Gwp (part 26)

Panama
Panama's dollarised economy rests primarily on a
well-developed services sector that accounts for three-fourths of
GDP. Services include operating the Panama Canal, banking, the Colon
Free Zone, insurance, container ports, flagship registry, and
tourism. A slump in the Colon Free Zone and agricultural exports,
the global slowdown, and the withdrawal of US military forces held
back economic growth in 2000-03; growth picked up in 2004 and 2005
led by export-oriented services and a construction boom stimulated
by tax incentives. The government has implemented tax reforms, as
well as social security reforms, and backs regional trade agreements
and development of tourism. Unemployment remains high.

Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural
resources, but exploitation has been hampered by rugged terrain and
the high cost of developing infrastructure. Agriculture provides a
subsistence livelihood for 85% of the population. Mineral deposits,
including oil, copper, and gold, account for nearly two-thirds of
export earnings. The economy has improved over the past three years
because of high commodity prices following a prolonged period of
instability. The government of Prime Minister SOMARE has expended
much of its energy remaining in power and should be the first
government in decades to serve a full five-year term. The government
has also brought stability to the national budget thus far, largely
through expenditure control. Numerous challenges still face the
government including regaining investor confidence, restoring
integrity to state institutions, promoting economic efficiency by
privatizing moribund state institutions, and balancing relations
with Australia, the former colonial ruler. Other socio-cultural
challenges include the HIV/Aids epidemic, law and order, and land
tenure issues. Australia annually supplies $240 million in aid,
which accounts for nearly 20% of the national budget.

Paracel Islands
China announced plans in 1997 to open the islands
for tourism.

Paraguay
Landlocked Paraguay has a market economy marked by a large
informal sector. This sector features both reexport of imported
consumer goods to neighboring countries, as well as the activities
of thousands of microenterprises and urban street vendors. Because
of the importance of the informal sector, accurate economic measures
are difficult to obtain. A large percentage of the population
derives its living from agricultural activity, often on a
subsistence basis. The formal economy grew by an average of about 3%
annually in 1995-97, but averaged near-zero growth in 1998-2001 and
contracted by 2.3 percent in 2002, in response to regional contagion
and an outbreak of hoof-and-mouth disease. On a per capita basis,
real income has stagnated at 1980 levels. Most observers attribute
Paraguay's poor economic performance to political uncertainty,
corruption, lack of progress on structural reform, substantial
internal and external debt, and deficient infrastructure. Aided by a
firmer exchange rate and perhaps a greater confidence in the
economic policy of the DUARTE FRUTOS administration, the economy
rebounded between 2003 and 2005, posting modest growth each year.

Peru
Peru's economy reflects its varied geography - an arid coastal
region, the Andes further inland, and tropical lands bordering
Colombia and Brazil. Abundant mineral resources are found in the
mountainous areas, and Peru's coastal waters provide excellent
fishing grounds. However, overdependence on minerals and metals
subjects the economy to fluctuations in world prices, and a lack of
infrastructure deters trade and investment. After several years of
inconsistent economic performance, the Peruvian economy grew by more
than 4 percent per year during the period 2002-2005, with a stable
exchange rate and low inflation. Risk premiums on Peruvian bonds on
secondary markets reached historically low levels in late 2004,
reflecting investor optimism regarding the government's prudent
fiscal policies and openness to trade and investment. Despite the
strong macroeconomic performance, the TOLEDO administration remained
unpopular in 2005, and unemployment and poverty have stayed
persistently high. Economic growth will be driven by the Camisea
natural gas megaproject and by exports of minerals, textiles, and
agricultural products. Peru is expected to sign a free-trade
agreement with the United States in early 2006.

Philippines
The Philippines was less severely affected by the Asian
financial crisis of 1998 than its neighbors, aided in part by its
high level of annual remittances from overseas workers, and no
sustained runup in asset prices or foreign borrowing prior to the
crisis. From a 0.6% decline in 1998, GDP expanded by 2.4% in 1999,
and 4.4% in 2000, but slowed to 3.2% in 2001 in the context of a
global economic slowdown, an export slump, and political and
security concerns. GDP growth accelerated to about 5% between 2002
and 2005 reflecting the continued resilience of the service sector,
and improved exports and agricultural output. Nonetheless, it will
take a higher, sustained growth path to make appreciable progress in
the alleviation of poverty given the Philippines' high annual
population growth rate and unequal distribution of income. The
Philippines also faces higher oil prices, higher interest rates on
its dollar borrowings, and higher inflation. Fiscal constraints
limit Manila's ability to finance infrastructure and social
spending. The Philippines' consistently large budget deficit has
produced a high debt level, and this situation has forced Manila to
spend a large portion of the national government budget on debt
service. Large unprofitable public enterprises, especially in the
energy sector, contribute to the government's debt because of slow
progress on privatization. Credit rating agencies have at times
expressed concern about the Philippines' ability to service the
debt, though central bank reserves appear adequate and large
remittance inflows appear stable. The implementation of the expanded
Value Added Tax (VAT) in November 2005 boosted confidence in the
government's fiscal capacity and helped to strengthen the peso,
which gained 5.7 percent year-on-year, making it East Asia's best
performing currency in 2005. Investors and credit rating
institutions will continue to look for effective implementation of
the new VAT and continued improvement in the government's overall
fiscal capacity in the coming year.

Pitcairn Islands
The inhabitants of this tiny isolated economy exist
on fishing, subsistence farming, handicrafts, and postage stamps.
The fertile soil of the valleys produces a wide variety of fruits
and vegetables, including citrus, sugarcane, watermelons, bananas,
yams, and beans. Bartering is an important part of the economy. The
major sources of revenue are the sale of postage stamps to
collectors and the sale of handicrafts to passing ships. In October
2004, more than one-quarter of Pitcairn's small labor force was
arrested, putting the economy in a bind, since their services were
required as lighter crew to load or unload passing ships.

Poland
Poland has steadfastly pursued a policy of economic
liberalization throughout the 1990s and today stands out as a
success story among transition economies. Even so, much remains to
be done, especially in bringing down the unemployment rate -
currently the highest in the EU. The privatization of small- and
medium-sized state-owned companies and a liberal law on establishing
new firms has encouraged the development of the private business
sector, but legal and bureaucratic obstacles alongside persistent
corruption are hampering its further development. Poland's
agricultural sector remains handicapped by surplus labor,
inefficient small farms, and lack of investment. Restructuring and
privatization of "sensitive sectors" (e.g., coal, steel, railroads,
and energy), while recently initiated, have stalled. Reforms in
health care, education, the pension system, and state administration
have resulted in larger-than-expected fiscal pressures. Further
progress in public finance depends mainly on reducing losses in
Polish state enterprises, restraining entitlements, and overhauling
the tax code to incorporate the growing gray economy and farmers,
most of whom pay no tax. The previous Socialist-led government
introduced a package of social and administrative spending cuts to
reduce public spending by about $17 billion through 2007, but full
implementation of the plan was trumped by election-year politics in
2005. The right-wing Law and Justice party won parliamentary
elections in September, and Lech KACZYNSKI won the presidential
election in October 2005, running on a state-interventionist fiscal
and monetary platform. Poland joined the EU in May 2004, and surging
exports to the EU contributed to Poland's strong growth in 2004,
though its competitiveness could be threatened by the zloty's
appreciation. GDP per capita roughly equals that of the three Baltic
states. Poland stands to benefit from nearly $23.2 billion in EU
funds, available through 2006. Farmers have already begun to reap
the rewards of membership via booming exports, higher food prices,
and EU agricultural subsidies.

Portugal
Portugal has become a diversified and increasingly
service-based economy since joining the European Community in 1986.
Over the past decade, successive governments have privatized many
state-controlled firms and liberalized key areas of the economy,
including the financial and telecommunications sectors. The country
qualified for the European Monetary Union (EMU) in 1998 and began
circulating the euro on 1 January 2002 along with 11 other EU member
economies. Economic growth had been above the EU average for much of
the past decade, but fell back in 2001-05. GDP per capita stands at
two-thirds that of the Big Four EU economies. A poor educational
system, in particular, has been an obstacle to greater productivity
and growth. Portugal has been increasingly overshadowed by
lower-cost producers in Central Europe and Asia as a target for
foreign direct investment. The government faces tough choices in its
attempts to boost Portugal's economic competitiveness while keeping
the budget deficit within the eurozone's 3%-of-GDP ceiling.

Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the
Caribbean region. A diverse industrial sector has far surpassed
agriculture as the primary locus of economic activity and income.
Encouraged by duty-free access to the US and by tax incentives, US
firms have invested heavily in Puerto Rico since the 1950s. US
minimum wage laws apply. Sugar production has lost out to dairy
production and other livestock products as the main source of income
in the agricultural sector. Tourism has traditionally been an
important source of income, with estimated arrivals of nearly 5
million tourists in 2004. Growth fell off in 2001-03, largely due to
the slowdown in the US economy, and has recovered in 2004-2005.

Qatar
Oil and gas account for more than 60% of GDP, roughly 85% of
export earnings, and 70% of government revenues. Oil and gas have
given Qatar a per capita GDP about 80% of that of the leading West
European industrial countries. Proved oil reserves of 16 billion
barrels should ensure continued output at current levels for 23
years. Qatar's proved reserves of natural gas exceed 25 trillion
cubic meters, more than 5% of the world total and third largest in
the world. Qatar has permitted substantial foreign investment in the
development of its gas fields during the last decade and is expected
to become the world's top liquefied natural gas (LNG) exporter by
2007. In recent years, Qatar has consistently posted trade surpluses
largely because of high oil prices and increased natural gas
exports, becoming one of the world's fastest growing and highest
per-capita income countries.

Reunion
The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture, but
services now dominate. Sugarcane has been the primary crop for more
than a century, and in some years it accounts for 85% of exports.
The government has been pushing the development of a tourist
industry to relieve high unemployment, which amounts to one-third of
the labor force. The gap in Reunion between the well-off and the
poor is extraordinary and accounts for the persistent social
tensions. The white and Indian communities are substantially better
off than other segments of the population, often approaching
European standards, whereas minority groups suffer the poverty and
unemployment typical of the poorer nations of the African continent.
The outbreak of severe rioting in February 1991 illustrated the
seriousness of socioeconomic tensions. The economic well-being of
Reunion depends heavily on continued financial assistance from
France.

Romania
Romania began the transition from Communism in 1989 with a
largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to
the country's needs. The country emerged in 2000 from a punishing
three-year recession thanks to strong demand in EU export markets.
Despite the global slowdown in 2001-02, strong domestic activity in
construction, agriculture, and consumption have kept GDP growth
above 4%. An IMF standby agreement, signed in 2001, has been
accompanied by slow but palpable gains in privatization, deficit
reduction, and the curbing of inflation. The IMF Board approved
Romania's completion of the standby agreement in October 2003, the
first time Romania has successfully concluded an IMF agreement since
the 1989 revolution. In July 2004, the executive board of the IMF
approved a 24-month standby agreement for $367 million. IMF concerns
about Romania's tax policy and budget deficit led to a breakdown of
this agreement in 2005. In the past, the IMF has criticized the
government's fiscal, wage, and monetary policies. Meanwhile,
macroeconomic gains have only recently started to spur creation of a
middle class and address Romania's widespread poverty, while
corruption and red tape continue to handicap the business
environment. Romanian government confidence in continuing
disinflation was underscored by its currency revaluation in 2005,
making 10,000 "old" lei equal 1 "new" leu.

Russia
Russia ended 2005 with its seventh straight year of growth,
averaging 6.4% annually since the financial crisis of 1998. Although
high oil prices and a relatively cheap ruble are important drivers
of this economic rebound, since 2000 investment and consumer-driven
demand have played a noticeably increasing role. Real fixed capital
investments have averaged gains greater than 10% over the last five
years, and real personal incomes have realized average increases
over 12%. During this time, poverty has declined steadily and the
middle class has continued to expand. Russia has also improved its
international financial position since the 1998 financial crisis,
with its foreign debt declining from 90% of GDP to around 31%.
Strong oil export earnings have allowed Russia to increase its
foreign reserves from only $12 billion to some $180 billion at
yearend 2005. These achievements, along with a renewed government
effort to advance structural reforms, have raised business and
investor confidence in Russia's economic prospects. Nevertheless,
serious problems persist. Economic growth slowed to 5.9% for 2005
while inflation remains high. Oil, natural gas, metals, and timber
account for more than 80% of exports, leaving the country vulnerable
to swings in world prices. Russia's manufacturing base is
dilapidated and must be replaced or modernized if the country is to
achieve broad-based economic growth. Other problems include a weak
banking system, a poor business climate that discourages both
domestic and foreign investors, corruption, and widespread lack of
trust in institutions. In addition, a string of investigations
launched against a major Russian oil company, culminating with the
arrest of its CEO in the fall of 2003 and the acquisition of the
company by a state owned firm, have raised concerns by some
observers that President PUTIN is granting more influence to forces
within his government that desire to reassert state control over the
economy. State control has increased in the past year with a number
of large acquisitions. Most fundamentally, Russia has made little
progress in building the rule of law, the bedrock of a modern market
economy.

Rwanda
Rwanda is a poor rural country with about 90% of the
population engaged in (mainly subsistence) agriculture. It is the
most densely populated country in Africa and is landlocked with few
natural resources and minimal industry. Primary foreign exchange
earners are coffee and tea. The 1994 genocide decimated Rwanda's
fragile economic base, severely impoverished the population,
particularly women, and eroded the country's ability to attract
private and external investment. However, Rwanda has made
substantial progress in stabilizing and rehabilitating its economy
to pre-1994 levels, although poverty levels are higher now. GDP has
rebounded and inflation has been curbed. Despite Rwanda's fertile
ecosystem, food production often does not keep pace with population
growth, requiring food imports. Rwanda continues to receive
substantial aid money and obtained IMF-World Bank Heavily Indebted
Poor Country (HIPC) initiative debt relief in 2005. Kigali's high
defense expenditures have caused tension between the government and
international donors and lending agencies. An energy shortage and
instability in neighboring states may slow growth in 2006, while the
lack of adequate transportation linkages to other countries
continues to handicap export growth.

Saint Helena
The economy depends largely on financial assistance
from the UK, which amounted to about $5 million in 1997 or almost
one-half of annual budgetary revenues. The local population earns
income from fishing, raising livestock, and sales of handicrafts.
Because there are few jobs, 25% of the work force has left to seek
employment on Ascension Island, on the Falklands, and in the UK.

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Sugar was the traditional mainstay of the
Saint Kitts economy until the 1970s. Although the crop still
dominates the agricultural sector, activities such as tourism,
export-oriented manufacturing, and offshore banking have assumed
larger roles in the economy. Tourism revenues are now the chief
source of the islands' foreign exchange; about 40,000 tourist
visited Nevis during the 2003-2004 season. Additional tourist
facilities, including a second cruise ship pier, hotels, and golf
courses are under construction.

Saint Lucia
Changes in the EU import preference regime and the
increased competition from Latin American bananas have made economic
diversification increasingly important in Saint Lucia. The island
nation has been able to attract foreign business and investment,
especially in its offshore banking and tourism industries. The
manufacturing sector is the most diverse in the Eastern Caribbean
area, and the government is trying to revitalize the banana
industry. Economic fundamentals remain solid, even though
unemployment needs to be cut.

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
The inhabitants have traditionally earned
their livelihood by fishing and by servicing fishing fleets
operating off the coast of Newfoundland. The economy has been
declining, however, because of disputes with Canada over fishing
quotas and a steady decline in the number of ships stopping at Saint
Pierre. In 1992, an arbitration panel awarded the islands an
exclusive economic zone of 12,348 sq km to settle a longstanding
territorial dispute with Canada, although it represents only 25% of
what France had sought. The islands are heavily subsidized by France
to the great betterment of living standards. The government hopes an
expansion of tourism will boost economic prospects. Recent test
drilling for oil may pave the way for development of the energy
sector.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Economic growth in this
lower-middle-income country hinges upon seasonal variations in the
agricultural and tourism sectors. Tropical storms wiped out
substantial portions of crops in 1994, 1995, and 2002, and tourism
in the Eastern Caribbean has suffered low arrivals following 11
September 2001. Saint Vincent is home to a small offshore banking
sector and has moved to adopt international regulatory standards.
Saint Vincent is also a producer of marijuana and is being used as a
transshipment point for illegal narcotics from South America.

Samoa
The economy of Samoa has traditionally been dependent on
development aid, family remittances from overseas, agriculture, and
fishing. The country is vulnerable to devastating storms.
Agriculture employs two-thirds of the labor force, and furnishes 90%
of exports, featuring coconut cream, coconut oil, and copra. The
manufacturing sector mainly processes agricultural products. The
decline of fish stocks in the area is a continuing problem. Tourism
is an expanding sector, accounting for 25% of GDP; about 88,000
tourists visited the islands in 2001. One factory in the Foreign
Trade Zone employs 3,000 people to make automobile electrical
harnesses for an assembly plant in Australia. The Samoan Government
has called for deregulation of the financial sector, encouragement
of investment, and continued fiscal discipline, while at the same
time protecting the environment. Observers point to the flexibility
of the labor market as a basic strength for future economic
advances. Foreign reserves are in a relatively healthy state, the
external debt is stable, and inflation is low.

San Marino
The tourist sector contributes over 50% of GDP. In 2000
more than 3 million tourists visited San Marino. The key industries
are banking, wearing apparel, electronics, and ceramics. Main
agricultural products are wine and cheeses. The per capita level of
output and standard of living are comparable to those of the most
prosperous regions of Italy, which supplies much of its food.

Sao Tome and Principe
This small, poor island economy has become
increasingly dependent on cocoa since independence in 1975. Cocoa
production has substantially declined in recent years because of
drought and mismanagement, but strengthening prices helped boost
export earnings in 2003. Sao Tome has to import all fuels, most
manufactured goods, consumer goods, and a substantial amount of
food. Over the years, it has had difficulty servicing its external
debt and has relied heavily on concessional aid and debt
rescheduling. Sao Tome benefited from $200 million in debt relief in
December 2000 under the Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC)
program, and is expected to benefit from an additional round of HIPC
debt relief in early 2006, to help bring down the country's $300
million debt burden. In August 2005, Sao Tome signed on to a new
3-year IMF Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) program
worth $4.3 million. Considerable potential exists for development of
a tourist industry, and the government has taken steps to expand
facilities in recent years. The government also has attempted to
reduce price controls and subsidies. Sao Tome is optimistic about
the development of petroleum resources in its territorial waters in
the oil-rich Gulf of Guinea, which are being jointly developed in a
60-40 split with Nigeria. The first production licenses were sold in
2004, though a dispute over licensing with Nigeria delayed Sao
Tome's receipt of more than $20 million in signing bonuses for
almost a year. Real GDP growth reached 6% in 2004, and also probably
in 2005, as a result of increases in public expenditures and
oil-related capital investment.

Saudi Arabia
This is an oil-based economy with strong government
controls over major economic activities. Saudi Arabia possesses 25%
of the world's proven petroleum reserves, ranks as the largest
exporter of petroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC. The
petroleum sector accounts for roughly 75% of budget revenues, 45% of
GDP, and 90% of export earnings. About 40% of GDP comes from the
private sector. Roughly 5.5 million foreign workers play an
important role in the Saudi economy, particularly, in the oil and
service sectors. The government is encouraging private sector growth
to lessen the kingdom's dependence on oil and increase employment
opportunities for the swelling Saudi population. The government has
begun to permit private sector and foreign investor participation in
the power generation and telecom sectors. As part of its effort to
attract foreign investment and diversify the economy, Saudi Arabia
acceded to the WTO in 2005 after many years of negotiations. With
high oil revenues enabling the government to post large budget
surpluses, Riyadh has been able to substantially boost spending on
job training and education, infrastructure development, and
government salaries.

Senegal
In January 1994, Senegal undertook a bold and ambitious
economic reform program with the support of the international donor
community. This reform began with a 50% devaluation of Senegal's
currency, the CFA franc, which was linked at a fixed rate to the
French franc. Government price controls and subsidies have been
steadily dismantled. After seeing its economy contract by 2.1% in
1993, Senegal made an important turnaround, thanks to the reform
program, with real growth in GDP averaging over 5% annually during
1995-2004. Annual inflation had been pushed down to the low single
digits. As a member of the West African Economic and Monetary Union
(WAEMU), Senegal is working toward greater regional integration with
a unified external tariff and a more stable monetary policy.
However, Senegal still relies heavily upon outside donor assistance.
Under the IMF's Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) debt relief
program, Senegal will benefit from eradication of two-thirds of its
bilateral, multilateral, and private-sector debt.

Serbia
MILOSEVIC-era mismanagement of the economy, an extended
period of economic sanctions, and the damage to Yugoslavia's
infrastructure and industry during the NATO airstrikes in 1999 left
the economy only half the size it was in 1990. After the ousting of
former Federal Yugoslav President MILOSEVIC in October 2000, the
Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition government
implemented stabilization measures and embarked on a market reform
program. After renewing its membership in the IMF in December 2000,
a down-sized Yugoslavia continued to reintegrate into the
international community by rejoining the World Bank (IBRD) and the
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). A World
Bank-European Commission sponsored Donors' Conference held in June
2001 raised $1.3 billion for economic restructuring. In November
2001, the Paris Club agreed to reschedule the country's $4.5 billion
public debt and wrote off 66% of the debt. In July 2004, the London
Club of private creditors forgave $1.7 billion of debt, just over
half the total owed. Belgrade has made only minimal progress in
restructuring and privatizing its holdings in major sectors of the
economy, including energy and telecommunications. It has made
halting progress towards EU membership and is currently pursuing a
Stabilization and Association Agreement with Brussels. Serbia is
also pursuing membership in the World Trade Organization.
Unemployment remains an ongoing political and economic problem. The
Republic of Montenegro severed its economy from Serbia during the
MILOSEVIC era; therefore, the formal separation of Serbia and
Montenegro in June 2006 had little real impact on either economy.
Kosovo's economy continues to transition to a market-based system
and is largely dependent on the international community and the
diaspora for financial and technical assistance. The euro and the
Yugoslav dinar are both accepted currencies in Kosovo. While
maintaining ultimate oversight, UNMIK continues to work with the EU
and Kosovo's local provisional government to accelerate economic
growth, lower unemployment, and attract foreign investment to help
Kosovo integrate into regional economic structures. The complexity
of Serbia and Kosovo's political and legal relationships has created
uncertainty over property rights and hindered the privatization of
state-owned assets in Kosovo. Most of Kosovo's population lives in
rural towns outside of the largest city, Pristina. Inefficient,
near-subsistence farming is common.
note: economic data for Serbia currently reflects information for
the former Serbia and Montenegro, unless otherwise noted; data for
Serbia alone will be added when available

Seychelles
Since independence in 1976, per capita output in this
Indian Ocean archipelago has expanded to roughly seven times the old
near-subsistence level. Growth has been led by the tourist sector,
which employs about 30% of the labor force and provides more than
70% of hard currency earnings, and by tuna fishing. In recent years
the government has encouraged foreign investment in order to upgrade
hotels and other services. At the same time, the government has
moved to reduce the dependence on tourism by promoting the
development of farming, fishing, and small-scale manufacturing.
Sharp drops illustrated the vulnerability of the tourist sector in
1991-92 due largely to the Gulf War, and once again following the 11
September 2001 terrorist attacks on the US. Growth slowed in
1998-2002, and fell in 2003, due to sluggish tourist and tuna
sectors, but resumed in 2004, erasing a persistent budget deficit.
Growth turned negative again in 2005. Tight controls on exchange
rates and the scarcity of foreign exchange have impaired short-term
economic prospects. The black-market value of the Seychelles rupee
is half the official exchange rate; without a devaluation of the
currency, the tourist sector may remain sluggish as vacationers seek
cheaper destinations such as Comoros, Mauritius, and Madagascar.

Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone is an extremely poor African nation with
tremendous inequality in income distribution. While it possesses
substantial mineral, agricultural, and fishery resources, its
economic and social infrastructure is not well developed, and
serious social disorders continue to hamper economic development.
About two-thirds of the working-age population engages in
subsistence agriculture. Manufacturing consists mainly of the
processing of raw materials and of light manufacturing for the
domestic market. Alluvial diamond mining remains the major source of
hard currency earnings, accounting for nearly half of Sierra Leone's
exports. The fate of the economy depends upon the maintenance of
domestic peace and the continued receipt of substantial aid from
abroad, which is essential to offset the severe trade imbalance and
supplement government revenues. The IMF has completed a Poverty
Reduction and Growth Facility program that helped stabilize economic
growth and reduce inflation. A recent increase in political
stability has led to a revival of economic activity, such as the
rehabilitation of bauxite mining.

Singapore
Singapore, a highly-developed and successful free-market
economy, enjoys a remarkably open and corruption-free environment,
stable prices, and a per capita GDP equal to that of the four
largest West European countries. The economy depends heavily on
exports, particularly in electronics and manufacturing. It was hard
hit in 2001-03 by the global recession, by the slump in the
technology sector, and by an outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome (SARS) in 2003, which curbed tourism and consumer spending.
The government hopes to establish a new growth path that will be
less vulnerable to the external business cycle and will continue
efforts to establish Singapore as Southeast Asia's financial and
high-tech hub. Fiscal stimulus, low interest rates, a surge in
exports, and internal flexibility led to vigorous growth in 2004,
with real GDP rising by 8% - by far the economy's best performance
since 2000 - but growth slowed to 5.7% in 2005.

Slovakia
Slovakia has mastered much of the difficult transition from
a centrally planned economy to a modern market economy. The DZURINDA
government made excellent progress during 2001-04 in macroeconomic
stabilization and structural reform. Major privatizations are nearly
complete, the banking sector is almost completely in foreign hands,
and the government has helped facilitate a foreign investment boom
with business-friendly policies, such as labor market liberalization
and a 19% flat tax. Foreign investment in the automotive sector has
been strong. Slovakia's economic growth exceeded expectations in
2001-05, despite the general European slowdown. Unemployment, at an
unacceptable 18% in 2003-04, dropped to 16.4% in 2005, but remains
the economy's Achilles heel. Slovakia joined the EU on 1 May 2004.

Slovenia
With its small transition economy and population of
approximately two million, Slovenia is a model of economic success
and stability for its neighbors in the former Yugoslavia. The
country, which joined the EU in 2004, has excellent infrastructure,
a well-educated work force, and an excellent central location. It
enjoys a GDP per capita substantially higher than any of the other
transitioning economies of Central Europe. In March 2004, Slovenia
became the first transition country to graduate from borrower status
to donor partner at the World Bank. Slovenia plans to adopt the euro
by 2007 and has met the EU's Maastricht criteria for inflation.
Despite its economic success, Slovenia faces growing challenges.
Much of the economy remains in state hands and foreign direct
investment (FDI) in Slovenia is one of the lowest in the EU on a per
capita basis. Taxes are relatively high, the labor market is often
seen as inflexible, and legacy industries are losing sales to more
competitive firms in China, India, and elsewhere. The current
center-right government, elected in October 2004, has pledged to
accelerate privatization of a number of large state holdings and is
interested in increasing FDI in Slovenia. In late 2005, the
government's new Committee for Economic Reforms was elevated to
cabinet-level status. The Committee's program includes plans for
lowering the tax burden, privatizing state-controlled firms,
improving the flexibility of the labor market, and increasing the
government's efficiency.

Solomon Islands
The bulk of the population depends on agriculture,
fishing, and forestry for at least part of its livelihood. Most
manufactured goods and petroleum products must be imported. The
islands are rich in undeveloped mineral resources such as lead,
zinc, nickel, and gold. Prior to the arrival of the Regional
Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI), severe ethnic
violence, the closing of key businesses, and an empty government
treasury culminated in economic collapse. RAMSI has enabled a return
to law and order, a new period of economic stability, and modest
growth as the economy rebuilds.

Somalia
Somalia's economic fortunes are driven by its deep political
divisions. The northwestern area has declared its independence as
the "Republic of Somaliland"; the northeastern region of Puntland is
a semi-autonomous state; and the remaining southern portion is
riddled with the struggles of rival factions. Economic life
continues, in part because much activity is local and relatively
easily protected. Agriculture is the most important sector, with
livestock normally accounting for about 40% of GDP and about 65% of
export earnings, but Saudi Arabia's ban on Somali livestock, due to
Rift Valley Fever concerns, has severely hampered the sector. Nomads
and semi-nomads, who are dependent upon livestock for their
livelihood, make up a large portion of the population. Livestock,
hides, fish, charcoal, and bananas are Somalia's principal exports,
while sugar, sorghum, corn, qat, and machined goods are the
principal imports. Somalia's small industrial sector, based on the
processing of agricultural products, has largely been looted and
sold as scrap metal. Despite the seeming anarchy, Somalia's service
sector has managed to survive and grow. Telecommunication firms
provide wireless services in most major cities and offer the lowest
international call rates on the continent. In the absence of a
formal banking sector, money exchange services have sprouted
throughout the country, handling between $500 million and $1 billion
in remittances annually. Mogadishu's main market offers a variety of
goods from food to the newest electronic gadgets. Hotels continue to
operate, and militias provide security. The ongoing civil
disturbances and clan rivalries, however, have interfered with any
broad-based economic development and international aid arrangements.
Somalia's arrears to the IMF continued to grow in 2005. Statistics
on Somalia's GDP, growth, per capita income, and inflation should be
viewed skeptically. In late December 2004, a major tsunami caused an
estimated 150 deaths and resulted in destruction of property in
coastal areas.

South Africa
South Africa is a middle-income, emerging market with
an abundant supply of natural resources; well-developed financial,
legal, communications, energy, and transport sectors; a stock
exchange that ranks among the 10 largest in the world; and a modern
infrastructure supporting an efficient distribution of goods to
major urban centers throughout the region. However, growth has not
been strong enough to lower South Africa's high unemployment rate,
and daunting economic problems remain from the apartheid era -
especially poverty and lack of economic empowerment among the
disadvantaged groups. South African economic policy is fiscally
conservative, but pragmatic, focusing on targeting inflation and
liberalizing trade as means to increase job growth and household
income.

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Some fishing takes
place in adjacent waters. There is a potential source of income from
harvesting finfish and krill. The islands receive income from
postage stamps produced in the UK, sale of fishing licenses, and
harbor and landing fees from tourist vessels. Tourism from
specialized cruise ships is increasing rapidly.

Southern Ocean
Fisheries in 2003-04 landed 136,262 metric tons, of
which 87% (118,166 tons) was krill and 8% (11,182 tons) Patagonian
toothfish, compared to 142,555 tons in 2002-03 of which 83% (117,728
tons) was krill and 12% (16,479 tons) Patagonian toothfish
(estimated fishing from the area covered by the Convention of the
Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), which
extends slightly beyond the Southern Ocean area). International
agreements were adopted in late 1999 to reduce illegal, unreported,
and unregulated fishing, which in the 2000-01 season landed, by one
estimate, 8,376 metric tons of Patagonian and Antarctic toothfish.
In the 2004-05 Antarctic summer 28,202 tourists, most of them
seaborne (approximately 97%), visited the Southern Ocean and
Antarctica, compared to 14,762 in 1999-2000.

Spain
The Spanish economy boomed from 1986 to 1990, averaging five
percent annual growth. After a European-wide recession in the early
1990s, the Spanish economy resumed moderate growth starting in 1994.
Spain's mixed capitalist economy supports a GDP that on a per capita
basis is 80% that of the four leading West European economies. The
center-right government of former President AZNAR successfully
worked to gain admission to the first group of countries launching
the European single currency (the euro) on 1 January 1999. The AZNAR
administration continued to advocate liberalization, privatization,
and deregulation of the economy and introduced some tax reforms to
that end. Unemployment fell steadily under the AZNAR administration
but remains high at 10.1%. Growth of 2.5% in 2003, 2.6% in 2004, and
3.4% in 2005 was satisfactory given the background of a faltering
European economy. The socialist president, RODRIGUEZ ZAPATERO, has
initiated economic and social reforms that are generally popular
among the masses of people, but that are anathema to religious and
other conservative elements. Adjusting to the monetary and other
economic policies of an integrated Europe, reducing unemployment,
and absorbing widespread social changes will pose challenges to
Spain over the next few years.

Spratly Islands
Economic activity is limited to commercial fishing.
The proximity to nearby oil- and gas-producing sedimentary basins
suggests the potential for oil and gas deposits, but the region is
largely unexplored. There are no reliable estimates of potential
reserves. Commercial exploitation has yet to be developed.

Sri Lanka
In 1977, Colombo abandoned statist economic policies and
its import substitution trade policy for market-oriented policies
and export-oriented trade. Sri Lanka's most dynamic sectors now are
food processing, textiles and apparel, food and beverages,
telecommunications, and insurance and banking. In 2003, plantation
crops made up only 15% of exports (compared with 93% in 1970), while
textiles and garments accounted for 63%. GDP grew at an average
annual rate of about 5.5% in the 1990s, but 2001 saw the first
contraction in the country's history, by 1.4%, due to a combination
of power shortages, severe budgetary problems, the global slowdown,
and continuing civil strife. Growth recovered to 5% between 2002 and
2005. About 800,000 Sri Lankans work abroad, 90% in the Middle East.
They send home about $1 billion a year. The struggle by the Tamil
Tigers of the north and east for a largely independent homeland
continues to cast a shadow over the economy. In late December 2004,
a major tsunami took about 31,000 lives, left more than 6,300
missing and 443,000 displaced, and destroyed an estimated $1.5
billion worth of property.

Sudan
Sudan has turned around a struggling economy with sound
economic policies and infrastructure investments, but it still faces
formidable economic problems, starting from its low level of per
capita output. From 1997 to date, Sudan has been implementing IMF
macroeconomic reforms. In 1999, Sudan began exporting crude oil and
in the last quarter of 1999 recorded its first trade surplus, which,
along with monetary policy, has stabilized the exchange rate.
Increased oil production, revived light industry, and expanded
export processing zones helped sustain GDP growth at 8.6% in 2004.
Agricultural production remains Sudan's most important sector,
employing 80% of the work force, contributing 39% of GDP, and
accounting for most of GDP growth, but most farms remain rain-fed
and susceptible to drought. Chronic instability - resulting from the
long-standing civil war between the Muslim north and the
Christian/pagan south, adverse weather, and weak world agricultural
prices - ensure that much of the population will remain at or below
the poverty line for years.

Suriname
The economy is dominated by the mining industry, which
accounts for more than a third of GDP and subjects government
revenues to mineral price volatility. The short-term economic
outlook depends on the government's ability to control inflation and
on the development of projects in the bauxite and gold mining
sectors. Suriname's economic prospects for the medium term will
depend on continued commitment to responsible monetary and fiscal
policies and to the introduction of structural reforms to liberalize
markets and promote competition. The government of Ronald VENETIAAN,
in his first term, implemented an austerity program, raised taxes,
and attempted to control spending. Economic policies are likely to
remain the same during VENETIAAN's second term. Prospects for local
onshore oil production are good, as a drilling program is underway.
Offshore oil drilling was given a boost in 2004 when the State Oil
Company (Staatsolie) signed exploration agreements with Repsol,
Mearsk, and Occidental.

Svalbard
Coal mining is the major economic activity on Svalbard. The
treaty of 9 February 1920 gives the 41 signatories equal rights to
exploit mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian regulation. Although
US, UK, Dutch, and Swedish coal companies have mined in the past,
the only companies still mining are Norwegian and Russian. The
settlements on Svalbard are essentially company towns. The Norwegian
state-owned coal company employs nearly 60% of the Norwegian
population on the island, runs many of the local services, and
provides most of the local infrastructure. There is also some
hunting of seal, reindeer, and fox.

Swaziland
In this small, landlocked economy, subsistence agriculture
occupies more than 80% of the population. The manufacturing sector
has diversified since the mid-1980s. Sugar and wood pulp remain
important foreign exchange earners. Mining has declined in
importance in recent years with only coal and quarry stone mines
remaining active. Surrounded by South Africa, except for a short
border with Mozambique, Swaziland is heavily dependent on South
Africa from which it receives about nine-tenths of its imports and
to which it sends nearly two-thirds of its exports. Customs duties
from the Southern African Customs Union and worker remittances from
South Africa substantially supplement domestically earned income.
The government is trying to improve the atmosphere for foreign
investment. Overgrazing, soil depletion, drought, and sometimes
floods persist as problems for the future. More than one-fourth of
the population needed emergency food aid in 2004-05 because of
drought, and nearly two-fifths of the adult population has been
infected by HIV/AIDS.

Sweden
Aided by peace and neutrality for the whole of the 20th
century, Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living under a
mixed system of high-tech capitalism and extensive welfare benefits.
It has a modern distribution system, excellent internal and external
communications, and a skilled labor force. Timber, hydropower, and
iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy heavily oriented
toward foreign trade. Privately owned firms account for about 90% of
industrial output, of which the engineering sector accounts for 50%
of output and exports. Agriculture accounts for only 2% of GDP and
of jobs. The government's commitment to fiscal discipline resulted
in a substantial budgetary surplus in 2001, which was cut by more
than half in 2002, due to the global economic slowdown, declining
revenue, and increased spending. The Swedish central bank (the
Riksbank) focuses on price stability with its inflation target of
2%. Growth remained sluggish in 2003, but picked up in 2004 and
2005. Presumably because of generous sick-leave benefits, Swedish
workers report in sick more often than other Europeans. In September
2003, Swedish voters turned down entry into the euro system,
concerned about the impact on democracy and sovereignty.

Switzerland
Switzerland is a peaceful, prosperous, and stable modern
market economy with low unemployment, a highly skilled labor force,
and a per capita GDP larger than that of the big Western European
economies. The Swiss in recent years have brought their economic
practices largely into conformity with the EU's to enhance their
international competitiveness. Switzerland remains a safehaven for
investors, because it has maintained a degree of bank secrecy and
has kept up the franc's long-term external value. Reflecting the
anemic economic conditions of Europe, GDP growth dropped in 2001 to
about 0.8%, to 0.2% in 2002, and to -0.3% in 2003, with a small rise
to 1.8% in 2004-05. Even so, unemployment has remained at less than
half the EU average.

Syria
The Syrian Government estimates the economy grew by 4.5
percent in real terms in 2005, led by the petroleum and agricultural
sectors, which together account for about half of GDP. Economic
performance and the exchange rate on the informal market were hit by
international political developments following the assassination in
February of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafiq al-HARIRI and the
specter of international sanctions. Higher crude oil prices
countered declining oil production and exports and helped to narrow
the budget deficit and widen the current account surplus. The
Government of Syria has implemented modest economic reforms in the
last few years, including cutting interest rates, opening private
banks, consolidating some of the multiple exchange rates, and
raising prices on some subsidized foodstuffs. Nevertheless, the
economy remains highly controlled by the government. Long-run
economic constraints include declining oil production and exports,
increasing pressure on water supplies caused by rapid population
growth, industrial expansion, and water pollution.

Taiwan
Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with gradually
decreasing guidance of investment and foreign trade by government
authorities. In keeping with this trend, some large,
government-owned banks and industrial firms are being privatized.
Exports have provided the primary impetus for industrialization. The
trade surplus is substantial, and foreign reserves are the world's
third largest. Agriculture contributes less than 2% to GDP, down
from 32% in 1952. Taiwan is a major investor throughout Southeast
Asia. China has overtaken the US to become Taiwan's largest export
market and, in 2005, Taiwan's third-largest source of imports after
Japan and the US. Taiwan has benefited from cross-Strait economic
integration and a sharp increase in world demand to achieve
substantial growth in its export sector and a seven-year-high real
GDP growth of 6.1% in 2004. However, excess inventory, higher
international oil prices, and rising interest rates dampened
consumption in developed markets, and GDP growth dropped to 3.8% in
2005. The service sector, which accounts for 69% of Taiwan's GDP,
has continued to expand, while unemployment and inflation rates have
declined.

Tajikistan
Tajikistan has one of the lowest per capita GDPs among
the 15 former Soviet republics. Only 6% of the land area is arable;
cotton is the most important crop. Mineral resources, varied but
limited in amount, include silver, gold, uranium, and tungsten.
Industry consists only of a large aluminum plant, hydropower
facilities, and small obsolete factories mostly in light industry
and food processing. The civil war (1992-97) severely damaged the
already weak economic infrastructure and caused a sharp decline in
industrial and agricultural production. Even though 64% of its
people continue to live in abject poverty, Tajikistan has
experienced steady economic growth since 1997, but experienced a
slight drop in its growth rate to 8% in 2005 from 10.6% in 2004.
Continued privatization of medium and large state-owned enterprises
would further increase productivity. Tajikistan's economic
situation, however, remains fragile due to uneven implementation of
structural reforms, weak governance, widespread unemployment, and
the external debt burden. A debt restructuring agreement was reached
with Russia in December 2002, including a $250 million write-off of
Tajikistan's $300 million debt to Russia. Tajikistan ranks third in
the world in terms of water resources per head. A proposed
investment to finish the hydropower dams Rogun and Sangtuda would
substantially add to electricity production. If finished, Rogun will
be the world's tallest dam.

Tanzania
Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The
economy depends heavily on agriculture, which accounts for almost
half of GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs 80% of the work
force. Topography and climatic conditions, however, limit cultivated
crops to only 4% of the land area. Industry traditionally featured
the processing of agricultural products and light consumer goods.
The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and bilateral
donors have provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzania's out-of-date
economic infrastructure and to alleviate poverty. Long-term growth
through 2005 featured a pickup in industrial production and a
substantial increase in output of minerals, led by gold. Recent
banking reforms have helped increase private-sector growth and
investment. Continued donor assistance and solid macroeconomic
policies supported real GDP growth of more than 6% in 2005.

Thailand
With a well-developed infrastructure, a free-enterprise
economy, and pro-investment policies, Thailand appears to have fully
recovered from the 1997-98 Asian Financial Crisis. The country was
one of East Asia's best performers in 2002-04. Boosted by increased
consumption and strong export growth, the Thai economy grew 6.9% in
2003 and 6.1% in 2004 despite a sluggish global economy. Bangkok has
pursued preferential trade agreements with a variety of partners in
an effort to boost exports and to maintain high growth. In 2004,
Thailand and the US began negotiations on a Free Trade Agreement. In
late December 2004, a major tsunami took 8,500 lives in Thailand and
caused massive destruction of property in the southern provinces of
Krabi, Phangnga, and Phuket. Growth slowed to 4.4% in 2005. The
downturn can be attributed to high oil prices, weaker demand from
Western markets, severe drought in rural regions, tsunami-related
declines in tourism, and lower consumer confidence. Moreover, the
THAKSIN administration's expansionist economic policies, including
plans for multi-billion-dollar mega-projects in infrastructure and
social development, has raised concerns about fiscal discipline and
the health of financial institutions. On the positive side, the Thai
economy performed well beginning in the third quarter of 2005.
Export-oriented manufacturing - in particular automobile production
- and farm output are driving these gains. In 2006, the economy
should benefit from an influx of investment and a revived tourism
sector; however, a possible avian flu epidemic could significantly
harm economic prospects throughout the region.

Togo
This small, sub-Saharan economy is heavily dependent on both
commercial and subsistence agriculture, which provides employment
for 65% of the labor force. Some basic foodstuffs must still be
imported. Cocoa, coffee, and cotton generate about 40% of export
earnings, with cotton being the most important cash crop. Togo is
the world's fourth-largest producer of phosphate. The government's
decade-long effort, supported by the World Bank and the IMF, to
implement economic reform measures, encourage foreign investment,
and bring revenues in line with expenditures has moved slowly.
Progress depends on follow-through on privatization, increased
openness in government financial operations, progress toward
legislative elections, and continued support from foreign donors.
Togo is working with donors to write a PRGF that could eventually
lead to a debt reduction plan.

Tokelau
Tokelau's small size (three villages), isolation, and lack
of resources greatly restrain economic development and confine
agriculture to the subsistence level. The people rely heavily on aid
from New Zealand - about $4 million annually - to maintain public
services, with annual aid being substantially greater than GDP. The
principal sources of revenue come from sales of copra, postage
stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts. Money is also remitted to
families from relatives in New Zealand.

Tonga
Tonga, a small, open, South Pacific island economy, has a
narrow export base in agricultural goods. Squash, coconuts, bananas,
and vanilla beans are the main crops, and agricultural exports make
up two-thirds of total exports. The country must import a high
proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The country remains
dependent on external aid and remittances from Tongan communities
overseas to offset its trade deficit. Tourism is the second-largest
source of hard currency earnings following remittances. The
government is emphasizing the development of the private sector,
especially the encouragement of investment, and is committing
increased funds for health and education. Tonga has a reasonably
sound basic infrastructure and well-developed social services. High
unemployment among the young, a continuing upturn in inflation,
pressures for democratic reform, and rising civil service
expenditures are major issues facing the government.

Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago, the leading Caribbean
producer of oil and gas, has earned a reputation as an excellent
investment site for international businesses. Tourism is a growing
sector, although not proportionately as important as in many other
Caribbean islands. The economy benefits from low inflation and a
growing trade surplus. Prospects for growth in 2006 are good as
prices for oil, petrochemicals, and liquefied natural gas are
expected to remain high, and foreign direct investment continues to
grow to support expanded capacity in the energy sector. The
government is coping with a rise in violent crime.

Tromelin Island
no economic activity

Tunisia
Tunisia has a diverse economy, with important agricultural,
mining, energy, tourism, and manufacturing sectors. Governmental
control of economic affairs while still heavy has gradually lessened
over the past decade with increasing privatization, simplification
of the tax structure, and a prudent approach to debt. Progressive
social policies also have helped raise living conditions in Tunisia
relative to the region. Real growth slowed to a 15-year low of 1.9%
in 2002 because of agricultural drought and lackluster tourism.
Better rains in 2003 through 2005, however, helped push GDP growth
to about 5% for these years. Tourism also recovered after the end of
combat operations in Iraq. Tunisia is gradually removing barriers to
trade with the EU. Broader privatization, further liberalization of
the investment code to increase foreign investment, improvements in
government efficiency, and reduction of the trade deficit are among
the challenges ahead.

Turkey
Turkey's dynamic economy is a complex mix of modern industry
and commerce along with a traditional agriculture sector that still
accounts for more than 35% of employment. It has a strong and
rapidly growing private sector, yet the state still plays a major
role in basic industry, banking, transport, and communication. The
largest industrial sector is textiles and clothing, which accounts
for one-third of industrial employment; it faces stiff competition
in international markets with the end of the global quota system.
However, other sectors, notably the automotive and electronics
industries, are rising in importance within Turkey's export mix.
Real GNP growth has exceeded 6% in many years, but this strong
expansion has been interrupted by sharp declines in output in 1994,
1999, and 2001. The economy is turning around with the
implementation of economic reforms, and 2004 GDP growth reached 9%.
Inflation fell to 7.7% in 2005 - a 30-year low. Despite the strong
economic gains in 2002-05, which were largely due to renewed
investor interest in emerging markets, IMF backing, and tighter
fiscal policy, the economy is still burdened by a high current
account deficit and high debt. The public sector fiscal deficit
exceeds 6% of GDP - due in large part to high interest payments,
which accounted for about 37% of central government spending in
2004. Prior to 2005, foreign direct investment (FDI) in Turkey
averaged less than $1 billion annually, but further economic and
judicial reforms and prospective EU membership are expected to boost
FDI. Privatization sales are currently approaching $21 billion.

Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan is a largely desert country with intensive
agriculture in irrigated oases and large gas and oil resources.
One-half of its irrigated land is planted in cotton; formerly it was
the world's tenth-largest producer. Poor harvests in recent years
have led to an almost 50% decline in cotton exports. With an
authoritarian ex-Communist regime in power and a tribally based
social structure, Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to
economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its
inefficient economy. Privatization goals remain limited. In
1998-2005, Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack of adequate
export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive
short-term external debt. At the same time, however, total exports
rose by 20% to 30% per year in 2003-2005, largely because of higher
international oil and gas prices. In 2005, Ashgabat sought to raise
natural gas export prices to its main customers, Russia and Ukraine,
from $44 per thousand cubic meters (tcm) to $66 per tcm. Overall
prospects in the near future are discouraging because of widespread
internal poverty, the burden of foreign debt, the government's
irrational use of oil and gas revenues, and its unwillingness to
adopt market-oriented reforms. Turkmenistan's economic statistics
are state secrets, and GDP and other figures are subject to wide
margins of error. In particular, the rate of GDP growth is uncertain.

Turks and Caicos Islands
The Turks and Caicos economy is based on
tourism, fishing, and offshore financial services. Most capital
goods and food for domestic consumption are imported. The US is the
leading source of tourists, accounting for more than half of the
annual 93,000 visitors in the late 1990s. Major sources of
government revenue also include fees from offshore financial
activities and customs receipts.

Tuvalu
Tuvalu consists of a densely populated, scattered group of
nine coral atolls with poor soil. The country has no known mineral
resources and few exports. Subsistence farming and fishing are the
primary economic activities. Fewer than 1,000 tourists, on average,
visit Tuvalu annually. Government revenues largely come from the
sale of stamps and coins and remittances from seamen on merchant
ships abroad. About 1,000 Tuvaluans are being repatriated from
Nauru, with the decline of phosphate resources there. Substantial
income is received annually from an international trust fund
established in 1987 by Australia, NZ, and the UK and supported also
by Japan and South Korea. Thanks to wise investments and
conservative withdrawals, this fund has grown from an initial $17
million to over $35 million in 1999. The US Government is also a
major revenue source for Tuvalu because of payments from a 1988
treaty on fisheries. In an effort to reduce its dependence on
foreign aid, the government is pursuing public sector reforms,
including privatization of some government functions and personnel
cuts of up to 7%. Tuvalu derives around $1.5 million per year from
the lease of its ".tv" Internet domain name. With merchandise
exports only a fraction of merchandise imports, continued reliance
must be placed on fishing and telecommunications license fees,
remittances from overseas workers, official transfers, and income
from overseas investments.

Uganda
Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile
soils, regular rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and
cobalt. Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy,
employing over 80% of the work force. Coffee accounts for the bulk
of export revenues. Since 1986, the government - with the support of
foreign countries and international agencies - has acted to
rehabilitate and stabilize the economy by undertaking currency
reform, raising producer prices on export crops, increasing prices
of petroleum products, and improving civil service wages. The policy
changes are especially aimed at dampening inflation and boosting
production and export earnings. During 1990-2001, the economy turned
in a solid performance based on continued investment in the
rehabilitation of infrastructure, improved incentives for production
and exports, reduced inflation, gradually improved domestic
security, and the return of exiled Indian-Ugandan entrepreneurs. In
2000, Uganda qualified for enhanced Highly Indebted Poor Countries
(HIPC) debt relief worth $1.3 billion and Paris Club debt relief
worth $145 million. These amounts combined with the original HIPC
debt relief added up to about $2 billion. Growth for 2001-02 was
solid despite continued decline in the price of coffee, Uganda's
principal export. Growth in 2003-05 reflected an upturn in Uganda's
export markets.

Ukraine
After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and away the
most important economic component of the former Soviet Union,
producing about four times the output of the next-ranking republic.
Its fertile black soil generated more than one-fourth of Soviet
agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities
of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. Likewise,
its diversified heavy industry supplied the unique equipment (for
example, large diameter pipes) and raw materials to industrial and
mining sites (vertical drilling apparatus) in other regions of the
former USSR. Ukraine depends on imports of energy, especially
natural gas, to meet some 85% of its annual energy requirements.
Shortly after independence was ratified in December 1991, the
Ukrainian Government liberalized most prices and erected a legal
framework for privatization, but widespread resistance to reform
within the government and the legislature soon stalled reform
efforts and led to some backtracking. Output by 1999 had fallen to
less than 40% of the 1991 level. Loose monetary policies pushed
inflation to hyperinflationary levels in late 1993. Ukraine's
dependence on Russia for energy supplies and the lack of significant
structural reform have made the Ukrainian economy vulnerable to
external shocks. A dispute with Russia over pricing led to a
temporary gas cut-off; Ukraine concluded a deal with Russia in
January 2006, which almost doubled the price Ukraine pays for
Russian gas, and could cost the Ukrainian economy $1.4-2.2 billion
and cause GDP growth to fall 3-4%. Ukrainian government officials
eliminated most tax and customs privileges in a March 2005 budget
law, bringing more economic activity out of Ukraine's large shadow
economy, but more improvements are needed, including fighting
corruption, developing capital markets, and improving the
legislative framework for businesses. Reforms in the more
politically sensitive areas of structural reform and land
privatization are still lagging. Outside institutions - particularly
the IMF - have encouraged Ukraine to quicken the pace and scope of
reforms. GDP growth was 2.4% in 2005, down from 12.4% in 2004. The
current account surplus reached $2.2 billion in 2005. The
privatization of the Kryvoryzhstal steelworks in late 2005 produced
$4.8 billion in windfall revenue for the government. Some of the
proceeds were used to finance the budget deficit, some to
recapitalize two state banks, some to retire public debt, and the
rest may be used to finance future deficits.

United Arab Emirates
The UAE has an open economy with a high per
capita income and a sizable annual trade surplus. Its wealth is
based on oil and gas output (about 30% of GDP), and the fortunes of
the economy fluctuate with the prices of those commodities. Since
the discovery of oil in the UAE more than 30 years ago, the UAE has
undergone a profound transformation from an impoverished region of
small desert principalities to a modern state with a high standard
of living. At present levels of production, oil and gas reserves
should last for more than 100 years. The government has increased
spending on job creation and infrastructure expansion and is opening
up its utilities to greater private sector involvement. Higher oil
revenue, strong liquidity, and cheap credit in 2005 led to a surge
in asset prices (shares and real estate) and consumer inflation. Any
sharp correction to the UAE's equity markets could damage investor
and consumer sentiment and affect bank asset quality. In April 2004,
the UAE signed a Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA)
with Washington and in November 2004 agreed to undertake
negotiations toward a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the US.

United Kingdom
The UK, a leading trading power and financial center,
is one of the quintet of trillion dollar economies of Western
Europe. Over the past two decades, the government has greatly
reduced public ownership and contained the growth of social welfare
programs. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient
by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with less
than 2% of the labor force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and
oil reserves; primary energy production accounts for 10% of GDP, one
of the highest shares of any industrial nation. Services,
particularly banking, insurance, and business services, account by
far for the largest proportion of GDP while industry continues to
decline in importance. GDP growth slipped in 2001-03 as the global
downturn, the high value of the pound, and the bursting of the "new
economy" bubble hurt manufacturing and exports. Output recovered in
2004, to 3.2% growth, but fell in 2005, to 1.7%. Despite slower
growth, the economy is one of the strongest in Europe; inflation,
interest rates, and unemployment remain low. The relatively good
economic performance has complicated the BLAIR government's efforts
to make a case for Britain to join the European Economic and
Monetary Union (EMU). Critics point out that the economy is doing
well outside of EMU, and public opinion polls show a majority of
Britons are opposed to the euro. Meantime, the government has been
speeding up the improvement of education, transport, and health
services, at a cost in higher taxes and a widening public deficit.

United States
The US has the largest and most technologically
powerful economy in the world, with a per capita GDP of $42,000. In
this market-oriented economy, private individuals and business firms
make most of the decisions, and the federal and state governments
buy needed goods and services predominantly in the private
marketplace. US business firms enjoy greater flexibility than their
counterparts in Western Europe and Japan in decisions to expand
capital plant, to lay off surplus workers, and to develop new
products. At the same time, they face higher barriers to enter their
rivals' home markets than foreign firms face entering US markets. US
firms are at or near the forefront in technological advances,
especially in computers and in medical, aerospace, and military
equipment; their advantage has narrowed since the end of World War
II. The onrush of technology largely explains the gradual
development of a "two-tier labor market" in which those at the
bottom lack the education and the professional/technical skills of
those at the top and, more and more, fail to get comparable pay
raises, health insurance coverage, and other benefits. Since 1975,
practically all the gains in household income have gone to the top
20% of households. The response to the terrorist attacks of 11
September 2001 showed the remarkable resilience of the economy. The
war in March-April 2003 between a US-led coalition and Iraq, and the
subsequent occupation of Iraq, required major shifts in national
resources to the military. The rise in GDP in 2004 and 2005 was
undergirded by substantial gains in labor productivity. Hurricane
Katrina caused extensive damage in the Gulf Coast region in August
2005, but had a small impact on overall GDP growth for the year.
Soaring oil prices in 2005 and 2006 threatened inflation and
unemployment, yet the economy continued to grow through mid-2006.
Imported oil accounts for about two-thirds of US consumption.
Long-term problems include inadequate investment in economic
infrastructure, rapidly rising medical and pension costs of an aging
population, sizable trade and budget deficits, and stagnation of
family income in the lower economic groups.

United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges
no economic activity

Uruguay
Uruguay's well-to-do economy is characterized by an
export-oriented agricultural sector, a well-educated work force, and
high levels of social spending. After averaging growth of 5%
annually during 1996-98, in 1999-2002 the economy suffered a major
downturn, stemming largely from the spillover effects of the
economic problems of its large neighbors, Argentina and Brazil. For
instance, in 2001-02 Argentina made massive withdrawals of dollars
deposited in Uruguayan banks, which led to a plunge in the Uruguayan
peso and a massive rise in unemployment. Total GDP in these four
years dropped by nearly 20%, with 2002 the worst year due to the
banking crisis. The unemployment rate rose to nearly 20% in 2002,
inflation surged, and the burden of external debt doubled.
Cooperation with the IMF helped stem the damage. A debt swap with
private-sector creditors in 2003 extended the maturity dates on
nearly half of Uruguay's then $11.3 billion of public debt and
helped restore public confidence. The economy grew about 10% in 2004
as a result of high commodity prices for Uruguayan exports, a
competitive peso, growth in the region, and low international
interest rates, but slowed to 6.1% in 2005.

Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country of which 11%
consists of intensely cultivated, irrigated river valleys. More than
60% of its population lives in densely populated rural communities.
Uzbekistan is now the world's second-largest cotton exporter and
fifth largest producer; it relies heavily on cotton production as
the major source of export earnings. Other major export earners
include gold, natural gas, and oil. Following independence in
September 1991, the government sought to prop up its Soviet-style
command economy with subsidies and tight controls on production and
prices. While aware of the need to improve the investment climate,
the government still sponsors measures that often increase, not
decrease, its control over business decisions. A sharp increase in
the inequality of income distribution has hurt the lower ranks of
society since independence. In 2003, the government accepted the
obligations of Article VIII under the International Monetary Fund
(IMF), providing for full currency convertibility. However, strict
currency controls and tightening of borders have lessened the
effects of convertibility and have also led to some shortages that
have further stifled economic activity. The Central Bank often
delays or restricts convertibility, especially for consumer goods.
Potential investment by Russia and China in Uzbekistan's gas and oil
industry would increase economic growth prospects. In November 2005,
Russian President Vladimir PUTIN and Uzbekistan President KARIMOV
signed an "alliance" treaty, which included provisions for economic
and business cooperation. Russian businesses have shown increased
interest in Uzbekistan, especially in mining, telecom, and oil and
gas. In December 2005, the Russians opened a "Trade House" to
support and develop Russian-Uzbek business and economic ties.

Vanuatu
This South Pacific island economy is based primarily on
small-scale agriculture, which provides a living for 65% of the
population. Fishing, offshore financial services, and tourism, with
about 50,000 visitors in 2004, are other mainstays of the economy.
Mineral deposits are negligible; the country has no known petroleum
deposits. A small light industry sector caters to the local market.
Tax revenues come mainly from import duties. Economic development is
hindered by dependence on relatively few commodity exports,
vulnerability to natural disasters, and long distances from main
markets and between constituent islands. GDP growth rose less than
3% on average in the 1990s. In response to foreign concerns, the
government has promised to tighten regulation of its offshore
financial center. In mid-2002 the government stepped up efforts to
boost tourism. Agriculture, especially livestock farming, is a
second target for growth. Australia and New Zealand are the main
suppliers of tourists and foreign aid.

Venezuela
Venezuela continues to be highly dependent on the
petroleum sector, accounting for roughly one-third of GDP, around
80% of export earnings, and over half of government operating
revenues. Government revenue also has been bolstered by increased
tax collection, which has surpassed its 2005 collection goal by
almost 50%. Tax revenue is the primary source of non-oil revenue,
which accounts for 53% of the 2006 budget. A disastrous two-month
national oil strike, from December 2002 to February 2003,
temporarily halted economic activity. The economy remained in
depression in 2003, declining by 9.2% after an 8.9% fall in 2002.
Output recovered strongly in 2004-2005, aided by high oil prices and
strong consumption growth. Venezuela continues to be an important
source of crude oil for the US market. Both inflation and
unemployment remain fundamental problems.

Vietnam
Vietnam is a densely-populated, developing country that in
the last 30 years has had to recover from the ravages of war, the
loss of financial support from the old Soviet Bloc, and the
rigidities of a centrally-planned economy. Substantial progress was
achieved from 1986 to 1997 in moving forward from an extremely low
level of development and significantly reducing poverty. Growth
averaged around 9% per year from 1993 to 1997. The 1997 Asian
financial crisis highlighted the problems in the Vietnamese economy
and temporarily allowed opponents of reform to slow progress toward
a market-oriented economy. GDP growth averaged 6.8% per year from
1997 to 2004 even against the background of the Asian financial
crisis and a global recession, and growth hit 8% in 2005. Since
2001, however, Vietnamese authorities have reaffirmed their
commitment to economic liberalization and international integration.
They have moved to implement the structural reforms needed to
modernize the economy and to produce more competitive, export-driven
industries. Vietnam's membership in the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)
and entry into force of the US-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement in
December 2001 have led to even more rapid changes in Vietnam's trade
and economic regime. Vietnam's exports to the US doubled in 2002 and
again in 2003. Vietnam hopes to become a member of the WTO in 2006.
Among other benefits, accession would allow Vietnam to take
advantage of the phase out of the Agreement on Textiles and
Clothing, which eliminated quotas on textiles and clothing for WTO
partners on 1 January 2005. Agriculture's share of economic output
has continued to shrink, from about 25% in 2000 to 21% in 2005. Deep
poverty, defined as a percent of the population living under $1 per
day, has declined significantly and is now smaller than that of
China, India, and the Philippines. Vietnam is working to promote job
creation to keep up with the country's high population growth rate.
However, high levels of inflation have prompted Vietnamese
authorities to tighten monetary and fiscal policies.

Virgin Islands
Tourism is the primary economic activity, accounting
for 80% of GDP and employment. The islands normally host 2 million
visitors a year. The manufacturing sector consists of petroleum
refining, textiles, electronics, pharmaceuticals, and watch
assembly. The agricultural sector is small, with most food being
imported. International business and financial services are small
but growing components of the economy. One of the world's largest
petroleum refineries is at Saint Croix. The islands are subject to
substantial damage from storms. The government is working to improve
fiscal discipline, to support construction projects in the private
sector, to expand tourist facilities, to reduce crime, and to
protect the environment.

Wake Island
Economic activity is limited to providing services to
military personnel and contractors located on the island. All food
and manufactured goods must be imported.

Wallis and Futuna
The economy is limited to traditional subsistence
agriculture, with about 80% labor force earnings from agriculture
(coconuts and vegetables), livestock (mostly pigs), and fishing.
About 4% of the population is employed in government. Revenues come
from French Government subsidies, licensing of fishing rights to
Japan and South Korea, import taxes, and remittances from expatriate
workers in New Caledonia.

West Bank
The West Bank - the larger of the two areas under the
Palestinian Authority (PA)- has experienced a general decline in
economic growth and a degradation in economic conditions made worse
since the second intifadah began in September 2000. The downturn has
been largely the result of the Israeli closure policies - the
imposition of border closures in response to security incidents in
Israel - which disrupted labor and commodity market relationships.
In 2001, and even more severely in 2002, Israeli military measures
in PA areas resulted in the destruction of much capital plant, the
disruption of administrative structure, and widespread business
closures. Including the Gaza Strip, the UN estimates that more than
100,000 Palestinians out of the 125,000 who used to work in Israeli
settlements, or in joint industrial zones, have lost their jobs.
International aid of $2 billion to the West Bank and Gaza Strip in
2004 prevented the complete collapse of the economy and allowed some
reforms in the government's financial operations. In 2005, high
unemployment and limited trade opportunities, due to continued
closures both within the West Bank and externally, stymied growth.

Western Sahara
Western Sahara depends on pastoral nomadism, fishing,
and phosphate mining as the principal sources of income for the
population. The territory lacks sufficient rainfall for sustainable
agricultural production, and most of the food for the urban
population must be imported. All trade and other economic activities
are controlled by the Moroccan Government. Moroccan energy interests
in 2001 signed contracts to explore for oil off the coast of Western
Sahara, which has angered the Polisario. Incomes and standards of
living in Western Sahara are substantially below the Moroccan level.

World
Global output rose by 4.4% in 2005, led by China (9.3%), India
(7.6%), and Russia (5.9%). The other 14 successor nations of the
USSR and the other old Warsaw Pact nations again experienced widely
divergent growth rates; the three Baltic nations continued as strong
performers, in the 7% range of growth. Growth results posted by the
major industrial countries varied from no gain for Italy to a strong
gain by the United States (3.5%). The developing nations also varied
in their growth results, with many countries facing population
increases that erode gains in output. Externally, the nation-state,
as a bedrock economic-political institution, is steadily losing
control over international flows of people, goods, funds, and
technology. Internally, the central government often finds its
control over resources slipping as separatist regional movements -
typically based on ethnicity - gain momentum, e.g., in many of the
successor states of the former Soviet Union, in the former
Yugoslavia, in India, in Iraq, in Indonesia, and in Canada.
Externally, the central government is losing decisionmaking powers
to international bodies, notably the EU. In Western Europe,
governments face the difficult political problem of channeling
resources away from welfare programs in order to increase investment
and strengthen incentives to seek employment. The addition of 80
million people each year to an already overcrowded globe is
exacerbating the problems of pollution, desertification,
underemployment, epidemics, and famine. Because of their own
internal problems and priorities, the industrialized countries
devote insufficient resources to deal effectively with the poorer
areas of the world, which, at least from an economic point of view,
are becoming further marginalized. The introduction of the euro as
the common currency of much of Western Europe in January 1999, while
paving the way for an integrated economic powerhouse, poses economic
risks because of varying levels of income and cultural and political
differences among the participating nations. The terrorist attacks
on the US on 11 September 2001 accentuated a further growing risk to
global prosperity, illustrated, for example, by the reallocation of
resources away from investment to anti-terrorist programs. The
opening of war in March 2003 between a US-led coalition and Iraq
added new uncertainties to global economic prospects. After the
coalition victory, the complex political difficulties and the high
economic cost of establishing domestic order in Iraq became major
global problems that continued into 2006.

Yemen
Yemen, one of the poorest countries in the Arab world, has
reported meager growth since 2000. Its economic fortunes depend
mostly on oil. Oil revenues increased in 2005 due to higher prices.
Yemen was on an IMF-supported structural adjustment program designed
to modernize and streamline the economy, which led to substantial
foreign debt relief and restructuring. However, government
dedication to the program waned in 2001 for political reasons. Yemen
is struggling to control excessive spending and rampant corruption.
The people have grown increasingly upset over the economic
situation. In July 2005, a reduction in fuel subsidies sparked
riots; over 20 Yemenis were killed and hundreds were injured.

Zambia
Despite progress in privatization and budgetary reform,
Zambia's economic growth remains somewhat below the 6%-7% needed to
reduce poverty significantly. Privatization of government-owned
copper mines relieved the government from covering mammoth losses
generated by the industry and greatly improved the chances for
copper mining to return to profitability and spur economic growth.
Copper output has increased steadily since 2004, due to higher
copper prices and the opening of new mines. The maize harvest was
again good in 2005, helping boost GDP and agricultural exports.
Cooperation continues with international bodies on programs to
reduce poverty, including a new lending arrangement with the IMF in
the second quarter of 2004. A tighter monetary policy will help cut
inflation, but Zambia still has a serious problem with high public
debt.

Zimbabwe
The government of Zimbabwe faces a wide variety of
difficult economic problems as it struggles with an unsustainable
fiscal deficit, an overvalued exchange rate, soaring inflation, and
bare shelves. Its 1998-2002 involvement in the war in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo, for example, drained hundreds of millions of
dollars from the economy. Badly needed support from the IMF has been
suspended because of the government's arrears on past loans, which
it began repaying in 2005. The official annual inflation rate rose
from 32% in 1998, to 133% at the end of 2004, and 585% at the end of
2005, although private sector estimates put the figure much higher.
Meanwhile, the official exchange rate fell from 24 Zimbabwean
dollars per US dollar in 1998 to 96,000 in mid-January 2006. The
government's land reform program, characterized by chaos and
violence, has badly damaged the commercial farming sector, the
traditional source of exports and foreign exchange and the provider
of 400,000 jobs, turning Zimbabwe into a net importer of food
products.

This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006

@2117 Pipelines (km)

Afghanistan
gas 466 km (2006)

Albania
gas 339 km; oil 207 km (2006)

Algeria
condensate 1,344 km; gas 85,946 km; liquid petroleum gas
2,213 km; oil 6,496 km (2005)

Angola
gas 235 km; liquid petroleum gas 122 km; oil 867 km;
oil/gas/water 5 km (2006)

Argentina
gas 29,804 km; liquid petroleum gas 41 km; oil 10,373 km;
refined products 8,540 km; unknown (oil/water) 13 km (2006)

Armenia
gas 2,002 km (2006)

Australia
condensate/gas 546 km; gas 31,323 km; liquid petroleum gas
240 km; oil 4,808 km; oil/gas/water 110 km (2006)

Austria
gas 2,722 km; oil 663 km; refined products 149 km (2006)

Azerbaijan
gas 3,190 km; oil 2,436 km (2006)

Bahrain
gas 20 km; oil 52 km (2006)

Bangladesh
gas 2,604 km (2006)

Belarus
gas 5,223 km; oil 2,321 km; refined products 1,686 km (2006)

Belgium
gas 1,561 km; oil 158 km; refined products 535 km (2006)

Bolivia
gas 4,860 km; liquid petroleum gas 47 km; oil 2,475 km;
refined products 1,589 km; unknown (oil/water) 247 km (2006)

Brazil
condensate/gas 244 km; gas 11,669 km; liquid petroleum gas
341 km; oil 5,212 km; refined products 4,755 km (2006)

Brunei
gas 672 km; oil 463 km (2006)

Bulgaria
gas 2,505 km; oil 339 km; refined products 156 km (2006)

Burma
gas 2,224 km; oil 558 km (2006)

Cameroon
gas 70 km; liquid petroleum gas 9 km; oil 1,107 km (2006)

Canada
crude and reined oil 23,564 km; liquid petroleum gas 74,980
km (2005)

Chad
oil 205 km (2006)

Chile
gas 2,567 km; gas/lpg 42 km; liquid petroleum gas 539 km; oil
1,003 km; refined products 757 km; unknown (oil/water) 97 km (2006)

China
gas 22,664 km; oil 15,256 km; refined products 6,106 km (2006)

Colombia
gas 4,360 km; oil 6,140 km; refined products 3,158 km (2006)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
gas 54 km; oil 78 km (2006)

Congo, Republic of the gas 89 km; liquid petroleum gas 4 km; oil 744 km (2006)

Costa Rica
refined products 242 km (2006)

Cote d'Ivoire
condensate 109 km; gas 240 km; oil 112 km (2006)

Croatia
gas 1,340 km; oil 583 km (2006)

Cuba
gas 49 km; oil 230 km (2006)

Czech Republic
gas 7,010 km; oil 547 km; refined products 94 km
(2006)

Denmark
condensate 12 km; gas 3,931 km; oil 626 km; oil/gas/water 2
km (2006)

Ecuador
extra heavy crude 578 km; gas 71 km; oil 1,386 km; refined
products 1,185 km (2006)

Egypt
condensate 464 km; condensate/gas 94 km; gas 6,021 km; liquid
petroleum gas 897 km; oil 5,120 km; oil/gas/water 36 km; refined
products 897 km (2006)

Equatorial Guinea condensate 46 km; condensate/gas 5 km; gas 47 km; oil 31 km (2006)

Estonia
gas 859 km (2006)

Finland
gas 694 km (2006)

France
gas 14,588 km; oil 3,024 km; refined products 4,889 km (2006)

Gabon
gas 272 km; oil 1,354 km (2006)

Georgia
gas 1,349 km; oil 1,010 km (2006)

Germany
condensate 37 km; gas 25,035 km; oil 3,546 km; refined
products 3,827 km (2006)

Ghana
oil 13 km; refined products 316 km (2006)

Greece
gas 1,166 km; oil 94 km (2006)

Guatemala
oil 480 km (2006)

Hungary
gas 4,397 km; oil 990 km; refined products 335 km (2006)

India
condensate/gas 8 km; gas 5,184 km; liquid petroleum gas 1,993
km; oil 6,500 km; refined products 6,152 km (2006)

Indonesia
condensate 944 km; condensate/gas 135 km; gas 9,175 km;
oil 7,684 km; oil/gas/water 89 km; refined products 1,367 km (2006)

Iran
condensate 7 km; condensate/gas 397 km; gas 17,099 km; liquid
petroleum gas 570 km; oil 8,521 km; refined products 7,808 km (2006)

Iraq
gas 2,228 km; liquid petroleum gas 918 km; oil 5,506 km;
refined products 1,637 km (2006)

Ireland
gas 1,728 km (2006)

Israel
gas 193 km; oil 442 km; refined products 261 km (2006)

Italy
gas 17,589 km; oil 1,136 km (2006)

Japan
gas 8,015 km; oil 170 km; oil/gas/water 60 km (2006)

Jordan
gas 426 km; oil 49 km (2006)

Kazakhstan
condensate 658 km; gas 11,019 km; oil 10,338 km; refined
products 1,095 km (2006)

Kenya
refined products 894 km (2006)

Korea, North
oil 154 km (2006)

Korea, South
gas 1,482 km; refined products 827 km (2006)

Kuwait
gas 269 km; oil 540 km; refined products 57 km (2006)

Kyrgyzstan
gas 254 km; oil 16 km (2006)

Laos
refined products 540 km (2006)

Latvia
gas 1,097 km; oil 82 km; refined products 415 km (2006)

Lebanon
gas 43 km (2006)

Libya
condensate 882 km; gas 3,481 km; oil 6,916 km (2006)

Liechtenstein
gas 20 km (2006)

Lithuania
gas 1,696 km; oil 228 km; refined products 121 km (2006)

Luxembourg
gas 155 km (2006)

Macedonia
gas 268 km; oil 120 km (2006)

Malaysia
condensate 282 km; gas 5,372 km; oil 1,715 km;
oil/gas/water 19 km; refined products 114 km (2006)

Mexico
gas 22,705 km; liquid petroleum gas 1,875 km; oil 8,688 km;
oil/gas/water 228 km; refined products 6,520 km (2006)

Moldova
gas 606 km (2006)

Morocco
gas 715 km; oil 285 km (2006)

Mozambique
gas 918 km; refined products 294 km (2006)

Netherlands
condensate 81 km; gas 7,229 km; oil 578 km; refined
products 716 km (2006)

New Zealand
condensate 224 km; gas 1,693 km; liquid petroleum gas 45
km; oil 280 km; refined products 288 km (2006)

Nicaragua
oil 54 km (2006)

Nigeria
condensate 126 km; gas 2,812 km; liquid petroleum gas 125
km; oil 4,278 km; refined products 3,517 km (2006)

Norway
condensate 508 km; gas 5,910 km; oil 2,557 km; oil/gas/water
746 km (2006)

Oman
gas 4,072 km; oil 3,405 km (2006)

Pakistan
gas 10,257 km; oil 2,001 km (2006)

Papua New Guinea
oil 264 km (2006)

Peru
gas 983 km; gas/lpg 61 km; liquid natural gas 106 km; liquid
petroleum gas 517 km; oil 1,754 km; refined products 13 km (2006)

Philippines
gas 565 km; oil 135 km; refined products 105 km (2006)

Poland
gas 13,552 km; oil 1,384 km; refined products 777 km (2006)

Portugal
gas 1,099 km; oil 8 km; refined products 174 km (2006)

Qatar
condensate 319 km; condensate/gas 209 km; gas 1,024 km; liquid
petroleum gas 87 km; oil 844 km (2006)

Romania
gas 3,508 km; oil 2,427 km (2006)

Russia
condensate 122 km; gas 156,285 km; oil 72,283 km; refined
products 13,658 km (2006)

Saudi Arabia
condensate 212 km; gas 1,880 km; liquid petroleum gas
1,183 km; oil 4,531 km; refined products 1,150 km (2006)

Senegal
gas 43 km (2006)

Serbia
gas 3,177 km; oil 393 km (2006)

Singapore
gas 139 km; refined products 8 km (2006)

Slovakia
gas 6,769 km; oil 416 km (2006)

Slovenia
gas 2,526 km; oil 11 km (2006)

South Africa
condensate 100 km; gas 1,062 km; oil 966 km; refined
products 1,354 km (2006)

Spain
gas 7,962 km; oil 622 km; refined products 3,447 km (2006)

Sudan
gas 156 km; oil 3,930 km; refined products 1,613 km (2006)

Suriname
oil 51 km (2006)

Sweden
gas 798 km (2006)

Switzerland
gas 1,831 km; oil 94 km; refined products 7 km (2006)

Syria
gas 2,764 km; oil 2,000 km (2006)

Taiwan
condensate 25 km; gas 661 km (2006)

Tajikistan
gas 549 km; oil 38 km (2006)

Tanzania
gas 254 km; oil 872 km (2006)

Thailand
gas 3,760 km; refined products 379 km (2006)

Trinidad and Tobago condensate 253 km; gas 1,278 km; oil 571 km (2006)

Tunisia
gas 2,945 km; oil 1,227 km; refined products 351 km (2006)

Turkey
gas 4,621 km; oil 3,543 km (2006)

Turkmenistan
gas 6,441 km; oil 1,361 km (2006)

Ukraine
gas 19,951 km; oil 4,514 km; refined products 4,211 km (2006)

United Arab Emirates
condensate 520 km; gas 2,580 km; liquid
petroleum gas 300 km; oil 2,950 km; oil/gas/water 5 km; refined
products 156 km (2006)

United Kingdom
condensate 565 km; condensate/gas 6 km; gas 21,575
km; liquid petroleum gas 59 km; oil 5,094 km; oil/gas/water 161 km;
refined products 4,444 km (2006)

United States
petroleum products 244,620 km; natural gas 548,665 km
(2003)

Uruguay
gas 257 km; oil 160 km (2006)

Uzbekistan
gas 9,594 km; oil 868 km (2006)

Venezuela
extra heavy crude 992 km; gas 5,369 km; oil 7,607 km;
refined products 1,681 km; unknown (oil/water) 141 km (2006)

Vietnam
condensate/gas 432 km; gas 163 km; oil 50 km; refined
products 206 km (2006)

Yemen
gas 71 km; liquid petroleum gas 22 km; oil 1,284 km (2006)

Zambia
oil 771 km (2006)

Zimbabwe
refined products 261 km (2006)

This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006

@2118 Political parties and leaders

Afghanistan
note - includes only political parties approved by the
Ministry of Justice: Afghan Millat [Anwarul Haq AHADI]; De
Afghanistan De Solay Ghorzang Gond [Shahnawaz TANAI]; De Afghanistan
De Solay Mili Islami Gond [Shah Mahmood Polal ZAI]; Harakat-e-Islami
Afghanistan [Mohammad Asif MOHSINEE];
Hezb-e-Aarman-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Iihaj Saraj-u-din ZAFAREE];
Hezb-e-Aazadee Afghanistan [Abdul MALIK]; Hezb-e-Adalat-e-Islami
Afghanistan [Mohammad Kabeer MARZBAN]; Hezb-e-Afghanistan-e-Wahid
[Mohammad Wasil RAHEEMEE]; Hezb-e-Afghan Watan Islami Gond;
Hezb-e-Congra-e-Mili Afghanistan [Latif PEDRAM];
Hezb-e-Falah-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad ZAREEF];
Hezb-e-Hambastagee Mili Jawanan-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad Jamil
KARZAI]; Hezb-e-Hamnbatagee-e-Afghanistan [Abdul Khaleq NEMAT];
Hezb-e-Harakat-e-Mili Wahdat-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad Nadir AATASH];
Hezb-e-Harak-e-Islami Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Ilhaj Said Hssain
ANWARY]; Hezb-e-Ifazat Az Uqoq-e-Bashar Wa Inkishaf-e-Afghanistan
[Baryalai NASRATEE]; Hezb-e-Istiqlal-e-Afghanistan [Dr. Gh. Farooq
NIJZRABEE]; Hezb-e-Jamhoree Khwahan [Sibghatullah SANJAR];
Hezb-e-Kar Wa Tawsiha-e-Afghanistan [Zulfiar OMID];
Hezb-e-Libral-e-Aazadee Khwa-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Ajmal SOHAIL];
Hezb-e-Mili Afghanistan [Abdul Rasheed AARYAN]; Hezb-e-Mili
Wahdat-e-Aqwam-e-Islami Afghanistan [Mohammad Shah KHOGYANEE];
Hezb-e-Nuhzhat-e-Mili Afghanistan [Ahmad Wali MASOUD];
Hezb-e-Paiwand-e-Mili Afghanistan [Said Mansoor NADIRI];
Hezb-e-Rastakhaiz-e-Islami Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Said ZAHIR];
Hezb-e-Refah-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Mia Gul WASEEQ];
Hezb-e-Risalat-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Noor Aqa ROEEN];
Hezb-e-Sahadat-e-Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Mohammad Zubair PAIROZ];
Hezb-e-Sahadat-e-Mili Wa Islami Afghanistan [Mohammad Usman
SALIGZADA]; Hezb-e-Sulh-e-Mili Islami Aqwam-e-Afghanistan [Abdul
Qahir SHARYATEE]; Hezb-e-Sulh Wa Wahdat-e-Mili Afghanistan [Abdul
Qadir IMAMEE]; Hezb-e-Tafahum-e-Wa Democracy Afghanistan [Ahamad
SHAHEEN]; Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Islami Afghanistan [Mohammad Karim
KHALILI]; Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Islami Mardum-e-Afghanistan [Ustad
Mohammad MOHAQQEQ]; Hezb-e-Wahdat-e-Mili Afghanistan [Abdul Rasheed
JALILI]; Jamahat-ul-Dahwat ilal Qurhan-wa-Sunat-ul-Afghanistan
[Mawlawee Samiullah NAJEEBEE]; Jombesh-e Milli [Abdul Rashid
DOSTAM]; Mahaz-e-Mili Islami Afghanistan [Said Ahmad GAILANEE];
Majmah-e-Mili Fahaleen-e-Sulh-e-Afghanistan [Shams ul Haq Noor
SHAMS]; Nuhzat-e-Aazadee Wa Democracy Afghanistan [Abdul Raqeeb
Jawid KUHISTANEE]; Nuhzat-e-Hambastagee Mili Afghanistan [Peer Said
Ishaq GAILANEE]; Sazman-e-Islami Afghanistan-e-Jawan [Siad Jawad
HUSSAINEE]; Tahreek Wahdat-e-Mili [Sultan Mahmood DHAZI] (30 Sep
2004)

Albania
Agrarian Environmentalist Party or PAA [Lufter XHUVELI];
Christian Democratic Party or PDK [Nikolle LESI]; Communist Party of
Albania or PKSH [Hysni MILLOSHI]; Democratic Alliance Party or DAP
[Neritan CEKA]; Democratic Party or PD [Sali BERISHA]; Legality
Movement Party or PLL [Ekrem SPAHIU]; Liberal Union Party or PBL
[Arjan STAROVA]; National Front Party (Balli Kombetar) or BNK
[Adriatik ALIMADHI]; New Democratic Party or PDR [Genc POLLO]; Party
of National Unity or PUK [Idajet BEQIRI]; Renewed Democratic Party
or PDRN [Dashamir SHEHI]; Republican Party or PR [Fatmir MEDIU];
Social Democracy Party or PDS [Paskal MILO]; Social Democratic Party
or PSD [Skender GJINUSHI]; Socialist Movement for Integration or LSI
[Ilir META]; Socialist Party or PS [Edi RAMA]; Union for Human
Rights Party or PBDNj [Vangjel DULE]

Algeria
Algerian National Front or FNA [Moussa TOUATI]; National
Democratic Rally (Rassemblement National Democratique) or RND [Ahmed
OUYAHIA, secretary general]; Islamic Salvation Front or FIS
(outlawed April 1992) [Ali BELHADJ, Dr. Abassi MADANI, Rabeh KEBIR];
National Entente Movement or MEN [Ali BOUKHAZNA]; National
Liberation Front or FLN [Abdelaziz BELKHADEM, secretary general];
National Reform Movement or Islah (formerly MRN) [Abdellah
DJABALLAH]; National Renewal Party or PRA [Yacine TERKMANE];
Progressive Republican Party [Khadir DRISS]; Rally for Culture and
Democracy or RCD [Said SADI]; Renaissance Movement or EnNahda
Movement [Fatah RABEI]; Socialist Forces Front or FFS [Hocine Ait
AHMED, secretary general]; Social Liberal Party or PSL [Ahmed
KHELIL]; Society of Peace Movement or MSP [Boudjerra SOLTANI];
Workers Party or PT [Louisa HANOUN]
note: a law banning political parties based on religion was enacted
in March 1997

American Samoa
Democratic Party [Oreta M. TOGAFAU]; Republican Party
[Tautai A. F. FAALEVAO]

Andorra
Andorran Democratic Center Party or CDA (formerly Democratic
Party or PD); Century 21 or S21 [Enric TARRADO]; Liberal Party of
Andorra or PLA (formerly Liberal Union or UL) [Albert PINTAT];
Social Democratic Party or PS (formerly part of National Democratic
Group or AND) [Jaume BARTUMEU CASSANY]

Angola
Liberal Democratic Party or PLD [Analia de Victoria PEREIRA];
National Front for the Liberation of Angola or FNLA [disputed
leadership: Lucas NGONDA, Holden ROBERTO]; National Union for the
Total Independence of Angola or UNITA [Isaias SAMAKUVA] (largest
opposition party); Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola or
MPLA [Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS] (ruling party in power since 1975);
Social Renewal Party or PRS [disputed leadership: Eduardo KUANGANA,
Antonio MUACHICUNGO]
note: about a dozen minor parties participated in the 1992 elections
but only won a few seats; they and the other 115 smaller parties
have little influence in the National Assembly

Anguilla
Anguilla United Movement or AUM [Hubert HUGHES]; The
Anguilla United Front or AUF [Osbourne FLEMING, Victor BANKS], a
coalition of the Anguilla Democratic Party or ADP and the Anguilla
National Alliance or ANA; Anguilla Progressive Party or APP [Roy
ROGERS]; Anguilla Strategic Alternative or ANSA [Edison BAIRD]

Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua Labor Party or ALP [Lester Bryant BIRD];
Barbuda People's Movement or BPM [Thomas H. FRANK]; National
Democratic Congress [Tillman THOMAS]; United Progressive Party or
UPP [Baldwin SPENCER] (a coalition of three opposition parties -
Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement or ACLM, Progressive Labor
Movement or PLM, United National Democratic Party or UNDP)

Argentina
Alternative for a Republic of Equals or ARI [Elisa
CARRIO]; Front for Victory or FV [Nestor KIRCHNER]; Interbloque
Federal or IF (a broad coalition of approximately 12 parties
including RECREAR); Justicialist Front or FJ [Eduardo DUHALDE];
Justicialist Party or PJ (Peronist umbrella political organization);
Radical Civic Union or UCR [Roberto IGLESIAS]; Republican Initiative
Alliance or PRO (including Federal Recreate Movement or RECREAR
[Ricardo LOPEZ MURPHY] and Commitment for Change or CPC [Mauricio
MACRI]); Socialist Party or PS [Ruben GIUSTINIANI]; Union For All
[Patricia BULLRICH]; several provincial parties

Armenia
Agro-Industrial Party [Vladimir BADALYAN]; Armenia Party
[Myasnik MALKHASYAN]; Armenian National Movement or ANM [Alex
ARZUMANYAN, chairman]; Armenian Ramkavar Liberal Party or HRAK
[Harutyun MIRZAKHANYAN, chairman]; Armenian Revolutionary Federation
("Dashnak" Party) or ARF [Levon MKRTCHYAN]; Democratic Party [Aram
SARKISYAN]; Justice Bloc (comprised of the Democratic Party,
National Democratic Party, National Democratic Union, the People's
Party, and the Republic Party) [Stepan DEMIRCHYAN]; National
Democratic Party [Shavarsh KOCHARIAN]; National Democratic Union or
NDU [Vazgen MANUKIAN]; National Revival Party [Albert BAZEYAN];
National Unity Party [Artashes GEGHAMYAN, chairman]; People's Party
of Armenia [Stepan DEMIRCHYAN]; Republic Party [Aram SARKISYAN,
chairman]; Republican Party or RPA [Andranik MARGARYAN]; Rule of Law
Party [Samvel BALASANYAN]; Union of Constitutional Rights [Hrant
KHACHATURYAN]; United Labor Party [Gurgen ARSENYAN]

Aruba
Aliansa/Aruban Social Movement or MSA [Robert WEVER]; Aruban
Liberal Organization or OLA [Glenbert CROES]; Aruban Patriotic
Movement or MPA [Monica ARENDS-KOCK]; Aruban Patriotic Party or PPA
[Benny NISBET]; Aruban People's Party or AVP [Mike EMAN]; People's
Electoral Movement Party or MEP [Nelson O. ODUBER]; Real Democracy
or PDR [Andin BIKKER]; RED [Rudy LAMPE]; Workers Political Platform
or PTT [Gregorio WOLFF]

Australia
Australian Democrats [Lyn ALLISON]; Australian Greens [Bob
BROWN]; Australian Labor Party [Kevin RUDD]; Country Liberal Party
[Jodeen CARNEY]; Family First Party [Steve FIELDING]; Liberal Party
[John Winston HOWARD]; The Nationals [Mark VAILE]

Austria
Alliance for the Future of Austria or BZOe [Joerg HAIDER];
Austrian People's Party or OeVP [Wolfgang SCHUESSEL]; Freedom Party
of Austria or FPOe [Heinz Christian STRACHE]; Social Democratic
Party of Austria or SPOe [Alfred GUSENBAUER]; The Greens [Alexander
VAN DER BELLEN]

Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan Popular Front or APF [Ali KARIMLI, leader of
"Reform" faction; Mirmahmud MIRALI-OGLU, leader of "Classic"
faction]; Civic Solidarity Party or CSP [Sabir RUSTAMKHANLY]; Civic
Union Party [Ayaz MUTALIBOV]; Communist Party of Azerbaijan or CPA
[Ramiz AHMADOV]; Compatriot Party [Mais SAFARLI]; Democratic Party
for Azerbaijan or DPA [Rasul QULIYEV, chairman]; Justice Party
[Ilyas ISMAILOV]; Liberal Party of Azerbaijan [Lala Shovkat
HACIYEVA]; Motherland Party; Musavat [Isa GAMBAR, chairman]; Yeni
Azerbaijan Party; Party for National Independence of Azerbaijan or
PNIA [Etibar MAMMADLI, chairman]; Social Democratic Party of
Azerbaijan or SDP [Araz ALIZADE and Ayaz MUTALIBOV]
note: opposition parties regularly factionalize and form new parties

Bahamas, The
Free National Movement or FNM [Hubert INGRAHAM];
Progressive Liberal Party or PLP [Perry CHRISTIE]

Bahrain
political parties prohibited but political societies were
legalized per a July 2005 law

Bangladesh
Awami League or AL [Sheikh HASINA]; Bangladesh Communist
Party or BCP [Saifuddin Ahmed MANIK]; Bangladesh Nationalist Party
or BNP [Khaleda ZIA]; Islami Oikya Jote or IOJ [Mufti Fazlul Haq
AMINI]; Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh or JIB [Motiur Rahman NIZAMI];
Jatiya Party or JP (Ershad faction) [Hussain Mohammad ERSHAD];
Jatiya Party (Manzur faction) [Naziur Rahman MANZUR]; Liberal
Democratic Party or LDP [Badrudozza CHOWDHURY and Oli AHMED]

Barbados
Barbados Labor Party or BLP [Owen ARTHUR]; Democratic Labor
Party or DLP [David THOMPSON]

Belarus
pro-government parties: Agrarian Party or AP [Mikhail
SHIMANSKY]; Belarusian Communist Party or KPB; Belarusian Patriotic
Movement (Belarusian Patriotic Party) or BPR [Nikolai ULAKHOVICH,
chairman]; Liberal Democratic Party of Belarus [Sergei GAYDUKEVICH];
Party of Labor and Justice [Viktor SOKOLOV]; Social-Sports Party
[Vladimir ALEXANDROVICH]
opposition parties: 10 Plus Coalition [Alyaksandr MILINKEVICH],
includes: Belarusian Party of Communists or PKB [Syarhey KALYAKIN];
Belarusian Party of Labor (unregistered) [Aleksandr BUKHVOSTOV,
Leonid LEMESHONAK]; Belarusian Popular Front or BPF [Vintsyuk
VYACHORKA]; Belarusian Social-Democratic Gramada [Stanislav
SHUSHKEVICH]; Green Party [Oleg GROMYKO]; Party of Freedom and
Progress (unregistered) [Vladimir NOVOSYAD]; United Civic Party or
UCP [Anatol LYABEDKA]; Women's Party "Nadezhda" [Valentina
MATUSEVICH, chairperson]
other opposition includes: Belarusian Social-Democratic Party
Nardonaya Hromada or BSDP NH [Alyaksandr KOZULIN, chairman];
Christian Conservative BPF [Zyanon PAZNIAK]; Ecological Party of
Greens [Mikhail KARTASH]; Party of Popular Accord [Sergei YERMAKK];
Republican Party [Vladimir BELAZOR]

Belgium
Flemish parties: Christian Democrats and Flemish or CD & V
[Jo VANDEURZEN]; Flemish Liberal Democrats or VLD [Bart SOMERS];
GROEN! (formerly AGALEV, Flemish Greens) [Vera DUA]; New Flemish
Alliance or NVA [Bart DE WEVER]; Social Progressive Alternative or
SP.A [Johan Vande LANOTTE]; Spirit [Geert LAMBERT] (new party now
associated with SP.A); Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest) or VB [Frank
VANHECKE]
Francophone parties: Ecolo (Francophone Greens) [Jean-Michel JAVAUX,
Isabelle DURANT, Claude BROUIR]; Humanist and Democratic Center of
CDH [Joelle MILQUET]; National Front or FN [Daniel FERET]; Reform
Movement or MR [Didier REYNDERS]; Socialist Party or PS [Elio DI
RUPO]; other minor parties

Belize
People's United Party or PUP [Said MUSA]; United Democratic
Party or UDP [Dean BARROW, party leader; Douglas SINGH, party
chairman]

Benin
Alliance of Progress Forces or AFP; African Movement for
Democracy and Progress or MADEP [Sefou FAGBOHOUN]; Democratic
Renewal Party or PRD [Adrien HOUNGBEDJI]; Impulse for Progress and
Democracy or IPD; Key Force or FC; Movement for Development and
Solidarity or MDS; Movement for Development by the Culture-Salute
Party-Congress of People for Progress Alliance or Alliance
MDC-PS-CPP; New Alliance or NA; Rally for Democracy and Progress or
RDP; Renaissance Party du Benin or RB [Nicephore SOGLO]; The Star
Alliance (Alliance E'toile) [Sacca LAFIA]; Union of Tomorrow's Benin
or UBF [Bruno AMOUSSOU]
note: approximately 20 additional minor parties

Bermuda
Progressive Labor Party or PLP [Ewart BROWN]; United Bermuda
Party or UBP [Wayne FURBERT]

Bhutan
no legal parties

Bolivia
Bolivian Socialist Falange or FSB [Romel PANTOJA]; Civic
Solidarity Union or UCS [Johnny FERNANDEZ]; Free Bolivia Movement or
MBL [Franz BARRIOS]; Marshal of Ayacucho Institutional Vanguard or
VIMA [Freddy ZABALA]; Movement of the Revolutionary Left or MIR
[Jaime PAZ Zamora]; Movement Toward Socialism or MAS [Juan Evo
MORALES Ayma]; Movement Without Fear or MSM [Juan DEL GRANADO];
National Revolutionary Movement or MNR [Gonzalo SANCHEZ DE LOZADA];
New Republican Force or NFR [Manfred REYES-VILLA]; Pachakuti
Indigenous Movement or MIP [Felipe QUISPE Huanca]; Poder Democratico
Nacional or PODEMOS [Jorge Fernando QUIROGA Ramirez]; Socialist
Party or PS [Jeres JUSTINIANO]

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Alliance of Independent Social Democrats or
SNSD [Milorad DODIK]; Bosnian Party or BOSS [Mirnes AJANOVIC]; Civic
Democratic Party or GDS [Ibrahim SPAHIC]; Croat Christian Democratic
Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HKDU [Marin TOPIC]; Croat Party
of Rights or HSP [Zvonko JURISIC]; Croat Peasants Party or HSS
[Marko TADIC]; Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina
or HDZ-BH [Dragan COVIC]; Croatian Democratic Union 100 or HDZ100;
Croatian Peoples Union [Milenko BRKIC]; Democratic National Union or
DNZ [Rifet DOLIC]; Democratic Peoples Alliance or DNS [Marko PAVIC];
Liberal Democratic Party or LDS [Rasim KADIC]; New Croat Initiative
or NHI [Kresimir ZUBAK]; Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina or SBiH
[Haris SILAJDZIC]; Party for Democratic Action or SDA [Sulejman
TIHIC]; Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Mladen IVANIC]; Serb
Democratic Party or SDS [Dragan CAVIC]; Serb Radical Party of the
Republika Srpska or SRS-RS [Milanko MIHAJLICA]; Serb Radical
Party-Dr. Vojislav Seselj or SRS-VS [Radislav KANJERIC]; Social
Democratic Party of BIH or SDP [Zlatko LAGUMDZIJA]; Social
Democratic Union or SDU [Sejfudin TOKIC]; Socialist Party of
Republika Srpska or SPRS [Petar DJOKIC]

Botswana
Botswana Alliance Movement or BAM [Ephraim Lepetu
SETSHWAELO]; Botswana Congress Party or BCP [Otlaadisa KOOSALETSE];
Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Festus G. MOGAE]; Botswana
National Front or BNF [Otswoletse MOUPO]; Botswana Peoples Party or
BPP; MELS Movement of Botswana or MELS; New Democratic Front or NDF
note: a number of minor parties joined forces in 1999 to form the
BAM but did not capture any parliamentary seats - includes the
United Action Party [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]; the Independence
Freedom Party or IFP [Motsamai MPHO]; the Botswana Progressive Union
[D. K. KWELE]

Brazil
Brazilian Democratic Movement Party or PMDB [Federal Deputy
Michel TEMER]; Brazilian Labor Party or PTB [Flavio de CASTRO
MARTINEZ]; Brazilian Renewal Labor Party or PRTB [Jose Levy Fidelix
DA CRUZ]; Brazilian Republican Party or PRB [Vitor Paulo Araujo DOS
SANTOS]; Brazilian Social Democracy Party or PSDB [Senator Tasso
JEREISSATI]; Brazilian Socialist Party or PSB [Federal Deputy
Eduardo Henrique Accioly CAMPOS]; Communist Party of Brazil or PCdoB
[Jose Renato RABELO]; Democratic Labor Party or PDT [Carlos Roberto
LUPI]; Democratic Socialist Party or PSD [Luis Marques MENDES];
Green Party or PV [Jose Luiz de Franca PENNA]; Humanist Party of
Solidarity or PHS [leader NA]; Liberal Party or PL [Federal Deputy
Valdemar COSTA Neto]; National Order Reconstruction Party or PRONA
[Federal Deputy Dr. Eneas Ferreira CARNEIRO]; Partido Municipalista
Renovador or PMR [Natal Wellington Rodrigues FURUCHO]; Popular
Socialist Party or PPS [Federal Deputy Roberto FREIRE]; Progressive
Party or PP [Federal Deputy Pedro CORREA]; Social Christian Party or
PSC [Vitor Jorge ABDALA NOSSEIS]; Workers' Party or PT [Ricardo Jose
Ribeiro BERZOINI]

British Virgin Islands
Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Ethlyn
SMITH]; National Democratic Party or NDP [Orlando SMITH]; United
Party or UP [Gregory MADURO]; Virgin Islands Party or VIP [Ralph T.
O'NEAL]

Brunei
Brunei Solidarity National Party (PPKB) [Haji Mohd HATTA bin
Haji Zainal Abidin]; National Development Party (NDP) [YASSIN
Affendi]; People's Awareness Party (PAKAR) [Awang Haji MAIDIN bin
Haji Ahmad]
note: parties are small and have limited activity (2005)

Bulgaria
ATAKA (Attack Coalition) (coalition of parties headed by
the Attack National Union); Attack National Union [Volen Siderov];
Bulgarian Agrarian National Union-People's Union or BANU [Anastasia
MOZER]; Bulgarian People's Union or BPU (coalition of UFD, IMRO, and
BANU); Bulgarian Socialist Party or BSP [Sergei STANISHEV];
Coalition for Bulgaria or CfB (coalition of parties dominated by
BSP) [Sergei STANISHEV]; Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria or DSB
[Ivan KOSTOV]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization or
IMRO [Krasimir KARAKACHANOV]; Movement for Rights and Freedoms or
MRF [Ahmed DOGAN]; National Movement for Simeon II or NMS2 [Simeon
SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA]; New Time [Emil KOSHLUKOV]; Union of Democratic
Forces or UDF [Petar STOYANOV]; Union of Free Democrats or UFD
[Stefan SOFIYANSKI]; United Democratic Forces or UtDF (a coalition
of center-right parties dominated by UDF)

Burkina Faso
African Democratic Rally-Alliance for Democracy and
Federation or RDA-ADF [Herman YAMEOGO]; Confederation for Federation
and Democracy or CFD [Amadou Diemdioda DICKO]; Congress for
Democracy and Progress or CDP [Roch Marc-Christian KABORE]; Movement
for Tolerance and Progress or MTP [Nayabtigungou Congo KABORE];
Party for African Independence or PAI [Philippe OUEDRAOGO]; Party
for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Joseph KI-ZERBO]; Socialist Party
or PS; Union of Greens for the Development of Burkina Faso or UVDB
[Ram OVEDRAGO]

Burma
National League for Democracy or NLD [AUNG SHWE, chairman,
AUNG SAN SUU KYI, general secretary]; National Unity Party or NUP
(pro-regime) [THA KYAW] (at last report); Shan Nationalities League
for Democracy or SNLD [HKUN HTUN OO]; and other smaller parties

Burundi
the three national, mainstream, governing parties are:
Burundi Democratic Front or FRODEBU [Leonce NGENDAKUMANA,
president]; National Council for the Defense of Democracy, Front for
the Defense of Democracy or CNDD-FDD [Hussein RADJABU, president];
Unity for National Progress or UPRONA [Aloys RUBUKA, president]
note: a multiparty system was introduced after 1998, included are:
National Council for the Defense of Democracy or CNDD; National
Resistance Movement for the Rehabilitation of the Citizen or
MRC-Rurenzangemero [Epitace BANYAGANAKANDI]; Party for National
Redress or PARENA [Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA]

Cambodia
Cambodian Pracheachon Party (Cambodian People's Party) or
CPP [CHEA SIM]; National United Front for an Independent, Neutral,
Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia or FUNCINPEC [KEV PUT REAKSMEI];
Sam Rangsi Party or SRP [SAM RANGSI]

Cameroon
Cameroonian Democratic Union or UDC [Adamou Ndam NJOYA];
Democratic Rally of the Cameroon People or RDCP [Paul BIYA];
Movement for the Defense of the Republic or MDR [Dakole DAISSALA];
Movement for the Liberation and Development of Cameroon or MLDC
[Marcel YONDO]; Movement for the Youth of Cameroon or MYC [Dieudonne
TINA]; National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [Maigari
BELLO BOUBA]; Social Democratic Front or SDF [John FRU NDI]; Union
of Cameroonian Populations or UPC [Augustin Frederic KODOCK]

Canada
Bloc Quebecois [Gilles DUCEPPE]; Conservative Party of Canada
(a merger of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative
Party) [Stephen HARPER]; Green Party [Elizabeth MAY]; Liberal Party
[Stephane DION]; New Democratic Party [Jack LAYTON]

Cape Verde
African Party for Independence of Cape Verde or PAICV
[Jose Maria Pereira NEVES, chairman]; Democratic Alliance for Change
or ADM [Dr. Eurico MONTEIRO] (a coalition of PCD, PTS, and UCID);
Democratic Christian Party or PDC [Manuel RODRIGUES, chairman];
Democratic Renovation Party or PRD [Victor FIDALGO, president];
Democratic and Independent Cape Verdean Union or UCID [Antonio
MONTEIRO]; Movement for Democracy or MPD [Agostinho LOPES,
president]; Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Dr. Eurico
MONTEIRO, president]; Party of Work and Solidarity or PTS [Isaias
RODRIGUES, president]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Joao ALEM,
president]

Cayman Islands
no national teams (loose groupings of political
organizations) were formed for the 2000 elections; United Democratic
Party or UDP [leader McKeeva BUSH]; People's Progressive Movement or
PPM [leader Kurt TIBBETTS]

Central African Republic
Alliance for Democracy and Progress or ADP
[Jacques MBOLIEDAS]; Central African Democratic Assembly or RDC
[Andre KOLINGBA]; Civic Forum or FC [Gen. Timothee MALENDOMA];
Democratic Forum for Modernity or FODEM [Charles MASSI]; Liberal
Democratic Party or PLD [Nestor KOMBO-NAGUEMON]; Movement for
Democracy and Development or MDD [David DACKO]; Movement for the
Liberation of the Central African People or MLPC [Ange-Felix
PATASSE] (the party of deposed president); National Convergence or
KNK; Patriotic Front for Progress or FPP [Abel GOUMBA]; People's
Union for the Republic or UPR [Pierre Sammy MAKFOY]; National Unity
Party or PUN [Jean-Paul NGOUPANDE]; Social Democratic Party or PSD
[Enoch LAKOUE]

Chad
Federation Action for the Republic or FAR [Ngarledjy YORONGAR];
National Rally for Development and Progress or RNDP [Delwa Kassire
COUMAKOYE]; National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh
KEBZABO]; Party for Liberty and Development or PLD [Ibni Oumar
Mahamat SALEH]; Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh
AHMAT, chairman]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Lol
Mahamat CHOUA]; Union for Democracy and Republic or UDR [Jean
ALINGUE]; Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Gen. Wadal
Abdelkader KAMOUGUE]

Chile
Alliance for Chile ("Alianza") or APC (including National
Renewal or RN [Sergio DIEZ Urzia] and Independent Democratic Union
or UDI [Jovino NOVOA Vasquez]); Coalition of Parties for Democracy
("Concertacion") or CPD (including Christian Democratic Party or PDC
[Adolfo ZALDIVAR Larrain], Socialist Party or PS [Ricardo NUNEZ],
Party for Democracy or PPD [Victor BARRUETO], Radical Social
Democratic Party or PRSD [Jose Antonio GOMEZ Urrutia]); Communist
Party or PC [Guillermo TEILLIER]

China
Chinese Communist Party or CCP [HU Jintao]; eight registered
small parties controlled by CCP

Christmas Island
none

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
none

Colombia
Clandestine Communist Party of Colombia or PCC [Jaime
CAICEDO]; Colombian Conservative Party or PC [Carlos HOLGUIN Sardi];
Alternative Democratic Pole or PDA [Samuel MORENO Rojas]; Liberal
Party or PL [Cesar GAVIRIA]; Social National Unity Party or PSUN
[Juan Manuel SANTOS]
note: Colombia has about 60 formally recognized political parties,
most of which do not have a presence in either house of Congress

Comoros
Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros [AZALI Assowmani];
Camp of the Autonomous Islands (a coalition of parties organized by
the island Presidents in opposition to the Union President); Front
National pour la Justice or FNJ [Ahmed RACHID] (Islamic party in
opposition); Mouvement pour la Democratie et le Progress or MDP-NGDC
[Abbas DJOUSSOUF]; Parti Comorien pour la Democratie et le Progress
or PCDP [Ali MROUDJAE]; Rassemblement National pour le Development
or RND [Omar TAMOU, Abdoulhamid AFFRAITANE]

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Democratic Social Christian Party
or PDSC [Andre BO-BOLIKO]; Forces for Renovation for Union and
Solidarity or FONUS [Joseph OLENGHANKOY]; National Congolese
Lumumbist Movement or MNC [Francois LUMUMBA]; Popular Movement of
the Revolution or MPR (three factions: MPR-Fait Prive [Catherine
NZUZI wa Mbombo]; MPR/Vunduawe [Felix VUNDUAWE]; MPR/Mananga
[MANANGA Dintoka Mpholo]); Unified Lumumbast Party or PALU [Antoine
GIZENGA]; Union for Democracy and Social Progress or UDPS [Etienne
TSHISEKEDI wa Mulumba]; Union of Federalists and Independent
Republicans or UFERI (two factions: UFERI [Lokambo OMOKOKO];
UFERI/OR [Adolph Kishwe MAYA])

Congo, Republic of the
the most important of the many parties are
the Democratic and Patriotic Forces or FDP [Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO,
president] (an alliance of Convention for Alternative Democracy,
Congolese Labor Party or PCT, Liberal Republican Party, National
Union for Democracy and Progress, Patriotic Union for the National
Reconstruction, and Union for the National Renewal); Congolese
Movement for Democracy and Integral Development or MCDDI [Michel
MAMPOUYA]; Pan-African Union for Social Development or UPADS [Martin
MBERI]; Rally for Democracy and Social Progress or RDPS [Jean-Pierre
Thystere TCHICAYA, president]; Rally for Democracy and the Republic
or RDR [Raymond Damasge NGOLLO]; Union for Democracy and Republic or
UDR; Union of Democratic Forces or UFD [Sebastian EBAO]

Cook Islands
Cook Islands Party or CIP [Henry PUNA]; Democratic
Party or Demo [Dr. Terepai MAOATE]

Costa Rica
Authentic Member from Heredia [Jose SALAS]; Citizen
Action Party or PAC [Otton SOLIS]; Costa Rican Renovation Party or
PRC [Gerardo Justo OROZCO Alvarez]; Democratic Force Party or PFD
[Vladimir DE LA CRUZ]; General Union Party or PUGEN [Carlos Alberto
FERNANDEZ Vega]; Homeland First or PP [Juan Jose VARGAS Fallas];
Independent Worker Party or PIO [Jose Alberto CUBERO Carmona];
Libertarian Movement Party or PML [Otto GUEVARA Guth]; National
Christian Alliance Party or ANC [Juan Carlos CHAVEZ Mora]; National
Integration Party or PIN [Walter MUNOZ Cespedes]; National
Liberation Party or PLN [Francisco Antonio PACHECO]; National
Patriotic Party or PPN [Daniel Enrique REYNOLDS Vargas]; National
Restoration Party or PRN [Carlos AVENDANO]; Nationalist Democratic
Alliance or ADN [Jose Miguel VILLALOBOS Umana]; Patriotic Union or
UP [Humberto ARCE Salas]; Social Christian Unity Party or PUSC
[Lorena VASQUEZ Badilla]; Union for Change Party or UPC [Antonio
ALVAREZ Desanti]; United Leftist Coalition or IU [Humberto VARGAS
Carbonel]

Cote d'Ivoire
Citizen's Democratic Union or UDCY [Eg Theodore MEL];
Democratic Party of Cote d'Ivoire-African Democratic Rally or
PDCI-RDA [Henri Konan BEDIE]; Ivorian Popular Front or FPI [Laurent
GBAGBO]; Ivorian Worker's Party or PIT [Francis WODIE]; Rally of the
Republicans or RDR [Alassane OUATTARA]; Union for Democracy and
Peace or UDPCI [Paul Akoto YAO]; over 20 smaller parties

Croatia
Croatian Bloc or HB [Ivic PASALIC]; Croatian Christian
Democratic Union or HKDU [Anto KOVACEVIC]; Croatian Democratic Union
or HDZ [Ivo SANADER]; Croatian Party of Rights or HSP [Anto DJAPIC];
Croatian Peasant Party or HSS [Josip FRISCIC]; Croatian Pensioner
Party or HSU [Vladimir JORDAN]; Croatian People's Party or HNS
[Vesna PUSIC] (in 2005 party merged with Libra to become Croatian
People's Party-Liberal Democrats or NS-LD [Vesna PUSIC]); Croatian
Social Liberal Party or HSLS [Djurdja ADLESIC]; Croatian True
Revival Party or HIP [Miroslav TUDJMAN]; Democratic Centre or DC
[Vesna SKARE-OZBOLT]; Independent Democratic Serb Party or SDSS
[Vojislav STANIMIROVIC]; Istrian Democratic Assembly or IDS [Ivan
JAKOVCIC]; Social Democratic Party of Croatia or SDP [Ivica RACAN]

Cuba
only party - Cuban Communist Party or PCC [Fidel CASTRO Ruz,
first secretary]

Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: Democratic Party or DIKO [Tassos
PAPADOPOULOS]; Democratic Rally or DISY [Nikos ANASTASIADHIS];
European Democracy or EURO.DE [Prodromos PRODROMOU] (evolved from
For Europe which merged with New Horizons); European Party or
EURO.KO [Demetris SYLLOURIS]; Fighting Democratic Movement or ADIK
[Dinos MIKHAILIDIS]; Green Party of Cyprus [George PERDIKIS];
Movement for Social Democracy United Democratic Union of Center or
KISOS [Yannakis OMIROU]; Progressive Party of the Working People or
AKEL (Communist Party) [Dimitrios CHRISTOFIAS]; United Democrats
Movement or EDE [Michalis PAPAPETROU]; north Cyprus: Democratic
Party or DP [Serder DENKTASH]; National Birth Party or UDP [Enver
EMIN]; National Unity Party or UBP [Dervis EROGLU]; Our Party or BP
[Okyay SADIKOGLU]; Patriotic Unity Movement or YBH [Alpay DURDURAN];
Peace and Democratic Movement [Mustafa AKINCI]; Republican Turkish
Party or CTP [Mehmet ALI TALAT]

Czech Republic
Christian Democratic Union-Czechoslovak People's
Party or KDU-CSL [Jan KASAL, chairman]; Civic Democratic Alliance or
ODA [Jirina NOVAKOVA, chairwoman]; Civic Democratic Party or ODS
[Mirek TOPOLANEK, chairman]; Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia
or KSCM [Vojtech FILIP, chairman]; Czech Social Democratic Party or
CSSD [Jiri PAROUBEK, chairman]; Freedom Union-Democratic Union or
US-DEU [Jan HADRAVA, chairman]; Green Party [Martin BURSIK,
chairman]; Independent Democrats (NEZDEM) [Vladimir ZELEZNY,
chairman]; Party of Open Society (SOS) [Pavel NOVACEK, chairman];
Path of Change [Jiri LOBKOWITZ, chairman]; SNK-European Democrats or
SNK-ED [Jana HYBASKOVA, chairman]

Denmark
Christian Democrats (was Christian People's Party) [Bodil
KORNBEK]; Conservative Party (sometimes known as Conservative
People's Party) [Bendt BENDTSEN]; Danish People's Party [Pia
KJAERSGAARD]; Liberal Party [Anders Fogh RASMUSSEN]; Red-Green Unity
List (bloc includes Left Socialist Party, Communist Party of
Denmark, Socialist Workers' Party) [collective leadership]; Social
Democratic Party [Helle THORNING-SCHMIDT]; Social Liberal Party
(sometimes called the Radical Left) [Marianne JELVED, leader; Soren
BALD, chairman]; Socialist People's Party [Villy SOEVNDAL]

Djibouti
Democratic National Party or PND [ADEN Robleh Awaleh];
Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Abdillahi HAMARITEH]; Djibouti
Development Party or PDD [Mohamed Daoud CHEHEM]; Front pour la
Restauration de l'Unite Democratique or FRUD [Ali Mohamed DAOUD];
People's Progress Assembly or RPP [Ismail Omar GUELLEH] (governing
party); Peoples Social Democratic Party or PPSD [Moumin Bahdon
FARAH]; Republican Alliance for Democracy or ARD [Ahmed Dini AHMED];
Union for Democracy and Justice or UDJ

Dominica
Dominica Freedom Party or DFP [Charles SAVARIN]; Dominica
Labor Party or DLP [Roosevelt SKERRIT]; Dominica United Workers
Party or UWP [Earl WILLIAMS]

Dominican Republic
Dominican Liberation Party or PLD [Leonel
FERNANDEZ Reyna]; Dominican Revolutionary Party or PRD [Ramon
ALBURQUERQUE]; National Progressive Front [Vincent CASTILLO,
Pelegrin CASTILLO]; Social Christian Reformist Party or PRSC
[Enrique ATUN]

East Timor
Associacao Social-Democrata Timorense or ASDT [Francisco
Xavier do AMARAL]; Christian Democratic Party of Timor or PDC
[Antonio XIMENES]; Christian Democratic Union of Timor or UDC
[Vicente da Silva GUTERRES]; Democratic Party or PD [Fernando de
ARAUJO]; People's Party of Timor or PPT [Jacob XAVIER];
Revolutionary Front of Independent East Timor or FRETILIN [Francisco
Guterres Lu OLO]; Social Democrat Party of East Timor or PSD [Mario
CARRASCALAO]; Socialist Party of Timor or PST [Pedro da COSTA]; Sons
of the Mountain Warriors (also known as Association of Timorese
Heroes) or KOTA [Clementino dos Reis AMARAL]; Timor Democratic Union
or UDT [Joao CARRASCALAO]; Timor Labor Party or PTT [Paulo Freitas
DA SILVA]; Timorese Nationalist Party or PNT [Abilio ARAUJO]

Ecuador
Concentration of Popular Forces or CFP [Averroes BUCARAM];
Democratic Left or ID [Guillermo LANDAZURI]; National Action
Institutional Renewal Party or PRIAN [Alvaro NOBOA]; Pachakutik
Movement [Gilberto TALAHUA]; Patriotic Society Party or PSP [Lucio
GUTIERREZ Borbua]; Popular Democracy or DP [Dr. Juan Manuel
FUERTES]; Popular Democratic Movement or MPD [Gustavo TERAN Acosta];
Radical Alfarista Front or FRA [Fabian ALARCON, director]; Roldosist
Party or PRE [Abdala BUCARAM Ortiz, director]; Social Christian
Party or PSC [Leon FEBRES CORDERO]; Socialist Party - Broad Front or
PS-FA [Victor GRANDA]

Egypt
National Democratic Party or NDP [Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK
(governing party)]; National Progressive Unionist Grouping or
Tagammu [Rifaat EL-SAID]; New Wafd Party or NWP [Mahmoud ABAZA];
Tomorrow Party [Naji AL-GHATRIFI]
note: formation of political parties must be approved by the
government

El Salvador
Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Rodolfo PARKER,
secretary general]; Democratic Convergence or CD (formerly United
Democratic Center or CDU) [Ruben ZAMORA, secretary general];
Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front or FMLN [Medardo GONZALEZ,
coordinator general]; National Conciliation Party or PCN [Ciro CRUZ
ZEPEDA, president]; National Republican Alliance or ARENA [Elias
Antonio SACA Gonzalez]; Popular Social Christian Party or PPSC [Rene
AGUILUZ]; Revolutionary Democratic Front or FDR [Julio Cesar
HERNANDEZ Carcamo, coordinator general]

Equatorial Guinea
Convergence Party for Social Democracy or CPDS
[Placido MIKO Abogo]; Democratic Party for Equatorial Guinea or PDGE
[Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO] (ruling party); Party for Progress
of Equatorial Guinea or PPGE [Severo MOTO]; Popular Action of
Equatorial Guinea or APGE [Miguel Esono EMAN]; Popular Union or UP
[Andres Moises Bda ADA]; Progressive Democratic Alliance or ADP
[Victorino Bolekia BONAY]; Union of Independent Democrats of UDI
[Daniel OYONO]

Eritrea
People's Front for Democracy and Justice or PFDJ, the only
party recognized by the government [ISAIAS Afworki]; note - a
National Assembly committee drafted a law on political parties in
January 2001, but the full National Assembly has not yet debated or
voted on it

Estonia
Center Party of Estonia (Keskerakond) [Edgar SAVISAAR,
chairman]; Estonian People's Union (Rahvaliit) [Villu REILJAN,
chairman]; Estonian Reform Party (Reformierakond) [Andrus ANSIP];
Estonian United Russian People's Party or EUVRP [Yevgeniy TOMBERG,
chairman]; Social Democratic Party (formerly People's Party Moodukad
or Moderates) [Ivari PADAR, chairman]; Social Liberals (group of
eight parliamentarians, former Center Party members) [Peeter
KREITZBERG]; Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica (Isamaa je Res
Publica Liit) [Tonis LUKAS and Taavi VESKIMAGI, co-chairman]

Ethiopia
Afar National Democratic Party or ANDP; Benishangul Gumuz
People's Democratic Unity Front or BGPDUF [Mulualem BESSE];
Coalition for Unity and Democracy or CUD [HAILU Shawel]; Ethiopian
People's Revolutionary Democratic Front or EPRDF [MELES Zenawi] (an
alliance of Amhara National Democratic Movement or ANDM, Oromo
People's Democratic Organization or OPDO, the South Ethiopean
People's Democratic Front or SEPDF, and TigrAyan Peoples' Liberation
Front or TPLF); Gurage Nationalities' Democratic Movement or GNDM;
Oromo Federalist Democratic Movement or OFDM [BULCHA Demeksa];
Somali People's Democratic Party or SPDP; United Ethopian Democratic
Forces or UEDF [BEYENE Petros]; dozens of small parties

European Union
Confederal Group of the European United Left-Nordic
Green Left or EUL/NGL [Francis WURTZ]; European People's
Party-European Democrats or EPP-ED [Hans-Gert POETTERING]; Group of
the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe or ALDE [Graham R.
WATSON]; Group of Greens/European Free Alliance or Greens/EFA
[Monica FRASSONI and Daniel Marc COHN-BENDIT];
Independence/Democracy Group or IND/DEM [Jens-Peter BONDE and Nigel
FARAGE]; Socialist Group in the European Parliament or PES [Martin
SCHULZ]; Union for Europe of the Nations Group or UEN [Brian CROWLEY
and Cristiana MUSCARDINI]

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
none; all independents

Faroe Islands
Center Party [Jenis A. RANA]; Independence Party [Kari
P. HOJGAARD]; People's Party [Anfinn KALLSBERG]; Republican Party
[Hogni HOYDAL]; Social Democratic Party [Joannes EIDESGAARD]; Union
Party [Kaj Leo JOHANNESEN]

Fiji
Conservative Alliance Party/Matanitu Vanua or CAMV [Ratu Josefa
DIMURI]; Dodonu Ni Taukei Party or DNT [Fereti S. DEWA]; Fiji
Democratic Party or FDP [Filipe BOLE] (a merger of the Christian
Democrat Alliance or VLV [Poesci Waqalevu BUNE], Fijian Association
Party or FAP, Fijian Political Party or SVT (primarily Fijian)
[Sitiveni RABUKA], and New Labor Unity Party or NLUP [Ofa SWANN]);
Fiji Labor Party or FLP [Mahendra CHAUDHRY]; General Voters Party or
GVP (became part of United General Party); Girmit Heritage Party or
GHP; Justice and Freedom Party or AIM; Lio 'On Famor Rotuma Party or
LFR; National Federation Party or NFP (primarily Indian) [Pramond
RAE]; Nationalist Vanua Takolavo Party or NVTLP [Saula TELAWA];
Party of National Unity or PANU [Ponipate LESAVUA]; Party of the
Truth or POTT; United Fiji Party/Sogosogo Duavata ni Lewenivanua or
SDL [Laisenia QARASE]; United General Party or UGP [Millis Mick
BEDDOES]

Finland
Center Party or Kesk [Matti VANHANEN]; Christian Democrats
or KD [Paivi RASANEN]; Green League or VIHR [Tarja CRONBERG]; Left
Alliance or VAS composed of People's Democratic League and
Democratic Alternative [Martti KORHONEN]; National Coalition
(conservative) Party or Kok [Jyrki KATAINEN]; Social Democratic
Party or SDP [Eero HEINALUOMA]; Swedish People's Party or SFP
[Stefan WALLIN]

France
Citizen and Republican Movement or MRC [Jean Pierre
CHEVENEMENT]; Democratic and European Social Rally or RDSE (mainly
Radical Republican and Socialist Parties, and PRG) [Jacques
PELLETIER]; French Communist Party or PCF [Marie-George BUFFET];
Greens [Yan WEHRLING, national secretary]; Left Radical Party or PRG
(previously Radical Socialist Party or PRS and the Left Radical
Movement or MRG) [Jean-Michel BAYLET]; Movement for France or MPF
[Philippe DE VILLIERS]; National Front or FN [Jean-Marie LE PEN];
Rally for France or RPF [Charles PASQUA]; Socialist Party or PS
[Francois HOLLANDE]; Union for French Democracy or UDF [Francois
BAYROU]; Union for a Popular Movement or UMP [Nicolas SARKOZY]

French Guiana
Guyana Democratic Forces or FDG [Georges OTHILY];
Guyanese Democratic Action or ADG [Andre LECANTE]; Guyanese
Socialist Party or PSG [Marie-Claude VERDAN]; Popular National
Guyanese Party or PNPG [Jose DORCY]; Socialist Party or PS [Alix
LABBE]; Union for French Democracy or UDF [Georges HABRAN-MERY];
Union for a Popular Movement or UMP (includes RPR) [Remi Louis
DUBOC]; Walwari Committee (aligned with the PRG in France)
[Christine TAUBIRA-DELANON]

French Polynesia
Alliance for a New Democracy or ADN [Nicole BOUTEAU
and Philip SCHYLE](includes the parties The New Star and This
Country is Yours); Independent Front for the Liberation of Polynesia
(Tavini Huiraatira) [Oscar TEMARU]; New Fatherland Party (Ai'a Api)
[Emile VERNAUDON]; People's Rally for the Republic of Polynesia or
RPR (Tahoeraa Huiraatira) [Gaston FLOSSE]; Union for Democracy or
UPD [Oscar TEMARU]

Gabon
Circle of Liberal Reformers or CLR [General Jean Boniface
ASSELE]; Congress for Democracy and Justice or CDJ [Jules Aristide
Bourdes OGOULIGUENDE]; Democratic and Republican Alliance or ADERE
[Divungui-di-Ndinge DIDJOB]; Gabonese Democratic Party or PDG
[Simplice Nguedet MANZELA] (former sole party); Gabonese Party for
Progress or PGP [Pierre-Louis AGONDJO-OKAWE]; National Rally of
Woodcutters or RNB; National Rally of Woodcutters-Rally for Gabon or
RNB-RPG (Bucherons) [Fr. Paul M'BA-ABESSOLE]; People's Unity Party
or PUP [Louis Gaston MAYILA]; Rally for Democracy and Progress or
RDP [Pierre EMBONI]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Pierre Claver
MAGANGA-MOUSSAVOU]; Union for Democracy and Social Integration or
UDIS; Union of Gabonese People or UPG [Pierre MAMBOUNDOU]

Gambia, The
Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction or
APRC [Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH] (the ruling party); Gambian People's
Party-Progressive People's Party-United Democratic Party or
GPP-PPP-UDP Coalition [Ousainou DARBOE]; National Convention Party
or NCP [Sheriff DIBBA]; National Reconciliation Party or NRP [Hamat
N. K. BAH]; People's Democratic Organization for Independence and
Socialism or PDOIS [Sidia JATTA]
note: in August 2001, an independent electoral commission allowed
the reregistration of the GPP, NCP, and PPP, three parties banned
since 1996

Georgia
Burjanadze-Democrats [Nino BURJANADZE]; Georgian People's
Front [Nodar NATADZE]; Georgian United Communist Party or UCPG
[Panteleimon GIORGADZE]; Greens [Giorgi GACHECHILADZE]; Industry
Will Save Georgia (Industrialists) or IWSG [Georgi TOPADZE]; Labor
Party [Shalva NATELASHVILI]; National Democratic Party or NDP
[Bachuki KARDAVA]; National Movement Democratic Front [Mikheil
SAAKASHVILI] bloc composed of National Movement and
Burjanadze-Democrats; National Movement [Mikheil SAAKASHVILI]; New
Rights [David GAMKRELIDZE]; Republican Party [David USUPASHVILI];
Rightist Opposition [David GAMKRELIDZE] bloc composed of
Industrialists and New Right Party; Socialist Party or SPG [Irakli
MINDELI]; Traditionalists [Akaki ASATIANI]; Union of National
Forces-Conservatives [Koba DAVITASHVILI and Zviad DZIDZIGURI]

Germany
Alliance '90/Greens [Claudia ROTH and Reinhard BUETIKOFER];
Christian Democratic Union or CDU [Angela MERKEL]; Christian Social
Union or CSU [Edmund STOIBER, chairman]; Free Democratic Party or
FDP [Guido WESTERWELLE, chairman]; Left Party (Linkspartei. was
Party of Democratic Socialism) or PDS [Lothar BISKY]; Social
Democratic Party or SPD [Kurt BECK]

Ghana
Convention People's Party or CPP [Nii Noi DOWUONA, general
secretary]; Every Ghanaian Living Everywhere or EGLE [Owuraku AMOFA,
chairman]; Great Consolidated Popular Party or GCPP [Dan LARTY];
National Convention Party or NCP [Sarpong KUMA-KUMA]; National
Democratic Congress or NDC [Dr. Huudu YAHAYA, general secretary];
New Patriotic Party or NPP [Samuel Arthur ODOI-SYKES]; People's
Convention Party or PCP [P. K. DONKOH-AYIFI, acting chairman];
People's Heritage Party or PHP [Emmanuel Alexander ERSKINE];
People's National Convention or PNC [Edward MAHAMA]; Reform Party
[Kyeretwie OPUKU, general secretary]

Gibraltar
Gibraltar Liberal Party [Joseph GARCIA]; Gibraltar Social
Democrats or GSD [Peter CARUANA]; Gibraltar Socialist Labor Party or
GSLP [Joseph John BOSSANO]

Greece
Coalition of the Left and Progress (Synaspismos) [Alekos
ALAVANOS]; Communist Party of Greece or KKE [Aleka PAPARIGA]; New
Democracy or ND (conservative) [Konstandinos KARAMANLIS];
Panhellenic Socialist Movement or PASOK [Yiorgos PAPANDREOU];
Popular Orthodox Rally or LAOS [Yeoryios KARATZAFERIS]

Greenland
Atassut Party (Solidarity, a conservative party favoring
continuing close relations with Denmark) [Finn KARLSEN]; Demokratiit
[Per BERTHELSEN]; Inuit Ataqatigiit or IA (Eskimo Brotherhood, a
leftist party favoring complete independence from Denmark rather
than home rule) [Josef MOTZFELDT]; Issituup (Polar Party) [Nicolai
HEINRICH]; Kattusseqatigiit (Candidate List, an independent
right-of-center party with no official platform; Siumut (Forward
Party, a social democratic party advocating more distinct
Greenlandic identity and greater autonomy from Denmark) [Hans
ENOKSEN]

Grenada
Good Old Democracy or GOD [Justin MCBURNIE]; Grenada United
Labor Party or GULP [Gloria Payne BANFIELD]; National Democratic
Congress or NDC [Tillman THOMAS]; New National Party or NNP [Keith
MITCHELL]; People Labor Movement or PLM [Dr. Francis ALEXIS]

Guadeloupe
Communist Party of Guadeloupe or PCG [Mona CADOCE]; FGPS
[Dominique LARIFLA]; Left Radical Party or PRG [Flavien FERRANT];
Progressive Democratic Party or PPDG [Henri BANGOU]; Socialist Party
or PS [Jules OTTO]; Union for French Democracy or UDF [Claudine
LACAVE]; Union for a Popular Movement or UMP (including
Rassemblement pour la Republique or RPR) [Gabrielle LOUIS-CARABIN]

Guam
Democratic Party [leader Michael PHILLIPS]; Republican Party
(controls the legislature) [leader Philip J. FLORES]

Guatemala
Authentic Integral Development or DIA [Eduardo SUGER];
Grand National Alliance or GANA (an alliance of smaller parties)
[Alfredo VILA Giron, secretary general]; Green Party or LOV [Rodolfo
ROSALES Garcis-Salaz]; Guatemalan Christian Democracy or DCG
[Vinicio CEREZO Arevalo]; Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity or
URNG [Alba ESTELA Maldonado, secretary general]; Guatemalan
Republican Front or FRG [Efrain RIOS Montt]; Movement for Guatemalan
Unity or MGU [Jacobo ARBENZ Villanueva]; Movement for Principals and
Values or MPV [Francisco BIANCHI]; National Advancement Party or PAN
[Leonel LOPEZ Rodas, secretary general]; National Unity for Hope or
UNE [Alvarado COLOM Caballeros]; New Nation Alliance or ANN (formed
by an alliance of DIA, URNG, and several splinter groups most of
whom subsequently defected) [led by three co-equal partners - Nineth
Varenca MONTENEGRO Cottom, Rodolfo BAUER Paiz, and Jorge Antonio
BALSELLS TUT]; Patriot Party or PP [Ret. Gen. Otto PEREZ Molina];
Progressive Liberator Party or PLP [Acisclo VALLADARES Molina];
Reform Movement or MR [Alfredo SKINNER-KLEE, secretary general];
Unionista Party

Guernsey
none; all independents

Guinea
Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally or
PDG-RDA [El Hadj Ismael Mohamed Gassim GUSHEIN]; National Union for
Progress or UPN [Mamadou Bhoye BARRY]; Party for Unity and Progress
or PUP [Lansana CONTE] (the governing party); People's Party of
Guinea or PPG [Pascal TOLNO]; Rally for the Guinean People or RPG
[Alpha CONDE]; Union of Democratic Forces of Guinea or UFDG [Mamadou
BA]; Union of Republican Forces or UFR [Sidya TOURE]; Union for
Progress of Guinea or UPG [Jean-Marie DORE, secretary-general];
Union for Progress and Renewal or UPR [Ousmane BAH]

Guinea-Bissau
African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau
and Cape Verde or PAIGC [Carlos GOMES Junior]; Democratic Social
Front or FDS; Electoral Union or UE; Party for Democratic
Convergence or PCD [Victor MANDINGA]; Social Renovation Party or PRS
[Alberto NAMBEIA]; Union for Change or UM [Jorge MANDINGA,
president, Dr. Anne SAAD, secretary general]; United Platform or UP
(coalition formed by PCD, FDS, FLING, and RGB-MB); United Popular
Alliance or APU; United Social Democratic Party or PUSD [Francisco
Jose FADUL]

Guyana
Alliance for Change or AFC [Raphael TROTMAN and Khemraj
RAMJATTAN]; Guyana Action Party or GAP [Paul HARDY]; Justice for All
Party [C.N. SHARMA]; People's National Congress/Reform or PNC/R
[Robert Herman Orlando CORBIN]; People's Progressive Party/Civic or
PPP/C [Bharrat JAGDEO]; Rise, Organize, and Rebuild or ROAR [Ravi
DEV]; The United Force or TUF [Manzoor NADIR]; The Unity Party [Joey
JAGAN]; Vision Guyana [Peter RAMSAROOP]; Working People's Alliance
or WPA [Rupert ROOPNARAINE]

Haiti
Artibonite in Action or LAAA [Youri LATORTUE]; Assembly of
Progressive National Democrats or RDNP [Leslie MANIGAT]; Convention
for Democratic Unity or KID [Evans PAUL]; Cooperative Action to
Build Haiti or KONBA [Evans LESCOUFALIR]; Democratic Alliance or
ALYANS (coalition composed of KID and PPRH) [Evans PAUL]; Effort and
Solidarity to Create an Alternative for the People or ESKAMP [Joseph
JASME]; For Us All or PONT [Jean-Marie CHERESTAL]; Front for Hope or
L'ESPWA (alliance of ESKAMP, PLB, and grass-roots organizations
Grand-Anse Resistance Committee, the Central Plateau Peasants'
Group, and Kombit Sudest) [Rene PREVAL]; Grand Center Right Front
coalition (composed of MDN, MRN, and PDCH) [Hubert de RONCERAY];
Haitian Christian Democratic Party or PDCH [Osner FEVRY and
Marie-Denise CLAUDE]; Haitian Democratic and Reform Movement or
MODEREH [Dany TOUSSAINT and Pierre Soncon PRINCE]; Heads Together or
Tet-Ansanm [Dr. Gerard BLOT]; Independent Movement for National
Reconciliation or MIRN [Luc FLEURINORD]; Justice for Peace and
National Development or JPDN [Rigaud DUPLAN]; Fanmi Lavalas or FL
[Rudy HERIVEAUX]; Liberal Party of Haiti or PLH [Gehy MICHEL];
Merging of Haitian Social Democratic Parties or FUSION or FPSDH
(merged Ayiti Capable, Haitian National Revolutionary Party, and
National Congress of Democratic Movements) [Serge GILLES];
Mobilization for Haiti's Development or MPH [Samir MOURRA];
Mobilization for National Development or MDN [Hubert de RONCERAY];
Movement for National Reconstruction or MRN [Jean Henold BUTEAU];
Movement for the Installation of Democracy in Haiti or MIDH [Marc
BAZIN]; National Christian Union for the Reconstruction of Haiti or
UNCRH [Marie Claude GERMAIN]; National Front for the Reconstruction
of Haiti or FRN [Guy PHILIPPE]; New Christian Movement for a New
Haiti or MOCHRENA [Luc MESADIEU]; Open the Gate Party or PLB [Anes
LUBIN]; Popular Party for the Renewal of Haiti or PPRH [Claude
ROMAIN and Daniel SUPPLICE]; Struggling People's Organization or OPL
[Edgard LEBLANC]; Union for Haiti or UPH (coalition of MIDH and FL)
[Marc BAZIN]; Union of Nationalist and Progressive Haitians or UNITE
[Edouard FRANCISQUE]

Holy See (Vatican City)
none

Honduras
Christian Democratic Party or PDC [Saul ESCOBAR Andrade];
Democratic Unification Party or PUD [Matias FUNES]; Liberal Party or
PL [Patricia RODAS]; National Innovation and Unity Party or PINU
[Olban F. VALLADARES]; National Party of Honduras or PN [Gilberto
GOLDSTEIN]

Hong Kong
Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood or ADPL
[Frederick FUNG Kin-kee]; Citizens Party [Alex CHAN Kai-chung];
Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong or
DAB [MA Lik]; Democratic Party [LEE Wing-tat]; Frontier Party [Emily
LAU Wai-hing]; Liberal Party [James TIEN Pei-chun]
note: political blocs include: pro-democracy - ADPL, Democratic
Party, Frontier Party; pro-Beijing - DAB, Liberal Party

Hungary
Alliance of Free Democrats or SzDSz [Gabor KUNCZE];
Christian Democratic People's Party or KDNP [Zsolt SEMJEN];
Hungarian Civic Alliance or Fidesz [Viktor ORBAN, chairman];
Hungarian Democratic Forum or MDF [Ibolya DAVID]; Hungarian
Socialist Party or MSzP [Istvan HILLER, chairman]

Iceland
Independence Party or IP [Geir HAARDE]; Left-Green Movement
or LGM [Steingrimur SIGFUSSON]; Liberal Party or LP [Gudjon
KRISTJANSSON]; Progressive Party or PP [Halldor ASGRIMSSON - will
step down in August 2006]; Social Democratic Alliance (includes
People's Alliance or PA, Social Democratic Party or SDP, Women's
List) or SDA [Ingibjorg Solrun GISLADOTTIR]

India
note - India has dozens of national and regional political
parties; only parties with four or more seats in the People's
Assembly are listed; Bahujan Samaj Party or BSP [MAYAWATI];
Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP [Rajnath SINGH]; Biju Janata Dal or
BJD [Naveen PATNAIK]; Communist Party of India or CPI [Ardhendu
Bhushan BARDHAN]; Communist Party of India (Marxist) or CPI (M)
[Prakash KARAT]; Dravida Munnetra Kazagham or DMK [M. KARUNANIDHI];
Indian National Congress or INC [Sonia GANDHI]; Janata Dal (United)
or JD(U) [Sharad YADEV]; Jharkhand Mukti Morcha or JMM [Shibu
SOREN]; Lok Jan Shakti Party or LJSP [Ram Vilas PASWAN];
Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or MDMK [VAIKU]; Nationalist
Congress Party or NCP [Sharad PAWAR]; Pattali Makkal Katchi or PMK
[S. RAMADOSS]; Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD [Laloo Prasad YADAV];
Samajwadi Party or SP [Mulayam Singh YADAV]; Shiromani Akali Dal or
SAD [Prakash Singh BADAL]; Shiv Sena or SS [Bal THACKERAY];
Telangana Rashtra Samithi or TRS [K. Chandrasekhar RAO]; Telugu
Desam Party or TDP [Chandrababu NAIDU]

Indonesia
Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [Yusril Ihza
MAHENDRA]; Democratic Party or PD [Subur BUDHISANTOSO]; Functional
Groups Party or Golkar [Yusuf KALLA]; Indonesia Democratic
Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri]; National Awakening
Party or PKB [Alwi SHIHAB]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Sutrisno
BACHIR]; Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Tifatul SEMBIRING]; United
Development Party or PPP [Hamzah HAZ]

Iran
formal political parties are a relatively new phenomenon in
Iran and most conservatives still prefer to work through political
pressure groups rather than parties; a loose pro-reform coalition
called the 2nd Khordad Front, which includes political parties as
well as less formal pressure groups and organizations, achieved
considerable success at elections to the sixth Majles in early 2000;
groups in the coalition include: Islamic Iran Participation Front
(IIPF), Executives of Construction Party (Kargozaran), Solidarity
Party, Islamic Labor Party, Mardom Salari, Mojahedin of the Islamic
Revolution Organization (MIRO), and Militant Clerics Society
(Ruhaniyun); the coalition participated in the seventh Majles
elections in early 2004; following his defeat in the 2005
presidential elections, former MCS Secretary General Mehdi KARRUBI
formed the National Trust Party; a new apparently conservative
group, the Builders of Islamic Iran, took a leading position in the
new Majles after winning a majority of the seats in February 2004

Iraq
Al-Sadr Movement [Muqtada Al-SADR]; Assyrian Democratic
Movement [Yunadim KANNA]; Conference of Iraqi People [Adnan
al-DULAYMI]; Constitutional Monarchy Movement or CMM [Sharif Ali Bin
al-HUSAYN]; Da'wa Party [Ibrahim al-JA'FARI]; Independent Iraqi
Alliance or IIA [Falah al-NAQIB]; Iraqi Communist Party [Hamid
al-MUSA]; Iraqi Hizballah [Karim Mahud al-MUHAMMADAWI]; Iraqi
Independent Democrats or IID [Adnan PACHACHI, Mahdi al-HAFIZ]; Iraqi
Islamic Party or IIP [Muhsin Abd al-HAMID, Hajim al-HASSANI]; Iraqi
National Accord or INA [Ayad ALLAWI]; Iraqi National Congress or INC
[Ahmad CHALABI]; Iraqi National Council for Dialogue or INCD [Khalaf
Ulayan al-Khalifawi al-DULAYMI]; Iraqi National Unity Movement or
INUM [Ahmad al-KUBAYSI, chairman]; Islamic Action Organization or
IAO [Ayatollah Muhammad al-MUDARRISI]; Jama'at al Fadilah or JAF
[Ayatollah Muhammad Ali al-YAQUBI]; Kurdistan Democratic Party or
KDP [Masud BARZANI]; Muslim Ulama Council or MUC [Harith Sulayman
al-DARI, secretary general]; National Iraqi Front [Salih al-MUTLAQ];
National Reconciliation and Liberation Party [Mishan al-JABBURI];
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan or PUK [Jalal TALABANI]; Supreme
Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq or SCIRI [Abd al-Aziz
al-HAKIM]
note: the Kurdistan Alliance, Iraqi National List, Iraqi Consensus
Front, Iraqi Front for National Dialogue, and United Iraqi Alliance
were only electoral slates consisting of the representatives from
the various Iraqi political parties

Ireland
Fianna Fail [Bertie AHERN]; Fine Gael [Enda KENNY]; Green
Party [Trevor SARGENT]; Labor Party [Pat RABITTE]; Progressive
Democrats [Michael McDOWELL]; Sinn Fein [Gerry ADAMS]; Socialist
Party [Joe HIGGINS]; The Workers' Party [Sean GARLAND]

Isle of Man
Alliance for Progressive Government; Man Labor Party;
Man Nationalist Party (branch of the British National Party)
note: most members sit as independents

Israel
Democratic Front for Peace and Equality (HADASH) [Muhammad
BARAKA]; GIL (Pensioners) [Rafael EITAN]; Kadima [Ehud OLMERT];
Labor Party [Amir PERETZ]; Likud Party [Binyamin NETANYAHU];
Meretz-YAHAD [Yossi BEILIN]; National Democratic Assembly (Balad)
[Azmi BISHARA]; National Union (NU)/National Religious Party (NRP)
[Binyamin ELON]; SHAS [Eliyahu YISHAI]; Torah and Shabbat Judaism
[Yaakov LITZMAN]; United Arab List [Ibrahim SARSOUR]; Yisrael
Beiteinu [Avigdor LIEBERMAN]; Yisrael Ba'Aliya (merged with Likud)

Italy
Center-Left Union Coalition [Romano PRODI]: Ulivo Alliance
(including Democrats of the Left or DS [Piero FASSINO];
Daisy-Democracy is Freedom or DL [Francesco RUTELLI]); Rose in the
Fist (including Italian Social Democrats or SDI [Enrico BOSELLI];
Italian Radical Party [Emma BONINO]); Italian Communist Party or
PdCI [Oliviero DILIBERTO]; Green Federation [Alfonso PECORARO
SCANIO]; Communist Renewal or RC [Fausto BERTINOTTI]; Italy of
Values or IdV [Antonio DI PIETRO]; Union of Democrats for Europe or
UDEUR [Clemente MASTELLA]; Republican European Movement or MRE
[Luciana SBARBATI]
Center-Right Freedom House Coalition [Silvio BERLUSCONI]: Forza
Italia or FI [Silvio BERLUSCONI]; National Alliance or AN
[Gianfranco FINI]; Union of Christian Democrats of the Center or UDC
[Pier Ferdinando CASINI]; Northern League or LEGA [Umberto BOSSI];
Christian Democracy (Per la Autonomie) [Publio FIORI]
other non-allied parties: New Italian Socialist Party or New PSI
[Gianni DE MICHELIS]; Italian Republican Party or PRI [Giorgio LA
MALFA]; Social Alternative [Alessandra MUSSOLINI]; Social
Movement-Tricolor Flame or MSI-Fiamma [Luca ROMAGNOLI]; Social Idea
Movement with Rauti or MIS [Pino RAUTI]; South Tyrol People's Party
or SVP (German speakers) [Elmar Pichler ROLLE]; Union of Valley
Aosta Region or UV [Guido CESAL]

Jamaica
Jamaica Labor Party or JLP [Bruce GOLDING]; National
Democratic Movement or NDM [Hyacinth BENNETT]; People's National
Party or PNP [Percival James PATTERSON]

Japan
Democratic Party of Japan or DPJ [Ichiro OZAWA]; Japan
Communist Party or JCP [Kazuo SHII]; Komeito [Akihoro OTA]; Liberal
Democratic Party or LDP [Shinzo ABE]; Social Democratic Party or SDP
[Mizuho FUKUSHIMA]

Jersey
none; all independents

Jordan
al-Ahd Party; Arab Islamic Democratic Movement [Yusuf ABU
BAKR, president]; Arab Land Party [Dr. Ayishah Salih HIJAZAYN,
secretary general]; Arab Socialist Ba'th Party [Taysir al-HIMSI,
secretary general]; Ba'th Arab Progressive Party [Fu'ad DABBUR,
secretary general]; Freedom Party; Future Party; Islamic Action
Front or IAF [Zaki Sa'ed BANI IRSHEID, secretary general]; Islamic
Center Party [Marwan al-FAURI, secretary general]; Jordanian Arab
Ansar Party; Jordanian Arab New Dawn Party; Jordanian Arab Party;
Jordanian Citizens' Rights Movement; Jordanian Communist Party
[Munir HAMARINAH, secretary general]; Jordanian Communist Workers
Party; Jordanian Democratic Left Party [Musa MA'AYTEH, secretary
general]; Jordanian Democratic Popular Unity Party [Sa'id Dhiyab Ali
MUSTAFA, secretary general]; Jordanian Generations Party [Muhammad
KHALAYLEH, secretary general]; Jordanian Green Party [Muhammad
BATAYNEH, secretary general]; Jordanian Labor Party [Dr. Mazin
Sulayman Jiryis HANNA, secretary general]; Jordanian Peace Party;
Jordanian People's Committees Movement; Jordanian People's
Democratic Party (Hashd) [Ahmad YUSUF, secretary general]; Jordanian
Rafah Party; Jordanian Renaissance Party; Mission Party; Nation
Party [Ahmad al-HANANDEH, secretary general]; National Action Party
(Haqq) [Tariq al-KAYYALI, secretary general]; National
Constitutional Party [Abdul Hadi MAJALI, secretary general];
National Popular Democratic Movement [Mahmud al-NUWAYHI, secretary
general]; Progressive Party [Fawwaz al-ZUBI, secretary general]

Kazakhstan
Adilet (Justice) [Maksut NARIKBAYEV, co-chair, Zeynulla
ALSHIMBAYEV, co-chair, Bakhytbek AKHMETZHAN, co-chair, Yerkin
ONGARBAYEV, co-chair, Tolegan SYDYKOV, co-chair] (formerly
Democratic Party of Kazakhstan); Aq Zhol Party (Bright Path)
[Alikhan BAIMENOV, chairman]; AUL (Village) [Gani KALIYEV,
chairman]; Communist Party of Kazakhstan or KPK [Serikbolsyn
ABDILDIN, first secretary]; Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan
[Vladislav KOSAREV, first secretary]; Otan [Bakhytzhan ZHUMAGULOV,
acting chairman] (the Agrarian, Asar, and Civic parties merged with
Otan); Patriots' Party [Gani KASYMOV, chairman]; Rukhaniyat
(Spirituality) [Altynshash ZHAGANOVA, chairwoman]

Kenya
Forum for the Restoration of Democracy-People or FORD-People
[Kimaniwa NYOIKE, chairman]; Kenya African National Union or KANU
[Uhuru KENYATTA]; National Rainbow Coalition or NARC [Mwai KIBAKI]
(the governing party)

Kiribati
Boutokaan Te Koaua Party or BTK [Taberannang TIMEON];
Maneaban Te Mauri Party or MTM [Teburoro TITO]; Maurin Kiribati Pati
or MKP; National Progressive Party or NPP [Dr. Harry TONG]
note: there is no tradition of formally organized political parties
in Kiribati; they more closely resemble factions or interest groups
because they have no party headquarters, formal platforms, or party
structures

Korea, North
major party - Korean Workers' Party or KWP [KIM Jong
Il]; minor parties - Chondoist Chongu Party [RYU Mi Yong] (under KWP
control), Social Democratic Party [KIM Yong Dae] (under KWP control)

Korea, South
Democratic Labor Party or DLP [MOON Seong-hyun];
Democratic Party or DP [HAHN Hwa-kap]; Grand National Party or GNP
[KANG Jae-sup]; People-Centered Party or PCP [SHIN Kook-hwan]; Uri
Party [KIM Geun-tae]

Kuwait
none; formation of political parties is illegal

Kyrgyzstan
Adilet (Justice) Party [Toychubek KASYMOV]; Agrarian
Labor Party of Kyrgyzstan [Uson SYDYKOV]; Agrarian Party of
Kyrgyzstan [Erkin ALIYEV]; Alga, Kyrgyzstan (Forward, Kyrgyzstan)
[Bolot BEGALIYEV]; Ar-Namys (Dignity) Party [Emil ALIYEV]; Asaba
(Banner National Revival Party) [Azimbek BEKNAZAROV]; Ata-Meken
(Fatherland) [Omurbek TEKEBAYEV]; Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan
[Klara ADZHIBEKOVA]; Democratic Movement of Kyrgyzstan or DDK [Jypar
JEKSHEYEV]; Erkin Kyrgyzstan Progressive and Democratic Party
[Bektur ASANOV]; Erkindik (Freedom) Party [Topchubek TURGUNALIYEV];
Future of Kyrgyzstan [Balbak TULEBAYEV]; Jany Kyrgyzstan (New
Kyrgyzstan) [Dosbol NUR UULU]; Kairan El [Dooronbek SADYKOV]; Kyrgyz
National Party [Bakyt BESHIMOV]; Kyrgyzstan Kelechegi [Ruslan
CHYNYBAYEV]; Manas El (Party of Spiritual Restoration) [Chingiz
AITMATOV]; Moya Strana (My Country Party of Action) [Joomart
OTORBAYEV]; Party of Communists of Kyrgyzstan or KCP [Bakytbek
BEKBOYEV]; Party of Justice and Progress [Muratbek IMANALIEV]; Party
of Peasants [Esengul ISAKOV]

Laos
Lao People's Revolutionary Party or LPRP [CHOUMMALY Sayasone];
other parties proscribed

Latvia
First Party of Latvia or LPP [Juris LUJANS]; For Human Rights
in a United Latvia or PCTVL [Tatjana ZDANOKA, Jakovs PLINERS]; For
the Fatherland and Freedom/Latvian National Independence Movement or
TB/LNNK [Janis STRAUME]; Harmony Center or SC [Sergejs DOLGOPOLOVS];
Latvian Green Party or ZZS [Indulis EMSIS, Viesturs SILENIEKS,
Raimonds VEJONIS]; Latvian Farmer's Union or LZS [Augusts
BRIGMANIS]; Latvian Social Democratic Workers Party (Social
Democrats) or LSDSP [Juris BOJARS]; Latvian Socialist Party or LSP
[Alfreds RUBIKS]; Latvia's Way or LC [Ivars GODMANIS]; New Democrats
or JD [Maris GULBIS]; New Era Party or JL [Einars REPSE]; People's
Harmony Party or TSP [Aivars DATAVS]; People's Party or TP [Atis
SLAKTERIS]; Social Democratic Union or SDS [Egils BALDZENS]

Lebanon
Ba'th Party; Democratic Gathering [Walid JUMBLATT];
Democratic Left [Ilyas ATALLAH]; Democratic Renewal Movement [Nassib
LAHUD]; Development and Resistance Bloc [Nabih BERRI, Amal Movement
leader/Speaker of the National Assembly]; Free Patriotic Movement
[Michel AWN]; Future Movement Bloc [Sa'ad HARIRI]; Kataeb Party
[Karim PAKRADONI]; Kataeb Reform Movement [Amine GEMAYAL]; Lebanese
Forces [Samir JA'JA]; Loyalty to the Resistance [Mohammad RA'AD];
Metn Bloc [Michel MURR]; Nasserite Popular Movement [Ussama SAAD];
National Bloc [Carlos EDDE]; Popular Bloc [Elias SKAFF]; Qornet
Shewan Gathering [a grouping with no individual leader]; Syrian
National Socialist Party [Ali QANSU]; Tachnaq Party; Tripoli
Independent Bloc [a grouping with no individual leader]

Lesotho
Basotholand African Congress or BAC [Khauhelo RALITAPOLE];
Basotholand Congress Party or BCP [Ntsukunyane MPHANYA]; Basotho
National Party or BNP [Maj. Gen. Justine Metsing LEKHANYA]; Kopanang
Basotho Party or KPB [MOSALA]; Lesotho Congress for Democracy or LCD
[Pakalitha MOSISILI] (the governing party); Lesotho Education Party
or LEP [Thabo PITSO]; Lesotho People's Congress or LPC [Kelebone
MAOPE]; Lesotho Workers Party of LWP [Macaefa BILLY]; Marematlou
Freedom Party or MFP [Vincent MALEBO]; National Independent Party or
NIP [Anthony MANYELI]; National Progressive Party or NPP [Chief
Peete Nkoebe PEETE]; Popular Front for Democracy or PFD [Lekhetho
RAKUOANE]; Sefate Democratic Union or SDU [Bofihla NKUEBE]; Social
Democratic Party of SDP [Masitise SELESO]; United Democratic Party
or UDP [C.D. MOFELI]; United Party or UP [Makara SEKAUTU]

Liberia
Alliance for Peace and Democracy or APD [Togba-na TIPOTEH];
Coalition for the Transformation of Liberia or COTOL; Congress for
Democratic Change or CDC [George WEAH]; Liberian Action Party or LAP
[H. Varney SHERMAN]; Liberty Party or LP [Charles BRUMSKINE];
National Patriotic Party or NPP [Cyril ALLEN]; Unity Party or UP
[Charles CLARKE]

Libya
none

Liechtenstein
Patriotic Union (was Fatherland Union) or VU [Adolf
HEEB]; Progressive Citizens' Party or FBP [Otmar HASLER]; The Free
List or FL

Lithuania
Civil Democracy Party [Viktor MUNTIANAS, chairman];
Electoral Action of Lithuanian Poles [Valdemar TOMASZEVSKI,
chairman]; National Farmer's Union [Kazimiera PRUNSKIENE, chairman];
Homeland Union/Conservative Party or TS [Andrius KUBILIUS,
chairman]; Labor Party; Liberal and Center Political Group [Arturas
ZUOKAS, chairman]; Liberal Democratic Party [Valentinas MAZURONIS,
chairman]; Liberal Movement; Lithuanian Christian Democrats or LKD
[Valentinas STUNDYS, chairman]; Lithuanian People's Union for a Fair
Lithuania; Lithuanian Social Democratic Coalition [Algirdas
BRAZAUSKAS, chairman] consists of the Lithuanian Democratic Labor
Party or LDDP and the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party or LSDP;
Social Liberal/New Union [Arturas PAULAUSKAS, chairman]; Social
Union of Christian Conservatives [Gediminas VAGNORIUS, chairman];
Young Lithuania and New Nationalists

Luxembourg
Action Committee for Democracy and Justice or ADR [Gast
GIBERYEN]; Christian Social People's Party or CSV (also known as
Christian Social Party or PCS) [Francois BILTGEN]; Democratic Party
or DP [Claude MEISCH]; Green Party [Francois BAUSCH]; Luxembourg
Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP [Alex BODRY]; Marxist and Reformed
Communist Party dei Lenk/la Gauche (the Left) [no formal
leadership]; other minor parties

Macau
Civil Service Union [Jose Maria Pereira COUTINHO]; Development
Union [KWAN Tsui-hang]; Macau Development Alliance [Angela LEONG
On-kei]; Macau United Citizens' Association [CHAN Meng-kam]; New
Democratic Macau Association [Antonio NG Kuok-cheong]; United Forces

Macedonia
Democratic Alliance [Pavle TRAJANOV]; Democratic
Alternative or DA [Vasil TUPURKOVSKI]; Democratic League of the
Bosniaks [Rafet MUMINOVIC]; Democratic Party of Albanians or
PDSH/DPA [Arben XHAFERI]; Democratic Party of Serbs [Ivan
STOILJKOVIC]; Democratic Party of Turks [Kenan HASIPI]; Democratic
Renewal of Macedonia [Liljana POPOVSKA]; Democratic Republican Union
of Macedonia or DRUM [Goran RAFAJLOVSKI]; Democratic Union of Vlachs
for Macedonia [Mitko KOSTOV]; Democratic Union for Integration or
DUI [Ali AHMETI]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary
Organization-Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity or
VMRO-DPMNE [Nikola GRUEVSKI]; Internal Macedonian Revolutionary
Organization-Macedonian [Boris STOJMENOV]; Internal Macedonian
Revolutionary Organization-People's Party or VMRO-Narodna [Vesna
JANEVSKA, acting]; League for Democracy [Gjorgi MARJANOVIC]; Liberal
Democratic Party or LDP [Risto PENOV]; Liberal Party [Stojan ANDOV];
National Alternative [Harun ALIU]; National Democratic Party or PDK
[Basri HALITI]; National Farmers' Party [Vejljo TANTAROV]; New
Democratic Forces [Hysni SHAQIRI]; New Social Democratic Party or
NSDP [Tito PETKOVSKI]; Party for Democratic Future [Alajdin DEMIRI];
Party for Democratic Prosperity or PPD/PDP [Abduljhadi VEJSELI];
Social Democratic Alliance of Macedonia or SDSM [Vlado BUCKOVSKI];
Socialist Party of Macedonia or SP [Ljubisav IVANOV-ZINGO]; United
Party for Emancipation or OPE [Nezdet MUSTAFA]

Madagascar
Association for the Rebirth of Madagascar or AREMA
[Pierrot RAJAONARIVO]; Economic Liberalism and Democratic Action for
National Recovery or LEADER/Fanilo [Herizo RAZAFIMAHALEO]; Fihaonana
Party or FP [Guy-Willy RAZANAMASY]; I Love Madagascar or TIM [Marc
RAVALOMANANA]; Renewal of the Social Democratic Party or RPSD
[Evariste MARSON]

Malawi
Alliance for Democracy or AFORD [Chakufwa CHIHANA]; Congress
for National Unity or CONU; Democratic Progressive Party or DPP
[Bingu wa MUTHARIKA]; Malawi Congress Party or MCP [John TEMBO];
Malawi Democratic Party or MDP [Kampelo KALUA]; Malawi Forum for
Unity and Development or MAFUNDE [George MNESA]; Mgwirizano
Coalition or MC [Gwandaguluwe CHAKUAMBA] (coalition of MAFUNDE, MDP,
MGODE, NUP, PETRA, PPM, RP); Movement for Genuine Democratic Change
or MGODE [Sam Kandodo BANDA]; National Democratic Alliance or NDA
[Brown MPINGANJIRA]; National Unity Party or NUP [Harry CHIUME];
People's Progressive Movement or PPM [Aleke BANDA]; People's
Transformation Movement or PETRA [Kamuzu CHIBAMBO]; Republican Party
or RP [Gwandaguluwe CHAKUAMBA]; United Democratic Front or UDF

Malaysia
ruling-coalition National Front (Barisan Nasional) or BN,
consisting of the following parties: Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia Party
or PGRM [LIM Keng Yaik]; Liberal Democratic Party (Parti Liberal
Demokratik - Sabah) or LDP [LIEW Vui Keong]; Malaysian Chinese
Association (Persatuan China Malaysia) or MCA [ONG Ka Ting];
Malaysian Indian Congress (Kongresi India Malaysia) or MIC [S. Samy
VELLU]; Parti Bersatu Pakyat Sabah or PBRS [Joseph KURUP]; Parti
Bersatu Sabah or PBS [Joseph PAIRIN Kitingan]; Parti Pesaka
Bumiputra Bersatu or PBB [Patinggi Haji Abdul TAIB Mahmud]; Parti
Rakyat Sarawak or PRS [James MASING]; Sabah Progressive Party (Parti
Progresif Sabah) or SAPP [YONG Teck Lee]; Sarawak United People's
Party (Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sarawak) or SUPP [George CHAN Hong Nam];
United Malays National Organization or UMNO [ABDULLAH bin Ahmad
Badawi]; United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organization
(Pertubuhan Pasko Momogun Kadazan Dusun Bersatu) or UPKO [Bernard
DOMPOK]; People's Progressive Party (Parti Progresif Penduduk
Malaysia) or PPP [M.Keyveas]; Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party
or SPDP [William MAWANI]; opposition parties: Democratic Action
Party (Parti Tindakan Demokratik) or DAP [KARPAL Singh]; Islamic
Party of Malaysia (Parti Islam se Malaysia) or PAS [Abdul HADI
Awang]; People's Justice Party (Parti Keadilan Rakyat) or PKR [WAN
AZIZAH Wan Ismael]; Sarawak National Party or SNAP [Edwin DUNDANG];
opposition coalition Alternative Front (Barisan Alternatif) or BA -
consists of PAS and PKR

Maldives
political parties were allowed to register in June 2005;
the first entrants are: Adhaalath (Justice) Party or AP [Abdul
Majeed Abdul BARI]; Dhivehi Rayyithunge Party (Maldivian People's
Party) or DRP [Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM]; Islamic Democratic Party or
IDP [Omar NASEER]; Maldivian Democratic Party or MDP [Mohamed
NASHEED]

Mali
Alliance for Democracy or ADEMA [Diounconda TRAORE, party
chairman]; Hope 2002 (a coalition of CNID, MPR, RDT, and RPM);
National Congress for Democratic Initiative or CNID [Mountaga TALL,
chairman]; Party for Democracy and Progress or PDP [Me Idrissa
TRAORE]; Party for National Renewal or PARENA [Tiebile DRAME,
secretary general]; Patriotic Movement for Renewal or MPR [Choguel
MAIGA]; Rally for Democracy and Labor or RDT; Rally for Mali or RPM
[Ibrahim Boubacar KEITA, chairman]; Sudanese Union/African
Democratic Rally or US/RDA [Mamadou Bamou TOURE, secretary general];
Union for Democracy and Development or UDD [Moussa Balla COULIBALY];
Union for Republic and Democracy or URD [Soumaila CISSE]

Malta
Alternativa Demokratika/Alliance for Social Justice or AD
[Harry VASSALLO]; Malta Labor Party or MLP [Alfred SANT];
Nationalist Party or PN [Lawrence GONZI]

Marshall Islands
traditionally there have been no formally organized
political parties; what has existed more closely resembles factions
or interest groups because they do not have party headquarters,
formal platforms, or party structures; the following two "groupings"
have competed in legislative balloting in recent years - Aelon Kein
Ad Party [Michael KABUA] and United Democratic Party or UDP [Litokwa
TOMEING]

Martinique
Martinique Communist Party or PCM [Georges ERICHOT];
Martinique Independence Movement or MIM [Alfred MARIE-JEANNE];
Martinique Progressive Party or PPM [Pierre SUEDILE]; Martinique
Socialist Party or PMS [Ernest WAN-AJOUHU]; Movement of Democrats
and Ecologists for a Sovereign Martinique or Modemas [Garcin MALSA];
Rally for the Republic or RPR [Michel CHARLONE]; Socialist
Revolution Group or GRS [Philippe PIERRE-CHARLES]; Union for French
Democracy or UDF [Jean MAREN]

Mauritania
Action for Change or AC (no longer active) [Messoud Ould
BOULKHEIR]; Alliance for Justice and Democracy or AJD [Cisse Amadou
CHEIKHOU]; National Union for Democracy and Development or UNDD
[Tidjane KOITA]; Party for Liberty, Equality, and Justice or PLEJ
[Ba Mamdou ALASSANE]; Party of Democratic Convergence or PCD [Cheikh
Ould HORMA]; Popular Front or FP [Ch'bih Ould CHEIKH MALAININE];
Popular Progressive Alliance or APP [Messoud Ould BOULKHEIR];
Progress Force Union or UFP (no longer active) [Mohamed Ould
MAOULOUD]; Rally of Democratic Forces or RFD [Ahmed Ould DADDAH];
Rally for Democracy and Unity or RDU [Ahmed Ould SIDI BABA];
Republican Party for Democracy and Renewal or PRDR (formerly ruling
Democratic and Social Republican Party or PRDS) [Boullah Ould
MOGUEYA]; Right Way or SAWAB [Cheikh Ould Sidi Ould HANANA]; Union
for Democracy and Progress or UDP [Naha Mint MOUKNASS]; Union of
Forces of Progress or UFP [Mohamed Ould MAOULOUD]
note: the Party of Democratic Convergence was banned in October 2005
because it was regarded as Islamist and therefore in breach of
Mauritanian law

Mauritius
Alliance Sociale or AS; Hizbullah [Cehl Mohamed
FAKEEMEEAH]; Mauritian Labor Party or MLP [Navinchandra RAMGOOLAM];
Mauritian Militant Movement or MMM [Paul BERENGER] (in coalition
with MSM); Mauritian Social Democrat Party or PMSD [Charles
Xavier-Luc DUVAL]; Militant Socialist Movement or MSM [Pravind
JUGNAUTH] (the governing party); Rodrigues Movement or MR [Joseph
(Nicholas) Von MALLY]; Rodrigues Peoples Organization or OPR [Serge
CLAIR]

Mayotte
Democratic Front or FD [Youssouf MOUSSA]; Mahoran Popular
Movement or MPM [Ahmed MADI]; Federation of Mahorans or RPR (UMP)
[Mansour KAMARDINE]; Force of the Rally and the Alliance for
Democracy or FRAP; Movement for Department Status Mayotte or MDM
[Mouhoutar SALIM]; Renewed Communist Party of Mayotte or MRC [Omar
SIMBA]; Socialist Party or PS (local branch of French Parti
Socialiste) [Ibrahim ABUBACAR]; Union for French Democracy or UDF
[Henri JEAN-BAPTISTE]

Mexico
Convergence for Democracy or CD [Dante DELGADO Ranauro];
Institutional Revolutionary Party (Institutional Revolutionary
Party) or PRI [leader NA]; Mexican Green Ecological Party or PVEM
[Jorge Emilio GONZALEZ Martinez]; National Action Party (Partido
Accion Nacional) or PAN [Manuel ESPINO Barrientos]; New Alliance
Party (Partido Nueva Alianza) or PNA [Miguel Angel JIMENEZ Godines];
Party of the Democratic Revolution (Partido de la Revolucion
Democratica) or PRD [Leonel COTA Montano]; Workers Party or PT
[Alberto ANAYA Gutierrez]

Micronesia, Federated States of
no formal parties

Moldova
Braghis Faction [Dumitru BRAGHIS]; Christian Democratic
People's Party or PPCD [Iurie ROSCA]; Communist Party of the
Republic of Moldova or PCRM [Vladimir VORONIN, first chairman];
Democratic Moldova Bloc (comprised of the AMN, Democratic Party, and
PSL); Democratic Party [Dumitru DIACOV]; Our Moldova Alliance or AMN
[Serafim URECHEANU]; Social Liberal Party or PSL [Oleg SEREBRIAN]

Monaco
National and Democratic Union or UND [Guy MAGNAN]; Union for
Monaco or UPM (including National Union for the Future of Monaco or
UNAM)

Mongolia
Citizens' Will Republican Party or CWRP (also called Civil
Courage Republican Party or CCRP) [Sanjaasurengiin OYUN]; Democratic
Party or DP [Tsakhiagiyn ELBEGDORJ]; Motherland-Mongolian New
Socialist Democratic Party or M-MNSDP [Badarchyn ERDENEBAT];
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Miegombyn ENKHBOLD];
Mongolian Republican Party or MRP [Bazarsadyn JARGALSAIKHAN];
People's Party or PP [Lamjav GUNDALAI]
note: DP and M-MNSDP formed Motherland-Democracy Coalition (MDC) in
2003 and with CWRP contested June 2004 elections as single party;
MDC's leadership dissolved coalition in December 2004

Montenegro
Albanian Alternative or AA; Bosniak Party or BS [Rafet
HUSOVIC]; Coalition for a European Montenegro (Democratic Party of
Socialists or DPS and Social Democratic Party or SDP) [Milo
DJUKANOVIC]; Coalition SPP/NS/DSS; Democratic League-Party of
Democratic Prosperity [Mehmet BARHDI]; Democratic Serbian Party of
Montenegro or DSS; Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Ferhat
DINOSA]; Liberal Party of Montenegro or LP [Miodrag ZIVKOVIC];
Movement for Changes or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC]; People's Party of
Montenegro or NS [Predrag POPOVIC]; Serbian People's Party of
Montenegro or SNS [Andrija MANDIC]; Social Democratic Party or SDP
[Ranko KRIVOKAPIC]; Social Democratic Party of Montenegro or DPS
[Milo DJUKANOVIC]; Socialist People's Party or SNP [Predrag
BULATOVIC]

Montserrat
Montserrat Democratic Party or MDP [Lowell LEWIS];
Movement for Change and Prosperity or MCAP [Roselyn CASSELL-SEALY];
New People's Liberation Movement or NPLM [John A. OSBORNE]

Morocco
Action Party or PA [Muhammad EL IDRISSI]; Alliance of
Liberties or ADL [Ali BELHAJ]; Annahj Addimocrati or Annahj
[Abdellah EL HARIF]; Avant Garde Social Democratic Party or PADS
[Ahmed BENJELLOUN]; Citizen Forces or FC [Abderrahman LAHJOUJI];
Citizen's Initiatives for Development [Mohamed BENHAMOU];
Constitutional Union or UC [Mohamed ABIED (interim)]; Democratic and
Independence Party or PDI [Abdelwahed MAACH]; Democratic and Social
Movement or MDS [Mahmoud ARCHANE]; Democratic Socialist Party or PSD
[Aissa OUARDIGHI]; Democratic Union or UD [Bouazza IKKEN];
Environment and Development Party or PED [Ahmed EL ALAMI]; Front of
Democratic Forces or FFD [Thami EL KHYARI]; Istiqlal Party
(Independence Party) or PI [Abbas El FASSI]; Justice and Development
Party or PJD [Saad Eddine OTHMANI]; Moroccan Liberal Party or PML
[Mohamed ZIANE]; National Democratic Party or PND [Abdallah KADIRI];
National Ittihadi Congress Party or CNI [Abdelmajid BOUZOUBAA];
National Popular Movement or MNP [Mahjoubi AHERDANE]; National Rally
of Independents or RNI [Ahmed OSMAN]; National Union of Popular
Forces or UNFP [Abdellah IBRAHIM]; Parti Al Ahd or Al Ahd [Najib EL
OUAZZANI, chairman]; Party of Progress and Socialism or PPS [Ismail
ALAOUI]; Party of Renewal and Equity or PRE [Chakir ACHABAR]; Party
of the Unified Socialist Left or GSU [Mohamed Ben Said AIT IDDER];
Popular Movement or MP [Mohamed LAENSER]; Reform and Development
Party or PRD [Abderrahmane EL KOUHEN]; Social Center Party or PSC
[Lahcen MADIH]; Socialist Union of Popular Forces or USFP [Mohammed
El-YAZGHI]

Mozambique
Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frente de
Liberatacao de Mocambique) or FRELIMO [Armando Emilio GUEBUZA,
president]; Mozambique National Resistance-Electoral Union
(Resistencia Nacional Mocambicana-Uniao Eleitoral) or RENAMO-UE
[Afonso DHLAKAMA, president]

Namibia
Congress of Democrats or COD [Ben ULENGA]; Democratic
Turnhalle Alliance of Namibia or DTA [Katuutire KAURA, president];
Monitor Action Group or MAG [Jurie VILJOEN]; South West Africa
People's Organization or SWAPO [Sam Shafishuna NUJOMA]; United
Democratic Front or UDF [Justus GAROEB]; Republican Party or RP
[Henk MUDGE]; National Unity Democratic Organization or NUDO [Kuaima
RIRUAKO]

Nauru
loose multiparty system; Democratic Party [Kennan ADEANG];
Nauru Party (informal); Nauru First (Naoero Amo) Party

Nepal
Communist Party of Nepal/United Marxist-Leninist or CPN/UML
[Madhav Kumar NEPAL, general secretary]; National Democratic Party
or NDP (also called Rastriya Prajantra Party or RPP) [Pashupati
Shumsher RANA, chairman]; Nepali Congress-Democratic [Sher Bahadur
DEUBA, president]; Nepali Congress or NC [Girija Prasad KOIRALA,
party president, Sushil KOIRALA, vice president]; Nepal Sadbhavana
(Goodwill) Party or NSP - Mandal [Bhadri Prasad MANDAL, party
president]; Nepal Sadbhavana Party - Ananda Devi [Ananda DEVI,
president]; Nepal Workers and Peasants Party or NWPP [Narayan Man
BIJUKCHHE, party chairman]; People's Front Nepal (Rastriya Jana
Morcha) [Amik SHERCHAN, chairman]; Rastriya Janashakti Party or RJP
[Surya Bahadur THAPA, chairman]; note - split from RPP in March
2005; Samyukta Janmorcha Nepal [leader NA]; note - merged with
People's Front Nepal or PFN in 2002

Netherlands
Christian Democratic Appeal or CDA [Ernst Hirsch
BALLIN]; Christian Union Party [Andre ROUVOET]; Democrats 66 or D66
[Lousewies VAN DER LAAN]; Green Party [Femke HALSEMA]; Labor Party
or PvdA [Wouter BOS]; List Pim Fortuyn [Ton VAN DILLEN]; Party for
Freedom [Geert WILDERS]; People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
(Liberal) or VVD [Pieter WINSEMIUS]; Socialist Party [Jan
MARIJNISSEN]; plus a few minor parties

Netherlands Antilles
Bonaire: Democratic Party of Bonaire or PDB
[Jopi ABRAHAM]; Patriotic Union of Bonaire or UPB [Ramonsito BOOI]
Curacao: Ban Vota [Norbert GEORGE]; C-93 [Stanley BROWN]; Democratic
Party of Curacao or DP [Errol HERNANDEZ]; E Mayoria [Aurelio PEDRO];
Forsa Korsou [Nelson NAVARRO]; Liste Ni'un Paso Atras [Nelson
PIERRE]; Movemiento Patriotiko Korsou [Reginald LAK]; New Antilles
Movement or MAN [Charles COOPER]; Partido Akshon Pa Prosperidat I
Seguridat [Sonja BERKEMEYER]; Partido Laboral Krusada Popular or
PLKP [Errol COVA]; Party for the Restructured Antilles or PAR [Emily
de JONGH-ELHAGE]; People's National Party or PNP [Ersilia DE
LANNOOY]; Pidjin [Jasmin PINEDO]; Pueblo Soberano [Herman WIELS];
Workers' Liberation Front or FOL [Anthony GODETT]
Saba: Saba Labor Party [Akilah LEVENSTONE]; Windward Islands
People's Movement or WIPM [Ray HASSELL]
Sint Eustatius: Democratic Party of Sint Eustatius or DP-St. E
[Julian WOODLEY]; Progressive Labor Party [Clyde VAN PUTTEN]; St.
Eustatius Alliance [Ingrid HOUTMAN-WHITFIELD]
Sint Maarten: Democratic Party of Sint Maarten or DP-St. M [Sarah
WESCOTT-WILLIAMS]; Freedom Slate of National Democratic Party
[Theophilus PRIEST]; National Alliance or NA [William MARLIN];
People's Progressive Alliance or PPA [Gracita ARRINDELL]; St.
Maarten People's Party [Johan LEONARD]; United People's Labor Party
[Bienvenido RICHARDSON]
note: political parties are indigenous to each island

New Caledonia
Alliance pour la Caledonie or APLC [Didier LE ROUX];
Caledonian Union or UC; Federation des Comites de Coordination des
Independantistes or FCCI [Francois BURCK]; Front National or FN [Guy
GEORGE]; Front Uni de Liberation Kanak or FULK [Ernest UNE]; Kanak
Socialist Front for National Liberation or FLNKS [leader NA]
(includes PALIKA, UNI, UC, and UPM); Parti de Liberation Kanak or
PALIKA [Paul NEAOUTYINE and Elie POIGOUNE]; Rally for Caledonia in
the Republic (anti independent) or RPCR-UMP [Jacques LAFLEUR]; The
Future Together or AE [Harold MARTIN]; Union Nationale pour
l'Independance or UNI [Paul NEAOUTYINE]; note - may no longer exist,
but Paul NEAOUTYINE has since become a president of Parti de
Liberation Kanak or PALIKA; Union Progressiste Melanesienne or UPM
[Victor TUTUGORO]

New Zealand
ACT New Zealand [Rodney HIDE]; Green Party [Jeanette
FITZSIMONS]; Maori Party [Whatarangi WINIATA]; National Party or NP
[Don BRASH]; New Zealand First Party or NZFP [Winston PETERS]; New
Zealand Labor Party or NZLP [Helen CLARK]; Progressive Party [James
(Jim) ANDERTON]; United Future or UF [Peter DUNNE]

Nicaragua
Alliance for the Republic or APRE [Miguel LOPEZ Baldizon];
Central American Unionist Party or PUCA [Blanca ROJAS]; Christian
Alternative Party or AC [Orlando TARDENCILLA Espinoza]; Conservative
Party or PC [Mario Sebastian RAPPACCIOLI]; Independent Liberal Party
or PLI [Anibal MARTINEZ Nunez, Pedro REYES Vallejos]; Independent
Liberal Party for National Unity or PLIUN [Carlos GUERRA Gallardo];
Liberal Constitutional Party or PLC [Jorge CASTILLO Quant]; Liberal
Salvation Movement or MSL [Eliseo NUNEZ Hernandez]; New Liberal
Party or PALI [Adolfo GARCIA Esquivel]; Nicaraguan Liberal Alliance
or ALN [Eduardo MONTEALEGRE]; Nicaraguan Party of the Christian Path
or PCCN [Guillermo OSORNO Molina]; Nicaraguan Resistance Party or
PRN [Salvador TALAVERA]; Sandinista National Liberation Front or
FSLN [Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra]; Sandinista Renovation Movement or MRS
[Dora Maria TELLEZ]; Unity Alliance or AU

Niger
Democratic and Social Convention-Rahama or CDS-Rahama
[Mahamane OUSMANE]; National Movement for a Developing
Society-Nassara or MNSD-Nassara [Hama AMADOU]; Niger Social
Democratic Party or PSDN; Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Social
Progress-Zaman Lahiya or ANDP-Zaman Lahiya [Moumouni DJERMAKOYE];
Nigerien Party for Autonomy or PNA-Alouma'a [Sanousi JACKOU];
Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism or PNDS-Tarrayya [Issifou
MAHAMADOU]; Nigerien Progressive Party or PPN-RDA [Abdoulaye DIORI];
Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP-jama'a [Hamid ALGABID];
Social and Democratic Rally or RSD-Gaskiyya [Cheiffou AMADOU]

Nigeria
Alliance for Democracy or AD [Mojisoluwa AKINFENWA]; All
Nigeria Peoples' Party or ANPP [Don ETIEBET]; All Progressives Grand
Alliance or APGA [disputed leadership]; National Democratic Party or
NDP [Aliyu Habu FARI]; Peoples Democratic Party or PDP [Dr. Ahmadu
ALI]; Peoples Redemption Party or PRP [Abdulkadir Balarabe MUSA];
Peoples Salvation Party or PSP [Lawal MAITURARE]; United Nigeria
Peoples Party or UNPP [disputed leadership]

Niue
Alliance of Independents or AI; Niue People's Action Party or
NPP [Young VIVIAN]

Norfolk Island
none

Northern Mariana Islands
Covenant Party [Benigno R. FITIAL];
Democratic Party [Dr. Carlos S. CAMACHO]; Republican Party [Juan S.
REYES]

Norway
Center Party [Aslaug Marie HAGA]; Christian People's Party
[Dagfinn HOYBRATEN]; Coastal Party [Roy WAAGE]; Conservative Party
[Erna SOLBERG]; Labor Party [Jens STOLTENBERG]; Liberal Party [Lars
SPONHEIM]; Progress Party [Siv JENSEN]; Red Electoral Alliance
[Torstein DAHLE]; Socialist Left Party [Kristin HALVORSEN]

Oman
none

Pakistan
Awami National Party or ANP [Asfandyar Wali KHAN];
Balochistan National Party/Hayee Group or BNP/H [Dr. Hayee BALUCH];
Baluch National Party/Awami or BNP/Awami [Moheem Khan BALOCH];
Baluch National Party-Mengal or BNP/M [Sardar Ataullah MENGAL];
Jamhoori Watan Party or JWP; Jamiat-al-Hadith or JAH [Sajid MIR];
Jamiat-i-Islami or JI [Qazi Hussain AHMED]; Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam,
Fazlur Rehman faction or JUI/F [Fazlur REHMAN]; Jamiat
Ulema-i-Islam, Sami ul-HAQ faction or JUI/S [Sami ul-HAQ]; Jamiat
Ulema-i-Pakistan or JUP [Shah Faridul HAQ]; Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal
Pakistan or MMA [Qazi Hussain AHMED]; Muttahida Qaumi Movement,
Altaf faction or MQM/A [Altaf HUSSAIN]; Muttahida Quami Movement,
Haqiqi faction or MQM/H [Afaq AHMAD]; National Alliance or NA
[Ghulam Mustapha JATOI]; Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party or PkMAP
[Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI]; Pakhtun Quami Party or PQP [Mohammed Afzal
KHAN]; Pakistan Awami Tehrik or PAT [Tahir ul QADRI]; Pakistan
Muslim League, Functional Group or PML/F [Pir PAGARO]; Pakistan
Muslim League, Nawaz Sharif faction or PML/N [Nawaz SHARIF];
Pakistan Muslim League or PML [Chaudhry Shujaat HUSSAIN]; note - as
of May 2004, the PML/Q changed its name to PML and absorbed the
PML/J, PML/Z, and NA; Pakistan National Party or PNP [Hasil
BIZENJO]; Pakistan People's Party or PPP [Aftab Ahmed Khan SHERPAO];
Pakistan People's Party Parliamentarians or PPPP [Benazir BHUTTO];
Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaaf or PTI [Imran KHAN]; Tehrik-i-Islami
[Allama Sajid NAQVI]
note: political alliances in Pakistan can shift frequently

Palau
none

Panama
Democratic Change or CD [Ricardo MARTINELLI]; Democratic
Revolutionary Party or PRD [Hugo GUIRAUD]; National Liberal Party or
PLN [Anibal GALINDO]; Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement or
MOLIRENA [Jesus ROSAS]; Panamenista Party or PA (formerly the
Arnulfista Party) [Marco AMEGLIO]; Popular Party or PP (formerly
Christian Democratic Party or PDC) [Ricardo ARIAS Calderon];
Solidarity Party or PS [Jose Raul MULINO]

Papua New Guinea
Christian Democratic Party [Dr. Banare BUN];
Melanesian Alliance Party or MAP [Sir Moi AVEL]; National Alliance
Party or NA [Michael SOMARE]; National Party [Melcher PEP]; Papua
and Niugini Union Party or PANGU [Rabbie NAMALIU]; Papua New Guinea
First Party [Cecilking DORUBA]; Papua New Guinea Labor Party [Bob
DANAYA]; Papua New Guinea Party or PNGP (was People's Democratic
Movement or PDM) [Sir Mekere MORAUTA]; People's Action Party or PAP
[Moses MALADINA]; People's Labor Party or PLP [Ekis ROPENU];
People's National Congress or PNC [Peter O'NEILL]; People's Progress
Party or PPP [Byron CHAN]; Pipol First Party [Luther WENGE]; United
Party [Bire KIMASOPA]; United Resources Party or URP [Tim NEVILLE]
(2005)

Paraguay
Asociacion Nacional Republicana - Colorado Party or ANR
[Herminio CACERES, interim president]; Movimiento Union Nacional de
Ciudadanos Eticos or UNACE [Enrique GONZALEZ Quintana, acting
chairman]; Patria Querida (Beloved Fatherland Party) or PQ [Pedro
Nicolas Maraa FADUL Niella]; Partido Encuentro Nacional or PEN [Luis
TORALES Kennedy]; Partido Liberal Radical Autentico or PLRA [Blas
LLANO]; Partido Pais Solidario or PPS [Carlos Alberto FILIZZOLA
Pallares]
note: Nicanor DUARTE FRUTOS on leave as party leader of the Colorado
Party or ANR while serving as President of Paraguay; Lino Cesar
OVIEDO Silva, leader of UNACE, is currently serving a ten-year
prison term

Peru
Alliance For Progress (Alianza Para El Progreso) [Cesar ACUNA
Peralta]; Alliance For The Future (Alianza Por El Futuro) or AF - a
coalition of pro-FUJIMORI parties including Cambio 90, Nueva
Mayoria, and Si Cumple [Martha CHAVEZ Cossio]; Centrist Front
(Frente Del Centro) or FC - a coalition of Accion Popular, Somos
Peru, and Coordinadora Nacional de Independientes [Valentin PANIAGUA
Corazoa]; Independent Moralizing Front (Frente Independiente
Moralizador) or FIM [Fernando OLIVERA Vega]; Nationalist Party
Uniting Peru (Partido Nacionalista Uniendo al Peru) or UPP - a
coalition of Union for Peru (UPP) and Peruvian Nationalist Party
(PNP) [Ollanta HUMALA Tasso]; National Restoration (Restauracion
Nacional) or RN [Humberto LAY Sun]; National Unity (Unidad Nacional)
or UN [Lourdes FLORES Nano]; Peru Possible (Peru Posible) or PP
[David WAISMAN]; Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano) or
PAP - also referred to by its original name Alianza Popular
Revolucionaria Americana or APRA [Alan GARCIA]

Philippines
Kabalikat Ng Malayang Pilipino (Kampi) [Ronaldo PUNO];
Laban Ng Demokratikong Pilipino (Struggle of Filipino Democrats) or
LDP [Edgardo ANGARA]; Lakas Ng Edsa (National Union of Christian
Democrats) or Lakas [Jose DE VENECIA]; Liberal Party or LP [Franklin
DRILON/Eli QUINTO]; Nacionalista [Manuel VILLAR]; National People's
Coalition or NPC [Frisco SAN JUAN]; PDP-Laban [Aquilino PIMENTEL];
People's Reform Party [Miriam Defensor SANTIAGO]; PROMDI [Emilio
OSMENA]; Pwersa Ng Masang Pilipino (Party of the Philippine Masses)
or PMP [Joseph ESTRADA]; Reporma [Renato DE VILLA]

Pitcairn Islands
none

Poland
Catholic-National Movement or RKN [Antoni MACIEREWICZ]; Civic
Platform or PO [Donald TUSK]; Conservative Peasants Party or SKL
[Artur BALASZ]; Democratic Left Alliance or SLD [Wojciech
OLEJNICZAK]; Democratic Party or PD [Wladyslaw FRASYNIUK]; Dom
Ojczysty (Fatherland Home); German Minority of Lower Silesia or MNSO
[Henryk KROLL]; Law and Justice or PiS [Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI]; League
of Polish Families or LPR [Marek KOTLINOWSKI]; Peasant-Democratic
Party or PLD [Roman JAGIELINSKI]; Polish Accord or PP [Jan
LOPUSZANSKI]; Polish Peasant Party or PSL [Waldemar PAWLAK]; Ruch
Patriotyczny or RP [Jan OLSZEWSKI]; Samoobrona or SO [Andrzej
LEPPER]; Social Democratic Party of Poland or SDPL [Marek BOROWSKI];
Social Movement or RS [Krzysztof PIESIEWICZ]; Union of Labor or UP
[Andrzej SPYCHALSKI]

Portugal
Green Ecologist Party or PEV [Heloisa APOLONIA]; Popular
Party or PP [Jose Ribeiro e CASTRO]; Portuguese Communist Party or
PCP [Jeronimo de SOUSA]; Portuguese Socialist Party or PS [Jose
SOCRATES Carvalho Pinto de Sousa]; Social Democratic Party or PSD
[Luis Marques MENDES]; The Left Bloc or BE [Franciso Anacleto
LOUCA]; Unitarian Democratic Coalition or CDU (includes PEV and PCP)
[Jeronimo de SOUSA]

Puerto Rico
National Democratic Party [Roberto PRATS]; National
Republican Party of Puerto Rico [Dr. Tiody FERRE]; New Progressive
Party or PNP (pro-US statehood) [Pedro ROSSELLO]; Popular Democratic
Party or PPD (pro-commonwealth) [Anibal ACEVEDO-VILA]; Puerto Rican
Independence Party or PIP (pro-independence) [Ruben BERRIOS Martinez]

Qatar
none

Reunion
Communist Party of Reunion or PCR [Elie HOARAU]; Rally for
the Republic or RPR [Andre Maurice PIHOUEE]; Socialist Party or PS
[Michel VERGOZ]; Union for French Democracy or UDF [Gilbert GERARD];
Union for a Popular Movement or UMP

Romania
Conservative Party or PC [Dan VOICULESCU], formerly Humanist
Party or PUR; Democratic Party or PD [Emil BOC]; Democratic Union of
Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Bela MARKO]; National Liberal Party
or PNL [Calin Popescu-TARICEANU]; Romania Mare Party (Greater
Romanian Party) or PRM [Corneliu Vadim TUDOR]; Social Democratic
Party or PSD [Mircea Dan GEOANA], formerly Party of Social Democracy
in Romania or PDSR

Russia
A Just Russia or JR [Sergei MIRONOV] (formed from the merger
of three small political parties: Motherland Party (Rodina),
Pensioner's Party, and Party of Life); Communist Party of the
Russian Federation or CPRF [Gennadiy Andreyevich ZYUGANOV]; Liberal
Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir Volfovich
ZHIRINOVSKIY]; People's Party [Gennady RAIKOV]; Union of Right
Forces or SPS [Nikita BELYKH]; United Russia or UR [Boris
Vyacheslavovich GRYZLOV]; Yabloko Party [Grigoriy Alekseyevich
YAVLINSKIY]

Rwanda
Centrist Democratic Party or PDC [Alfred MUKEZAMFURA];
Democratic Popular Union of Rwanda or UDPR [Adrien RANGIRA];
Democratic Republican Movement or MDR [Celestin KABANDA] (officially
banned); Islamic Democratic Party or PDI [Andre BUMAYA]; Liberal
Party or PL [Prosper HIGIRO]; Party for Democratic Renewal
(officially banned); Rwandan Patriotic Front or RPF [Paul KAGAME];
Social Democratic Party or PSD [Vincent BIRUTA]

Saint Helena
none

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Concerned Citizens Movement or CCM [Vance
AMORY]; Nevis Reformation Party or NRP [Joseph PARRY]; People's
Action Movement or PAM [Lindsey GRANT]; Saint Kitts and Nevis Labor
Party or SKNLP [Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS]

Saint Lucia
National Alliance or NA [George ODLUM]; Saint Lucia
Freedom Party or SFP [Martinus FRANCOIS]; Saint Lucia Labor Party or
SLP [Kenneth ANTHONY]; Sou Tout Apwe Fete Fini or STAFF [Christopher
HUNTE]; United Workers Party or UWP [Sir John COMPTON]

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Left Radical Party or PRG; Rassemblement
pour la Republique or RPR (now UMP); Socialist Party or PS; Union
pour la Democratie Francaise or UDF

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
New Democratic Party or NDP [Arnhim
EUSTACE]; Unity Labor Party or ULP [Ralph GONSALVES] (formed by the
coalition of Saint Vincent Labor Party or SVLP and the Movement for
National Unity or MNU)

Samoa
Human Rights Protection Party or HRPP [Sailele Malielegaoi
TUILA'EPA]; Samoa Christian Party or TCP [Tuala Tiresa MALIETOA];
Samoa Democratic United Party or SDUP [LE MAMEA Ropati]; Samoa Party
or SP [Su'a Rimoni Ah CHONG]; Samoa Progressive Political Party or
SPPP [Toeolesulusulu SIUEVA]

San Marino
Communist Refoundation or RC [Ivan FOSHI]; Ideas in
Movement or IM [Alessandro ROSSI]; National Alliance or AN; New
Socialist Party; Party of Socialists and Democrats [Claudio FELICI];
San Marino Christian Democratic Party or PDCS [Giovanni LONFERNINI];
San Marino Popular Alliance of Democrats or APDS [Roberto
GIORGETTI]; San Marino Socialist Party or PSS [Alberto CECCHETTI];
Socialists for Reform or SR [Renzo GIARDI]; United Left

Sao Tome and Principe
Democratic Renovation Party [Armindo GRACA];
Force for Change Democratic Movement or MDFM; Independent Democratic
Action or ADI [Carlos NEVES]; Movement for the Liberation of Sao
Tome and Principe-Social Democratic Party or MLSTP-PSD [Manuel Pinto
Da COSTA]; Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Aldo BANDEIRA];
Ue-Kedadji coalition; other small parties

Saudi Arabia
none

Senegal
African Party for Democracy and Socialism or And Jef (also
known as PADS/AJ) [Landing SAVANE, secretary general]; African Party
of Independence [Majhemout DIOP]; Alliance of Forces of Progress or
AFP [Moustapha NIASSE]; Democratic and Patriotic Convention or CDP
(also known as Garab-Gi) [Dr. Iba Der THIAM]; Democratic
League-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT [Dr. Abdoulaye BATHILY]; Front
for Socialism and Democracy or FSD [Cheikh Abdoulaye DIEYE]; Gainde
Centrist Bloc or BGC [Jean-Paul DIAS]; Independence and Labor Party
or PIT [Amath DANSOKHO]; National Democratic Rally or RND [Madier
DIOUF]; Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS [Abdoulaye WADE];
Socialist Party or PS [Ousmane Tanor DIENG]; SOPI Coalition
[Abdoulaye WADE] (a coalition led by the PDS); Union for Democratic
Renewal or URD [Djibo Leyti KA]; other small parties

Serbia
Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS [Vojislav KOSTUNICA];
Democratic Party or DS [Boris TADIC]; G17 Plus [Mladjan DINKIC is
acting leader]; Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Vojislav SESELJ, but
Tomislav NIKOLIC is acting leader]; Socialist Party of Serbia or SPS
[vacant, but Ivica DACIC is head of the SPS Main Board]; New Serbia
or NS [Velimir ILIC]; Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC]

Seychelles
Democratic Party or DP [James MANCHAM, Daniel BELLE];
Mouvement Seychellois pour la Democratie [Jacques HODOUL];
Seychelles National Party or SNP [Wavel RAMKALAWAN] (formerly the
United Opposition or UO); Seychelles People's Progressive Front or
SPPF [France Albert RENE, James MICHEL] (the governing party)

Sierra Leone
All People's Congress or APC [Ben KANU]; Peace and
Liberation Party or PLP [Darlington MORRISON, interim chairman];
Sierra Leone People's Party or SLPP [Sama BANYA]; numerous others

Singapore
People's Action Party or PAP [LEE Hsien Loong]; Singapore
Democratic Alliance or SDA [CHIAM See Tong]; Singapore Democratic
Party or SDP [CHEE Soon Juan]; Workers' Party or WP [Sylvia LIM Swee
Lian]
note: SDA includes National Solidarity Party or NSP, Singapore
Justice Party or SJP, Singapore National Malay Organization or PKMS,
Singapore People's Party or SPP

Slovakia
Christian Democratic Movement or KDH [Pavol HRUSOVSKY];
Direction-Social Democracy or Smer-SD [Robert FICO]; Free Forum
[Zuzana MARTINAKOVA]; Movement for Democracy or HZD [Jozef GRAPA];
People's Party - Movement for a Democratic Slovakia or LS-HZDS
[Vladimir MECIAR]; New Citizens Alliance or ANO [Pavol RUSKO]; Party
of the Hungarian Coalition or SMK [Bela BUGAR]; People's Union or LU
[Gustav KRAJCI]; Slovak Communist Party or KSS [Vladimir DADO];
Slovak Democratic and Christian Union or SDKU [Mikulas DZURINDA];
Slovak National Party or SNS [Jan SLOTA]

Slovenia
Democratic Party of Retired (Persons) of Slovenia or DeSUS
[Karl ERJAVEC]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDS [Jelko KACIN]; New
Slovenia or NSi [Andrej BAJUK]; Slovenian Democratic Party or SDS
[Janez JANSA]; Slovene National Party or SNS [Zmago JELINCIC];
Slovene People's Party or SLS [Janez PODOBNIK]; Slovene Youth Party
or SMS [Darko KRANJC]; Social Democrats or SD [Borut PAHOR]

Solomon Islands
Association of Independent Members or AIM [Thomas
CHAN]; Christian Alliance Solomon Islands or CASI [Edward RONIA];
LAFARI Party [John GARO]; National Party [Francis HILLY]; People's
Alliance Party or PAP [Sir Allan KEMAKEZA]; Social Credit Party or
SOCRED [Manasseh Damukana SOGAVARE]; Solomon First Party [David
QUAN]; Solomon Islands Democratic Party [Gabriel SURI]; Solomon
Islands Labor Party or SILP [Joses TUHANUKU]; Solomon Islands
Liberal Party [Bartholomew ULUFA'ALU]; Solomon Islands Party for
Rural Advancement or SIPRA [Job D. TAUSINGA]; United Party [Sir
Peter KENILOREA]
note: in general, Solomon Islands politics is characterized by fluid
coalitions

Somalia
none

South Africa
African Christian Democratic Party or ACDP [Kenneth
MESHOE, president]; African National Congress or ANC [Thabo MBEKI,
president]; Democratic Alliance or DA [Anthony LEON] (formed from
the merger of the Democratic Party or DP and the Freedom Alliance or
FA); Inkatha Freedom Party or IFP [Mangosuthu BUTHELEZI, president];
Pan-Africanist Congress or PAC [Stanley MOGOBA, president]; New
National Party or NNP; United Democratic Movement or UDM [Bantu
HOLOMISA]

Spain
Basque Nationalist Party or PNV [Josu Jon IMAZ]; Canarian
Coalition or CC (a coalition of five parties) [Paulino RIVERO
Baute]; Convergence and Union or CiU [Artur MAS i Gavarro] (a
coalition of the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia or CDC [Artur
MAS i Gavarro] and the Democratic Union of Catalonia or UDC [Josep
Antoni DURAN y LLEIDA]); Entesa Catalonia de Progress (a Senate
coalition grouping four Catalan parties - PSC, ERC, ICV, EUA);
Galician Nationalist Bloc or BNG [Anxo Manuel QUINTANA]; Party of
Independents from Lanzarote or PIL [Dimas MARTIN Martin]; Popular
Party or PP [Mariano RAJOY]; Republican Left of Catalonia or ERC
[Joan Puigcercos BOIXASSA]; Spanish Socialist Workers Party or PSOE
[Jose Luis RODRIGUEZ ZAPATERO]; United Left or IU (a coalition of
parties including the PCE and other small parties) [Gaspar
LLAMAZARES]

Sri Lanka
All Ceylon Tamil Congress or ACTC [KUMARGURUPARAM]; Ceylon
Workers Congress or CWC [Arumugam THONDAMAN]; Communist Party or CP
[D. GUNASEKERA]; Democratic United National (Lalith) Front or DUNLF
[Shrimani ATULATHMUDALI]; Eelam People's Democratic Party or EPDP
[Douglas DEVANANDA]; Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front
or EPRLF [Suresh PREMACHANDRAN]; Janatha Vimukthi Perumuna or JVP
[Somawansa AMARASINGHE]; Lanka Sama Samaja Party or LSSP; Mahajana
Eksath Peramuna (People's United Front) or MEP [D. GUNAWARDENE];
National Heritage Party or JHU [Tilak KARUNARATNE]; National Unity
Alliance or NUA [Ferial ASHRAFF]; People's Liberation Organization
of Tamil Eelam or PLOTE [D. SIDHARTHAN]; Sihala Urumaya or SU; Sri
Lanka Freedom Party or SLFP [Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA];
Sri Lanka Muslim Congress or SLMC [Rauff HAKEEM]; Sri Lanka
Progressive Front or SLPF [P. Nelson PERERA]; Tamil Eelam Liberation
Organization or TELO [SABARATNAM]; Tamil National Alliance or TNA
[R. SAMPANTHAN]; Tamil United Liberation Front or TULF [V.
ANANDASANGAREE]; United National Party or UNP [Ranil
WICKREMASINGHE]; Up-country People's Front or UPF [P.
CHANDRASEKARAN]; several ethnic Tamil and Muslim parties,
represented in either Parliament or provincial councils

Sudan
political parties in the Government of National Unity include:
National Congress Party or NCP [Ibrahim Ahmed OMAR]; Sudan People's
Liberation Movement or SPLM [Salva Mayardit KIIR]; and elements of
the National Democratic Alliance or NDA including factions of the
Democratic Union Party [Muhammad Uthman al-MIRGHANI] and Umma Party
[SADIQ Siddiq al-Mahdi]

Suriname
Alternative-1 or A-1 (a coalition of Amazone Party of
Suriname or APS [Kenneth VAN GENDEREN], Democrats of the 21st
Century or D-21 [Soewarto MOESTADJA], Nieuw Suriname or NS [Radjen
Nanan PANDAY], Political Wing of the FAL or PVF [Jiwan SITAL],
Trefpunt 2000 or T-2000 [Arti JESSURUN]); General Interior
Development Party or ABOP [Ronnie BRUNSWIJK]; National Democratic
Party or NDP [Desire BOUTERSE]; New Front for Democracy and
Development or NF (a coalition which includes A-Combination or A-Com
[leader NA], Democratic Alternative 1991 or DA-91 which split from
the A-1 before the elections of May 2005 and are an independent,
business-oriented party [Winston JESSURUN], National Party Suriname
or NPS [Ronald VENETIAAN], United Reform Party or VHP [Ram SARDJOE],
Pertjaja Luhur or PL [Salam Paul SOMOHARDJO], Surinamese Labor Party
or SPA [Siegfried GILDS]); Party for Democracy and Development in
Unity or DOE [Marten SCHALKWIJK]; People's Alliance for Progress or
VVV (a coalition of Democratic National Platform 2000 or DNP-2000
[Jules WIJDENBOSCH], Grassroots Party for Renewal and Democracy or
BVD [Tjan GOBARDHAN], Party for National Unity and Solidarity of the
Highest Order or KTPI [Willy SOEMITA], Party for Progression,
Justice, and Perseverance or PPRS [Renee KAIMAN], Pendawalima or PL
[Raymond SAPOEN]); Progressive Laborers and Farmers Union or PALU
[Jim HOK]; Progressive Political Party or PPP [Surinder MUNGRA];
Seeka [Paul ABENA]; Union of Progressive Surinamers or UPS [Sheoradj
PANDAY]

Swaziland
political parties are banned by the government under an
emergency decree that will be revoked when the new constitution
takes effect (January 2006)- the following are considered political
associations; Imbokodvo National Movement or INM; Ngwane National
Liberatory Congress or NNLC [Obed DLAMINI, president]; People's
United Democratic Movement or PUDEMO [Mario MASUKU, president]

Sweden
Center Party [Maud OLOFSSON]; Christian Democratic Party
[Goran HAGGLUND]; Environment Party the Greens [no formal leader but
party spokespersons are Maria WETTERSTRAND and Peter ERIKSSON]; Left
Party or V (formerly Communist) [Lars OHLY]; Moderate Party
(conservative) [Fredrik REINFELDT]; People's Party [Lars
LEIJONBORG]; Social Democratic Party [Goran PERSSON]

Switzerland
Green Party (Grune Partei der Schweiz or Grune, Parti
Ecologiste Suisse or Les Verts, Partito Ecologista Svizzero or I
Verdi, Partida Ecologica Svizra or La Verda) [Ruth GENNER];
Christian Democratic People's Party (Christichdemokratische
Volkspartei der Schweiz or CVP, Parti Democrate-Chretien Suisse or
PDC, Partito Democratico-Cristiano Popolare Svizzero or PDC, Partida
Cristiandemocratica dalla Svizra or PCD) [Doris LEUTHARD,
president]; Radical Free Democratic Party (Freisinnig-Demokratische
Partei der Schweiz or FDP, Parti Radical-Democratique Suisse or PRD,
Partitio Liberal-Radicale Svizzero or PLR) [Marianne
KLEINER-SCHLAEPFER, president]; Social Democratic Party
(Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz or SPS, Parti Socialist
Suisse or PSS, Partito Socialista Svizzero or PSS, Partida
Socialdemocratica de la Svizra or PSS) [Hans-Juerg FEHR, president];
Swiss People's Party (Schweizerische Volkspartei or SVP, Union
Democratique du Centre or UDC, Unione Democratica de Centro or UDC,
Uniun Democratica dal Center or UDC) [Ueli MAURER, president]; and
other minor parties

Syria
Arab Socialist Unionist Movement [Ahmed al-AHMED]; National
Progressive Front or NPF (includes Arab Socialist Renaissance
(Ba'th) Party; the governing party) [President Bashar al-ASAD,
secretary general]; Socialist Unionist Democratic Party [Fadlallal
Nasr Al-DIN]; Syrian Arab Socialist Party or ASP [Safwan QUDSI];
Syrian Communist Party (two branches) [Wissal Farha BAKDASH, Yuusuf
Rashid FAYSAL]; Syrian Social National Party [Jubran URAYJI];
Unionist Socialist Party [Fayez ISMAIL]

Taiwan
Democratic Progressive Party or DPP [YU Shyi-kun]; Kuomintang
or KMT (Nationalist Party) [MA Ying-jeou]; People First Party or PFP
[James SOONG (SOONG Chu-yu)]; Taiwan Solidarity Union or TSU [SU
Chin-chiang]; other minor parties including the Chinese New Party or
NP

Tajikistan
Agrarian Party of Tajikistan or APT [Amir KARAKULOV];
Democratic Party or DPT [Mahmadruzi ISKANDAROV]; Islamic Revival
Party [Said Abdullo NURI]; Party of Economic Reform or PER [Olimjon
BOBOYEV]; People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT [Emomali
RAHMONOV]; Social Democratic Party or SDPT [Rahmatullo ZOYIROV];
Socialist Party or SPT [Abdualim GHAFFOROV]; Tajik Communist Party
or CPT [Shodi SHABDOLOV]

Tanzania
Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (Party of Democracy and
Development) or CHADEMA [Bob MAKANI]; Chama Cha Mapinduzi or CCM
(Revolutionary Party) [Jakaya Mrisho KIKWETE]; Civic United Front or
CUF [Ibrahim LIPUMBA]; Democratic Party [Christopher MTIKLA]
(unregistered); Tanzania Labor Party or TLP [Augustine Lyatonga
MREME]; United Democratic Party or UDP [John CHEYO]

Thailand
Democrat Party or DP (Prachathipat Party) [ABHISIT
Wetchachiwa]; People's Party or PP (Mahachon Party) [ANEK
Laothamatas]; Thai Nation Party or TNP (Chat Thai Party) [BARNHARN
SILPA-ARCHA]; Thai Rak Thai Party or TRT [CHATURON Chaisang]

Togo
Juvento [Monsilia DJATO]; Movement of the Believers of Peace
and Equality or MOCEP; Rally for the Support for Development and
Democracy or RSDD [Harry OLYMPIO]; Rally of the Togolese People or
RPT [Faure GNASSINGBE]; Union for Democracy and Social Progress or
UDPS [Gagou KOKOU]

Tokelau
none

Tonga
People's Democratic Party [Tesina FUKO]

Trinidad and Tobago
National Alliance for Reconstruction or NAR
[Lennox SANKERSINGH]; People's National Movement or PNM [Patrick
MANNING]; Team Unity or TU [Ramesh MAHARAJ]; United National
Congress or UNC [Basdeo PANDAY]; Democratic Action Committee or DAC
[Hochoy CHARLES], note - only active in Tobago

Tunisia
Al-Tajdid Movement [Ali HALOUANI]; Constitutional Democratic
Rally Party (Rassemblement Constitutionnel Democratique) or RCD
[President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI (official ruling party)]; Liberal
Social Party or PSL [Mounir BEJI]; Movement of Socialist Democrats
or MDS [Ismail BOULAHYA]; Popular Unity Party or PUP [Mohamed
BOUCHIHA]; Progressive Democratic Party [Nejib CHEBBI]; Unionist
Democratic Union or UDU [Ahmed INOUBLI]

Turkey
Anavatan Partisi (once was Motherland Party) or ANAVATAN
[Erkan MUMCU]; Democratic Left Party or DSP [Mehmet Zeki SEZER];
Democratic People's Party or DEHAP [Tuncer BAKIRHAN]; Felicity Party
(sometimes translated as Contentment Party) or SP [Necmettin
ERBAKAN]; Justice and Development Party or AKP [Recep Tayyip
ERDOGAN]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDP; Nationalist Action Party
or MHP [Devlet BAHCELI]; People's Rise Party (Halkin Yukselisi
Partisi) or HYP [Yasr Nuri OZTURK]; Republican People's Party or CHP
[Deniz BAYKAL]; Social Democratic People's Party or SHP [Murat
KARAYALCIN]; True Path Party (sometimes translated as Correct Way
Party) or DYP [Mehmet AGAR]
note: the parties listed above are some of the more significant of
the 49 parties that Turkey had on 1 December 2004

Turkmenistan
Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [Saparmurat
NIYAZOV]
note: formal opposition parties are outlawed; unofficial, small
opposition movements exist underground or in foreign countries; the
two most prominent opposition groups-in-exile have been National
Democratic Movement of Turkmenistan (NDMT) and the United Democratic
Party of Turkmenistan (UDPT); NDMT was led by former Foreign
Minister Boris SHIKHMURADOV until his arrest and imprisonment in the
wake of the 25 November 2002 assassination attempt on President
NIYAZOV; UDPT is led by former Foreign Minister Abdy KULIEV and is
based out of Moscow

Turks and Caicos Islands
People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Derek
H. TAYLOR]; Progressive National Party or PNP [Michael Eugene MISICK]

Tuvalu
there are no political parties but members of Parliament
usually align themselves in informal groupings

Uganda
Conservative Party or CP [Ken LUKYAMUZI]; Democratic Party or
DP [Kizito SSEBAANA]; Forum for Democratic Change or FDC [Kizza
BESIGYE]; Justice Forum or JEEMA [Muhammad Kibirige MAYANJA];
National Democrats Forum [Chapaa KARUHANGA]; National Resistance
Movement or NRM [Yoweri MUSEVENI]; Ugandan People's Congress or UPC
[Miria OBOTE]
note: a national referendum in July 2005 opened the way for Uganda's
transition to a multi-party political system

Ukraine
Communist Party of Ukraine or CPU [Petro SYMONENKO];
Fatherland Party (Batkivshchyna) [Yuliya TYMOSHENKO]; Lytyvn-led
People's Bloc group [Ihor SHAROV]; Our Ukraine [Viktor YUSHCHENKO];
Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs [Anatoliy KINAKH];
People's Movement of Ukraine (Rukh) [Borys TARASYUK]; People's Party
[Volodymyr LYTVYN]; People's Trust group [Anton KISSE]; PORA! (It's
Time!) party [Vladyslav KASKIV]; Progressive Socialist Party
[Natalya VITRENKO]; Reforms and Order Party [Viktor PYNZENYK]; Party
of Regions [Viktor YANUKOVYCH]; Republican Party [Yuriy BOYKO];
Social Democratic Party (United) or SDPU(o) [Viktor MEDVEDCHUK];
Socialist Party of Ukraine or SPU [Oleksandr MOROZ, chairman];
Ukrainian People's Party [Yuriy KOSTENKO]; United Ukraine [Bohdan
HUBSKYY]; Vidrodzhennya (Revival) [Anton KISSE]

United Arab Emirates
none

United Kingdom
Conservative and Unionist Party [David CAMERON];
Democratic Unionist Party (Northern Ireland) [Rev. Ian PAISLEY];
Labor Party [Anthony (Tony) BLAIR]; Liberal Democrats [Sir Menzies
CAMPBELL]; Party of Wales (Plaid Cymru) [Dafydd IWAN]; Scottish
National Party or SNP [Alex SALMOND]; Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland)
[Gerry ADAMS]; Social Democratic and Labor Party or SDLP (Northern
Ireland) [Mark DURKAN]; Ulster Unionist Party (Northern Ireland)
[Sir Reg EMPEY]

United States
Democratic Party [Howard DEAN]; Green Party;
Libertarian Party [Steve DAMERELL]; Republican Party [Ken MEHLMAN]

Uruguay
Colorado Party [Julio Maria SANGUINETTI]; Independent Party
(Partido Independiente) [Pablo MIERES]; Movement of Popular
Participation or MPP [Jose MUJICA]; National Party or Blanco [Jorge
LARRANAGA]; New Sector/Space Coalition (Nuevo Espacio) [Rafael
MICHELINI]; Progressive Encounter/Broad Front Coalition (Encuentro
Progresista/Frente Amplio) or EP-FA [Tabare VAZQUEZ]; Socialist
Party of Uruguay or Socialists [Reinaldo GARGANO]; Uruguayan
Assembly or Asamblea Uruguay [Danilo ASTORI]

Uzbekistan
Adolat (Justice) Social Democratic Party [Dilorom
TOSHMUHAMMADOVA, chairman]; Democratic National Rebirth Party (Milly
Tiklanish) or MTP [Xurshid DOSTMUHAMMADOV, chief]; Liberal
Democratic Party of Uzbekistan or LDPU [Adham SHODMONOV, chairman];
People's Democratic Party or NDP (formerly Communist Party)
[Asliddin RUSTAMOV, first secretary]; Self-Sacrificers Party or
Fidokorlar National Democratic Party [Ahtam TURSUNOV, chief]; note -
Fatherland Progress Party merged with Self-Sacrificers Party

Vanuatu
Jon Frum Movement [Song KEASPAI]; Melanesian Progressive
Party or MPP [Barak SOPE]; National United Party or NUP [Hem LINI];
Union of Moderate Parties or UMP [Serge VOHOR]; Vanua'aku Pati (Our
Land Party) or VP [Edward NATAPEI]; Vanuatu Greens Party or VGP
[Moana CARCASSES]; Vanuatu Republican Party or VRP [Maxime Carlot
KORMAN]

Venezuela
Christian Democrats or COPEI [Eduardo FERNANDEZ];
Democratic Action or AD [Jesus MENDEZ Quijada]; Fatherland for All
or PPT [Jose ALBORNOZ]; Fifth Republic Movement or MVR [Hugo
CHAVEZ]; Justice First [Julio BORGES]; Movement Toward Socialism or
MAS [Hector MUJICA]; Venezuela Project or PV [Henrique SALAS Romer];
We Can or PODEMOS [Ismael GARCIA]

Vietnam
only party - Communist Party of Vietnam or CPV [Nong Duc
MANH]

Virgin Islands
Democratic Party [Arturo WATLINGTON]; Independent
Citizens' Movement or ICM [Usie RICHARDS]; Republican Party [Gary
SPRAUVE]

Wallis and Futuna
Lua Kae Tahi (Giscardians); Mouvement des Radicaux
de Gauche or MRG; Rally for the Republic or RPR (UMP) [Clovis
LOGOLOGOFOLAU]; Socialist Party or PS; Taumu'a Lelei [Soane Muni
UHILA]; Union Populaire Locale or UPL [Falakiko GATA]; Union Pour la
Democratie Francaise or UDF

Yemen
there are more than 12 political parties active in Yemen, some
of the more prominent are: General People's Congress or GPC
[President Ali Abdallah SALIH]; Islamic Reform Grouping or Islah
[Shaykh Abdallah bin Husayn al-AHMAR]; Nasserite Unionist Party
[Abdal Malik al-MAKHLAFI]; National Arab Socialist Ba'th Party [Dr.
Qasim SALAM]; Yemeni Socialist Party or YSP [Ali Salih MUQBIL]

Zambia
Agenda for Zambia or AZ [Inonge MBIKUSITA-LEWANIKA]; Forum
for Democracy and Development or FDD [Christon TEMBO]; Heritage
Party or HP [Godfrey MIYANDA]; Liberal Progressive Front or LPF
[Roger CHONGWE, president]; Movement for Multiparty Democracy or MMD
[Levy MWANAWASA, acting president]; National Leadership for
Development or NLD [Yobert SHAMAPANDE]; National Party or NP [Dr.
Sam CHIPUNGU]; Patriotic Front or PF [Michael SATA]; Social
Democratic Party or SDP [Gwendoline KONIE]; United National
Independence Party or UNIP [Francis NKHOMA, president]; United Party
for National Development or UPND [Anderson MAZOKA]; Zambian
Republican Party or ZRP [Benjamin MWILA]

Zimbabwe
African National Party or ANP; Movement for Democratic
Change or MDC [Morgan TSVANGIRAI]; Peace Action is Freedom for All
or PAFA; United Parties [Abel MUZOREWA]; United People's Party
[Daniel SHUMBA]; Zimbabwe African National Union-Ndonga or
ZANU-Ndonga [Wilson KUMBULA]; Zimbabwe African National
Union-Patriotic Front or ZANU-PF [Robert Gabriel MUGABE]; Zimbabwe
African Peoples Union or ZAPU [Agrippa MADLELA]; Zimbabwe Youth in
Alliance or ZIYA

This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006

@2119 Population

Afghanistan
31,056,997 (July 2006 est.)

Akrotiri
no indigenous inhabitants
note: approximately 1,300 military personnel are on the base; there
are another 5,000 British citizens who are families of military
personnel or civilian staff on both Akrotiri and Dhekelia; Cyprus
citizens work on the base, but do not live there

Albania
3,581,655 (July 2006 est.)

Algeria
32,930,091 (July 2006 est.)

American Samoa
57,794 (July 2006 est.)

Andorra
71,201 (July 2006 est.)

Angola
12,127,071 (July 2006 est.)

Anguilla
13,477 (July 2006 est.)

Antarctica
no indigenous inhabitants, but there are both permanent
and summer-only staffed research stations
note: 26 nations, all signatory to the Antarctic Treaty, operate
through their National Antarctic Program a number of seasonal-only
(summer) and year-round research stations on the continent and its
nearby islands south of 60 degrees south latitude (the region
covered by the Antarctic Treaty); these stations' population of
persons doing and supporting science or engaged in the management
and protection of the Antarctic region varies from approximately
4,000 in summer to 1,000 in winter; in addition, approximately 1,000
personnel, including ship's crew and scientists doing onboard
research, are present in the waters of the treaty region; peak
summer (December-February) population - 3,822 total; Argentina 417,
Australia 213, Brazil 40, Bulgaria 15, Chile 224, China 70, Ecuador
22, Finland 20, France 123, Germany 78, India 65, Italy 112, Japan
150, South Korea 60, NZ 85, Norway 44, Peru 28, Poland 40, Russia
429, South Africa 80, Spain 28, Sweden 20, Ukraine 24, UK 205, US
1,170, Uruguay 60 (2005-2006); winter (June-August) station
population - 1,028 total; Argentina 176, Australia 62, Brazil 12,
Chile 88, China 29, France 37, Germany 9, India 25, Italy 2, Japan
40, South Korea 15, NZ 10, Norway 7, Poland 12, Russia 148, South
Africa 10, Ukraine 12, UK 37, US 288, Uruguay 9 (2005); research
stations operated within the Antarctic Treaty area (south of 60
degrees south latitude) by members of the Council of Managers of
National Antarctic Programs (COMNAP): year-round stations - 37
total; Argentina 6, Australia 3, Brazil 1, Chile 3, China 2, France
1, Germany 1, India 1, Japan 1, South Korea 1, NZ 1, Norway 1,
Poland 1, Russia 5, South Africa 1, Ukraine 1, UK 2, US 3, Uruguay
1, Italy and France jointly 1 (2005); seasonal-only (summer)
stations - 15 total; Australia 1, Bulgaria 1, Chile 1, Ecuador 1,
Finland 1, Germany 1, Italy 1, Japan 1, Norway 1, Peru 1, Russia 1,
Spain 2, Sweden 1, UK 1 (2005-2006); in addition, during the austral
summer some nations have numerous occupied locations such as tent
camps, summer-long temporary facilities, and mobile traverses in
support of research

Antigua and Barbuda
69,108 (July 2006 est.)

Argentina
39,921,833 (July 2006 est.)

Armenia
2,976,372 (July 2006 est.)

Aruba
71,891 (July 2006 est.)

Ashmore and Cartier Islands no indigenous inhabitants note: Indonesian fishermen are allowed access to the lagoon and fresh water at Ashmore Reef's West Island (July 2006 est.)

Australia
20,264,082 (July 2006 est.)

Austria
8,192,880 (July 2006 est.)

Azerbaijan
7,961,619 (July 2006 est.)

Bahamas, The
303,770
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Bahrain
698,585
note: includes 235,108 non-nationals (July 2006 est.)

Baker Island
uninhabited
note: American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air and
naval attacks during World War II; occupied by US military during
World War II, but abandoned after the war; public entry is by
special-use permit from US Fish and Wildlife Service only and
generally restricted to scientists and educators; a cemetery and
remnants of structures from early settlement are located near the
middle of the west coast; visited annually by US Fish and Wildlife
Service (2005 est.)

Bangladesh
147,365,352 (July 2006 est.)

Barbados
279,912 (July 2006 est.)

Bassas da India
uninhabited (July 2006 est.)

Belarus
10,293,011 (July 2006 est.)

Belgium
10,379,067 (July 2006 est.)

Belize
287,730 (July 2006 est.)

Benin
7,862,944
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Bermuda
65,773 (July 2006 est.)

Bhutan 2,279,723 note: other estimates range as low as 810,000 (July 2006 est.)

Bolivia
8,989,046 (July 2006 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
4,498,976 (July 2006 est.)

Botswana
1,639,833
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Bouvet Island
uninhabited (July 2006 est.)

Brazil
188,078,227
note: Brazil conducted a census in August 2000, which reported a
population of 169,799,170; that figure was about 3.3% lower than
projections by the US Census Bureau, and is close to the implied
underenumeration of 4.6% for the 1991 census; estimates for this
country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality
due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant
mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and
changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would
otherwise be expected (July 2006 est.)

British Indian Ocean Territory
no indigenous inhabitants
note: approximately 1,200 former agricultural workers resident in
the Chagos Archipelago, often referred to as Chagossians or Ilois,
were relocated to Mauritius and the Seychelles in the 1960s and
1970s; in November 2000 they were granted the right of return by a
British High Court ruling, though no timetable has been set; in
November 2004, there were approximately 4,000 UK and US military
personnel and civilian contractors living on the island of Diego
Garcia (July 2006 est.)

British Virgin Islands
23,098 (July 2006 est.)

Brunei
379,444 (July 2006 est.)

Bulgaria
7,385,367 (July 2006 est.)

Burkina Faso
13,902,972
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Burma
47,382,633
note: estimates for this country take into account the effects of
excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life
expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Burundi
8,090,068
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Cambodia
13,881,427
note: estimates for this country take into account the effects of
excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life
expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Cameroon
17,340,702
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Canada
33,098,932 (July 2006 est.)

Cape Verde
420,979 (July 2006 est.)

Cayman Islands
45,436
note: most of the population lives on Grand Cayman (July 2006 est.)

Central African Republic
4,303,356
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Chad
9,944,201 (July 2006 est.)

Chile
16,134,219 (July 2006 est.)

China
1,313,973,713 (July 2006 est.)

Christmas Island
1,493 (July 2006 est.)

Clipperton Island
uninhabited (July 2006 est.)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
574 (July 2006 est.)

Colombia
43,593,035 (July 2006 est.)

Comoros
690,948 (July 2006 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
62,660,551
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Congo, Republic of the
3,702,314
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Cook Islands
21,388 (July 2006 est.)

Coral Sea Islands
no indigenous inhabitants
note: there is a staff of three to four at the meteorological
station (2005 est.)

Costa Rica
4,075,261 (July 2006 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire
17,654,843
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Croatia
4,494,749 (July 2006 est.)

Cuba
11,382,820 (July 2006 est.)

Cyprus
784,301 (July 2006 est.)

Czech Republic
10,235,455 (July 2006 est.)

Denmark
5,450,661 (July 2006 est.)

Dhekelia
no indigenous personnel
note: approximately 2,200 military personnel are on the base; there
are another 5,000 British citizens who are families of military
personnel or civilian staff on both the bases of Akrotiri and
Dhekelia; Cyprus citizens work on the base, but do not live there

Djibouti
486,530 (July 2006 est.)

Dominica
68,910 (July 2006 est.)

Dominican Republic
9,183,984 (July 2006 est.)

East Timor 1,062,777 note: other estimates range as low as 800,000 (July 2006 est.)

Ecuador
13,547,510 (July 2006 est.)

Egypt
78,887,007 (July 2006 est.)

El Salvador
6,822,378 (July 2006 est.)

Equatorial Guinea
540,109 (July 2006 est.)

Eritrea
4,786,994 (July 2006 est.)

Estonia
1,324,333 (July 2006 est.)

Ethiopia
74,777,981
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Europa Island
no indigenous inhabitants
note: there is a small French military garrison and a few
meteorologists; visited by scientists (July 2006 est.)

European Union
456,953,258 (July 2006 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
2,967 (July 2006 est.)

Faroe Islands
47,246 (July 2006 est.)

Fiji
905,949 (July 2006 est.)

Finland
5,231,372 (July 2006 est.)

France
60,876,136 (July 2006 est.)

French Guiana
199,509 (July 2006 est.)

French Polynesia
274,578 (July 2006 est.)

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
no indigenous inhabitants
note: in 2002, there were 145 researchers whose numbers vary from
winter (July) to summer (January) (July 2006 est.)

Gabon
1,424,906
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Gambia, The
1,641,564 (July 2006 est.)

Gaza Strip
1,428,757 (July 2006 est.)

Georgia
4,661,473 (July 2006 est.)

Germany
82,422,299 (July 2006 est.)

Ghana
22,409,572
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Gibraltar
27,928 (July 2006 est.)

Glorioso Islands
no indigenous inhabitants
note: there is a small French military garrison along with a few
meteorologists; visited by scientists (July 2006 est.)

Greece
10,688,058 (July 2006 est.)

Greenland
56,361 (July 2006 est.)

Grenada
89,703 (July 2006 est.)

Guadeloupe
452,776 (July 2006 est.)

Guam
171,019 (July 2006 est.)

Guatemala
12,293,545 (July 2006 est.)

Guernsey
65,409 (July 2006 est.)

Guinea
9,690,222 (July 2006 est.)

Guinea-Bissau
1,442,029 (July 2006 est.)

Guyana
767,245
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Haiti
8,308,504
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
uninhabited (July 2006 est.)

Holy See (Vatican City)
932 (July 2006 est.)

Honduras
7,326,496
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Hong Kong
6,940,432 (July 2006 est.)

Howland Island
uninhabited
note: American civilians evacuated in 1942 after Japanese air and
naval attacks during World War II; occupied by US military during
World War II, but abandoned after the war; public entry is by
special-use permit from US Fish and Wildlife Service only and
generally restricted to scientists and educators; visited annually
by US Fish and Wildlife Service (July 2006 est.)

Hungary
9,981,334 (July 2006 est.)

Iceland
299,388 (July 2006 est.)

Iles Eparses
Bassas da India: uninhabitable
Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island: a small French
military garrison and a few meteorologists on each possession;
visited by scientists
Tromelin Island: uninhabited, except for visits by scientists

India
1,095,351,995 (July 2006 est.)

Indonesia
245,452,739 (July 2006 est.)

Iran
68,688,433 (July 2006 est.)

Iraq
26,783,383 (July 2006 est.)

Ireland
4,062,235 (July 2006 est.)

Isle of Man
75,441 (July 2006 est.)

Israel
6,352,117
note: includes about 187,000 Israeli settlers in the West Bank,
about 20,000 in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights, and fewer than
177,000 in East Jerusalem (July 2006 est.)

Italy
58,133,509 (July 2006 est.)

Jamaica
2,758,124 (July 2006 est.)

Jan Mayen
no indigenous inhabitants
note: personnel operate the Long Range Navigation (Loran-C) base and
the weather and coastal services radio station (July 2006 est.)

Japan
127,463,611 (July 2006 est.)

Jarvis Island
uninhabited
note: Millersville settlement on western side of island occasionally
used as a weather station from 1935 until World War II, when it was
abandoned; reoccupied in 1957 during the International Geophysical
Year by scientists who left in 1958; public entry is by special-use
permit from US Fish and Wildlife Service only and generally
restricted to scientists and educators; visited annually by US Fish
and Wildlife Service (July 2006 est.)

Jersey
91,084 (July 2006 est.)

Johnston Atoll
uninhabited
note: in previous years, there was an average of 1,100 US military
and civilian contractor personnel present; as of September 2001,
population had decreased significantly when US Army Chemical
Activity Pacific (USACAP) departed; as of May 2005 all US government
personnel had left the island (July 2006 est.)

Jordan
5,906,760 (July 2006 est.)

Juan de Nova Island no indigenous inhabitants note: there is a small French military garrison along with a few meteorologists; occasionally visited by scientists (July 2006 est.)

Kazakhstan
15,233,244 (July 2006 est.)

Kenya
34,707,817
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Kingman Reef
uninhabited (July 2006 est.)

Kiribati
105,432 (July 2006 est.)

Korea, North
23,113,019 (July 2006 est.)

Korea, South
48,846,823 (July 2006 est.)

Kuwait 2,418,393 note: includes 1,291,354 non-nationals (July 2006 est.)

Kyrgyzstan
5,213,898 (July 2006 est.)

Laos
6,368,481 (July 2006 est.)

Latvia
2,274,735 (July 2006 est.)

Lebanon
3,874,050 (July 2006 est.)

Lesotho
2,022,331
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Liberia
3,042,004 (July 2006 est.)

Libya 5,900,754 note: includes 166,510 non-nationals (July 2006 est.)

Liechtenstein
33,987 (July 2006 est.)

Lithuania
3,585,906 (July 2006 est.)

Luxembourg
474,413 (July 2006 est.)

Macau
453,125 (July 2006 est.)

Macedonia
2,050,554 (July 2006 est.)

Madagascar
18,595,469 (July 2006 est.)

Malawi
13,013,926
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Malaysia
24,385,858 (July 2006 est.)

Maldives
359,008 (July 2006 est.)

Mali
11,716,829 (July 2006 est.)

Malta
400,214 (July 2006 est.)

Marshall Islands
60,422 (July 2006 est.)

Martinique
436,131 (July 2006 est.)

Mauritania
3,177,388 (July 2006 est.)

Mauritius
1,240,827 (July 2006 est.)

Mayotte
201,234 (July 2006 est.)

Mexico
107,449,525 (July 2006 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of
108,004 (July 2006 est.)

Midway Islands
no indigenous inhabitants; approximately 40 people
make up the staff of US Fish and Wildlife Service and their services
contractor living at the atoll (July 2006 est.)

Moldova
4,466,706 (July 2006 est.)

Monaco
32,543 (July 2006 est.)

Mongolia
2,832,224 (July 2006 est.)

Montenegro
630,548 (2004)

Montserrat
9,439
note: an estimated 8,000 refugees left the island following the
resumption of volcanic activity in July 1995; some have returned
(July 2006 est.)

Morocco
33,241,259 (July 2006 est.)

Mozambique
19,686,505
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected; the 1997
Mozambican census reported a population of 16,099,246 (July 2006
est.)

Namibia
2,044,147
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Nauru
13,287 (July 2006 est.)

Navassa Island
uninhabited
note: transient Haitian fishermen and others camp on the island
(July 2006 est.)

Nepal
28,287,147 (July 2006 est.)

Netherlands
16,491,461 (July 2006 est.)

Netherlands Antilles
221,736 (July 2006 est.)

New Caledonia
219,246 (July 2006 est.)

New Zealand
4,076,140 (July 2006 est.)

Nicaragua
5,570,129 (July 2006 est.)

Niger
12,525,094 (July 2006 est.)

Nigeria
131,859,731
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Niue
2,166 (July 2006 est.)

Norfolk Island
1,828 (July 2006 est.)

Northern Mariana Islands
82,459 (July 2006 est.)

Norway
4,610,820 (July 2006 est.)

Oman 3,102,229 note: includes 577,293 non-nationals (July 2006 est.)

Pakistan
165,803,560 (July 2006 est.)

Palau
20,579 (July 2006 est.)

Palmyra Atoll
no indigenous inhabitants; 4 to 20 Nature Conservancy
staff, US Fish and Wildlife staff (July 2006 est.)

Panama
3,191,319 (July 2006 est.)

Papua New Guinea
5,670,544 (July 2006 est.)

Paracel Islands no indigenous inhabitants note: there are scattered Chinese garrisons

Paraguay
6,506,464 (July 2006 est.)

Peru
28,302,603 (July 2006 est.)

Philippines
89,468,677 (July 2006 est.)

Pitcairn Islands
45 (July 2006 est.)

Poland
38,536,869 (July 2006 est.)

Portugal
10,605,870 (July 2006 est.)

Puerto Rico
3,927,188 (July 2006 est.)

Qatar
885,359 (July 2006 est.)

Reunion
787,584 (July 2006 est.)

Romania
22,303,552 (July 2006 est.)

Russia
142,893,540 (July 2006 est.)

Rwanda
8,648,248
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Saint Helena
7,502
note: only Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha islands are
inhabited (July 2006 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis
39,129 (July 2006 est.)

Saint Lucia
168,458 (July 2006 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
7,026 (July 2006 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
117,848 (July 2006 est.)

Samoa
176,908 (July 2006 est.)

San Marino
29,251 (July 2006 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe
193,413 (July 2006 est.)

Saudi Arabia 27,019,731 note: includes 5,576,076 non-nationals (July 2006 est.)

Senegal
11,987,121 (July 2006 est.)

Serbia
9,396,411 (2002 census)

Seychelles
81,541 (July 2006 est.)

Sierra Leone
6,005,250 (July 2006 est.)

Singapore
4,492,150 (July 2006 est.)

Slovakia
5,439,448 (July 2006 est.)

Slovenia
2,010,347 (July 2006 est.)

Solomon Islands
552,438 (July 2006 est.)

Somalia
8,863,338
note: this estimate was derived from an official census taken in
1975 by the Somali Government; population counting in Somalia is
complicated by the large number of nomads and by refugee movements
in response to famine and clan warfare (July 2006 est.)

South Africa
44,187,637
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
no indigenous
inhabitants
note: the small military garrison on South Georgia withdrew in March
2001, to be replaced by a permanent group of scientists of the
British Antarctic Survey, which also has a biological station on
Bird Island; the South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited (July 2006
est.)

Spain
40,397,842 (July 2006 est.)

Spratly Islands
no indigenous inhabitants
note: there are scattered garrisons occupied by personnel of several
claimant states (2004)

Sri Lanka
20,222,240
note: since the outbreak of hostilities between the government and
armed Tamil separatists in the mid-1980s, several hundred thousand
Tamil civilians have fled the island and more than 200,000 Tamils
have sought refuge in the West (July 2006 est.)

Sudan
41,236,378 (July 2006 est.)

Suriname
439,117 (July 2006 est.)

Svalbard
2,701 (July 2006 est.)

Swaziland
1,136,334
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Sweden
9,016,596 (July 2006 est.)

Switzerland
7,523,934 (July 2006 est.)

Syria
18,881,361
note: in addition, about 40,000 people live in the Israeli-occupied
Golan Heights - 20,000 Arabs (18,000 Druze and 2,000 Alawites) and
about 20,000 Israeli settlers (July 2006 est.)

Taiwan
23,036,087 (July 2006 est.)

Tajikistan
7,320,815 (July 2006 est.)

Tanzania
37,445,392
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Thailand
64,631,595
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Togo
5,548,702
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Tokelau
1,392 (July 2006 est.)

Tonga
114,689 (July 2006 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago
1,065,842 (July 2006 est.)

Tromelin Island
uninhabited, except for visits by scientists (July
2006 est.)

Tunisia
10,175,014 (July 2006 est.)

Turkey
70,413,958 (July 2006 est.)

Turkmenistan
5,042,920 (July 2006 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands
21,152 (July 2006 est.)

Tuvalu
11,810 (July 2006 est.)

Uganda
28,195,754
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Ukraine
46,710,816 (July 2006 est.)

United Arab Emirates
2,602,713 (July 2006 est.)

United Kingdom
60,609,153 (July 2006 est.)

United States
298,444,215 (July 2006 est.)

United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges
no indigenous
inhabitants
note: public entry is by special-use permit from US Fish and
Wildlife Service only and generally restricted to scientists and
educators; visited annually by US Fish and Wildlife Service
Johnston Atoll: in previous years, an average of 1,100 US military
and civilian contractor personnel were present; as of May 2005 all
US government personnel had left the island
Midway Islands: approximately 40 people make up the staff of US Fish
and Wildlife Service and their services contractor living at the
atoll
Palmyra Atoll: four to 20 Nature Conservancy and US Fish and
Wildlife staff

Uruguay
3,431,932 (July 2006 est.)

Uzbekistan
27,307,134 (July 2006 est.)

Vanuatu
208,869 (July 2006 est.)

Venezuela
25,730,435 (July 2006 est.)

Vietnam
84,402,966 (July 2006 est.)

Virgin Islands
108,605 (July 2006 est.)

Wake Island
no indigenous inhabitants
note: US military personnel have left the island, but contractor
personnel remain; as of October 2001, 200 contractor personnel were
present (July 2006 est.)

Wallis and Futuna
16,025 (July 2006 est.)

West Bank
2,460,492
note: in addition, there are about 187,000 Israeli settlers in the
West Bank and fewer than 177,000 in East Jerusalem (July 2004 est.)

Western Sahara
273,008 (July 2006 est.)

World
6,525,170,264 (July 2006 est.)

Yemen
21,456,188 (July 2006 est.)

Zambia
11,502,010
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

Zimbabwe
12,236,805
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2006 est.)

This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006

@2120 Ports and terminals

Afghanistan
Kheyrabad, Shir Khan

Albania
Durres, Sarande, Shengjin, Vlore

Algeria
Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia, Djendjene, Jijel,
Mostaganem, Oran, Skikda

American Samoa
Pago Pago

Angola
Cabinda, Luanda, Soyo

Anguilla
Blowing Point, Road Bay

Antarctica
there are no developed ports and harbors in Antarctica;
most coastal stations have offshore anchorages, and supplies are
transferred from ship to shore by small boats, barges, and
helicopters; a few stations have a basic wharf facility; US coastal
stations include McMurdo (77 51 S, 166 40 E), and Palmer (64 43 S,
64 03 W); government use only except by permit (see Permit Office
under "Legal System"); all ships at port are subject to inspection
in accordance with Article 7, Antarctic Treaty; offshore anchorage
is sparse and intermittent; relevant legal instruments and
authorization procedures adopted by the states parties to the
Antarctic Treaty regulating access to the Antarctic Treaty area, to
all areas between 60 and 90 degrees of latitude south, have to be
complied with (see "Legal System"); The Hydrographic Committee on
Antarctica (HCA), a special hydrographic commission of International
Hydrographic Organization (IHO), is responsible for hydrographic
surveying and nautical charting matters in Antarctic Treaty area; it
coordinates and facilitates provision of accurate and appropriate
charts and other aids to navigation in support of safety of
navigation in region; membership of HCA is open to any IHO Member
State whose government has acceded to the Antarctic Treaty and which
contributes resources and/or data to IHO Chart coverage of the area;
members of HCA are Argentina, Australia, Chile, China, France,
Germany, Greece, India, Italy, NZ, Norway, Russia, South Africa,
Spain, and the UK (2005)

Antigua and Barbuda
Saint John's

Arctic Ocean
Churchill (Canada), Murmansk (Russia), Prudhoe Bay (US)

Argentina
Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Concepcion del Uruguay, La
Plata, Punta Colorada, Rosario, San Lorenzo-San Martin, San Nicolas

Aruba
Barcadera, Oranjestad, Sint Nicolaas

Ashmore and Cartier Islands
none; offshore anchorage only

Atlantic Ocean
Alexandria (Egypt), Algiers (Algeria), Antwerp
(Belgium), Barcelona (Spain), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Casablanca
(Morocco), Colon (Panama), Copenhagen (Denmark), Dakar (Senegal),
Gdansk (Poland), Hamburg (Germany), Helsinki (Finland), Las Palmas
(Canary Islands, Spain), Le Havre (France), Lisbon (Portugal),
London (UK), Marseille (France), Montevideo (Uruguay), Montreal
(Canada), Naples (Italy), New Orleans (US), New York (US), Oran
(Algeria), Oslo (Norway), Peiraiefs or Piraeus (Greece), Rio de
Janeiro (Brazil), Rotterdam (Netherlands), Saint Petersburg
(Russia), Stockholm (Sweden)

Australia
Brisbane, Dampier, Fremantle, Gladstone, Hay Point,
Melbourne, Newcastle, Port Hedland, Port Kembla, Port Walcott, Sydney

Austria
Enns, Krems, Linz, Vienna

Azerbaijan
Baku (Baki)

Bahamas, The
Freeport, Nassau, South Riding Point

Bahrain
Mina' Salman, Sitrah

Baker Island
none; offshore anchorage only; note - there is one
small boat landing area along the middle of the west coast

Bangladesh
Chittagong, Mongla Port

Barbados
Bridgetown

Bassas da India
none; offshore anchorage only

Belarus
Mazyr

Belgium
Antwerp, Brussels, Gent, Liege, Oostende, Zeebrugge

Belize
Belize City

Benin
Cotonou

Bermuda
Hamilton, Saint George

Bolivia
Puerto Aguirre (on the Paraguay/Parana waterway, at the
Bolivia/Brazil border); also, Bolivia has free port privileges in
maritime ports in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski
Samac, and Brcko (all inland waterway ports on the Sava), Orasje

Bouvet Island
none; offshore anchorage only

Brazil
Gebig, Itaqui, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande, San Sebasttiao,
Santos, Sepetiba Terminal, Tubarao, Vitoria

British Indian Ocean Territory
Diego Garcia

British Virgin Islands
Road Town

Brunei
Lumut, Muara, Seria

Bulgaria
Burgas, Varna

Burma
Moulmein, Rangoon, Sittwe

Burundi
Bujumbura

Cambodia
Phnom Penh

Cameroon
Douala, Limboh Terminal

Canada
Fraser River Port, Halifax, Montreal, Port Cartier, Quebec,
Saint John's (Newfoundland), Sept Isles, Vancouver

Cape Verde
Mindelo, Praia, Tarrafal

Cayman Islands
Cayman Brac, George Town

Central African Republic
Bangui, Nola, Salo, Nzinga

Chile
Antofagasta, Arica, Huasco, Iquique, Lirquen, San Antonio, San
Vicente, Valparaiso

China
Dalian, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Ningbo, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao,
Shanghai

Christmas Island
Flying Fish Cove

Clipperton Island
none; offshore anchorage only

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Port Refuge

Colombia
Barranquilla, Buenaventura, Cartagena, Muelles El Bosque,
Puerto Bolivar, Santa Marta, Turbo

Comoros
Mayotte, Moutsamoudou

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Banana, Boma, Bukavu, Bumba, Goma,
Kalemie, Kindu, Kinshasa, Kisangani, Matadi, Mbandaka

Congo, Republic of the
Brazzaville, Djeno, Impfondo, Ouesso, Oyo,
Pointe-Noire

Cook Islands
Avatiu

Coral Sea Islands
none; offshore anchorage only

Costa Rica
Caldera, Puerto Limon

Cote d'Ivoire
Abidjan, Aboisso, Dabou, San-Pedro

Croatia
Omisalj, Ploce, Rijeka, Sibenik, Vukovar (on Danube)

Cuba
Cienfuegos, Havana, Matanzas

Cyprus
Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Vasilikos

Czech Republic
Decin, Prague, Usti nad Labem

Denmark
Aalborg, Aarhus, Asnaesvaerkets, Copenhagen, Elsinore,
Ensted, Esbjerg, Fredericia, Frederikshavn, Kalundborg, Odense,
Roenne

Djibouti
Djibouti

Dominica
Portsmouth, Roseau

Dominican Republic
Boca Chica, Puerto Plata, Rio Haina, Santo Domingo

East Timor
Dili

Ecuador
Esmeraldas, Guayaquil, La Libertad, Manta, Puerto Bolivar

Egypt
Alexandria, Damietta, El Dekheila, Port Said, Suez, Zeit

El Salvador
Acajutla, Puerto Cutuco

Equatorial Guinea
Malabo

Eritrea
Assab, Massawa

Estonia
Kopli, Kuivastu, Muuga, Tallinn, Virtsu

Ethiopia
Ethiopia is landlocked and has used ports of Assab and
Massawa in Eritrea and port of Djibouti

Europa Island
none; offshore anchorage only

European Union
Antwerp (Belgium), Barcelona (Spain), Bremen
(Germany), Copenhagen (Denmark), Gdansk (Poland), Hamburg (Germany),
Helsinki (Finland), Las Palmas (Canary Islands, Spain), Le Havre
(France), Lisbon (Portugal), London (UK), Marseille (France), Naples
(Italy), Peiraiefs or Piraeus (Greece), Riga (Latvia), Rotterdam
(Netherlands), Stockholm (Sweden), Talinn (Estonia)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Stanley

Faroe Islands
Torshavn

Fiji
Lambasa, Lautoka, Suva

Finland
Hamina, Hanko, Helsinki, Kotka, Naantali, Pori, Porvoo,
Raahe, Rauma, Turku

France
Bordeaux, Calais, Dunkerque, La Pallice, Le Havre, Marseille,
Nantes, Paris, Rouen, Strasbourg

French Guiana
Degrad des Cannes

French Polynesia
Papeete

French Southern and Antarctic Lands
none; offshore anchorage only

Gabon
Gamba, Libreville, Lucinda, Owendo, Port-Gentil

Gambia, The
Banjul

Gaza Strip
Gaza

Georgia
Bat'umi, P'ot'i

Germany
Bremen, Bremerhaven, Brunsbuttel, Duisburg, Frankfurt,
Hamburg, Karlsruhe, Mainz, Rostock, Wilhemshaven

Ghana
Takoradi, Tema

Gibraltar
Gibraltar

Glorioso Islands
none; offshore anchorage only

Greece
Agioitheodoroi, Aspropyrgos, Irakleion, Pachi, Piraeus,
Thessaloniki

Greenland
Sisimiut

Grenada
Saint George's

Guadeloupe
Basse-Terre, Gustavia, Pointe-a-Pitre

Guam
Apra Harbor

Guatemala
Puerto Quetzal, Santo Tomas de Castilla

Guernsey
Saint Peter Port, Saint Sampson

Guinea
Kamsar

Guinea-Bissau
Bissau, Buba, Cacheu, Farim

Guyana
Georgetown

Haiti
Cap-Haitien

Heard Island and McDonald Islands
none; offshore anchorage only

Honduras
Puerto Castilla, Puerto Cortes, San Lorenzo, Tela

Hong Kong
Hong Kong

Howland Island
none; offshore anchorage only; note - there is one
small boat landing area along the middle of the west coast

Hungary
Budapest, Dunaujvaros, Gyor-Gonyu, Csepel, Baja, Mohacs
(2003)

Iceland
Grundartangi, Hafnarfjordur, Hornafjordhur, Reykjavik,
Seydhisfjordhur

Iles Eparses
none; offshore anchorage only

India
Chennai, Haldia, Jawaharal Nehru, Kandla, Kolkata (Calcutta),
Mumbai (Bombay), New Mangalore, Vishakhapatnam

Indian Ocean
Chennai (Madras; India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), Durban
(South Africa), Jakarta (Indonesia), Kolkata (Calcutta; India)
Melbourne (Australia), Mumbai (Bombay; India), Richards Bay (South
Africa)

Indonesia
Banjarmasin, Belawan, Ciwandan, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang,
Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok

Iran
Assaluyeh, Bushehr

Iraq
Al Basrah, Khawr az Zubayr, Umm Qasr

Ireland
Cork, Dublin, New Ross, Shannon Foynes, Waterford

Isle of Man
Castletown, Douglas, Ramsey

Israel
Ashdod, Elat (Eilat), Hadera, Haifa

Italy
Augusta, Genoa, Livorno, Melilli Oil Terminal, Ravenna,
Taranto, Trieste, Venice

Jamaica
Kingston, Port Esquivel, Port Kaiser, Port Rhoades, Rocky
Point

Jan Mayen
none; offshore anchorage only

Japan
Chiba, Kawasaki, Kiire, Kisarazu, Kobe, Mizushima, Nagoya,
Osaka, Tokyo, Yohohama

Jarvis Island
none; offshore anchorage only; note - there is one
small boat landing area in the middle of the west coast and another
near the southwest corner of the island

Jersey
Gorey, Saint Aubin, Saint Helier

Johnston Atoll
Johnston Island

Jordan
Al 'Aqabah

Juan de Nova Island
none; offshore anchorage only

Kazakhstan
Aqtau (Shevchenko), Atyrau (Gur'yev), Oskemen
(Ust-Kamenogorsk), Pavlodar, Semey (Semipalatinsk)

Kenya
Mombasa

Kingman Reef
none; offshore anchorage only

Kiribati
Betio

Korea, North
Ch'ongjin, Haeju, Hungnam (Hamhung), Kimch'aek, Kosong,
Najin, Namp'o, Sinuiju, Songnim, Sonbong (formerly Unggi), Ungsang,
Wonsan

Korea, South
Inch'on, Masan, P'ohang, Pusan, Ulsan

Kuwait
Ash Shu'aybah, Ash Shuwaykh, Az Zawr (Mina' Sa'ud), Mina'
'Abd Allah, Mina' al Ahmadi

Kyrgyzstan
Balykchy (Ysyk-Kol or Rybach'ye)

Latvia
Riga, Ventspils

Lebanon
Beirut, Chekka, Jounie, Tripoli

Liberia
Buchanan, Monrovia

Libya
As Sidrah, Az Zuwaytinah, Marsa al Burayqah, Ra's Lanuf,
Tripoli, Zawiyah

Liechtenstein
none

Lithuania
Klaipeda

Luxembourg
Mertert

Macau
Macau

Madagascar
Antsiranana, Mahajanga, Toamasina, Toliara

Malawi
Chipoka, Monkey Bay, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Chilumba

Malaysia
Bintulu, Johor, Labuan, Lahad Datu, Lumut, Miri, George
Town (Penang), Port Kelang, Tanjung Pelepas

Maldives
Male

Mali
Koulikoro

Malta
Marsaxlokk, Valletta

Marshall Islands
Majuro

Martinique
Fort-de-France, La Trinite, Marin

Mauritania
Nouadhibou, Nouakchott

Mauritius
Port Louis

Mayotte
Dzaoudzi

Mexico
Altamira, Manzanillo, Morro Redondo, Salina Cruz, Tampico,
Topolobampo, Veracruz

Micronesia, Federated States of
Tomil Harbor

Midway Islands
Sand Island

Monaco
Monaco

Montenegro
Bar

Montserrat
Plymouth

Morocco
Agadir, Casablanca, Mohammedia, Nador, Safi, Tangier

Mozambique
Beira, Maputo, Nacala

Namibia
Luderitz, Walvis Bay

Nauru
Nauru

Navassa Island
none; offshore anchorage only

Netherlands
Amsterdam, Groningen, IJmuiden, Rotterdam, Terneuzen,
Vlissingen, Zaanstad

Netherlands Antilles
Bopec Terminal, Fuik Bay, Kralendijk, Willemstad

New Caledonia
Noumea

New Zealand
Auckland, Lyttelton, Tauranga, Wellington, Whangarei

Nicaragua
Bluefields, Corinto, El Bluff

Niger
none

Nigeria
Bonny Inshore Terminal, Calabar, Lagos, Port Harcourt

Niue
none; offshore anchorage only

Norfolk Island
none; loading jetties at Kingston and Cascade

Northern Mariana Islands
Saipan, Tinian

Norway
Borg Havn, Bergen, Mo i Rana, Molde, Mongstad, Narvik, Oslo,
Sture

Oman
Mina' Qabus, Salalah

Pacific Ocean
Bangkok (Thailand), Hong Kong (China), Kao-hsiung
(Taiwan), Los Angeles (US), Manila (Philippines), Pusan (South
Korea), San Francisco (US), Seattle (US), Shanghai (China),
Singapore, Sydney (Australia), Vladivostok (Russia), Wellington
(NZ), Yokohama (Japan)

Pakistan
Karachi, Port Muhammad Bin Qasim

Palau
Koror

Palmyra Atoll
West Lagoon

Panama
Balboa, Colon, Cristobal

Papua New Guinea
Kimbe, Lae, Rabaul

Paracel Islands
small Chinese port facilities on Woody Island and
Duncan Island being expanded

Paraguay
Asuncion, Villeta, San Antonio, Encarnacion

Peru
Callao, Iquitos, Matarani, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas; note -
Iquitos, Pucallpa, and Yurimaguas are on the upper reaches of the
Amazon and its tributaries

Philippines
Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Iligan, Iloilo, Manila,
Surigao

Pitcairn Islands
Adamstown (on Bounty Bay)

Poland
Gdansk, Gdynia, Swinoujscie, Szczecin

Portugal
Leixoes, Lisbon, Setubal, Sines

Puerto Rico
Las Mareas, Mayaguez, San Juan

Qatar
Doha

Reunion
Le Port

Romania
Braila, Constanta, Galati, Tulcea

Russia
Anapa, Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Nakhodka, Novorossiysk,
Rostov-na-Donu, Saint Petersburg, Taganrog, Vanino, Vostochnyy

Rwanda
Cyangugu, Gisenyi, Kibuye

Saint Helena
Saint Helena: Jamestown
Ascension Island: Georgetown
Tristan da Cunha: Calshot Harbor

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Basseterre, Charlestown

Saint Lucia
Castries, Cul-de-Sac, Vieux-Fort

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saint-Pierre

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Kingstown

Samoa
Apia

Sao Tome and Principe
Sao Tome

Saudi Arabia
Ad Dammam, Al Jubayl, Jiddah, Yanbu' al Sinaiyah

Senegal
Dakar

Seychelles
Victoria

Sierra Leone
Freetown, Pepel, Sherbro Islands

Singapore
Singapore

Slovakia
Bratislava, Komarno

Slovenia
Koper

Solomon Islands
Honiara, Malloco Bay, Shortland Harbor, Viru Harbor,
Yandina

Somalia
Boosaaso, Berbera, Chisimayu (Kismaayo), Merca, Mogadishu

South Africa
Cape Town, Durban, East London, Port Elizabeth,
Richards Bay, Saldanha Bay

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Grytviken

Southern Ocean
McMurdo, Palmer, and offshore anchorages in Antarctica
note: few ports or harbors exist on southern side of Southern Ocean;
ice conditions limit use of most to short periods in midsummer; even
then some cannot be entered without icebreaker escort; most
Antarctic ports are operated by government research stations and,
except in an emergency, are not open to commercial or private
vessels; vessels in any port south of 60 degrees south are subject
to inspection by Antarctic Treaty observers (see Article 7); The
Hydrographic Committee on Antarctica (HCA), a special hydrographic
commission of International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), is
responsible for hydrographic surveying and nautical charting matters
in Antarctic Treaty area; it coordinates and facilitates provision
of accurate and appropriate charts and other aids to navigation in
support of safety of navigation in region; membership of HCA is open
to any IHO Member State whose government has acceded to the
Antarctic Treaty and which contributes resources and/or data to IHO
Chart coverage of the area; members of HCA are Argentina, Australia,
Chile, China, France, Germany, Greece, India, Italy, NZ, Norway,
Russia, South Africa, Spain, and the UK (2005)

Spain
Algeciras, Barcelona, Cartagena, Gijon, Huelva, La Coruna,
Tarragona, Valencia

Spratly Islands
none; offshore anchorage only

Sri Lanka
Colombo, Galle

Sudan
Port Sudan

Suriname
Paramaribo

Svalbard
Barentsburg, Longyearbyen, Ny-Alesund, Pyramiden

Sweden
Goteborg, Helsingborg, Karlshamn, Lulea, Malmo, Oxelosund,
Stenungsund, Stockholm, Trelleborg

Switzerland
Basel

Syria
Baniyas, Latakia

Taiwan
Chi-lung (Keelung), Hua-lien, Kao-hsiung, Su-ao, T'ai-chung

Tanzania
Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Zanzibar City

Thailand
Bangkok, Laem Chabang, Prachuap Port, Si Racha

Togo
Kpeme, Lome

Tokelau
none; offshore anchorage only

Tonga
Nuku'alofa

Trinidad and Tobago
Pointe-a-Pierre, Point Lisas, Port-of-Spain

Tromelin Island
none; offshore anchorage only

Tunisia
Bizerte, Gabes, La Goulette, Skhira

Turkey
Aliaga, Ambarli, Eregli, Haydarpasa, Istanbul, Izmir, Kocaeli
(Izmit), Toros

Turkmenistan
Turkmenbasy

Turks and Caicos Islands
Grand Turk, Providenciales

Tuvalu
Funafuti

Uganda
Entebbe, Jinja, Port Bell

Ukraine
Feodosiya, Kerch, Kherson, Mariupol', Mykolayiv, Odesa,
Reni, Yuzhnyy

United Arab Emirates
Al Fujayrah, Khawr Fakkan, Mina' Jabal 'Ali,
Mina' Rashid, Mina' Saqr, Mina' Zayid, Sharjan

United Kingdom
Hound Point, Immingham, Milford Haven, Liverpool,
London, Southampton, Sullom Voe, Teesport

United States
Corpus Christi, Duluth, Hampton Roads, Houston, Long
Beach, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Tampa,
Texas City
note: 13 ports north of New Orleans (South Louisiana Ports) on the
Mississippi River handle 290,000,000 tons of cargo annually

United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges
Baker, Howland, and
Jarvis Islands, and Kingman Reef: none; offshore anchorage only
Johnston Atoll: Johnston Island
Midway Islands: Sand Island
Palmyra Atoll: West Lagoon

Uruguay
Montevideo, Nueva Palmira, Fray Bentos, Colonia, Juan Lacaze

Uzbekistan
Termiz (Amu Darya)

Vanuatu
Forari, Port-Vila, Santo (Espiritu Santo)

Venezuela
Amuay, La Guaira, Maracaibo, Puerto Cabello, Punta Cardon

Vietnam
Hai Phong, Ho Chi Minh City

Virgin Islands
Charlotte Amalie, Limetree Bay

Wake Island
none; two offshore anchorages for large ships

Wallis and Futuna
Leava, Mata-Utu

Western Sahara
Ad Dakhla, Cabo Bojador, Laayoune (El Aaiun)

Yemen
Aden, Nishtun

Zambia
Mpulungu

Zimbabwe
Binga, Kariba

This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006

@2121 Railways (km)

Albania total: 447 km standard gauge: 447 km 1.435-m gauge (2005)

Algeria
total: 3,973 km
standard gauge: 2,888 km 1.435-m gauge (283 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 1,085 km 1.055-m gauge (2005)

Angola
total: 2,761 km
narrow gauge: 2,638 km 1.067-m gauge; 123 km 0.600-m gauge (2005)

Argentina
total: 31,902 km
broad gauge: 20,858 km 1.676-m gauge (141 km electrified)
standard gauge: 2,885 km 1.435-m gauge (26 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 7,922 km 1.000-m gauge; 237 km 0.750-m gauge (2005)

Armenia
total: 845 km
broad gauge: 845 km 1.520-m gauge (828 km electrified)
note: some lines are out of service (2005)

Australia
total: 47,738 km
broad gauge: 4,015 km 1.600-m gauge
standard gauge: 28,662 km 1.435-m gauge (1,397 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 14,831 km 1.067-m gauge (2,462 km electrified)
dual gauge: 230 km dual gauge (2005)

Austria
total: 6,011 km
standard gauge: 5,568 km 1.435-m gauge (3,427 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 21 km 1.000-m gauge; 422 km 0.760-m gauge (109 km
electrified) (2005)

Azerbaijan
total: 2,957 km
broad gauge: 2,957 km 1.520-m gauge (1,278 km electrified) (2005)

Bangladesh
total: 2,768 km
broad gauge: 946 km 1.676-m gauge
narrow gauge: 1,822 km 1.000-m gauge (2005)

Belarus
total: 5,512 km
broad gauge: 5,497 km 1.520-m gauge (874 km electrified)
standard gauge: 15 km 1.435 m (2005)

Belgium
total: 3,521 km
standard gauge: 3,521 km 1.435-m gauge (2,927 km electrified) (2005)

Benin
total: 578 km
narrow gauge: 578 km 1.000-m gauge (2005)

Bolivia
total: 3,519 km
narrow gauge: 3,519 km 1.000-m gauge (2005)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
total: 608 km (777 km electrified)
standard gauge: 608 km 1.435-m gauge (2005)

Botswana
total: 888 km
narrow gauge: 888 km 1.067-m gauge (2005)

Brazil
total: 29,252 km
broad gauge: 4,877 km 1.600-m gauge (939 km electrified)
standard gauge: 194 km 1.440-m gauge
narrow gauge: 23,785 km 1.000-m gauge (581 km electrified)
dual gauge: 396 km 1.000 m and 1.600-m gauges (three rails) (78 km
electrified) (2005)

Bulgaria
total: 4,294 km
standard gauge: 4,049 km 1.435-m gauge (2,710 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 245 km 0.760-m gauge (2005)

Burkina Faso
total: 622 km
narrow gauge: 622 km 1.000-m gauge
note:: another 660 km of this railway extends into Cote D'Ivoire
(2005)

Burma
total: 3,955 km
narrow gauge: 3,955 km 1.000-m gauge (2005)

Cambodia
total: 602 km
narrow gauge: 602 km 1.000-m gauge (2005)

Cameroon
total: 987 km
narrow gauge: 987 km 1.000-m gauge (2005)

Canada
total: 48,467 km
standard gauge: 48,467 km 1.435-m gauge (2005)

Chile
total: 6,585 km
broad gauge: 2,831 km 1.676-m gauge (1,317 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 3,754 km 1.000-m gauge (2005)

China
total: 74,408 km
standard gauge: 74,408 km 1.435-m gauge (19,303 km electrified)
(2004)

Colombia
total: 3,304 km
standard gauge: 150 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 3,154 km 0.914-m gauge (2005)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
total: 5,138 km
narrow gauge: 3,987 km 1.067-m gauge (858 km electrified); 125 km
1.000-m gauge; 1,026 km 0.600-m gauge (2005)

Congo, Republic of the
total: 894 km
narrow gauge: 894 km 1.067-m gauge (2005)

Costa Rica
total: 278 km
narrow gauge: 278 km 1.067-m gauge (2005)

Cote d'Ivoire
total: 660 km
narrow gauge: 660 km 1.000 meter gauge
note: an additional 622 km of this railroad extends into Burkina
Faso (2005)

Croatia
total: 2,726 km
standard gauge: 2,726 km 1.435-m gauge (1,199 km electrified) (2005)

Cuba
total: 4,226 km
standard gauge: 4,226 km 1.435-m gauge (140 km electrified)
note: an additional 7,742 km of track is used by sugar plantations;
about 65% of this track is standard gauge; the rest is narrow gauge
(2005)

Czech Republic
total: 9,572 km
standard gauge: 9,473 km 1.435-m gauge (2,951 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 99 km 0.760-m gauge (2005)

Denmark
total: 2,673 km
standard gauge: 2,673 km 1.435-m gauge (601 km electrified) (2005)

Djibouti
total: 100 km (Djibouti segment of the Addis Ababa-Djibouti
railway)
narrow gauge: 100 km 1.000-m gauge
note: railway under joint control of Djibouti and Ethiopia (2005)

Dominican Republic
total: 517 km
standard gauge: 375 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 142 km 0.762-m gauge
note: additional 1,226 km operated by sugar companies in 1.076 m,
0.889 m, and 0.762-m gauges (2005)

Ecuador
total: 966 km
narrow gauge: 966 km 1.067-m gauge (2005)

Egypt
total: 5,063 km
standard gauge: 5,063 km 1.435-m gauge (62 km electrified) (2005)

El Salvador
total: 283 km
narrow gauge: 283 km 0.914-m gauge
note: length of operational route reduced from 562 km to 283 km by
disuse and lack of maintenance (2005)

Eritrea
total: 306 km
narrow gauge: 306 km 0.950-m gauge (2005)

Estonia
total: 958 km
broad gauge: 958 km 1.520 m/1.524-m gauge (2005)

Ethiopia
total: 681 km (Ethiopian segment of the Addis
Ababa-Djibouti railroad)
narrow gauge: 681 km 1.000-m gauge
note: railway under joint control of Djibouti and Ethiopia (2005)

European Union total: 222,293 km broad gauge: 28,438 km standard gauge: 186,405 km narrow gauge: 7,427 km other: 23 km (2003)

Fiji
total: 597 km
narrow gauge: 597 km 0.600-m gauge
note: belongs to the government-owned Fiji Sugar Corporation; used
to haul sugarcane during harvest season (May to December) (2005)

Finland
total: 5,741 km
broad gauge: 5,741 km 1.524-m gauge (2,619 km electrified) (2005)

France
total: 29,085 km
standard gauge: 28,918 km 1.435-m gauge (14,481 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 167 km 1.000-m gauge (2005)

Gabon
total: 814 km
standard gauge: 814 km 1.435-m gauge (2005)

Georgia
total: 1,612 km
broad gauge: 1,575 km 1.520-m gauge (1,575 electrified)
narrow gauge: 37 km 0.912-m gauge (37 electrified) (2005)

Germany
total: 47,201 km
standard gauge: 46,948 km 1.435-m gauge (19,674 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 229 km 1.000-m gauge (16 km electrified); 24 km
0.750-m gauge (2005)

Ghana
total: 953 km
narrow gauge: 953 km 1.067-m gauge (2005)

Greece
total: 2,571 km
standard gauge: 1,565 km 1.435-m gauge (764 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 961 km 1.000-m gauge; 22 km 0.750-m gauge
dual gauge: 23 km combined 1.435 m and 1.000-m gauges (three rail
system) (2005)

Guatemala
total: 886 km
narrow gauge: 886 km 0.914-m gauge (2005)

Guinea
total: 837 km
standard gauge: 175 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 662 km 1.000-m gauge (2005)

Guyana
total: 187 km
standard gauge: 139 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 48 km 0.914-m gauge
note: all dedicated to ore transport (2001 est.)

Honduras
total: 699 km
narrow gauge: 279 km 1.067-m gauge; 420 km 0.914-m gauge (2005)

Hungary
total: 7,937 km
broad gauge: 36 km 1.524-m gauge
standard gauge: 7,682 km 1.435-m gauge (2,628 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 219 km 0.760-m gauge (2005)

India
total: 63,230 km
broad gauge: 45,718 km 1.676-m gauge (16,528 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 14,406 km 1.000-m gauge (165 km electrified); 3,106 km
0.762-m gauge and 0.610-m gauge (2005)

Indonesia
total: 6,458 km
narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (125 km electrified); 497 km
0.750-m gauge (2005)

Iran
total: 7,256 km
broad gauge: 94 km 1.676-m gauge
standard gauge: 7,162 km 1.435-m gauge (186 km electrified) (2005)

Iraq
total: 2,200 km
standard gauge: 2,200 km 1.435-m gauge (2005)

Ireland
total: 3,312 km
broad gauge: 1,947 km 1.600-m gauge (46 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 1,365 km 0.914-m gauge (operated by the Irish Peat
Board to transport peat to power stations and briquetting plants)
(2005)

Isle of Man
total: 65 km
standard guage: 7 km 1.067-m guage (7 km electrified)
narrow guage: 58 km 0.914-m guage (29 km electrified)
note: primarily summer tourist attractions (2006)

Israel
total: 853 km
standard gauge: 853 km 1.435-m gauge (2005)

Italy
total: 19,459 km
standard gauge: 18,037 km 1.435-m gauge (11,354 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 123 km 1.000-m gauge (122 km electrified); 1,299 km
0.950-m gauge (161 km electrified) (2005)

Jamaica
total: 272 km
standard gauge: 272 km 1.435-m gauge
note: 207 of these km belonging to the Jamaica Railway Corporation
had been in common carrier service until 1992 but are no longer
operational; 57 km of the remaining track is privately owned and
used by ALCAN to transport bauxite (2003)

Japan
total: 23,556 km
standard gauge: 3,204 km 1.435-m gauge (3,204 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 77 km 1.372-m gauge (77 km electrified); 20,264 km
1.067-m gauge (13,280 km electrified); 11 km 0.762-m gauge (11 km
electrified) (2005)

Jordan
total: 505 km
narrow gauge: 505 km 1.050-m gauge (2005)

Kazakhstan
total: 13,700 km
broad gauge: 13,700 km 1.520-m gauge (3,700 km electrified) (2005)

Kenya
total: 2,778 km
narrow gauge: 2,778 km 1.000-m gauge (2005)

Korea, North
total: 5,214 km
standard gauge: 5,214 km 1.435-m gauge (3,500 km electrified) (2005)

Korea, South
total: 3,472 km
standard gauge: 3,472 km 1.435-m gauge (1,361 km electrified) (2005)

Kyrgyzstan
total: 470 km
broad gauge: 470 km 1.520-m gauge (2005)

Latvia
total: 2,303 km
broad gauge: 2,270 km 1.520-m gauge (257 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 33 km 0.750-m gauge (2005)

Lebanon
total: 401 km
standard gauge: 319 km 1.435 m
narrow gauge: 82 km 1.050 m
note: rail system became unusable because of damage done during
fighting in the 1980s and in 2006 (2006)

Liberia
total: 490 km
standard gauge: 345 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 145 km 1.067-m gauge
note: railway is inoperable because of damage suffered during the
civil war (2005)

Libya
0 km
note: Libya is working on seven lines totaling 2,757 km of 1.435-m
gauge track; it hopes to have trains running by 2008 (2005)

Liechtenstein
9 km 1.435-m gauge (electrified)
note: belongs to the Austrian Railway System connecting Austria and
Switzerland (2006)

Lithuania
total: 1,771 km
broad gauge: 1,749 km 1.524-m gauge (122 km electrified)
standard gauge: 22 km 1.435-m gauge (2005)

Luxembourg
total: 274 km
standard gauge: 274 km 1.435-m gauge (262 km electrified) (2005)

Macedonia
total: 699 km
standard gauge: 699 km 1.435-m gauge (233 km electrified) (2005)

Madagascar
total: 854 km
narrow gauge: 854 km 1.000-m gauge (2005)

Malawi
total: 797 km
narrow gauge: 797 km 1.067-m gauge (2005)

Malaysia
total: 1,890 km
standard gauge: 57 km 1.435-m gauge (57 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 1,833 km 1.000-m gauge (150 km electrified) (2005)

Mali
total: 729 km
narrow gauge: 729 km 1.000-m gauge (2005)

Mauritania
717 km
standard gauge: 717 km 1.435-m gauge (2005)

Mexico
total: 17,562 km
standard gauge: 17,562 km 1.435-m gauge (2005)

Moldova
total: 1,138 km
broad gauge: 1,124 km 1.520-m gauge
standard gauge: 14 km 1.435-m gauge (2005)

Mongolia
total: 1,810 km
broad gauge: 1,810 km 1.524-m gauge (2005)

Montenegro
total: 250 km
standard gauge: 250 km 1.435-m gauge (electrified 169 km) (2005)

Morocco
total: 1,907 km
standard gauge: 1,907 km 1.435-m gauge (1,003 km electrified) (2005)

Mozambique
total: 3,123 km
narrow gauge: 2,983 km 1.067-m gauge; 140 km 0.762-m gauge (2005)

Namibia
total: 2,382 km
narrow gauge: 2,382 km 1.067-m gauge (2005)

Nepal
total: 59 km
narrow gauge: 59 km 0.762-m gauge (2005)

Netherlands
total: 2,808 km
standard gauge: 2,808 km 1.435-m gauge (2,061 km electrified) (2005)

New Zealand
total: 4,128 km
narrow gauge: 4,128 km 1.067-m gauge (506 km electrified) (2005)

Nicaragua
total: 6 km
narrow gauge: 6 km 1.067-m gauge (2005)

Nigeria
total: 3,505 km
narrow gauge: 3,505 km 1.067-m gauge (2005)

Norway
total: 4,077 km
standard gauge: 4,077 km 1.435-m gauge (2,680 km electrified) (2005)