Scheme of the Classification Adopted in This Book

The names of extinct groups are printed in italics.

CHORDATA (p. ).

I. HEMICHORDATA (p. ).

Order. Family.

ENTEROPNEUSTA (p. )

Glandicipitidae (p. ).

Ptychoderidae (p. ).

Harrimaniidae (p. ).

PTEROBRANCHIA (p. )

PHORONIDEA (p. )

II. UROCHORDATA = TUNICATA (pp. , , ).

Order. Sub-Order. Family. Sub-Family.

LARVACEA (p. )

Kowalevskiidae (p. ).

Appendiculariidae (p. ).

ASCIDIACEA (p. ) Ascidiae Simplices (p. ). Clavelinidae (p. ).

Ascidiidae (p. ).

Hypobythiinae
(p. ).

Ascidiinae (p. ).

Corellinae (p. ).

Cynthiidae (p. ).

Styelinae (p. ).

Cynthiinae (p. ).

Bolteninae (p. ).

Molgulidae (p. ).

Ascidiae
Compositae
(p. ) Merosomata (p. )

Distomatidae (p. ).

Coelocormidae (p. ).

Didemnidae (p. ).

Diplosomatidae (p. ).

Polyclinidae (p. ).

Holosomata (p. )

Botryllidae (p. ).

Polystyelidae (p. ).

Ascidiae Luciae (p. ) Pyrosomatidae (p. ).

THALIACEA (p. ) Cyclomyaria (p. ). Doliolidae (p. ).

Hemimyaria (p. ).

Salpidae (p. ).

Octacnemidae (p. ).

III. CEPHALOCHORDATA (pp. , ).

Family.

Branchiostomatidae (p. ).

IV. CRANIATA (pp. , ).

Class—Cyclostomata (pp. , , ).

Sub-Class. Order. Sub-Order. Family. Sub-Family.

Myxinoides (p. )

Myxinidae (p. ).

Bdellostomatidae (p. ).

Petromyzontes (p. ) Petromyzontidae (p. ).

Class—Pisces (pp. , ).

ELASMOBRANCHII
(p. ) Pleuropterygii (p. ) Cladoselachidae (p. ).

Ichthyotomi (p. ) Pleuracanthidae (p. ).

Acanthodei (p. )

Diplacanthidae (p. ).

Acanthodidae (p. ).

Plagiostomi (p. ) Selachii (p. )

Notidanidae (p. ).

Chlamydoselachidae (p. ).

Heterodontidae (p. ).

Cochliodontidae (p. ).

Psammodontidae (p. ).

Petalodontidae (p. ).

Scylliidae (p. ).

Carchariidae (p. ).

Sphyrnidae (p. ).

Lamnidae (p. ).

Cetorhinidae (p. ).

Rhinodontidae (p. ).

Spinacidae (p. ).

Rhinidae (p. ).

Pristiophoridae (p. ).

Batoidei (p. )

Pristidae (p. ).

Rhinobatidae (p. ).

Raiidae (p. ).

Tamiobatidae (p. ).

Torpedinidae (p. ).

Trygonidae (p. ).

Myliobatidae (p. ).

Holocephali (p. )

Ptyctodontidae (p. ).

Squaloraiidae (p. ).

Myriacanthidae (p. ).

Chimaeridae (p. ).

TELEOSTOMI
(p. ) Crossopterygii (p. ) Osteolepida (p. )

Osteolepidae (p. ).

Rhizodontidae (p. ).

Holoptychidae (p. ).

Coelacanthidae (p. ).

Cladistia (p. ) Polypteridae (p. ).

Chondrostei (p. )

Palaeoniscidae (p. ).

Platysomidae (p. ).

Belonorhynchidae (p. ).

Catopteridae (p. ).

Chondrosteidae (p. ).

Polyodontidae (p. ).

Acipenseridae (p. ).

Holostei (p. )

Semionotidae (p. ).

Macrosemiidae (p. ).

Pycnodontidae (p. ).

Eugnathidae (p. ).

Amiidae (p. ).

Pachycormidae (p. ).

Aspidorhynchidae (p. ).

Lepidosteidae (p. ).

Teleostei (pp. , ). Malacopterygii (p. )

Pholidophoridae (p. ).

Archaeomaenidae (p. ).

Oligopleuridae (p. ).

Leptolepididae (p. ).

Elopidae (p. ).

Albulidae (p. ).

Mormyridae (p. )

Mormyrinae (p. ).

Gymnarchinae (p. )

Hyodontidae (p. ).

Notopteridae (p. ).

Osteoglossidae (p. ).

Pantodontidae (p. ).

Ctenothrissidae (p. ).

Phractolaemidae (p. ).

Saurodontidae (p. ).

Chirocentridae (p. ).

Clupeidae (p. )

Thrissopatrinae
(p. ).

Engraulinae (p. ).

Clupeinae (p. ).

Chaninae (p. ).

Salmonidae (p. ).

[Pachyrhizodontidae (p. ).]

Alepocephalidae (p. ).

Stomiatidae (p. )

Chauliodontinae
(p. ).

Sternoptychinae
(p. ).

Stomiatinae (p. ).

Gonorhynchidae (p. ).

Cromeriidae (p. ).

Ostariophysi (p. ) Characinidae (p. )

Erythrininae (p. ).

Hydrocyoninae (p. ).

Serrasalmoninae
(p. ).

Ichthyoborinae
(p. ).

Xiphostominae
(p. ).

Anostominae (p. ).

Hemiodontinae
(p. ).

Distichodontinae
(p. ).

Citharininae (p. ).

Gymnotidae (p. ).

Cyprinidae (p. )

Catostominae (p. ).

Cyprininae (p. ).

Cobitidinae (p. ).

Homalopterinae
(p. ).

Siluridae (p. )

Clariinae (p. ).

Silurinae (p. ).

Bagrinae (p. ).

Doradinae (p. ).

Malopterurinae
(p. ).

Callichthyinae
(p. ).

Hypophthalminae
(p. ).

Trichomycterinae
(p. ).

Loricariidae (p. )

Arginae (p. ).

Loricariinae (p. ).

Aspredinidae (p. ).

Symbranchii (p. )

Symbranchidae (p. ).

Amphipnoidae (p. ).

Apodes (p. )

Anguillidae (p. ).

Nemichthyidae (p. ).

Synaphobranchidae
(p. ).

Saccopharyngidae (p. ).

Muraenidae (p. ).

Haplomi (p. )

Galaxiidae (p. ).

Haplochitonidae (p. ).

Enchodontidae (p. ).

Esocidae (p. ).

Dalliidae (p. ).

Scopelidae (p. ).

Alepidosauridae (p. ).

Cetomimidae (p. ).

Chirothricidae (p. ).

Kneriidae (p. ).

Cyprinodontidae (p. ).

Amblyopsidae (p. ).

Stephanoberycidae (p. ).

Percopsidae (p. ).

Heteromi (p. )

Dercetidae (p. ).

Halosauridae (p. ).

Lipogenyidae (p. ).

Notacanthidae (p. ).

Fierasferidae (p. ).

Catosteomi (p. )

Gastrosteidae (p. )

Aulorhynchidae (p. )

Protosyngnathidae (p. )

Aulostomatidae (p. )

Fistulariidae (p. )

Centriscidae (p. )

Amphisilidae (p. )

= Hemibranchii
(p. ).

Solenostomidae (p. )

Syngnathidae (p. )

= Lophobranchii
(p. ).

Pegasidae (p. ) = Hypostomides
(p. ).

Percesoces (p. )

Scombresocidae (p. ).

Ammodytidae (p. ).

Atherinidae (p. ).

Mugilidae (p. ).

Polynemidae (p. ).

Chiasmodontidae (p. ).

Sphyraenidae (p. ).

Tetragonuridae (p. ).

Stromateidae (p. ).

Icosteidae (p. ).

Ophiocephalidae (p. ).

Anabantidae (p. ).

Anacanthini (p. )

Macruridae (p. ).

Gadidae (p. ).

Muraenolepididae (p. ).

Sub-Order. Division. Family.

Acanthopterygii (p. ) Perciformes (p. )

Berycidae (p. ).

Monocentridae (p. ).

Pempheridae (p. ).

Centrarchidae (p. ).

Cyphosidae (p. ).

Lobotidae (p. ).

Toxotidae (p. ).

Nandidae (p. ).

Percidae (p. ).

Acropomatidae (p. ).

Serranidae (p. )

Subfamilies:

* Serraninae (p. ).

* Grammistinae (p. ).

* Priacanthinae (p. ).

* Centropominae (p. ).

* Pomatominae (p. ).

* Ambassinae (p. ).

* Chilodipterinae
(p. ).

* Lutjaninae (p. ).

* Cirrhitinae (p. ).

* Pentacerotinae
(p. ).

Anomalopidae (p. ).

Pseudochromididae
(p. ).

Cepolidae (p. ).

Hoplognathidae (p. ).

Sillaginidae (p. ).

Sciaenidae (p. ).

Gerridae (p. ).

Lactariidae (p. ).

Trichodontidae (p. ).

Latrididae (p. ).

Haplodactylidae (p. ).

Pristipomatidae (p. ).

Sparidae (p. ).

Mullidae (p. ).

Scorpididae (p. ).

Caproidae (p. ).

Chaetodontidae (p. ).

Drepanidae (p. ).

Acanthuridae (p. ).

Teuthididae (p. ).

Osphromenidae (p. ).

Embiotocidae (p. ).

Cichlidae (p. ).

Pomacentridae (p. ).

Labridae (p. ).

Scaridae (p. ).

Scombriformes (p. )

Carangidae (p. ).

Rhachicentridae (p. ).

Scombridae (p. ).

Trichiuridae (p. ).

Histiophoridae (p. ).

Palaeorhynchidae (p. ).

Xiphiidae (p. ).

Luvaridae (p. ).

Coryphaenidae (p. ).

Bramidae (p. ).

Zeorhombi (p. )

Zeidae (p. ).

Amphistiidae (p. ).

Pleuronectidae (p. ).

Kurtiformes
(p. ) Kurtidae (p. ).

Gobiiformes
(p. ) Gobiidae (p. ).

Discocephali
(p. ) Echeneididae (p. ).

Scleroparei (p. )

Scorpaenidae (p. ).

Hexagrammidae (p. ).

Comephoridae (p. ).

Rhamphocottidae (p. ).

Cottidae (p. ).

Cyclopteridae (p. ).

Platycephalidae (p. ).

Hoplichthyidae (p. ).

Agonidae (p. ).

Triglidae (p. ).

Dactylopteridae (p. ).

Jugulares (p. )

Trachinidae (p. ).

Percophiidae (p. ).

Leptoscopidae (p. ).

Nototheniidae (p. ).

Uranoscopidae (p. ).

Trichonotidae (p. ).

Callionymidae (p. ).

Gobiesocidae (p. ).

Blenniidae (p. ).

Batrachidae (p. ).

Pholididae (p. ).

Zoarcidae (p. ).

Congrogadidae (p. ).

Ophidiidae (p. ).

Podatelidae (p. ).

Taeniosomi (p. )

Trachypteridae (p. ).

Lophotidae (p. ).

Opisthomi (p. ) Mastacembelidae (p. ).

Pediculati (p. )

Lophiidae (p. ).

Ceratiidae (p. ).

Antennariidae (p. ).

Gigantactinidae (p. ).

Malthidae (p. ).

Plectognathi (p. ) Sclerodermi (p. )

Triacanthidae (p. ).

Triodontidae (p. ).

Balistidae (p. ).

Ostraconiidae (p. ).

Gymnodontes (p. )

Tetrodontidae (p. ).

Diodontidae (p. ).

Molidae (p. ).

DIPNEUSTI = DIPNOI (p. )

Ctenodontidae (p. ).

Uronemidae (p. ).

Ceratodontidae (p. ).

Lepidosirenidae (p. ).

OF UNCERTAIN POSITION

Order. Family.

Palaeospondylidae (p. ).

Ostracodermi (p. ) Heterostraci (p. )

Coelolepidae (p. ).

Drepanaspidae (p. ).

Psammosteidae (p. ).

Pteraspidae (p. ).

Osteostraci (p. )

Ateleaspidae (p. ).

Cephalaspidae (p. ).

Tremataspidae (p. ).

Anaspida (p. ) Birkeniidae (p. ).

Antiarchi (p. ) Asterolepidae (p. ).

Arthrodira (p. ) Coccosteidae (p. ).

CHORDATA (p. ).

I. HEMICHORDATA (p. ).

Order. Family.

ENTEROPNEUSTA (p. )

Glandicipitidae (p. ).

Ptychoderidae (p. ).

Harrimaniidae (p. ).

PTEROBRANCHIA (p. )

PHORONIDEA (p. )

II. UROCHORDATA = TUNICATA (pp. , , ).

Order. Sub-Order. Family. Sub-Family.

LARVACEA (p. )

Kowalevskiidae (p. ).

Appendiculariidae (p. ).

ASCIDIACEA (p. ) Ascidiae Simplices (p. ). Clavelinidae (p. ).

Ascidiidae (p. ).

Hypobythiinae
(p. ).

Ascidiinae (p. ).

Corellinae (p. ).

Cynthiidae (p. ).

Styelinae (p. ).

Cynthiinae (p. ).

Bolteninae (p. ).

Molgulidae (p. ).

Ascidiae
Compositae
(p. ) Merosomata (p. )

Distomatidae (p. ).

Coelocormidae (p. ).

Didemnidae (p. ).

Diplosomatidae (p. ).

Polyclinidae (p. ).

Holosomata (p. )

Botryllidae (p. ).

Polystyelidae (p. ).

Ascidiae Luciae (p. ) Pyrosomatidae (p. ).

THALIACEA (p. ) Cyclomyaria (p. ). Doliolidae (p. ).

Hemimyaria (p. ).

Salpidae (p. ).

Octacnemidae (p. ).

III. CEPHALOCHORDATA (pp. , ).

Family.

Branchiostomatidae (p. ).

IV. CRANIATA (pp. , ).

Class—Cyclostomata (pp. , , ).

Sub-Class. Order. Sub-Order. Family. Sub-Family.

Myxinoides (p. )

Myxinidae (p. ).

Bdellostomatidae (p. ).

Petromyzontes (p. ) Petromyzontidae (p. ).

Class—Pisces (pp. , ).

ELASMOBRANCHII
(p. ) Pleuropterygii (p. ) Cladoselachidae (p. ).

Ichthyotomi (p. ) Pleuracanthidae (p. ).

Acanthodei (p. )

Diplacanthidae (p. ).

Acanthodidae (p. ).

Plagiostomi (p. ) Selachii (p. )

Notidanidae (p. ).

Chlamydoselachidae (p. ).

Heterodontidae (p. ).

Cochliodontidae (p. ).

Psammodontidae (p. ).

Petalodontidae (p. ).

Scylliidae (p. ).

Carchariidae (p. ).

Sphyrnidae (p. ).

Lamnidae (p. ).

Cetorhinidae (p. ).

Rhinodontidae (p. ).

Spinacidae (p. ).

Rhinidae (p. ).

Pristiophoridae (p. ).

Batoidei (p. )

Pristidae (p. ).

Rhinobatidae (p. ).

Raiidae (p. ).

Tamiobatidae (p. ).

Torpedinidae (p. ).

Trygonidae (p. ).

Myliobatidae (p. ).

Holocephali (p. )

Ptyctodontidae (p. ).

Squaloraiidae (p. ).

Myriacanthidae (p. ).

Chimaeridae (p. ).

TELEOSTOMI
(p. ) Crossopterygii (p. ) Osteolepida (p. )

Osteolepidae (p. ).

Rhizodontidae (p. ).

Holoptychidae (p. ).

Coelacanthidae (p. ).

Cladistia (p. ) Polypteridae (p. ).

Chondrostei (p. )

Palaeoniscidae (p. ).

Platysomidae (p. ).

Belonorhynchidae (p. ).

Catopteridae (p. ).

Chondrosteidae (p. ).

Polyodontidae (p. ).

Acipenseridae (p. ).

Holostei (p. )

Semionotidae (p. ).

Macrosemiidae (p. ).

Pycnodontidae (p. ).

Eugnathidae (p. ).

Amiidae (p. ).

Pachycormidae (p. ).

Aspidorhynchidae (p. ).

Lepidosteidae (p. ).

Teleostei (pp. , ) Malacopterygii (p. )

Pholidophoridae (p. ).

Archaeomaenidae (p. ).

Oligopleuridae (p. ).

Leptolepididae (p. ).

Elopidae (p. ).

Albulidae (p. ).

Mormyridae (p. )

Mormyrinae (p. ).

Gymnarchinae (p. )

Hyodontidae (p. ).

Notopteridae (p. ).

Osteoglossidae (p. ).

Pantodontidae (p. ).

Ctenothrissidae (p. ).

Phractolaemidae (p. ).

Saurodontidae (p. ).

Chirocentridae (p. ).

Clupeidae (p. )

Thrissopatrinae
(p. ).

Engraulinae (p. ).

Clupeinae (p. ).

Chaninae (p. ).

Salmonidae (p. ).

[Pachyrhizodontidae (p. ).]

Alepocephalidae (p. ).

Stomiatidae (p. )

Chauliodontinae
(p. ).

Sternoptychinae
(p. ).

Stomiatinae (p. ).

Gonorhynchidae (p. ).

Cromeriidae (p. ).

Ostariophysi (p. ) Characinidae (p. )

Erythrininae (p. ).

Hydrocyoninae (p. ).

Serrasalmoninae
(p. ).

Ichthyoborinae
(p. ).

Xiphostominae
(p. ).

Anostominae (p. ).

Hemiodontinae
(p. ).

Distichodontinae
(p. ).

Citharininae (p. ).

Gymnotidae (p. ).

Cyprinidae (p. )

Catostominae (p. ).

Cyprininae (p. ).

Cobitidinae (p. ).

Homalopterinae
(p. ).

Siluridae (p. )

Clariinae (p. ).

Silurinae (p. ).

Bagrinae (p. ).

Doradinae (p. ).

Malopterurinae
(p. ).

Callichthyinae
(p. ).

Hypophthalminae
(p. ).

Trichomycterinae
(p. ).

Loricariidae (p. )

Arginae (p. ).

Loricariinae (p. ).

Aspredinidae (p. ).

Symbranchii (p. )

Symbranchidae (p. ).

Amphipnoidae (p. ).

Apodes (p. )

Anguillidae (p. ).

Nemichthyidae (p. ).

Synaphobranchidae
(p. ).

Saccopharyngidae (p. ).

Muraenidae (p. ).

Haplomi (p. )

Galaxiidae (p. ).

Haplochitonidae (p. ).

Enchodontidae (p. ).

Esocidae (p. ).

Dalliidae (p. ).

Scopelidae (p. ).

Alepidosauridae (p. ).

Cetomimidae (p. ).

Chirothricidae (p. ).

Kneriidae (p. ).

Cyprinodontidae (p. ).

Amblyopsidae (p. ).

Stephanoberycidae (p. ).

Percopsidae (p. ).

Heteromi (p. )

Dercetidae (p. ).

Halosauridae (p. ).

Lipogenyidae (p. ).

Notacanthidae (p. ).

Fierasferidae (p. ).

Catosteomi (p. )

Gastrosteidae (p. )

Aulorhynchidae (p. )

Protosyngnathidae (p. )

Aulostomatidae (p. )

Fistulariidae (p. )

Centriscidae (p. )

Amphisilidae (p. )

= Hemibranchii
(p. ).

Solenostomidae (p. )

Syngnathidae (p. )

= Lophobranchii
(p. ).

Pegasidae (p. ) = Hypostomides
(p. ).

Percesoces (p. )

Scombresocidae (p. ).

Ammodytidae (p. ).

Atherinidae (p. ).

Mugilidae (p. ).

Polynemidae (p. ).

Chiasmodontidae (p. ).

Sphyraenidae (p. ).

Tetragonuridae (p. ).

Stromateidae (p. ).

Icosteidae (p. ).

Ophiocephalidae (p. ).

Anabantidae (p. ).

Anacanthini (p. )

Macruridae (p. ).

Gadidae (p. ).

Muraenolepididae (p. ).

Sub-Order. Division. Family.

Acanthopterygii (p. ) Perciformes (p. )

Berycidae (p. ).

Monocentridae (p. ).

Pempheridae (p. ).

Centrarchidae (p. ).

Cyphosidae (p. ).

Lobotidae (p. ).

Toxotidae (p. ).

Nandidae (p. ).

Percidae (p. ).

Acropomatidae (p. ).

Serranidae (p. )

Subfamilies:

* Serraninae (p. ).

* Grammistinae (p. ).

* Priacanthinae (p. ).

* Centropominae (p. ).

* Pomatominae (p. ).

* Ambassinae (p. ).

* Chilodipterinae
(p. ).

* Lutjaninae (p. ).

* Cirrhitinae (p. ).

* Pentacerotinae
(p. ).

Anomalopidae (p. ).

Pseudochromididae
(p. ).

Cepolidae (p. ).

Hoplognathidae (p. ).

Sillaginidae (p. ).

Sciaenidae (p. ).

Gerridae (p. ).

Lactariidae (p. ).

Trichodontidae (p. ).

Latrididae (p. ).

Haplodactylidae (p. ).

Pristipomatidae (p. ).

Sparidae (p. ).

Mullidae (p. ).

Scorpididae (p. ).

Caproidae (p. ).

Chaetodontidae (p. ).

Drepanidae (p. ).

Acanthuridae (p. ).

Teuthididae (p. ).

Osphromenidae (p. ).

Embiotocidae (p. ).

Cichlidae (p. ).

Pomacentridae (p. ).

Labridae (p. ).

Scaridae (p. ).

Scombriformes (p. )

Carangidae (p. ).

Rhachicentridae (p. ).

Scombridae (p. ).

Trichiuridae (p. ).

Histiophoridae (p. ).

Palaeorhynchidae (p. ).

Xiphiidae (p. ).

Luvaridae (p. ).

Coryphaenidae (p. ).

Bramidae (p. ).

Zeorhombi (p. )

Zeidae (p. ).

Amphistiidae (p. ).

Pleuronectidae (p. ).

Kurtiformes
(p. ) Kurtidae (p. ).

Gobiiformes
(p. ) Gobiidae (p. ).

Discocephali
(p. ) Echeneididae (p. ).

Scleroparei (p. )

Scorpaenidae (p. ).

Hexagrammidae (p. ).

Comephoridae (p. ).

Rhamphocottidae (p. ).

Cottidae (p. ).

Cyclopteridae (p. ).

Platycephalidae (p. ).

Hoplichthyidae (p. ).

Agonidae (p. ).

Triglidae (p. ).

Dactylopteridae (p. ).

Jugulares (p. )

Trachinidae (p. ).

Percophiidae (p. ).

Leptoscopidae (p. ).

Nototheniidae (p. ).

Uranoscopidae (p. ).

Trichonotidae (p. ).

Callionymidae (p. ).

Gobiesocidae (p. ).

Blenniidae (p. ).

Batrachidae (p. ).

Pholididae (p. ).

Zoarcidae (p. ).

Congrogadidae (p. ).

Ophidiidae (p. ).

Podatelidae (p. ).

Taeniosomi (p. )

Trachypteridae (p. ).

Lophotidae (p. ).

Opisthomi (p. ) Mastacembelidae (p. ).

Pediculati (p. )

Lophiidae (p. ).

Ceratiidae (p. ).

Antennariidae (p. ).

Gigantactinidae (p. ).

Malthidae (p. ).

Plectognathi (p. ) Sclerodermi (p. )

Triacanthidae (p. ).

Triodontidae (p. ).

Balistidae (p. ).

Ostraconiidae (p. ).

Gymnodontes (p. )

Tetrodontidae (p. ).

Diodontidae (p. ).

Molidae (p. ).

DIPNEUSTI = DIPNOI (p. )

Ctenodontidae (p. ).

Uronemidae (p. ).

Ceratodontidae (p. ).

Lepidosirenidae (p. ).

OF UNCERTAIN POSITION

Order. Family.

Palaeospondylidae (p. ).

Ostracodermi (p. ) Heterostraci (p. )

Coelolepidae (p. ).

Drepanaspidae (p. ).

Psammosteidae (p. ).

Pteraspidae (p. ).

Osteostraci (p. )

Ateleaspidae (p. ).

Cephalaspidae (p. ).

Tremataspidae (p. ).

Anaspida (p. ) Birkeniidae (p. ).

Antiarchi (p. ) Asterolepidae (p. ).

Arthrodira (p. ) Coccosteidae (p. ).