parsley Family.)

Herbs, with small flowers in umbels (or rarely in heads), the calyx entirely adhering to the 2-celled and 2-ovuled ovary, the 5 petals and 5 stamens inserted on the disk that crowns the ovary and surrounds the base of the 2 styles. Fruit consisting of 2 seed-like dry carpels. Limb of the calyx obsolete, or a mere 5-toothed border. Petals either imbricated in the bud or valvate with the point inflexed. The two carpels (called mericarps) cohering by their inner face (the commissure), when ripe separating from each other and usually suspended from the summit of a slender prolongation of the axis (carpophore); each carpel marked lengthwise with 5 primary ribs, and often with 4 intermediate (secondary) ones; in the interstices or intervals between them are commonly lodged the oil-tubes (vittæ), which are longitudinal canals in the substance of the fruit, containing aromatic oil. (These are best seen in slices made across the fruit.) Seed suspended from the summit of the cell, anatropous, with a minute embryo in hard albumen.—Stems usually hollow. Leaves alternate, mostly compound, the petioles expanded or sheathing at base, rarely with true stipules. Umbels usually compound, in which case the secondary ones are termed umbellets; the whorl of bracts which often subtends the general umbel is the involucre, and those of the umbellets the involucels. The base of the styles is frequently thickened and cushion-like, and called the stylopodium. In many the flowers are dichogamous, i.e. the styles are protruded from the bud some time before the anthers develop,—an arrangement for cross-fertilization.—A large family, some of the plants innocent and aromatic, others with very poisonous (acrid-narcotic) properties. The flowers are much alike in all, and the fruits, inflorescence, etc., likewise exhibit comparatively small diversity. The family is consequently difficult for the young student.

I. Fruit with the secondary ribs the most prominent, winged and armed with barbed or hooked prickles, the primary ribs filiform and bristly.

1. Daucus. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened dorsally. Seed-face flat.

2. Caucalis. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit flattened laterally. Seed-face deeply sulcate.

II. Fruit with primary ribs only (hence but 3 dorsal ones on each carpel).

[*] Fruit strongly flattened dorsally, with the lateral ribs prominently winged.

[+] Caulescent branching plants, with white flowers.

[++] Lateral wings distinct; oil-tubes usually more than one in the intervals.

3. Angelica. Stylopodium mostly depressed, but the disk prominent and crenulate. Dorsal ribs strong. Stout perennials, with mostly coarsely divided leaves.

4. Conioselinum. Stylopodium slightly conical. Dorsal ribs prominent. Tall slender glabrous perennial; leaves thin, finely pinnately compound.

[++][++] Lateral wings closely contiguous; oil-tubes solitary; stylopodium thick-conical.

5. Tiedemannia. Dorsal ribs apparently 5, filiform. Smooth swamp herbs with leaves few or reduced to hollow cylindrical petioles.

6. Heracleum. Dorsal ribs filiform, the broad wings with a marginal nerve. Oil-tubes obclavate. Petals conspicuous. Tall stout perennials, with large leaves.

[+][+] Caulescent branching plants, with depressed stylopodium and yellow flowers.

7. Pastinaca. Fruit with filiform dorsal ribs, thin wings, and solitary oil-tubes.

8. Polytænia. Fruit with a thick corky margin, obscure dorsal ribs, and very numerous oil-tubes.

[+][+][+] Acaulescent or nearly so, with filiform dorsal ribs, thin wings, and no stylopodium.

9. Peucedanum. Flowers white or yellow. Low western plants, of dry ground, with thick roots and finely dissected leaves.

[*][*] Fruit not flattened either way or but slightly, neither prickly nor scaly.

[+] Ribs all conspicuously winged; stylopodium depressed or wanting.

10. Cymopterus. Low and glabrous, mostly cespitose perennials, with pinnately compound leaves and white flowers. Oil-tubes 1 to several. Western.

11. Thaspium. Tall perennials, with ternately divided or simple leaves, and yellow flowers (rarely purple). Oil-tubes solitary.

[+][+] Ribs all prominent and equal but not winged; flowers white.

12. Ligusticum. Ribs acute, with broad intervals. Stylopodium conical. Oil-tubes numerous. Smooth perennials, with large compound leaves.

13. Æthusa. Ribs very broad and corky, acute. Stylopodium depressed. Oil-tubes solitary. Introduced annual.

14. Cœlopleurum. Ribs thick, corky (mostly obtuse). Oil-tubes solitary, adherent to the seed, which is loose in the pericarp. Stout glabrous sea-coast perennial.

[+][+][+] Dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral very thick and corky; oil-tubes solitary.

15. Crantzia. Small glabrous creeping perennials, rooting in the mud, with small simple umbels and leaves reduced to hollow cylindrical jointed petioles.

[*][*][*] Fruit flattened laterally.

[+] Carpels depressed dorsally; fruit short.

[++] Seed-face flat; flowers mostly yellow.

16. Fœniculum. Ribs prominent. Oil-tubes solitary. Stout aromatic herb, with filiform-dissected leaves.

17. Pimpinella. Ribs filiform. Oil-tubes numerous. Glabrous perennials, with compound leaves.

[++][++] Seed-face concave; flowers white (yellow in n. 20); ribs filiform or obsolete.

18. Eulophus. Oil-tubes numerous. Stylopodium conical. Glabrous perennials from fascicled tubers, with pinnately compound leaves.

19. Anthriscus. Fruit linear, long-beaked, without ribs or oil-tubes, and with conical stylopodium. Leaves ternately decompound.

20. Bupleurum. Fruit oblong, with slender ribs, no oil-tubes, and prominent flat stylopodium. Leaves simple, perfoliate.

[+][+] Carpels terete or slightly flattened laterally; flowers white (except n. 24).

[++] Seed-face flat (or somewhat concave in n. 28); fruit short.

[=] Leaves 3-foliolate; stylopodium conical; oil-tubes solitary.

21. Cryptotænia. Ribs obtuse, equal; fruit linear-oblong.

[=][=] Leaves once pinnate; stylopodium depressed; oil-tubes numerous. Aquatic perennials.

22. Sium. Fruit ovate to oblong; ribs prominent, corky, nearly equal.

23. Berula. Fruit nearly globose; ribs inconspicuous; pericarp thick and corky.

[=][=][=] Leaves decompound. Oil-tubes solitary (none in n. 27). Perennials.

24. Zizia. Ribs filiform; stylopodium none. Flowers yellow.

25. Carum. Ribs filiform or inconspicuous; stylopodium short-conical. Leaf-segments filiform. Roots tuberous.

26. Cicuta. Ribs flattish, corky, the lateral largest. Marsh perennials, with serrate leaflets, the veins often running to the notches.

27. Ægopodium. Ribs filiform; oil-tubes none; stylopodium conical. Leaves biternate.

[=][=][=][=] Leaves finely dissected; oil-tubes solitary. Very slender annuals.

28. Leptocaulis. Fruit bristly or tuberculate, with rather prominent equal ribs.

29. Discopleura. Dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral very thick and corky.

[++][++] Seed-face concave; fruit ovate, glabrous, with depressed stylopodium, and no oil-tubes.

30. Conium. An introduced biennial, with spotted stems, and large decompound leaves.

[++][++][++] Seed-face concave. Fruit linear-oblong, with conical stylopodium.

31. Chærophyllum. Fruit glabrous, with small mostly solitary oil-tubes.

32. Osmorrhiza. Fruit bristly, with oil-tubes obsolete.

[+][+][+] Carpels (as well as fruit) strongly flattened laterally.

[++] Seed lunate, deeply sulcate on the face; umbels compound, leafy-bracted.

33. Erigenia. Fruit nearly orbicular, with numerous oil-tubes. Low, nearly acaulescent from a deep-seated tuber. Leaves ternately decompound.

[++][++] Seed straight, not sulcate; umbels simple.

34. Hydrocotyle. Fruit more or less orbicular, with no oil-tubes. Low perennials, in or near water, with creeping stems, and peltate or reniform leaves.

[*][*][*][*] Fruit obovoid or globose, densely prickly or scaly.

35. Eryngium. Flowers sessile in dense bracteate heads, white or blue. Leaves mostly rigid and more or less spinose.

36. Sanicula. Flowers in irregularly compound few-rayed umbels, yellow. Leaves palmate.

1. DAÙCUS, Tourn. Carrot.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, flattened dorsally; stylopodium depressed; carpel with 5 slender bristly primary ribs and 4 winged secondary ones, each of the latter bearing a single row of barbed prickles; oil-tubes solitary under the secondary ribs, two on the commissural side; seed-face somewhat concave or almost flat.—Bristly annuals or biennials, with pinnately decompound leaves, foliaceous and cleft involucral bracts, and white flowers in compound umbels which become strongly concave. (The ancient Greek name.)

D. Caròta, L. Biennial; stem bristly; ultimate leaf-segments lanceolate and cuspidate; rays numerous.—Naturalized everywhere, from Eu.

2. CAUCÀLIS, L.

Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate or oblong, flattened laterally; stylopodium conical; prickles barbed or hooked; seed-face deeply sulcate. Otherwise as Daucus.—Our species annual. (The ancient Greek name.)

C. nodòsa, Hudson. Decumbent, branching only at base, stems 1–2° long, retrorsely hispid; umbels naked, opposite the leaves and nearly sessile, of 2 or 3 very short rays.—Md., Iowa, and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)

C. Anthríscus, Hudson, has 1–2-pinnate leaves with broad leaflets, and more regularly compounded umbels.—Ohio, etc. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. ANGÉLICA, L.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit strongly flattened dorsally; primary ribs very prominent, the laterals extended into broad distinct wings, forming a double-winged margin to the fruit; oil-tubes one to several in the intervals or indefinite, 2 to 10 on the commissure.—Stout perennials, with ternately or pinnately compound leaves, large terminal umbels, scanty or no involucres, small many-leaved involucels, and white or greenish flowers. (Named angelic from its cordial and medicinal properties.)

[*] Seed adherent to the pericarp; oil-tubes one to several in the intervals; uppermost leaves mostly reduced to large inflated petioles.

1. A. Curtísii, Buckley. Glabrous; leaves twice ternate or the divisions quinate; leaflets thin, ovate-lanceolate (1–3´ broad), sharply and irregularly toothed; fruit glabrous, 1½–3´´ broad; oil-tubes mostly one in the intervals (sometimes 2 or 3).—Along the Alleghanies from Penn. to N. C. Aug.

2. A. hirsùta, Muhl. Pubescent above; leaves twice pinnately or ternately divided; leaflets thickish, lanceolate to oblong (5–10´´ broad), serrate; fruit pubescent, 2´´ broad; oil-tubes 3–6 in the intervals. (Archangelica hirsuta, Torr. & Gray.)—Dry ground, Conn. to Minn., Tenn., and Fla. July.

[*][*] Seed loose; oil-tubes indefinite (25–30); upper petioles not so prominent.

3. A. atropurpùrea, L. Very stout, glabrous throughout, with dark purple stem; leaves 2–3-ternately divided, the pinnate segments of 5–7 lanceolate to ovate leaflets (1–1½´ broad), sharply mucronate-serrate. (Archangelica atropurpurea, Hoffm.)—River-banks, Lab. to Del., Ill. and Minn. June.

4. CONIOSELÌNUM, Fisch. Hemlock-Parsley.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Stylopodium slightly conical. Fruit oval, flattened dorsally, glabrous, the dorsal ribs very prominent, the lateral ones extended into broad wings; oil-tubes 1–4 in the intervals, 4–8 on the commissure; seed slightly concave on the inner face.—Tall slender glabrous perennial, with finely 2–3-pinnately compound leaves, few-leaved involucre or none, involucels of elongated linear-setaceous bractlets, and white flowers. (Compounded of Conium and Selinum, from its resemblance to these genera.)

1. C. Canadénse, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets pinnatifid; wings nearly as broad as the seed; oil-tubes 2–3 in the intervals, sometimes 1 or 4.—Swamps and cold cliffs, from Maine to Minn., southward to N. C. (in the higher mountains), Ind., Ill., and Mo. Aug.–Oct.

5. TIEDEMÁNNIA, DC.

Calyx-teeth evident. Fruit ovate to obovate, flattened dorsally; dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral broadly winged, closely contiguous and strongly nerved next to the body (giving the appearance of 5 dorsal ribs); oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2–6 on the commissure; stylopodium short, thick-conical.—Glabrous erect aquatic herbs, with leaves reduced to petioles or of few narrow leaflets; involucre and involucels present, and flowers white. (Dedicated to the anatomist Prof. Tiedemann, of Heidelberg.)

1. T. teretifòlia, DC. Stem hollow, 2–6° high; leaves reduced to cylindrical hollow pointed nodose petioles; oil-tubes filling the intervals.—Ponds and swamps, Del. to Fla., and west to La. Aug., Sept.

2. T. rígida, Coult. & Rose. (Cowbane.) Stem 2–5° high; leaves simply pinnate, with 3–9 linear to lanceolate entire or remotely toothed leaflets; oil-tubes mostly small. (Archemora rigida, DC.)—Swamps, N. Y. to Minn., south to the Gulf. Aug. Poisonous; roots tuberiferous.

6. HERACLÈUM, L. Cow-Parsnip.

Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit broadly oval or obovate, like Pastinaca, but with a thick conical stylopodium, and the conspicuous obclavate oil-tubes extending scarcely below the middle.—Tall stout perennial, with large ternately compound leaves, broad umbels, deciduous involucre, and many-leaved involucels, white flowers, and obcordate petals, the outer ones commonly larger and 2-cleft. (Dedicated to Hercules.)

1. H. lanàtum, Michx. Woolly; stem grooved, 4–8° high; leaflets broad, irregularly cut-toothed.—Wet ground, Newf. to the Pacific, and southward to N. C., Ky., and Kan. June.

7. PASTINÀCA, L. Parsnip.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval, very much flattened dorsally; dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral extended into broad wings, which are strongly nerved toward the outer margin; oil-tubes small, solitary in the intervals, 2–4 on the commissure; stylopodium depressed.—Tall stout glabrous biennial, with pinnately compound leaves, mostly no involucre or involucels, and yellow flowers. (The Latin name, from pastus, food.)

P. satìva, L. Stem grooved; leaflets ovate to oblong, cut-toothed.—Introduced everywhere. (Adv. from Eu.)

8. POLYTÆ̀NIA, DC.

Calyx-teeth conspicuous. Fruit obovate to oval, much flattened dorsally; dorsal ribs small or obscure in the depressed back, the lateral with broad thick corky closely contiguous wings forming the margin of the fruit; oil-tubes 12–18 about the seed and many scattered through the thick corky pericarp.—A perennial mostly glabrous herb, with 2-pinnate leaves (upper opposite and 3-cleft), the segments cuneate and incised, no involucre, narrow involucels, and bright yellow flowers in May. (Named from πολύς, many, and ταινία, a fillet, alluding to the numerous oil-tubes.)

1. P. Nuttàllii, DC. Plant 2–3° high; pedicels and involucels pubescent.—Barrens, Mich, to N. Ala., west to the Rocky Mts.

9. PEUCÉDANUM, L.

Calyx-teeth mostly obsolete. Fruit roundish to oblong, much flattened dorsally; dorsal ribs filiform and approximate; the lateral extended into broad closely coherent wings; oil-tubes 1–4 in the intervals, 2–6 on the commissure.—Dry ground acaulescent (or short caulescent) herbs, with fusiform roots, dissected leaves, no involucre, yellow or white flowers, and stylopodium depressed or wanting. (The ancient Greek name.)

1. P. nudicaùle, Nutt. Pubescent, with peduncles 3–8´ high; leaves bipinnate, the small oblong segments entire or toothed; involucels of scarious-margined (often purplish) lanceolate bractlets; flowers white or pinkish; fruit almost round, emarginate at base, glabrous, with wings hardly as broad as the body, and indistinct or obsolete dorsal ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals.—Minn. to Iowa and Kan., and westward. One of the earliest spring bloomers.

2. P. fœniculàceum, Nutt. Tomentose or glabrous, with peduncles 8–12´ long; leaves finely dissected, with short filiform segments; involucels gamophyllous, 5–7-cleft, with conspicuously hairy margins; flowers yellow; fruit broadly oblong, glabrous, with wings half as broad as the body, and prominent dorsal ribs; oil-tubes 1–3 in the intervals.—Minn. to Tex. March–April.

3. P. villòsum, Nutt. More or less pubescent throughout, 3–8´ high; leaves finely dissected, with very numerous narrow crowded segments; involucels of ovate to linear bractlets; flowers yellow; fruit oval, with wings half as broad as the body, and prominent dorsal ribs; oil-tubes 3 or 4 in the intervals.—Minn. to Neb. and Dak., southwestward to Ariz. Root much elongated.

10. CYMÓPTERUS, Raf.

Calyx-teeth more or less prominent. Fruit usually globose, with all the ribs conspicuously winged; oil-tubes one to several in the intervals, 2–8 on the commissure. Stylopodium depressed. Seed-face slightly concave.—Mostly low (often cespitose) glabrous perennials, from a thick elongated root, more or less pinnately compound leaves, with or without an involucre, prominent involucels, and white flowers (in ours). (From κῦμα, a wave, and πτερόν, a wing, referring to the often undulate wings.)

1. C. glomeràtus, Raf. Low (3–8´), with a short erect caudex bearing leaves and peduncles at the summit, glabrous; rays and pedicels very short, making a compact cluster; involucre none; involucel of a single palmately 5–7-parted bractlet; fruit globose (3–4´´ in diam.); wings rather corky; oil-tubes 4 or 5 in the intervals.—Minn. and Wisc. to Iowa and Ark., and westward.

2. C. montànus, Torr. & Gray. Of similar habit (1–6´ high), glaucous and mostly glabrous; rays 3–9´´ long, pedicels very short; involucre and involucels of mostly broad membranaceous usually green-veined bracts (more or less united); fruit oblong to orbicular in outline (3–6´´ long); wings thin; oil-tubes 1–3 in the intervals.—Neb. to central Kan., Tex., and westward. April.

11. THÁSPIUM, Nutt. Meadow-Parsnip.

Calyx-teeth conspicuous. Fruit ovoid to oblong, slightly flattened dorsally; carpel with 3 or 4 or all the ribs strongly winged; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure. Stylopodium wanting; styles long.—Perennials (2–5° high), with ternately divided leaves (or the lower simple) and broad serrate or toothed leaflets, mostly yellow flowers, and all the fruit pedicelled. (Name a play upon Thapsia, so called from the island of Thapsus.)

1. T. aùreum, Nutt. Glabrous; root-leaves mostly cordate, serrate; stem-leaves simply ternate (rarely biternate); leaflets ovate to lanceolate, round or tapering at base, serrate; flowers deep yellow; fruit globose-ovoid, about 2´´ long, all the ribs equally winged.—Thickets and woodlands, throughout the Atlantic States and west into the Miss. Valley. Fl. in summer and maturing fruit in late summer or autumn. Very variable, an extreme form being

Var. trifoliàtum, Coult. & Rose. Leaves or leaflets crenate or crenately toothed. (T. trifoliatum, Gray, Man., in part.)—Ohio to Ill., westward to Oregon. The common western form.

Var. atropurpùreum, Coult. & Rose. Petals dark-purple. (T. trifoliatum, var. atropurpureum, Gray, Man.)—Same range as the species.

2. T. barbinòde, Nutt. Loosely branched, pubescent on the joints, sometimes puberulent in the umbels; leaves 1–3-ternate; leaflets ovate to lanceolate, acute, with cuneate base, coarsely cut-serrate, often ternately cleft or parted; flowers light yellow; fruit broadly oblong, about 3´´ long and 2´´ broad, with mostly 7 prominent wings.—Banks of streams, N. Y. to Minn., and southward. May–June.—Var. angustifòlium, Coult. & Rose, has narrower, more sharply cut leaflets, and fruit more or less puberulent.—Penn. to Ill.

3. T. pinnatífidum, Gray. Resembling the last, but puberulent on the branchlets, umbels, and fruit, with fewer leaves; leaflets 1–2-pinnatifid, the lobes linear or oblong; one or two leaves near the base often very large and long-petioled; flowers light yellow; fruit oblong, 1½–2½´´ long and 1–1½´´ broad, all the ribs winged, generally three of them narrowly so. (T. Walteri, Shuttlew. in herb.)—Barrens and mountains, Ky. to Tenn. and N. C.

12. LIGÚSTICUM, L. Lovage.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong or ovate, flattened laterally if at all, glabrous; carpels with prominent equal acute ribs and broad intervals; oil-tubes 2–6 in the intervals, 6–10 on the commissure. Stylopodium conical.—Smooth perennials, from large aromatic roots, with large ternately compound leaves, mostly no involucre, involucels of narrow bractlets, and white flowers in large many-rayed umbels. (Named from the country Liguria, where the officinal Lovage of the gardens abounds.)

1. L. actæifòlium, Michx. (Nondo. Angelico.) Stem stout, branched above (2–6° high); leaves very large, 3–4-ternate; leaflets broadly oblong (2–5´ long), coarsely serrate; fruit ovate (2–3´´ long); seed with angled back.—Rich ground, S. Penn. to Ky., southward to the Gulf.

2. L. Scóticum, L. (Scotch Lovage.) Stem simple (1–2° high); leaves biternate; leaflets ovate (1–2´ long), coarsely toothed; fruit narrowly oblong (4–5´´ long); seed with round back.—Salt marshes, along the coast from Nantucket northward. Aug. (Eu.)

13. ÆTHÙSA, L. Fool's Parsley.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-globose, slightly flattened dorsally; carpel with 5 thick sharp ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure.—Poisonous annuals, with 2–3-ternately compound leaves, divisions pinnate, ultimate segments small and many cleft, no involucre, long narrow involucels, and white flowers. (Name from αἴθω, to burn, from the acrid taste.)

Æ. Cynàpium, L. A fetid, poisonous European herb, in cultivated grounds, from N. Eng. and Penn. to Minn. June–Aug.

14. CŒLOPLEÙRUM, Ledeb.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit globose to oblong, with very prominent nearly equal thick corky ribs (none of them winged); oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and under the ribs, 2 on the commissure. Seed loose in the pericarp.—Stout glabrous (or inflorescence puberulent) sea-coast perennial, with 2–3-ternate leaves on very large inflated petioles, few-leaved deciduous involucre, involucels of numerous small linear-lanceolate bractlets (rarely conspicuous or even leaf-like), and greenish-white flowers in many-rayed umbels. (From κοῖλος, hollow, and πλευρόν, a rib.)

1. C. Gmélini, Ledeb. Stem 1–3° high; leaflets ovate, irregularly cut-serrate (2–2½´ long); fruit 2–3½´´ long. (Archangelica Gmelini, DC.)—Rocky coasts, Mass. to Greenland.

15. CRÁNTZIA, Nutt.

Calyx-teeth small. Fruit globose or slightly flattened laterally; dorsal ribs filiform, the lateral thick and corky; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure.—Small perennials, creeping and rooting in the mud, with hollow cylindrical or awl-shaped nodose petioles in place of leaves, simple few-flowered umbels, and white flowers. (Named for Prof. Henry John Crantz, an Austrian botanist of the 18th century.)

1. C. lineàta, Nutt. Leaves very obtuse, 1–3´ long, 1–2´´ broad; fruit 1´´ long, the thick lateral wings forming a corky margin.—In brackish marshes along the coast, from Mass. to Miss. July. Very widely distributed.

16. FŒNÍCULUM, Adans. Fennel.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, glabrous, with prominent ribs and solitary oil-tubes.—Stout glabrous aromatic herb, with leaves dissected into numerous filiform segments, no involucre nor involucels, and large umbels of yellow flowers. (The Latin name, from fœnum, hay.)

F. officinàle, All., the cultivated fennel from Europe, has become naturalized along the shores of Md. and Va., and is a common escape.

17. PIMPINÉLLA, L.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong to ovate, glabrous, with slender equal ribs, numerous oil-tubes, and depressed or cushion-like stylopodium.—Glabrous perennials, with ternately or pinnately compound leaves, involucre and involucels scanty or none, and white or yellow flowers. (Name said to be formed from bipinnula, referring to the bipinnate leaves.)

1. P. integérrima, Benth. & Hook. Glaucous, 1–3° high, slender, branching; leaves 2–3-ternate, with lanceolate to ovate entire leaflets; flowers yellow; fruit broadly oblong, 2´´ long; stylopodium small or wanting. (Zizia integerrima, DC.)—Rocky hillsides, Atlantic States to Minn., E. Kan., and Ark. May.

P. Saxífraga, L., var. màjor, Koch. Leaves simply pinnate, with sharply toothed leaflets; flowers white; fruit oblong, 1´´ long; stylopodium cushion-like.—Rocky shores of Delaware River; Sycamore, Ohio. (Nat. from Eu.)

18. EÙLOPHUS, Nutt.

Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit ovate or oblong, glabrous, with equal filiform ribs; oil-tubes 1–5 in the intervals; stylopodium conical, with long recurved styles; seed-face broadly concave, with a central longitudinal ridge.—Glabrous perennials (3–5° high) from deep-seated fascicled tubers, with pinnately or ternately compound leaves, involucels of numerous narrowly lanceolate acuminate bractlets, and long-peduncled umbels of white flowers. (Name from εὖ, well, and λόφος, a crest,—not well applied to a plant with no crest at all.)

1. E. Americànus, Nutt. Radical and lower stem-leaves large, 1–2-pinnately compound, with leaflets cut into short narrow segments; upper stem-leaves ternate, with narrowly linear elongated leaflets; fruit 2–3´´ long.—Ohio to Ill. and Mo., south to Tenn. and Ark. July.

19. ANTHRÍSCUS, Hoffm. Chervil.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear, notched at base, long-beaked, glabrous, without ribs (but beak ribbed); oil-tubes none, stylopodium conical, seed-face sulcate.—Resembling Chærophyllum in vegetative characters. (The ancient Roman name.)

A. Cerefòlium, Hoffm. Mature fruit smooth and shining. (Chærophyllum sativum, L.)—Naturalized in E. Penn. (From Eu.)

20. BUPLEÙRUM, L. Thorough-wax.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, with very slender ribs, no oil-tubes, depressed stylopodium, and seed-face somewhat concave.—Smooth annual, with ovate perfoliate entire leaves, no involucre, involucels of 5 very conspicuous ovate mucronate bractlets, and yellow flowers. (Name from βοῦς, an ox, and πλευρόν, a rib.)

B. rotundifòlium, L., is very common in fields and cultivated ground, N. Y. to N. C., west to Mo. and Ark. (Nat. from Eu.)

21. CRYPTOTÆ̀NIA, DC. Honewort.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, glabrous, with obtuse equal ribs; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals and beneath each rib; stylopodium slender-conical; seed-face plane.—A glabrous perennial, with thin 3-foliolate leaves, no involucre, involucels of minute bractlets or none, and white flowers. (Name from κρυπτός, hidden, and ταινία, a fillet, referring to the concealed oil-tubes.)

1. C. Canadénsis, DC. Plant 1–3° high; leaflets large, ovate (2–4´ long), pointed, doubly serrate, often lobed; umbels irregular and unequally few-rayed; pedicels very unequal; fruit 2–3´´ long, often becoming curved.—N. Brunswick to Ga., west to Minn., E. Kan., and Tex. June–Sept.

22. SÌUM, Tourn. Water Parsnip.