← The 2008 CIA World Factbook, Volume 5
Chapter 5
ZWD (part 5)
British Virgin Islands
name: Road Town
geographic coordinates: 18 27 N, 64 37 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Brunei
name: Bandar Seri Begawan
geographic coordinates: 4 53 N, 114 56 E
time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Bulgaria
name: Sofia
geographic coordinates: 42 41 N, 23 19 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Burkina Faso
name: Ouagadougou
geographic coordinates: 12 22 N, 1 31 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Burma
name: Rangoon (Yangon)
geographic coordinates: 16 48 N, 96 09 E
time difference: UTC+6.5 (11.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
note: Nay Pyi Taw is administrative capital
Burundi
name: Bujumbura
geographic coordinates: 3 22 S, 29 21 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Cambodia
name: Phnom Penh
geographic coordinates: 11 33 N, 104 55 E
time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Cameroon
name: Yaounde
geographic coordinates: 3 52 N, 11 31 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Canada
name: Ottawa
geographic coordinates: 45 25 N, 75 42 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard
Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends
first Sunday in November
note: Canada is divided into six time zones
Cape Verde
name: Praia
geographic coordinates: 14 55 N, 23 31 W
time difference: UTC-1 (4 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Cayman Islands
name: George Town (on Grand Cayman)
geographic coordinates: 19 18 N, 81 23 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard
Time)
Central African Republic
name: Bangui
geographic coordinates: 4 22 N, 18 35 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Chad
name: N'Djamena
geographic coordinates: 12 06 N, 15 02 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Chile
name: Santiago
geographic coordinates: 33 27 S, 70 40 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in October; ends
second Sunday in March
China
name: Beijing
geographic coordinates: 39 55 N, 116 23 E
time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
note: despite its size, all of China falls within one time zone
Christmas Island
name: The Settlement
geographic coordinates: 10 25 S, 105 43 E
time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
name: West Island
geographic coordinates: 12 10 S, 96 50 E
time difference: UTC+6.5 (11.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Colombia
name: Bogota
geographic coordinates: 4 36 N, 74 05 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard
Time)
Comoros
name: Moroni
geographic coordinates: 11 42 S, 43 14 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
name: Kinshasa
geographic coordinates: 4 19 S, 15 18 E
time difference: UTC+1 (six hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Congo, Republic of the
name: Brazzaville
geographic coordinates: 4 15 S, 15 17 E
time difference: UTC+1 (six hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Cook Islands
name: Avarua
geographic coordinates: 21 12 S, 159 46 W
time difference: UTC-10 (5 hours behind Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Costa Rica
name: San Jose
geographic coordinates: 9 56 N, 84 05 W
time difference: UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC during Standard
Time)
Cote d'Ivoire
name: Yamoussoukro
geographic coordinates: 6 49 N, 5 17 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
note: although Yamoussoukro has been the official capital since
1983, Abidjan remains the commercial and administrative center; the
US, like other countries, maintains its Embassy in Abidjan
Croatia
name: Zagreb
geographic coordinates: 45 48 N, 16 00 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Cuba
name: Havana
geographic coordinates: 23 07 N, 82 21 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard
Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Cyprus
name: Nicosia (Lefkosia)
geographic coordinates: 35 10 N, 33 22 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Czech Republic
name: Prague
geographic coordinates: 50 05 N, 14 28 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Denmark
name: Copenhagen
geographic coordinates: 55 40 N, 12 35 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
note: applies to continental Denmark only, not to the North Atlantic
components
Dhekelia
name: Episkopi Cantonment (base administrative center for
Akrotiri and Dhekelia); located in Akrotiri
geographic coordinates: 34 40 N, 32 51 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Djibouti
name: Djibouti
geographic coordinates: 11 35 N, 43 09 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Dominica
name: Roseau
geographic coordinates: 15 18 N, 61 24 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Dominican Republic
name: Santo Domingo
geographic coordinates: 18 28 N, 69 54 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Ecuador
name: Quito
geographic coordinates: 0 13 S, 78 30 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard
Time)
Egypt
name: Cairo
geographic coordinates: 30 03 N, 31 15 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Friday in April; ends last
Thursday in September
El Salvador
name: San Salvador
geographic coordinates: 13 42 N, 89 12 W
time difference: UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC during Standard
Time)
Equatorial Guinea
name: Malabo
geographic coordinates: 3 45 N, 8 47 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Eritrea
name: Asmara (Asmera)
geographic coordinates: 15 20 N, 38 56 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Estonia
name: Tallinn
geographic coordinates: 59 26 N, 24 43 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Ethiopia
name: Addis Ababa
geographic coordinates: 9 02 N, 38 42 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
European Union
name: Brussels (Belgium), Strasbourg (France),
Luxembourg
geographic coordinates: 50 50 N, 4 20 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
note: the Council of the European Union meets in Brussels, Belgium,
the European Parliament meets in Brussels and Strasbourg, France,
and the Court of Justice of the European Communities meets in
Luxembourg
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
name: Stanley
geographic coordinates: 51 42 S, 57 51 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins first Sunday in September; ends
third Sunday in April
Faroe Islands
name: Torshavn
geographic coordinates: 62 01 N, 6 46 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Fiji
name: Suva (on Viti Levu)
geographic coordinates: 18 08 S, 178 25 E
time difference: UTC+12 (17 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Finland
name: Helsinki
geographic coordinates: 60 10 N, 24 56 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
France
name: Paris
geographic coordinates: 48 52 N, 2 20 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
note: applies to metropolitan France only, not to its overseas
departments, collectivities, or territories
French Polynesia
name: Papeete
geographic coordinates: 17 32 S, 149 34 W
time difference: UTC-10 (5 hours behind Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Gabon
name: Libreville
geographic coordinates: 0 23 N, 9 27 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Gambia, The
name: Banjul
geographic coordinates: 13 27 N, 16 34 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Georgia
name: T'bilisi
geographic coordinates: 41 43 N, 44 47 E
time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Germany
name: Berlin
geographic coordinates: 52 31 N, 13 24 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Ghana
name: Accra
geographic coordinates: 5 33 N, 0 13 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Gibraltar
name: Gibraltar
geographic coordinates: 36 08 N, 5 21 W
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Greece
name: Athens
geographic coordinates: 37 59 N, 23 44 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Greenland
name: Nuuk (Godthab)
geographic coordinates: 64 11 N, 51 45 W
time difference: UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
note: Greenland is divided into four time zones
Grenada
name: Saint George's
geographic coordinates: 12 03 N, 61 45 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Guam
name: Hagatna (Agana)
geographic coordinates: 13 28 N, 144 44 E
time difference: UTC+10 (15 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Guatemala
name: Guatemala
geographic coordinates: 14 37 N, 90 31 W
time difference: UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC during Standard
Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in April; ends last
Friday in September; note - there is no DST planned for 2007-2009
Guernsey
name: Saint Peter Port
geographic coordinates: 49 27 N, 2 32 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Guinea
name: Conakry
geographic coordinates: 9 33 N, 13 42 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Guinea-Bissau
name: Bissau
geographic coordinates: 11 51 N, 15 35 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Guyana
name: Georgetown
geographic coordinates: 6 48 N, 58 10 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Haiti
name: Port-au-Prince
geographic coordinates: 18 32 N, 72 20 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard
Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins first Sunday in April; ends last
Sunday in October
Holy See (Vatican City)
name: Vatican City
geographic coordinates: 41 54 N, 12 27 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Honduras
name: Tegucigalpa
geographic coordinates: 14 06 N, 87 13 W
time difference: UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC during Standard
Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends
first Sunday in November
Hungary
name: Budapest
geographic coordinates: 47 30 N, 19 05 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Iceland
name: Reykjavik
geographic coordinates: 64 09 N, 21 57 W
time difference: UTC (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
India
name: New Delhi
geographic coordinates: 28 36 N, 77 12 E
time difference: UTC+5.5 (10.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Indonesia
name: Jakarta
geographic coordinates: 6 10 S, 106 49 E
time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
note: Indonesia is divided into three time zones
Iran
name: Tehran
geographic coordinates: 35 40 N, 51 25 E
time difference: UTC+3.5 (8.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Iraq
name: Baghdad
geographic coordinates: 33 20 N, 44 23 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins 1 April; ends 1 October
Ireland
name: Dublin
geographic coordinates: 53 19 N, 6 14 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Isle of Man
name: Douglas
geographic coordinates: 54 09 N, 4 29 W
time difference: UTC 0 (five hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Israel
name: Jerusalem
geographic coordinates: 31 46 N, 35 14 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Friday in March; ends the
Sunday between the holidays of Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur
note: Israel proclaimed Jerusalem as its capital in 1950, but the
US, like nearly all other countries, maintains its Embassy in Tel
Aviv
Italy
name: Rome
geographic coordinates: 41 54 N, 12 29 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Jamaica
name: Kingston
geographic coordinates: 18 00 N, 76 48 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard
Time)
Japan
name: Tokyo
geographic coordinates: 35 41 N, 139 45 E
time difference: UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Jersey
name: Saint Helier
geographic coordinates: 49 11 N, 2 06 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Jordan
name: Amman
geographic coordinates: 31 57 N, 35 56 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Thursday in March; ends last
Friday in September
Kazakhstan
name: Astana
geographic coordinates: 51 10 N, 71 25 E
time difference: UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
note: Kazakhstan is divided into two time zones
Kenya
name: Nairobi
geographic coordinates: 1 17 S, 36 49 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Kiribati
name: Tarawa
geographic coordinates: 1 19 N, 172 58 E
time difference: UTC+12 (17 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Korea, North
name: Pyongyang
geographic coordinates: 39 01 N, 125 45 E
time difference: UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Korea, South
name: Seoul
geographic coordinates: 37 33 N, 126 59 E
time difference: UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Kosovo
name: Pristina (Prishtine)
geographic coordinates: 42 40 N, 21 10 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Kuwait
name: Kuwait
geographic coordinates: 29 22 N, 47 58 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Kyrgyzstan
name: Bishkek
geographic coordinates: 42 52 N, 74 36 E
time difference: UTC+6 (11 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Laos
name: Vientiane
geographic coordinates: 17 58 N, 102 36 E
time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Latvia
name: Riga
geographic coordinates: 56 57 N, 24 06 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Lebanon
name: Beirut
geographic coordinates: 33 52 N, 35 30 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Lesotho
name: Maseru
geographic coordinates: 29 19 S, 27 29 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Liberia
name: Monrovia
geographic coordinates: 6 18 N, 10 48 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Libya
name: Tripoli
geographic coordinates: 32 53 N, 13 10 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Liechtenstein
name: Vaduz
geographic coordinates: 47 08 N, 9 31 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Lithuania
name: Vilnius
geographic coordinates: 54 41 N, 25 19 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Luxembourg
name: Luxembourg
geographic coordinates: 49 36 N, 6 07 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Macedonia
name: Skopje
geographic coordinates: 42 00 N, 21 26 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Madagascar
name: Antananarivo
geographic coordinates: 18 55 S, 47 31 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Malawi
name: Lilongwe
geographic coordinates: 13 59 S, 33 47 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Malaysia
name: Kuala Lumpur
geographic coordinates: 3 10 N, 101 42 E
time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
note: Putrajaya is referred to as administrative center not capital;
Parliament meets in Kuala Lumpur
Maldives
name: Male
geographic coordinates: 4 10 N, 73 30 E
time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Mali
name: Bamako
geographic coordinates: 12 39 N, 8 00 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Malta
name: Valletta
geographic coordinates: 35 53 N, 14 30 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Marshall Islands
name: Majuro
geographic coordinates: 7 06 N, 171 23 E
time difference: UTC+12 (17 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Mauritania
name: Nouakchott
geographic coordinates: 18 07 N, 16 02 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Mauritius
name: Port Louis
geographic coordinates: 20 09 S, 57 29 E
time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Mayotte
name: Mamoudzou
geographic coordinates: 12 46 S, 45 13 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Mexico
name: Mexico (Distrito Federal)
geographic coordinates: 19 26 N, 99 08 W
time difference: UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC during Standard
Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins first Sunday in April; ends last
Sunday in October
note: Mexico is divided into three time zones
Micronesia, Federated States of
name: Palikir
geographic coordinates: 6 55 N, 158 09 E
time difference: UTC+11 (16 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Moldova
name: Chisinau (Kishinev)
note: pronounced kee-shee-now
geographic coordinates: 47 00 N, 28 51 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Monaco
name: Monaco
geographic coordinates: 43 44 N, 7 25 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Mongolia
name: Ulaanbaatar
geographic coordinates: 47 55 N, 106 55 E
time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Montenegro
name: Podgorica
geographic coordinates: 42 26 N, 19 16 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Montserrat
name: Plymouth
geographic coordinates: 16 42 N, 62 13 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
note: Plymouth was abandoned in 1997 because of volcanic activity;
interim government buildings have been built at Brades Estate in the
Carr's Bay/Little Bay vicinity at the northwest end of Montserrat
Morocco
name: Rabat
geographic coordinates: 34 01 N, 6 49 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Mozambique
name: Maputo
geographic coordinates: 25 57 S, 32 35 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Namibia
name: Windhoek
geographic coordinates: 22 34 S, 17 05 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins first Sunday in September; ends
first Sunday in April
Nauru
no official capital; government offices in Yaren District
time difference: UTC+12 (17 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Nepal
name: Kathmandu
geographic coordinates: 27 43 N, 85 19 E
time difference: UTC+5.75 (10.75 hours ahead of Washington, DC
during Standard Time)
Netherlands
name: Amsterdam
geographic coordinates: 52 23 N, 4 54 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
note: The Hague is the seat of government; time descriptions apply
to the continental Netherlands only, not to the Caribbean components
Netherlands Antilles
name: Willemstad (on Curacao)
geographic coordinates: 12 06 N, 68 56 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
New Caledonia
name: Noumea
geographic coordinates: 22 16 S, 166 27 E
time difference: UTC+11 (16 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
New Zealand
name: Wellington
geographic coordinates: 41 28 S, 174 51 E
time difference: UTC+12 (17 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins first Sunday in October; ends
third Sunday in March
note: New Zealand is divided into two time zones, including Chatham
Island
Nicaragua
name: Managua
geographic coordinates: 12 09 N, 86 17 W
time difference: UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC during Standard
Time)
Niger
name: Niamey
geographic coordinates: 13 31 N, 2 07 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Nigeria
name: Abuja
geographic coordinates: 9 05 N, 7 32 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Niue
name: Alofi
geographic coordinates: 19 01 S, 169 55 W
time difference: UTC-11 (6 hours behind Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Norfolk Island
name: Kingston
geographic coordinates: 29 03 S, 167 58 E
time difference: UTC+11.5 (16.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Northern Mariana Islands
name: Saipan
geographic coordinates: 15 12 N, 145 45 E
time difference: UTC+10 (15 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Norway
name: Oslo
geographic coordinates: 59 55 N, 10 45 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Oman
name: Muscat
geographic coordinates: 23 37 N, 58 35 E
time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Pakistan
name: Islamabad
geographic coordinates: 33 42 N, 73 10 E
time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Palau
name: Melekeok
geographic coordinates: 7 29 N, 134 38 E
time difference: UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Panama
name: Panama
geographic coordinates: 8 58 N, 79 32 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard
Time)
Papua New Guinea
name: Port Moresby
geographic coordinates: 9 30 S, 147 10 E
time difference: UTC+10 (15 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Paraguay
name: Asuncion
geographic coordinates: 25 16 S, 57 40 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Peru
name: Lima
geographic coordinates: 12 03 S, 77 03 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard
Time)
Philippines
name: Manila
geographic coordinates: 14 35 N, 121 00 E
time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Pitcairn Islands
name: Adamstown
geographic coordinates: 25 04 S, 130 05 W
time difference: UTC-9 (4 hours behind Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Poland
name: Warsaw
geographic coordinates: 52 15 N, 21 00 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Portugal
name: Lisbon
geographic coordinates: 38 43 N, 9 08 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Puerto Rico
name: San Juan
geographic coordinates: 18 28 N, 66 07 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Qatar
name: Doha
geographic coordinates: 25 17 N, 51 32 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Romania
name: Bucharest
geographic coordinates: 44 26 N, 26 06 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Russia
name: Moscow
geographic coordinates: 55 45 N, 37 35 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
note: Russia is divided into 11 time zones
Rwanda
name: Kigali
geographic coordinates: 1 57 S, 30 04 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Saint Barthelemy
name: Gustavia
geographic coordinates: 17 53 N, 62 51 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC, during
Standard Time)
Saint Helena
name: Jamestown
geographic coordinates: 15 56 S, 5 44 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
name: Basseterre
geographic coordinates: 17 18 N, 62 43 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Saint Lucia
name: Castries
geographic coordinates: 14 01 N, 61 00 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Saint Martin
name: Marigot
geographical coordinates: 18 04 N, 63 05 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during
Standard Time)
daylight savings: +1 hour
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
name: Saint-Pierre
geographic coordinates: 46 46 N, 56 11 W
time difference: UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends
first Sunday in November
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
name: Kingstown
geographic coordinates: 13 09 N, 61 14 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Samoa
name: Apia
geographic coordinates: 13 50 S, 171 44 W
time difference: UTC-11 (6 hours behind Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
San Marino
name: San Marino
geographic coordinates: 43 56 N, 12 25 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Sao Tome and Principe
name: Sao Tome
geographic coordinates: 0 12 N, 6 39 E
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Saudi Arabia
name: Riyadh
geographic coordinates: 24 38 N, 46 43 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Senegal
name: Dakar
geographic coordinates: 14 40 N, 17 26 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Serbia
name: Belgrade (Beograd)
geographic coordinates: 44 50 N, 20 30 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Seychelles
name: Victoria
geographic coordinates: 4 38 S, 55 27 E
time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Sierra Leone
name: Freetown
geographic coordinates: 8 30 N, 13 15 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Singapore
name: Singapore
geographic coordinates: 1 17 N, 103 51 E
time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Slovakia
name: Bratislava
geographic coordinates: 48 09 N, 17 07 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Slovenia
name: Ljubljana
geographic coordinates: 46 03 N, 14 31 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Solomon Islands
name: Honiara
geographic coordinates: 9 26 S, 159 57 E
time difference: UTC+11 (16 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Somalia
name: Mogadishu
geographic coordinates: 2 04 N, 45 22 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
South Africa
name: Pretoria (administrative capital)
geographic coordinates: 25 42 S, 28 13 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
note: Cape Town (legislative capital); Bloemfontein (judicial
capital)
Spain
name: Madrid
geographic coordinates: 40 24 N, 3 41 W
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
note: Spain is divided into two time zones including the Canary
Islands
Sri Lanka
name: Colombo
geographic coordinates: 6 56 N, 79 51 E
time difference: UTC+5.5 (10.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
note: Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte (legislative capital)
Sudan
name: Khartoum
geographic coordinates: 15 36 N, 32 32 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Suriname
name: Paramaribo
geographic coordinates: 5 50 N, 55 10 W
time difference: UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Svalbard
name: Longyearbyen
geographic coordinates: 78 13 N, 15 33 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Swaziland
name: Mbabane
geographic coordinates: 26 18 S, 31 06 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
note: Lobamba (royal and legislative capital)
Sweden
name: Stockholm
geographic coordinates: 59 20 N, 18 03 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Switzerland
name: Bern
geographic coordinates: 46 57 N, 7 26 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Syria
name: Damascus
geographic coordinates: 33 30 N, 36 18 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins 1 April; ends 30 September
Taiwan
name: Taipei
geographic coordinates: 25 03 N, 121 30 E
time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Tajikistan
name: Dushanbe
geographic coordinates: 38 35 N, 68 48 E
time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Tanzania
name: Dar es Salaam
geographic coordinates: 6 48 S, 39 17 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
note: legislative offices have been transferred to Dodoma, which is
planned as the new national capital; the National Assembly now meets
there on a regular basis
Thailand
name: Bangkok
geographic coordinates: 13 45 N, 100 31 E
time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Timor-Leste
name: Dili
geographic coordinates: 8 35 S, 125 36 E
time difference: UTC+9 (14 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Togo
name: Lome
geographic coordinates: 6 08 N, 1 13 E
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Tokelau
none; each atoll has its own administrative center
time difference: UTC-11 (6 hours behind Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Tonga
name: Nuku'alofa
geographic coordinates: 21 08 S, 175 12 W
time difference: UTC+13 (18 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Trinidad and Tobago
name: Port-of-Spain
geographic coordinates: 10 39 N, 61 31 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Tunisia
name: Tunis
geographic coordinates: 36 48 N, 10 11 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Turkey
name: Ankara
geographic coordinates: 39 56 N, 32 52 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Turkmenistan
name: Ashgabat (Ashkhabad)
geographic coordinates: 37 57 N, 58 23 E
time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Turks and Caicos Islands
name: Grand Turk (Cockburn Town)
geographic coordinates: 21 28 N, 71 08 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard
Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins first Sunday in April; ends last
Sunday in October
Tuvalu
name: Funafuti
geographic coordinates: 8 30 S, 179 12 E
time difference: UTC+12 (17 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
note: administrative offices are located in Vaiaku Village on
Fongafale Islet
Uganda
name: Kampala
geographic coordinates: 0 19 N, 32 25 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Ukraine
name: Kyiv (Kiev)
geographic coordinates: 50 26 N, 30 31 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
United Arab Emirates
name: Abu Dhabi
geographic coordinates: 24 28 N, 54 22 E
time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
United Kingdom
name: London
geographic coordinates: 51 30 N, 0 10 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
note: applies to the United Kingdom proper, not to its overseas
dependencies or territories
United States
name: Washington, DC
geographic coordinates: 38 53 N, 77 02 W
time difference: UTC-5 (during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends
first Sunday in November
note: the 50 United States cover six time zones
Uruguay
name: Montevideo
geographic coordinates: 34 53 S, 56 11 W
time difference: UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in October; ends
second Sunday in March
Uzbekistan
name: Tashkent (Toshkent)
geographic coordinates: 41 20 N, 69 18 E
time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Vanuatu
name: Port-Vila (on Efate)
geographic coordinates: 17 44 S, 168 19 E
time difference: UTC+11 (16 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Venezuela
name: Caracas
geographic coordinates: 10 30 N, 66 56 W
time difference: UTC-4.5 (half an hour ahead of Washington, DC
during Standard Time)
Vietnam
name: Hanoi
geographic coordinates: 21 02 N, 105 51 E
time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Virgin Islands
name: Charlotte Amalie
geographic coordinates: 18 21 N, 64 56 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Wallis and Futuna
name: Mata-Utu (on Ile Uvea)
geographic coordinates: 13 57 S, 171 56 W
time difference: UTC+12 (17 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Western Sahara
none
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Yemen
name: Sanaa
geographic coordinates: 15 21 N, 44 12 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Zambia
name: Lusaka
geographic coordinates: 15 25 S, 28 17 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Zimbabwe
name: Harare
geographic coordinates: 17 50 S, 31 03 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
This page was last updated on 18 December 2008
@2058 Imports - commodities (%)
Afghanistan
capital goods, food, textiles, petroleum products
Albania
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, textiles, chemicals
Algeria
capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods
American Samoa
materials for canneries 56%, food 8%, petroleum
products 7%, machinery and parts 6% (2004 est.)
Andorra
consumer goods, food, electricity
Angola
machinery and electrical equipment, vehicles and spare parts;
medicines, food, textiles, military goods
Anguilla
fuels, foodstuffs, manufactures, chemicals, trucks, textiles
Antigua and Barbuda
food and live animals, machinery and transport
equipment, manufactures, chemicals, oil
Argentina
machinery, motor vehicles, petroleum and natural gas,
organic chemicals, plastics
Armenia
natural gas, petroleum, tobacco products, foodstuffs,
diamonds
Aruba
machinery and electrical equipment, crude oil for refining and
reexport, chemicals; foodstuffs
Australia
machinery and transport equipment, computers and office
machines, telecommunication equipment and parts; crude oil and
petroleum products
Austria
machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, metal
goods, oil and oil products; foodstuffs
Azerbaijan
machinery and equipment, oil products, foodstuffs,
metals, chemicals
Bahamas, The
machinery and transport equipment, manufactures,
chemicals, mineral fuels; food and live animals
Bahrain
crude oil, machinery, chemicals
Bangladesh
machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron and steel,
textiles, foodstuffs, petroleum products, cement
Barbados
consumer goods, machinery, foodstuffs, construction
materials, chemicals, fuel, electrical components
Belarus
mineral products, machinery and equipment, chemicals,
foodstuffs, metals
Belgium
machinery and equipment, chemicals, diamonds,
pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, transportation equipment, oil products
Belize
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods; fuels,
chemicals, pharmaceuticals; food, beverages, tobacco
Benin
foodstuffs, capital goods, petroleum products
Bermuda
clothing, fuels, machinery and transport equipment,
construction materials, chemicals, food and live animals
Bhutan
fuel and lubricants, grain, aircraft, machinery and parts,
vehicles, fabrics, rice
Bolivia
petroleum products, plastics, paper, aircraft and aircraft
parts, prepared foods, automobiles, insecticides, soybeans
Bosnia and Herzegovina
machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels,
foodstuffs
Botswana
foodstuffs, machinery, electrical goods, transport
equipment, textiles, fuel and petroleum products, wood and paper
products, metal and metal products
Brazil
machinery, electrical and transport equipment, chemical
products, oil, automotive parts, electronics
British Virgin Islands
building materials, automobiles, foodstuffs,
machinery
Brunei
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food,
chemicals
Bulgaria
machinery and equipment; metals and ores; chemicals and
plastics; fuels, minerals, and raw materials
Burkina Faso
capital goods, foodstuffs, petroleum
Burma
fabric, petroleum products, fertilizer, plastics, machinery,
transport equipment; cement, construction materials, crude oil; food
products, edible oil
Burundi
capital goods, petroleum products, foodstuffs
Cambodia
petroleum products, cigarettes, gold, construction
materials, machinery, motor vehicles, pharmaceutical products
Cameroon
machinery, electrical equipment, transport equipment, fuel,
food
Canada
machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, crude oil,
chemicals, electricity, durable consumer goods
Cape Verde
foodstuffs, industrial products, transport equipment,
fuels
Cayman Islands
foodstuffs, manufactured goods
Central African Republic
food, textiles, petroleum products,
machinery, electrical equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals,
pharmaceuticals
Chad
machinery and transportation equipment, industrial goods,
foodstuffs, textiles
Chile
petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, electrical and
telecommunications equipment, industrial machinery, vehicles,
natural gas
China
machinery and equipment, oil and mineral fuels, plastics, LED
screens, data processing equipment, optical and medical equipment,
organic chemicals, steel, copper
Christmas Island
consumer goods
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
foodstuffs
Colombia
industrial equipment, transportation equipment, consumer
goods, chemicals, paper products, fuels, electricity
Comoros
rice and other foodstuffs, consumer goods, petroleum
products, cement, transport equipment
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
foodstuffs, mining and other
machinery, transport equipment, fuels
Congo, Republic of the
capital equipment, construction materials,
foodstuffs
Cook Islands
foodstuffs, textiles, fuels, timber, capital goods
Costa Rica
raw materials, consumer goods, capital equipment,
petroleum, construction materials
Cote d'Ivoire
fuel, capital equipment, foodstuffs
Croatia
machinery, transport and electrical equipment; chemicals,
fuels and lubricants; foodstuffs
Cuba
petroleum, food, machinery and equipment, chemicals
Cyprus
consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants, intermediate goods,
machinery, transport equipment
Czech Republic
machinery and transport equipment 46%, raw materials
and fuels 15%, chemicals 10% (2003)
Denmark
machinery and equipment, raw materials and semimanufactures
for industry, chemicals, grain and foodstuffs, consumer goods
Djibouti
foods, beverages, transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum
products
Dominica
manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, food, chemicals
Dominican Republic
foodstuffs, petroleum, cotton and fabrics,
chemicals and pharmaceuticals
Ecuador
industrial materials, fuels and lubricants, nondurable
consumer goods
Egypt
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, wood products,
fuels
El Salvador
raw materials, consumer goods, capital goods, fuels,
foodstuffs, petroleum, electricity
Equatorial Guinea
petroleum sector equipment, other equipment
Eritrea
machinery, petroleum products, food, manufactured goods
Estonia
machinery and equipment 33.5%, chemical products 11.6%,
textiles 10.3%, foodstuffs 9.4%, transportation equipment 8.9% (2001)
Ethiopia
food and live animals, petroleum and petroleum products,
chemicals, machinery, motor vehicles, cereals, textiles
European Union
machinery, vehicles, aircraft, plastics, crude oil,
chemicals, textiles, metals, foodstuffs, clothing
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
fuel, food and drink, building
materials, clothing
Faroe Islands
consumer goods 36%, raw materials and
semi-manufactures 32%, machinery and transport equipment 29%, fuels,
fish, salt (1999)
Fiji
manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment,
petroleum products, food, chemicals
Finland
foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals,
transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and
fabrics, grains
France
machinery and equipment, vehicles, crude oil, aircraft,
plastics, chemicals
French Polynesia
fuels, foodstuffs, machinery and equipment
Gabon
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, construction
materials
Gambia, The
foodstuffs, manufactures, fuel, machinery and transport
equipment
Gaza Strip
food, consumer goods, construction materials
Georgia
fuels, vehicles, machinery and parts, grain and other foods,
pharmaceuticals
Germany
machinery, vehicles, chemicals, foodstuffs, textiles, metals
Ghana
capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs
Gibraltar
fuels, manufactured goods, and foodstuffs
Greece
machinery, transport equipment, fuels, chemicals
Greenland
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods,
food, petroleum products
Grenada
food, manufactured goods, machinery, chemicals, fuel
Guam
petroleum and petroleum products, food, manufactured goods
Guatemala
fuels, machinery and transport equipment, construction
materials, grain, fertilizers, electricity
Guernsey
coal, gasoline, oil, machinery and equipment
Guinea
petroleum products, metals, machinery, transport equipment,
textiles, grain and other foodstuffs
Guinea-Bissau
foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment,
petroleum products
Guyana
manufactures, machinery, petroleum, food
Haiti
food, manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment,
fuels, raw materials
Honduras
machinery and transport equipment, industrial raw
materials, chemical products, fuels, foodstuffs
Hong Kong
raw materials and semi-manufactures, consumer goods,
capital goods, foodstuffs, fuel (most is re-exported)
Hungary
machinery and equipment 51.6%, other manufactures 35.7%,
fuels and electricity 7.7%, food products 3.1%, raw materials 2.0%
(2003)
Iceland
machinery and equipment, petroleum products, foodstuffs,
textiles
India
crude oil, machinery, gems, fertilizer, chemicals
Indonesia
machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs
Iran
industrial raw materials and intermediate goods, capital goods,
foodstuffs and other consumer goods, technical services
Iraq
food, medicine, manufactures
Ireland
data processing equipment, other machinery and equipment,
chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products, textiles, clothing
Isle of Man
timber, fertilizers, fish
Israel
raw materials, military equipment, investment goods, rough
diamonds, fuels, grain, consumer goods
Italy
engineering products, chemicals, transport equipment, energy
products, minerals and nonferrous metals, textiles and clothing;
food, beverages, and tobacco
Jamaica
food and other consumer goods, industrial supplies, fuel,
parts and accessories of capital goods, machinery and transport
equipment, construction materials
Japan
machinery and equipment, fuels, foodstuffs, chemicals,
textiles, raw materials
Jersey
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods,
foodstuffs, mineral fuels, chemicals
Jordan
crude oil, textile fabrics, machinery, transport equipment,
manufactured goods
Kazakhstan
machinery and equipment, metal products, foodstuffs
Kenya
machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products,
motor vehicles, iron and steel, resins and plastics
Kiribati
foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, miscellaneous
manufactured goods, fuel
Korea, North
petroleum, coking coal, machinery and equipment,
textiles, grain
Korea, South
machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil,
steel, transport equipment, organic chemicals, plastics
Kosovo
foodstuffs, wood, petroleum, chemicals, machinery and
electrical equipment
Kuwait
food, construction materials, vehicles and parts, clothing
Kyrgyzstan
oil and gas, machinery and equipment, chemicals,
foodstuffs
Laos
machinery and equipment, vehicles, fuel, consumer goods
Latvia
machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, vehicles
Lebanon
petroleum products, cars, medicinal products, clothing, meat
and live animals, consumer goods, paper, textile fabrics, tobacco,
electrical machinery
Lesotho
food; building materials, vehicles, machinery, medicines,
petroleum products
Liberia
fuels, chemicals, machinery, transportation equipment,
manufactured goods; foodstuffs
Libya
machinery, semi-finished goods, food, transport equipment,
consumer products
Liechtenstein
agricultural products, raw materials, energy products,
machinery, metal goods, textiles, foodstuffs, motor vehicles
Lithuania
mineral products, machinery and equipment, transport
equipment, chemicals, textiles and clothing, metals
Luxembourg
minerals, metals, foodstuffs, quality consumer goods
Macau
raw materials and semi-manufactured goods, consumer goods
(foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco), capital goods, mineral fuels and
oils
Macedonia
machinery and equipment, automobiles, chemicals, fuels,
food products
Madagascar
capital goods, petroleum, consumer goods, food
Malawi
food, petroleum products, semimanufactures, consumer goods,
transportation equipment
Malaysia
electronics, machinery, petroleum products, plastics,
vehicles, iron and steel products, chemicals
Maldives
petroleum products, ships, foodstuffs, clothing,
intermediate and capital goods
Mali
petroleum, machinery and equipment, construction materials,
foodstuffs, textiles
Malta
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured and
semi-manufactured goods; food, drink, tobacco
Marshall Islands
foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fuels,
beverages and tobacco
Mauritania
machinery and equipment, petroleum products, capital
goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods
Mauritius
manufactured goods, capital equipment, foodstuffs,
petroleum products, chemicals
Mayotte
food, machinery and equipment, transportation equipment,
metals, chemicals
Mexico
metalworking machines, steel mill products, agricultural
machinery, electrical equipment, car parts for assembly, repair
parts for motor vehicles, aircraft, and aircraft parts
Micronesia, Federated States of
food, manufactured goods, machinery
and equipment, beverages
Moldova
mineral products and fuel, machinery and equipment,
chemicals, textiles
Mongolia
machinery and equipment, fuel, cars, food products,
industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea
Montserrat
machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs,
manufactured goods, fuels, lubricants, and related materials
Morocco
crude petroleum, textile fabric, telecommunications
equipment, wheat, gas and electricity, transistors, plastics
Mozambique
machinery and equipment, vehicles, fuel, chemicals, metal
products, foodstuffs, textiles
Namibia
foodstuffs; petroleum products and fuel, machinery and
equipment, chemicals
Nauru
food, fuel, manufactures, building materials, machinery
Nepal
gold, machinery and equipment, petroleum products, fertilizer
Netherlands
machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, fuels,
foodstuffs, clothing
Netherlands Antilles
crude petroleum, food, manufactures
New Caledonia
machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, foodstuffs
New Zealand
machinery and equipment, vehicles and aircraft,
petroleum, electronics, textiles, plastics
Nicaragua
consumer goods, machinery and equipment, raw materials,
petroleum products
Niger
foodstuffs, machinery, vehicles and parts, petroleum, cereals
Nigeria
machinery, chemicals, transport equipment, manufactured
goods, food and live animals
Niue
food, live animals, manufactured goods, machinery, fuels,
lubricants, chemicals, drugs
Norfolk Island
NA
Northern Mariana Islands food, construction equipment and materials, petroleum products
Norway
machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, foodstuffs
Oman
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food,
livestock, lubricants
Pakistan
petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics,
transportation equipment, edible oils, paper and paperboard, iron
and steel, tea
Palau
machinery and equipment, fuels, metals; foodstuffs
Panama
capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, chemicals
Papua New Guinea
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured
goods, food, fuels, chemicals
Paraguay
road vehicles, consumer goods, tobacco, petroleum products,
electrical machinery, tractors, chemicals, vehicle parts
Peru
petroleum and petroleum products, plastics, machinery,
vehicles, iron and steel, wheat, paper
Philippines
electronic products, mineral fuels, machinery and
transport equipment, iron and steel, textile fabrics, grains,
chemicals, plastic
Pitcairn Islands
fuel oil, machinery, building materials, flour,
sugar, other foodstuffs
Poland
machinery and transport equipment 38%, intermediate
manufactured goods 21%, chemicals 14.8%, minerals, fuels,
lubricants, and related materials 9.1% (2003)
Portugal
agricultural products, food products, oil products,
chemical products, plastics and rubber, skins and leather, wood and
cork, wood pulp and paper, textile materials, clothing, footwear,
minerals and mineral products, base metals, machinery and tools,
vehicles and other transport material, and optical and precision
instruments, computer accessories and parts, semi-conductors and
related devices, household goods, passenger cars new and used, and
wine products
Puerto Rico
chemicals, machinery and equipment, clothing, food,
fish, petroleum products
Qatar
machinery and transport equipment, food, chemicals
Romania
machinery and equipment, fuels and minerals, chemicals,
textile and products, metals, agricultural products
Russia
machinery and equipment, consumer goods, medicines, meat,
sugar, semifinished metal products
Rwanda
foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, steel, petroleum
products, cement and construction material
Saint Helena
food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed,
building materials, motor vehicles and parts, machinery and parts
Saint Kitts and Nevis
machinery, manufactures, food, fuels
Saint Lucia
food 23%, manufactured goods 21%, machinery and
transportation equipment 19%, chemicals, fuels
Saint Martin
crude petroleum, food, manufactured items
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
meat, clothing, fuel, electrical
equipment, machinery, building materials
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
foodstuffs, machinery and
equipment, chemicals and fertilizers, minerals and fuels
Samoa
machinery and equipment, industrial supplies, foodstuffs
San Marino
wide variety of consumer manufactures, food
Sao Tome and Principe
machinery and electrical equipment, food
products, petroleum products
Saudi Arabia
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, motor
vehicles, textiles
Senegal
food and beverages, capital goods, fuels
Seychelles
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products,
chemicals
Sierra Leone
foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fuels and
lubricants, chemicals
Singapore
machinery and equipment, mineral fuels, chemicals,
foodstuffs
Slovakia
machinery and transport equipment 41.1%, intermediate
manufactured goods 19.3%, fuels 12.3%, chemicals 9.8%, miscellaneous
manufactured goods 10.2% (2003)
Slovenia
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods,
chemicals, fuels and lubricants, food
Solomon Islands
food, plant and equipment, manufactured goods,
fuels, chemicals
Somalia
manufactures, petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction
materials, qat
South Africa
machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum products,
scientific instruments, foodstuffs
Spain
machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods,
foodstuffs, consumer goods, measuring and medical control instruments
Sri Lanka
textile fabrics, mineral products, petroleum, foodstuffs,
machinery and transportation equipment
Sudan
foodstuffs, manufactured goods, refinery and transport
equipment, medicines and chemicals, textiles, wheat
Suriname
capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, consumer
goods
Swaziland
motor vehicles, machinery, transport equipment,
foodstuffs, petroleum products, chemicals
Sweden
machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motor
vehicles, iron and steel; foodstuffs, clothing
Switzerland
machinery, chemicals, vehicles, metals; agricultural
products, textiles
Syria
machinery and transport equipment, electric power machinery,
food and livestock, metal and metal products, chemicals and chemical
products, plastics, yarn, paper
Taiwan
electronic and electrical products, machinery, petroleum,
precision instruments, organic chemicals, metals (2002)
Tajikistan
electricity, petroleum products, aluminum oxide,
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs
Tanzania
consumer goods, machinery and transportation equipment,
industrial raw materials, crude oil
Thailand
capital goods, intermediate goods and raw materials,
consumer goods, fuels
Timor-Leste
food, gasoline, kerosene, machinery
Togo
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products
Tokelau
foodstuffs, building materials, fuel
Tonga
foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals
Trinidad and Tobago
mineral fuels, lubricants, machinery,
transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food, live animals,
grain
Tunisia
textiles, machinery and equipment, hydrocarbons, chemicals,
foodstuffs
Turkey
machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport
equipment
Turkmenistan
machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs
Turks and Caicos Islands food and beverages, tobacco, clothing, manufactures, construction materials
Tuvalu
food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods
Uganda
capital equipment, vehicles, petroleum, medical supplies;
cereals
Ukraine
energy, machinery and equipment, chemicals
United Arab Emirates machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food
United Kingdom
manufactured goods, machinery, fuels; foodstuffs
United States
agricultural products 4.9%, industrial supplies 32.9%
(crude oil 8.2%), capital goods 30.4% (computers, telecommunications
equipment, motor vehicle parts, office machines, electric power
machinery), consumer goods 31.8% (automobiles, clothing, medicines,
furniture, toys) (2003)
Uruguay
crude petroleum and petroleum products, machinery,
chemicals, road vehicles, paper, plastics
Uzbekistan
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, ferrous
and non-ferrous metals
Vanuatu
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, fuels
Venezuela
raw materials, machinery and equipment, transport
equipment, construction materials
Vietnam
machinery and equipment, petroleum products, fertilizer,
steel products, raw cotton, grain, cement, motorcycles
Virgin Islands
crude oil, foodstuffs, consumer goods, building
materials
Wallis and Futuna
chemicals, machinery, passenger ships, consumer
goods
West Bank
food, consumer goods, construction materials
Western Sahara
fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs
World
the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and
services
top ten - share of world trade: see listing for exports
Yemen
food and live animals, machinery and equipment, chemicals
Zambia
machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products,
electricity, fertilizer; foodstuffs, clothing
Zimbabwe
machinery and transport equipment, other manufactures,
chemicals, fuels
This page was last updated on 18 December 2008
@2059 Climate
Afghanistan
arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers
Akrotiri
temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool
winters
Albania
mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry
summers; interior is cooler and wetter
Algeria
arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers
along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high
plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in
summer
American Samoa
tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds;
annual rainfall averages about 3 m; rainy season (November to
April), dry season (May to October); little seasonal temperature
variation
Andorra
temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers
Angola
semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool,
dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)
Anguilla
tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds
Antarctica
severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation,
and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West
Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has
the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January
along the coast and average slightly below freezing
Antigua and Barbuda
tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature
variation
Arctic Ocean
polar climate characterized by persistent cold and
relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized
by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and
clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and
foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow
Argentina
mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in
southwest
Armenia
highland continental, hot summers, cold winters
Aruba
tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
tropical
Atlantic Ocean
tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast
of Africa near Cape Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea;
hurricanes can occur from May to December, but are most frequent
from August to November
Australia
generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east;
tropical in north
Austria
temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent
rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains; moderate
summers with occasional showers
Azerbaijan
dry, semiarid steppe
Bahamas, The
tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream
Bahrain
arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
Bangladesh
tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid
summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)
Barbados
tropical; rainy season (June to October)
Belarus
cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between
continental and maritime
Belgium
temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy
Belize
tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November);
dry season (February to May)
Benin
tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Bermuda
subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in
winter
Bhutan
varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot
summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in
Himalayas
Bolivia
varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid
Bosnia and Herzegovina
hot summers and cold winters; areas of high
elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild,
rainy winters along coast
Botswana
semiarid; warm winters and hot summers
Bouvet Island
antarctic
Brazil
mostly tropical, but temperate in south
British Indian Ocean Territory
tropical marine; hot, humid,
moderated by trade winds
British Virgin Islands
subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by
trade winds
Brunei
tropical; hot, humid, rainy
Bulgaria
temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers
Burkina Faso
tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers
Burma
tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest
monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild
temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon,
December to April)
Burundi
equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude
variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual
temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade
but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m;
average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; two wet seasons (February
to May and September to November), and two dry seasons (June to
August and December to January)
Cambodia
tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry
season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation
Cameroon
varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid
and hot in north
Canada
varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in
north
Cape Verde
temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and
very erratic
Cayman Islands
tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October)
and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April)
Central African Republic
tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot,
wet summers
Chad
tropical in south, desert in north
Chile
temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region;
cool and damp in south
China
extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north
Christmas Island
tropical with a wet season (December to April) and
dry season; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds
Clipperton Island
tropical; humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees
C, wet season (May to October)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
tropical with high humidity, moderated by
the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year
Colombia
tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands
Comoros
tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season (April to October), dry season (December to February); south of Equator - wet season (November to March), dry season (April to October)
Congo, Republic of the
tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry
season (June to October); persistent high temperatures and humidity;
particularly enervating climate astride the Equator
Cook Islands
tropical oceanic; moderated by trade winds; a dry
season from April to November and a more humid season from December
to March
Coral Sea Islands
tropical
Costa Rica
tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April);
rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands
Cote d'Ivoire
tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three
seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to
May), hot and wet (June to October)
Croatia
Mediterranean and continental; continental climate
predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry
summers along coast
Cuba
tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to
April); rainy season (May to October)
Cyprus
temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool
winters
Czech Republic
temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
Denmark
temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool
summers
Dhekelia
temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool
winters
Djibouti
desert; torrid, dry
Dominica
tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall
Dominican Republic
tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature
variation; seasonal variation in rainfall
Ecuador
tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher
elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands
Egypt
desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters
El Salvador
tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season
(November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands
Equatorial Guinea
tropical; always hot, humid
Eritrea
hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter
in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest
June to September); semiarid in western hills and lowlands
Estonia
maritime, wet, moderate winters, cool summers
Ethiopia
tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation
European Union
cold temperate; potentially subarctic in the north to
temperate; mild wet winters; hot dry summers in the south
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; average annual rainfall is 24 inches in Stanley; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but does not accumulate
Faroe Islands
mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy,
windy
Fiji
tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation
Finland
cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild
because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current,
Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes
France
metropolitan France: generally cool winters and mild summers,
but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional
strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral
French Guiana: tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature
variation
Guadeloupe and Martinique: subtropical tempered by trade winds;
moderately high humidity; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable
to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average
Reunion: tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool
and dry (May to November), hot and rainy (November to April)
French Polynesia
tropical, but moderate
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul:
oceanic with persistent westerly winds and high humidity
Iles Crozet: windy, cold, wet, and cloudy
Iles Kerguelen: oceanic, cold, overcast, windy
Iles Eparses: tropical
Gabon
tropical; always hot, humid
Gambia, The
tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler,
dry season (November to May)
Gaza Strip
temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers
Georgia
warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast
Germany
temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers;
occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind
Ghana
tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast;
hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north
Gibraltar
Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers
Greece
temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers
Greenland
arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters
Grenada
tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds
Guam
tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by
northeast trade winds; dry season (January to June), rainy season
(July to December); little seasonal temperature variation
Guatemala
tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands
Guernsey
temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of
days are overcast
Guinea
generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to
November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May)
with northeasterly harmattan winds
Guinea-Bissau
tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type
rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season
(December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds
Guyana
tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two
rainy seasons (May to August, November to January)
Haiti
tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
antarctic
Holy See (Vatican City)
temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to
May) with hot, dry summers (May to September)
Honduras
subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains
Hong Kong
subtropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and
rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall
Hungary
temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers
Iceland
temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy
winters; damp, cool summers
India
varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
Indian Ocean
northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest
monsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June
and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and
January/February in the southern Indian Ocean
Indonesia
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Iran
mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast
Iraq
mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless
summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish
borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that
melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in
central and southern Iraq
Ireland
temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild
winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the
time
Isle of Man
temperate; cool summers and mild winters; overcast about
one-third of the time
Israel
temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas
Italy
predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in
south
Jamaica
tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior
Jan Mayen
arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog
Japan
varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north
Jersey
temperate; mild winters and cool summers
Jordan
mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)
Kazakhstan
continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and
semiarid
Kenya
varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior
Kiribati
tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds
Korea, North
temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer
Korea, South
temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter
Kosovo
influenced by continental air masses resulting in relatively
cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns;
Mediterranean and alpine influences create regional variation;
maximum rainfall between October and December
Kuwait
dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters
Kyrgyzstan
dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical
in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone
Laos
tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season
(December to April)
Latvia
maritime; wet, moderate winters
Lebanon
Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry
summers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows
Lesotho
temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers
Liberia
tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to
cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers
Libya
Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior
Liechtenstein
continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow
or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers
Lithuania
transitional, between maritime and continental; wet,
moderate winters and summers
Luxembourg
modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
Macau
subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers
Macedonia
warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters
with heavy snowfall
Madagascar
tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south
Malawi
sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May
to November)
Malaysia
tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast
(October to February) monsoons
Maldives
tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to
March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)
Mali
subtropical to arid; hot and dry (February to June); rainy,
humid, and mild (June to November); cool and dry (November to
February)
Malta
Mediterranean; mild, rainy winters; hot, dry summers
Marshall Islands
tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to
November; islands border typhoon belt
Mauritania
desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty
Mauritius
tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry
winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)
Mayotte
tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during
northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to
November)
Mexico
varies from tropical to desert
Micronesia, Federated States of tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage
Moldova
moderate winters, warm summers
Monaco
Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
Mongolia
desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature
ranges)
Montenegro
Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and
relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
Montserrat
tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation
Morocco
Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior
Mozambique
tropical to subtropical
Namibia
desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic
Nauru
tropical with a monsoonal pattern; rainy season (November to
February)
Navassa Island
marine, tropical
Nepal
varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to
subtropical summers and mild winters in south
Netherlands
temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters
Netherlands Antilles
tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds
New Caledonia
tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid
New Zealand
temperate with sharp regional contrasts
Nicaragua
tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands
Niger
desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south
Nigeria
varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in
north
Niue
tropical; modified by southeast trade winds
Norfolk Island
subtropical; mild, little seasonal temperature
variation
Northern Mariana Islands
tropical marine; moderated by northeast
trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season
December to June, rainy season July to October
Norway
temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current;
colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers;
rainy year-round on west coast
Oman
dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong
southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south
Pacific Ocean
planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind
patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade
winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by
seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south
of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central
America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much
less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same
latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is
monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when
moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry
season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian
landmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike
southeast and east Asia from May to December
Pakistan
mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in
north
Palau
tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November
Panama
tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season
(May to January), short dry season (January to May)
Papua New Guinea
tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March),
southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature
variation
Paracel Islands
tropical
Paraguay
subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the
eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west
Peru
varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate
to frigid in Andes
Philippines
tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April);
southwest monsoon (May to October)
Pitcairn Islands
tropical; hot and humid; modified by southeast
trade winds; rainy season (November to March)
Poland
temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with
frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and
thundershowers
Portugal
maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and
drier in south
Puerto Rico
tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature
variation
Qatar
arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
Romania
temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog;
sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
Russia
ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in
much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in
the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to
frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool
along Arctic coast
Rwanda
temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to
January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible
Saint Barthelemy
tropical, with practically no variation in
temperature; has two seasons (dry and humid)
Saint Helena
Saint Helena: tropical marine; mild, tempered by trade
winds
Ascension Island: tropical marine; mild, semi-arid
Tristan da Cunha: temperate marine; mild, tempered by trade winds
(tends to be cooler than Saint Helena)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
tropical, tempered by constant sea breezes;
little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)
Saint Lucia
tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season
January to April, rainy season May to August
Saint Martin
temperature averages 80-85 degrees all year long; low
humidity, gentle trade winds, brief, intense rain showers;
July-Novemeber is the hurricane season
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
cold and wet, with much mist and fog;
spring and autumn are windy
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
tropical; little seasonal
temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)
Samoa
tropical; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to
October)
San Marino
Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers
Sao Tome and Principe
tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season
(October to May)
Saudi Arabia
harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes
Senegal
tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has
strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by
hot, dry, harmattan wind
Serbia
in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot,
humid summers with well distributed rainfall); in other parts,
continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with
heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)
Seychelles
tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast
monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest
monsoon (March to May)
Sierra Leone
tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to
December); winter dry season (December to April)
Singapore
tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons
- Northeastern monsoon (December to March) and Southwestern monsoon
(June to September); inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early
evening thunderstorms
Slovakia
temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
Slovenia
Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate
with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and
valleys to the east
Solomon Islands
tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and
weather
Somalia
principally desert; northeast monsoon (December to
February), moderate temperatures in north and hot in south;
southwest monsoon (May to October), torrid in the north and hot in
the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili)
between monsoons
South Africa
mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny
days, cool nights
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
variable, with mostly
westerly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods of
calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow
Southern Ocean
sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius
to -2 degrees Celsius; cyclonic storms travel eastward around the
continent and frequently are intense because of the temperature
contrast between ice and open ocean; the ocean area from about
latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average
winds found anywhere on Earth; in winter the ocean freezes outward
to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees
south latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures
well below 0 degrees Celsius; at some coastal points intense
persistent drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline
ice-free throughout the winter
Spain
temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and
cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy
and cool along coast
Spratly Islands
tropical
Sri Lanka
tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March);
southwest monsoon (June to October)
Sudan
tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season varies
by region (April to November)
Suriname
tropical; moderated by trade winds
Svalbard
arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool
summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and
north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most
of the year
Swaziland
varies from tropical to near temperate
Sweden
temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly
cloudy summers; subarctic in north
Switzerland
temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy,
rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with
occasional showers
Syria
mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and
mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather
with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus
Taiwan
tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June
to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year
Tajikistan
midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters;
semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains
Tanzania
varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands
Thailand
tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to
September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March);
southern isthmus always hot and humid
Timor-Leste
tropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons
Togo
tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Tokelau
tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)
Tonga
tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to
May), cool season (May to December)
Trinidad and Tobago
tropical; rainy season (June to December)
Tunisia
temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry
summers; desert in south
Turkey
temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher
in interior
Turkmenistan
subtropical desert
Turks and Caicos Islands
tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds;
sunny and relatively dry
Tuvalu
tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to
November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)
Uganda
tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to
February, June to August); semiarid in northeast
Ukraine
temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern
Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest
in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from
cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm
across the greater part of the country, hot in the south
United Arab Emirates
desert; cooler in eastern mountains
United Kingdom
temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds
over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are
overcast
United States
mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida,
arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the
Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low
winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in
January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes
of the Rocky Mountains
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges
Baker, Howland, and
Jarvis Islands: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning
sun
Johnston Atoll and Kingman Reef: tropical, but generally dry;
consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature
variation
Midway Islands: subtropical with cool, moist winters (December to
February) and warm, dry summers (May to October); moderated by
prevailing easterly winds; most of the 1,067 mm (42 in) of annual
rainfall occurs during the winter
Palmyra Atoll: equatorial, hot; located within the low pressure area
of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) where the northeast and
southeast trade winds meet, it is extremely wet with between
4,000-5,000 mm (160-200 in) of rainfall each year
Uruguay
warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown
Uzbekistan
mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild
winters; semiarid grassland in east
Vanuatu
tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds from May to
October; moderate rainfall from November to April; may be affected
by cyclones from December to April
Venezuela
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Vietnam
tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season
(May to September) and warm, dry season (October to March)
Virgin Islands
subtropical, tempered by easterly trade winds,
relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation;
rainy season September to November
Wake Island
tropical
Wallis and Futuna
tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April);
cool, dry season (May to October); rains 2,500-3,000 mm per year
(80% humidity); average temperature 26.6 degrees C
West Bank
temperate; temperature and precipitation vary with
altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters
Western Sahara
hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air
currents produce fog and heavy dew
World
a wide equatorial band of hot and humid tropical climates -
bordered north and south by subtropical temperate zones - that
separate two large areas of cold and dry polar climates
Yemen
mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in
western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot,
dry, harsh desert in east
Zambia
tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to
April)
Zimbabwe
tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to
March)
This page was last updated on 18 December 2008
@2060 Coastline (km)
Afghanistan
0 km (landlocked)
Akrotiri
56.3 km
Albania
362 km
Algeria
998 km
American Samoa
116 km
Andorra
0 km (landlocked)
Angola
1,600 km
Anguilla
61 km
Antarctica
17,968 km
Antigua and Barbuda
153 km
Arctic Ocean
45,389 km
Argentina
4,989 km
Armenia
0 km (landlocked)
Aruba
68.5 km
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
74.1 km
Atlantic Ocean
111,866 km
Australia
25,760 km
Austria
0 km (landlocked)
Azerbaijan
0 km (landlocked); note - Azerbaijan borders the Caspian
Sea (713 km)
Bahamas, The
3,542 km
Bahrain
161 km
Bangladesh
580 km
Barbados
97 km
Belarus
0 km (landlocked)
Belgium
66.5 km
Belize
386 km
Benin
121 km
Bermuda
103 km
Bhutan
0 km (landlocked)
Bolivia
0 km (landlocked)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
20 km
Botswana
0 km (landlocked)
Bouvet Island
29.6 km
Brazil
7,491 km
British Indian Ocean Territory
698 km
British Virgin Islands
80 km
Brunei
161 km
Bulgaria
354 km
Burkina Faso
0 km (landlocked)
Burma
1,930 km
Burundi
0 km (landlocked)
Cambodia
443 km
Cameroon
402 km
Canada
202,080 km
Cape Verde
965 km
Cayman Islands
160 km
Central African Republic
0 km (landlocked)
Chad
0 km (landlocked)
Chile
6,435 km
China
14,500 km
Christmas Island
138.9 km
Clipperton Island
11.1 km
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
26 km
Colombia
3,208 km (Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448
km)
Comoros
340 km
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
37 km
Congo, Republic of the
169 km
Cook Islands
120 km
Coral Sea Islands
3,095 km
Costa Rica
1,290 km
Cote d'Ivoire
515 km
Croatia
5,835 km (mainland 1,777 km, islands 4,058 km)
Cuba
3,735 km
Cyprus
648 km
Czech Republic
0 km (landlocked)
Denmark
7,314 km
Dhekelia
27.5 km
Djibouti
314 km
Dominica
148 km
Dominican Republic
1,288 km
Ecuador
2,237 km
Egypt
2,450 km
El Salvador
307 km
Equatorial Guinea
296 km
Eritrea
2,234 km (mainland on Red Sea 1,151 km, islands in Red Sea
1,083 km)
Estonia
3,794 km
Ethiopia
0 km (landlocked)
European Union
65,992.9 km
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
1,288 km
Faroe Islands
1,117 km
Fiji
1,129 km
Finland
1,250 km
France total: 4,668 km metropolitan France: 3,427 km
French Polynesia
2,525 km
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et
Ile Saint-Paul): 28 km
Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul):
Iles Kerguelen: 2,800 km
Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): 35.2 km
Europa Island (Iles Eparses): 22.2 km
Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses): 35.2 km
Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): 24.1 km
Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): 3.7 km
Gabon
885 km
Gambia, The
80 km
Gaza Strip
40 km
Georgia
310 km
Germany
2,389 km
Ghana
539 km
Gibraltar
12 km
Greece
13,676 km
Greenland
44,087 km
Grenada
121 km
Guam
125.5 km
Guatemala
400 km
Guernsey
50 km
Guinea
320 km
Guinea-Bissau
350 km
Guyana
459 km
Haiti
1,771 km
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
101.9 km
Holy See (Vatican City)
0 km (landlocked)
Honduras
820 km
Hong Kong
733 km
Hungary
0 km (landlocked)
Iceland
4,970 km
India
7,000 km
Indian Ocean
66,526 km
Indonesia
54,716 km
Iran
2,440 km; note - Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)
Iraq
58 km
Ireland
1,448 km
Isle of Man
160 km
Israel
273 km
Italy
7,600 km
Jamaica
1,022 km
Jan Mayen
124.1 km
Japan
29,751 km
Jersey
70 km
Jordan
26 km
Kazakhstan
0 km (landlocked); note - Kazakhstan borders the Aral
Sea, now split into two bodies of water (1,070 km), and the Caspian
Sea (1,894 km)
Kenya
536 km
Kiribati
1,143 km
Korea, North
2,495 km
Korea, South
2,413 km
Kosovo
0 km (landlocked)
Kuwait
499 km
Kyrgyzstan
0 km (landlocked)
Laos
0 km (landlocked)
Latvia
498 km
Lebanon
225 km
Lesotho
0 km (landlocked)
Liberia
579 km
Libya
1,770 km
Liechtenstein
0 km (doubly landlocked)
Lithuania
90 km
Luxembourg
0 km (landlocked)
Macau
41 km
Macedonia
0 km (landlocked)
Madagascar
4,828 km
Malawi
0 km (landlocked)
Malaysia
4,675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607
km)
Maldives
644 km
Mali
0 km (landlocked)
Malta
196.8 km (does not include 56.01 km for the island of Gozo)
Marshall Islands
370.4 km
Mauritania
754 km
Mauritius
177 km
Mayotte
185.2 km
Mexico
9,330 km
Micronesia, Federated States of
6,112 km
Moldova
0 km (landlocked)
Monaco
4.1 km
Mongolia
0 km (landlocked)
Montenegro
293.5 km
Montserrat
40 km
Morocco
1,835 km
Mozambique
2,470 km
Namibia
1,572 km
Nauru
30 km
Navassa Island
8 km
Nepal
0 km (landlocked)
Netherlands
451 km
Netherlands Antilles
364 km
New Caledonia
2,254 km
New Zealand
15,134 km
Nicaragua
910 km
Niger
0 km (landlocked)
Nigeria
853 km
Niue
64 km
Norfolk Island
32 km
Northern Mariana Islands
1,482 km
Norway
25,148 km (includes mainland 2,650 km, as well as long
fjords, numerous small islands, and minor indentations 22,498 km;
length of island coastlines 58,133 km)
Oman
2,092 km
Pacific Ocean
135,663 km
Pakistan
1,046 km
Palau
1,519 km
Panama
2,490 km
Papua New Guinea
5,152 km
Paracel Islands
518 km
Paraguay
0 km (landlocked)
Peru
2,414 km
Philippines
36,289 km
Pitcairn Islands
51 km
Poland
440 km
Portugal
1,793 km
Puerto Rico
501 km
Qatar
563 km
Romania
225 km
Russia
37,653 km
Rwanda
0 km (landlocked)
Saint Helena
Saint Helena: 60 km
Ascension Island: NA
Tristan da Cunha: 40 km
Saint Kitts and Nevis
135 km
Saint Lucia
158 km
Saint Martin
58.9 km (for entire island)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
120 km
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
84 km
Samoa
403 km
San Marino
0 km (landlocked)
Sao Tome and Principe
209 km
Saudi Arabia
2,640 km
Senegal
531 km
Serbia
0 km (landlocked)
Seychelles
491 km
Sierra Leone
402 km
Singapore
193 km
Slovakia
0 km (landlocked)
Slovenia
46.6 km
Solomon Islands
5,313 km
Somalia
3,025 km
South Africa
2,798 km
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
NA km
Southern Ocean
17,968 km
Spain
4,964 km
Spratly Islands
926 km
Sri Lanka
1,340 km
Sudan
853 km
Suriname
386 km
Svalbard
3,587 km
Swaziland
0 km (landlocked)
Sweden
3,218 km
Switzerland
0 km (landlocked)
Syria
193 km
Taiwan
1,566.3 km
Tajikistan
0 km (landlocked)
Tanzania
1,424 km
Thailand
3,219 km
Timor-Leste
706 km
Togo
56 km
Tokelau
101 km
Tonga
419 km
Trinidad and Tobago
362 km
Tunisia
1,148 km
Turkey
7,200 km
Turkmenistan
0 km; note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea
(1,768 km)
Turks and Caicos Islands
389 km
Tuvalu
24 km
Uganda
0 km (landlocked)
Ukraine
2,782 km
United Arab Emirates
1,318 km
United Kingdom
12,429 km
United States
19,924 km
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges
Baker Island: 4.8 km
Howland Island: 6.4 km
Jarvis Island: 8 km
Johnston Atoll: 34 km
Kingman Reef: 3 km
Midway Islands: 15 km
Palmyra Atoll: 14.5 km
Uruguay
660 km
Uzbekistan
0 km (doubly landlocked); note - Uzbekistan includes the
southern portion of the Aral Sea with a 420 km shoreline
Vanuatu
2,528 km
Venezuela
2,800 km
Vietnam
3,444 km (excludes islands)
Virgin Islands
188 km
Wake Island
19.3 km
Wallis and Futuna
129 km
West Bank
0 km (landlocked)
Western Sahara
1,110 km
World
356,000 km
note: 94 nations and other entities are islands that border no other
countries, they include: American Samoa, Anguilla, Antigua and
Barbuda, Aruba, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, The Bahamas, Bahrain,
Baker Island, Barbados, Bermuda, Bouvet Island, British Indian Ocean
Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands,
Christmas Island, Clipperton Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands,
Comoros, Cook Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Cuba, Cyprus, Dominica,
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Faroe Islands, Fiji, French
Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Greenland, Grenada,
Guam, Guernsey, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Howland Island,
Iceland, Isle of Man, Jamaica, Jan Mayen, Japan, Jarvis Island,
Jersey, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Kiribati, Madagascar,
Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritius, Mayotte,
Federated States of Micronesia, Midway Islands, Montserrat, Nauru,
Navassa Island, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island,
Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Palmyra Atoll, Paracel Islands,
Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Reunion, Saint
Barthelemy, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint
Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao
Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South
Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Spratly Islands, Sri Lanka,
Svalbard, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos
Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Virgin Islands, Wake Island, Wallis and
Futuna, Taiwan
Yemen
1,906 km
Zambia
0 km (landlocked)
Zimbabwe
0 km (landlocked)
This page was last updated on 18 December 2008
@2061 Imports - partners (%)
Afghanistan
Pakistan 36.8%, US 11%, India 5%, Germany 4.2% (2007)
Albania
Italy 27.6%, Greece 14.8%, Turkey 7.4%, China 6.8%, Germany
5.6%, Switzerland 5%, Russia 4.2% (2007)
Algeria
France 18.7%, China 9%, Italy 8.5%, Spain 6%, US 5.5%,
Germany 5.3%, Russia 4.6%, Turkey 4.1% (2007)
American Samoa
Australia 66%, Samoa 13.8%, NZ 10.8% (2006)
Angola
Portugal 19.7%, US 10.9%, China 10.5%, Brazil 10.3%, South
Africa 6.6%, France 6.3%, UK 4.6%, Germany 4.3% (2007)
Anguilla
US, Puerto Rico, UK (2006)
Antigua and Barbuda
US 21.1%, China 16.4%, Germany 13.3%, Singapore
12.7%, Spain 6.5% (2006)
Argentina
Brazil 34.6%, US 12.6%, China 12%, Germany 5% (2007)
Armenia
Russia 15.1%, Ukraine 7.7%, Kazakhstan 7.4%, Germany 6.8%,
China 6%, France 4.6%, US 4.5%, Iraq 4.3% (2007)
Aruba
US 54.6%, Netherlands 12%, UK 4.7% (2007)
Australia
China 15.5%, US 12.8%, Japan 9.6%, Singapore 5.6%, Germany
5.2%, UK 4.3%, Thailand 4.2% (2007)
Austria
Germany 45.5%, Italy 7.1%, Switzerland 5%, Netherlands 4.3%
(2007)
Azerbaijan
Russia 17.6%, Turkey 10.9%, Germany 8.2%, Ukraine 8.2%,
UK 7.2%, Japan 5.2%, China 4.9%, US 4.7% (2007)
Bahamas, The
US 26.7%, South Korea 14.1%, Japan 13.5%, Italy 7.5%,
Singapore 5.2%, Venezuela 4.5%, Spain 4.3% (2007)
Bahrain
Saudi Arabia 37.7%, Japan 7.2%, US 6.2%, Germany 4.7%, UK
4.5%, UAE 4.2%, China 4.1% (2007)
Bangladesh
China 15%, India 14.3%, Kuwait 8.3%, Singapore 6.2%, Hong
Kong 4.2% (2007)
Barbados
US 30.5%, Trinidad and Tobago 27.6%, UK 6.5% (2007)
Belarus
Russia 59.9%, Germany 7.6%, Ukraine 5.4% (2007)
Belgium
Germany 17.7%, Netherlands 17.6%, France 11.2%, UK 6.2%, US
5.4%, Ireland 4.9%, China 4.1% (2007)
Belize
US 31.2%, Mexico 13.6%, Cuba 8.5%, Guatemala 8%, Russia 4.6%
(2007)
Benin
China 44.5%, France 8.2%, US 6.5%, Thailand 6.3%, Malaysia
4.8% (2007)
Bermuda
South Korea 36.4%, US 15.7%, Germany 13.2%, Italy 11.8%
(2007)
Bhutan
India 74.5%, Japan 7.4%, Sweden 3.2% (2007)
Bolivia
Brazil 29.9%, Argentina 16.2%, Chile 10.5%, US 9.8%, Peru
8.1% (2007)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia 24.7%, Slovenia 13.3%, Germany 13.1%,
Italy 10.4%, Austria 7%, Turkey 6.5%, Hungary 5.4% (2007)
Botswana
Southern African Customs Union (SACU) 74%, EFTA 17%,
Zimbabwe 4% (2006)
Brazil
US 15.7%, China 10.5%, Argentina 8.6%, Germany 7.2%, Nigeria
4.4% (2007)
British Virgin Islands
Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US (2006)
Brunei
UK 46.4%, Singapore 19.5%, Malaysia 11.3% (2007)
Bulgaria
Russia 12.3%, Germany 12.3%, Italy 8.7%, Ukraine 7.2%,
Turkey 6.9%, Greece 6.2%, Romania 4.5%, Austria 4.3% (2007)
Burkina Faso
Cote d'Ivoire 25.8%, France 20.6%, Togo 7.1% (2007)
Burma
China 33.7%, Thailand 19.1%, Singapore 15.5%, South Korea
5.8%, Indonesia 5.2%, Malaysia 4.2% (2007)
Burundi
Saudi Arabia 17%, Kenya 11.4%, Belgium 8.7%, France 6.1%,
Uganda 5.4%, Germany 5.4%, India 4.8%, Pakistan 4.2% (2007)
Cambodia
Thailand 23.1%, Vietnam 16.9%, China 15%, Hong Kong 10.4%,
Singapore 7.5%, Taiwan 7.2%, South Korea 4.8% (2007)
Cameroon
France 23.4%, Nigeria 12.8%, China 9%, Belgium 5.8%, US 4%
(2007)
Canada
US 54.1%, China 9.4%, Mexico 4.2% (2007)
Cape Verde
Portugal 40.7%, Netherlands 10.9%, France 6.5%, Spain
5.6%, Cote d'Ivoire 4.9%, Brazil 4.7%, Italy 4.7% (2007)
Cayman Islands
US, Netherlands Antilles, Japan (2006)
Central African Republic
France 16.6%, Netherlands 13%, Cameroon
9.7%, US 6.3% (2007)
Chad
France 20.4%, Cameroon 16.1%, US 10.9%, China 10%, Germany
7.5%, Saudi Arabia 4.4% (2007)
Chile
US 16.7%, China 11.2%, Brazil 10.3%, Argentina 9.9% (2007)
China
Japan 14%, South Korea 10.9%, Taiwan 10.5%, US 7.3%, Germany
4.7% (2007)
Christmas Island
principally Australia (2006)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Australia (2006)
Colombia
US 26.2%, China 10.1%, Mexico 9.3%, Brazil 7.3%, Venezuela
4.2% (2007)
Comoros
France 18.2%, UAE 10.8%, South Africa 8.5%, Pakistan 7.2%,
Kenya 5.7%, China 5.4%, India 5% (2007)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
South Africa 22.5%, Belgium 10.3%,
Zambia 8.9%, Zimbabwe 7.5%, France 6.8%, Kenya 6.3%, US 4.1%, Cote
d'Ivoire 4.1% (2007)
Congo, Republic of the
France 18.1%, South Korea 14.7%, China 12.6%,
Italy 10.3%, India 4.7%, US 4.2% (2007)
Cook Islands
NZ 61%, Fiji 19%, US 9%, Australia 6% (2006)
Costa Rica
US 41%, Mexico 6.1%, Venezuela 5.7%, Japan 5.4%, China
5.1%, Brazil 4.3% (2007)
Cote d'Ivoire
Nigeria 31.1%, France 16.7%, China 7.3% (2007)
Croatia
Italy 16.1%, Germany 14.4%, Russia 10.1%, China 6.2%,
Slovenia 6%, Austria 5.3% (2007)
Cuba
Venezuela 29.6%, China 13.4%, Spain 10.4%, Canada 6%, US 5.1%
(2007)
Cyprus
Greece 17.7%, Italy 10.2%, UK 9.6%, Germany 9.4%, Israel
6.5%, France 5.4%, China 5.3%, Netherlands 4.1% (2007)
Czech Republic
Germany 31.8%, Netherlands 6.7%, Slovakia 6.4%,
Poland 6.3%, Austria 5.1%, China 5.1%, Russia 4.5%, Italy 4.4%,
France 4.1% (2007)
Denmark
Germany 21.6%, Sweden 14.4%, Netherlands 7.1%, Norway 6%,
China 5.4%, UK 5.3%, Italy 4.1%, France 4% (2007)
Djibouti
Saudi Arabia 21%, India 18.1%, China 9.4%, Ethiopia 4.7%,
Malaysia 4.6%, Japan 4.2% (2007)
Dominica
US 24.1%, China 21.2%, Trinidad and Tobago 13.2%, Japan
11.1% (2007)
Dominican Republic
US 46%, Venezuela 8.1%, Mexico 5.9%, Colombia
4.7% (2007)
Ecuador
US 23.7%, Colombia 10.3%, China 7.6%, Brazil 5.3%, Japan
4.3% (2007)
Egypt
US 11.7%, China 9.7%, Italy 6.4%, Germany 6.3%, Saudi Arabia
4.7%, Russia 4.3% (2007)
El Salvador
US 35.7%, Mexico 9.8%, Guatemala 8.5%, China 4.7% (2007)
Equatorial Guinea
US 19.6%, Spain 13.7%, Cote d'Ivoire 11.9%, France
9.6%, China 7.7%, Italy 6.6%, UK 6.4%, Netherlands 4.1% (2007)
Eritrea
Saudi Arabia 19.1%, Italy 15.1%, China 11.1%, Turkey 8.3%,
Germany 7.2%, Ukraine 5.1% (2007)
Estonia
Finland 15.9%, Germany 12.8%, Sweden 10.1%, Russia 10%,
Latvia 7.6%, Lithuania 6.9%, Poland 4.5% (2007)
Ethiopia
Saudi Arabia 17%, China 15.9%, India 7.8%, Italy 5.1% (2007)
European Union
US 13.8%, China 13.4%, Russia 8.2%, Japan 6.2% (2006)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
UK 72.5%, US 15.1%, Netherlands
8.5% (2006)
Faroe Islands
Denmark 51.9%, Norway 21.6%, Sweden 5%, UK 4.6% (2007)
Fiji
Singapore 30.4%, Australia 21.6%, NZ 17.7%, China 4.5% (2007)
Finland
Germany 15.8%, Russia 14%, Sweden 13.7%, Netherlands 6.8%,
China 5.5%, UK 4.9% (2007)
France
Germany 18.9%, Belgium 11.4%, Italy 8.4%, Spain 7.1%,
Netherlands 7%, UK 5.6%, US 4.4%, China 4% (2007)
French Polynesia
France 52.7%, Singapore 14.9%, NZ 6.8%, US 6.6%
(2006)
Gabon
France 27.7%, US 19.1%, Belgium 5.4%, Netherlands 4.7%, China
4.1% (2007)
Gambia, The
China 23.7%, Senegal 11.5%, Cote d'Ivoire 8.3%, Brazil
8%, Netherlands 5.2% (2007)
Gaza Strip
Israel, Egypt, West Bank (2006)
Georgia
Turkey 14%, Russia 12.3%, Ukraine 8.5%, Azerbaijan 7.3%,
Germany 6.8%, US 5%, Bulgaria 4.6% (2007)
Germany
Netherlands 12%, France 8.6%, Belgium 7.8%, China 6.2%,
Italy 5.8%, UK 5.6%, US 4.5%, Austria 4.4% (2007)
Ghana
Nigeria 15.1%, China 14.9%, UK 5.2%, US 5.1% (2007)
Gibraltar
Spain 23.4%, Russia 12.3%, Italy 12%, UK 9%, France 8.9%,
Netherlands 6.8%, US 4.7% (2006)
Greece
Germany 12.9%, Italy 11.7%, Russia 5.6%, France 5.6%, China
5%, Netherlands 5% (2007)
Greenland
Denmark 68.1%, Sweden 19.3%, Canada 2.5% (2007)
Grenada
Trinidad and Tobago 36.5%, US 23.3%, Italy 4.1% (2007)
Guam
Singapore 50%, South Korea 21.4%, Japan 14%, Hong Kong 4.6%
(2006)
Guatemala
US 34.9%, Mexico 9.9%, China 6.8%, El Salvador 4.6%, Costa
Rica 4.1% (2007)
Guernsey
UK; note - regarded as internal trade (2006)
Guinea
China 10%, France 7%, Netherlands 6.3% (2007)
Guinea-Bissau
Portugal 21.7%, Senegal 16.8%, France 6%, Pakistan
4.7% (2007)
Guyana
Trinidad and Tobago 26.2%, US 20.5%, Cuba 7.2%, China 7.1%,
UK 5.4% (2007)
Haiti
US 41.2%, Netherlands Antilles 14.9%, China 4.7%, Brazil 4.4%
(2007)
Honduras
US 52.4%, Guatemala 7.1%, El Salvador 5.2%, Mexico 4.5%,
Costa Rica 4.2% (2007)
Hong Kong
China 46.3%, Japan 10%, Taiwan 7.1%, Singapore 6.8%, US
4.9%, South Korea 4.2% (2007)
Hungary
Germany 26.6%, China 7.8%, Russia 6.9%, Austria 6.1%, Italy
4.5%, France 4.3%, Netherlands 4.3% (2007)
Iceland
US 13.7%, Germany 12.2%, Sweden 10.2%, Denmark 7.5%,
Netherlands 5.7%, UK 5.4%, China 5.1%, Norway 4.6% (2007)
India
China 10.6%, US 7.8%, Germany 4.4%, Singapore 4.4% (2007)
Indonesia
Singapore 13.2%, China 11.5%, Japan 8.8%, Malaysia 8.6%,
US 6.4%, Thailand 5.8%, Saudi Arabia 4.5%, South Korea 4.3%,
Australia 4% (2007)
Iran
China 14.2%, Germany 9.6%, UAE 9.1%, South Korea 6.3%, Russia
5.7%, Italy 5% (2007)
Iraq
Syria 30.5%, Turkey 19.8%, US 11.1%, Jordan 5%, China 4.8%
(2007)
Ireland
UK 38.3%, US 11.3%, Germany 9.7%, Netherlands 5%, France
4.2% (2007)
Isle of Man
UK (2006)
Israel
US 13.9%, Belgium 7.9%, Germany 6.2%, China 6.1%, Switzerland
5.1%, UK 4.7%, Italy 4.1% (2007)
Italy
Germany 16.9%, France 9%, China 5.9%, Netherlands 5.5%,
Belgium 4.3%, Spain 4.2% (2007)
Jamaica
US 37.2%, Trinidad and Tobago 14.5%, Grenada 9.7%, Venezuela
8.3%, Brazil 4.2% (2007)
Japan
China 20.5%, US 11.6%, Saudi Arabia 5.7%, UAE 5.2%, Australia
5%, South Korea 4.4%, Indonesia 4.2% (2007)
Jersey
UK (2006)
Jordan
Saudi Arabia 21%, China 9.7%, Germany 7.5%, US 4.7%, Egypt
4.4% (2007)
Kazakhstan
Russia 35.4%, China 22.1%, Germany 8% (2007)
Kenya
UAE 11.4%, China 9.9%, India 8.7%, Saudi Arabia 8%, South
Africa 6.9%, US 6.2%, Japan 5.9%, UK 4.6% (2007)
Kiribati
Australia 33%, Fiji 27.1%, Japan 18.1%, NZ 6.9% (2006)
Korea, North
China 27%, South Korea 16%, Thailand 9%, Russia 7%
(2006)
Korea, South
China 17.7%, Japan 15.8%, US 10.5%, Saudi Arabia 5.9%
(2007)
Kosovo
EU 35%, Macedonia 15%, Serbia 13%, Turkey 8% (2006)
Kuwait
US 12.7%, Japan 8.5%, Germany 7.3%, China 6.8%, South Korea
6.6%, Saudi Arabia 6.2%, Italy 5.8%, UK 4.6% (2007)
Kyrgyzstan
Russia 40.5%, China 14.7%, Kazakhstan 12.9%, Uzbekistan
5% (2007)
Laos
Thailand 68.5%, China 9.3%, Vietnam 5.5% (2007)
Latvia
Germany 15.1%, Lithuania 13.8%, Russia 8.7%, Estonia 8%,
Poland 6.9%, Finland 5.1%, Sweden 4.9% (2007)
Lebanon
Syria 12.1%, Italy 8.5%, France 8.3%, US 7%, China 5.9%,
Germany 5.3%, Saudi Arabia 4.8% (2007)
Lesotho
China 30%, Hong Kong 29.6%, India 10%, South Korea 6.6%,
Germany 6.4%, Pakistan 4.6% (2007)
Liberia
South Korea 31.4%, Singapore 22.1%, Japan 14.9%, China 10.1%
(2007)
Libya
Italy 18.9%, Germany 7.7%, China 7.3%, Tunisia 6.8%, France
5.7%, Turkey 5.4%, US 4.3% (2007)
Liechtenstein
EU, Switzerland (2006)
Lithuania
Russia 18%, Germany 15%, Poland 10.6%, Latvia 5.5%,
Netherlands 4.3% (2007)
Luxembourg
Belgium 27.4%, Germany 23.8%, China 17.1%, France 9.2%,
Netherlands 5% (2007)
Macau
China 42.6%, Hong Kong 10.1%, Japan 9%, US 5.6%, Germany 4.4%,
France 4.2% (2007)
Macedonia
Germany 13.2%, Greece 12.9%, Bulgaria 9.6%, Serbia and
Montenegro 7.7%, Turkey 6.6%, Italy 6.3%, Slovenia 5% (2007)
Madagascar
France 13.6%, China 13%, Iran 8.1%, South Africa 6.4%,
Hong Kong 4.9%, Mauritius 4.8% (2007)
Malawi
South Africa 36.1%, India 8.5%, Tanzania 6.1%, US 6.1%, China
4.9% (2007)
Malaysia
Japan 13%, China 12.9%, Singapore 11.5%, US 10.8%, Taiwan
5.7%, Thailand 5.3%, South Korea 4.9%, Germany 4.6%, Indonesia 4.2%
(2007)
Maldives
Canada 35.2%, Singapore 15%, UAE 10.2%, India 7.4%,
Malaysia 7.1% (2007)
Mali
France 12.9%, Senegal 12.7%, Cote d'Ivoire 10.9%, China 4.9%
(2007)
Malta
Italy 26%, UK 15%, France 9.5%, Germany 8.8%, Singapore 5.2%
(2007)
Marshall Islands
US, Japan, Australia, NZ, Singapore, Fiji, China,
Philippines (2006)
Mauritania
France 16.5%, China 8.1%, Spain 6.7%, US 6.1%, Belgium
5.8%, Brazil 5.7% (2007)
Mauritius
India 21.2%, China 11.4%, France 10.7%, South Africa 7.4%
(2007)
Mayotte
France 49%, Seychelles 8.8%, China 4.1% (2006)
Mexico
US 49.6%, China 10.5%, Japan 5.8%, South Korea 4.5% (2007)
Micronesia, Federated States of
US, Japan, Hong Kong (2006)
Moldova
Russia 20.5%, Ukraine 15.8%, Romania 15%, Germany 8.7%,
Italy 5.7%, Poland 4.1% (2007)
Mongolia
China 32%, Russia 29.4%, South Korea 7.9%, Japan 7.2% (2007)
Montenegro
Greece 10.2%, Italy 10.2%, Germany 9.6%, Bosnia and
Herzegovina 9.2% (2006)
Montserrat
US, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Japan, Canada (2006)
Morocco
France 16.1%, Spain 13.6%, China 7.3%, Italy 6.7%, Saudi
Arabia 6.4%, Germany 5.9%, US 4.5%, Netherlands 4.1% (2007)
Mozambique
South Africa 36.7%, Australia 8.5%, China 4.6% (2007)
Namibia
South Africa 85.2%, US (2006)
Nauru
South Korea 43.8%, Australia 36.2%, US 5.9%, Germany 4.3%
(2006)
Nepal
India 58.9%, China 13.6%, Japan 1.6% (2007)
Netherlands
Germany 17.7%, China 10.5%, Belgium 9.3%, US 7.3%, UK
5.8%, Russia 5.1%, France 4.4% (2007)
Netherlands Antilles
Venezuela 59.1%, US 17.7%, Brazil 7.1% (2007)
New Caledonia
France 36.7%, Singapore 14.7%, Australia 12.1%, NZ
5.2%, Germany 4.6% (2007)
New Zealand
Australia 20.7%, China 13.4%, US 9.7%, Japan 9.5%,
Singapore 4.9%, Germany 4.7% (2007)
Nicaragua
US 22.5%, Mexico 13.5%, Costa Rica 8.4%, Venezuela 6.4%,
Guatemala 6.2%, El Salvador 4.8% (2007)
Niger
France 15.9%, French Polynesia 8.8%, Nigeria 8.6%, Belgium
8.6%, US 6.9%, Cote d'Ivoire 5.6% (2007)
Nigeria
China 10.6%, Netherlands 7.9%, US 7.8%, South Korea 6.6%, UK
5.7%, France 4.3%, Brazil 4.2%, Germany 4.1% (2007)
Niue
New Zealand mainly, Fiji, Japan, Samoa, Australia, US (2006)
Norfolk Island
Australia, other Pacific island countries, NZ, Asia,
Europe (2006)
Northern Mariana Islands
US, Japan (2006)
Norway
Sweden 14.7%, Germany 13.6%, UK 6.9%, Denmark 6.4%, China
6.1%, US 4.8%, Canada 4.3% (2007)
Oman
UAE 19.3%, Japan 17.6%, US 7.4%, Germany 5.2%, India 4.1% (2007)
Pakistan
China 16.2%, Saudi Arabia 10.9%, UAE 10.1%, US 5.7%, Kuwait
4.9%, Japan 4.4% (2007)
Palau
US, Singapore, Japan, South Korea (2006)
Panama
US 32.8%, Netherlands Antilles 7.6%, China 5.6%, Japan 5.1%,
Costa Rica 5.1%, South Korea 4.1% (2007)
Papua New Guinea
Australia 51.3%, Singapore 11.6%, China 7.9%, Japan
5.7% (2007)
Paraguay
Brazil 30.4%, US 22.8%, Argentina 14.4%, China 8.6% (2007)
Peru
US 20.5%, China 10.8%, Brazil 9%, Ecuador 6.1%, Argentina 5.6%,
Chile 5%, Colombia 4.8% (2007)
Philippines
US 14.1%, Japan 12.3%, Singapore 11.2%, Taiwan 7.3%,
China 7.2%, Saudi Arabia 6.4%, South Korea 5.9%, Malaysia 4.1%,
Thailand 4.1% (2007)
Poland
Germany 29%, Russia 8.7%, Italy 6.6%, Netherlands 5.7%,
France 5.1%, China 4.2% (2007)
Portugal
Spain 29.5%, Germany 12.9%, France 8.4%, Italy 5.2%,
Netherlands 4.6% (2007)
Puerto Rico
US 55.0%, Ireland 23.7%, Japan 5.4% (2006)
Qatar
US 13.3%, Italy 10.8%, Japan 8.9%, France 7.9%, Germany 7.3%,
UK 5.7%, South Korea 5.6%, UAE 5.1%, Saudi Arabia 4.3% (2007)
Romania
Germany 17.2%, Italy 12.8%, Hungary 6.9%, Russia 6.3%,
France 6.2%, Turkey 5.4%, Austria 4.8% (2007)
Russia
Germany 13.3%, China 12.2%, Ukraine 6.7%, Japan 6.4%, US
4.8%, Belarus 4.4%, South Korea 4.4%, Italy 4.3% (2007)
Rwanda
Kenya 19.6%, Uganda 6.9%, Germany 6.2%, Belgium 5.9%, China
5% (2007)
Saint Helena
UK 53.5%, South Africa 14.3%, Spain 10.3%, Tanzania
8.5%, US 4.6% (2006)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
US 47.7%, Trinidad and Tobago 13.3%, UK 5.6%
(2007)
Saint Lucia
Brazil 63.6%, US 10.2%, Trinidad and Tobago 8.2% (2007)
Saint Martin
US, Mexico (2006)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
France 51.3%, Canada 31.8%, Belgium 4.1%
(2006)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Singapore 15.9%, Trinidad and
Tobago 14.9%, Italy 13.3%, US 13%, China 5% (2007)
Samoa
NZ 22.1%, Fiji 17.2%, Singapore 16.1%, Australia 7.9%, Japan
6.8%, Indonesia 5.4%, US 5.3% (2007)
Sao Tome and Principe
Portugal 62.2%, US 11.6%, Gabon 4.5% (2007)
Saudi Arabia
US 12.6%, China 9.4%, Germany 8.8%, Japan 8.1%, Italy
5%, South Korea 4.9%, UK 4.5% (2007)
Senegal
France 22.2%, Netherlands 10%, China 7.4%, UK 6.2%, Thailand
5.2%, Belgium 4.5% (2007)
Seychelles
Saudi Arabia 17.6%, Germany 10.8%, France 8.1%, Spain
7.6%, South Africa 6.4%, Singapore 5.8% (2007)
Sierra Leone
Cote d'Ivoire 10%, China 10%, US 9.5%, UK 6.2%,
Netherlands 5.1%, India 4.7% (2007)
Singapore
Malaysia 13.1%, US 12.5%, China 12.1%, Japan 8.2%, Taiwan
5.9%, Indonesia 5.6%, South Korea 4.9% (2007)
Slovakia
Germany 22.1%, Czech Republic 17.3%, Russia 9.2%, Hungary
6.7%, Austria 5.1%, Poland 4.9%, South Korea 4.7% (2007)
Slovenia
Germany 18.1%, Italy 17.1%, Austria 11.7%, France 5%,
Croatia 4.6% (2007)
Solomon Islands
Singapore 28.2%, Australia 25.4%, Japan 4.6%, NZ
4.5%, Fiji 4% (2007)
Somalia
Djibouti 34.4%, India 9.1%, Kenya 9%, Oman 6%, UAE 5.6%,
Yemen 5.5% (2007)
South Africa
Germany 10.9%, China 10%, Spain 8.2%, US 7.2%, Japan
6.1%, UK 4.5%, Saudi Arabia 4.2% (2007)
Spain
Germany 15.7%, France 12.7%, Italy 8.4%, China 5.8%, UK 4.8%,
Netherlands 4.6% (2007)
Sri Lanka
India 23.1%, Singapore 9.9%, China 8.2%, Iran 7.5%, Hong
Kong 6.4% (2007)
Sudan
China 27.9%, Saudi Arabia 7.5%, India 6.3%, Egypt 5.6%, UAE
5.5%, Japan 4.2% (2007)
Suriname
US 27%, Netherlands 17.3%, Trinidad and Tobago 14.3%, China
5.9%, Japan 5.1% (2007)
Swaziland
South Africa 95.6%, EU 0.9%, Japan 0.9% (2006)
Sweden
Germany 18.4%, Denmark 9.2%, Norway 8.3%, UK 6.8%, Finland
6.1%, Netherlands 5.8%, France 5%, China 4.3%, Belgium 4.1% (2007)
Switzerland
Germany 32.6%, Italy 10.8%, France 9.5%, US 5.8%,
Netherlands 4.6%, Austria 4.2%, UK 4.2% (2007)
Syria
Saudi Arabia 12%, China 8.7%, Egypt 6.2%, Italy 6%, UAE 5.9%,
Ukraine 4.8%, Russia 4.8%, Germany 4.7%, Iran 4.3% (2007)
Taiwan
Japan 22.7%, US 13.3%, China 11.2%, South Korea 6.6%, Saudi
Arabia 4.8%, Singapore 4.6% (2007)
Tajikistan
Russia 32.1%, Kazakhstan 13.1%, China 10.8%, Uzbekistan
8.4% (2007)
Tanzania
China 12%, Kenya 8%, South Africa 7.7%, India 6.9%, UAE
5.9% (2007)
Thailand
Japan 20.3%, China 11.6%, US 6.8%, Malaysia 6.2%, UAE 4.9%,
Singapore 4.5%, Taiwan 4.1% (2007)
Togo
China 36.3%, Estonia 9.6%, US 7.6%, Netherlands 7.3%, France 7%
(2007)
Tokelau
New Zealand (2006)
Tonga
Fiji 32.5%, NZ 27.5%, US 9%, Australia 7.4%, China 5% (2007)
Trinidad and Tobago
US 28.2%, Brazil 11%, Venezuela 8.2%, Colombia
5.4%, Gabon 4.9%, China 4.2% (2007)
Tunisia
France 23.8%, Italy 21.9%, Germany 9.7%, Spain 5%, Libya
4.4% (2007)
Turkey
Russia 13.8%, Germany 10.3%, China 7.8%, Italy 5.9%, US 4.8%,
France 4.6% (2007)
Turkmenistan
UAE 14.3%, Russia 11.6%, Turkey 10.3%, China 9.1%,
Ukraine 8.7%, Iran 7%, Germany 6.5%, US 5.6% (2007)
Turks and Caicos Islands
US, UK (2006)
Tuvalu
Fiji 46.1%, Japan 18.9%, China 18.2%, Australia 7.7%, NZ 4.1%
(2006)
Uganda
Kenya 31.8%, China 7.8%, UAE 7.7%, South Africa 5.9%, India
5.2%, Japan 4.8% (2007)
Ukraine
Russia 23.9%, Germany 11.8%, China 8.5%, Poland 8.1%,
Turkmenistan 5.4% (2007)
United Arab Emirates
China 12.8%, India 10%, US 8.7%, Japan 6.1%,
Germany 5.9%, UK 5.3%, Italy 4.6% (2007)
United Kingdom
Germany 14.2%, US 8.6%, China 7.3%, Netherlands 7.3%,
France 6.9%, Belgium 4.7%, Norway 4.7%, Italy 4.2% (2007)
United States
China 16.9%, Canada 15.7%, Mexico 10.6%, Japan 7.4%,
Germany 4.8% (2007)
Uruguay
Brazil 19.1%, Argentina 17.9%, US 9.5%, China 9.1%, Paraguay
7.7%, Nigeria 4.7% (2007)
Uzbekistan
Russia 30.1%, China 13.3%, South Korea 13%, Germany 6.3%,
Kazakhstan 6.2%, Ukraine 4% (2007)
Vanuatu
Australia 20.7%, Singapore 11.8%, NZ 11.2%, Norway 8.5%, US
8.3%, Fiji 8.1%, China 7.2%, New Caledonia 4.5% (2007)
Venezuela
US 26.6%, Colombia 13.5%, Brazil 9.5%, China 6.7%, Mexico
5.2%, Panama 5% (2007)
Vietnam
China 19.9%, Singapore 12.1%, Taiwan 11%, Japan 9.9%, South
Korea 8.5%, Thailand 6% (2007)
Virgin Islands
US, Puerto Rico (2006)
Wallis and Futuna
France 97%, Australia 2%, NZ 1% (2006)
West Bank
Israel, Jordan, Gaza Strip (2006)
Western Sahara
Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so
trade partners are included in overall Moroccan accounts (2006)
World
China 10.7%, Germany 9.23%, US 8.28%, Japan 5.14%, France
3.99% (2007)
Yemen
UAE 15.1%, China 11.6%, US 7.8%, Saudi Arabia 7.1%, Kuwait
5.3%, Germany 4.8% (2007)
Zambia
South Africa 47.4%, UAE 6.3%, China 6%, India 4.1%, UK 4%
(2007)
Zimbabwe
South Africa 50.7%, China 8.4%, US 4.5%, Botswana 4.3%
(2007)
This page was last updated on 18 December 2008
@2062 Economic aid - donor
Australia
ODA, $2.123 billion (2006)
Austria
ODA, $1.498 billion (2006)
Belgium
ODA, $1.978 billion (2006)
Canada
ODA, $3.9 billion (2007)
Cyprus
$25.9 million (2006)
Denmark
ODA, $2.236 billion (2006)
Finland
ODA, $1.023 billion (2007)
France
ODA, $10.6 billion (2006)
Germany
ODA, $10.44 billion (2006)
Greece
$424 million (2006)
Iceland
$6.7 million (2004)
Ireland
ODA, $1.022 billion (2006)
Italy
ODA, $3.641 billion (2006)
Japan
ODA, $11.19 billion (2006)
Korea, South
ODA, $455.3 million (2006)
Luxembourg
ODA, $291 million (2006)
Netherlands
ODA, $5.452 billion (2006)
New Zealand
ODA, $259 million (2006)
Norway
ODA, $2.954 billion (2006)
Portugal
ODA, $396 million (2006)
Saudi Arabia
since 2002, Saudi Arabia has provided more than $480
million in budgetary support to the Palestinian Authority, supported
Palestinian refugees through contributions to the UN Relief and
Works Agency (UNRWA), provided more than $250 million to Arab League
funds for the Palestinians, and pledged $500 million in assistance
over the next three years at the Donors Conference in Dec 2007;
pledged $230 million to development in Afghanistan; pledged $1
billion in export guarantees and soft loans to Iraq; pledged $133
million in direct grant aid, $187 million in concessional loans, and
$153 million in export credits for Pakistan earthquake relief;
pledged a total of $1.59 billion to Lebanon in assistance and
deposits to the Central Bank of Lebanon in 2006 and pledged an
additional $1.1 billion in early 2007
Spain
ODA, $3.814 billion (2006)
Sweden
ODA, $3.955 billion (2006)
Switzerland
ODA, $1.646 billion (2006)
United Arab Emirates
since its founding in 1971, the Abu Dhabi Fund
for Development has given about $5.2 billion in aid to 56 countries
(2004)
United Kingdom
ODA, $12.46 billion (2006)
United States
ODA, $23.53 billion (2006)
This page was last updated on 13 November 2008
@2063 Constitution
Afghanistan
new constitution drafted 14 December 2003-4 January
2004; signed 16 January 2004
Akrotiri
Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order in
Council 1960, effective 16 August 1960, functions as a basic legal
document
Albania
adopted by popular referendum on 22 November 1998;
promulgated 28 November 1998
Algeria
8 September 1963; revised 19 November 1976, effective 22
November 1976; revised 3 November 1988, 23 February 1989, 28
November 1996, and 12 November 2008
American Samoa
ratified 2 June 1966, effective 1 July 1967
Andorra
Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991,
approved by referendum 14 March 1993, effective 28 April 1993
Angola
adopted by People's Assembly 25 August 1992
Anguilla
Anguilla Constitutional Order 1 April 1982; amended 1990
Antigua and Barbuda
1 November 1981
Argentina
1 May 1853; amended many times starting in 1860
Armenia
adopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995; amendments
adopted through a nationwide referendum 27 November 2005
Aruba
1 January 1986
Australia
9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901
Austria
1920; revised 1929; reinstated 1 May 1945; note - during the
period 1 May 1934-1 May 1945 there was a fascist (corporative)
constitution in place
Azerbaijan
adopted 12 November 1995
Bahamas, The
10 July 1973
Bahrain
adopted 14 February 2002
Bangladesh
4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972; suspended
following coup of 24 March 1982, restored 10 November 1986; amended
many times
Barbados
30 November 1966
Belarus
15 March 1994; revised by national referendum of 24 November
1996 giving the presidency greatly expanded powers and became
effective 27 November 1996; revised again 17 October 2004 removing
presidential term limits
Belgium
7 February 1831; amended many times; revised 14 July 1993 to
create a federal state
Belize
21 September 1981
Benin
adopted by referendum 2 December 1990
Bermuda
8 June 1968; amended 1989 and 2003
Bhutan
ratified 23 July 2008
Bolivia
2 February 1967; revised in August 1994; possible referendum
on new constitution to be held in 2008
Bosnia and Herzegovina
the Dayton Agreement, signed 14 December 1995
in Paris, included a new constitution now in force; note - each of
the entities also has its own constitution
Botswana
March 1965, effective 30 September 1966
Brazil
5 October 1988
British Virgin Islands
13 June 2007
Brunei
29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of
Emergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1
January 1984)
Bulgaria
adopted 12 July 1991
Burkina Faso
2 June 1991 approved by referendum, 11 June 1991
formally adopted; last amended January 2002
Burma
30 May 2008
Burundi
28 February 2005; ratified by popular referendum
Cambodia
promulgated 21 September 1993
Cameroon
20 May 1972 approved by referendum, adopted 2 June 1972;
revised January 1996
Canada
made up of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial
decisions, and traditions; the written part of the constitution
consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a
federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April
1982, which transferred formal control over the constitution from
Britain to Canada, and added a Canadian Charter of Rights and
Freedoms as well as procedures for constitutional amendments
Cape Verde
25 September 1992; a major revision on 23 November 1995
substantially increased the powers of the president; a 1999 revision
created the position of national ombudsman (Provedor de Justica)
Cayman Islands
1959; revised 1962, 1972, and 1994
Central African Republic
ratified by popular referendum 5 December
2004; effective 27 December 2004
Chad
passed by referendum 31 March 1996; a June 2005 referendum
removed constitutional term limits
Chile
11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended 1989,
1991, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2003, and 2005
China
most recent promulgation 4 December 1982
Christmas Island
Christmas Island Act of 1958-59 (1 October 1958) as
amended by the Territories Law Reform Act of 1992
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955 (23
November 1955) as amended by the Territories Law Reform Act of 1992
Colombia
5 July 1991; amended many times
Comoros
23 December 2001
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
18 February 2006
Congo, Republic of the
approved by referendum 20 January 2002
Cook Islands
4 August 1965
Costa Rica
7 November 1949
Cote d'Ivoire
approved by referendum 23 July 2000
Croatia
adopted on 22 December 1990; revised 2000, 2001
Cuba
24 February 1976; amended July 1992 and June 2002
Cyprus
16 August 1960
note: from December 1963, the Turkish Cypriots no longer
participated in the government; negotiations to create the basis for
a new or revised constitution to govern the island and for better
relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held
intermittently since the mid-1960s; in 1975, following the 1974
Turkish intervention, Turkish Cypriots created their own
constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated
State of Cyprus," which became the "Turkish Republic of Northern
Cyprus (TRNC)" when the Turkish Cypriots declared their independence
in 1983; a new constitution for the "TRNC" passed by referendum on 5
May 1985, although the "TRNC" remains unrecognized by any country
other than Turkey
Czech Republic
ratified 16 December 1992, effective 1 January 1993
Denmark
5 June 1953 constitution allowed for a unicameral
legislature and a female chief of state
Dhekelia
Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order in
Council 1960, effective 16 August 1960, functions as a basic legal
document
Djibouti
multiparty constitution approved by referendum 4 September
1992
Dominica
3 November 1978
Dominican Republic
28 November 1966; amended 25 July 2002
Ecuador
10 August 1998
Egypt
11 September 1971; amended 22 May 1980, 25 May 2005, and 26
March 2007
El Salvador
20 December 1983
Equatorial Guinea
approved by national referendum 17 November 1991;
amended January 1995
Eritrea
a transitional constitution, decreed on 19 May 1993, was
replaced by a new constitution adopted on 23 May 1997, but not yet
implemented
Estonia
adopted 28 June 1992
Ethiopia
ratified 8 December 1994, effective 22 August 1995
European Union
based on a series of treaties: the Treaty of Paris,
which set up the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951;
the Treaties of Rome, which set up the European Economic Community
(EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) in 1957;
the Single European Act in 1986; the Treaty on European Union
(Maastricht) in 1992; the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997; and the
Treaty of Nice in 2003; note - a new draft Constitutional Treaty,
signed on 29 October 2004 in Rome, gave member states two years for
ratification either by parliamentary vote or national referendum
before it was scheduled to take effect on 1 November 2006; defeat in
French and Dutch referenda in May-June 2005 dealt a severe setback
to the ratification process; in June 2007, the European Council
agreed on a clear and concise mandate for an Intergovernmental
Conference to form a political agreement and put it into legal form;
this agreement, known as the Reform Treaty, would have served as a
constitution and was presented to the European Council in October
2007 for individual country ratification; it was rejected by Irish
voters in June 2008, again stalling the ratification process
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 3 October 1985; amended 1997 and 1998
Faroe Islands
5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)
Fiji
enacted on 25 July 1997 to encourage multiculturalism and make
multiparty government mandatory; effective 28 July 1998
Finland
1 March 2000
France
adopted by referendum 28 September 1958, effective 4 October
1958
note: amended concerning election of president in 1962; amended to
comply with provisions of 1992 EC Maastricht Treaty, 1997 Amsterdam
Treaty, 2003 Treaty of Nice; amended to tighten immigration laws in
1993; amended in 2000 to change the seven-year presidential term to
a five-year term; amended in 2005 to make the EU constitutional
treaty compatible with the Constitution of France and to ensure that
the decision to ratify EU accession treaties would be made by
referendum
French Polynesia
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Gabon
adopted 14 March 1991
Gambia, The
approved by national referendum 8 August 1996; effective
16 January 1997
Georgia
adopted 24 August 1995
Germany
23 May 1949, known as Basic Law; became constitution of the
united Germany 3 October 1990
Ghana
approved 28 April 1992
Gibraltar
5 June 2006; came into force 2 January 2007
Greece
11 June 1975; amended March 1986 and April 2001
Greenland
5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)
Grenada
19 December 1973
Guam
Organic Act of Guam, 1 August 1950
Guatemala
31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986; note - suspended
25 May 1993 by former President Jorge SERRANO; reinstated 5 June
1993 following ouster of president; amended November 1993
Guernsey
unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
Guinea
23 December 1990 (Loi Fundamentale)
Guinea-Bissau
16 May 1984; amended 4 May 1991, 4 December 1991, 26
February 1993, 9 June 1993, and in 1996
Guyana
6 October 1980
Haiti
approved March 1987; suspended June 1988 with most articles
reinstated March 1989; constitutional government ousted in a
military coup in September 1991, although in October 1991, military
government claimed to be observing the constitution; returned to
constitutional rule in October 1994; constitution, while technically
in force between 2004-2006, was not enforced; returned to
constitutional rule in May 2006
Holy See (Vatican City)
new Fundamental Law promulgated by Pope JOHN
PAUL II on 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001 (replaces
the first Fundamental Law of 1929)
Honduras
11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982; amended many
times
Hong Kong
Basic Law, approved in March 1990 by China's National
People's Congress, is Hong Kong's "mini-constitution"
Hungary
18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949; revised 19 April
1972; 18 October 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals
and constitutional checks on the authority of the prime minister and
also established the principle of parliamentary oversight; 1997
amendment streamlined the judicial system
Iceland
16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944; amended many times
India
26 January 1950; amended many times
Indonesia
August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and
Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959; series of
amendments concluded in 2002
Iran
2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the
presidency and eliminate the prime ministership
Iraq
ratified on 15 October 2005 (subject to review by the
Constitutional Review Committee and a possible public referendum )
Ireland
adopted 1 July 1937 by plebiscite; effective 29 December 1937
Isle of Man
unwritten; note - The Isle of Man Constitution Act of
1961 does not embody the unwritten Manx Constitution
Israel
no formal constitution; some of the functions of a
constitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948),
the Basic Laws of the parliament (Knesset), and the Israeli
citizenship law; note - since May 2003 the Constitution, Law, and
Justice Committee of the Knesset has been working on a draft
constitution
Italy
passed 11 December 1947, effective 1 January 1948; amended
many times
Jamaica
6 August 1962
Japan
3 May 1947
Jersey
unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
Jordan
1 January 1952; amended many times
Kazakhstan
first post-independence constitution adopted 28 January
1993; new constitution adopted by national referendum 30 August 1995
Kenya
12 December 1963; amended as a republic 1964; reissued with
amendments 1979, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1997, 2001; note - a
new draft constitution was defeated by popular referendum in 2005
Kiribati
12 July 1979
Korea, North
adopted 1948; completely revised 27 December 1972,
revised again in April 1992, and September 1998
Korea, South
17 July 1948; note - amended or rewritten nine times;
current constitution approved on 29 October 1987
Kosovo
ratified 9 April 2008; effective 15 June 2008
Kuwait
approved and promulgated 11 November 1962
Kyrgyzstan
adopted 5 May 1993; note - amendment proposed by
President Askar AKAYEV and passed in a national referendum on 2
February 2003 significantly expanded the powers of the president at
the expense of the legislature; during large-scale demonstrations in
November 2006, President BAKIEV and the opposition negotiated a new
constitution granting greater powers to the parliament and the
government; amendments added on 30 December 2006 redistributed some
power back to the president, but both November and December 2006
versions were annulled in September 2007, and a new version was
approved by referendum on 21 October 2007; the BAKIEV-initiated
referendum was criticized by Western observers for voting
irregularities, particularly ballot stuffing
Laos
promulgated 14 August 1991
Latvia
15 February 1922; restored to force by the Constitutional Law
of the Republic of Latvia adopted by the Supreme Council on 21
August 1991; multiple amendments since
Lebanon
23 May 1926; amended a number of times, most recently
Charter of Lebanese National Reconciliation (Ta'if Accord) of
October 1989
Lesotho
2 April 1993
Liberia
6 January 1986
Libya
none; note - following the September 1969 military overthrow
of the Libyan government, the Revolutionary Command Council replaced
the existing constitution with the Constitutional Proclamation in
December 1969; in March 1977, Libya adopted the Declaration of the
Establishment of the People's Authority
Liechtenstein
5 October 1921
Lithuania
adopted 25 October 1992
Luxembourg
17 October 1868; occasional revisions
Macau
Basic Law, approved on 31 March 1993 by China's National
People's Congress, is Macau's "mini-constitution"
Macedonia
adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991;
amended November 2001 by a series of new constitutional amendments
strengthening minority rights and in 2005 with amendments related to
the judiciary
Madagascar
19 August 1992 by national referendum
Malawi
18 May 1994
Malaysia
31 August 1957 (amended many times, latest in 2007)
Maldives
new constitution ratified 7 August 2008
Mali
adopted 12 January 1992
Malta
1964 constitution; amended many times
Marshall Islands
1 May 1979
Mauritania
12 July 1991
Mauritius
12 March 1968; amended 12 March 1992
Mayotte
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Mexico
5 February 1917
Micronesia, Federated States of
10 May 1979
Moldova
new constitution adopted 29 July 1994, effective 27 August
1994; replaced old Soviet constitution of 1979
Monaco
17 December 1962
Mongolia
12 February 1992
Montenegro
19 October 2007 (approved by the Assembly)
Montserrat
effective 19 December 1989
Morocco
10 March 1972; revised 4 September 1992, amended (to create
bicameral legislature) September 1996
Mozambique
30 November 1990
Namibia
ratified 9 February 1990, effective 12 March 1990
Nauru
29 January 1968; amended 17 May 1968 (Constitution Day)
Nepal
9 November 1990; note - a new interim constitution was
promulgated in January 2007; the November 2006 peace agreement calls
for the election of a Constituent Assembly to draft a new permanent
constitution
Netherlands
adopted 1815; amended many times, most recently in 2002
Netherlands Antilles
29 December 1954, Statute of the Realm of the
Netherlands, as amended
New Caledonia
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
New Zealand
consists of a series of legal documents, including
certain acts of the UK and New Zealand Parliaments, as well as The
Constitution Act 1986, which is the principal formal charter;
adopted 1 January 1987, effective 1 January 1987
Nicaragua
9 January 1987; reforms in 1995, 2000, and 2005
Niger
new constitution adopted 18 July 1999
Nigeria
new constitution adopted 5 May 1999; effective 29 May 1999
Niue
19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act)
Norfolk Island
Norfolk Island Act of 1979, as amended in 2005
Northern Mariana Islands
Constitution of the Commonwealth of the
Northern Mariana Islands effective 1 January 1978; Covenant
Agreement fully effective 4 November 1986
Norway
17 May 1814; amended many times
Oman
none; note - on 6 November 1996, Sultan QABOOS issued a royal
decree promulgating a basic law considered by the government to be a
constitution which, among other things, clarifies the royal
succession, provides for a prime minister, bars ministers from
holding interests in companies doing business with the government,
establishes a bicameral legislature, and guarantees basic civil
liberties for Omani citizens
Pakistan
12 April 1973; suspended 5 July 1977, restored 30 December
1985; suspended 15 October 1999, restored in stages in 2002; amended
31 December 2003; suspended 3 November 2007; restored on 15 December
2007
Palau
1 January 1981
Panama
11 October 1972; major reforms adopted 1978, 1983, 1994, and
2004
Papua New Guinea
16 September 1975
Paraguay
promulgated 20 June 1992
Peru
29 December 1993
Philippines
2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987
Pitcairn Islands
30 November 1838; reformed 1904 with additional
reforms in 1940; further refined by the Local Government Ordinance
of 1964
Poland
adopted by the National Assembly 2 April 1997; passed by
national referendum 25 May 1997; effective 17 October 1997
Portugal
adopted 2 April 1976; note - subsequent revisions of the
Constitution placed the military under strict civilian control,
trimmed the powers of the president, and laid the groundwork for a
stable, pluralistic liberal democracy; as well, they allowed for the
privatization of nationalized firms and the government-owned
communications media
Puerto Rico
ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July
1952; effective 25 July 1952
Qatar
ratified by public referendum on 29 April 2003, endorsed by
the Amir on 8 June 2004, effective on 9 June 2005
Romania
8 December 1991; revision effective 29 October 2003
Russia
adopted 12 December 1993
Rwanda
new constitution passed by referendum 26 May 2003
Saint Barthelemy
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Saint Helena
1 January 1989
Saint Kitts and Nevis
19 September 1983
Saint Lucia
22 February 1979
Saint Martin
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
27 October 1979
Samoa
1 January 1962
San Marino
8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the
functions of a constitution
Sao Tome and Principe
approved March 1990, effective 10 September
1990
Saudi Arabia
governed according to Islamic law; the Basic Law that
articulates the government's rights and responsibilities was
promulgated by royal decree in 1992
Senegal
adopted 7 January 2001
Serbia
adopted 8 November 2006; effective 10 November 2006
Seychelles
18 June 1993
Sierra Leone
1 October 1991; subsequently amended several times
Singapore
3 June 1959; amended 1965 (based on preindependence State
of Singapore Constitution)
Slovakia
ratified 1 September 1992, effective 1 January 1993;
changed in September 1998 to allow direct election of the president;
amended February 2001 to allow Slovakia to apply for NATO and EU
membership
Slovenia
adopted 23 December 1991
Solomon Islands
7 July 1978
Somalia
25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979
note: the formation of transitional governing institutions, known as
the Transitional Federal Government, is currently ongoing
South Africa
10 December 1996; this new constitution was certified
by the Constitutional Court on 4 December 1996, was signed by then
President MANDELA on 10 December 1996, and entered into effect on 4
February 1997
Spain
approved by legislature 31 October 1978; passed by referendum
6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978
Sri Lanka
adopted 16 August 1978, certified 31 August 1978
Sudan
constitution implemented on 30 June 1998, partially suspended
12 December 1999 by President BASHIR; under the CPA, Interim
National Constitution ratified 5 July 2005; Constitution of Southern
Sudan signed December 2005
Suriname
ratified 30 September 1987; effective 30 October 1987
Swaziland
signed by the King in July 2005 went into effect on 8
February 2006
Sweden
1 January 1975
Switzerland
revision of Constitution of 1874 approved by the Federal
Parliament 18 December 1998, adopted by referendum 18 April 1999,
officially entered into force 1 January 2000
Syria
13 March 1973
Taiwan
25 December 1947; amended in 1992, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2000,
2005
note: constitution adopted on 25 December 1946; went into effect on
25 December 1947
Tajikistan
6 November 1994
Tanzania
25 April 1977; major revisions October 1984
Thailand
constitution signed by King PHUMIPHON (BHUMIBOL) on 24
August 2007
Timor-Leste
22 March 2002 (based on the Portuguese model)
Togo
multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of the
Republic 1 July 1992, adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992
Tokelau
administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948; amended
in 1970
Tonga
4 November 1875; revised 1 January 1967
Trinidad and Tobago
1 August 1976
Tunisia
1 June 1959; amended 1988, 2002
Turkey
7 November 1982
Turkmenistan
adopted 18 May 1992
Turks and Caicos Islands
Turks and Caicos Islands Constitution Order
2006 (effective 9 August 2006)
Tuvalu
1 October 1978
Uganda
8 October 1995; in 2005 the constitution was amended removing
presidential term limits and legalizing a multiparty political system
Ukraine
adopted 28 June 1996
United Arab Emirates
2 December 1971; made permanent in 1996
United Kingdom
unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and
practice
United States
17 September 1787, effective 4 March 1789
Uruguay
27 November 1966, effective 15 February 1967; suspended 27
June 1973, new constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980;
two constitutional reforms approved by plebiscite 26 November 1989
and 7 January 1997
Uzbekistan
adopted 8 December 1992
Vanuatu
30 July 1980
Venezuela
30 December 1999
Vietnam
15 April 1992
Virgin Islands
Revised Organic Act of 22 July 1954
Wallis and Futuna
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Yemen
16 May 1991; amended 29 September 1994 and February 2001
Zambia
24 August 1991; amended in 1996 to establish presidential
term limits
Zimbabwe
21 December 1979
This page was last updated on 18 December 2008
@2064 Economic aid - recipient
Afghanistan $2.775 billion (2005)
Albania ODA: $318.7 million note: top donors were Italy, EU, Germany (2005 est.)
Algeria
$370.6 million (2005 est.)
American Samoa
important financial support from the US, more than
$40 million in 1994
Andorra
$0
Angola
$441.8 million (2005)
Anguilla
$9 million (2004 est.)
Antigua and Barbuda
$7.23 million (2005)
Argentina
$99.66 million (2005)
Armenia
ODA, $180 million (2007)
Aruba
$11.3 million (2004)
Azerbaijan
ODA, $223.4 million (2005 est.)
Bahamas, The
$4.78 million (2004)
Bahrain
$103.9 million (2004)
Bangladesh
$1.321 billion (2005)
Barbados
$2.07 million (2005)
Belarus
$53.76 million (2005)
Belize
$12.91 million (2005)
Benin
$374.7 million (2006)
Bermuda
$90,000 (2004)
Bhutan
$941.2 million; note - substantial aid from India (2006)
Bolivia
$582.9 million (2005 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
$546.1 million (2005 est.)
Botswana
$70.89 million (2005)
Brazil
$191.9 million (2005)
British Virgin Islands
$NA
Brunei
$770,000 (2004)
Bulgaria
$742 million (2005-06 est.)
Burkina Faso
$659.6 million (2005)
Burma
$144.7 million (2005 est.)
Burundi
$365 million (2005)
Cambodia
$698.2 million pledged in grants and concession loans for
2007 by international donors (2007)
Cameroon
$413.8 million (2005)
Cape Verde
$160.6 million (2005)
Cayman Islands
$390,000 (2004)
Central African Republic
ODA, $95.29 million; note - traditional
budget subsidies from France (2005 est.)
Chad
ODA, $379.8 million (2005)
Chile
$0 (2006)
China
$1.641 billion (FY07)
Christmas Island
$NA
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
$NA
Colombia
$511.1 million (2005)
Comoros
$25.23 million (2005 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
$1.828 billion (2005)
Congo, Republic of the
$1.449 billion (2005)
Cook Islands
$13.1 million; note - New Zealand continues to furnish
the greater part (1995)
Costa Rica
$29.51 million (2005)
Cote d'Ivoire
ODA, $60 million (2007 est.)
Croatia
ODA, $125.4 million (2005)
Cuba
$87.8 million (2005 est.)
Cyprus
$15 million (2006)
Czech Republic
$278.7 million in available EU structural adjustment
and cohesion funds (2004)
Djibouti
$78.6 million (2005)
Dominica
$15.17 million (2005 est.)
Dominican Republic
$76.99 million (2005)
Ecuador
$209.5 million (2005)
Egypt
ODA, $925.9 million (2005)
El Salvador
$267.6 million of which $55 million from US (2005)
Equatorial Guinea
$39 million (2005)
Eritrea
$355.2 million (2005)
Estonia
$135.5 million (2004)
Ethiopia
$1.6 billion (FY05/06)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
$0 (1997 est.)
Faroe Islands
$105 million; note - annual subsidy from Denmark (2005)
Fiji
$63.96 million (2005)
French Polynesia
$579.8 million (2004)
Gabon
$53.87 million (2005)
Gambia, The
$58.15 million (2005)
Gaza Strip
$1.4 billion; (includes West Bank) (2006 est.)
Georgia
ODA, $309.8 million (2005 est.)
Ghana
$1.316 billion in loans and grants (2007)
Gibraltar
$NA
Greece
$8 billion annually from EU (2000-06); Greece will receive
about $3.8 billion per year between 2007-13 under the EU's Community
Support Funds IV
Greenland
$512 million; note - subsidy from Denmark (2005)
Grenada
$44.87 million (2005)
Guam
Guam receives large transfer payments from the US Federal
Treasury into which Guamanians pay no income or excise taxes; under
the provisions of a special law of Congress, the Guam Treasury,
rather than the US Treasury, receives federal income taxes paid by
military and civilian Federal employees stationed in Guam (2001 est.)
Guatemala
$253.6 million (2005 est.)
Guernsey
$NA
Guinea
$182.1 million (2005)
Guinea-Bissau
$79.12 million (2005)
Guyana
$136.8 million (2005)
Haiti
$515 million (2005 est.)
Honduras
$680.8 million (2005)
Hong Kong
$6.95 million (2004)
Hungary
$302.6 million (2004)
India
$1.724 billion (2005)
Indonesia
ODA, $2.524 billion (2006 est.)
note: Indonesia ended 2006 with $67 billion in official foreign debt
(about 25% of GDP), with Japan ($25 billion), the World Bank ($8.5
billion) and the Asian Development Bank ($8.4 billion) as the
largest creditors; about $6 billion in grant assistance was pledged
to rebuild Aceh after the December 2004 tsunami; President YUDHOYONO
disbanded the Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI) donor forum in
January 2007
Iran
$104 million (2005 est.)
Iraq
$21.65 billion (2005)
Isle of Man
$NA
Israel
$240 million from US (FY06)
Jamaica
$35.74 million (2005)
Jordan
ODA, $752 million (2005 est.)
Kazakhstan
$229.2 million (2005)
Kenya
$768.3 million (2005)
Kiribati
$27.84 million largely from UK and Japan (2005)
Korea, North
$372 million
note: approximately 65,000 metric tons in food aid through the World
Food Program appeals in 2007, plus additional aid from bilateral
donors and non-governmental organizations (2007 est.)
Korea, South
$68.07 million (2004)
Kosovo
$324 million (2007)
Kuwait
$2.6 million (2004)
Kyrgyzstan
$268.5 million from the US (2005)
Laos
$379 million (2006 est.)
Latvia
$162 million (2004)
Lebanon
of the $7.6 billion in grants and loans pledged to Lebanon
at the Paris III conference in January 2007, Beirut as of
mid-December 2007 had signed agreements for $3 billion, including $1
billion in project financing, $750 million in direct budget support,
$750 million in private sector credit, and $285 million in in-kind
aid; about $500 million of the $1.7 billion pledged for direct
budget support has been disbursed to Lebanon; donors in August 2006
also pledged nearly $1.8 billion in aid to help Lebanon recover from
the 2006 Israel-Hizballah war; during the conflict, Saudi Arabia and
Kuwait provided $1.5 billion in concessional loans to the Lebanese
central bank to maintain confidence in the Lebanese currency. (2005)
Lesotho
$68.82 million (2005)
Liberia
$236.2 million (2005)
Libya
ODA, $24.44 million (2005 est.)
Lithuania
$249.7 million (2004)
Macau
$13.7 million (2004)
Macedonia
$230.3 million (2005)
Madagascar
$929.2 million (2005)
Malawi
$575.3 million (2005)
Malaysia
$31.6 million (2005)
Maldives
$66.83 million (2005)
Mali
$691.5 million (2005)
Malta
$6.19 million (2004)
Marshall Islands
$56.56 million (2005)
Mauritania
$190.4 million (2005)
Mauritius
$31.93 million (2005)
Mayotte
$201.3 million; note - extensive French financial assistance
(2005)
Mexico
$189.4 million (2005)
Micronesia, Federated States of
$106.4 million (2005)
Moldova
$191.8 million (2005)
Monaco
$NA
Mongolia
$159.5 million (2006)
Montenegro
$NA
Montserrat
Country Policy Plan (2001) is a three-year program for
spending $122.8 million in British budgetary assistance (2002 est.)
Morocco
ODA, $651.8 million (2005)
Mozambique
$1.286 billion (2005)
Namibia
ODA, $123.4 million (2005 est.)
Nauru
$20 million mostly from Australia (2005)
Nepal
$427.9 million (2005)
Netherlands Antilles
$21.32 million (2004)
New Caledonia
$524.3 million annual subsidy from France (2004)
Nicaragua
$471 million (2006 est.)
Niger
$515.4 million (2005)
Nigeria
$6.437 billion (2005)
Niue
$2.6 million from New Zealand (2002)
Norfolk Island
$NA
Northern Mariana Islands
extensive funding from US
Oman
$30.68 million (2005)
Pakistan
$1.666 billion (2005)
Palau
$23.46 million (2005)
Panama
$19.54 million (2005)
Papua New Guinea
$266.1 million (2005)
Paraguay
$51.09 million (2005)
Peru
$397.8 million (2005)
Philippines
ODA, $451.4 million in commitments (2006)
Pitcairn Islands
$3.465 million (2004)
Poland
$1.524 billion in available EU structural adjustment and
cohesion funds (2004)
Puerto Rico
$NA
Qatar
$2.18 million (2004)
Romania
$914.3 million (2004)
Russia
$982.7 million in FY06 from US, including $847 million in
non-proliferation subsidies
Rwanda
$576 million (2005)
Saint Helena
$29.56 million obtained in a grant from the United
Kingdom (FY06/07)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
$3.52 million (2005)
Saint Lucia
$11.06 million (2005)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
approximately $60 million in annual grants
from France
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
$4.89 million (1995); note - EU
$34.5 million (2005)
Samoa
$43.95 million (2005)
San Marino
$NA
Sao Tome and Principe
$31.9 million in December 2000 under the
Heavily Indebted Poor Country Initiative (HIPC) program (2005)
Saudi Arabia
$26.29 million (2005)
Senegal
$477 million (2007 est.)
Serbia
$2 billion pledged in 2001 to Serbia and Montenegro
(disbursements to follow over several years; some aid pledged by EU
and US has been placed on hold because of lack of cooperation by
Serbia in handing over General Ratko MLADIC to the criminal court in
The Hague)
Seychelles
$18.81 million (2005)
Sierra Leone
$343.4 million (2005 est.)
Singapore
$0 (2007)
Slovakia
$235 million in available EU structural adjustment and
cohesion funds (2004)
Slovenia
ODA, $484 million (2004-06)
Solomon Islands
$198.2 million annually, mainly from Australia (2005
est.)
Somalia
$236.4 million (2005 est.)
South Africa
$700 million (2005)
Sri Lanka
$1.189 billion (2005)
Sudan
$1.829 billion (2005)
Suriname
$43.97 million (2005)
Svalbard
$8.2 million from Norway (1998)
Swaziland
$46.03 million (2005)
Syria
$213 million (2008 est.)
Tajikistan
$241.4 million from US (2005)
Tanzania
$1.505 billion (2005)
Thailand
$171.1 million (2005)
Timor-Leste
$184.7 million (2005 est.)
Togo
ODA, $86.71 million (2005 est.)
Tonga
$31.75 million (2005)
Trinidad and Tobago
$200,000 (2007 est.)
Tunisia
$376.5 million (2005)
Turkey
ODA, $464 million (2005)
Turkmenistan
$28.25 million from the US (2005)
Turks and Caicos Islands
$4.1 million (1997)
Tuvalu $10.49 million note: includes distributions from the Tuvalu Trust Fund (2006)
Uganda
$1.198 billion (2005)
Ukraine
$409.6 million (1995); IMF Extended Funds Facility $2.2
billion (2005)
United Arab Emirates
$5.36 million (2004)
Uruguay
$14.62 million (2005)
Uzbekistan
$172.3 million from the US (2005)
Vanuatu
$39.48 million (2005)
Venezuela
$48.66 million (2005)
Vietnam
$5.4 billion in credits and grants pledged by the 2007
Consultative Group meeting in Hanoi (2007)
Virgin Islands
$NA
Wallis and Futuna
assistance from France, $NA
West Bank
$1.4 billion; (includes Gaza Strip) (2006 est.)
Western Sahara
$NA
World
ODA, $106.4 billion (2005)
Yemen
$2.3 billion (2003-07 disbursements)
Zambia
$504 million (2007)
Zimbabwe
$367.7 million (2005 est.)
This page was last updated on 13 November 2008
@2065 Currency (code)
Afghanistan
afghani (AFA)
Akrotiri
euro (EUR) adopted 1 January 2008; note - the Cypriot pound
(CYP) formerly used
Albania
lek (ALL)
note: the plural of lek is leke
Algeria
Algerian dinar (DZD)
American Samoa
US dollar (USD)
Andorra
euro (EUR)
Angola
kwanza (AOA)
Anguilla
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Antigua and Barbuda
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Argentina
Argentine peso (ARS)
Armenia
dram (AMD)
Aruba
Aruban guilder/florin (AWG)
Australia
Australian dollar (AUD)
Austria
euro (EUR)
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani manat (AZN)
Bahamas, The
Bahamian dollar (BSD)
Bahrain
Bahraini dinar (BHD)
Bangladesh
taka (BDT)
Barbados
Barbadian dollar (BBD)
Belarus
Belarusian ruble (BYB/BYR)
Belgium
euro (EUR)
Belize
Belizean dollar (BZD)
Benin
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Bermuda
Bermudian dollar (BMD)
Bhutan
ngultrum (BTN); Indian rupee (INR)
Bolivia
boliviano (BOB)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
konvertibilna marka (convertible mark) (BAM)
Botswana
pula (BWP)
Brazil
real (BRL)
British Indian Ocean Territory
US Dollar (USD)
British Virgin Islands
US dollar (USD)
Brunei
Bruneian dollar (BND)
Bulgaria
lev (BGN)
Burkina Faso
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Burma
kyat (MMK)
Burundi
Burundi franc (BIF)
Cambodia
riel (KHR)
Cameroon
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note -
responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Canada
Canadian dollar (CAD)
Cape Verde
Cape Verdean escudo (CVE)
Cayman Islands
Caymanian dollar (KYD)
Central African Republic
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc
(XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central
African States
Chad
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible
authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Chile
Chilean peso (CLP)
China
Renminbi (RMB); note - also referred to by the unit yuan (CNY)
Christmas Island
Australian dollar (AUD)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Australian dollar (AUD)
Colombia
Colombian peso (COP)
Comoros
Comoran franc (KMF)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congolese franc (CDF)
Congo, Republic of the
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF);
note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African
States
Cook Islands
NZ dollar (NZD)
Costa Rica
Costa Rican colon (CRC)
Cote d'Ivoire
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Croatia
kuna (HRK)
Cuba
Cuban peso (CUP) and Convertible peso (CUC)
Cyprus
Cypriot pound (CYP); euro (EUR) after 1 January 2008
Czech Republic
Czech koruna (CZK)
Denmark
Danish krone (DKK)
Dhekelia
euro (EUR) adopted 1 January 2008; note - the Cypriot pound
(CYP) formerly used
Djibouti
Djiboutian franc (DJF)
Dominica
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Dominican Republic
Dominican peso (DOP)
Ecuador
US dollar (USD)
Egypt
Egyptian pound (EGP)
El Salvador
US dollar (USD)
Equatorial Guinea
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note
- responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Eritrea
nakfa (ERN)
Estonia
Estonian kroon (EEK)
Ethiopia
birr (ETB)
European Union
euro, British pound, Bulgarian lev, Czech koruna,
Danish krone, Estonian kroon, Hungarian forint, Latvian lat,
Lithuanian litas, Polish zloty, Romanian leu, Slovak koruna, Swedish
krona
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Falkland pound (FKP)
Faroe Islands
Danish krone (DKK)
Fiji
Fijian dollar (FJD)
Finland
euro (EUR)
France
euro (EUR)
French Polynesia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)
Gabon
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note -
responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Gambia, The
dalasi (GMD)
Gaza Strip
new Israeli shekel (ILS)
Georgia
lari (GEL)
Germany
euro (EUR)
Ghana
Ghana cedi (GHC)
Gibraltar
Gibraltar pound (GIP)
Greece
euro (EUR)
Greenland
Danish krone (DKK)
Grenada
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Guam
US dollar (USD)
Guatemala
quetzal (GTQ), US dollar (USD), others allowed
Guernsey
Guernsey pound
note: the British pound is also legal tender
Guinea
Guinean franc (GNF)
Guinea-Bissau
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Guyana
Guyanese dollar (GYD)
Haiti
gourde (HTG)
Holy See (Vatican City)
euro (EUR)
Honduras
lempira (HNL)
Hong Kong
Hong Kong dollar (HKD)
Hungary
forint (HUF)
Iceland
Icelandic krona (ISK)
India
Indian rupee (INR)
Indonesia
Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
Iran
Iranian rial (IRR)
Iraq
New Iraqi dinar (NID) as of 22 January 2004
Ireland
euro (EUR)
Isle of Man
Isle of Man pound (IMP), also known as the Manx pound
note: the British pound is also legal tender, but change is given in
IMP
Israel
new Israeli shekel (ILS); note - NIS is the currency
abbreviation; ILS is the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) code for the NIS
Italy
euro (EUR)
Jamaica
Jamaican dollar (JMD)
Japan
yen (JPY)
Jersey
Jersey pound
note: the British pound is also legal tender
Jordan
Jordanian dinar (JOD)
Kazakhstan
tenge (KZT)
Kenya
Kenyan shilling (KES)
Kiribati
Australian dollar (AUD)
Korea, North
North Korean won (KPW)
Korea, South
South Korean won (KRW)
Kosovo
euro (EUR); Serbian Dinar (RSD) is also in circulation
Kuwait
Kuwaiti dinar (KD)
Kyrgyzstan
som (KGS)
Laos
kip (LAK)
Latvia
lat (LVL)
Lebanon
Lebanese pound (LBP)
Lesotho
loti (LSL); South African rand (ZAR)
Liberia
Liberian dollar (LRD)
Libya
Libyan dinar (LYD)
Liechtenstein
Swiss franc (CHF)
Lithuania
litas (LTL)
Luxembourg
euro (EUR)
Macau
pataca (MOP)
Macedonia
Macedonian denar (MKD)
Madagascar
ariary (MGA)
Malawi
Malawian kwacha (MWK)
Malaysia
ringgit (MYR)
Maldives
rufiyaa (MVR)
Mali
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible
authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Malta
euro (EUR) as of 1 January 2008; Maltese lira (MTL) before then
Marshall Islands
US dollar (USD)
Mauritania
ouguiya (MRO)
Mauritius
Mauritian rupee (MUR)
Mayotte
euro (EUR)
Mexico
Mexican peso (MXN)
Micronesia, Federated States of
US dollar (USD)
Moldova
Moldovan leu (MDL)
Monaco
euro (EUR)
Mongolia
togrog/tugrik (MNT)
Montenegro
euro (EUR)
Montserrat
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Morocco
Moroccan dirham (MAD)
Mozambique
metical (MZM)
Namibia
Namibian dollar (NAD); South African rand (ZAR)
Nauru
Australian dollar (AUD)
Nepal
Nepalese rupee (NPR)
Netherlands
euro (EUR)
Netherlands Antilles
Netherlands Antillean guilder (ANG)
New Caledonia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)
New Zealand
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Nicaragua
gold cordoba (NIO)
Niger
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Nigeria
naira (NGN)
Niue
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Norfolk Island
Australian dollar (AUD)
Northern Mariana Islands
US dollar (USD)
Norway
Norwegian krone (NOK)
Oman
Omani rial (OMR)
Pakistan
Pakistani rupee (PKR)
Palau
US dollar (USD)
Panama
balboa (PAB); US dollar (USD)
Papua New Guinea
kina (PGK)
Paraguay
guarani (PYG)
Peru
nuevo sol (PEN)
Philippines
Philippine peso (PHP)
Pitcairn Islands
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Poland
zloty (PLN)
Portugal
euro (EUR)
Puerto Rico
US dollar (USD)
Qatar
Qatari rial (QAR)
Romania
"new" leu (RON) was introduced in 2005; "old" leu (ROL) was
phased out in 2006; note - because of currency revaluation, 10,000
ROL = 1 RON
Russia
Russian ruble (RUB)
Rwanda
Rwandan franc (RWF)
Saint Barthelemy
euro (EUR); note - US dollar (USD) widely used
Saint Helena
Saint Helenian pound (SHP)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Saint Lucia
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Saint Martin
euro (EUR); note - US dollar (USD) widely used
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
euro (EUR)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Samoa
tala (SAT)
San Marino
euro (EUR)
Sao Tome and Principe
dobra (STD)
Saudi Arabia
Saudi riyal (SAR)
Senegal
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Serbia
Serbian dinar (RSD)
Seychelles
Seychelles rupee (SCR)
Sierra Leone
leone (SLL)
Singapore
Singapore dollar (SGD)
Slovakia
Slovak koruna (SKK)
Slovenia
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 2007, the euro became Slovenia's currency; both
the tolar and the euro were in circulation from 1 January until 15
January 2007
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands dollar (SBD)
Somalia
Somali shilling (SOS)
South Africa
rand (ZAR)
Spain
euro (EUR)
Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan rupee (LKR)
Sudan
Sudanese pounds (SDG)
Suriname
Surinam dollar (SRD)
Svalbard
Norwegian krone (NOK)
Swaziland
lilangeni (SZL)
Sweden
Swedish krona (SEK)
Switzerland
Swiss franc (CHF)
Syria
Syrian pound (SYP)
Taiwan
New Taiwan dollar (TWD)
Tajikistan
somoni (TJS)
Tanzania
Tanzanian shilling (TZS)
Thailand
baht (THB)
Timor-Leste
US dollar (USD)
Togo
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible
authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Tokelau
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Tonga
pa'anga (TOP)
Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TTD)
Tunisia
Tunisian dinar (TND)
Turkey
Turkish lira (TRY); old Turkish lira (TRL) before 1 January
2005
Turkmenistan
Turkmen manat (TMM)
Turks and Caicos Islands
US dollar (USD)
Tuvalu
Australian dollar (AUD); note - there is also a Tuvaluan
dollar
Uganda
Ugandan shilling (UGX)
Ukraine
hryvnia (UAH)
United Arab Emirates
Emirati dirham (AED)
United Kingdom
British pound (GBP)
United States
US dollar (USD)
Uruguay
Uruguayan peso (UYU)
Uzbekistan
soum (UZS)
Vanuatu
vatu (VUV)
Venezuela
bolivar (VEB)
Vietnam
dong (VND)
Virgin Islands
US dollar (USD)
Wallis and Futuna
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)
West Bank
new Israeli shekel (ILS); Jordanian dinar (JOD)
Western Sahara
Moroccan dirham (MAD)
Yemen
Yemeni rial (YER)
Zambia
Zambian kwacha (ZMK)
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwean dollar (ZWD)
This page was last updated on 18 December 2008
@2066 Death rate (deaths/1,000 population)
Afghanistan
19.56 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Albania
5.44 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Algeria
4.62 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
American Samoa
4.13 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Andorra
5.59 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Angola
24.44 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Anguilla
4.39 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Antigua and Barbuda
6.14 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Argentina
7.43 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Armenia
8.34 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Aruba
7.65 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Australia
6.68 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Austria
9.91 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Azerbaijan
8.32 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Bahamas, The
9.22 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Bahrain
4.29 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Bangladesh
8 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Barbados
8.58 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Belarus
13.92 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Belgium
10.38 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Belize
5.77 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Benin
9.69 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Bermuda
7.98 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Bhutan
7.54 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Bolivia
7.35 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
8.54 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Botswana
14.02 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Brazil
6.35 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
British Virgin Islands
4.37 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Brunei
3.28 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Bulgaria
14.3 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Burkina Faso
13.59 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Burma
9.23 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Burundi
12.91 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Cambodia
8.16 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Cameroon
12.41 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Canada
7.61 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Cape Verde
6.26 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Cayman Islands
4.83 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Central African Republic
18.04 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Chad
16.39 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Chile
5.77 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
China
7.03 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Christmas Island
NA (2008 est.)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA (2008 est.)
Colombia
5.54 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Comoros
7.76 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 11.88 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Congo, Republic of the
12.28 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Cook Islands
NA (2008 est.)
Costa Rica
4.31 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire
11.17 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Croatia
11.66 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Cuba
7.19 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Cyprus
7.76 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Czech Republic
10.69 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Denmark
10.25 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Djibouti
19.16 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Dominica
8.32 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Dominican Republic
5.3 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Ecuador
4.21 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Egypt
5.09 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
El Salvador
5.53 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Equatorial Guinea
9.72 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Eritrea
8.63 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Estonia
13.35 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Ethiopia
11.83 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
European Union
10.39 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA (2008 est.)
Faroe Islands
8.67 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Fiji
5.66 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Finland
10 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
France
8.48 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
French Polynesia
4.67 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Gabon
12.59 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Gambia, The
11.74 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Gaza Strip
3.53 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Georgia
9.51 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Germany
10.8 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Ghana
9.39 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Gibraltar
9.46 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Greece
10.42 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Greenland
8.23 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Grenada
6.31 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Guam
4.65 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Guatemala
5.19 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Guernsey
10.09 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Guinea
11.29 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Guinea-Bissau
16.05 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Guyana
8.29 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Haiti
10.15 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Honduras
5.36 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Hong Kong
6.6 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Hungary
12.99 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Iceland
6.81 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
India
6.4 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Indonesia
6.24 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Iran
5.69 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Iraq
5.14 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Ireland
7.77 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Isle of Man
11.02 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Israel
5.41 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Italy
10.61 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Jamaica
6.37 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Japan
9.26 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Jersey
9.36 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Jordan
2.72 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Kazakhstan
9.39 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Kenya
10.3 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Kiribati
7.97 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Korea, North
7.29 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Korea, South
5.73 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Kuwait
2.37 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Kyrgyzstan
6.97 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Laos
11.02 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Latvia
13.63 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Lebanon
6.06 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Lesotho
22.33 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Liberia
21.45 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Libya
3.46 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Liechtenstein
7.42 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Lithuania
11.12 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Luxembourg
8.43 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Macau
3.43 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Macedonia
8.81 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Madagascar
8.32 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Malawi
17.89 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Malaysia
5.02 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Maldives
3.66 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Mali
16.16 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Malta
8.29 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Marshall Islands
4.57 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Mauritania
11.61 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Mauritius
6.55 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Mayotte
7.36 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Mexico
4.78 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Micronesia, Federated States of 4.53 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Moldova
10.8 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Monaco
12.96 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Mongolia
6.16 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Montenegro
8.51 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Montserrat
8.86 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Morocco
5.49 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Mozambique
20.29 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Namibia
14.07 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Nauru
6.54 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Nepal
8.97 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Netherlands
8.71 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Netherlands Antilles
6.43 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
New Caledonia
5.64 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
New Zealand
7 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Nicaragua
4.33 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Niger
20.26 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Nigeria
16.88 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Niue
NA (2008 est.)
Norfolk Island
NA (2008 est.)
Northern Mariana Islands
2.31 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Norway
9.33 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Oman
3.68 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Pakistan
7.85 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Palau
6.73 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Panama
4.71 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Papua New Guinea
6.96 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Paraguay
4.49 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Peru
6.16 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Philippines
5.15 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Pitcairn Islands
NA (2008 est.)
Poland
9.99 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Portugal
10.62 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Puerto Rico
7.88 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Qatar
2.47 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Romania
11.84 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Russia
16.06 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Rwanda
14.46 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Saint Helena
6.58 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
8.19 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Saint Lucia
6.71 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
6.81 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5.96 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Samoa
5.84 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
San Marino
8.37 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Sao Tome and Principe
5.98 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Saudi Arabia
2.49 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Senegal
10.72 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Seychelles
6.21 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Sierra Leone
22.26 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Singapore
4.53 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Slovakia
9.5 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Slovenia
10.51 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Solomon Islands
3.81 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Somalia
15.89 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
South Africa
16.94 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Spain
9.9 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Sri Lanka
6.07 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Sudan
13.64 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Suriname
5.51 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Svalbard
NA (2008 est.)
Swaziland
30.7 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Sweden
10.24 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Switzerland
8.54 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Syria
4.68 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Taiwan
6.65 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Tajikistan
6.94 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Tanzania
12.92 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Thailand
7.17 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Timor-Leste
6.02 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Togo
9.48 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Tokelau
NA (2008 est.)
Tonga
5.12 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Trinidad and Tobago
10.93 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Tunisia
5.17 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Turkey
6.02 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Turkmenistan
6.11 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands
4.16 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Tuvalu
6.98 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Uganda
12.32 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Ukraine
15.93 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
United Arab Emirates
2.13 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
United Kingdom
10.05 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
United States
8.27 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Uruguay
9.12 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Uzbekistan
5.3 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Vanuatu
7.61 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Venezuela
5.1 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Vietnam
6.18 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Virgin Islands
6.55 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Wallis and Futuna
NA (2008 est.)
West Bank
3.7 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Western Sahara
11.74 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
World
8.23 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Yemen
7.83 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Zambia
21.35 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Zimbabwe
17.29 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
This page was last updated on 18 December 2008
@2068 Dependent areas
Australia
Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos
(Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald
Islands, Norfolk Island, Macquarie Island
France
Clipperton Island, French Polynesia, French Southern and
Antarctic Lands, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Saint Barthelemy, Saint
Martin, Wallis and Futuna
note: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica; New Caledonia
has been considered a "sui generis" collectivity of France since
1999, a unique status falling between that of an independent country
and a French overseas department
Netherlands
Aruba, Netherlands Antilles
New Zealand
Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau
Norway
Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard
United Kingdom
Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory,
British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar,
Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and the
South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands
United States
American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island,
Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa
Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin
Islands, Wake Island
note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administered
the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; it entered into a
political relationship with all four political units: the Northern
Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the US
(effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands
signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21
October 1986); the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact
of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau
concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 1
October 1994)
This page was last updated on 18 December 2008
@2070 Disputes - international
Afghanistan
Pakistan has built fences in some portions of its border
with Afghanistan which remains open in some areas to foreign
terrorists and other illegal activities
Albania
the Albanian Government calls for the protection of the
rights of ethnic Albanians in neighboring countries, and the
peaceful resolution of interethnic disputes; some ethnic Albanian
groups in neighboring countries advocate for a "greater Albania,"
but the idea has little appeal among Albanian nationals; the mass
emigration of unemployed Albanians remains a problem for developed
countries, chiefly Greece and Italy
Algeria
Algeria, and many other states, rejects Moroccan
administration of Western Sahara; the Polisario Front, exiled in
Algeria, represents the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic; Algeria's
border with Morocco remains an irritant to bilateral relations, each
nation accusing the other of harboring militants and arms smuggling;
Algeria remains concerned about armed bandits operating throughout
the Sahel who sometimes destabilize southern Algerian towns; dormant
disputes include Libyan claims of about 32,000 sq km still reflected
on its maps of southeastern Algeria and the FLN's assertions of a
claim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco
American Samoa
Tokelau periodically asserts claims to American
Samoa's Swains Island (Olohega), such as in its 2006 draft
independence constitution
Andorra
none
Angola
Cabindan separatists continue to return to the Angolan
exclave from exile in neighboring states and Europe since the 2006
ceasefire and peace agreement
Anguilla
none
Antarctica
the Antarctic Treaty freezes, and most states do not
recognize, the land and maritime territorial claims made by
Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the
United Kingdom (some overlapping) for three-fourths of the
continent; the US and Russia reserve the right to make claims; no
claims have been made in the sector between 90 degrees west and 150
degrees west; the International Whaling Commission created a
sancturary around the entire continent to deter catches by countries
claiming to conduct scientific whaling; Australia has established a
similar preserve in the waters around its territorial claim
Antigua and Barbuda
none
Arctic Ocean
the littoral states are engaged in various stages of
demonstrating the limits of their continental shelves beyond 200
nautical miles from their declared baselines in accordance with
Article 76, paragraph 8, of the United Nations Convention on the Law
of the Sea; record summer melting of sea ice in the Arctic has
restimulated interest in maritime shipping lanes and sea floor
exploration
Argentina
Argentina continues to assert its claims to the
UK-administered Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), South Georgia,
and the South Sandwich Islands in its constitution, forcibly
occupying the Falklands in 1982, but in 1995 agreed no longer to
seek settlement by force; territorial claim in Antarctica partially
overlaps UK and Chilean claims; unruly region at convergence of
Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money laundering,
smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics trafficking, and fundraising
for extremist organizations; uncontested dispute between Brazil and
Uruguay over Braziliera/Brasiliera Island in the Quarai/Cuareim
River leaves the tripoint with Argentina in question; in 2006,
Argentina went to the ICJ to protest, on environmental grounds, the
construction of two pulp mills in Uruguay on the Uruguay River,
which forms the boundary; both parties presented their pleadings in
2007 with Argentina's reply in January and Uruguay's rejoinder in
July 2008; the joint boundary commission, established by Chile and
Argentina in 2001 has yet to map and demarcate the delimited
boundary in the inhospitable Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo de
Hielo Sur)
Armenia
Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in
Nagorno-Karabakh and since the early 1990s, has militarily occupied
16% of Azerbaijan - Organization for Security and Cooperation in
Europe (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; over 800,000 mostly
ethnic Azerbaijanis were driven from the occupied lands and Armenia;
about 230,000 ethnic Armenians were driven from their homes in
Azerbaijan into Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh; Azerbaijan seeks
transit route through Armenia to connect to Naxcivan exclave; border
with Turkey remains closed over Nagorno-Karabakh dispute; ethnic
Armenian groups in Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater
autonomy; Armenians continue to emigrate, primarily to Russia,
seeking employment
Aruba
none
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
as the closest Australian territory to
Indonesia, these islands became the target of human traffickers for
the landing of illegal immigrants; in 2001, the Australian
government removed these islands from the Australian Migration Zone
making illegal arrivals ineligible for temporary visas and entry
into Australia
Atlantic Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Australia
Timor-Leste and Australia agreed in 2005 to defer the
disputed portion of the boundary for fifty years and to split
hydrocarbon revenues evenly outside the Joint Petroleum Development
Area covered by the 2002 Timor Sea Treaty; dispute with Timor-Leste
hampers creation of a revised maritime boundary with Indonesia in
the Timor Sea; regional states continue to express concern over
Australia's 2004 declaration of a 1,000-nautical mile-wide maritime
identification zone; Australia asserts land and maritime claims to
Antarctica; in 2004 Australia submitted its claims to Commission on
the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) to extend its continental
margins covering over 3.37 million square kilometers, expanding its
seabed roughly thirty percent more than its claimed exclusive
economic zone; since 2003, Australia has led the Regional Assistance
Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI) to maintain civil and
political order and reinforce regional security
Austria
while threats of international legal action never
materialized in 2007, 915,220 Austrians, with the support of the
newly elected Freedom Party, signed a petition in January 2008,
demanding that Austria block the Czech Republic's accession to the
EU unless Prague closes its nuclear power plant in Temelin,
bordering Austria
Azerbaijan
Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in
Nagorno-Karabakh and since the early 1990s has militarily occupied
16% of Azerbaijan; over 800,000 mostly ethnic Azerbaijanis were
driven from the occupied lands and Armenia; about 230,000 ethnic
Armenians were driven from their homes in Azerbaijan into Armenia
and Nagorno-Karabakh; Azerbaijan seeks transit route through Armenia
to connect to Naxcivan exclave; Organization for Security and
Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute;
Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia have ratified Caspian seabed
delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to
insist on an even one-fifth allocation and challenges Azerbaijan's
hydrocarbon exploration in disputed waters; bilateral talks continue
with Turkmenistan on dividing the seabed and contested oilfields in
the middle of the Caspian; Azerbaijan and Georgia continue to
discuss the alignment of their boundary at certain crossing areas
Bahamas, The
disagrees with the US on the alignment the northern
axis of a potential maritime boundary; continues to monitor and
interdict drug dealers and Haitian and Cuban refugees in Bahamian
waters
Bahrain
none
Bangladesh
discussions with India remain stalled to delimit a small
section of river boundary, exchange territory for 51 small
Bangladeshi exclaves in India and 111 small Indian exclaves in
Bangladesh, allocate divided villages, and stop illegal cross-border
trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the
porous border; Bangladesh protests India's fencing and walling off
high-traffic sections of the porous boundary; a joint
Bangladesh-India boundary commission resurveyed and reconstructed 92
missing pillars in 2007; dispute with India over New Moore/South
Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime
boundary delimitation; after 21 years, Bangladesh resumes talks with
Burma on delimiting a maritime boundary
Barbados
Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago abide by the April 2006
Permanent Court of Arbitration decision delimiting a maritime
boundary and limiting catches of flying fish in Trinidad and
Tobago's exclusive economic zone; joins other Caribbean states to
counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human
habitation, a criterion under the UN Convention on the Law of the
Sea (UNCLOS), which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental
shelf over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea
Belarus
Boundary demarcated with Latvia and Lithuania in 2006; 1997
boundary delimitation treaty with Ukraine remains unratified over
unresolved financial claims, preventing demarcation and diminishing
border security
Belgium
none
Belize
OAS-initiated Agreement on the Framework for Negotiations and
Confidence Building Measures saw cooperation in repatriation of
Guatemalan squatters and other areas, but Guatemalan land and
maritime claims in Belize and the Caribbean Sea remain unresolved;
the Line of Adjacency created under the 2002 Differendum serves in
lieu of the contiguous international boundary to control squatting
in the sparsely inhabited rain forests of Belize's border region;
Honduras claims Belizean-administered Sapodilla Cays in its
constitution but agreed to a joint ecological park under the
Differendum
Benin
in September 2007, Economic Community of West African States
(ECOWAS) intervened to attempt to resolve the dispute over two
villages along the Benin-Burkina Faso border that remain from 2005
ICJ decision; much of Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with
Nigeria, remains undemarcated; in 2005, Nigeria ceded thirteen
villages to Benin, but border relations remain strained by rival
cross-border gang clashes; talks continue between Benin and Togo on
funding the Adjrala hydroelectric dam on the Mona River
Bermuda
none
Bhutan
Bhutan cooperates with India to expel Indian Nagaland
separatists; lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and
China continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignment
to resolve territorial disputes arising from substantial
cartographic discrepancies, the largest of which lie in Bhutan's
northwest and along the Chumbi salient
Bolivia
Chile and Peru rebuff Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore
the Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, but Chile offers
instead unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile
for Bolivian natural gas and other commodities; an accord placed the
long-disputed Isla Suárez/Ilha de Guajará-Mirim, a fluvial island on
the Río Mamoré, under Bolivian administration in 1958, but
sovereignty remains in dispute
Bosnia and Herzegovina
sections along the Drina River remain in
dispute between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia; discussions
continue with Croatia on several small disputed sections of the
boundary related to maritime access that hinder final ratification
of the 1999 border agreement
Botswana
Botswana still struggles to seal its border from thousands
of Zimbabweans who flee economic collapse and political persecution;
Namibia has long supported, and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections
to, plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the
Zambezi River at Kazungula crossing, thereby de facto recognizing
the short, but not clearly delimited, Botswana-Zambia boundary
Bouvet Island
none
Brazil
unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay
borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal
narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations;
uncontested boundary dispute with Uruguay over Isla Brasilera at the
confluence of the Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada rivers, that form a
tripoint with Argentina; the Itaipú Dam reservoir covers over a once
contested section of Brazil-Paraguay boundary west of Guaira Falls
on the Rio Parana; an accord placed the long-disputed Isla
Suárez/Ilha de Guajará-Mirim, a fluvial island on the Río Mamoré,
under Bolivian administration in 1958, but sovereignty remains in
dispute
British Indian Ocean Territory
Mauritius claims the Chagos
Archipelago including Diego Garcia; in 2001, the former inhabitants
of the Chagos Archipelago, evicted in 1967 and 1973 and now residing
chiefly in Mauritius, were granted UK citizenship and the right to
repatriation; in May 2007, the UK Court of Appeals upheld the May
2006 High Court of London judgment reversing the UK government's
2004 Orders of Council that banned habitation on the islands; a
small group of Chagossians visited Diego Garcia in April 2006;
repatriation is complicated by the exclusive US military lease of
Diego Garcia that restricts access to the largest viable island in
the chain
British Virgin Islands
none
Brunei
Brunei and Malaysia agreed in September 2008 to resolve their
offshore and deepwater seabed dispute, resume hydrocarbon
exploration, and renounce any territorial claims on land; Brunei
established an exclusive economic fishing zone encompassing Louisa
Reef in the southern Spratly Islands in 1984, but makes no public
territorial claim to the offshore reefs; the 2002 "Declaration on
the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions in
the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally binding "code of
conduct" desired by several of the disputants
Bulgaria
none
Burkina Faso
in September 2007, Economic Community of West African
States (ECOWAS) intervened to attempt to resolve the dispute over
two villages along the Benin-Burkina Faso border that remain from
2005 ICJ decision; in recent years citizens and rogue security
forces rob and harass local populations on both sides of the
poorly-defined Burkina Faso-Niger border; despite the presence of
over 9,000 UN forces (UNOCI) in Cote d'Ivoire since 2004, ethnic
conflict continues to spread into neighboring states who can no
longer send their migrant workers to work in Ivorian cocoa
plantations
Burma
over half of Burma's population consists of diverse ethnic
groups who have substantial numbers of kin in neighboring countries;
Thailand must deal with Karen and other ethnic refugees, asylum
seekers, and rebels, as well as illegal cross-border activities from
Burma; Thailand is studying the feasibility of jointly constructing
the Hatgyi Dam on the Salween River near the border with Burma;
citing environmental, cultural, and social concerns, China is
reconsidering construction of 13 dams on the Salween River but
energy-starved Burma with backing from Thailand remains intent on
building five hydro-electric dams downstream, despite identical
regional and international protests; India seeks cooperation from
Burma to keep Indian Nagaland separatists, such as the United
Liberation Front of Assam, from hiding in remote Burmese Uplands;
after 21 years, Bangladesh resumes talks with Burma on delimiting a
maritime boundary in January 2008
Burundi
Burundi and Rwanda dispute sections of border on the
Akanyaru/Kanyaru and the Kagera/Nyabarongo rivers, which have
changed course since the 1960s, when the boundary was delimited;
cross-border conflicts among Tutsi, Hutu, other ethnic groups,
associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various government
forces persist in the Great Lakes region
Cambodia
Cambodia and Thailand dispute sections of boundary with
missing boundary markers and claims of Thai encroachments into
Cambodian territory; maritime boundary with Vietnam is hampered by
unresolved dispute over sovereignty of offshore islands; Thailand
accuses Cambodia of obstructing inclusion of Thai areas near Preah
Vihear temple ruins, awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962, as
part of a planned UN World Heritage site
Cameroon
Joint Border Commission with Nigeria reviewed 2002 ICJ
ruling on the entire boundary and bilaterally resolved differences,
including June 2006 Greentree Agreement that immediately ceded
sovereignty of the Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon with a full
phase-out of Nigerian control and patriation of residents in 2008;
Cameroon and Nigeria agree on maritime delimitation in March 2008;
sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an
island at the mouth of the Ntem River; only Nigeria and Cameroon
have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the
delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and
Niger-Nigeria boundaries
Canada
managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon
Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Gulf of
Maine including the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock;
Canada, the US, and other countries dispute the status of the
Northwest Passage; US works closely with Canada to intensify
security measures for monitoring and controlling legal and illegal
movement of people, transport, and commodities across the
international border; sovereignty dispute with Denmark over Hans
Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and
Greenland; commencing the collection of technical evidence for
submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
in support of claims for continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles
from its declared baselines in the Arctic, as stipulated in Article
76, paragraph 8, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the
Sea
Cape Verde
none
Cayman Islands
none
Central African Republic
periodic skirmishes over water and grazing
rights among related pastoral populations along the border with
southern Sudan persist
Chad
since 2003, Janjawid armed militia and the Sudanese military
have driven hundreds of thousands of Darfur residents into Chad;
Chad remains an important mediator in the Sudanese civil conflict,
reducing tensions with Sudan arising from cross-border banditry;
Chadian Aozou rebels reside in southern Libya; only Nigeria and
Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify
the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and
Niger-Nigeria boundaries
Chile
Chile and Peru rebuff Bolivia's reinvigorated claim to restore
the Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, but Chile has offered
instead unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile
to Bolivian gas and other commodities; Chile rejects Peru's
unilateral legislation to change its latitudinal maritime boundary
with Chile to an equidistance line with a southwestern axis favoring
Peru, in October 2007, Peru took its maritime complaint with Chile
to the ICJ; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic
Territory) partially overlaps Argentine and British claims; the
joint boundary commission, established by Chile and Argentina in
2001, has yet to map and demarcate the delimited boundary in the
inhospitable Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo de Hielo Sur)
China continuing talks and confidence-building measures work toward reducing tensions over Kashmir that nonetheless remains militarized with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; China and India continue their security and foreign policy dialogue started in 2005 related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, and other matters; China claims most of India's Arunachal Pradesh to the base of the Himalayas; lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and China continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignment to resolve territorial disputes due to cartographic discrepancies; Chinese maps show an international boundary symbol off the coasts of the littoral states of the South China Seas, where China has interrupted Vietnamese hydrocarbon exploration; China asserts sovereignty over the Spratly Islands together with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" eased tensions in the Spratly's but is not the legally binding "code of conduct" sought by some parties; Vietnam and China continue to expand construction of facilities in the Spratly's and in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord on marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; China occupies some of the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; China and Taiwan continue to reject both Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared equidistance line in the East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation; certain islands in the Yalu and Tumen rivers are in dispute with North Korea; North Korea and China seek to stem illegal migration to China by North Koreans, fleeing privations and oppression, by building a fence along portions of the border and imprisoning North Koreans deported by China; China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with their 2004 Agreement; China and Tajikistan have begun demarcating the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002; the decade-long demarcation of the China-Vietnam land boundary is expected to be completed by the end of 2008, while the maritime boundary delimitation and fisheries agreements in the Gulf of Tonkin, ratified in June 2004, have been implemented; citing environmental, cultural, and social concerns, China has reconsidered construction of 13 dams on the Salween River, but energy-starved Burma, with backing from Thailand, remains intent on building five hydro-electric dams downstream despite regional and international protests; Chinese and Hong Kong authorities met in March 2008 to resolve ownership and use of lands recovered in Shenzhen River channelization, including 96-hectare Lok Ma Chau Loop; Hong Kong developing plans to reduce 2,000 out of 2,800 hectares of its restricted Closed Area by 2010
Christmas Island
none
Clipperton Island
none
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
none
Colombia
in December 2007, ICJ allocates San Andres, Providencia,
and Santa Catalina islands to Colombia under 1928 Treaty but does
not rule on 82°W meridian as maritime boundary with Nicaragua;
managed dispute with Venezuela over maritime boundary and
Venezuelan-administered Los Monjes Islands near the Gulf of
Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics, guerrilla, and
paramilitary activities penetrate all neighboring borders and have
caused Colombian citizens to flee mostly into neighboring countries;
Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Jamaica, and the US assert various
claims to Bajo Nuevo and Serranilla Bank
Comoros
claims French-administered Mayotte and challenges France's
and Madagascar's claims to Banc du Geyser, a drying reef in the
Mozambique Channel; in May 2008, African Union forces are called in
to assist the Comoros military recapture Anjouan Island from rebels
who seized it in 2001
Congo, Democratic Republic of the heads of the Great Lakes states and UN pledged in 2004 to abate tribal, rebel, and militia fighting in the region, including northeast Congo, where the UN Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC), organized in 1999, maintains over 16,500 uniformed peacekeepers; members of Uganda's Lords Resistance Army forces continue to seek refuge in Congo's Garamba National Park as peace talks with the Uganda government evolve; the location of the boundary in the broad Congo River with the Republic of the Congo is indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area; Uganda and DROC dispute Rukwanzi island in Lake Albert and other areas on the Semliki River with hydrocarbon potential; boundary commission continues discussions over Congolese-administered triangle of land on the right bank of the Lunkinda river claimed by Zambia near the DROC village of Pweto
Congo, Republic of the
the location of the boundary in the broad
Congo River with the Democratic Republic of the Congo is indefinite
except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area
Cook Islands
none
Coral Sea Islands
none
Costa Rica
the ICJ has given Costa Rica until January 2008 to reply
and Nicaragua until July 2008 to rejoin before rendering its
decision on the navigation, security, and commercial rights of Costa
Rican vessels on the Río San Juan over which Nicaragua retains
sovereignty
Cote d'Ivoire
despite the presence of over 9,000 UN forces (UNOCI)
in Cote d'Ivoire since 2004, ethnic conflict still leaves displaced
hundreds of thousands of Ivorians in and out of the country as well
as driven out migrants from neighboring states who worked in Ivorian
cocoa plantations; the March 2007 peace deal between Ivorian rebels
and the government brought significant numbers of rebels out of
hiding in neighboring states
Croatia
dispute remains with Bosnia and Herzegovina over several
small disputed sections of the boundary related to maritime access
that hinders ratification of the 1999 border agreement; the
Croatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement, which would
have ceded most of Pirin Bay and maritime access to Slovenia and
several villages to Croatia, remains un-ratified and in dispute;
Slovenia also protests Croatia's 2003 claim to an exclusive economic
zone in the Adriatic; as a European Union peripheral state, Slovenia
imposed a hard border Schengen regime with non-member Croatia in
December 2007
Cuba
US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutual
agreement or US abandonment of the facility can terminate the lease
Cyprus
hostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de facto
autonomous entities, the internationally recognized Cypriot
Government and a Turkish-Cypriot community (north Cyprus); the
1,000-strong UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) has served in
Cyprus since 1964 and maintains the buffer zone between north and
south; on 1 May 2004, Cyprus entered the European Union still
divided, with the EU's body of legislation and standards (acquis
communitaire) suspended in the north; Turkey protests Cypriot
Government creating hydrocarbon blocks and maritime boundary with
Lebanon in March 2007
Czech Republic
while threats of international legal action never
materialized in 2007, 915,220 Austrians, with the support of the
popular Freedom Party, signed a petition in January 2008, demanding
that Austria block the Czech Republic's accession to the EU unless
Prague closes its controversial Soviet-style nuclear plant in
Temelin, bordering Austria
Denmark
Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that
the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm; Faroese
continue to study proposals for full independence; sovereignty
dispute with Canada over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between
Ellesmere Island and Greenland
Djibouti
Djibouti maintains economic ties and border accords with
"Somaliland" leadership while maintaining some political ties to
various factions in Somalia; Kuwait is chief investor in the 2008
restoration and upgrade of the Ethiopian-Djibouti rail link
Dominica
Dominica is the only Caribbean state to challenge
Venezuela's sovereignty claim over Aves Island and joins the other
island nations in challenging whether the feature sustains human
habitation, a criterion under the UN Convention on the Law of the
Sea (UNCLOS), which permits Venezuela to extend its Exclusive
Economic Zone (EEZ) and continental shelf claims over a large
portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea
Dominican Republic
Haitian migrants cross the porous border into the
Dominican Republic to find work; illegal migrants from the Dominican
Republic cross the Mona Passage each year to Puerto Rico to find
better work
Ecuador
organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia penetrate
across Ecuador's shared border, which thousands of Colombians also
cross to escape the violence in their home country
Egypt
while Sudan retains claim to the Hala'ib Triangle north of the
1899 Treaty boundary along the 22nd Parallel, both states withdrew
their military presence in the 1990s and Egypt has invested in and
effectively administers the area; Egypt no longer shows its
administration of the Bir Tawil trapezoid in Sudan on its maps;
Gazan breaches in the security wall with Egypt in January 2008
highlight difficulties in monitoring the Sinai border
El Salvador
International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled on the
delimitation of "bolsones" (disputed areas) along the El
Salvador-Honduras boundary, in 1992, with final agreement by the
parties in 2006 after an Organization of American States (OAS)
survey and a further ICJ ruling in 2003; the 1992 ICJ ruling advised
a tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf of
Fonseca advocating Honduran access to the Pacific; El Salvador
continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not identified in the ICJ
decision, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca
Equatorial Guinea
in 2002, ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement
of Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf
of Guinea, but a dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over
an island at the mouth of the Ntem River and imprecisely defined
maritime coordinates in the ICJ decision delay final delimitation;
UN urges Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to resolve the sovereignty
dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane and lesser islands and to create a
maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay
Eritrea
Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002
Ethiopia-Eritrea Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision
but, neither party responded to the revised line detailed in the
November 2006 EEBC Demarcation Statement; UN Peacekeeping Mission to
Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE), which has monitored the 25-km-wide
Temporary Security Zone in Eritrea since 2000, is extended for six
months in 2007 despite Eritrean restrictions on its operations and
reduced force of 17,000; Sudan accuses Eritrea of supporting eastern
Sudanese rebel groups
Estonia
Russia recalled its signature to the 1996 technical border
agreement with Estonia in 2005, rather than concede to Estonia's
appending prepared a unilateral declaration referencing Soviet
occupation and territorial losses; Russia demands better
accommodation of Russian-speaking population in Estonia; Estonian
citizen groups continue to press for realignment of the boundary
based on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that would bring the now
divided ethnic Setu people and parts of the Narva region within
Estonia; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external
border, Estonia must implement the strict Schengen border rules with
Russia
Ethiopia
Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by the 2002
Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision,
but neither party responded to the revised line detailed in the
November 2006 EEBC Demarcation Statement; UN Peacekeeping Mission to
Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE), which has monitored the 25-km-wide
Temporary Security Zone in Eritrea since 2000, is extended for six
months in 2007 despite Eritrean restrictions on its operations and
reduced force of 17,000; the undemarcated former British
administrative line has little meaning as a political separation to
rival clans within Ethiopia's Ogaden and southern Somalia's Oromo
region; Ethiopian forces invaded southern Somalia and routed
Islamist Courts from Mogadishu in January 2007; "Somaliland"
secessionists provide port facilities in Berbera and trade ties to
landlocked Ethiopia; civil unrest in eastern Sudan has hampered
efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Ethiopia
European Union
as a political union, the EU has no border disputes
with neighboring countries, but Estonia has no land boundary
agreements with Russia, Slovenia disputes its land and maritime
boundaries with Croatia, and Spain has territorial and maritime
disputes with Morocco and with the UK over Gibraltar; the EU has set
up a Schengen area - consisting of 22 EU member states that have
signed the convention implementing the Schengen agreements or
"acquis" (1985 and 1990) on the free movement of persons and the
harmonization of border controls in Europe; these agreements became
incorporated into EU law with the implementation of the 1997 Treaty
of Amsterdam on 1 May 1999; in addition, non-EU states Iceland and
Norway (as part of the Nordic Union) have been included in the
Schengen area since 1996 (full members in 2001), and Switzerland
since 2008 bringing the total current membership to 25; the UK
(since 2000) and Ireland (since 2002) take part in only some aspects
of the Schengen area, especially with respect to police and criminal
matters; nine of the 12 new member states that joined the EU since
2004 joined Schengen on 21 December 2007; of the three remaining EU
states, Cyprus is expected to join by 2009, while Romania and
Bulgaria continue to enhance their border security systems
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Argentina, which claims the
islands in its constitution and briefly occupied them by force in
1982, agreed in 1995 to no longer seek settlement by force; UK
continues to reject Argentine requests for sovereignty talks
Faroe Islands
because anticipated offshore hydrocarbon resources
have not been realized, earlier Faroese proposals for full
independence have been deferred; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland
dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf
extends beyond 200 nm
Fiji
none
Finland
various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia
and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union, but the Finnish
Government asserts no territorial demands
France
Madagascar claims the French territories of Bassas da India,
Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, and Juan de Nova Island; Comoros
claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims Tromelin Island; territorial
dispute between Suriname and the French overseas department of
French Guiana; France asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica
(Adelie Land); France and Vanuatu claim Matthew and Hunter Islands,
east of New Caledonia
French Polynesia
none
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
French claim to "Adelie Land" in
Antarctica is not recognized by the US
Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova
Island (Iles Eparses): claimed by Madagascar
Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): claimed by Mauritius
Gabon
UN urges Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to resolve the
sovereignty dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane Island and lesser
islands and to establish a maritime boundary in hydrocarbon-rich
Corisco Bay
Gambia, The
attempts to stem refugees, cross-border raids, arms
smuggling, and other illegal activities by separatists from southern
Senegal's Casamance region, as well as from conflicts in other west
African states
Gaza Strip
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with
current status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement
- permanent status to be determined through further negotiation;
Israel removed settlers and military personnel from the Gaza Strip
in August 2005
Georgia
Russia and Georgia agree on delimiting 80% of their common
border, leaving certain small, strategic segments and the maritime
boundary unresolved; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas such as
the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Argun Gorge in
Abkhazia; UN Observer Mission in Georgia has maintained a
peacekeeping force in Georgia since 1993; Meshkheti Turks scattered
throughout the former Soviet Union seek to return to Georgia;
boundary with Armenia remains undemarcated; ethnic Armenian groups
in Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy from the
Georgian government; Azerbaijan and Georgia continue to discuss the
alignment of their boundary at certain crossing areas
Germany
none
Ghana
Ghana struggles to accommodate returning nationals who worked
in the cocoa plantations and escaped fighting in Cote d'Ivoire
Gibraltar
in 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by
referendum to reject any "shared sovereignty" arrangement; the
government of Gibraltar insists on equal participation in talks
between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant
Gibraltar even greater autonomy
Greece
Greece and Turkey continue discussions to resolve their
complex maritime, air, territorial, and boundary disputes in the
Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Turkey; Greece rejects the use of
the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia; the mass migration of
unemployed Albanians still remains a problem for developed
countries, chiefly Greece and Italy
Greenland
managed dispute between Canada and Denmark over Hans
Island in the Kennedy Channel between Canada's Ellesmere Island and
Greenland
Grenada
none
Guam
none
Guatemala
annual ministerial meetings under the OAS-initiated
Agreement on the Framework for Negotiations and Confidence Building
Measures continue to address Guatemalan land and maritime claims in
Belize and the Caribbean Sea; the Line of Adjacency created under
the 2002 Differendum serves in lieu of the contiguous international
boundary to control squatting in the sparsely inhabited rain forests
of Belize's border region; Mexico must deal with thousands of
impoverished Guatemalans and other Central Americans who cross the
porous border looking for work in Mexico and the United States
Guernsey
none
Guinea
conflicts among rebel groups, warlords, and youth gangs in
neighboring states have spilled over into Guinea, resulting in
domestic instability; Sierra Leone considers Guinea's definition of
the flood plain limits to define the left bank boundary of the
Makona and Moa rivers excessive and protests Guinea's continued
occupation of these lands, including the hamlet of Yenga, occupied
since 1998
Guinea-Bissau
in 2006, political instability within Senegal's
Casamance region resulted in thousands of Senegalese refugees,
cross-border raids, and arms smuggling into Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
all of the area west of the Essequibo River is claimed by
Venezuela preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana
has expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims
before UNCLOS that Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with
Venezuela extends into their waters; Suriname claims a triangle of
land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a historic dispute
over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks arbitration
under provisions of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
to resolve the long-standing dispute with Suriname over the axis of
the territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-rich waters
Haiti
since 2004, about 8,000 peacekeepers from the UN Stabilization
Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) maintain civil order in Haiti; despite
efforts to control illegal migration, Haitians cross into the
Dominican Republic and sail to neighboring countries; Haiti claims
US-administered Navassa Island
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
none
Holy See (Vatican City)
none
Honduras
International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled on the
delimitation of "bolsones" (disputed areas) along the El
Salvador-Honduras border in 1992 with final settlement by the
parties in 2006 after an Organization of American States (OAS)
survey and a further ICJ ruling in 2003; the 1992 ICJ ruling advised
a tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf of
Fonseca with consideration of Honduran access to the Pacific; El
Salvador continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not mentioned in the
ICJ ruling, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca; Honduras claims the
Belizean-administered Sapodilla Cays off the coast of Belize in its
constitution, but agreed to a joint ecological park around the cays
should Guatemala consent to a maritime corridor in the Caribbean
under the OAS-sponsored 2002 Belize-Guatemala Differendum; memorials
and countermemorials were filed by the parties in Nicaragua's 1999
and 2001 proceedings against Honduras and Colombia at the ICJ over
the maritime boundary and territorial claims in the western
Caribbean Sea - final public hearings are scheduled for 2007
Hong Kong
none
Hungary
bilateral government, legal, technical and economic working
group negotiations continue in 2006 with Slovakia over Hungary's
failure to complete its portion of the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros
hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a member state that
forms part of the EU's external border, Hungary has implemented the
strict Schengen border rules
Iceland
Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that
the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm
India
since China and India launched a security and foreign policy
dialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the dispute
over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear
proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles to
Pakistan, and other matters continue; various talks and
confidence-building measures have cautiously begun to defuse
tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the October 2005
earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of
the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with
portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin),
India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern
Areas); India and Pakistan have maintained the 2004 cease fire in
Kashmir and initiated discussions on defusing the armed stand-off in
the Siachen glacier region; Pakistan protests India's fencing the
highly militarized Line of Control and construction of the Baglihar
Dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir, which is part of the
larger dispute on water sharing of the Indus River and its
tributaries; UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan
(UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949;
India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to
China in 1964; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a
maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of
the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann
of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show its
Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; discussions with Bangladesh
remain stalled to delimit a small section of river boundary, to
exchange territory for 51 Bangladeshi exclaves in India and 111
Indian exclaves in Bangladesh, to allocate divided villages, and to
stop illegal cross-border trade, migration, violence, and transit of
terrorists through the porous border; Bangladesh protests India's
attempts to fence off high-traffic sections of the border; dispute
with Bangladesh over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the
Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; India seeks
cooperation from Bhutan and Burma to keep Indian Nagaland and Assam
separatists from hiding in remote areas along the borders; Joint
Border Committee with Nepal continues to examine contested boundary
sections, including the 400 square kilometer dispute over the source
of the Kalapani River; India maintains a strict border regime to
keep out Maoist insurgents and control illegal cross-border
activities from Nepal
Indian Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Indonesia
Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of
establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of
its neighbors; Timor-Leste-Indonesia Boundary Committee has resolved
all but a small portion of the land boundary, but discussions on
maritime boundaries are stalemated over sovereignty of the
uninhabited coral island of Pulau Batek/Fatu Sinai in the north and
alignment with Australian claims in the south; many refugees from
Timor-Leste who left in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse
repatriation; a 1997 treaty between Indonesia and Australia settled
some parts of their maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain;
ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 left
the sovereignty of Unarang rock and the maritime boundary in the
Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea in dispute; the ICJ decision
has prompted Indonesia to assert claims to and to establish a
presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesia and Singapore
continue to work on finalization of their 1973 maritime boundary
agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam
Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants
create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; piracy remains a
problem in the Malacca Strait; maritime delimitation talks continue
with Palau; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore
Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve
to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain
catches
Iran
Iran protests Afghanistan's limiting flow of dammed tributaries
to the Helmand River in periods of drought; Iraq's lack of a
maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the
mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf; Iran and UAE dispute
Tunb Islands and Abu Musa Island, which are occupied by Iran; Iran
stands alone among littoral states in insisting upon a division of
the Caspian Sea into five equal sectors
Iraq
coalition forces assist Iraqis in monitoring internal and
cross-border security; approximately two million Iraqis have fled
the conflict in Iraq, with the majority taking refuge in Syria and
Jordan, and lesser numbers to Egypt, Lebanon, Iran, and Turkey;
Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction
disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf;
Turkey has expressed concern over the autonomous status of Kurds in
Iraq
Ireland
Ireland, Iceland, and the UK dispute Denmark's claim that
the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm
Isle of Man
none
Israel
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current
status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement -
permanent status to be determined through further negotiation;
Israel continues construction of a "seam line" separation barrier
along parts of the Green Line and within the West Bank; Israel
withdrew its settlers and military from the Gaza Strip and from four
settlements in the West Bank in August 2005; Golan Heights is
Israeli-occupied (Lebanon claims the Shab'a Farms area of Golan
Heights); since 1948, about 350 peacekeepers from the UN Truce
Supervision Organization (UNTSO) headquartered in Jerusalem monitor
ceasefires, supervise armistice agreements, prevent isolated
incidents from escalating, and assist other UN personnel in the
region
Italy
Italy's long coastline and developed economy entices tens of
thousands of illegal immigrants from southeastern Europe and
northern Africa
Jamaica
none
Jan Mayen
none
Japan
the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu,
Kunashiri, and Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as
the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kuril
Islands," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by
Russia and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to
signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities;
Japan and South Korea claim Liancourt Rocks (Take-shima/Tok-do)
occupied by South Korea since 1954; China and Taiwan dispute both
Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of the Senkaku-shoto
(Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared exclusive economic
zone in the East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon
prospecting
Jersey
none
Jordan
approximately two million Iraqis have fled the conflict in
Iraq, with the majority taking refuge in Syria and Jordan; 2004
Agreement settles border dispute with Syria pending demarcation
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan has yet to ratify the 2001 boundary
delimitation with Kazakhstan; field demarcation of the boundaries
with Turkmenistan commenced in 2005, and with Uzbekistan in 2004;
demarcation is scheduled to get underway with Russia in 2007;
demarcation with China was completed in 2002; creation of a seabed
boundary with Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea remains under
discussion; equidistant seabed treaties have been ratified with
Azerbaijan and Russia in the Caspian Sea, but no resolution has been
made on dividing the water column among any of the littoral states
Kenya
Kenya served as an important mediator in brokering Sudan's
north-south separation in February 2005; Kenya provides shelter to
almost a quarter of a million refugees, including Ugandans who flee
across the border periodically to seek protection from Lord's
Resistance Army (LRA) rebels; Kenya works hard to prevent the clan
and militia fighting in Somalia from spreading across the border,
which has long been open to nomadic pastoralists; the boundary that
separates Kenya's and Sudan's sovereignty is unclear in the "Ilemi
Triangle," which Kenya has administered since colonial times
Kiribati
none
Korea, North
risking arrest, imprisonment, and deportation, tens of
thousands of North Koreans cross into China to escape famine,
economic privation, and political oppression; North Korea and China
dispute the sovereignty of certain islands in Yalu and Tumen rivers;
Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide Demilitarized Zone
has separated North from South Korea since 1953; periodic incidents
in the Yellow Sea with South Korea which claims the Northern
Limiting Line as a maritime boundary; North Korea supports South
Korea in rejecting Japan's claim to Liancourt Rocks
(Tok-do/Take-shima)
Korea, South
Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide
Demilitarized Zone has separated North from South Korea since 1953;
periodic incidents with North Korea in the Yellow Sea over the
Northern Limiting Line, which South Korea claims as a maritime
boundary; South Korea and Japan claim Liancourt Rocks
(Tok-do/Take-shima), occupied by South Korea since 1954
Kosovo
Serbia with several other states protest the US and other
states' recognition of Kosovo's declaring itself as a sovereign and
independent state in February 2008; ethnic Serbian municipalities
along Kosovo's northern border challenge final status of
Kosovo-Serbia boundary; several thousand NATO-led KFOR peacekeepers
under UNMIK authority continue to keep the peace within Kosovo
between the ethnic Albanian majority and the Serb minority in
Kosovo; Kosovo and Macedonia completed demarcation of their boundary
in September 2008
Kuwait
Kuwait and Saudi Arabia continue negotiating a joint maritime
boundary with Iran; no maritime boundary exists with Iraq in the
Persian Gulf
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan has yet to ratify the 2001 boundary
delimitation with Kazakhstan; disputes in Isfara Valley delay
completion of delimitation with Tajikistan; delimitation of 130 km
of border with Uzbekistan is hampered by serious disputes around
enclaves and other areas
Laos
Southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to
check the spread of avian flu; talks continue on completion of
demarcation with Thailand but disputes remain over islands in the
Mekong River; concern among Mekong Commission members that China's
construction of dams on the Mekong River will affect water levels
Latvia
Russia refuses to sign the 1997 boundary treaty due to
Latvian insistence on a unilateral clarificatory declaration
referencing Soviet occupation of Latvia and territorial losses;
Russia demands better Latvian treatment of ethnic Russians in
Latvia; as of January 2007, ground demarcation of the boundary with
Belarus was complete and mapped with final ratification
documentation in preparation; the Latvian parliament has not
ratified its 1998 maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily
due to concerns over oil exploration rights; as a member state that
forms part of the EU's external border, Latvia has implemented the
strict Schengen border rules with Russia
Lebanon
lacking a treaty or other documentation describing the
boundary, portions of the Lebanon-Syria boundary are unclear with
several sections in dispute; since 2000, Lebanon has claimed Shab'a
Farms area in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights; the roughly
2,000-strong UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) has been in place
since 1978
Lesotho
none
Liberia
although civil unrest continues to abate with the assistance
of 18,000 UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) peacekeepers, as of January
2007, Liberian refugees still remain in Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire,
Sierra Leone, and Ghana; Liberia, in turn, shelters refugees fleeing
turmoil in Cote d'Ivoire; despite the presence of over 9,000 UN
forces (UNOCI) in Cote d'Ivoire since 2004, ethnic conflict
continues to spread into neighboring states who can no longer send
their migrant workers to Ivorian cocoa plantations; UN sanctions ban
Liberia from exporting diamonds and timber
Libya
Libya has claimed more than 32,000 sq km in southeastern
Algeria and about 25,000 sq km in the Tommo region of Niger in a
currently dormant dispute; various Chadian rebels from the Aozou
region reside in southern Libya
Liechtenstein
none
Lithuania
Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their
boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty
ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania
operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling
from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still
conforming, as a EU member state having an external border with a
non-EU member, to strict Schengen border rules; the Latvian
parliament has not ratified its 1998 maritime boundary treaty with
Lithuania, primarily due to concerns over potential hydrocarbons; as
of January 2007, ground demarcation of the boundary with Belarus was
complete and mapped with final ratification documents in preparation
Luxembourg
none
Macau
none
Macedonia
Kosovo and Macedonia completed demarcation of their
boundary in September 2008; Greece continues to reject the use of
the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia
Madagascar
claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands,
and Juan de Nova Island (all administered by France)
Malawi
disputes with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake
Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant
Malaysia
Malaysia has asserted sovereignty over the Spratly Islands
together with China, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly
Brunei; while the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the
South China Sea" has eased tensions over the Spratly Islands, it is
not the legally binding "code of conduct" sought by some parties;
Malaysia was not party to the March 2005 joint accord among the
national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam on
conducting marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands;
disputes continue over deliveries of fresh water to Singapore,
Singapore's land reclamation, bridge construction, and maritime
boundaries in the Johor and Singapore Straits; in November 2007, the
ICJ will hold public hearings in response to the Memorials and
Countermemorials filed by the parties in 2003 and 2005 over
sovereignty of Pedra Branca Island/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks
and South Ledge; ICJ awarded Ligitan and Sipadan islands, also
claimed by Indonesia and Philippines, to Malaysia but left maritime
boundary and sovereignty of Unarang rock in the hydrocarbon-rich
Celebes Sea in dispute; separatist violence in Thailand's
predominantly Muslim southern provinces prompts measures to close
and monitor border with Malaysia to stem terrorist activities;
Philippines retains a dormant claim to Malaysia's Sabah State in
northern Borneo; Brunei and Malaysia agreed in September 2008 to
resolve their offshore and deepwater seabed dispute, resume
hydrocarbon exploration and renounce any territorial claims on land;
piracy remains a problem in the Malacca Strait
Maldives
none
Mali
none
Malta
none
Marshall Islands
claims US territory of Wake Island
Mauritania
Mauritanian claims to Western Sahara remain dormant
Mauritius
Mauritius claims the Chagos Archipelago (UK-administered
British Indian Ocean Territory), and its former inhabitants, who
reside chiefly in Mauritius; claims French-administered Tromelin
Island
Mayotte
claimed by Comoros
Mexico
abundant rainfall in recent years along much of the Mexico-US
border region has ameliorated periodically strained water-sharing
arrangements; the US has intensified security measures to monitor
and control legal and illegal personnel, transport, and commodities
across its border with Mexico; Mexico must deal with thousands of
impoverished Guatemalans and other Central Americans who cross the
porous border looking for work in Mexico and the United States
Micronesia, Federated States of
none
Moldova
Moldova and Ukraine operate joint customs posts to monitor
the transit of people and commodities through Moldova's break-away
Transnistria region, which remains under OSCE supervision
Monaco
none
Mongolia
none
Montenegro
none
Montserrat
none
Morocco
claims and administers Western Sahara whose sovereignty
remains unresolved - UN-administered cease-fire has remained in
effect since September 1991, but attempts to hold a referendum have
failed and parties thus far have rejected all brokered proposals;
Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta,
Melilla, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, the islands of Penon de
Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; discussions
have not progressed on a comprehensive maritime delimitation,
setting limits on resource exploration and refugee interdiction,
since Morocco's 2002 rejection of Spain's unilateral designation of
a median line from the Canary Islands; Morocco serves as one of the
primary launching areas of illegal migration into Spain from North
Africa
Mozambique
none
Namibia
concerns from international experts and local populations
over the Okavango Delta ecology in Botswana and human displacement
scuttled Namibian plans to construct a hydroelectric dam on Popa
Falls along the Angola-Namibia border; managed dispute with South
Africa over the location of the boundary in the Orange River;
Namibia has supported, and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to,
plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi
River, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not clearly
delimited, Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river
Nauru
none
Navassa Island
claimed by Haiti, source of subsistence fishing
Nepal
joint border commission continues to work on contested
sections of boundary with India, including the 400 square kilometer
dispute over the source of the Kalapani River; India has instituted
a stricter border regime to restrict transit of Maoist insurgents
and illegal cross-border activities; approximately 106,000 Bhutanese
Lhotshampas (Hindus) have been confined in refugee camps in
southeastern Nepal since 1990
Netherlands
none
Netherlands Antilles
none
New Caledonia
Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia
claimed by France and Vanuatu
New Zealand
asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Ross
Dependency)
Nicaragua
memorials and countermemorials were filed by the parties
in Nicaragua's 1999 and 2001 proceedings against Honduras and
Colombia at the ICJ over the maritime boundary and territorial
claims in the western Caribbean Sea, final public hearings are
scheduled for 2007; the 1992 ICJ ruling for El Salvador and Honduras
advised a tripartite resolution to establish a maritime boundary in
the Gulf of Fonseca, which considers Honduran access to the Pacific;
legal dispute over navigational rights of San Juan River on border
with Costa Rica
Niger
Libya claims about 25,000 sq km in a currently dormant dispute
in the Tommo region; much of Benin-Niger boundary, including
tripoint with Nigeria, remains undemarcated; only Nigeria and
Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify
the delimitation treaty which also includes the Chad-Niger and
Niger-Nigeria boundaries
Nigeria
Joint Border Commission with Cameroon reviewed 2002 ICJ
ruling on the entire boundary and bilaterally resolved differences,
including June 2006 Greentree Agreement that immediately cedes
sovereignty of the Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon with a phase-out of
Nigerian control within two years while resolving patriation issues;
the ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement of Cameroon-Equatorial
Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf of Guinea, but
imprecisely defined coordinates in the ICJ decision and a
sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an
island at the mouth of the Ntem River all contribute to the delay in
implementation; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad
Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty which also
includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries
Niue
none
Norfolk Island
none
Northern Mariana Islands
none
Norway
Norway asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud
Land and its continental shelf); despite dialogue, Russia and Norway
continue to dispute their maritime limits in the Barents Sea and
Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within
the Svalbard Treaty zone
Oman
boundary agreement reportedly signed and ratified with UAE in
2003 for entire border, including Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al
Madhah exclave, but details of the alignment have not been made
public
Pacific Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Pakistan
various talks and confidence-building measures cautiously
have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the
October 2005 earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains
the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial
dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China
(Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir
and Northern Areas); UN Military Observer Group in India and
Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeepers
since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic
Kashmir lands to China in 1964; India and Pakistan have maintained
their 2004 cease fire in Kashmir and initiated discussions on
defusing the armed stand-off in the Siachen glacier region; Pakistan
protests India's fencing the highly militarized Line of Control and
construction of the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and
Kashmir, which is part of the larger dispute on water sharing of the
Indus River and its tributaries; to defuse tensions and prepare for
discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek
technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary
at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps
continue to show the Junagadh claim in India's Gujarat State; by
2005, Pakistan, with UN assistance, repatriated 2.3 million Afghan
refugees leaving slightly more than a million, many of whom remain
at their own choosing; Pakistan has proposed and Afghanistan
protests construction of a fence and laying of mines along portions
of their porous border; Pakistan has sent troops into remote tribal
areas to monitor and control the border with Afghanistan and to stem
terrorist or other illegal activities
Palau
maritime delineation negotiations continue with Philippines,
Indonesia
Panama
organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia operate
within the remote border region with Panama
Papua New Guinea
relies on assistance from Australia to keep out
illegal cross-border activities from primarily Indonesia, including
goods smuggling, illegal narcotics trafficking, and squatters and
secessionists
Paracel Islands
occupied by China, also claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam
Paraguay
unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay
borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal
narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations
Peru
Chile and Ecuador rejected Peru's November 2005 unilateral
legislation to shift the axis of their joint treaty-defined maritime
boundaries along the parallels of latitude to equidistance lines
which favor Peru; organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia
have penetrated Peru's shared border; Peru rejects Bolivia's claim
to restore maritime access through a sovereign corridor through
Chile along the Peruvian border
Philippines
Philippines claims sovereignty over certain of the
Spratly Islands, known locally as the Kalayaan (Freedom) Islands,
also claimed by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam; the 2002
"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea," has
eased tensions in the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally
binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; in
March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines,
and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic
activities in the Spratly Islands; Philippines retains a dormant
claim to Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo based on the
Sultanate of Sulu's granting the Philippines Government power of
attorney to pursue a sovereignty claim on his behalf; maritime
delimitation negotiations continue with Palau
Pitcairn Islands
none
Poland
as a member state that forms part of the EU's external
border, Poland has implemented the strict Schengen border rules to
restrict illegal immigration and trade along its eastern borders
with Belarus and Ukraine
Portugal
Portugal does not recognize Spanish sovereignty over the
territory of Olivenza based on a difference of interpretation of the
1815 Congress of Vienna and the 1801 Treaty of Badajoz
Puerto Rico
increasing numbers of illegal migrants from the
Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage to Puerto Rico each year
looking for work
Qatar
none
Romania
the ICJ gave Ukraine until December 2006 to reply, and
Romania until June 2007 to issue a rejoinder, in their dispute
submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor
(Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary delimitation; Romania
also opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the
Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea
Russia
China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at
the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance
with the 2004 Agreement, ending their centuries-long border
disputes; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu,
Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the
"Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kurils,"
occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia,
and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing
a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia and
Georgia agree on delimiting all but small, strategic segments of the
land boundary and the maritime boundary; OSCE observers monitor
volatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and
the Kodori Gorge in Abkhazia; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia
signed equidistance boundaries in the Caspian seabed but the
littoral states have no consensus on dividing the water column;
Russia and Norway dispute their maritime limits in the Barents Sea
and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits
within the Svalbard Treaty zone; various groups in Finland advocate
restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the
Soviet Union following the Second World War but the Finnish
Government asserts no territorial demands; in May 2005, Russia
recalled its signatures to the 1996 border agreements with Estonia
(1996) and Latvia (1997), when the two Baltic states announced
issuance of unilateral declarations referencing Soviet occupation
and ensuing territorial losses; Russia demands better treatment of
ethnic Russians in Estonia and Latvia; Estonian citizen groups
continue to press for realignment of the boundary based on the 1920
Tartu Peace Treaty that would bring the now divided ethnic Setu
people and parts of the Narva region within Estonia; Lithuania and
Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance
with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and
by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime
for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave
into Russia, while still conforming, as an EU member state with an
EU external border, where strict Schengen border rules apply;
preparations for the demarcation delimitation of land boundary with
Ukraine have commenced; the dispute over the boundary between Russia
and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov remains
unresolved despite a December 2003 framework agreement and on-going
expert-level discussions; Kazakhstan and Russia boundary
delimitation was ratified on November 2005 and field demarcation
should commence in 2007; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990
Bering Sea Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US
Rwanda
fighting among ethnic groups - loosely associated political
rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces in Great Lakes
region transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic
of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda - abated substantially from a
decade ago due largely to UN peacekeeping, international mediation,
and efforts by local governments to create civil societies;
nonetheless, 57,000 Rwandan refugees still reside in 21 African
states, including Zambia, Gabon, and 20,000 who fled to Burundi in
2005 and 2006 to escape drought and recriminations from traditional
courts investigating the 1994 massacres; the 2005 DROC and Rwanda
border verification mechanism to stem rebel actions on both sides of
the border remains in place
Saint Helena
none
Saint Kitts and Nevis
joins other Caribbean states to counter
Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a
criterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its
EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean
Sea
Saint Lucia
joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's
claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under
UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf
over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
none
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea
Samoa
none
San Marino
none
Sao Tome and Principe
none
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia has reinforced its concrete-filled
security barrier along sections of the now fully demarcated border
with Yemen to stem illegal cross-border activities; Kuwait and Saudi
Arabia continue discussions on a maritime boundary with Iran
Senegal
The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau attempt to stem separatist
violence, cross border raids, and arms smuggling into their
countries from Senegal's Casamance region, and in 2006, respectively
accepted 6,000 and 10,000 Casamance residents fleeing the conflict;
2,500 Guinea-Bissau residents fled into Senegal in 2006 to escape
armed confrontations along the border
Serbia
Serbia with several other states protest the U.S. and other
states' recognition of Kosovo's declaring itself as a sovereign and
independent state in February 2008; ethnic Serbian municipalities
along Kosovo's northern border challenge final status of
Kosovo-Serbia boundary; several thousand NATO-led KFOR peacekeepers
under UNMIK authority continue to keep the peace within Kosovo
between the ethnic Albanian majority and the Serb minority in
Kosovo; Serbia delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and
Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute
Seychelles
together with Mauritius, Seychelles claims the Chagos
Archipelago (UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory)
Sierra Leone
as domestic fighting among disparate ethnic groups,
rebel groups, warlords, and youth gangs in Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea,
Liberia, and Sierra Leone gradually abate, the number of refugees in
border areas has begun to slowly dwindle; UN Mission in Sierra Leone
(UNAMSIL) has maintained over 4,000 peacekeepers in Sierra Leone
since 1999; Sierra Leone considers excessive Guinea's definition of
the flood plain limits to define the left bank boundary of the
Makona and Moa rivers and protests Guinea's continued occupation of
these lands including the hamlet of Yenga occupied since 1998
Singapore
disputes persist with Malaysia over deliveries of fresh
water to Singapore, Singapore's extensive land reclamation works,
bridge construction, and maritime boundaries in the Johor and
Singapore Straits; in November 2007, the ICJ will hold public
hearings as a consequence of the Memorials and Countermemorials
filed by the parties in 2003 and 2005 over sovereignty of Pedra
Branca Island/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge;
Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalization of their
1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north
of Indonesia's Batam Island; piracy remains a problem in the Malacca
Strait
Slovakia
bilateral government, legal, technical and economic working
group negotiations continued in 2006 between Slovakia and Hungary
over Hungary's completion of its portion of the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros
hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a member state that
forms part of the EU's external border, Slovakia has implemented the
strict Schengen border rules
Slovenia
the Croatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement,
which would have ceded most of Piran Bay and maritime access to
Slovenia and several villages to Croatia, remains unratified and in
dispute; Slovenia also protests Croatia's 2003 claim to an exclusive
economic zone in the Adriatic; as a member state that forms part of
the EU's external border, Slovenia has implemented the strict
Schengen border rules to curb illegal migration and commerce through
southeastern Europe while encouraging close cross-border ties with
Croatia
Solomon Islands
since 2003, the Regional Assistance Mission to the
Solomon Islands (RAMSI), consisting of police, military, and
civilian advisors drawn from 15 countries, has assisted in
reestablishing and maintaining civil and political order while
reinforcing regional stability and security
Somalia
Ethiopian forces invaded southern Somalia and routed
Islamist Courts from Mogadishu in January 2007; "Somaliland"
secessionists provide port facilities in Berbera to landlocked
Ethiopia and have established commercial ties with other regional
states; "Puntland" and "Somaliland" "governments" seek international
support in their secessionist aspirations and overlapping border
claims; the undemarcated former British administrative line has
little meaning as a political separation to rival clans within
Ethiopia's Ogaden and southern Somalia's Oromo region; Kenya works
hard to prevent the clan and militia fighting in Somalia from
spreading south across the border, which has long been open to
nomadic pastoralists
South Africa
South Africa has placed military along the border to
apprehend the thousands of Zimbabweans fleeing economic dysfunction
and political persecution; as of January 2007, South Africa also
supports large numbers of refugees and asylum seekers from the
Democratic Republic of the Congo (33,000), Somalia (20,000), Burundi
(6,500), and other states in Africa (26,000); managed dispute with
Namibia over the location of the boundary in the Orange River; in
2006, Swazi king advocates resort to ICJ to claim parts of
Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal from South Africa
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Argentina, which claims
the islands in its constitution and briefly occupied them by force
in 1982, agreed in 1995 to no longer seek settlement by force
Southern Ocean
Antarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarctica
entry), but Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and UK
assert claims (some overlapping), including the continental shelf in
the Southern Ocean; several states have expressed an interest in
extending those continental shelf claims under the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to include undersea
ridges; the US and most other states do not recognize the land or
maritime claims of other states and have made no claims themselves
(the US and Russia have reserved the right to do so); no formal
claims exist in the waters in the sector between 90 degrees west and
150 degrees west
Spain
in 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by
referendum to remain a British colony and against a "total shared
sovereignty" arrangement while demanding participation in talks
between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant
Gibraltar greater autonomy; Morocco protests Spain's control over
the coastal enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and the islands of Penon de
Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and
surrounding waters; Morocco serves as the primary launching site of
illegal migration into Spain from North Africa; Portugal does not
recognize Spanish sovereignty over the territory of Olivenza based
on a difference of interpretation of the 1815 Congress of Vienna and
the 1801 Treaty of Badajoz
Spratly Islands
all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China,
Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and the
Philippines; in 1984, Brunei established an exclusive fishing zone
that encompasses Louisa Reef in the southern Spratly Islands but has
not publicly claimed the reef; claimants in November 2002 signed the
"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea,"
which has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code
of conduct"; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the
Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine
seismic activities in the Spratly Islands
Sri Lanka
none
Sudan
the effects of Sudan's almost constant ethnic and rebel
militia fighting since the mid-20th century have penetrated all of
the neighboring states; as of 2006, Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Central
African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Uganda
provided shelter for over half a million Sudanese refugees, which
includes 240,000 Darfur residents driven from their homes by
Janjawid armed militia and the Sudanese military forces; Sudan, in
turn, hosted about 116,000 Eritreans, 20,000 Chadians, and smaller
numbers of Ethiopians, Ugandans, Central Africans, and Congolese as
refugees; in February 2006, Sudan and DROC signed an agreement to
repatriate 13,300 Sudanese and 6,800 Congolese; Sudan accuses
Eritrea of supporting Sudanese rebel groups; efforts to demarcate
the porous boundary with Ethiopia proceed slowly due to civil and
ethnic fighting in eastern Sudan; the boundary that separates Kenya
and Sudan's sovereignty is unclear in the "Ilemi Triangle," which
Kenya has administered since colonial times; while Sudan claims to
administer the Hala'ib Triangle north of the 1899 Treaty boundary
along the 22nd Parallel; both states withdrew their military
presence in the 1990s, and Egypt has invested in and effectively
administers the area; periodic violent skirmishes with Sudanese
residents over water and grazing rights persist among related
pastoral populations along the border with the Central African
Republic
Suriname
area claimed by French Guiana between Riviere Litani and
Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa); Suriname claims a
triangle of land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a
historic dispute over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) arbitration
to resolve the long-standing dispute with Suriname over the axis of
the territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-rich waters
Svalbard
despite recent discussions, Russia and Norway dispute their
maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights
beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone
Swaziland
in 2006, Swazi king advocates resort to ICJ to claim parts
of Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal from South Africa
Sweden
none
Switzerland
none
Syria
Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied with the almost 1,000-strong
UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) patrolling a buffer zone
since 1964; lacking a treaty or other documentation describing the
boundary, portions of the Lebanon-Syria boundary are unclear with
several sections in dispute; since 2000, Lebanon has claimed Shaba'a
farms in the Golan Heights; 2004 Agreement and pending demarcation
settles border dispute with Jordan; approximately two million Iraqis
have fled the conflict in Iraq with the majority taking refuge in
Syria and Jordan
Taiwan
involved in complex dispute with China, Malaysia,
Philippines, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei over the Spratly Islands;
the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China
Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code
of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; Paracel Islands
are occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam; in 2003,
China and Taiwan became more vocal in rejecting both Japan's claims
to the uninhabited islands of the Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and
Japan's unilaterally declared exclusive economic zone in the East
China Sea where all parties engage in hydrocarbon prospecting
Tajikistan
in 2006, China and Tajikistan pledged to commence
demarcation of the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of
2002; talks continue with Uzbekistan to delimit border and remove
minefields; disputes in Isfara Valley delay delimitation with
Kyrgyzstan
Tanzania
Tanzania still hosts more than a half-million refugees,
more than any other African country, mainly from Burundi and the
Democratic Republic of the Congo, despite the international
community's efforts at repatriation; disputes with Malawi over the
boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River
remain dormant
Thailand
separatist violence in Thailand's predominantly Muslim
southern provinces prompt border closures and controls with Malaysia
to stem terrorist activities; Southeast Asian states have enhanced
border surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; talks continue
on completion of demarcation with Laos but disputes remain over
several islands in the Mekong River; despite continuing border
committee talks, Thailand must deal with Karen and other ethnic
rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border activities, and as of
2006, over 116,000 Karen, Hmong, and other refugees and asylum
seekers from Burma; Cambodia and Thailand dispute sections of
historic boundary with missing boundary markers; Cambodia claims
Thai encroachments into Cambodian territory and obstructing access
to Preah Vihear temple ruins awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in
1962; Thailand is studying the feasibility of jointly constructing
the Hatgyi Dam on the Salween river near the border with Burma; in
2004, international environmentalist pressure prompted China to halt
construction of 13 dams on the Salween River that flows through
China, Burma, and Thailand