Scheme of the Classification Adopted in This Book

The names of extinct groups are printed in italics.

PROTOZOA (pp. , ).

SARCODINA (p. ) Rhizopoda (p. )

Lobosa (p. ).

Filosa (p. ).

Foraminifera (p. )

Allogromidiaceae (p. ).

Astrorhizidaceae (p. ).

Lituolidaceae (p. ).

Miliolidaceae (p. ).

Textulariaceae (p. ).

Cheilostomellaceae (p. ).

Lagenaceae (p. ).

Globigerinidae (p. ).

Rotaliaceae (p. ).

Nummulitaceae (p. ).

Heliozoa (p. )

Aphrothoraca (p. ).

Chlamydophora (p. ).

Chalarothoraca (p. ).

Desmothoraca (p. ).

Radiolaria (p. ) Porulosa = Holotrypasta (p. ) Spumellaria = Peripylaea (pp. , ) Collodaria (p. )

Colloidea (p. ).

Beloidea (p. ).

Sphaerellaria (p. )

Sphaeroidea (p. ).

Prunoidea (p. ).

Discoidea (p. ).

Larcoidea (p. ).

Acantharia = Actipylaea (pp. , )

Actinelida (p. ).

Acanthonida (p. ).

Sphaerophracta (p. ).

Prunophracta (p. ).

Osculosa = Monotrypasta (p. ) Nassellaria = Monopylaea (pp. , )

Nassoidea (p. ).

Plectoidea (p. ).

Stephoidea (p. ).

Spyroidea (p. ).

Botryoidea (p. ).

Cyrtoidea (p. ).

Phaeodaria = Cannopylaea = Tripylaea (pp. , )

Phaeocystina (p. ).

Phaeosphaeria (p. ).

Phaeogromia (p. ).

Phaeoconchia (p. ).

Proteomyxa (p. ) Myxoidea (p. )

Zoosporeae (p. ).

Azoosporeae (p. ).

Catallacta (p. ).

Mycetozoa (p. )

Acrasieae (p. ).

Filoplasmodieae (p. ).

Myxomycetes (pp. , ).

SPOROZOA (p. ) Telosporidia (p. ) Gregarinidaceae (pp. , )

Schizogregarinidae (p. ).

Acephalinidae (p. ).

Dicystidae (p. ).

Coccidiaceae (pp. , )

Coccidiidae (pp. , ).

Haemosporidae (pp. , ).

Acystosporidae (pp. , ).

Neosporidia (p. )

Myxosporidiaceae (pp. , ).

Actinomyxidiaceae (p. ).

Sarcosporidiaceae (pp. , ).

FLAGELLATA (p. ) Pantostomata (p. ).

Protomastigaceae (p. )

Distomatidae (p. ).

Oikomonadidae (p. ).

Bicoecidae (p. ).

Craspedomonadidae (pp. , ).

Phalansteridae (p. ).

Monadidae (p. ).

Bodonidae (p. ).

Amphimonadidae (p. ).

Trimastigidae (p. ).

Polymastigidae (p. ).

Trichonymphidae (pp. , ).

Opalinidae (pp. , ).

Chrysomonadaceae (pp. , ) Coccolithophoridae (p. ).

Cryptomonadaceae (p. ).

Volvocaceae (pp. , )

Chlamydomonadidae (pp. , ).

Volvocidae (pp. , ).

Chloromonadaceae (p. ).

Euglenaceae (pp. , ).

Silicoflagellata (pp. , ).

Cystoflagellata (pp. , ).

Dinoflagellata (pp. , ).

INFUSORIA (p. )

Ciliata (p. )

Gymnostomaceae (pp. , ).

Aspirotrichaceae (pp. , ).

Heterotrichaceae (pp. , ).

Oligotrichaceae (pp. , ).

Hypotrichaceae (pp. , ).

Peritrichaceae (pp. , ).

Suctoria = Tentaculifera (p. ).

PORIFERA (p. ).

Class. Sub-Class. Order. Family. Sub-Family.

MEGAMASTICTORA (pp. , ) Calcarea (p. ) Homocoela (p. )

Leucosoleniidae (p. ).

Clathrinidae (p. ).

Heterocoela (p. )

Sycettidae (p. ).

Grantiidae (p. ).

Heteropidae (p. ).

Amphoriscidae (p. ).

Pharetronidae (p. )

Dialytinae (p. ).

Lithoninae (p. ).

Astroscleridae (p. ).

MICROMASTICTORA (pp. , ) Myxospongiae (p. ).

Hexactinellida (p. )

Amphidiscophora (p. ).

Hexasterophora (p. ).

Receptaculitidae (p. ).

Octactinellida (p. ).

Heteractinellida (p. ).

Demospongiae (p. ) Tetractinellida (pp. , )

Choristida (p. ).

Lithistida (pp. , ).

Monaxonida (pp. , )

Halichondrina (p. ).

Spintharophora (p. ).

Ceratosa (pp. , ) Dictyoceratina (p. )

Spongidae (p. ).

Spongelidae (p. ).

Dendroceratina (pp. , ).

COELENTERATA (p. ).

Class. Order. Sub-Order. Family. Sub-Family.

HYDROZOA (p. )

Eleutheroblastea (p. ).

Milleporina (p. ).

Gymnoblastea (Anthomedusae) (p. )

Bougainvilliidae (p. ).

Podocorynidae (p. ).

Clavatellidae (p. ).

Cladonemidae (p. ).

Tubulariidae (p. ).

Ceratellidae (p. ).

Pennariidae (p. ).

Corynidae (p. ).

Clavidae (p. ).

Tiaridae (p. ).

Corymorphidae (p. ).

Hydrolaridae (p. ).

Monobrachiidae (p. ).

Myriothelidae (p. ).

Pelagohydridae (p. ).

Calyptoblastea (Leptomedusae) (p. )

Aequoreidae (p. ).

Thaumantiidae (p. ).

Cannotidae (p. ).

Sertulariidae (p. ).

Plumulariidae (p. )

Eleutheroplea (p. ).

Statoplea (p. ).

Hydroceratinidae (p. ).

Campanulariidae (p. ).

Eucopidae (p. ).

Dendrograptidae (p. ).

Graptolitoidea (p. )

Monoprionidae (p. ).

Diprionidae (p. ).

Retiolitidae (p. ).

Stromatoporidae (p. ).

Stylasterina (p. ) Stylasteridae (p. ).

Trachomedusae (p. )

Olindiidae (p. ).

Petasidae (p. ).

Trachynemidae (p. ).

Pectyllidae (p. ).

Aglauridae (p. ).

Geryoniidae (p. ).

Narcomedusae (p. )

Cunanthidae (p. ).

Peganthidae (p. ).

Aeginidae (p. ).

Solmaridae (p. ).

Siphonophora (p. ) Calycophorae (p. ) Monophyidae (p. )

Sphaeronectinae (p. ).

Cymbonectinae (p. ).

Diphyidae (p. )

Amphicaryoninae (p. )

Prayinae (p. )

Desmophyinae (p. )

Stephanophyinae (p. )

Oppositae (p. )

Galeolarinae (p. )

Diphyopsinae (p. )

Abylinae (p. )

Superpositae (p. )

Polyphyidae (p. ).

Physophorae (p. ) Physonectidae (p. )

Agalminae (p. ).

Apoleminae (p. ).

Physophorinae (p. ).

Auronectidae (p. ).

Rhizophysaliidae (p. ).

Chondrophoridae (p. ).

SCYPHOZOA = SCYPHOMEDUSAE (pp. , ) Cubomedusae (p. )

Charybdeidae (p. ).

Chirodropidae (p. ).

Tripedaliidae (p. ).

Stauromedusae (p. )

Lucernariidae (p. ).

Depastridae (p. ).

Stenoscyphidae (p. ).

Coronata (p. )

Periphyllidae (p. ).

Ephyropsidae (p. ).

Atollidae (p. ).

Discophora (p. ) Semaeostomata (p. )

Pelagiidae (p. ).

Cyanaeidae (p. ).

Ulmaridae (p. ).

Rhizostomata (p. ) Cassiopeidae (p. ) = Arcadomyaria (p. ).

Cepheidae (p. ) = Radiomyaria (p. ).

Rhizostomatidae (p. )

Lychnorhizidae (p. )

Leptobrachiidae (p. )

Catostylidae (p. )

= Cyclomyaria (p. ).

Class. Sub-Class. Grade. Order. Sub-Order. Family.

ANTHOZOA = ACTINOZOA (pp. , ) Alcyonaria (p. ) Protoalcyonacea (p. ) Haimeidae (p. ).

Synalcyonacea (p. ) Stolonifera (p. )

Cornulariidae (p. ).

Clavulariidae (p. ).

Tubiporidae (p. ).

Favositidae (p. ).

Coenothecalia (p. )

Heliolitidae (p. ).

Helioporidae (p. ).

Coccoseridae (p. ).

Thecidae (p. ).

Chaetetidae (p. ).

Alcyonacea (p. )

Xeniidae (p. ).

Telestidae (p. ).

Coelogorgiidae (p. ).

Alcyoniidae (p. ).

Nephthyidae (p. ).

Siphonogorgiidae (p. ).

Gorgonacea (p. ) Pseudaxonia (p. )

Briareidae (p. ).

Sclerogorgiidae (p. ).

Melitodidae (p. ).

Coralliidae (p. ).

Axifera (p. )

Isidae (p. ).

Primnoidae (p. ).

Chrysogorgiidae (p. ).

Muriceidae (p. ).

Plexauridae (p. ).

Gorgoniidae (p. ).

Gorgonellidae (p. ).

Pennatulacea (p. ) Pennatuleae (p. )

Pteroeididae (p. ).

Pennatulidae (p. ).

Virgulariidae (p. ).

Spicatae (p. )

Funiculinidae (p. ).

Anthoptilidae (p. ).

Kophobelemnonidae (p. ).

Umbellulidae (p. ).

Verticilladeae (p. )

Renilleae (p. ) Renillidae (p. ).

Veretilleae (p. )

Zoantharia (pp. , ) Edwardsiidea (p. )

Edwardsiidae (p. ).

Protantheidae (p. ).

Actiniaria (p. ) Actiniina (p. )

Halcampidae (p. ).

Actiniidae (p. ).

Sagartiidae (p. ).

Aliciidae (p. ).

Phyllactidae (p. ).

Bunodidae (p. ).

Minyadidae (p. ).

Stichodactylina (p. )

Corallimorphidae (p. ).

Discosomatidae (p. ).

Rhodactidae (p. ).

Thalassianthidae (p. ).

Madreporaria (p. )

Cyathophyllidae (p. ).

Cyathaxoniidae (p. ).

Cystiphyllidae (p. ).

Entocnemaria (p. )

Madreporidae (p. ).

Poritidae (p. ).

Cyclocnemaria (p. )

Aporosa (p. ).

Turbinoliidae (p. )

Oculinidae (p. )

Astraeidae (p. )

A. Gemmantes (p. )

A. Fissiparantes (p. )

Trochosmiliacea [Sub-Fam.] (p. )

Pocilloporidae (p. )

Fungacea (p. ).

Plesiofungiidae (p. )

Fungiidae (p. )

Cycloseridae (p. )

Plesioporitidae (p. )

Eupsammiidae (p. )

Zoanthidea (p. )

Zoanthidae (p. ).

Zaphrentidae (p. ).

Antipathidea = Antipatharia (p. )

Antipathidae (p. ).

Leiopathidae (p. ).

Dendrobrachiidae (p. ).

Cerianthidea (p. ).

CTENOPHORA (p. ).

Class. Order. Family.

TENTACULATA (p. ) Cydippidea (p. )

Mertensiidae (p. ).

Callianiridae (p. ).

Pleurobrachiidae (p. ).

Lobata (p. )

Lesueuriidae (p. ).

Bolinidae (p. ).

Deiopeidae (p. ).

Eurhamphaeidae (p. ).

Eucharidae (p. ).

Mnemiidae (p. ).

Calymmidae (p. ).

Ocyroidae (p. ).

Cestoidea (p. ) Cestidae (p. ).

Platyctenea (p. )

Ctenoplanidae (p. ).

Coeloplanidae (p. ).

NUDA (p. ) Beroidae (p. ).

ECHINODERMATA (p. ).

Sub-Phylum. Class. Order. Sub-Order. Family. Sub-Family.

ELEUTHEROZOA (p. ) Asteroidea (pp. , ) Spinulosa (pp. , )

Echinasteridae (p. ).

Solasteridae (p. ).

Asterinidae (p. ).

Poraniidae (p. ).

Ganeriidae (p. ).

Mithrodiidae (p. ).

Velata (pp. , )

Pythonasteridae (p. ).

Myxasteridae (p. ).

Pterasteridae (p. ).

Paxillosa (pp. , )

Archasteridae (p. ).

Astropectinidae (p. ).

Porcellanasteridae (p. ).

Valvata (pp. , )

Linckiidae (p. ).

Pentagonasteridae (p. ).

Gymnasteridae (p. ).

Antheneidae (p. ).

Pentacerotidae (p. ).

Forcipulata (pp. , )

Asteriidae (p. ).

Heliasteridae (p. ).

Zoroasteridae (p. ).

Stichasteridae (p. ).

Pedicellasteridae (p. ).

Brisingidae (p. ).

Ophiuroidea (pp. , ) Streptophiurae (p. )

Zygophiurae (pp. , )

Ophiolepididae (p. ).

Amphiuridae (p. ).

Ophiocomidae (p. ).

Ophiothricidae (p. ).

Cladophiurae (pp. , )

Astroschemidae (p. ).

Trichasteridae (p. ).

Euryalidae (p. ).

Echinoidea (pp. , ) Endocyclica (pp. , )

Cidaridae (p. ).

Echinothuriidae (p. ).

Saleniidae (p. ).

Arbaciidae (p. ).

Diadematidae (p. ).

Echinidae (p. )

Temnopleurinae (p. ).

Echininae (p. ).

Clypeastroidea (pp. , ) Protoclypeastroidea (p. ).

Euclypeastroidea (p. )

Fibularidae (p. ).

Echinanthidae = Clypeastridae (p. ).

Laganidae (p. ).

Scutellidae (p. ).

Spatangoidea (pp. , )

Echinonidae (p. )

Nucleolidae (p. )

Cassidulidae (p. )

Asternata (p. ).

Ananchytidae (p. )

Palaeostomatidae (p. )

Spatangidae (p. )

Brissidae (p. )

Sternata (p. ).

Archaeocidaridae (p. ).

Melonitidae (p. ).

Tiarechinidae (p. ).

Holectypoidea (p. ).

Echinoconidae (p. ).

Collyritidae (p. ).

Holothuroidea (pp. , )

Aspidochirota (p. ).

Elasipoda (p. ).

Pelagothuriida (p. ).

Dendrochirota (p. ).

Molpadiida (p. ).

Synaptida (p. ).

PELMATOZOA (pp. , ) Crinoidea (p. )

Hyocrinidae (p. ).

Rhizocrinidae (p. ).

Pentacrinidae (p. ).

Holopodidae (p. ).

Comatulidae (p. ).

Inadunata (p. ).

Articulata (p. ).

Camerata (p. ).

Thecoidea = Edrioasteroidea (pp. , ).

Carpoidea (pp. , ).

Cystoidea (pp. , ).

Blastoidea (pp. , ).