← The 2006 CIA World Factbook, Volume 2
Gwp (part 20)
United States
name: Washington, DC (capital)
geographic coordinates: 38 53 N, 77 02 W
time difference: UTC-5 (during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in March; ends
first Sunday in November; note - these new dates become effective in
2007
note: the United States is divided into six time zones
Uruguay
name: Montevideo
geographic coordinates: 34 53 S, 56 11 W
time difference: UTC-3 (2 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins second Sunday in October; ends
second Sunday in March
Uzbekistan
name: Tashkent (Toshkent)
geographic coordinates: 41 20 N, 69 18 E
time difference: UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Vanuatu
name: Port-Vila (on Efate)
geographic coordinates: 17 44 S, 168 19 E
time difference: UTC+11 (16 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Venezuela
name: Caracas
geographic coordinates: 10 30 N, 66 56 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Vietnam
name: Hanoi
geographic coordinates: 21 02 N, 105 51 E
time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Virgin Islands
name: Charlotte Amalie
geographic coordinates: 18 21 N, 64 56 W
time difference: UTC-4 (1 hour ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Wallis and Futuna
name: Mata-Utu (on Ile Uvea)
geographic coordinates: 13 57 S, 171 56 W
time difference: UTC+12 (17 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Western Sahara
none
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Yemen
name: Sanaa
geographic coordinates: 15 21 N, 44 12 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Zambia
name: Lusaka
geographic coordinates: 15 25 S, 28 17 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
Zimbabwe
name: Harare
geographic coordinates: 17 50 S, 31 03 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006
@2058 Imports - commodities
Afghanistan
capital goods, food, textiles, petroleum products
Albania
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, textiles, chemicals
Algeria
capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods
American Samoa
materials for canneries 56%, food 8%, petroleum
products 7%, machinery and parts 6% (2004 est.)
Andorra
consumer goods, food, electricity
Angola
machinery and electrical equipment, vehicles and spare parts;
medicines, food, textiles, military goods
Anguilla
fuels, foodstuffs, manufactures, chemicals, trucks, textiles
Antigua and Barbuda
food and live animals, machinery and transport
equipment, manufactures, chemicals, oil
Argentina
machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, metal
manufactures, plastics
Armenia
natural gas, petroleum, tobacco products, foodstuffs,
diamonds
Aruba
machinery and electrical equipment, crude oil for refining and
reexport, chemicals; foodstuffs
Australia
machinery and transport equipment, computers and office
machines, telecommunication equipment and parts; crude oil and
petroleum products
Austria
machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, metal
goods, oil and oil products; foodstuffs
Azerbaijan
machinery and equipment, oil products, foodstuffs,
metals, chemicals
Bahamas, The
machinery and transport equipment, manufactures,
chemicals, mineral fuels; food and live animals
Bahrain
crude oil, machinery, chemicals
Bangladesh
machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron and steel,
textiles, foodstuffs, petroleum products, cement (2000)
Barbados
consumer goods, machinery, foodstuffs, construction
materials, chemicals, fuel, electrical components
Belarus
mineral products, machinery and equipment, chemicals,
foodstuffs, metals
Belgium
machinery and equipment, chemicals, diamonds,
pharmaceuticals, foodstuffs, transportation equipment, oil products
Belize
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods; fuels,
chemicals, pharmaceuticals; food, beverages, tobacco
Benin
foodstuffs, capital goods, petroleum products
Bermuda
clothing, fuels, machinery and transport equipment,
construction materials, chemicals, food and live animals
Bhutan
fuel and lubricants, grain, machinery and parts, vehicles,
fabrics, rice
Bolivia
petroleum products, plastics, paper, aircraft and aircraft
parts, prepared foods, automobiles, insecticides, soybeans
Bosnia and Herzegovina
machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels,
foodstuffs
Botswana
foodstuffs, machinery, electrical goods, transport
equipment, textiles, fuel and petroleum products, wood and paper
products, metal and metal products
Brazil
machinery, electrical and transport equipment, chemical
products, oil
British Virgin Islands
building materials, automobiles, foodstuffs,
machinery
Brunei
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food,
chemicals
Bulgaria
machinery and equipment; metals and ores; chemicals and
plastics; fuels, minerals, and raw materials
Burkina Faso
capital goods, foodstuffs, petroleum
Burma
fabric, petroleum products, plastics, machinery, transport
equipment, construction materials, crude oil; food products
Burundi
capital goods, petroleum products, foodstuffs
Cambodia
petroleum products, cigarettes, gold, construction
materials, machinery, motor vehicles, pharmaceutical products
Cameroon
machinery, electrical equipment, transport equipment, fuel,
food
Canada
machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, crude oil,
chemicals, electricity, durable consumer goods
Cape Verde
foodstuffs, industrial products, transport equipment,
fuels
Cayman Islands
foodstuffs, manufactured goods
Central African Republic
food, textiles, petroleum products,
machinery, electrical equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals,
pharmaceuticals
Chad
machinery and transportation equipment, industrial goods,
foodstuffs, textiles
Chile
petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, electrical and
telecommunications equipment, industrial machinery, vehicles,
natural gas
China
machinery and equipment, oil and mineral fuels, plastics,
optical and medical equipment, organic chemicals, iron and steel
Christmas Island
consumer goods
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
foodstuffs
Colombia
industrial equipment, transportation equipment, consumer
goods, chemicals, paper products, fuels, electricity
Comoros
rice and other foodstuffs, consumer goods, petroleum
products, cement, transport equipment
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
foodstuffs, mining and other
machinery, transport equipment, fuels
Congo, Republic of the
capital equipment, construction materials,
foodstuffs
Cook Islands
foodstuffs, textiles, fuels, timber, capital goods
Costa Rica
raw materials, consumer goods, capital equipment,
petroleum
Cote d'Ivoire
fuel, capital equipment, foodstuffs
Croatia
machinery, transport and electrical equipment; chemicals,
fuels and lubricants; foodstuffs
Cuba
petroleum, food, machinery and equipment, chemicals
Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants,
intermediate goods, machinery, transport equipment; north Cyprus:
vehicles, fuel, cigarettes, food, minerals, chemicals, machinery
Czech Republic
machinery and transport equipment 46%, raw materials
and fuels 15%, chemicals 10% (2003)
Denmark
machinery and equipment, raw materials and semimanufactures
for industry, chemicals, grain and foodstuffs, consumer goods
Djibouti
foods, beverages, transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum
products
Dominica
manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, food, chemicals
Dominican Republic foodstuffs, petroleum, cotton and fabrics, chemicals and pharmaceuticals
East Timor
food, gasoline, kerosene, machinery
Ecuador
vehicles, medicinal products, telecommunications equipment,
electricity
Egypt
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, wood products,
fuels
El Salvador
raw materials, consumer goods, capital goods, fuels,
foodstuffs, petroleum, electricity
Equatorial Guinea
petroleum sector equipment, other equipment
Eritrea
machinery, petroleum products, food, manufactured goods
(2000)
Estonia
machinery and equipment 33.5%, chemical products 11.6%,
textiles 10.3%, foodstuffs 9.4%, transportation equipment 8.9% (2001)
Ethiopia
food and live animals, petroleum and petroleum products,
chemicals, machinery, motor vehicles, cereals, textiles
European Union
machinery, vehicles, aircraft, plastics, crude oil,
chemicals, textiles, metals, foodstuffs, clothing
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
fuel, food and drink, building
materials, clothing
Faroe Islands
consumer goods 36%, raw materials and
semi-manufactures 32%, machinery and transport equipment 29%, fuels,
fish, salt (1999)
Fiji
manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment,
petroleum products, food, chemicals
Finland
foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals,
transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and
fabrics, grains
France
machinery and equipment, vehicles, crude oil, aircraft,
plastics, chemicals
French Guiana
food (grains, processed meat), machinery and transport
equipment, fuels and chemicals
French Polynesia
fuels, foodstuffs, machinery and equipment
Gabon
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, construction
materials
Gambia, The
foodstuffs, manufactures, fuel, machinery and transport
equipment
Gaza Strip
food, consumer goods, construction materials
Georgia
fuels, machinery and parts, transport equipment, grain and
other foods, pharmaceuticals
Germany
machinery, vehicles, chemicals, foodstuffs, textiles, metals
Ghana
capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs
Gibraltar
fuels, manufactured goods, and foodstuffs
Greece
machinery, transport equipment, fuels, chemicals
Greenland
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods,
food, petroleum products
Grenada
food, manufactured goods, machinery, chemicals, fuel
Guadeloupe
foodstuffs, fuels, vehicles, clothing and other consumer
goods, construction materials
Guam
petroleum and petroleum products, food, manufactured goods
Guatemala
fuels, machinery and transport equipment, construction
materials, grain, fertilizers, electricity
Guernsey
coal, gasoline, oil, machinery and equipment
Guinea
petroleum products, metals, machinery, transport equipment,
textiles, grain and other foodstuffs
Guinea-Bissau
foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment,
petroleum products
Guyana
manufactures, machinery, petroleum, food
Haiti
food, manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment,
fuels, raw materials
Honduras
machinery and transport equipment, industrial raw
materials, chemical products, fuels, foodstuffs (2000)
Hong Kong
raw materials and semi-manufactures, consumer goods,
capital goods, foodstuffs, fuel (most is re-exported)
Hungary
machinery and equipment 51.6%, other manufactures 35.7%,
fuels and electricity 7.7%, food products 3.1%, raw materials 2.0%
(2003)
Iceland
machinery and equipment, petroleum products, foodstuffs,
textiles
India
crude oil, machinery, gems, fertilizer, chemicals
Indonesia
machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs
Iran
industrial raw materials and intermediate goods, capital goods,
foodstuffs and other consumer goods, technical services, military
supplies
Iraq
food, medicine, manufactures
Ireland
data processing equipment, other machinery and equipment,
chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products, textiles, clothing
Isle of Man
timber, fertilizers, fish
Israel
raw materials, military equipment, investment goods, rough
diamonds, fuels, grain, consumer goods
Italy
engineering products, chemicals, transport equipment, energy
products, minerals and nonferrous metals, textiles and clothing;
food, beverages, and tobacco
Jamaica
food and other consumer goods, industrial supplies, fuel,
parts and accessories of capital goods, machinery and transport
equipment, construction materials
Japan
machinery and equipment, fuels, foodstuffs, chemicals,
textiles, raw materials (2001)
Jersey
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods,
foodstuffs, mineral fuels, chemicals
Jordan
crude oil, textile fabrics, machinery, transport equipment,
manufactured goods
Kazakhstan
machinery and equipment 41%, metal products 28%,
foodstuffs 8% (2001)
Kenya
machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products,
motor vehicles, iron and steel, resins and plastics
Kiribati
foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, miscellaneous
manufactured goods, fuel
Korea, North
petroleum, coking coal, machinery and equipment,
textiles, grain
Korea, South
machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil,
steel, transport equipment, organic chemicals, plastics
Kuwait
food, construction materials, vehicles and parts, clothing
Kyrgyzstan
oil and gas, machinery and equipment, chemicals,
foodstuffs
Laos
machinery and equipment, vehicles, fuel, consumer goods
Latvia
machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, vehicles
Lebanon
petroleum products, cars, medicinal products, clothing, meat
and live animals, consumer goods, paper, textile fabrics, tobacco
Lesotho
food; building materials, vehicles, machinery, medicines,
petroleum products (2000)
Liberia
fuels, chemicals, machinery, transportation equipment,
manufactured goods; foodstuffs
Libya
machinery, transport equipment, semi-finished goods, food,
consumer products
Liechtenstein
agricultural products, raw materials, machinery, metal
goods, textiles, foodstuffs, motor vehicles
Lithuania
mineral products, machinery and equipment, transport
equipment, chemicals, textiles and clothing, metals
Luxembourg
minerals, metals, foodstuffs, quality consumer goods
Macau
raw materials and semi-manufactured goods, consumer goods
(foodstuffs, beverages, tobacco), capital goods, mineral fuels and
oils
Macedonia
machinery and equipment, automobiles, chemicals, fuels,
food products
Madagascar
capital goods, petroleum, consumer goods, food
Malawi
food, petroleum products, semimanufactures, consumer goods,
transportation equipment
Malaysia
electronics, machinery, petroleum products, plastics,
vehicles, iron and steel products, chemicals
Maldives
petroleum products, ships, foodstuffs, textiles, clothing,
intermediate and capital goods
Mali
petroleum, machinery and equipment, construction materials,
foodstuffs, textiles
Malta
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured and
semi-manufactured goods; food, drink, tobacco
Marshall Islands
foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fuels,
beverages and tobacco
Martinique
petroleum products, crude oil, foodstuffs, construction
materials, vehicles, clothing and other consumer goods
Mauritania
machinery and equipment, petroleum products, capital
goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods
Mauritius
manufactured goods, capital equipment, foodstuffs,
petroleum products, chemicals
Mayotte
food, machinery and equipment, transportation equipment,
metals, chemicals
Mexico
metalworking machines, steel mill products, agricultural
machinery, electrical equipment, car parts for assembly, repair
parts for motor vehicles, aircraft, and aircraft parts
Micronesia, Federated States of
food, manufactured goods, machinery
and equipment, beverages
Moldova
mineral products and fuel, machinery and equipment,
chemicals, textiles (2000)
Mongolia
machinery and equipment, fuel, cars, food products,
industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea
Montserrat
machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs,
manufactured goods, fuels, lubricants, and related materials
Morocco
crude petroleum, textile fabric, telecommunications
equipment, wheat, gas and electricity, transistors, plastics
Mozambique
machinery and equipment, vehicles, fuel, chemicals, metal
products, foodstuffs, textiles
Namibia
foodstuffs; petroleum products and fuel, machinery and
equipment, chemicals
Nauru
food, fuel, manufactures, building materials, machinery
Nepal
gold, machinery and equipment, petroleum products, fertilizer
Netherlands
machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, fuels,
foodstuffs, clothing
Netherlands Antilles
crude petroleum, food, manufactures
New Caledonia
machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, foodstuffs
New Zealand
machinery and equipment, vehicles and aircraft,
petroleum, electronics, textiles, plastics
Nicaragua
consumer goods, machinery and equipment, raw materials,
petroleum products
Niger
foodstuffs, machinery, vehicles and parts, petroleum, cereals
Nigeria
machinery, chemicals, transport equipment, manufactured
goods, food and live animals
Niue
food, live animals, manufactured goods, machinery, fuels,
lubricants, chemicals, drugs
Norfolk Island
NA
Northern Mariana Islands food, construction equipment and materials, petroleum products
Norway
machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, foodstuffs
Oman
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food,
livestock, lubricants
Pakistan
petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics,
transportation equipment, edible oils, paper and paperboard, iron
and steel, tea
Palau
machinery and equipment, fuels, metals; foodstuffs
Panama
capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, chemicals
Papua New Guinea
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured
goods, food, fuels, chemicals
Paraguay
road vehicles, consumer goods, tobacco, petroleum products,
electrical machinery
Peru
petroleum and petroleum products, plastics, machinery,
vehicles, iron and steel, wheat, paper
Philippines
raw materials, machinery and equipment, fuels, vehicles
and vehicle parts, plastic, chemicals, grains
Pitcairn Islands
fuel oil, machinery, building materials, flour,
sugar, other foodstuffs
Poland
machinery and transport equipment 38%, intermediate
manufactured goods 21%, chemicals 14.8%, minerals, fuels,
lubricants, and related materials 9.1% (2003)
Portugal
machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum,
textiles, agricultural products
Puerto Rico
chemicals, machinery and equipment, clothing, food,
fish, petroleum products
Qatar
machinery and transport equipment, food, chemicals
Reunion
manufactured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery and
transportation equipment, raw materials, and petroleum products
Romania
machinery and equipment, fuels and minerals, chemicals,
textile and products, basic metals, agricultural products
Russia
machinery and equipment, consumer goods, medicines, meat,
sugar, semifinished metal products
Rwanda
foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, steel, petroleum
products, cement and construction material
Saint Helena
food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed,
building materials, motor vehicles and parts, machinery and parts
Saint Kitts and Nevis
machinery, manufactures, food, fuels
Saint Lucia
food 23%, manufactured goods 21%, machinery and
transportation equipment 19%, chemicals, fuels
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
meat, clothing, fuel, electrical
equipment, machinery, building materials
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
foodstuffs, machinery and
equipment, chemicals and fertilizers, minerals and fuels
Samoa
machinery and equipment, industrial supplies, foodstuffs
San Marino
wide variety of consumer manufactures, food
Sao Tome and Principe
machinery and electrical equipment, food
products, petroleum products
Saudi Arabia
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, motor
vehicles, textiles
Senegal
food and beverages, capital goods, fuels
Seychelles
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products,
chemicals
Sierra Leone
foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fuels and
lubricants, chemicals
Singapore
machinery and equipment, mineral fuels, chemicals,
foodstuffs
Slovakia
machinery and transport equipment 41.1%, intermediate
manufactured goods 19.3%, fuels 12.3%, chemicals 9.8%, miscellaneous
manufactured goods 10.2% (2003)
Slovenia
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods,
chemicals, fuels and lubricants, food
Solomon Islands
food, plant and equipment, manufactured goods,
fuels, chemicals
Somalia
manufactures, petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction
materials, qat
South Africa
machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum products,
scientific instruments, foodstuffs
Spain
machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods,
foodstuffs, consumer goods, measuring and medical control instruments
Sri Lanka
textile fabrics, mineral products, petroleum, foodstuffs,
machinery and transportation equipment
Sudan
foodstuffs, manufactured goods, refinery and transport
equipment, medicines and chemicals, textiles, wheat
Suriname
capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, consumer
goods
Swaziland
motor vehicles, machinery, transport equipment,
foodstuffs, petroleum products, chemicals
Sweden
machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motor
vehicles, iron and steel; foodstuffs, clothing
Switzerland
machinery, chemicals, vehicles, metals; agricultural
products, textiles
Syria
machinery and transport equipment, electric power machinery,
food and livestock, metal and metal products, chemicals and chemical
products, plastics, yarn, paper
Taiwan
machinery and electrical equipment 44.5%, minerals, precision
instruments (2002)
Tajikistan
electricity, petroleum products, aluminum oxide,
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs
Tanzania
consumer goods, machinery and transportation equipment,
industrial raw materials, crude oil
Thailand
capital goods, intermediate goods and raw materials,
consumer goods, fuels
Togo
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products
Tokelau
foodstuffs, building materials, fuel
Tonga
foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals
Trinidad and Tobago
machinery, transportation equipment,
manufactured goods, food, live animals
Tunisia
textiles, machinery and equipment, hydrocarbons, chemicals,
food
Turkey
machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport
equipment
Turkmenistan
machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs
Turks and Caicos Islands food and beverages, tobacco, clothing, manufactures, construction materials
Tuvalu
food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods
Uganda
capital equipment, vehicles, petroleum, medical supplies;
cereals
Ukraine
energy, machinery and equipment, chemicals
United Arab Emirates machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food
United Kingdom
manufactured goods, machinery, fuels; foodstuffs
United States
agricultural products 4.9%, industrial supplies 32.9%
(crude oil 8.2%), capital goods 30.4% (computers, telecommunications
equipment, motor vehicle parts, office machines, electric power
machinery), consumer goods 31.8% (automobiles, clothing, medicines,
furniture, toys) (2003)
Uruguay
machinery, chemicals, road vehicles, crude petroleum
Uzbekistan
machinery and equipment 49.8%, foodstuffs 16.4%,
chemicals, metals (1998)
Vanuatu
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, fuels
Venezuela
raw materials, machinery and equipment, transport
equipment, construction materials
Vietnam
machinery and equipment, petroleum products, fertilizer,
steel products, raw cotton, grain, cement, motorcycles
Virgin Islands
crude oil, foodstuffs, consumer goods, building
materials
Wallis and Futuna
chemicals, machinery, passenger ships, consumer
goods
West Bank
food, consumer goods, construction materials
Western Sahara
fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs
World
the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and
services
Yemen
food and live animals, machinery and equipment, chemicals
Zambia
machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products,
electricity, fertilizer; foodstuffs, clothing
Zimbabwe
machinery and transport equipment, other manufactures,
chemicals, fuels
This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006
@2059 Climate
Afghanistan
arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers
Akrotiri
temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool
winters
Albania
mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry
summers; interior is cooler and wetter
Algeria
arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers
along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high
plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in
summer
American Samoa
tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds;
annual rainfall averages about 3 m; rainy season (November to
April), dry season (May to October); little seasonal temperature
variation
Andorra
temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers
Angola
semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool,
dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)
Anguilla
tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds
Antarctica
severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation,
and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West
Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has
the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January
along the coast and average slightly below freezing
Antigua and Barbuda
tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature
variation
Arctic Ocean
polar climate characterized by persistent cold and
relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized
by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and
clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and
foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow
Argentina
mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in
southwest
Armenia
highland continental, hot summers, cold winters
Aruba
tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
tropical
Atlantic Ocean
tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast
of Africa near Cape Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea;
hurricanes can occur from May to December, but are most frequent
from August to November
Australia
generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east;
tropical in north
Austria
temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent
rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains; moderate
summers with occasional showers
Azerbaijan
dry, semiarid steppe
Bahamas, The
tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream
Bahrain
arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
Baker Island
equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
Bangladesh
tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid
summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)
Barbados
tropical; rainy season (June to October)
Bassas da India
tropical
Belarus
cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between
continental and maritime
Belgium
temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy
Belize
tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November);
dry season (February to May)
Benin
tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Bermuda
subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in
winter
Bhutan
varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot
summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in
Himalayas
Bolivia
varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid
Bosnia and Herzegovina
hot summers and cold winters; areas of high
elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild,
rainy winters along coast
Botswana
semiarid; warm winters and hot summers
Bouvet Island
antarctic
Brazil
mostly tropical, but temperate in south
British Indian Ocean Territory
tropical marine; hot, humid,
moderated by trade winds
British Virgin Islands
subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by
trade winds
Brunei
tropical; hot, humid, rainy
Bulgaria
temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers
Burkina Faso
tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers
Burma
tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest
monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild
temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon,
December to April)
Burundi
equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude
variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual
temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade
but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m;
average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; two wet seasons (February
to May and September to November), and two dry seasons (June to
August and December to January)
Cambodia
tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry
season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation
Cameroon
varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid
and hot in north
Canada
varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in
north
Cape Verde
temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and
very erratic
Cayman Islands
tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October)
and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April)
Central African Republic
tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot,
wet summers
Chad
tropical in south, desert in north
Chile
temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region;
cool and damp in south
China
extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north
Christmas Island
tropical with a wet and dry season; heat and
humidity moderated by trade winds; wet season (December to April)
Clipperton Island
tropical; humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees
C, wet season (May to October)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
tropical with high humidity, moderated by
the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year
Colombia
tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands
Comoros
tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season (April to October), dry season (December to February); south of Equator - wet season (November to March), dry season (April to October)
Congo, Republic of the
tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry
season (June to October); persistent high temperatures and humidity;
particularly enervating climate astride the Equator
Cook Islands
tropical oceanic; moderated by trade winds; a dry
season from April to November and a more humid season from December
to March
Coral Sea Islands
tropical
Costa Rica
tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April);
rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands
Cote d'Ivoire
tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three
seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to
May), hot and wet (June to October)
Croatia
Mediterranean and continental; continental climate
predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry
summers along coast
Cuba
tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to
April); rainy season (May to October)
Cyprus
temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool
winters
Czech Republic
temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
Denmark
temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool
summers
Dhekelia
temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool
winters
Djibouti
desert; torrid, dry
Dominica
tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall
Dominican Republic tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall
East Timor
tropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons
Ecuador
tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher
elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands
Egypt
desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters
El Salvador
tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season
(November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands
Equatorial Guinea
tropical; always hot, humid
Eritrea
hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter
in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest
June to September); semiarid in western hills and lowlands
Estonia
maritime, wet, moderate winters, cool summers
Ethiopia
tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation
Europa Island
tropical
European Union
cold temperate; potentially subarctic in the north to
temperate; mild wet winters; hot dry summers in the south
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; average annual rainfall is 24 inches in Stanley; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but does not accumulate
Faroe Islands
mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy,
windy
Fiji
tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation
Finland
cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild
because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current,
Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes
France
generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and
hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry,
north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral
French Guiana
tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature
variation
French Polynesia
tropical, but moderate
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
antarctic
Gabon
tropical; always hot, humid
Gambia, The
tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler,
dry season (November to May)
Gaza Strip
temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers
Georgia
warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast
Germany
temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers;
occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind
Ghana
tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast;
hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north
Gibraltar
Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers
Glorioso Islands
tropical
Greece
temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers
Greenland
arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters
Grenada
tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds
Guadeloupe
subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high
humidity
Guam
tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by
northeast trade winds; dry season (January to June), rainy season
(July to December); little seasonal temperature variation
Guatemala
tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands
Guernsey
temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of
days are overcast
Guinea
generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to
November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May)
with northeasterly harmattan winds
Guinea-Bissau
tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type
rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season
(December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds
Guyana
tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two
rainy seasons (May to August, November to January)
Haiti
tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
antarctic
Holy See (Vatican City)
temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to
May) with hot, dry summers (May to September)
Honduras
subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains
Hong Kong
subtropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and
rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall
Howland Island
equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
Hungary
temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers
Iceland
temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy
winters; damp, cool summers
Iles Eparses
tropical
India
varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
Indian Ocean
northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest
monsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June
and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and
January/February in the southern Indian Ocean
Indonesia
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Iran
mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast
Iraq
mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless
summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish
borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that
melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in
central and southern Iraq
Ireland
temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild
winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the
time
Isle of Man
temperate; cool summers and mild winters; overcast about
one-third of the time
Israel
temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas
Italy
predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in
south
Jamaica
tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior
Jan Mayen
arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog
Japan
varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north
Jarvis Island
tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun
Jersey
temperate; mild winters and cool summers
Johnston Atoll
tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast
trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation
Jordan
mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)
Juan de Nova Island
tropical
Kazakhstan
continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and
semiarid
Kenya
varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior
Kingman Reef
tropical; moderated by prevailing winds
Kiribati
tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds
Korea, North
temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer
Korea, South
temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter
Kuwait
dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters
Kyrgyzstan
dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical
in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone
Laos
tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season
(December to April)
Latvia
maritime; wet, moderate winters
Lebanon
Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry
summers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows
Lesotho
temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers
Liberia
tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to
cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers
Libya
Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior
Liechtenstein
continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow
or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers
Lithuania
transitional, between maritime and continental; wet,
moderate winters and summers
Luxembourg
modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
Macau
subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers
Macedonia
warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters
with heavy snowfall
Madagascar
tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south
Malawi
sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May
to November)
Malaysia
tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast
(October to February) monsoons
Maldives
tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to
March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)
Mali
subtropical to arid; hot and dry (February to June); rainy,
humid, and mild (June to November); cool and dry (November to
February)
Malta
Mediterranean; mild, rainy winters; hot, dry summers
Marshall Islands
tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to
November; islands border typhoon belt
Martinique
tropical; moderated by trade winds; rainy season (June to
October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every
eight years on average; average temperature 17.3 degrees C; humid
Mauritania
desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty
Mauritius
tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry
winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)
Mayotte
tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during
northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to
November)
Mexico
varies from tropical to desert
Micronesia, Federated States of tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage
Midway Islands
subtropical; moderated by prevailing easterly winds
Moldova
moderate winters, warm summers
Monaco
Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
Mongolia
desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature
ranges)
Montenegro
Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and
relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
Montserrat
tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation
Morocco
Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior
Mozambique
tropical to subtropical
Namibia
desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic
Nauru
tropical with a monsoonal pattern; rainy season (November to
February)
Navassa Island
marine, tropical
Nepal
varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to
subtropical summers and mild winters in south
Netherlands
temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters
Netherlands Antilles
tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds
New Caledonia
tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid
New Zealand
temperate with sharp regional contrasts
Nicaragua
tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands
Niger
desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south
Nigeria
varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in
north
Niue
tropical; modified by southeast trade winds
Norfolk Island
subtropical; mild, little seasonal temperature
variation
Northern Mariana Islands
tropical marine; moderated by northeast
trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season
December to June, rainy season July to October
Norway
temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current;
colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers;
rainy year-round on west coast
Oman
dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong
southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south
Pacific Ocean
planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind
patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade
winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by
seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south
of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central
America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much
less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same
latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is
monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when
moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry
season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian
landmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike
southeast and east Asia from May to December
Pakistan
mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in
north
Palau
tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November
Palmyra Atoll
equatorial, hot, and very rainy
Panama
tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season
(May to January), short dry season (January to May)
Papua New Guinea
tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March),
southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature
variation
Paracel Islands
tropical
Paraguay
subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the
eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west
Peru
varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate
to frigid in Andes
Philippines
tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April);
southwest monsoon (May to October)
Pitcairn Islands
tropical; hot and humid; modified by southeast
trade winds; rainy season (November to March)
Poland
temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with
frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and
thundershowers
Portugal
maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and
drier in south
Puerto Rico
tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature
variation
Qatar
arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
Reunion
tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and
dry (May to November), hot and rainy (November to April)
Romania
temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog;
sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
Russia
ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in
much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in
the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to
frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool
along Arctic coast
Rwanda
temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to
January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible
Saint Helena
Saint Helena: tropical marine; mild, tempered by trade
winds
Ascension Island: tropical marine; mild, semi-arid
Tristan da Cunha: temperate marine; mild, tempered by trade winds
(tends to be cooler than Saint Helena)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
tropical, tempered by constant sea breezes;
little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)
Saint Lucia
tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season
January to April, rainy season May to August
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
cold and wet, with much mist and fog;
spring and autumn are windy
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
tropical; little seasonal
temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)
Samoa
tropical; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to
October)
San Marino
Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers
Sao Tome and Principe
tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season
(October to May)
Saudi Arabia
harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes
Senegal
tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has
strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by
hot, dry, harmattan wind
Serbia
in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot,
humid summers with well distributed rainfall); in other parts,
continental and Mediterranean climate (hot, dry summers and autumns
and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall)
Seychelles
tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast
monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest
monsoon (March to May)
Sierra Leone
tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to
December); winter dry season (December to April)
Singapore
tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons
- Northeastern monsoon (December to March) and Southwestern monsoon
(June to September); inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early
evening thunderstorms
Slovakia
temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
Slovenia
Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate
with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and
valleys to the east
Solomon Islands
tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and
weather
Somalia
principally desert; northeast monsoon (December to
February), moderate temperatures in north and very hot in south;
southwest monsoon (May to October), torrid in the north and hot in
the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili)
between monsoons
South Africa
mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny
days, cool nights
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
variable, with mostly
westerly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods of
calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow
Southern Ocean
sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius
to -2 degrees Celsius; cyclonic storms travel eastward around the
continent and frequently are intense because of the temperature
contrast between ice and open ocean; the ocean area from about
latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average
winds found anywhere on Earth; in winter the ocean freezes outward
to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees
south latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures
well below 0 degrees Celsius; at some coastal points intense
persistent drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline
ice-free throughout the winter
Spain
temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and
cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy
and cool along coast
Spratly Islands
tropical
Sri Lanka
tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March);
southwest monsoon (June to October)
Sudan
tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season varies
by region (April to November)
Suriname
tropical; moderated by trade winds
Svalbard
arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool
summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and
north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most
of the year
Swaziland
varies from tropical to near temperate
Sweden
temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly
cloudy summers; subarctic in north
Switzerland
temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy,
rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with
occasional showers
Syria
mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and
mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather
with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus
Taiwan
tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June
to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year
Tajikistan
midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters;
semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains
Tanzania
varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands
Thailand
tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to
September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March);
southern isthmus always hot and humid
Togo
tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Tokelau
tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)
Tonga
tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to
May), cool season (May to December)
Trinidad and Tobago
tropical; rainy season (June to December)
Tromelin Island
tropical
Tunisia
temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry
summers; desert in south
Turkey
temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher
in interior
Turkmenistan
subtropical desert
Turks and Caicos Islands
tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds;
sunny and relatively dry
Tuvalu
tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to
November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)
Uganda
tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to
February, June to August); semiarid in northeast
Ukraine
temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern
Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest
in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from
cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm
across the greater part of the country, hot in the south
United Arab Emirates
desert; cooler in eastern mountains
United Kingdom
temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds
over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are
overcast
United States
mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida,
arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the
Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low
winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in
January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes
of the Rocky Mountains
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges
Baker, Howland, and
Jarvis Islands: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning
sun
Johnston Atoll and Kingman Reef: tropical, but generally dry;
consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature
variation
Midway Islands: subtropical with cool, moist winters (December to
February) and warm, dry summers (May to October); moderated by
prevailing easterly winds; most of the 1,067 mm (42 in) of annual
rainfall occurs during the winter
Palmyra Atoll: equatorial, hot; located within the low pressure area
of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) where the northeast and
southeast trade winds meet, it is extremely wet with between
4,000-5,000 mm (160-200 in) of rainfall each year
Uruguay
warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown
Uzbekistan
mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild
winters; semiarid grassland in east
Vanuatu
tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds from May to
October; moderate rainfall from November to April; may be affected
by cyclones from December to April
Venezuela
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Vietnam
tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season
(May to September) and warm, dry season (October to March)
Virgin Islands
subtropical, tempered by easterly trade winds,
relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation;
rainy season September to November
Wake Island
tropical
Wallis and Futuna
tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April);
cool, dry season (May to October); rains 2,500-3,000 mm per year
(80% humidity); average temperature 26.6 degrees C
West Bank
temperate; temperature and precipitation vary with
altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters
Western Sahara
hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air
currents produce fog and heavy dew
World
a wide equatorial band of hot and humid tropical climates -
bordered north and south by subtropical temperate zones - that
separate two large areas of cold and dry polar climates
Yemen
mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in
western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot,
dry, harsh desert in east
Zambia
tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to
April)
Zimbabwe
tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to
March)
This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006
@2060 Coastline (km)
Afghanistan
0 km (landlocked)
Akrotiri
56.3 km
Albania
362 km
Algeria
998 km
American Samoa
116 km
Andorra
0 km (landlocked)
Angola
1,600 km
Anguilla
61 km
Antarctica
17,968 km
Antigua and Barbuda
153 km
Arctic Ocean
45,389 km
Argentina
4,989 km
Armenia
0 km (landlocked)
Aruba
68.5 km
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
74.1 km
Atlantic Ocean
111,866 km
Australia
25,760 km
Austria
0 km (landlocked)
Azerbaijan
0 km (landlocked); note - Azerbaijan borders the Caspian
Sea (800 km est.)
Bahamas, The
3,542 km
Bahrain
161 km
Baker Island
4.8 km
Bangladesh
580 km
Barbados
97 km
Bassas da India
35.2 km
Belarus
0 km (landlocked)
Belgium
66.5 km
Belize
386 km
Benin
121 km
Bermuda
103 km
Bhutan
0 km (landlocked)
Bolivia
0 km (landlocked)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
20 km
Botswana
0 km (landlocked)
Bouvet Island
29.6 km
Brazil
7,491 km
British Indian Ocean Territory
698 km
British Virgin Islands
80 km
Brunei
161 km
Bulgaria
354 km
Burkina Faso
0 km (landlocked)
Burma
1,930 km
Burundi
0 km (landlocked)
Cambodia
443 km
Cameroon
402 km
Canada
202,080 km
Cape Verde
965 km
Cayman Islands
160 km
Central African Republic
0 km (landlocked)
Chad
0 km (landlocked)
Chile
6,435 km
China
14,500 km
Christmas Island
138.9 km
Clipperton Island
11.1 km
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
26 km
Colombia
3,208 km (Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448
km)
Comoros
340 km
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
37 km
Congo, Republic of the
169 km
Cook Islands
120 km
Coral Sea Islands
3,095 km
Costa Rica
1,290 km
Cote d'Ivoire
515 km
Croatia
5,835 km (mainland 1,777 km, islands 4,058 km)
Cuba
3,735 km
Cyprus
648 km
Czech Republic
0 km (landlocked)
Denmark
7,314 km
Dhekelia
27.5 km
Djibouti
314 km
Dominica
148 km
Dominican Republic
1,288 km
East Timor
706 km
Ecuador
2,237 km
Egypt
2,450 km
El Salvador
307 km
Equatorial Guinea
296 km
Eritrea
2,234 km (mainland on Red Sea 1,151 km, islands in Red Sea
1,083 km)
Estonia
3,794 km
Ethiopia
0 km (landlocked)
Europa Island
22.2 km
European Union
65,413.9 km
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
1,288 km
Faroe Islands
1,117 km
Fiji
1,129 km
Finland
1,250 km
France
3,427 km
French Guiana
378 km
French Polynesia
2,525 km
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
1,232 km
Gabon
885 km
Gambia, The
80 km
Gaza Strip
40 km
Georgia
310 km
Germany
2,389 km
Ghana
539 km
Gibraltar
12 km
Glorioso Islands
35.2 km
Greece
13,676 km
Greenland
44,087 km
Grenada
121 km
Guadeloupe
306 km
Guam
125.5 km
Guatemala
400 km
Guernsey
50 km
Guinea
320 km
Guinea-Bissau
350 km
Guyana
459 km
Haiti
1,771 km
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
101.9 km
Holy See (Vatican City)
0 km (landlocked)
Honduras
820 km
Hong Kong
733 km
Howland Island
6.4 km
Hungary
0 km (landlocked)
Iceland
4,970 km
Iles Eparses
Bassas da India: 35.2 km
Europa Island: 22.2 km
Glorioso Islands: 35.2 km
Juan de Nova Island: 24.1 km
Tromelin Island: 3.7 km
India
7,000 km
Indian Ocean
66,526 km
Indonesia
54,716 km
Iran
2,440 km; note - Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)
Iraq
58 km
Ireland
1,448 km
Isle of Man
160 km
Israel
273 km
Italy
7,600 km
Jamaica
1,022 km
Jan Mayen
124.1 km
Japan
29,751 km
Jarvis Island
8 km
Jersey
70 km
Johnston Atoll
34 km
Jordan
26 km
Juan de Nova Island
24.1 km
Kazakhstan
0 km (landlocked); note - Kazakhstan borders the Aral
Sea, now split into two bodies of water (1,070 km), and the Caspian
Sea (1,894 km)
Kenya
536 km
Kingman Reef
3 km
Kiribati
1,143 km
Korea, North
2,495 km
Korea, South
2,413 km
Kuwait
499 km
Kyrgyzstan
0 km (landlocked)
Laos
0 km (landlocked)
Latvia
531 km
Lebanon
225 km
Lesotho
0 km (landlocked)
Liberia
579 km
Libya
1,770 km
Liechtenstein
0 km (doubly landlocked)
Lithuania
90 km
Luxembourg
0 km (landlocked)
Macau
41 km
Macedonia
0 km (landlocked)
Madagascar
4,828 km
Malawi
0 km (landlocked)
Malaysia
4,675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607
km)
Maldives
644 km
Mali
0 km (landlocked)
Malta
196.8 km (does not include 56.01 km for the island of Gozo)
Marshall Islands
370.4 km
Martinique
350 km
Mauritania
754 km
Mauritius
177 km
Mayotte
185.2 km
Mexico
9,330 km
Micronesia, Federated States of
6,112 km
Midway Islands
15 km
Moldova
0 km (landlocked)
Monaco
4.1 km
Mongolia
0 km (landlocked)
Montenegro
293.5 km
Montserrat
40 km
Morocco
1,835 km
Mozambique
2,470 km
Namibia
1,572 km
Nauru
30 km
Navassa Island
8 km
Nepal
0 km (landlocked)
Netherlands
451 km
Netherlands Antilles
364 km
New Caledonia
2,254 km
New Zealand
15,134 km
Nicaragua
910 km
Niger
0 km (landlocked)
Nigeria
853 km
Niue
64 km
Norfolk Island
32 km
Northern Mariana Islands
1,482 km
Norway
25,148 km (includes mainland 2,650 km, as well as long
fjords, numerous small islands, and minor indentations 22,498 km;
length of island coastlines 58,133 km)
Oman
2,092 km
Pacific Ocean
135,663 km
Pakistan
1,046 km
Palau
1,519 km
Palmyra Atoll
14.5 km
Panama
2,490 km
Papua New Guinea
5,152 km
Paracel Islands
518 km
Paraguay
0 km (landlocked)
Peru
2,414 km
Philippines
36,289 km
Pitcairn Islands
51 km
Poland
491 km
Portugal
1,793 km
Puerto Rico
501 km
Qatar
563 km
Reunion
207 km
Romania
225 km
Russia
37,653 km
Rwanda
0 km (landlocked)
Saint Helena
Saint Helena: 60 km
Ascension Island: NA
Tristan da Cunha: 40 km
Saint Kitts and Nevis
135 km
Saint Lucia
158 km
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
120 km
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
84 km
Samoa
403 km
San Marino
0 km (landlocked)
Sao Tome and Principe
209 km
Saudi Arabia
2,640 km
Senegal
531 km
Serbia
0 km (landlocked)
Seychelles
491 km
Sierra Leone
402 km
Singapore
193 km
Slovakia
0 km (landlocked)
Slovenia
46.6 km
Solomon Islands
5,313 km
Somalia
3,025 km
South Africa
2,798 km
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
NA km
Southern Ocean
17,968 km
Spain
4,964 km
Spratly Islands
926 km
Sri Lanka
1,340 km
Sudan
853 km
Suriname
386 km
Svalbard
3,587 km
Swaziland
0 km (landlocked)
Sweden
3,218 km
Switzerland
0 km (landlocked)
Syria
193 km
Taiwan
1,566.3 km
Tajikistan
0 km (landlocked)
Tanzania
1,424 km
Thailand
3,219 km
Togo
56 km
Tokelau
101 km
Tonga
419 km
Trinidad and Tobago
362 km
Tromelin Island
3.7 km
Tunisia
1,148 km
Turkey
7,200 km
Turkmenistan
0 km; note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea
(1,768 km)
Turks and Caicos Islands
389 km
Tuvalu
24 km
Uganda
0 km (landlocked)
Ukraine
2,782 km
United Arab Emirates
1,318 km
United Kingdom
12,429 km
United States
19,924 km
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges
Baker Island: 4.8 km
Howland Island: 6.4 km
Jarvis Island: 8 km
Johnston Atoll: 34 km
Kingman Reef: 3 km
Midway Islands: 15 km
Palmyra Atoll: 14.5 km
Uruguay
660 km
Uzbekistan
0 km (doubly landlocked); note - Uzbekistan includes the
southern portion of the Aral Sea with a 420 km shoreline
Vanuatu
2,528 km
Venezuela
2,800 km
Vietnam
3,444 km (excludes islands)
Virgin Islands
188 km
Wake Island
19.3 km
Wallis and Futuna
129 km
West Bank
0 km (landlocked)
Western Sahara
1,110 km
World
356,000 km
note: 98 nations and other entities are islands that border no other
countries, they include: American Samoa, Anguilla, Antigua and
Barbuda, Aruba, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, The Bahamas, Bahrain,
Baker Island, Barbados, Bassas da India, Bermuda, Bouvet Island,
British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cape Verde,
Cayman Islands, Christmas Island, Clipperton Island, Cocos (Keeling)
Islands, Comoros, Cook Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Cuba, Cyprus,
Dominica, Europa Island, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Faroe
Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic
Lands, Glorioso Islands, Greenland, Grenada, Guam, Guernsey, Heard
Island and McDonald Islands, Howland Island, Iceland, Isle of Man,
Jamaica, Jan Mayen, Japan, Jarvis Island, Jersey, Johnston Atoll,
Juan de Nova Island, Kingman Reef, Kiribati, Madagascar, Maldives,
Malta, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritius, Mayotte, Federated
States of Micronesia, Midway Islands, Montserrat, Nauru, Navassa
Island, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern
Mariana Islands, Palau, Palmyra Atoll, Paracel Islands, Philippines,
Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Reunion, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts
and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and
the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Singapore,
Solomon Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands,
Spratly Islands, Sri Lanka, Svalbard, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and
Tobago, Tromelin Island, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu,
Virgin Islands, Wake Island, Wallis and Futuna, Taiwan
Yemen
1,906 km
Zambia
0 km (landlocked)
Zimbabwe
0 km (landlocked)
This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006
@2061 Imports - partners (%)
Afghanistan
Pakistan 23.9%, US 11.8%, Germany 6.8%, India 6.5%,
Turkey 5.1%, Turkmenistan 5%, Russia 4.7%, Kenya 4.4% (2005)
Albania
Italy 29.3%, Greece 16.4%, Turkey 7.5%, China 6.6%, Germany
5.4%, Russia 4% (2005)
Algeria
France 28.2%, Italy 7.8%, Spain 7.1%, China 6.6%, Germany
6.3%, US 5.5% (2005)
American Samoa
Australia 66%, Samoa 13.8%, NZ 10.8% (2005)
Andorra
Spain 51.5%, France 22.3%, US 0.3% (2004)
Angola
South Korea 20.8%, Portugal 13.6%, US 12.7%, South Africa
7.5%, Brazil 5.6%, France 5.3%, China 5.1% (2005)
Anguilla
US, Puerto Rico, UK (2004)
Antigua and Barbuda
US 21.1%, China 16.4%, Germany 13.3%, Singapore
12.7%, Spain 6.5% (2005)
Argentina
Brazil 34.6%, US 16.8%, China 5.4%, Germany 5.3% (2005)
Armenia
Russia 13.5%, Belgium 8%, Germany 7.9%, Ukraine 7%,
Turkmenistan 6.3%, US 6.2%, Israel 5.8%, Iran 5%, Romania 4.2% (2005)
Aruba
US 55.9%, Netherlands 12.9%, UK 3.8% (2005)
Australia
US 13.9%, China 13.7%, Japan 11%, Singapore 5.6%, Germany
5.6% (2005)
Austria
Germany 45.9%, Italy 6.6%, Switzerland 4.5% (2005)
Azerbaijan
Russia 17%, UK 9.1%, Singapore 9.1%, Turkey 7.4%, Germany
6.1%, Turkmenistan 5.8%, Ukraine 5.4%, China 4.1% (2005)
Bahamas, The
US 22.5%, South Korea 20.2%, Spain 7.8%, Brazil 7.1%,
Italy 6.5%, Germany 5.4% (2005)
Bahrain
Saudi Arabia 36.4%, Japan 6.6%, Germany 6.4%, US 5.4%, UK
5%, UAE 4.1% (2005)
Bangladesh
India 14.1%, China 13.5%, Kuwait 8.5%, Singapore 6.2%,
Japan 4.1%, Hong Kong 4.1% (2005)
Barbados
NZ 45.9%, US 20.3%, Trinidad and Tobago 12% (2005)
Belarus
Russia 57.9%, Germany 9.7%, Ukraine 6.4%, Poland 5.2% (2005)
Belgium
Netherlands 17.8%, Germany 17.2%, France 11.4%, UK 6.8%,
Ireland 6.5%, US 5.4% (2005)
Belize
US 31%, Mexico 11.6%, Russia 8.8%, Cuba 6%, Guatemala 5.6%,
China 4.6%, Spain 4.4% (2005)
Benin
France 21.8%, Ghana 7.1%, Cote d'Ivoire 7%, China 6.7%, UK
5.2%, Belgium 4.9%, Togo 4.5%, Thailand 4.2%, Nigeria 4% (2005)
Bermuda
Kazakhstan 51%, France 19%, South Korea 10.2%, US 7.6% (2005)
Bhutan
Hong Kong 68.4%, Mexico 20.8%, France 3.9% (2005)
Bolivia
Brazil 21.9%, Argentina 16.7%, US 13.8%, Chile 6.9%, Peru
6.5%, Japan 6.1%, China 5.8% (2005)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatia 24.7%, Germany 13.7%, Slovenia 13.1%,
Italy 11%, Austria 6.9%, Hungary 5.5% (2005)
Botswana
Southern African Customs Union (SACU) 74%, EFTA 17%,
Zimbabwe 4% (2004)
Brazil
US 19.7%, Germany 8.7%, Argentina 8.2%, China 6.2%, Nigeria
6.1% (2005)
British Virgin Islands
Virgin Islands (US), Puerto Rico, US (2004)
Brunei
Singapore 32.7%, Malaysia 23.3%, Japan 6.9%, UK 5.3%,
Thailand 4.5%, South Korea 4.1% (2005)
Bulgaria
Russia 15.6%, Germany 13.6%, Italy 9%, Turkey 6.1%, Greece
5%, France 4.7% (2005)
Burkina Faso
France 24.2%, Cote d'Ivoire 23.7%, Togo 6.8% (2005)
Burma
China 28.8%, Thailand 21.8%, Singapore 18.3%, Malaysia 7.6%
(2005)
Burundi
Kenya 12.9%, Tanzania 10.6%, Belgium 10.4%, Italy 8.1%,
France 5.4%, Uganda 5.3%, China 5%, India 4.1% (2005)
Cambodia
Hong Kong 16.1%, China 13.6%, France 12.1%, Thailand 11.2%,
Taiwan 10.2%, South Korea 7.5%, Vietnam 7.1%, Singapore 4.9%, Japan
4.1% (2005)
Cameroon
France 25%, Nigeria 12.5%, Belgium 6.6%, China 5.8%, US
5.3%, Thailand 4.7%, Germany 4.4% (2005)
Canada
US 56.7%, China 7.8%, Mexico 3.8% (2005)
Cape Verde
Portugal 41.5%, Italy 8%, Netherlands 7.3%, Spain 5.5%,
France 4.8%, Belgium 4.7%, Brazil 4.3% (2005)
Cayman Islands
US, Netherlands Antilles, Japan (2004)
Central African Republic
France 16.7%, Netherlands 10.4%, Cameroon
9.8%, US 7.4% (2005)
Chad
France 21.1%, Cameroon 15.5%, US 12.1%, Belgium 6.8%, Portugal
4.6%, Saudi Arabia 4.3%, Netherlands 4.1% (2005)
Chile
Argentina 14.8%, US 14.6%, Brazil 11.7%, China 7.8%, South
Korea 4.8%, Yemen 4.4% (2005)
China
Japan 15.2%, South Korea 11.6%, Taiwan 11.2%, US 7.4%, Germany
4.6% (2005)
Christmas Island
principally Australia (2004)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Australia (2004)
Colombia
US 28.5%, Mexico 8.3%, China 7.6%, Brazil 6.5%, Venezuela
5.7% (2005)
Comoros
France 20.5%, South Africa 11.7%, UAE 9.1%, Kenya 8%,
Pakistan 5%, Mauritius 4.4%, Belgium 4.3%, India 4.1% (2005)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
South Africa 16.5%, Belgium 16.1%,
France 9.1%, Zambia 6.9%, Kenya 5.7%, Germany 4.6%, US 4.5%, Cote
d'Ivoire 4.3%, Netherlands 4.1% (2005)
Congo, Republic of the
France 25.6%, China 11.3%, US 8.1%, India 8%,
Italy 7.5%, Belgium 5.1%, Netherlands 4.2% (2005)
Cook Islands
New Zealand 61%, Fiji 19%, US 9%, Australia 6%, Japan
2% (2004)
Costa Rica
US 41.3%, Japan 5.6%, Venezuela 4.8%, Mexico 4.8%,
Ireland 4.3%, Brazil 4.2%, China 4.2% (2005)
Cote d'Ivoire
France 27.7%, Nigeria 24.5%, Singapore 6.6% (2005)
Croatia
Italy 15.9%, Germany 14.9%, Russia 9.1%, Slovenia 6.8%,
Austria 5.8%, China 4.7%, France 4.2% (2005)
Cuba
China 14.9%, Spain 13.9%, Canada 8.6%, US 8.5%, Germany 7.4%,
Italy 5.7%, Mexico 5.2%, Japan 4.1% (2005)
Cyprus
Greece 17.3%, Italy 10.3%, UK 9%, Germany 8.4%, Israel 7.1%
(2005)
Czech Republic
Germany 30%, Russia 5.7%, Slovakia 5.4%, China 5.1%,
Poland 5%, Italy 4.8%, France 4.5%, Netherlands 4% (2005)
Denmark
Germany 20.5%, Sweden 13.8%, Norway 6.6%, Netherlands 6.6%,
UK 6%, China 4.7%, France 4.2%, Italy 4.1% (2005)
Djibouti
Saudi Arabia 21.7%, India 18.5%, China 10%, Ethiopia 4.8%,
France 4.5%, US 4.3%, Japan 4.2% (2005)
Dominica
US 25.3%, China 20.3%, Trinidad and Tobago 12.3%, South
Korea 7.1%, Japan 4.6%, UK 4.4% (2005)
Dominican Republic
US 50.2%, Colombia 6.2%, Mexico 5.8% (2005)
Ecuador
US 22.3%, Colombia 14.9%, Venezuela 7.8%, Brazil 6%, China
5.3% (2005)
Egypt
US 10.6%, Germany 7%, China 6.5%, France 6.3%, Italy 5.7%,
Saudi Arabia 4.8% (2005)
El Salvador
US 43.4%, Guatemala 8.2%, Mexico 7.8% (2005)
Equatorial Guinea
US 24.6%, Italy 20.7%, France 12.1%, Spain 10.8%,
Cote d'Ivoire 8.7%, UK 7% (2005)
Eritrea
Germany 22.2%, Italy 20.3%, France 15.9%, US 12.8%, Ireland
8.2% (2005)
Estonia
Finland 19.8%, Germany 13.8%, Russia 9.4%, Sweden 8.8%,
Lithuania 6.1%, Latvia 4.7% (2005)
Ethiopia
Saudi Arabia 14.7%, China 12.6%, US 12.4%, **COUNTRY**
9.6%, India 6.7%, Italy 4.6% (2005)
European Union
US 15.3%, China 12.4%, Russia 7.8%, Japan 7.2% (2004)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
UK 72.5%, US 15.1%, Netherlands
8.5% (2005)
Faroe Islands
Denmark 46.2%, Norway 18.2%, Germany 8.2%, Spain 7.5%,
Iceland 4.8% (2005)
Fiji
Singapore 27.4%, Australia 23.6%, NZ 18.9%, Thailand 4.5% (2005)
Finland
Germany 16.2%, Sweden 14.1%, Russia 13.9%, Netherlands 6.2%,
Denmark 4.6%, UK 4.3%, China 4.2% (2005)
France
Germany 18.9%, Belgium 10.7%, Italy 8.2%, Spain 7%,
Netherlands 6.5%, UK 5.9%, US 5.1% (2005)
French Guiana
France 63%, US, Trinidad and Tobago, Italy (2004)
French Polynesia
France 52.7%, Singapore 14.9%, NZ 6.8%, US 6.6%
(2005)
Gabon
France 40.6%, US 6.4%, Cameroon 4.2% (2005)
Gambia, The
China 21.3%, Senegal 11.3%, Cote d'Ivoire 8.4%, Brazil
6%, US 5.2%, UK 5.1%, Netherlands 4.1% (2005)
Gaza Strip
Israel, Egypt, West Bank (2004)
Georgia
Russia 15.4%, Turkey 11.4%, Azerbaijan 9.4%, Ukraine 8.8%,
Germany 8.3%, US 6% (2005)
Germany
France 8.7%, Netherlands 8.5%, US 6.6%, China 6.4%, UK 6.3%,
Italy 5.7%, Belgium 5%, Austria 4% (2005)
Ghana
Nigeria 15.4%, China 12.7%, US 6.4%, UK 5.3%, Netherlands
4.1%, South Africa 4.1% (2005)
Gibraltar
Spain 23.4%, Russia 12.3%, Italy 12%, UK 9%, France 8.9%,
Netherlands 6.8%, US 4.7% (2005)
Greece
Germany 12.7%, Italy 12.4%, Russia 7.8%, France 5.7%,
Netherlands 5.5%, Saudi Arabia 4.1% (2005)
Greenland
Denmark 66.8%, Sweden 19.3%, Ireland 3.6% (2005)
Grenada
Trinidad and Tobago 27.8%, US 27%, UK 6% (2005)
Guadeloupe
France 63%, Germany 4%, US 3%, Japan 2%, Netherlands
Antilles 2% (2004)
Guam
Singapore 50%, South Korea 21.4%, Japan 14%, Hong Kong 4.6%
(2005)
Guatemala
US 38.1%, Mexico 7.6%, El Salvador 4.8%, South Korea 4.8%,
Panama 4.4% (2005)
Guernsey
UK; note - regarded as internal trade (2004)
Guinea
China 8.5%, US 7.3%, France 7.2%, Cote d'Ivoire 5.2%, Italy
4.7%, Belgium 4.1% (2005)
Guinea-Bissau
Italy 25.3%, Senegal 18.6%, Portugal 15.8%, Cote
d'Ivoire 4.3% (2005)
Guyana
US 26.7%, Trinidad and Tobago 23.9%, Cuba 6.6%, UK 5%, China
4.1% (2005)
Haiti
US 49.3%, Netherlands Antilles 12%, Colombia 3.2% (2005)
Honduras
US 53.1%, Guatemala 6.5%, El Salvador 4.1% (2005)
Hong Kong
China 45%, Japan 11%, Taiwan 7.2%, Singapore 5.8%, US
5.1%, South Korea 4.4% (2005)
Hungary
Germany 27.2%, Russia 7.5%, China 7.2%, Austria 6.7%, Italy
4.9%, France 4.8%, Netherlands 4.3% (2005)
Iceland
Germany 13.4%, US 9.1%, Sweden 8.6%, Denmark 7.3%, Norway
7.2%, UK 5.9%, China 5.3%, Netherlands 5%, Japan 4.7% (2005)
India
China 7.3%, US 5.6%, Switzerland 4.7% (2005)
Indonesia
Singapore 16.4%, Japan 12%, China 10.1%, US 6.7%, Thailand
6%, South Korea 5%, Saudi Arabia 4.7%, Australia 4.4% (2005)
Iran
Germany 13.8%, UAE 8.3%, China 8.3%, Italy 7%, France 6.2%,
South Korea 5.4%, Russia 4.8% (2005)
Iraq
Turkey 23.2%, Syria 23%, US 11.6%, Jordan 5.1% (2005)
Ireland
UK 37%, US 13.8%, Germany 9.2%, Netherlands 4.5% (2005)
Isle of Man
UK (2004)
Israel
US 13.4%, Belgium 10.1%, Germany 6.4%, UK 5.7%, Switzerland
5.5%, China 4.2% (2005)
Italy
Germany 17.2%, France 9.9%, Netherlands 5.7%, China 4.6%,
Belgium 4.5%, Spain 4.2% (2005)
Jamaica
US 41.4%, Trinidad and Tobago 14%, Venezuela 5.5%, Japan
4.6% (2005)
Japan
China 21%, US 12.7%, Saudi Arabia 5.5%, UAE 4.9%, Australia
4.7%, South Korea 4.7%, Indonesia 4% (2005)
Jersey
UK (2004)
Jordan
Saudi Arabia 20.9%, China 8%, Germany 7.1%, US 6.2%, South
Korea 4.1% (2005)
Kazakhstan
Russia 35.9%, China 21.4%, Germany 7.1% (2005)
Kenya
UAE 13.6%, Saudi Arabia 9.9%, US 9.8%, India 8.3%, South
Africa 7.9%, China 7.1%, UK 5.4% (2005)
Kiribati
Australia 33%, Fiji 27.1%, Japan 18.1%, NZ 6.9% (2005)
Korea, North
China 32.9%, Thailand 10.7%, Japan 4.8% (2004)
Korea, South
Japan 18.5%, China 14.8%, US 11.8%, Saudi Arabia 6.2%
(2005)
Kuwait
US 14%, Germany 10.7%, Japan 8.4%, Saudi Arabia 6.2%, UK
5.6%, France 4.8%, China 4.5% (2005)
Kyrgyzstan
China 43.2%, Russia 19.8%, Kazakhstan 11.9%, Turkey 4.5%
(2005)
Laos
Thailand 66.1%, China 9%, Vietnam 6.7% (2005)
Latvia
Germany 13.9%, Lithuania 13.6%, Russia 8.6%, Estonia 7.9%,
Poland 6.4%, Finland 5.9%, Belarus 5.8%, Sweden 5.1% (2005)
Lebanon
Italy 11.1%, Syria 10.7%, France 9.2%, Germany 6.5%, China
5.4%, US 5.3%, UK 4.4%, Saudi Arabia 4.3% (2005)
Lesotho
US 84%, Belgium 12.8%, Canada 2.4% (2005)
Liberia
South Korea 37.9%, Japan 21.1%, Singapore 14.2%, Croatia
4.7% (2005)
Libya
Italy 21.5%, Germany 10.4%, Tunisia 5.6%, Turkey 4.9%, UK
4.9%, France 4.8%, South Korea 4.7%, China 4.6% (2005)
Liechtenstein
EU, Switzerland (2004)
Lithuania
Russia 27.9%, Germany 15.2%, Poland 8.3% (2005)
Luxembourg
Belgium 28.2%, Germany 21.8%, China 12.8%, France 9.6%,
Netherlands 5.1% (2005)
Macau
China 43.1%, Japan 10.9%, Hong Kong 10%, Singapore 5.2%, US
4.1%, Taiwan 4% (2005)
Macedonia
Russia 13.2%, Germany 10.4%, Greece 9.2%, Bulgaria 7.3%,
Italy 6% (2005)
Madagascar
France 16.6%, China 10.6%, Iran 7.9%, Mauritius 6.5%,
South Africa 5.9%, Hong Kong 5% (2005)
Malawi
South Africa 37.9%, Zambia 8.7%, Mozambique 7.8%, Zimbabwe
7.3%, India 6.4%, Tanzania 4.6% (2005)
Malaysia
Japan 14.6%, US 13%, Singapore 11.8%, China 11.6%, Taiwan
5.6%, Thailand 5.3%, South Korea 5%, Germany 4.5% (2005)
Maldives
Singapore 24.1%, UAE 15.7%, India 11.3%, Malaysia 7.2%, Sri
Lanka 5.7%, UK 4.5% (2005)
Mali
France 13.1%, Senegal 13.1%, Cote d'Ivoire 8.5% (2005)
Malta
Italy 32.3%, UK 11.5%, France 9.6%, Germany 8%, US 5.5%,
Singapore 4.1% (2005)
Marshall Islands
US, Japan, Australia, NZ, Singapore, Fiji, China,
Philippines (2004)
Martinique
France 62%, Venezuela 6%, Germany 4%, Italy 4%, US 3%
(2004)
Mauritania
France 18.5%, UK 7.2%, US 7%, China 6%, Spain 5%, Belgium
4.3% (2005)
Mauritius
France 12.1%, South Africa 11%, India 7.2%, Finland 6.1%,
China 6%, Germany 5.3%, Bahrain 5.2%, Singapore 4.1% (2005)
Mayotte
France 66%, Africa 14%, Southeast Asia 11% (2004)
Mexico
US 53.4%, China 8%, Japan 5.9% (2005)
Micronesia, Federated States of
US, Japan, Hong Kong (2004)
Moldova
Ukraine 20.9%, Russia 11.7%, Romania 11.2%, Germany 8.3%,
Italy 6.6%, Turkey 4.1% (2005)
Mongolia
Russia 35.8%, China 25.7%, Japan 6.3%, South Korea 6%,
Germany 4.2% (2005)
Montenegro
Greece 10.2%, Italy 10.2%, Germany 9.6%, Bosnia and
Herzegovina 9.2% (2003)
Montserrat
US, UK, Trinidad and Tobago, Japan, Canada (2004)
Morocco
France 18.2%, Spain 11%, Saudi Arabia 6.8%, Russia 6.8%,
Italy 6.1%, China 5.2%, Germany 4.7% (2005)
Mozambique
South Africa 36.3%, Australia 12.8%, India 5.1% (2005)
Namibia
South Africa 85.2%, US (2004)
Nauru
South Korea 43.8%, Australia 36.2%, US 5.9%, Germany 4.3%
(2005)
Nepal
India 47.5%, UAE 11.2%, China 10.7%, Saudi Arabia 4.9%, Kuwait
4.1% (2005)
Netherlands
Germany 16.6%, Belgium 9.3%, China 8.8%, US 7.6%, UK
5.8%, France 4.7%, Russia 4.4% (2005)
Netherlands Antilles
Venezuela 52.3%, US 21.4%, Italy 4.9%,
Netherlands 4.6% (2005)
New Caledonia
France 39%, Singapore 17.4%, Australia 13%, NZ 5.3%
(2005)
New Zealand
Australia 20.9%, US 11%, Japan 11%, China 10.9%, Germany
4.9% (2005)
Nicaragua
US 19.6%, Mexico 10.3%, Venezuela 9.5%, Costa Rica 8.5%,
Guatemala 6.7%, El Salvador 4.5%, South Korea 4.1% (2005)
Niger
France 14.5%, US 10.7%, French Polynesia 7.5%, Nigeria 7.4%,
Italy 6.7%, Cote d'Ivoire 5.1%, Belgium 4.6%, Germany 4.5%, China
4.5% (2005)
Nigeria
China 10.4%, US 7.3%, UK 6.7%, Netherlands 6%, France 5.9%,
Germany 4.2% (2005)
Niue
New Zealand mainly, Fiji, Japan, Samoa, Australia, US (2004)
Norfolk Island
Australia, other Pacific island countries, NZ, Asia,
Europe (2004)
Northern Mariana Islands
US, Japan (2004)
Norway
Sweden 14.6%, Germany 13.6%, Denmark 7.3%, UK 6.8%, China
5.5%, US 5%, France 4% (2005)
Oman
UAE 22.4%, Japan 15.7%, UK 7.7%, US 6.7%, Germany 5.8%, India
4.2% (2005)
Pakistan
China 13.8%, Saudi Arabia 10.3%, UAE 8.8%, Japan 6.1%, US
5%, Kuwait 5%, Germany 4.8% (2005)
Palau
US, Singapore, Japan, South Korea (2004)
Panama
US 27.5%, Netherlands Antilles 11.4%, Costa Rica 4.7%, Japan
4.5% (2005)
Papua New Guinea
Australia 54.6%, Singapore 13.4%, Japan 4.3%,
Malaysia 4.2% (2005)
Paraguay
Brazil 26.8%, Argentina 21.1%, US 20.8%, China 9.5% (2005)
Peru
US 18.2%, China 8.5%, Brazil 8%, Ecuador 7.4%, Colombia 6.1%,
Argentina 5.1%, Chile 5.1%, Venezuela 4.1% (2005)
Philippines
US 19.2%, Japan 17%, Singapore 7.9%, Taiwan 7.5%, China
6.3%, South Korea 4.8%, Saudi Arabia 4.6%, Hong Kong 4.1% (2005)
Poland
Germany 29.6%, Russia 8.7%, Italy 6.6%, Netherlands 5.9%,
France 5.7% (2005)
Portugal
Spain 29%, Germany 13.4%, France 8.5%, Italy 5.2%,
Netherlands 4.3%, UK 4.2% (2005)
Puerto Rico
US 55.0%, Ireland 23.7%, Japan 5.4% (2004)
Qatar
France 11.5%, Japan 10.5%, US 10.4%, Germany 8.4%, Saudi
Arabia 7.3%, UK 7%, Italy 6.5%, South Korea 5.5%, UAE 4.8% (2005)
Reunion
France 64%, Bahrain 3%, Germany 3%, Italy 3% (2004)
Romania
Italy 15.5%, Germany 14%, Russia 8.3%, France 6.8%, Turkey
4.9%, China 4.1% (2005)
Russia
Germany 13.6%, Ukraine 8%, China 7.4%, Japan 6%, Belarus
4.7%, US 4.7%, Italy 4.6%, South Korea 4.1% (2005)
Rwanda
Kenya 23.8%, Uganda 6.2%, Belgium 5.4%, Germany 5.3% (2005)
Saint Helena
UK 53.5%, South Africa 14.3%, Spain 10.3%, Tanzania
8.5%, US 4.6% (2005)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
US 46.9%, Trinidad and Tobago 13.7%, UK 5.4%,
France 4.5%, Japan 4.2% (2005)
Saint Lucia
US 24.1%, Trinidad and Tobago 15.5%, Netherlands 14.5%,
Venezuela 5.6%, UK 5.6%, France 4.7% (2005)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
France 51.3%, Canada 31.8%, Belgium 4.1%
(2005)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
France 36.1%, Singapore 12.5%,
Italy 11.9%, Trinidad and Tobago 7.9%, US 7.2% (2005)
Samoa
NZ 31%, Australia 22.6%, US 13.5%, Japan 7.5%, Fiji 6%, China
4.6% (2005)
Sao Tome and Principe
UK 94.2%, Portugal 2.7%, US 1% (2005)
Saudi Arabia
US 13%, Germany 9.5%, Japan 7.9%, China 7.3%, France
4.7%, Italy 4.2% (2005)
Senegal
France 22.8%, Nigeria 11.4%, Brazil 4.5%, Thailand 4.3%, US
4.2%, UK 4% (2005)
Seychelles
Saudi Arabia 16.7%, Spain 14.9%, Singapore 7.6%, France
7.5%, Italy 6.2%, South Africa 6.2% (2005)
Sierra Leone
Germany 18.9%, Cote d'Ivoire 11.2%, UK 8.5%, US 6.9%,
China 5.6%, Netherlands 5.4%, South Africa 4.1% (2005)
Singapore
Malaysia 14.4%, US 12.4%, China 10.8%, Japan 10.1%,
Indonesia 5.5%, Saudi Arabia 4.7%, South Korea 4.5% (2005)
Slovakia
Germany 25.1%, Czech Republic 19.3%, Russia 10.5%, Austria
6.1%, Poland 4.7%, Hungary 4.6%, Italy 4.5% (2005)
Slovenia
Germany 19.5%, Italy 18.6%, Austria 12%, France 7.2%,
Croatia 4.2% (2005)
Solomon Islands
Australia 25.8%, Singapore 25.3%, NZ 4.6%, Fiji
4.2%, Papua New Guinea 4.1% (2005)
Somalia
Djibouti 30.1%, Kenya 13.7%, Brazil 8.4%, India 8%, Oman
5.3%, UAE 5% (2005)
South Africa
Germany 14.9%, US 7%, China 6.9%, UK 6.8%, Saudi Arabia
6.5%, Japan 5.9%, Iran 5.8%, France 4.3% (2005)
Spain
Germany 15%, France 14.5%, Italy 8.5%, UK 5.8%, Netherlands
4.9%, China 4.3% (2005)
Sri Lanka
India 19.7%, China 9.9%, Singapore 7.2%, Iran 5.5%,
Malaysia 4.6%, Hong Kong 4.5% (2005)
Sudan
China 20.7%, Saudi Arabia 9.4%, UAE 5.9%, Egypt 5.5%, Japan
5.1%, India 4.8% (2005)
Suriname
US 29.3%, Netherlands 17.5%, Trinidad and Tobago 12.7%,
China 6.5%, Japan 5.2% (2005)
Swaziland
South Africa 95.6%, EU 0.9%, Japan 0.9%, Singapore 0.3%
(2004)
Sweden
Germany 17.5%, Denmark 8.9%, Norway 7.8%, UK 6.6%,
Netherlands 6.2%, Finland 5.8%, France 5% (2005)
Switzerland
Germany 31.6%, Italy 10.5%, France 10%, US 5.6%,
Netherlands 4.8%, Austria 4.6%, UK 4.4% (2005)
Syria
Saudi Arabia 10.6%, China 5.6%, Egypt 5.4%, Italy 5.3%, UAE
5.2%, Ukraine 4.2%, Germany 4.1% (2005)
Taiwan
Japan 25.3%, US 11.6%, China 11%, South Korea 7.3%, Saudi
Arabia 4.1% (2005)
Tajikistan
Russia 19.3%, Kazakhstan 12.7%, Uzbekistan 11.5%,
Azerbaijan 8.6%, China 7%, Ukraine 6.2%, Romania 4.6%, Turkmenistan
4% (2005)
Tanzania
South Africa 12.2%, China 9.6%, India 7%, UAE 6.1%, Kenya
5.2%, UK 4.1% (2005)
Thailand
Japan 22%, China 9.4%, US 7.4%, Malaysia 6.8%, UAE 4.8%,
Singapore 4.5% (2005)
Togo
France 17.8%, China 13.3%, Cote d'Ivoire 6.5%, Italy 4.5%,
Spain 4.3% (2005)
Tokelau
New Zealand (2004)
Tonga
NZ 33.4%, Fiji 26.7%, Australia 10.5%, US 8.4% (2005)
Trinidad and Tobago
US 27.7%, Venezuela 13.3%, Brazil 11.8%, Japan
5.5%, Canada 4.2% (2005)
Tunisia
France 25.5%, Italy 22.9%, Germany 9.5%, Spain 5.5% (2005)
Turkey
Germany 11.7%, Russia 11%, Italy 6.5%, China 5.9%, France 5%,
US 4.6%, UK 4% (2005)
Turkmenistan
UAE 12.4%, Azerbaijan 10.9%, US 9.4%, Russia 8.9%,
Ukraine 7.4%, Turkey 7.2%, Iran 6.1%, Germany 5.3%, Kazakhstan 4.2%
(2005)
Turks and Caicos Islands
US, UK (2004)
Tuvalu
Fiji 46.1%, Japan 18.9%, China 18.2%, Australia 7.7%, NZ 4.1%
(2005)
Uganda
Kenya 32%, UAE 8.6%, South Africa 6.4%, India 5.7%, China
5.2%, UK 4.4%, US 4.1%, Japan 4% (2005)
Ukraine
Russia 35.5%, Germany 9.4%, Turkmenistan 7.4%, China 5%
(2005)
United Arab Emirates
UK 10%, China 9.7%, US 9.4%, India 9.2%,
Germany 5.9%, Japan 5.4%, France 4.7%, Singapore 4.1% (2005)
United Kingdom
Germany 12.8%, US 8.7%, France 7.1%, Netherlands
6.6%, China 5%, Norway 4.7%, Belgium 4.6%, Italy 4% (2005)
United States
Canada 16.9%, China 15%, Mexico 10%, Japan 8.2%,
Germany 5% (2005)
Uruguay
Argentina 18.9%, Brazil 18.5%, Paraguay 14%, US 8.6%, China
6.2% (2005)
Uzbekistan
Russia 26.7%, South Korea 15.3%, Germany 8.9%, China
7.2%, Kazakhstan 6.4%, Turkey 4.7%, Ukraine 4.7% (2005)
Vanuatu
Australia 18.4%, Japan 16.6%, Singapore 14.7%, Poland 8.5%,
NZ 7.2%, Fiji 6.3% (2005)
Venezuela
US 31.6%, Colombia 11%, Brazil 9.1%, Mexico 6.9% (2005)
Vietnam
China 16.3%, Singapore 12.8%, Taiwan 11.7%, Japan 10.4%,
South Korea 9.9%, Thailand 6.8% (2005)
Virgin Islands
US, Puerto Rico (2004)
Wallis and Futuna
France 97%, Australia 2%, NZ 1% (2004)
West Bank
Israel, Jordan, Gaza Strip (2004)
Western Sahara
Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so
trade partners are included in overall Moroccan accounts (2004)
World
China 9.3%, US 9%, Germany 9%, Japan 6.1%, France 4.2% (2005)
Yemen
UAE 14.6%, Saudi Arabia 11.6%, China 9.1%, Kuwait 5%, India
4.5% (2005)
Zambia
South Africa 47.6%, UK 12.6%, Zimbabwe 4.3% (2005)
Zimbabwe
South Africa 42.9%, China 4.6%, Botswana 3.3% (2005)
This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006
@2062 Economic aid - donor
Australia
ODA, $894 million (FY99/00)
Austria
ODA, $681 million (2004)
Belgium
ODA, $1.072 billion (2002)
Canada
ODA, $2.6 billion (2004)
Denmark
ODA, $2 billion (2004)
Finland
ODA, $379 million (2001)
France
ODA, $5.4 billion (2002)
Germany
ODA, $5.6 billion (1998)
Iceland
$6.7 million $NA
Ireland
ODA, $607 million (2004)
Italy
ODA, $1 billion (2002 est.)
Japan
ODA, $8.9 billion (2004)
Korea, South
ODA, $423.3 million (2004)
Lesotho
ODA, $4.4 million
Luxembourg
ODA, $235.59 million (2004)
Netherlands
ODA, $4 billion (2003 est.)
New Zealand
ODA, $99.7 million
Norway
ODA, $1.4 billion (1998)
Portugal
ODA, $271 million (1995)
Saudi Arabia
pledged $100 million in 1993 to fund reconstruction of
Lebanon; since 2000, Saudi Arabia has committed $307 million for
assistance to the Palestinians; pledged $230 million to development
in Afghanistan; pledged $1 billion in export guarantees and soft
loans to Iraq; pledged $133 million in direct grant aid, $187
million in concessional loans, and $153 million in export credits
for Pakistan earthquake relief
Spain
ODA, $1.33 billion (1999)
Sweden
ODA, $1.7 billion (1997)
Switzerland
ODA, $1.1 billion (1995)
United Arab Emirates
since its founding in 1971, the Abu Dhabi Fund
for Development has given about $5.2 billion in aid to 56 countries
(2004)
United Kingdom
ODA, $7.9 billion (2004)
United States
ODA, $6.9 billion (1997)
This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006
@2063 Constitution
Afghanistan
new constitution drafted 14 December 2003-4 January
2004; signed 16 January 2004
Akrotiri
Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order in
Council 1960, effective 16 August 1960
Albania
adopted by popular referendum on 28 November 1998
Algeria
8 September 1963; revised 19 November 1976, effective 22
November 1976; revised 3 November 1988, 23 February 1989, and 28
November 1996
American Samoa
ratified 2 June 1966, effective 1 July 1967
Andorra
Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991,
approved by referendum 14 March 1993, effective 4 May 1993
Angola
11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, 6
March 1991, and 26 August 1992; note - a new constitution will
likely be passed following the next legislative election
Anguilla
Anguilla Constitutional Order 1 April 1982; amended 1990
Antigua and Barbuda
1 November 1981
Argentina
1 May 1853; revised August 1994
Armenia
adopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995; amendments
adopted through a nationwide referendum 27 November 2005
Aruba
1 January 1986
Australia
9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901
Austria
1920; revised 1929 (reinstated 1 May 1945)
Azerbaijan
adopted 12 November 1995
Bahamas, The
10 July 1973
Bahrain
new constitution 14 February 2002
Bangladesh
4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972; suspended
following coup of 24 March 1982, restored 10 November 1986; amended
many times
Barbados
30 November 1966
Belarus
15 March 1994; revised by national referendum of 24 November
1996 giving the presidency greatly expanded powers and became
effective 27 November 1996; revised again 17 October 2004 removing
presidential term limits
Belgium
7 February 1831; amended many times; revised 14 July 1993 to
create a federal state
Belize
21 September 1981
Benin
December 1990
Bermuda
8 June 1968; amended 1989 and 2003
Bhutan
no written constitution or bill of rights; note - in 2001,
the king commissioned the drafting of a constitution, and in March
2005 publicly unveiled it; is awaiting national referendum
Bolivia
2 February 1967; revised in August 1994
Bosnia and Herzegovina
the Dayton Agreement, signed 14 December
1995, included a new constitution now in force; note - each of the
entities also has its own constitution
Botswana
March 1965, effective 30 September 1966
Brazil
5 October 1988
British Virgin Islands
1 June 1977, amended in 2000
Brunei
29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of
Emergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1
January 1984)
Bulgaria
adopted 12 July 1991
Burkina Faso
2 June 1991 approved by referendum, 11 June 1991
formally adopted; amended April 2000
Burma
3 January 1974; suspended since 18 September 1988; national
convention convened in 1993 to draft a new constitution but
collapsed in 1996; reconvened in 2004 but does not include
participation of democratic opposition
Burundi
28 February 2005; ratified by popular referendum
Cambodia
promulgated 21 September 1993
Cameroon
20 May 1972 approved by referendum, 2 June 1972 formally
adopted; revised January 1996
Canada
made up of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial
decisions, and traditions; the written part of the constitution
consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a
federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April
1982, which transferred formal control over the constitution from
Britain to Canada, and added a Canadian Charter of Rights and
Freedoms as well as procedures for constitutional amendments
Cape Verde
new constitution came into force 25 September 1992;
underwent a major revision on 23 November 1995, substantially
increasing the powers of the president; a 1999 revision created the
position of national ombudsman (Provedor de Justica)
Cayman Islands
1959; revised 1962, 1972, and 1994
Central African Republic
ratified by popular referendum 5 December
2004; effective 27 December 2004
Chad
passed by referendum 31 March 1996; a June 2005 referendum
removed constitutional term limits
Chile
11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended 1989,
1991, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2003, and 2005
China
most recent promulgation 4 December 1982
Christmas Island
Christmas Island Act of 1958-59 (1 October 1958) as
amended by the Territories Law Reform Act of 1992
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955 (23
November 1955) as amended by the Territories Law Reform Act of 1992
Colombia
5 July 1991
Comoros
23 December 2001
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
18 February 2006
Congo, Republic of the
approved by referendum 20 January 2002
Cook Islands
4 August 1965
Costa Rica
7 November 1949
Cote d'Ivoire
new constitution adopted 4 August 2000
Croatia
adopted on 22 December 1990; revised 2000, 2001
Cuba
24 February 1976; amended July 1992 and June 2002
Cyprus
16 August 1960; from December 1963, the Turkish Cypriots no
longer participated in the government; negotiations to create the
basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the island and for
better relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held
intermittently since the mid-1960s; in 1975, following the 1974
Turkish intervention, Turkish Cypriots created their own
constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated
State of Cyprus," which became the "Turkish Republic of Northern
Cyprus" when the Turkish Cypriots declared their independence in
1983; a new constitution for the "TRNC" passed by referendum on 5
May 1985
Czech Republic
ratified 16 December 1992, effective 1 January 1993
Denmark
5 June 1849 adoption of original constitution; a major
overhaul of 5 June 1953 allowed for a unicameral legislature and a
female chief of state
Dhekelia
Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order in
Council 1960, effective 16 August 1960
Djibouti
multiparty constitution approved by referendum 4 September
1992
Dominica
3 November 1978
Dominican Republic
28 November 1966; amended 25 July 2002
East Timor
22 March 2002 (based on the Portuguese model)
Ecuador
10 August 1998
Egypt
11 September 1971; amended 22 May 1980 and 25 May 2005
El Salvador
23 December 1983
Equatorial Guinea
approved by national referendum 17 November 1991;
amended January 1995
Eritrea
a transitional constitution, decreed on 19 May 1993, was
replaced by a new constitution adopted on 23 May 1997, but not yet
implemented
Estonia
adopted 28 June 1992
Ethiopia
ratified December 1994, effective 22 August 1995
European Union
based on a series of treaties: the Treaty of Paris,
which set up the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951;
the Treaties of Rome, which set up the European Economic Community
(EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) in 1957;
the Single European Act in 1986; the Treaty on European Union
(Maastricht) in 1992; the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997; and the
Treaty of Nice in 2001; note - a new draft Constitutional Treaty,
signed on 29 October 2004 in Rome, gave member states two years for
ratification either by parliamentary vote or national referendum
before it was scheduled to take effect on 1 November 2006; defeat in
French and Dutch referenda in May-June 2005 caused a suspension of
the ratification process
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 3 October 1985; amended 1997 and 1998
Faroe Islands
5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)
Fiji
enacted on 25 July 1997 to encourage multiculturalism and make
multiparty government mandatory; effective 28 July 1998
Finland
1 March 2000
France
adopted by referendum 28 September 1958, effective 4 October
1958; amended concerning election of president in 1962; amended to
comply with provisions of 1992 EC Maastricht Treaty, 1996 Amsterdam
Treaty, 2000 Treaty of Nice; amended to tighten immigration laws in
1993; amended in 2000 to change the seven-year presidential term to
a five-year term
French Guiana
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
French Polynesia
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Gabon
adopted 14 March 1991
Gambia, The
24 April 1970; suspended July 1994; rewritten and
approved by national referendum 8 August 1996; reestablished January
1997
Georgia
adopted 24 August 1995
Germany
23 May 1949, known as Basic Law; became constitution of the
united German people 3 October 1990
Ghana
approved 28 April 1992
Gibraltar
30 May 1969
Greece
11 June 1975; amended March 1986 and April 2001
Greenland
5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)
Grenada
19 December 1973
Guadeloupe
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Guam
Organic Act of Guam, 1 August 1950
Guatemala
31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986; note - suspended
25 May 1993 by former President Jorge SERRANO; reinstated 5 June
1993 following ouster of president; amended November 1993
Guernsey
unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
Guinea
23 December 1990 (Loi Fundamentale)
Guinea-Bissau
16 May 1984; amended 4 May 1991, 4 December 1991, 26
February 1993, 9 June 1993, NA 1996
Guyana
6 October 1980
Haiti
approved March 1987; suspended June 1988 with most articles
reinstated March 1989; constitutional government ousted in a
military coup in September 1991, although in October 1991, military
government claimed to be observing the constitution; returned to
constitutional rule in October 1994; constitution remains
technically in force but has not been observed since Aristide's
departure in 2004
Holy See (Vatican City) new Fundamental Law promulgated by Pope JOHN PAUL II on 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001 (replaces the first Fundamental Law of 1929)
Honduras
11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982; amended 1995
Hong Kong
Basic Law, approved in March 1990 by China's National
People's Congress, is Hong Kong's "mini-constitution"
Hungary
18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949; revised 19 April
1972; 18 October 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals
and constitutional checks on the authority of the prime minister and
also established the principle of parliamentary oversight; 1997
amendment streamlined the judicial system
Iceland
16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944; amended many times
India
26 January 1950; amended many times
Indonesia
August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and
Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959; series of
amemdments concluded in 2002
Iran
2-3 December 1979; revised 1989 to expand powers of the
presidency and eliminate the prime ministership
Iraq
ratified on 15 October 2005
Ireland
adopted 1 July 1937 by plebiscite; effective 29 December 1937
Isle of Man
unwritten; note - The Isle of Man Constitution Act of
1961 does not embody the unwritten Manx Constitution
Israel
no formal constitution; some of the functions of a
constitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948),
the Basic Laws of the parliament (Knesset), and the Israeli
citizenship law
Italy
passed 11 December 1947, effective 1 January 1948; amended
many times
Jamaica
6 August 1962
Japan
3 May 1947
Jersey
unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice
Jordan
1 January 1952; amended 1954, 1955, 1958, 1960, 1965, 1973,
1974, 1976, 1984
Kazakhstan
first post-independence constitution adopted 28 January
1993; new constitution adopted by national referendum 30 August 1995
Kenya
12 December 1963; amended as a republic 1964; reissued with
amendments 1979, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1997, 2001
Kiribati
12 July 1979
Korea, North
adopted 1948; completely revised 27 December 1972,
revised again in April 1992, and September 1998
Korea, South
17 July 1948
Kuwait
approved and promulgated 11 November 1962
Kyrgyzstan
adopted 5 May 1993; note - amendment proposed by
President Askar AKAYEV and passed in a national referendum on 2
February 2003 significantly expands the powers of the president at
the expense of the legislature; following the spring 2005
demonstrations, a new Constitutional Council was appointed and the
reform process is ongoing
Laos
promulgated 14 August 1991
Latvia
15 February 1922; an October 1998 amendment on Fundamental
Human Rights replaced the 1991 Constitutional Law, which had
supplemented the constitution
Lebanon
23 May 1926; amended a number of times, most recently
Charter of Lebanese National Reconciliation (Ta'if Accord) of
October 1989
Lesotho
2 April 1993
Liberia
6 January 1986
Libya
11 December 1969; amended 2 March 1977
Liechtenstein
5 October 1921
Lithuania
adopted 25 October 1992
Luxembourg
17 October 1868; occasional revisions
Macau
Basic Law, approved in March 1993 by China's National People's
Congress, is Macau's "mini-constitution"
Macedonia
adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991;
amended November 2001 by a series of new constitutional amendments
strengthening minority rights and in 2005 with amendments related to
the judiciary
Madagascar
19 August 1992 by national referendum
Malawi
18 May 1994
Malaysia
31 August 1957; amended 16 September 1963
Maldives
adopted 1 January 1998
Mali
adopted 12 January 1992
Malta
1964 constitution; amended many times
Marshall Islands
1 May 1979
Martinique
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Mauritania
12 July 1991
Mauritius
12 March 1968; amended 12 March 1992
Mayotte
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Mexico
5 February 1917
Micronesia, Federated States of
10 May 1979
Moldova
new constitution adopted 29 July 1994, effective 27 August
1994; replaced old Soviet constitution of 1979
Monaco
17 December 1962
Mongolia
12 February 1992
Montenegro
12 October 1992 (was approved by the Assembly)
Montserrat
effective 19 December 1989
Morocco
10 March 1972; revised 4 September 1992, amended (to create
bicameral legislature) September 1996
Mozambique
30 November 1990
Namibia
ratified 9 February 1990, effective 12 March 1990
Nauru
29 January 1968; amended 17 May 1968 (Constitution Day)
Nepal
9 November 1990
Netherlands
adopted 1815; amended many times, most recently in 2002
Netherlands Antilles
29 December 1954, Statute of the Realm of the
Netherlands, as amended
New Caledonia
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
New Zealand
consists of a series of legal documents, including
certain acts of the UK and New Zealand Parliaments, as well as The
Constitution Act 1986, which is the principal formal charter;
adopted 1 January 1987, effective 1 January 1987
Nicaragua
9 January 1987; reforms in 1995 and 2000
Niger
new constitution adopted 18 July 1999
Nigeria
new constitution adopted May 1999
Niue
19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act)
Norfolk Island
Norfolk Island Act of 1979
Northern Mariana Islands
Constitution of the Commonwealth of the
Northern Mariana Islands effective 1 January 1978; Covenant
Agreement fully effective 4 November 1986
Norway
17 May 1814; amended many times
Oman
none; note - on 6 November 1996, Sultan QABOOS issued a royal
decree promulgating a basic law considered by the government to be a
constitution which, among other things, clarifies the royal
succession, provides for a prime minister, bars ministers from
holding interests in companies doing business with the government,
establishes a bicameral legislature, and guarantees basic civil
liberties for Omani citizens
Pakistan
12 April 1973; suspended 5 July 1977, restored with
amendments 30 December 1985; suspended 15 October 1999, restored in
stages in 2002; amended 31 December 2003
Palau
1 January 1981
Panama
11 October 1972; major reforms adopted 1978, 1983, 1994, and
2004
Papua New Guinea
16 September 1975
Paraguay
promulgated 20 June 1992
Peru
31 December 1993
Philippines
2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987
Pitcairn Islands
30 November 1838; reformed 1904 with additional
reforms in 1940; further refined by the Local Government Ordinance
of 1964
Poland
adopted by the National Assembly 2 April 1997, passed by
national referendum 25 May 1997, effective 17 October 1997
Portugal
25 April 1976; revised many times
Puerto Rico
ratified 3 March 1952, approved by US Congress 3 July
1952, effective 25 July 1952
Qatar
ratified by public referendum on 29 April 2003, endorsed by
the amir on 8 June 2004, effective on 9 June 2005
Reunion
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Romania
8 December 1991; revision effective 29 October 2003
Russia
adopted 12 December 1993
Rwanda
new constitution adopted 4 June 2003
Saint Helena
1 January 1989
Saint Kitts and Nevis
19 September 1983
Saint Lucia
22 February 1979
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
27 October 1979
Samoa
1 January 1962
San Marino
8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the
functions of a constitution
Sao Tome and Principe
approved March 1990, effective 10 September
1990
Saudi Arabia
governed according to Shari'a law; the Basic Law that
articulates the government's rights and responsibilities was
introduced in 1993
Senegal
new constitution adopted 7 January 2001
Serbia
28 September 1990; note - a new draft constitution approved
by Parliament on 30 September 2006 stresses that Kosovo is an
integral part of Serbia; the draft must still be approved by a
national referendum
Seychelles
18 June 1993
Sierra Leone
1 October 1991; subsequently amended several times
Singapore
3 June 1959; amended 1965 (based on preindependence State
of Singapore Constitution)
Slovakia
ratified 1 September 1992, effective 1 January 1993;
changed in September 1998 to allow direct election of the president;
amended February 2001 to allow Slovakia to apply for NATO and EU
membership
Slovenia
adopted 23 December 1991
Solomon Islands
7 July 1978
Somalia
25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979
note: the formation of transitional governing institutions, known as
the Transitional Federal Government, is currently ongoing
South Africa
10 December 1996; this new constitution was certified
by the Constitutional Court on 4 December 1996, was signed by then
President MANDELA on 10 December 1996, and entered into effect on 3
February 1997; it is being implemented in phases
Spain
6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978
Sri Lanka
adopted 16 August 1978, certified 31 August 1978
Sudan
12 April 1973; suspended following coup of 6 April 1985;
interim constitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following coup of
30 June 1989; new constitution implemented on 30 June 1998 partially
suspended 12 December 1999 by President BASHIR; under the CPA,
Interim National Constitution ratified 5 July 2005; Constitution of
Southern Sudan signed December 2005
Suriname
ratified 30 September 1987
Swaziland
the first constitution was signed into law in July 2005
and is scheduled to be implemented in January 2006
Sweden
1 January 1975
Switzerland
revision of Constitution of 1874 approved by the Federal
Parliament 18 December 1998, adopted by referendum 18 April 1999,
officially entered into force 1 January 2000
Syria
13 March 1973
Taiwan
25 December 1946; amended in 1992, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2000,
2005
Tajikistan
6 November 1994
Tanzania
25 April 1977; major revisions October 1984
Thailand
constitution signed by King PHUMIPHON on 11 October 1997;
abrogated on 19 September 2006 after coup; interim constitution
promulgated on 1 October 2006; junta has promised new constitution
by October 2007
Togo
multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of the
Republic 1 July 1992, adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992
Tokelau
administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948; amended
in 1970
Tonga
4 November 1875; revised 1 January 1967
Trinidad and Tobago
1 August 1976
Tunisia
1 June 1959; amended 1988, 2002
Turkey
7 November 1982
Turkmenistan
adopted 18 May 1992
Turks and Caicos Islands
Turks and Caicos Islands Constitution Order
2006 (effective 9 August 2006)
Tuvalu
1 October 1978
Uganda
8 October 1995; in 2005 the constitution was amended removing
presidential term limits and legalizing a multiparty political system
Ukraine
adopted 28 June 1996
United Arab Emirates
2 December 1971; made permanent in 1996
United Kingdom
unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and
practice
United States
17 September 1787, effective 4 March 1789
Uruguay
27 November 1966, effective February 1967; suspended 27 June
1973, new constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980; two
constitutional reforms approved by plebiscite 26 November 1989 and 7
January 1997
Uzbekistan
new constitution adopted 8 December 1992
Vanuatu
30 July 1980
Venezuela
30 December 1999
Vietnam
15 April 1992
Virgin Islands
Revised Organic Act of 22 July 1954
Wallis and Futuna
4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Yemen
16 May 1991; amended 29 September 1994 and February 2001
Zambia
24 August 1991; amended in 1996 to establish presidential
term limits
Zimbabwe
21 December 1979
This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006
@2064 Economic aid - recipient
Afghanistan
international pledges made by more than 60 countries and
international financial institutions at the Berlin Donors Conference
for Afghan reconstruction in March 2004 reached $8.9 billion for
2004-09
Albania
ODA: $366 million (top donors were Italy, EU, Germany) (2003
est.)
Algeria
$122.8 million (2002 est.)
American Samoa
important financial support from the US, more than
$40 million in 1994
Andorra
none
Angola
$383.5 million (1999)
Anguilla
$9 million (2004 est.)
Antigua and Barbuda
$1.65 million (2004)
Argentina
$10 billion (2001 est.)
Armenia
ODA, $254 million (2004)
Aruba
$-11.3 million (2004)
Azerbaijan
ODA, $140 million (2000 est.)
Bahamas, The
$5 million (2004)
Bahrain
$150 million; note - $50 million annually since 1992 from
the UAE and Kuwait (2002)
Bangladesh
$1.575 billion (2000 est.)
Barbados
$9.1 million (1995)
Belarus
$194.3 million (1995)
Belize
$NA
Benin
$342.6 million (2000)
Bermuda
$NA
Bhutan
$78 million substantial aid from India and other nations
Bolivia
$221 million (2005 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
$650 million (2001 est.)
Botswana
$73 million (1995)
Brazil
$30 billion (2002)
British Virgin Islands
$NA
Brunei
$770,000 (2004)
Bulgaria
$475 million per year in EU pre-accession aid (2004-06)
Burkina Faso
$468.4 million (2003)
Burma
$127 million (2001 est.)
Burundi
$105.5 million (2003)
Cambodia
$504 million pledged in grants and concessional loans for
2005 by international donors
Cameroon
in January 2001, the Paris Club agreed to reduce Cameroon's
debt of $1.3 billion by $900 million; debt relief now totals $1.26
billion
Cape Verde
$136 million (1999)
Cayman Islands
$390,000 $NA
Central African Republic
ODA, $59.8 million; note - traditional
budget subsidies from France (2002 est.)
Chad
$238.3 million received; note - $125 million committed by
Taiwan (August 1997); $30 million committed by African Development
Bank; ODA $246.9 million (2003 est.)
Chile
$0 (2002)
China
$NA
Christmas Island
$NA
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
$NA
Colombia
$NA
Comoros
$24 million (2003 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
$2.2 billion (FY03/04)
Congo, Republic of the
$159.1 million (1995)
Cook Islands
$13.1 million; note - New Zealand continues to furnish
the greater part (1995)
Cote d'Ivoire
ODA, $1 billion (1996 est.)
Croatia
ODA, $166.5 million (2002)
Cuba
$68.2 million (1997 est.)
Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus - $NA; north Cyprus - $700 million from
Turkey in grants and loans, which are usually forgiven (2003-06)
Czech Republic
$2.8 billion in committed EU structural adjustment
and cohesion funds (2004-06)
Djibouti
$64.1 million (2004)
Dominica
$29.2 million (2004 est.)
Dominican Republic
$571.6 million (2004)
East Timor
$153 million (2004 est.)
Ecuador
$216 million (2002)
Egypt
ODA, $1.12 billion (2002)
El Salvador
$125 million of which, $53 million from US (2003)
Equatorial Guinea
$33.8 million $NA
Eritrea
$77 million (1999)
Estonia
$735 million (2004-06)
Ethiopia
$308 million (FY00/01)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
$0 (1997 est.)
Faroe Islands
$135 million (annual subsidy from Denmark) (1998)
Fiji
$63.9 million (2004)
French Guiana
$NA
French Polynesia
$580 million (2004)
Gabon
$331 million (1995)
Gambia, The
$59.8 million (2003)
Gaza Strip
$2 billion; note - includes West Bank (2004 est.)
Georgia
ODA, $150 million (2000 est.)
Ghana
$6.9 billion (1999)
Gibraltar
$NA
Greece
$8 billion from EU (2000-06)
Greenland
$380 million subsidy from Denmark (1997)
Grenada
$15.4 million (2004)
Guadeloupe
$NA; note - substantial annual French subsidies (2004)
Guam
Guam receives large transfer payments from the US Federal
Treasury ($143 million in 1997) into which Guamanians pay no income
or excise taxes; under the provisions of a special law of Congress,
the Guam Treasury, rather than the US Treasury, receives federal
income taxes paid by military and civilian Federal employees
stationed in Guam (2001 est.)
Guatemala
$250 million (2000 est.)
Guernsey
$NA
Guinea
$237.5 million (2003)
Guinea-Bissau
$115.4 million (1995)
Guyana
$84 million (1995), Heavily Indebted Poor Country Initiative
(HIPC) $253 million (1997)
Haiti
$153 million (FY05 est.)
Holy See (Vatican City)
$0
Honduras
$557.8 million (1999)
Hungary
$3.4 billion in committed EU structural adjustment and
cohesion funds (2004-06)
India
$2.9 billion (FY98/99)
Indonesia
$43 billion
note: Indonesia finished its IMF program in December 2003 but still
receives bilateral aid through the Consultative Group on Indonesia
(CGI), which pledged $2.8 billion in grants and loans for 2004 and
again in 2005; nearly $5 billion in aid money pledged by a variety
bilateral, multilateral, and non-governmental organization (NGO)
donors following the 2004 tsunami; money is slated for use in relief
and rebuilding efforts in Aceh (2002)
Iran
$408 million (2002 est.)
Iraq
more than $33 billion in foreign aid pledged for 2004-07 (2004)
Isle of Man
$NA
Israel
$662 million from US (2003 est.)
Jamaica
$18.5 million; note - US aid only (2004)
Jersey
$0
Jordan
ODA, $500 million (2004 est.)
Kazakhstan
$74.2 million in US assistance programs, 1992-2000
(FY2004)
Kenya
$453 million (1997)
Kiribati
$16.7 million largely from UK and Japan (2004)
Korea, North
$NA; note - approximately 350,000 metric tons in food
aid, worth approximately $118 million, through the World Food
Program appeal in 2004, plus additional aid from bilateral donors
and non-governmental organizations
Kuwait
$NA (2001)
Kyrgyzstan
$50 million from the US (2001)
Laos
$243 million (2001 est.)
Latvia
$1.2 billion (2004-06)
Lebanon
$2.2 billion received (2003), out of the $4.2 billion in
soft loans pledged at the November 2002 Paris II Aid Conference
Lesotho
$41.5 million (2000)
Liberia
$94 million (1999)
Libya
ODA, $4.4 million (2002)
Liechtenstein
$0
Lithuania
$1.6 billion in committed EU structural and cohesion funds
(2004-06)
Macau
$NA
Macedonia
$250 million (2003 est.)
Madagascar
$354 million (2001)
Malawi
$401.5 million (2001)
Maldives
$27.9 million $NA (2004)
Mali
$472.1 million (2002)
Malta
$NA
Marshall Islands
$51.1 million more than $1 billion from the US,
1986-2002
Martinique
$NA; note - substantial annual aid from France (1998)
Mauritania
$305.7 million (2002)
Mauritius
$42 million (1997)
Mayotte
$208 million; note - extensive French financial assistance
(2004)
Mexico
$1.166 billion (1995)
Micronesia, Federated States of $86.3 million under terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US pledged $1.3 billion in grant aid during the period 1986-2001; the level of aid has been subsequently reduced
Moldova
$100 million (2000)
Monaco
$NA
Mongolia
$215 million (2003)
Montenegro
NA
Montserrat
Country Policy Plan (2001) is a three-year program for
spending $122.8 million in British budgetary assistance (2002 est.)
Morocco
ODA, $218 million (2002)
Mozambique
$632.8 million (2001)
Namibia
ODA, $160 million (2000 est.)
Nauru
$20 million mostly from Australia
Nepal
$424 million (FY00/01)
Netherlands Antilles $21.5 million IMF provided $61 million in 2000, and the Netherlands continued its support with $40 million (2004)
New Caledonia
$525 million annual subsidy from France (2004)
Nicaragua
$419.5 million (2005 est.)
Niger
$453.3 million (2003)
Nigeria
IMF, $250 million (1998)
Niue
$2.6 million from New Zealand (2002)
Norfolk Island
$NA
Northern Mariana Islands
extensive funding from US
Oman
$76.4 million (1995)
Pakistan
$2.4 billion (FY01/02)
Palau
$19.6 million; note - the Compact of Free Association with the
US, entered into after the end of the UN trusteeship on 1 October
1994, provides Palau with up to $700 million in US aid over 15 years
in return for furnishing military facilities
Panama
$197.1 million (1995)
Papua New Guinea
$NA
Paraguay
$NA
Peru
$491 million (2002)
Philippines
ODA commitments, $2 billion (2004)
Pitcairn Islands
$3.465 million (2004)
Poland
$13.9 billion in available EU structural adjustment and
cohesion funds (2004-06)
Puerto Rico
$NA
Qatar
$NA
Reunion
$NA; note - substantial annual subsidies from France (2001
est.)
Romania
$3.3 billion in committed EU pre-accession aid (2004-06)
Russia
in FY01 from US, $979 million (including $750 million in
non-proliferation subsidies); in 2001 from EU, $200 million (2000
est.)
Rwanda
$425 million (2003)
Saint Helena
$12.6 million (1995); note - $5.3 million from UK (1997)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
$-110,000 (2004)
Saint Lucia
$-21.5 million (2004)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
approximately $60 million in annual grants
from France
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
$10.5 million (1995); note - EU
$34.5 million (2004)
Samoa
$30.8 million (2004)
San Marino
$NA
Sao Tome and Principe $200 million in December 2000 under the HIPC program
Senegal
$449.6 million (2003 est.)
Serbia
$2 billion pledged in 2001 to Serbia and Montenegro
(disbursements to follow over several years; aid pledged by EU and
US has been placed on hold because of lack of cooperation by Serbia
in handing over General Ratco MLADIC to the criminal court in The
Hague)
Seychelles
$16.4 million (1995)
Sierra Leone
$297.4 million (2003 est.)
Singapore
$NA
Slovakia
$1.9 billion in committed EU structural adjustment and
cohesion funds (2004-06)
Slovenia
$484 million in committed EU structural adjustment and
cohesion funds (2004-06)
Solomon Islands
$122 million annually, mainly from Australia (2004
est.)
Somalia
$60 million (1999 est.)
South Africa
$487.5 million (2000)
Sri Lanka
$577 million (1998)
Sudan
$172 million (2001)
Suriname
$46 million Netherlands provided $37 million for project
and program assistance, European Development Fund $4 million,
Belgium $2 million (2003)
Svalbard
$8.2 million from Norway (1998)
Swaziland
$104 million (2001)
Syria
$180 million (2002 est.)
Tajikistan
$67 million from US (2005)
Tanzania
$1.2 billion (2001)
Thailand
$72 million (2002)
Togo
ODA, $80 million (2000 est.)
Tokelau
about $4 million annually from New Zealand
Tonga
$19.3 million Australia $5.5 million, New Zealand $2.3 million
(FY01/02)
Trinidad and Tobago
$24 million (1999 est.)
Tunisia
$114.6 million (2002)
Turkey
ODA, $635.8 million (2002)
Turkmenistan
$16 million from the US (2001)
Turks and Caicos Islands
$4.1 million (1997)
Tuvalu
$13 million; note - major donors are Australia, Japan, and
the US (1999 est.)
Uganda
$959 million (2003)
Ukraine
$637.7 million (1995); IMF Extended Funds Facility $2.2
billion (1998)
Uruguay
$NA
Uzbekistan
$91.6 million from the US (2005)
Vanuatu
$37.8 million (2004)
Venezuela
$74 million (2000)
Vietnam
$2.8 billion in credits and grants pledged by international
donors for 2000 (2004)
Virgin Islands
$NA
Wallis and Futuna
assistance from France
West Bank
$1.14 billion; note - includes Gaza Strip (2004 est.)
Western Sahara
$NA
World
$154 billion official development assistance (ODA) (2004)
Yemen
$2.3 billion (2003-07 disbursements)
Zambia
$640.6 million (2002)
Zimbabwe
$178 million; note - the EU and the US provide food aid on
humanitarian grounds (2000 est.)
This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006
@2065 Currency (code)
Afghanistan
afghani (AFA)
Albania
lek (ALL)
Algeria
Algerian dinar (DZD)
American Samoa
US dollar (USD)
Andorra
euro (EUR)
Angola
kwanza (AOA)
Anguilla
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Antigua and Barbuda
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Argentina
Argentine peso (ARS)
Armenia
dram (AMD)
Aruba
Aruban guilder/florin (AWG)
Australia
Australian dollar (AUD)
Austria
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani manat (AZM)
Bahamas, The
Bahamian dollar (BSD)
Bahrain
Bahraini dinar (BHD)
Bangladesh
taka (BDT)
Barbados
Barbadian dollar (BBD)
Belarus
Belarusian ruble (BYB/BYR)
Belgium
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Belize
Belizean dollar (BZD)
Benin
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Bermuda
Bermudian dollar (BMD)
Bhutan
ngultrum (BTN); Indian rupee (INR)
Bolivia
boliviano (BOB)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
marka (BAM)
Botswana
pula (BWP)
Brazil
real (BRL)
British Indian Ocean Territory
both the British Pound (GBP) and the
US Dollar (USD) are accepted
British Virgin Islands
US dollar (USD)
Brunei
Bruneian dollar (BND)
Bulgaria
lev (BGL)
Burkina Faso
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Burma
kyat (MMK)
Burundi
Burundi franc (BIF)
Cambodia
riel (KHR)
Cameroon
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note -
responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Canada
Canadian dollar (CAD)
Cape Verde
Cape Verdean escudo (CVE)
Cayman Islands
Caymanian dollar (KYD)
Central African Republic
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc
(XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central
African States
Chad
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible
authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Chile
Chilean peso (CLP)
China
yuan (CNY); note - also referred to as the Renminbi (RMB)
Christmas Island
Australian dollar (AUD)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Australian dollar (AUD)
Colombia
Colombian peso (COP)
Comoros
Comoran franc (KMF)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congolese franc (CDF)
Congo, Republic of the
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF);
note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African
States
Cook Islands
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Costa Rica
Costa Rican colon (CRC)
Cote d'Ivoire
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Croatia
kuna (HRK)
Cuba
Cuban peso (CUP) and Convertible peso (CUC)
Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus: Cypriot pound (CYP); Turkish Cypriot
area: Turkish New lira (YTL)
Czech Republic
Czech koruna (CZK)
Denmark
Danish krone (DKK)
Djibouti
Djiboutian franc (DJF)
Dominica
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Dominican Republic
Dominican peso (DOP)
East Timor
US dollar (USD)
Ecuador
US dollar (USD)
Egypt
Egyptian pound (EGP)
El Salvador
US dollar (USD)
Equatorial Guinea
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note
- responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Eritrea
nakfa (ERN)
Estonia
Estonian kroon (EEK)
Ethiopia
birr (ETB)
European Union
euro, British pound, Cypriot pound, Czech koruna,
Danish krone, Estonian kroon, Hungarian forint, Latvian lat,
Lithuanian litas, Maltese lira, Polish zloty, Slovak koruna,
Slovenian tolar, Swedish krona
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Falkland pound (FKP)
Faroe Islands
Danish krone (DKK)
Fiji
Fijian dollar (FJD)
Finland
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
France
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
French Guiana
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
French Polynesia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)
Gabon
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note -
responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Gambia, The
dalasi (GMD)
Gaza Strip
new Israeli shekel (ILS)
Georgia
lari (GEL)
Germany
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Ghana
cedi (GHC)
Gibraltar
Gibraltar pound (GIP)
Greece
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Greenland
Danish krone (DKK)
Grenada
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Guadeloupe
euro (EUR)
Guam
US dollar (USD)
Guatemala
quetzal (GTQ), US dollar (USD), others allowed
Guernsey
British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Guernsey pound
Guinea
Guinean franc (GNF)
Guinea-Bissau
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Guyana
Guyanese dollar (GYD)
Haiti
gourde (HTG)
Holy See (Vatican City)
euro (EUR)
Honduras
lempira (HNL)
Hong Kong
Hong Kong dollar (HKD)
Hungary
forint (HUF)
Iceland
Icelandic krona (ISK)
India
Indian rupee (INR)
Indonesia
Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
Iran
Iranian rial (IRR)
Iraq
New Iraqi dinar (NID) as of 22 January 2004
Ireland
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Isle of Man
British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Manx pound
Israel
new Israeli shekel (ILS); note - NIS is the currency
abbreviation; ILS is the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) code for the NIS
Italy
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Jamaica
Jamaican dollar (JMD)
Japan
yen (JPY)
Jersey
British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Jersey pound
Jordan
Jordanian dinar (JOD)
Kazakhstan
tenge (KZT)
Kenya
Kenyan shilling (KES)
Kiribati
Australian dollar (AUD)
Korea, North
North Korean won (KPW)
Korea, South
South Korean won (KRW)
Kuwait
Kuwaiti dinar (KD)
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
kip (LAK)
Latvia
Latvian lat (LVL)
Lebanon
Lebanese pound (LBP)
Lesotho
loti (LSL); South African rand (ZAR)
Liberia
Liberian dollar (LRD)
Libya
Libyan dinar (LYD)
Liechtenstein
Swiss franc (CHF)
Lithuania
litas (LTL)
Luxembourg
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Macau
pataca (MOP)
Macedonia
Macedonian denar (MKD)
Madagascar
Madagascar ariary (MGA)
Malawi
Malawian kwacha (MWK)
Malaysia
ringgit (MYR)
Maldives
rufiyaa (MVR)
Mali
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible
authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Malta
Maltese lira (MTL)
Marshall Islands
US dollar (USD)
Martinique
euro (EUR)
Mauritania
ouguiya (MRO)
Mauritius
Mauritian rupee (MUR)
Mayotte
euro (EUR)
Mexico
Mexican peso (MXN)
Micronesia, Federated States of
US dollar (USD)
Moldova
Moldovan leu (MDL)
Monaco
euro (EUR)
Mongolia
togrog/tugrik (MNT)
Montenegro
euro (EUR)
Montserrat
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Morocco
Moroccan dirham (MAD)
Mozambique
metical (MZM)
Namibia
Namibian dollar (NAD); South African rand (ZAR)
Nauru
Australian dollar (AUD)
Nepal
Nepalese rupee (NPR)
Netherlands
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Netherlands Antilles
Netherlands Antillean guilder (ANG)
New Caledonia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)
New Zealand
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Nicaragua
gold cordoba (NIO)
Niger
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
(BCEAO)
Nigeria
naira (NGN)
Niue
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Norfolk Island
Australian dollar (AUD)
Northern Mariana Islands
US dollar (USD)
Norway
Norwegian krone (NOK)
Oman
Omani rial (OMR)
Pakistan
Pakistani rupee (PKR)
Palau
US dollar (USD)
Panama
balboa (PAB); US dollar (USD)
Papua New Guinea
kina (PGK)
Paraguay
guarani (PYG)
Peru
nuevo sol (PEN)
Philippines
Philippine peso (PHP)
Pitcairn Islands
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Poland
zloty (PLN)
Portugal
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Puerto Rico
US dollar (USD)
Qatar
Qatari rial (QAR)
Reunion
euro (EUR)
Romania
leu (ROL) is being phased out in 2006; "new" leu (RON) was
introduced in 2005 due to currency revaluation: 10,000 ROL = 1 RON
Russia
Russian ruble (RUR)
Rwanda
Rwandan franc (RWF)
Saint Helena
Saint Helenian pound (SHP)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Saint Lucia
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
euro (EUR)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Samoa
tala (SAT)
San Marino
euro (EUR)
Sao Tome and Principe
dobra (STD)
Saudi Arabia
Saudi riyal (SAR)
Senegal
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Serbia
new Yugoslav dinar (YUM); note - in Kosovo both the euro and
the Yugoslav dinar are legal
Seychelles
Seychelles rupee (SCR)
Sierra Leone
leone (SLL)
Singapore
Singapore dollar (SGD)
Slovakia
Slovak koruna (SKK)
Slovenia
tolar (SIT)
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands dollar (SBD)
Somalia
Somali shilling (SOS)
South Africa
rand (ZAR)
Spain
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by the financial institutions
of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions with the member countries
Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan rupee (LKR)
Sudan
Sudanese dinar (SDD)
Suriname
Surinam dollar (SRD)
Svalbard
Norwegian krone (NOK)
Swaziland
lilangeni (SZL)
Sweden
Swedish krona (SEK)
Switzerland
Swiss franc (CHF)
Syria
Syrian pound (SYP)
Taiwan
new Taiwan dollar (TWD)
Tajikistan
somoni
Tanzania
Tanzanian shilling (TZS)
Thailand
baht (THB)
Togo
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible
authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Tokelau
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Tonga
pa'anga (TOP)
Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TTD)
Tunisia
Tunisian dinar (TND)
Turkey
Turkish lira (YTL); old Turkish lira (TRL) before 1 January
2005
Turkmenistan
Turkmen manat (TMM)
Turks and Caicos Islands
US dollar (USD)
Tuvalu
Australian dollar (AUD); note - there is also a Tuvaluan
dollar
Uganda
Ugandan shilling (UGX)
Ukraine
hryvnia (UAH)
United Arab Emirates
Emirati dirham (AED)
United Kingdom
British pound (GBP)
United States
US dollar (USD)
Uruguay
Uruguayan peso (UYU)
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani soum (UZS)
Vanuatu
vatu (VUV)
Venezuela
bolivar (VEB)
Vietnam
dong (VND)
Virgin Islands
US dollar (USD)
Wallis and Futuna
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)
West Bank
new Israeli shekel (ILS); Jordanian dinar (JOD)
Western Sahara
Moroccan dirham (MAD)
Yemen
Yemeni rial (YER)
Zambia
Zambian kwacha (ZMK)
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwean dollar (ZWD)
This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006
@2066 Death rate (deaths/1,000 population)
Afghanistan
20.34 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Albania
5.22 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Algeria
4.61 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
American Samoa
3.27 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Andorra
6.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Angola
24.2 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Anguilla
5.34 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Antigua and Barbuda
5.37 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Argentina
7.55 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Armenia
8.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Aruba
6.68 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Australia
7.51 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Austria
9.76 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Azerbaijan
9.75 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Bahamas, The
9.05 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Bahrain
4.14 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Bangladesh
8.27 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Barbados
8.67 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Belarus
14.02 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Belgium
10.27 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Belize
5.72 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Benin
12.22 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Bermuda
7.74 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Bhutan
12.7 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Bolivia
7.53 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
8.27 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Botswana
29.5 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Brazil
6.17 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
British Virgin Islands
4.42 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Brunei
3.45 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Bulgaria
14.27 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Burkina Faso
15.6 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Burma
9.83 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Burundi
13.46 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Cambodia
9.06 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Cameroon
13.47 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Canada
7.8 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Cape Verde
6.55 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Cayman Islands
4.89 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Central African Republic
18.65 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Chad
16.38 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Chile
5.81 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
China
6.97 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Christmas Island
NA
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA deaths/1,000 population
Colombia
5.58 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Comoros
8.2 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 13.27 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Congo, Republic of the
12.93 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Cook Islands
NA deaths/1,000 population
Costa Rica
4.36 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire
14.84 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Croatia
11.48 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Cuba
7.22 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Cyprus
7.68 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Czech Republic
10.59 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Denmark
10.36 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Djibouti
19.31 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Dominica
6.73 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Dominican Republic
5.73 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
East Timor
6.24 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Ecuador
4.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Egypt
5.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
El Salvador
5.78 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Equatorial Guinea
15.06 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Eritrea
9.6 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Estonia
13.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Ethiopia
14.86 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
European Union
10.1 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA deaths/1,000 population
Faroe Islands
8.7 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Fiji
5.65 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Finland
9.86 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
France
9.14 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
French Guiana
4.88 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
French Polynesia
4.69 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Gabon
12.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Gambia, The
12.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Gaza Strip
3.8 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Georgia
9.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Germany
10.62 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Ghana
9.72 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Gibraltar
9.31 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Greece
10.24 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Greenland
7.84 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Grenada
6.88 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Guadeloupe
6.09 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Guam
4.48 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Guatemala
5.2 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Guernsey
10.01 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Guinea
15.48 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Guinea-Bissau
16.53 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Guyana
8.28 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Haiti
12.17 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Honduras
5.28 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Hong Kong
6.29 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Hungary
13.11 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Iceland
6.72 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
India
8.18 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Indonesia
6.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Iran
5.55 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Iraq
5.37 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Ireland
7.82 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Isle of Man
11.19 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Israel
6.18 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Italy
10.4 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Jamaica
6.52 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Japan
9.16 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Jersey
9.28 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Jordan
2.65 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Kazakhstan
9.42 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Kenya
14.02 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Kiribati
8.26 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Korea, North
7.13 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Korea, South
5.85 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Kuwait
2.41 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Kyrgyzstan
7.08 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Laos
11.55 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Latvia
13.66 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Lebanon
6.21 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Lesotho
28.71 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Liberia
23.1 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Libya
3.48 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Liechtenstein
7.18 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Lithuania
10.98 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Luxembourg
8.41 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Macau
4.47 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Macedonia
8.77 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Madagascar
11.11 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Malawi
19.33 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Malaysia
5.05 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Maldives
7.06 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Mali
16.89 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Malta
8.1 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Marshall Islands
4.78 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Martinique
6.48 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Mauritania
12.16 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Mauritius
6.86 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Mayotte
7.7 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Mexico
4.74 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Micronesia, Federated States of 4.75 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Moldova
12.64 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Monaco
12.91 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Mongolia
6.95 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Montenegro
9.2 deaths/1,000 population (2004)
Montserrat
7.1 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Morocco
5.58 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Mozambique
21.35 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Namibia
18.86 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Nauru
6.7 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Nepal
9.31 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Netherlands
8.68 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Netherlands Antilles
6.45 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
New Caledonia
5.69 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
New Zealand
7.53 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Nicaragua
4.45 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Niger
20.91 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Nigeria
16.94 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Niue
NA deaths/1,000 population
Norfolk Island
NA deaths/1,000 population
Northern Mariana Islands
2.29 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Norway
9.4 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Oman
3.81 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Pakistan
8.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Palau
6.8 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Panama
5.36 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Papua New Guinea
7.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Paraguay
4.49 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Peru
6.23 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Philippines
5.41 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Pitcairn Islands
NA deaths/1,000 population
Poland
9.89 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Portugal
10.5 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Puerto Rico
7.65 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Qatar
4.72 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Reunion
5.49 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Romania
11.77 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Russia
14.65 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Rwanda
16.09 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Saint Helena
6.53 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
8.33 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Saint Lucia
5.08 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
6.83 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5.98 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Samoa
6.62 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
San Marino
8.17 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sao Tome and Principe
6.47 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Saudi Arabia
2.58 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Senegal
9.42 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Seychelles
6.29 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sierra Leone
23.03 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Singapore
4.28 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Slovakia
9.45 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Slovenia
10.31 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Solomon Islands
3.92 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Somalia
16.63 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
South Africa
22 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Spain
9.72 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sri Lanka
6.52 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sudan
8.97 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Suriname
7.27 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Svalbard
NA deaths/1,000 population
Swaziland
29.74 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Sweden
10.31 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Switzerland
8.49 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Syria
4.81 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Taiwan
6.48 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Tajikistan
8.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Tanzania
16.39 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Thailand
7.04 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Togo
9.83 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Tokelau
NA deaths/1,000 population
Tonga
5.28 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Trinidad and Tobago
10.57 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Tunisia
5.13 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Turkey
5.97 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Turkmenistan
8.6 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands
4.21 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Tuvalu
7.11 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Uganda
12.24 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Ukraine
14.39 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
United Arab Emirates
4.4 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
United Kingdom
10.13 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
United States
8.26 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Uruguay
9.05 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Uzbekistan
7.84 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Vanuatu
7.82 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Venezuela
4.92 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Vietnam
6.22 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Virgin Islands
6.43 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Wallis and Futuna
NA deaths/1,000 population
West Bank
3.92 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Western Sahara
NA deaths/1,000 population
World
8.67 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Yemen
8.3 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Zambia
19.93 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Zimbabwe
21.84 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006
@2067 Military expenditures - dollar figure
Afghanistan
$122.4 million (2005 est.)
Albania
$56.5 million (FY02)
Algeria
$3 billion (2005 est.)
Angola
$2 billion (2005 est.)
Antigua and Barbuda
NA
Argentina
$4.3 billion (FY99)
Armenia
$135 million (FY01)
Australia
$17.84 billion (2005 est.)
Austria
$1.497 billion (FY01/02)
Azerbaijan
$121 million (FY99)
Bahamas, The
NA
Bahrain
$627.7 million (2005 est.)
Bangladesh
$1.01 billion (2005 est.)
Barbados
NA
Belarus
$420.5 million (2006)
Belgium
$3.999 billion (2003)
Belize
$19 million (2005 est.)
Benin
$100.9 million (2005 est.)
Bermuda
$4.03 million (2001)
Bhutan
$8.29 million (2005 est.)
Bolivia
$130 million (2005 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
$234.3 million (FY02)
Botswana
$325.5 million (2005 est.)
Brazil
$9.94 billion (2005 est.)
Brunei
$290.7 million (2003 est.)
Bulgaria
$356 million (FY02)
Burkina Faso
$74.83 million (2005 est.)
Burma
$39 million (FY97)
Burundi
$43.9 million (2005 est.)
Cambodia
$112 million (FY01 est.)
Cameroon
$230.2 million (2005 est.)
Canada
$9,801.7 million (2003)
Cape Verde
$7.18 million (2005 est.)
Central African Republic
$16.37 million (2005 est.)
Chad
$68.95 million (2005 est.)
Chile
$3.91 billion (2005 est.)
China
$81.48 billion (2005 est.)
Colombia
$3.3 billion (FY01)
Comoros
$12.87 million (2005 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
$103.7 million (2005 est.)
Congo, Republic of the
$85.22 million (2005 est.)
Costa Rica
$83.46 million (2005 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire
$246.6 million (2005 est.)
Croatia
$620 million (2004)
Cuba
$694 million (2005 est.)
Cyprus
$384 million (FY02)
Czech Republic
$2.17 billion (2004)
Denmark
$3,271.6 million (2003)
Djibouti
$29.05 million (2005 est.)
Dominica
NA
Dominican Republic
$0 (2002 est.)
East Timor
$4.4 million (FY03)
Ecuador
$650 million (2005 est.)
Egypt
$2.44 billion (2003)
El Salvador
$161.7 million (2005 est.)
Equatorial Guinea
$152.2 million (2005 est.)
Eritrea
$220.1 million (2005 est.)
Estonia
$155 million (2002 est.)
Ethiopia
$295.9 million (2005 est.)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA
Faroe Islands
NA
Fiji
$36 million (2004)
Finland
$1.8 billion (FY98/99)
France
$45 billion FY06 (2005)
French Guiana
NA
Gabon
$253.5 million (2005 est.)
Gambia, The
$1.55 million (2005 est.)
Gaza Strip
NA
Georgia
$23 million (FY00)
Germany
$35.063 billion (2003)
Ghana
$83.65 million (2005 est.)
Greece
$5.89 billion (2004)
Grenada
NA
Guatemala
$169.8 million (2005 est.)
Guinea
$119.7 million (2005 est.)
Guinea-Bissau
$9.46 million (2005 est.)
Guyana
$6.48 million (2003 est.)
Haiti
$25.96 million (2003 est.)
Honduras
$52.8 million (2005 est.)
Hong Kong
Hong Kong garrison is funded by China; figures are NA
Hungary
$1.08 billion (2002 est.)
Iceland
0
India
$19.04 billion (2005 est.)
Indonesia
$1.3 billion (2004)
Iran
$4.3 billion (2003 est.)
Iraq
$1.34 billion (2005 est.)
Ireland
$700 million (FY00/01)
Israel
$9.45 billion (2005 est.)
Italy
$28,182.8 million (2003)
Jamaica
$31.17 million (2003 est.)
Japan
$44.31 billion (2005 est.)
Jordan
$1.4 billion (2005 est.)
Kazakhstan
$221.8 million (Ministry of Defense expenditures) (FY02)
Kenya
$280.5 million (2005 est.)
Kiribati
NA
Korea, North
$5,217.4 million (FY02)
Korea, South
$21.06 billion FY05 (2005 est.)
Kuwait
$3.01 billion (2005 est.)
Kyrgyzstan
$19.2 million (FY01)
Laos
$11.04 million (2005 est.)
Latvia
$87 million (FY01)
Lebanon
$540.6 million (2004)
Lesotho
$41.1 million (2005 est.)
Liberia
$67.4 million (2005 est.)
Libya
$1.3 billion (FY99)
Lithuania
$230.8 million (FY01)
Luxembourg
$231.6 million (2003)
Macedonia
$200 million (FY01/02 est.)
Madagascar
$329 million (2005 est.)
Malawi
$15.81 million (2005 est.)
Malaysia
$1.69 billion (FY00 est.)
Maldives
$45.07 million (2005 est.)
Mali
$106.3 million (2005 est.)
Malta
$38.168 million (2005 est.)
Marshall Islands
NA
Mauritania
$19.32 million (2005 est.)
Mauritius
$12.04 million (2005 est.)
Mexico
$6.07 billion (2005 est.)
Moldova
$8.7 million (2004)
Mongolia
$23.1 million (FY02)
Montenegro
$2.306 billion
Morocco
$2.31 billion (2003 est.)
Mozambique
$78.03 million (2005 est.)
Namibia
$149.5 million (2005 est.)
Nauru
NA
Nepal
$104.9 million (2005 est.)
Netherlands
$9.408 billion (2004)
New Caledonia
NA
New Zealand
$1.147 billion (FY03/04)
Nicaragua
$32.27 million (2005 est.)
Niger
$44.78 million (2005 est.)
Nigeria
$737.6 million (2005 est.)
Norway
$4,033.5 million (2003)
Oman
$252.99 million (2004)
Pakistan
$4.26 billion (2005 est.)
Palau
NA
Panama
$150 million (2005 est.)
Papua New Guinea
$16.9 million (2003)
Paraguay
$53.1 million (2003 est.)
Peru
$829.3 million (2003 est.)
Philippines
$836.9 million (2005 est.)
Poland
$3.5 billion (2002)
Portugal
$3,497.8 million (2003)
Qatar
$723 million (FY00)
Romania
$985 million (2002)
Russia
NA
Rwanda
$53.66 million (2005 est.)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
NA
Saint Lucia
NA
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
NA
Samoa
NA
San Marino
$700,000 (FY00/01)
Sao Tome and Principe
$581,729 (2005 est.)
Saudi Arabia
$18 billion (2002)
Senegal
$117.3 million (2005 est.)
Serbia
$14.85 million
Seychelles
$14.85 million (2005 est.)
Sierra Leone
$14.25 million (2005 est.)
Singapore
$4.47 billion (FY01 est.)
Slovakia
$406 million (2002)
Slovenia
$370 million (FY00)
Solomon Islands
NA
Somalia
$22.34 million (2005 est.)
South Africa
$3.55 billion (2005 est.)
Spain
$9,906.5 million (2003)
Sri Lanka
$606.2 million (2005 est.)
Sudan
$587 million (2001 est.) (2004)
Suriname
$7.5 million (2003 est.)
Svalbard
$5.501 billion
Swaziland
$41.6 million (2005 est.)
Sweden
$5.51 billion (2005 est.)
Switzerland
$2.548 billion (FY01)
Syria
$858 million (FY00 est.); note - based on official budget data
that may understate actual spending
Taiwan
$7.93 billion (2005 est.)
Tajikistan
$35.4 million (FY01)
Tanzania
$21.2 million (2005 est.)
Thailand
$1.775 billion (FY00)
Togo
$29.98 million (2005 est.)
Tokelau
$66.72 million
Tonga
NA
Trinidad and Tobago
$66.72 million (2003 est.)
Tunisia
$356 million (FY99)
Turkey
$12.155 billion (2003)
Turkmenistan
$90 million (FY99)
Turks and Caicos Islands
$192.8 million
Tuvalu
NA
Uganda
$192.8 million (2005 est.)
Ukraine
$617.9 million (FY02)
United Arab Emirates
$1.6 billion (FY00)
United Kingdom
$42,836.5 million (2003)
United States
$518.1 billion (FY04 est.) (2005 est.)
Uruguay
$371.2 million (2005 est.)
Uzbekistan
$200 million (FY97)
Vanuatu
NA
Venezuela
$1.61 billion (2005 est.)
Vietnam
$650 million (FY98)
West Bank
NA
Western Sahara
$992.2 million
World
aggregate real expenditure on arms worldwide has increased in
the beginning of the 21st century, with the largest increase in the
US; a rough estimate for 2005 is $1.2 trillion (at puchasing power
parity) (2005 est.)
Yemen
$992.2 million (2005 est.)
Zambia
$121.7 million (2005 est.)
Zimbabwe
$124.7 million (2005 est.)
This page was last updated on 2 November, 2006
@2068 Dependent areas
Australia
Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos
(Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald
Islands, Norfolk Island, Macquarie Island
France
Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French
Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands,
Juan de Nova Island, New Caledonia, Tromelin Island, Wallis and
Futuna
note: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica
Netherlands
Aruba, Netherlands Antilles
New Zealand
Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau
Norway
Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard
United Kingdom
Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory,
British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar,
Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena and Ascension, South
Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands
United States
American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island,
Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa
Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin
Islands, Wake Island
note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administered
the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; it entered into a
political relationship with all four political units: the Northern
Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the US
(effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands
signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21
October 1986); the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact
of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau
concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 1
October 1994)
This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006
@2070 Disputes - international
Afghanistan
most Afghan refugees in Pakistan have been repatriated,
but thousands still remain in Iran, many at their own choosing;
Coalition and Pakistani forces continue to patrol remote tribal
areas to control the borders and stem organized terrorist and other
illegal cross-border activities; regular meetings between Pakistani
and Coalition allies aim to resolve periodic claims of boundary
encroachments; regional conflicts over water-sharing arrangements
with Amu Darya and Helmand River states
Albania
the Albanian Government calls for the protection of the
rights of ethnic Albanians in neighboring countries, and the
peaceful resolution of interethnic disputes; some ethnic Albanian
groups in neighboring countries advocate for a "greater Albania,"
but the idea has little appeal among Albanian nationals; thousands
of unemployed Albanians emigrate annually to nearby Italy and other
developed countries
Algeria
Algeria supports the exiled Sahrawi Polisario Front and
rejects Moroccan administration of Western Sahara; most of the
approximately 102,000 Western Saharan Sahrawi refugees are sheltered
in camps in Tindouf, Algeria; Algeria's border with Morocco remains
an irritant to bilateral relations, each nation accusing the other
of harboring militants and arms smuggling; in an attempt to improve
relations, Morocco, in mid-2004, unilaterally lifted the requirement
that Algerians visiting Morocco possess entry visas - a gesture not
reciprocated by Algeria; Algeria remains concerned about armed
bandits operating throughout the Sahel who sometimes destabilize
southern Algerian towns; dormant disputes include Libyan claims of
about 32,000 sq km still reflected on its maps of southeastern
Algeria and the FLN's assertions of a claim to Chirac Pastures in
southeastern Morocco
American Samoa
none
Andorra
none
Angola
many Cabinda exclave secessionists have sought shelter in
neighboring states
Anguilla
none
Antarctica
Antarctic Treaty freezes claims (see Antarctic Treaty
Summary in government type entry); Argentina, Australia, Chile,
France, NZ, Norway, and UK claim land and maritime sectors (some
overlapping) for a large portion of the continent; the US and many
other states do not recognize these territorial claims and have made
no claims themselves (the US and Russia reserve the right to do so);
no claims have been made in the sector between 90 degrees west and
150 degrees west; several states with territorial claims in
Antarctica have expressed their intention to submit data to the UN
Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf to extend their
continental shelf claims to adjoining undersea ridges
Antigua and Barbuda
none
Arctic Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Argentina
Argentina continues to assert its claims to the
UK-administered Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia
and the South Sandwich Islands in its constitution, forcibly
occupying the Falklands in 1982, but in 1995 agreed no longer to
seek settlement by force; territorial claim in Antarctica partially
overlaps UK and Chilean claims (see Antarctic disputes); unruly
region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus
of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics
trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations;
uncontested dispute between Brazil and Uruguay over Braziliera
Island in the Quarai/Cuareim River leaves the tripoint with
Argentina in question; action by the joint boundary commission,
established by Chile and Argentina in 2001, for mapping and
demarcating the disputed boundary in the Andean Southern Ice Field
(Campo de Hielo Sur) remains pending
Armenia
Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in
Nagorno-Karabakh and since the early 1990s, has militarily occupied
16% of Azerbaijan - Organization for Security and Cooperation in
Europe (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; over 800,000 mostly
ethnic Azerbaijanis were driven from the occupied lands and Armenia;
about 230,000 ethnic Armenians were driven from their homes in
Azerbaijan into Armenia; Azerbaijan seeks transit route through
Armenia to connect to Naxcivan exclave; border with Turkey remains
closed over Nagorno-Karabakh dispute; ethnic Armenian groups in
Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy; tens of thousands
of Armenians emigrate, primarily to Russia, to seek employment
Aruba
none
Ashmore and Cartier Islands Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed the surrounding waters to Indonesian traditional fishing and created a national park in the region while continuing to prospect for hydrocarbons in the vicinity
Atlantic Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Australia
East Timor and Australia agreed in 2005 to defer the
disputed portion of the boundary for fifty years and to split
hydrocarbon revenues evenly outside the Joint Petroleum Development
Area covered by the 2002 Timor Sea Treaty; East Timor dispute
hampers creation of a revised maritime boundary with Indonesia (see
also Ashmore and Cartier Islands dispute); regional states express
concern over Australia's 2004 declaration of a 1,000-nautical
mile-wide maritime identification zone; Australia asserts land and
maritime claims to Antarctica (see Antarctica); in 2004 Australia
submitted its claims to UN Commission on the Limits of the
Continental Shelf (CLCS) to extend its continental margin from both
its mainland and Antarctic claims
Austria
Austrian anti-nuclear activists have revived blockades of
the Czech-Austrian border to protest operation of the Temelin
nuclear power plant in the Czech Republic
Azerbaijan
Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in
Nagorno-Karabakh and since the early 1990s has militarily occupied
16% of Azerbaijan; over 800,000 mostly ethnic Azerbaijanis were
driven from the occupied lands and Armenia; about 230,000 ethnic
Armenians were driven from their homes in Azerbaijan into Armenia;
Azerbaijan seeks transit route through Armenia to connect to
Naxcivan exclave; Organization for Security and Cooperation in
Europe (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,
and Russia ratify Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on
equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on an even one-fifth
allocation and challenges Azerbaijan's hydrocarbon exploration in
disputed waters; bilateral talks continue with Turkmenistan on
dividing the seabed and contested oilfields in the middle of the
Caspian; Azerbaijan and Georgia continue to discuss the alignment of
their boundary at certain crossing areas
Bahamas, The
disagrees with the US on the alignment of the maritime
boundary; continues to monitor and interdict Haitian refugees
fleeing economic privation and political instability
Bahrain
none
Baker Island
none
Bangladesh
discussions with India remain stalled to delimit a small
section of river boundary, exchange 162 miniscule enclaves in both
countries, allocate divided villages, and stop illegal cross-border
trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the
porous border; Bangladesh resists India's attempts to fence or wall
off high-traffic sections of the porous boundary; a joint
Bangladesh-India boundary inspection in 2005 revealed 92 pillars are
missing; dispute with India over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha
Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation;
Burmese Muslim refugees strain Bangladesh's meager resources
Barbados
in 2005, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago agreed to
compulsory international arbitration that will result in a binding
award challenging whether the northern limit of Trinidad and
Tobago's and Venezuela's maritime boundary extends into Barbadian
waters and the southern limit of Barbadian traditional fishing;
joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves
Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under the UN
Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which permits Venezuela
to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the
Caribbean Sea
Bassas da India
claimed by Madagascar
Belarus
1997 boundary treaty with Ukraine remains unratified over
unresolved financial claims, preventing demarcation and diminishing
border security; the whole boundary with Latvia and more than half
the boundary with Lithuania remains undemarcated; discussions toward
economic and political union with Russia proceed slowly
Belgium
none
Belize
Guatemalan squatters continue to settle in the largely
uninhabited rain forests of Belize's border region; OAS seeks to
revive the 2002 failed Belize-Guatemala Differendum that created a
small adjustment to land boundary, a Guatemalan maritime corridor in
Caribbean, joint ecological park for disputed Sapodilla Cays, and
substantial US-UK financial package
Benin
Benin and Burkina Faso military clash in 2006 over sections of
riverine boundary involving disputed villages and squatters; much of
Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with Nigeria, remains
undemarcated; in 2005, Nigeria ceded thirteen villages to Benin as a
consequence of a 2004 joint task force to resolve maritime and land
boundary disputes, but clashes among rival gangs along the border
persist; a joint boundary commission continues to resurvey the
boundary with Togo to verify Benin's claim that Togo moved boundary
stones
Bermuda
none
Bhutan
approximately 105,000 Bhutanese have lived decades as
refugees in Nepal, 90% of whom reside in seven UN Office of the High
Commissioner for Refugees camps; Bhutan cooperates with India to
expel Indian separatists
Bolivia
Chile rebuffs Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the
Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, offering instead
unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile for
Bolivian natural gas and other commodities
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia and
Montenegro have delimited most of their boundary, but sections along
the Drina River remain in dispute; discussions continue with Croatia
on several small disputed sections of the boundary related to
maritime access that hinder ratification of the 1999 border agreement
Botswana
commission established with Namibia has yet to resolve
small residual disputes along the Caprivi Strip, including the
Situngu marshlands along the Linyanti River; downstream Botswana
residents protest Namibia's planned construction of the Okavango
hydroelectric dam at Popavalle (Popa Falls); Botswana has built
electric fences to stem the thousands of Zimbabweans who flee to
find work and escape political persecution; Namibia has long
supported and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to plans between
Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River,
thereby de facto recognizing their short, but not clearly delimited
Botswana-Zambia boundary
Bouvet Island
none
Brazil
unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay
borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal
narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations;
uncontested dispute with Uruguay over certain islands in the
Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada boundary streams and the resulting
tripoint with Argentina; in 2004 Brazil submitted its claims to the
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to extend
its maritime continental margin
British Indian Ocean Territory
Mauritius and Seychelles claim the
Chagos Archipelago including Diego Garcia; in 2001 the former
inhabitants of the Chagos Archipelago, evicted in 1965 and now
residing chiefly in Mauritius, were granted UK citizenship and the
right to repatriation; the UK resists the Chagossians' demand for an
immediate return to the islands; repatriation is complicated by the
exclusive US military lease of Diego Garcia that restricts access to
the largest island in the chain;
British Virgin Islands
none
Brunei
in 2003 Brunei and Malaysia ceased gas and oil exploration in
their disputed offshore and deepwater seabeds and negotiations have
stalemated prompting consideration of international legal
adjudication; Malaysia's land boundary with Brunei around Limbang is
in dispute; Brunei established an exclusive economic fishing zone
encompassing Louisa Reef in southern Spratly Islands in 1984 but
makes no public territorial claim to the offshore reefs; the 2002
"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has
eased tensions in the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally
binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants
Bulgaria
none
Burkina Faso
two villages are in dispute along the border with
Benin; Benin accuses Burkina Faso of moving boundary pillars;
Burkina Faso border regions remain a staging area for Liberia and
Cote d'Ivoire rebels and an asylum for refugees caught in local
fighting; the Ivoirian Government accuses Burkina Faso of sheltering
Ivoirian rebels
Burma
over half of Burma's population consists of diverse ethnic
groups with substantial numbers of kin beyond its borders; despite
continuing border committee talks, significant differences remain
with Thailand over boundary alignment and the handling of ethnic
rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border activities; ethnic Karens
flee into Thailand to escape fighting between Karen rebels and
Burmese troops; in 2005 Thailand sheltered about 121,000 Burmese
refugees; Karens also protest Thai support for a Burmese
hydroelectric dam on the Salween River near the border;
environmentalists in Burma and Thailand continue to voice concern
over China's construction of hydroelectric dams upstream on the
Nujiang/Salween River in Yunnan Province; India seeks cooperation
from Burma to keep Indian Nagaland separatists from hiding in remote
Burmese uplands
Burundi
Tutsi, Hutu, other conflicting ethnic groups, associated
political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces
continue fighting in the Great Lakes region, transcending the
boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and
Uganda in an effort to gain control over populated and natural
resource areas; government heads pledge to end conflict, but
localized violence continues despite the presence of about 6,000
peacekeepers from the UN Operation in Burundi (ONUB) since 2004;
although some 150,000 Burundian refugees have been repatriated, as
of February 2005, Burundian refugees still reside in camps in
western Tanzania as well as the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Cambodia
Southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to
check the spread of avian flu; Cambodia and Thailand dispute
sections of boundary with missing boundary markers and Thai
encroachments into Cambodian territory; maritime boundary with
Vietnam is hampered by unresolved dispute over offshore islands;
Cambodia accuses Thailand of obstructing access to Preah Vihear
temple ruins awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962; in 2004,
Cambodian-Laotian and Laotian-Vietnamese boundary commissions
re-erected missing markers completing most of their demarcations
Cameroon
ICJ ruled in 2002 on the entire Cameroon-Nigeria land and
maritime boundary but the parties formed a Joint Border Commission,
which continues to meet regularly to resolve differences bilaterally
and have commenced with demarcation in less-contested sections of
the boundary, starting in Lake Chad in the north; implementation of
the ICJ ruling on the Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime
boundary in the Gulf of Guinea is impeded by imprecisely defined
coordinates and a sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and
Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River; Nigeria
initially rejected cession of the Bakassi Peninsula, then agreed,
but much of the indigenous population opposes cession; only Nigeria
and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to
ratify the delimitation treaty which also includes the Chad-Niger
and Niger-Nigeria boundaries
Canada
managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon
Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and around the
disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; working toward greater
cooperation with US in monitoring people and commodities crossing
the border; uncontested sovereignty dispute with Denmark over Hans
Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland
Cape Verde
none
Cayman Islands
none
Central African Republic
about 30,000 refugees fleeing the 2002
civil conflict in the CAR still reside in southern Chad; periodic
skirmishes over water and grazing rights among related pastoral
populations along the border with southern Sudan persist
Chad
since the expulsions of residents from Darfur in 2003 by
Janjawid armed militia and Sudanese military, about 200,000 refugees
remain in eastern Chad; Chad remains an important mediator in the
Sudanese civil conflict, reducing tensions with Sudan arising from
cross-border banditry; Chadian Aozou rebels reside in southern
Libya; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad
Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which
also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries
Chile
Chile rebuffs Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the
Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, offering instead
unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile to
Bolivian gas and other commodities; Peru proposes changing its
latitudinal maritime boundary with Chile to an equidistance line
with a southwestern axis; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean
Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps Argentine and British
claims; action by the joint boundary commission, established by
Chile and Argentina in 2001, for mapping and demarcating the
disputed boundary in the Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo de Hielo
Sur) remains pending
China
in 2005, China and India began drafting principles to resolve
all aspects of their extensive boundary and territorial disputes
together with a security and foreign policy dialogue to consolidate
discussions related to the boundary, regional nuclear proliferation,
and other matters; recent talks and confidence-building measures
have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, site of the world's
largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under
the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and
Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India does
not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in
1964; about 90,000 ethnic Tibetan exiles reside primarily in India
as well as Nepal and Bhutan; China asserts sovereignty over the
Spratly Islands together with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan,
Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct
of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions in the
Spratlys but is not the legally binding "code of conduct" sought by
some parties; Vietnam and China continue to expand construction of
facilities in the Spratlys and in March 2005, the national oil
companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint
accord on marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; China
occupies some of the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and
Taiwan; China and Taiwan have become more vocal in rejecting both
Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu
Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared equidistance line in the East
China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon prospecting; certain
islands in the Yalu and Tumen rivers are in an uncontested dispute
with North Korea and a section of boundary around Mount Paektu is
considered indefinite; China seeks to stem illegal migration of tens
of thousands of North Koreans; China and Russia prepare to demarcate
the boundary agreed to in October 2004 between the long-disputed
islands at the Amur and Ussuri; demarcation of the China-Vietnam
boundary proceeds slowly and although the maritime boundary
delimitation and fisheries agreements were ratified in June 2004,
implementation has been delayed; environmentalists in Burma and
Thailand remain concerned about China's construction of
hydroelectric dams upstream on the Nujiang/Salween River in Yunnan
Province
Christmas Island
none
Clipperton Island
none
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
none
Colombia
Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in 1999 and
against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over disputed maritime boundary
involving 50,000 sq km in the Caribbean Sea, including the
Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank;
dispute with Venezuela over maritime boundary and Los Monjes Islands
near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics,
guerrilla, and paramilitary activities penetrate all of its
neighbors' borders and have created a serious refugee crisis with
over 300,000 persons having fled the country, mostly into
neighboring states
Comoros
claims French-administered Mayotte
Congo, Democratic Republic of the heads of the Great Lakes states and UN pledge to end conflict but unchecked tribal, rebel, and militia fighting continues unabated in the northeastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, drawing in the neighboring states of Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda; the UN Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) has maintained over 14,000 peacekeepers in the region since 1999; thousands of Ituri refugees from the Congo continue to flee the fighting primarily into Uganda; 90,000 Angolan refugees were repatriated by 2004 with the remainder in the DRC expected to return in 2005; in 2005, DRC and Rwanda established a border verification mechanism to address accusations of Rwandan military supporting Congolese rebels and the DRC providing rebel Rwandan "Interhamwe" forces the means and bases to attack Rwandan forces; the location of the boundary in the broad Congo River with the Republic of the Congo is indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area
Congo, Republic of the
about 7,000 Congolese refugees fleeing
internal civil conflicts since the mid-1990s still reside in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo; the location of the boundary in
the broad Congo River with the Democratic Republic of the Congo is
indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area
Cook Islands
none
Coral Sea Islands
none
Costa Rica
in September 2005, Costa Rica took its case before the
ICJ to advocate the navigation, security, and commercial rights of
Costa Rican vessels using the Río San Juan over which Nicaragua
retains sovereignty
Cote d'Ivoire
rebel and ethnic fighting against the central
government in 2002 has spilled into neighboring states, driven out
foreign cocoa workers from nearby countries, and, in 2004, resulted
in 6,000 peacekeepers deployed as part of UN Operation in Cote
d'Ivoire (UNOCI) assisting 4,000 French troops already in-country;
the Ivorian Government accuses Burkina Faso and Liberia of
supporting Ivorian rebels
Croatia
discussions continue with Bosnia and Herzegovina over
several small disputed sections of the boundary related to maritime
access that hinders ratification of the 1999 border agreement; the
Croatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement, which would
have ceded most of Pirin Bay and maritime access to Slovenia and
several villages to Croatia, remains un-ratified and in dispute; as
a European Union peripheral state, neighboring Slovenia must conform
to the strict Schengen border rules to curb illegal migration and
commerce through southeastern Europe while encouraging close
cross-border ties with Croatia
Cuba
US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutual
agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease
Cyprus
hostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de facto
autonomous entities, the internationally recognized Cypriot
Government and a Turkish-Cypriot community (north Cyprus); the
1,000-strong UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) has served in
Cyprus since 1964 and maintains the buffer zone between north and
south; March 2003 reunification talks failed, but Turkish-Cypriots
later opened their borders to temporary visits by Greek Cypriots; on
24 April 2004, the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities
voted in simultaneous and parallel referenda on whether to approve
the UN-brokered Annan Plan that would have ended the 30-year
division of the island by establishing a new "United Cyprus
Republic," a majority of Greek Cypriots voted "no"; on 1 May 2004,
Cyprus entered the European Union still divided, with the EU's body
of legislation and standards (acquis communitaire) suspended in the
north
Czech Republic
in February 2005, the ICJ refused to rule on the
restitution of Liechtenstein's land and property assets in the Czech
Republic confiscated in 1945 as German property; individual Sudeten
Germans seek restitution for property confiscated in connection with
their expulsion from Czechoslovakia after World War II; Austrian
anti-nuclear activists have revived blockades of the Czech-Austrian
border to protest operation of the Temelin nuclear power plant in
the Czech Republic
Denmark
Iceland disputes the Faroe Islands' fisheries median line;
Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe
Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm; Faroese continue
to study proposals for full independence; uncontested sovereignty
dispute with Canada over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between
Ellesmere Island and Greenland
Djibouti
Djibouti maintains economic ties and border accords with
"Somaliland" leadership while maintaining some political ties to
various factions in Somalia; thousands of Somali refugees await
repatriation in UNHCR camps in Djibouti
Dominica
Dominica is the only Caribbean state to challenge
Venezuela's sovereignty claim over Aves Island and joins the other
island nations in challenging whether the feature sustains human
habitation, a criterion under the UN Convention on the Law of the
Sea (UNCLOS), which permits Venezuela to extend its Exclusive
Economic Zone (EEZ) and continental shelf claims over a large
portion of the Caribbean Sea
Dominican Republic
increasing numbers of illegal migrants from the
Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage each year to Puerto Rico
to find work
East Timor
UN Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET) has
maintained about 1,000 peacekeepers in East Timor since 2002; East
Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet, survey, and
delimit the land boundary, but several sections of the boundary
especially around the Oekussi enclave remain unresolved; Indonesia
and East Timor contest the sovereignty of the uninhabited coral
island of Pulau Batek/Fatu Sinai, which prevents delimitation of the
northern maritime boundaries; many refugees who left East Timor in
2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; Australia
and East Timor agreed in 2005 to defer the disputed portion of the
boundary for 50 years and to split hydrocarbon revenues evenly
outside the Joint Petroleum Development Area covered by the 2002
Timor Sea Treaty; dispute with Australia has hampered creation of a
southern maritime boundary with Indonesia
Ecuador
organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia penetrate
across Ecuador's shared border and caused over 20,000 refugees to
flee into Ecuador in 2004
Egypt
Egypt and Sudan retain claims to administer the two triangular
areas that extend north and south of the 1899 Treaty boundary along
the 22nd Parallel, but have withdrawn their military presence; Egypt
is developing the Hala'ib Triangle north of the Treaty line; since
the attack on Taba and other Egyptian resort towns on the Red Sea in
October 2004, Egypt vigilantly monitors the Sinai and borders with
Israel and the Gaza Strip; Egypt does not extend domestic asylum to
some 70,000 persons who identify themselves as Palestinians but who
largely lack UNRWA assistance and, until recently, UNHCR recognition
as refugees
El Salvador
in 1992, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled
on the delimitation of "bolsones" (disputed areas) along the El
Salvador-Honduras boundary, but despite Organization of American
States (OAS) intervention and a further ICJ ruling in 2003, full
demarcation of the border remains stalled; the 1992 ICJ ruling
advised a tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf
of Fonseca advocating Honduran access to the Pacific; El Salvador
continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not identified in the ICJ
decision, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca
Equatorial Guinea
in 2002, ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement
of Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf
of Guinea, but a dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over
an island at the mouth of the Ntem River, imprecisely defined
maritime coordinates in the ICJ decision, and the unresolved Bakasi
allocation contribute to the delay in implementation; UN has been
pressing Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to pledge to resolve the
sovereignty dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane Island and create a
maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay
Eritrea
Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002
Ethiopia-Eritrea Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision,
but despite international intervention, mutual animosities,
accusations, and armed posturing have prevented demarcation;
Ethiopia refuses to withdraw to the delimited boundary until claimed
technical errors made by the EEBC that ignored "human geography" are
addressed, including the award of Badme, the focus of the 1998-2000
war; Eritrea insists that the EEBC decision be implemented
immediately without modifications; in 2005 Eritrea began severely
restricting the operations of the UN Peacekeeping Mission to
Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) monitoring the 25km-wide Temporary
Security Zone in Eritrea since 2000; Sudan sustains over 110,000
Eritrean refugees and accuses Eritrea of supporting Sudanese rebel
groups
Estonia
in 2005, Russia refuses to sign the 1996 technical border
agreement with Estonia when Estonia prepares a unilateral
declaration referencing Soviet occupation and territorial losses;
Russia demands better accommodation of Russian-speaking population
in Estonia; Estonian citizen groups continue to press for
realignment of the boundary based on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty
that would bring the now divided ethnic Setu people and parts of the
Narva region within Estonia; as a member state that forms part of
the EU's external border, Estonia must implement the strict Schengen
border rules
Ethiopia
Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by the 2002
Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision,
but mutual animosities, accusations, and armed posturing prevail,
preventing demarcation despite international intervention; Ethiopia
refuses to withdraw to the delimited boundary until technical errors
made by the EEBC that ignored "human geography" are addressed,
including the award of Badme, the focus of the 1998-2000 war;
Eritrea insists that the EEBC decision be implemented immediately
without modifications; Ethiopia has only an administrative line and
no international border with the Oromo region of southern Somalia
where it maintains alliances with local clans in opposition to the
unrecognized Somali Interim Government in Mogadishu; "Somaliland"
secessionists provide port facilities and trade ties to landlocked
Ethiopia; efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Sudan have
been delayed by civil war
Europa Island
claimed by Madagascar
European Union
as a political union, the EU has no border disputes
with neighboring countries, but Estonia and Latvia have no land
boundary agreements with Russia, Slovenia disputes its land and
maritime boundaries with Croatia, and Spain has territorial and
maritime disputes with Morocco; the EU has set up a Schengen area -
consisting of 13 EU member states that have signed the convention
implementing the Schengen agreements (1985 and 1990) on the free
movement of persons and the harmonization of border controls in
Europe; the Schengen agreements ("acquis") became incorporated into
EU law with the implementation of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam on 1
May 1999; member states are: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal,
Spain, and Sweden; in addition, non-EU states Iceland and Norway (as
part of the Nordic Union) have been included in the Schengen area
since 1996 (full members in 2001), bringing the total current
membership to 15; the UK (since 2000) and Ireland (since 2002) take
part in some aspects of the Schengen area, especially with respect
to police and criminal matters; the 10 new member states that joined
the EU in 2004 eventually are expected to participate in Schengen,
following a transition period to upgrade their border controls and
procedures
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Argentina, which claims the
islands in its constitution and briefly occupied them by force in
1982, agreed in 1995 to no longer seek settlement by force; UK
continues to reject Argentine requests for sovereignty talks
Faroe Islands
because anticipated offshore hydrocarbon resources
have not been realized, earlier Faroese proposals for full
independence have been deferred; Iceland disputes the Faroe Islands'
fisheries median line boundary; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute
Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends
beyond 200 nm
Fiji
none
Finland
various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia
and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union, but the Finnish
Government asserts no territorial demands
France
Madagascar claims the French territories of Bassas da India,
Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, and Juan de Nova Island; Comoros
claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims Tromelin Island; territorial
dispute between Suriname and the French overseas department of
French Guiana; France asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica
(Adelie Land); France and Vanuatu claim Matthew and Hunter Islands,
east of New Caledonia
French Guiana
Suriname claims area between Riviere Litani and
Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa) in French Guiana
French Polynesia
none
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
French claim to "Adelie Land" in
Antarctica is not recognized by the US
Gabon
UN presses Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to resolve the
sovereignty dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane Island and to
establish a maritime boundary in hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay; only
a few hundred out of the 20,000 Republic of the Congo refugees who
fled militia fighting in 2000 remain in Gabon
Gambia, The
attempts to stem refugees, cross-border raids, arms
smuggling, and other illegal activities by separatists from southern
Senegal's Casamance region, as well as from conflicts in other west
African states
Gaza Strip
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with
current status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement
- permanent status to be determined through further negotiation;
Israel removed settlers and military personnel from the Gaza Strip
in August 2005
Georgia
Russia and Georgia agree on delimiting 80% of their common
border, leaving certain small, strategic segments and the maritime
boundary unresolved; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas such as
the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Argun Gorge in
Abkhazia; UN Observer Mission in Georgia has maintained a
peacekeeping force in Georgia since 1993; Meshkheti Turks scattered
throughout the former Soviet Union seek to return to Georgia;
boundary with Armenia remains undemarcated; ethnic Armenian groups
in Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy from the
Georgian government; Azerbaijan and Georgia continue to discuss the
alignment of their boundary at certain crossing areas
Germany
none
Ghana
Ghana struggles to accommodate returning nationals who worked
in the cocoa plantations and escaped fighting in Cote d'Ivoire
Gibraltar
in 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by
referendum to reject any "shared sovereignty" arrangement; the
government of Gibraltar insists on equal participation in talks
between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant
Gibraltar even greater autonomy
Glorioso Islands
claimed by Madagascar
Greece
Greece and Turkey continue discussions to resolve their
complex maritime, air, territorial, and boundary disputes in the
Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Turkey; Greece rejects the use of
the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia
Greenland
managed dispute between Canada and Denmark over Hans
Island in the Kennedy Channel between Canada's Ellesmere Island and
Greenland
Grenada
none
Guadeloupe
none
Guam
none
Guatemala
Guatemalan squatters continue to settle in the rain
forests of Belize's border region; Organization of American States
(OAS) is attempting to revive the 2002 failed Differendum that
created a small adjustment to land boundary, a Guatemalan maritime
corridor in Caribbean, a joint ecological park for the disputed
Sapodilla Cays, and a substantial US-UK financial package;
Guatemalans enter Mexico illegally seeking work or transit to the US
Guernsey
none
Guinea
conflicts among rebel groups, warlords, and youth gangs in
neighboring states have spilled over into Guinea, resulting in
domestic instability; Sierra Leone has pressured Guinea to remove
its forces from the town of Yenga, occupied since 1998
Guinea-Bissau
attempts to stem refugees and cross-border raids, arms
smuggling, and political instability from a separatist movement in
Senegal's Casamance region
Guyana
all of the area west of the Essequibo (river) is claimed by
Venezuela preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana
has expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims
before UNCLOS that Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with
Venezuela extends into their waters; Suriname claims a triangle of
land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a historic dispute
over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks arbitration
under provisions of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
to resolve the long-standing dispute with Suriname over the axis of
the territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-rich waters
Haiti
since 2004, about 8,000 peacekeepers from the UN Stabilization
Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) maintain civil order in Haiti; despite
efforts to control illegal migration, Haitians fleeing economic
privation and civil unrest continue to cross into the Dominican
Republic and sail to neighboring countries; Haiti claims
US-administered Navassa Island
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
none
Holy See (Vatican City)
none
Honduras
in 1992, International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled on the
delimitation of "bolsones" (disputed areas) along the El
Salvador-Honduras border, but despite Organization of American
States (OAS) intervention and a further ICJ ruling in 2003, full
demarcation of the border remains stalled; the 1992 ICJ ruling
advised a tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf
of Fonseca with consideration of Honduran access to the Pacific; El
Salvador continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not mentioned in the
ICJ ruling, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca; Honduras claims
Sapodilla Cays off the coast of Belize, but agreed to creation of a
joint ecological park and Guatemalan corridor in the Caribbean in
the failed 2002 Belize-Guatemala Differendum, which the OAS is
attempting to revive; Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in
1999 and against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over a complex dispute
over islands and maritime boundaries in the Caribbean Sea
Hong Kong
none
Howland Island
none
Hungary
in 2004, Hungary amended the status law extending special
social and cultural benefits - and voted down a referendum to extend
dual citizenship - to ethnic Hungarians living in neighboring
states, which have objected to such measures; consultations continue
between Slovakia and Hungary over Hungary's completion of its
portion the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the
Danube; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external
border, Hungary must implement the strict Schengen border rules
Iceland
Iceland disputes Denmark's alignment of the Faroe Islands'
fisheries median line; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute
Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends
beyond 200 nm
Iles Eparses
Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan
de Nova Island: claimed by Madagascar
Tromelin Island: claimed by Mauritius
India
since China and India launched a security and foreign policy
dialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the dispute
over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear
proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles to
Pakistan, and other matters continue; various talks and
confidence-building measures have cautiously begun to defuse
tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the October 2005
earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of
the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with
portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin),
India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern
Areas); in 2004, India and Pakistan instituted a cease fire in
Kashmir and in 2005, restored bus service across the highly
militarized Line of Control; Pakistan has taken its dispute on the
impact and benefits of India's building the Baglihar Dam on the
Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir to the World Bank for arbitration;
UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has
maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not
recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964;
disputes persist with Pakistan over Indus River water sharing; to
defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary,
in 2004, India and Pakistan resurveyed a portion of the disputed
boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch;
Pakistani maps continue to show its Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat
State; discussions with Bangladesh remain stalled to delimit a small
section of river boundary, to exchange 162 miniscule enclaves in
both countries, to allocate divided villages, and to stop illegal
cross-border trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists
through the porous border; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to
fence off high-traffic sections of the border; dispute with
Bangladesh over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay
of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; India seeks
cooperation from Bhutan and Burma to keep Indian Nagaland and Assam
separatists from hiding in remote areas along the borders; Joint
Border Committee with Nepal continues to demarcate minor disputed
boundary sections; India maintains a strict border regime to keep
out Maoist insurgents and control illegal cross-border activities
from Nepal
Indian Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Indonesia
East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet,
survey, and delimit land boundary, but several sections of the
boundary remain unresolved; many East Timorese refugees who left in
2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; Indonesia
and East Timor contest the sovereignty of the uninhabited coral
island of Pulau Batek/Fatu Sinai, which hinders a decision on a
northern maritime boundary; a 1997 treaty between Indonesia and
Australia settled some parts of their maritime boundary but
outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitan
islands to Malaysia in 2002 left maritime boundary in the
hydrocarbon-rich Celebes Sea in dispute, culminating in hostile
confrontations in March 2005 over concessions to the Ambalat oil
block; the ICJ decision has prompted Indonesia to assert claims to
and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesia
and Singapore pledged in 2005 to finalize their 1973 maritime
boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Batam
Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants
create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; piracy remains a
problem in the Malacca Strait
Iran
Iran protests Afghanistan's limiting flow of dammed tributaries
to the Helmand River in periods of drought; Iraq's lack of a
maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the
mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf; Iran and UAE dispute
Tunb Islands and Abu Musa Island, which are occupied by Iran; Iran
stands alone among littoral states in insisting upon a division of
the Caspian Sea into five equal sectors
Iraq
coalition forces assist Iraqis in monitoring boundary security;
Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction
disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf;
Turkey has expressed concern over the status of Kurds in Iraq
Ireland
Ireland, Iceland, and the UK dispute Denmark's claim that
the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm
Isle of Man
none
Israel
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current
status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement -
permanent status to be determined through further negotiation;
Israel continues construction of a "seam line" separation barrier
along parts of the Green Line and within the West Bank; Israel
withdrew its settlers and military from the Gaza Strip and from four
settlements in the West Bank in August 2005; Golan Heights is
Israeli-occupied (Lebanon claims the Shab'a Farms area of Golan
Heights); since 1948, about 350 peacekeepers from the UN Truce
Supervision Organization (UNTSO) headquartered in Jerusalem monitor
ceasefires, supervise armistice agreements, prevent isolated
incidents from escalating, and assist other UN personnel in the
region
Italy
Italy's long coastline and developed economy entices tens of
thousands of illegal immigrants from southeastern Europe and
northern Africa
Jamaica
none
Jan Mayen
none
Japan
the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu,
Kunashiri, and Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as
the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kuril
Islands," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by
Russia and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to
signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities;
Japan and South Korea claim Liancourt Rocks (Take-shima/Tok-do)
occupied by South Korea since 1954; China and Taiwan dispute both
Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of the Senkaku-shoto
(Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared exclusive economic
zone in the East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon
prospecting
Jarvis Island
none
Jersey
none
Johnston Atoll
none
Jordan
2004 Agreement settles border dispute with Syria pending
demarcation
Juan de Nova Island
claimed by Madagascar
Kazakhstan
in 2005, Kazakhstan agreed with Russia, Turkmenistan, and
Uzbekistan to commence demarcating their boundaries; delimitation
with Kyrgyzstan is complete; creation of a seabed boundary with
Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea remains unresolved; equidistant
seabed treaties have been ratified with Azerbaijan and Russia in the
Caspian Sea, but no resolution has been made on dividing the water
column among any of the littoral states
Kenya
Kenya served as an important mediator in brokering Sudan's
north-south separation in February 2005; Kenya provides shelter to
approximately a quarter of a million refugees including Ugandans who
flee across the border periodically to seek protection from Lord's
Resistance Army (LRA) rebels; the Kenya-Somalia border is open to
pastoralists and is susceptible to cross-border clan insurgencies;
Kenya's administrative limits extend beyond the treaty border into
the Sudan, creating the Ilemi Triangle
Kingman Reef
none
Kiribati
none
Korea, North
China seeks to stem illegal migration of tens of
thousands of North Koreans escaping famine, economic privation, and
political oppression; North Korea and China dispute the sovereignty
of certain islands in Yalu and Tumen rivers and a section of
boundary around Paektu-san (mountain) is indefinite; Military
Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide Demilitarized Zone has
separated North from South Korea since 1953; periodic maritime
disputes with South over the Northern Limit Line; North Korea
supports South Korea in rejecting Japan's claim to Liancourt Rocks
(Tok-do/Take-shima)
Korea, South
Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide
Demilitarized Zone has separated North from South Korea since 1953;
periodic maritime disputes with North Korea over the Northern Limit
Line; South Korea and Japan claim Liancourt Rocks
(Tok-do/Take-shima), occupied by South Korea since 1954
Kuwait
Kuwait and Saudi Arabia continue negotiating a joint maritime
boundary with Iran; no maritime boundary exists with Iraq in the
Persian Gulf
Kyrgyzstan
delimitation with Kazakhstan is complete; disputes in
Isfara Valley delay completion of delimitation with Tajikistan;
delimitation of 130 km of border with Uzbekistan is hampered by
serious disputes around enclaves and other areas
Laos
Southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to
check the spread of avian flu; talks continue on completion of
demarcation with Thailand but disputes remain over several areas
along Mekong River and Thai squatters; concern among Mekong
Commission members that China's construction of dams on the Mekong
River will affect water levels
Latvia
Russia refuses to sign the 1997 boundary treaty due to
Latvian insistence on a unilateral clarificatory declaration
referencing Soviet occupation of Latvia and territorial losses;
Russia demands better Latvian treatment of ethnic Russians in
Latvia; the Latvian parliament has not ratified its 1998 maritime
boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to concerns over oil
exploration rights; as a member state that forms part of the EU's
external border, Latvia must implement the strict Schengen border
rules
Lebanon
Lebanese Government claims Shab'a Farms area of
Israeli-occupied Golan Heights; the roughly 2,000-strong UN Interim
Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) has been in place since 1978
Lesotho
none
Liberia
although Liberia's domestic fighting among disparate rebel
groups, warlords, and youth gangs was declared over in 2003, civil
unrest persists, and in 2004, 133,000 Liberian refugees remained in
Guinea, 72,000 in Cote d'Ivoire, 67,000 in Sierra Leone, and 43,000
in Ghana; Liberia, in turn, shelters refugees fleeing turmoil in
Cote d'Ivoire and Sierra Leone; since 2003, the UN Mission in
Liberia (UNMIL) has maintained about 18,000 peacekeepers in Liberia;
the Cote d'Ivoire Government accuses Liberia of supporting Ivoirian
rebels; UN sanctions ban Liberia from exporting diamonds and timber
Libya
Libya has claimed more than 32,000 sq km in southeastern
Algeria and about 25,000 sq km in Niger in currently dormant
disputes; various Chadian rebels from the Aozou region reside in
southern Libya
Liechtenstein
in February 2005, the ICJ refused to rule on the
restitution of Liechtenstein's land and property assets in the Czech
Republic confiscated in 1945 as German property
Lithuania
Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their
boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty
ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania
operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling
from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still
conforming, as a member state that forms part of the EU's external
border, to strict Schengen border rules; the Latvian parliament has
not ratified its 1998 maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania,
primarily due to concerns over potential hydrocarbons
Luxembourg
none
Macau
none
Macedonia
ethnic Albanians in Kosovo object to demarcation of the
boundary with Macedonia in accordance with the 2000 Macedonia-Serbia
and Montenegro delimitation agreement; Greece continues to reject
the use of the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia
Madagascar
claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands,
and Juan de Nova Island (all administered by France)
Malawi
disputes with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake
Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant
Malaysia
Malaysia has asserted sovereignty over the Spratly Islands
together with China, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly
Brunei; while the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the
South China Sea" has eased tensions over the Spratly Islands, it is
not the legally binding "code of conduct" sought by some parties;
Malaysia was not party to the March 2005 joint accord among the
national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam on
conducting marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands;
disputes continue over deliveries of fresh water to Singapore,
Singapore's land reclamation, bridge construction, maritime
boundaries, and Pedra Branca Island/Pulau Batu Putih - but parties
agree to ICJ arbitration on island dispute within three years; ICJ
awarded Ligitan and Sipadan islands, also claimed by Indonesia and
Philippines, to Malaysia but left maritime boundary in the
hydrocarbon-rich Celebes Sea in dispute, culminating in hostile
confrontations in March 2005 over concessions to the Ambalat oil
block; separatist violence in Thailand's predominantly Muslim
southern provinces prompts measures to close and monitor border with
Malaysia to stem terrorist activities; Philippines retains a now
dormant claim to Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo; in 2003,
Brunei and Malaysia ceased gas and oil exploration in their disputed
offshore and deepwater seabeds and negotiations have stalemated
prompting consideration of international adjudication; Malaysia's
land boundary with Brunei around Limbang is in dispute; piracy
remains a problem in the Malacca Strait
Maldives
none
Mali
none
Malta
none
Marshall Islands
claims US territory of Wake Island
Martinique
none
Mauritania
Mauritanian claims to Western Sahara have been dormant in
recent years
Mauritius
Mauritius claims the Chagos Archipelago (UK-administered
British Indian Ocean Territory), and its former inhabitants, who
reside chiefly in Mauritius, were granted UK citizenship but no
right to patriation in the UK; claims French-administered Tromelin
Island
Mayotte
claimed by Comoros
Mexico
prolonged drought, population growth, and outmoded practices
and infrastructure in the border region have strained water-sharing
arrangements with the US; the US has stepped up efforts to stem
nationals from Mexico, Central America, and other parts of the world
from illegally crossing the border with Mexico
Micronesia, Federated States of
none
Midway Islands
none
Moldova
Moldova and Ukraine have established joint customs posts to
monitor transit through Moldova's break-away Transnistria region
which remains under OSCE supervision
Monaco
none
Mongolia
none
Montenegro
ethnic Albanians in Kosovo refuse demarcation of the
boundary with Macedonia in accordance with the 2000 Macedonia-Serbia
and Montenegro delimitation agreement, which includes a section of
boundary with Montenegro
Montserrat
none
Morocco
claims and administers Western Sahara whose sovereignty
remains unresolved - UN-administered cease-fire has remained in
effect since September 1991, but attempts to hold a referendum have
failed and parties thus far have rejected all brokered proposals;
Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta,
Melilla, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, the islands of Penon de
Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; discussions
have not progressed on a comprehensive maritime delimitation setting
limits on exploration and refugee interdiction since Morocco's 2002
rejection of Spain's unilateral designation of a median line from
the Canary Islands; Morocco serves as one of the primary launching
areas of illegal migration into Spain from North Africa
Mozambique
none
Namibia
border commission has yet to resolve small residual disputes
with Botswana along the Caprivi Strip, including the Situngu
marshlands along the Linyanti River; Botswana residents protest
Namibia's planned construction of the Okavango hydroelectric dam on
Popa Falls; managed dispute with South Africa over the location of
the boundary in the Orange River; Namibia has supported and in 2004
Zimbabwe dropped objections to plans between Botswana and Zambia to
build a bridge over the Zambezi River, thereby de facto recognizing
a short, but not clearly delimited, Botswana-Zambia boundary in the
river
Nauru
none
Navassa Island
claimed by Haiti, source of subsistence fishing
Nepal
joint border commission continues to work on small disputed
sections of boundary with India; India has instituted a stricter
border regime to restrict transit of Maoist insurgents and illegal
cross-border activities
Netherlands
none
Netherlands Antilles
none
New Caledonia
Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia
claimed by France and Vanuatu
New Zealand
asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Ross
Dependency) [see Antarctica]
Nicaragua
Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in 1999 and
against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over disputed maritime boundary
involving 50,000 sq km in the Caribbean Sea, including the
Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank; the
1992 ICJ ruling for El Salvador and Honduras advised a tripartite
resolution to establish a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca,
which considers Honduran access to the Pacific; legal dispute over
navigational rights of San Juan River on border with Costa Rica
Niger
Libya claims about 25,000 sq km in a currently dormant
dispute; much of Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with
Nigeria, remains undemarcated; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded
the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation
treaty which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria
boundaries
Nigeria
ICJ ruled in 2002 on the entire Cameroon-Nigeria land and
maritime boundary but the parties formed a Joint Border Commission
to resolve differences bilaterally and have commenced with
demarcation in less-contested sections of the boundary, starting in
Lake Chad in the north; following the UN-brokered Greentree
Agreement of 12 June 2006, Nigeria, in completion of the 2002 ICJ
decision on the Cameroon-Nigerian land boundary, handed sovereignty
of the Bakassi peninsula to Cameroon on 14 August; all Nigerian
military forces have reportedly withdrawn from the region but
Nigeria will continue to maintain a police and administrative
presence in the southeastern "transition zone" for a period of up to
two years; Nigeria pledges to provide for the resettlement of those
Bakassi residents who wish to remain Nigerian citizens; the ICJ
ruled on an equidistance settlement of Cameroon-Equatorial
Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf of Guinea, but
imprecisely defined coordinates in the ICJ decision and a
sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an
island at the mouth of the Ntem River all contribute to the delay in
implementation; a joint task force was established in 2004 that
resolved disputes over and redrew the maritime and the 870-km land
boundary with Benin on the Okpara River; only Nigeria and Cameroon
have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the
delimitation treaty which also includes the Chad-Niger and
Niger-Nigeria boundaries
Niue
none
Norfolk Island
none
Northern Mariana Islands
none
Norway
Norway asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud
Land and its continental shelf); despite recent discussions, Russia
and Norway continue to dispute their maritime limits in the Barents
Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits
within the Svalbard Treaty zone
Oman
boundary agreement reportedly signed and ratified with UAE in
2003 for entire border, including Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al
Madhah exclave, but details have not been made public
Pacific Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Pakistan
various talks and confidence-building measures cautiously
have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the
October 2005 earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains
the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial
dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China
(Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir
and Northern Areas); UN Military Observer Group in India and
Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeepers
since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic
Kashmir lands to China in 1964; in 2004, India and Pakistan
instituted a cease-fire in the Kashmir, and in 2005 restored bus
service across the highly militarized Line of Control; Pakistan has
taken its dispute on the impact of India's building the Baglihar Dam
on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir to the World Bank for
arbitration and in general the two states still dispute Indus River
water sharing; to defuse tensions and prepare discussions on a
maritime boundary, in 2004, India and Pakistan resurveyed a portion
of the disputed the Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of
Kutch; Pakistani maps continue to show the Junagadh claim in India's
Gujarat State; by 2005, Pakistan, with UN assistance, had
repatriated 2.3 million Afghan refugees and had undertaken a census
to count the remaining million or more, many of whom remain at their
own choosing; Pakistan has sent troops into remote tribal areas to
control the border with Afghanistan and stem organized terrorist or
other illegal cross-border activities; regular meetings with Afghan
and Coalition allies aim to resolve periodic claims of boundary
encroachments
Palau
border delineation disputes being negotiated with Philippines,
Indonesia
Palmyra Atoll
none
Panama
organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia operate
within the border region with Panama
Papua New Guinea
relies on assistance from Australia to keep out
illegal cross-border activities from primarily Indonesia, including
goods smuggling, illegal narcotics trafficking, and squatters and
secessionists
Paracel Islands
occupied by China, also claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam
Paraguay
unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay
borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal
narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations
Peru
Chile and Ecuador rejected Peru's November 2005 unilateral law
to shift the axis of their joint treaty-defined maritime boundary
along the parallel of latitude to an equidistance line which favors
Peru; organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia have
penetrated Peru's shared border; Peru does not support Bolivia's
claim to restore maritime access through a sovereign corridor
through Chile along the Peruvian border
Philippines
Philippines claims sovereignty over certain of the
Spratly Islands, known locally as the Kalayaan (Freedom) Islands,
also claimed by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam; the 2002
"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea," has
eased tensions in the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally
binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; in
March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines,
and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic
activities in the Spratly Islands; Philippines retains a dormant
claim to Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo based on the
Sultanate of Sulu's granting the Philippines Government power of
attorney to pursue a sovereignty claim on his behalf
Pitcairn Islands
none
Poland
as a member state that forms part of the EU's external
border, Poland must implement the strict Schengen border rules
Portugal
Portugal does not recognize Spanish sovereignty over the
territory of Olivenza based on a difference of interpretation of the
1815 Congress of Vienna and the 1801 Treaty of Badajoz
Puerto Rico
increasing numbers of illegal migrants from the
Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage to Puerto Rico each year
looking for work
Qatar
none
Reunion
none
Romania
Romania and Ukraine have taken their dispute over
Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy (Snake) Island and Black Sea
maritime boundary to the ICJ for adjudication; Romania also opposes
Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border
through Ukraine to the Black Sea; Hungary amended the status law
extending special social and cultural benefits to ethnic Hungarians
in Romania, to which Romania had objected
Russia
in 2005, China and Russia ratified the treaty to divide up
the islands in the Amur, Ussuri, and Argun Rivers, representing the
final portion of their centuries-long border disputes; the
sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri,
Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern
Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kurils," occupied by the
Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by
Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty
formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia and Georgia agree
on delimiting all but small, strategic segments of the land boundary
and the maritime boundary; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas
such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Kodori Gorge
in Abkhazia; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia signed equidistance
boundaries in the Caspian seabed but the littoral states have no
consensus on dividing the water column; Russia and Norway dispute
their maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights
beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty
zone; various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia
(Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following the
Second World War but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial
demands; in May 2005, Russia recalled its signatures to the 1996
border agreements with Estonia (1996) and Latvia (1997), when the
two Baltic states announced issuance of unilateral declarations
referencing Soviet occupation and ensuing territorial losses; Russia
demands better treatment of ethnic Russians in Estonia and Latvia;
Estonian citizen groups continue to press for realignment of the
boundary based on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that would bring the
now divided ethnic Setu people and parts of the Narva region within
Estonia; Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their
boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty
ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania
operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling
from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still
conforming, as a member state that forms part of the EU's external
border, to strict Schengen border rules; delimitation of land
boundary with Ukraine is complete, but states have renewed
discussions on demarcation; the dispute over the maritime boundary
between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov
remains unresolved despite a December 2003 framework agreement and
on-going expert-level discussions; discussions toward economic and
political union with Belarus advance slowly; Kazakhstan and Russia
boundary delimitation ratified November 2005 and demarcation is
underway; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Maritime Boundary
Agreement with the US in the Bering Sea
Rwanda
Tutsi, Hutu, Hema, Lendu, and other conflicting ethnic
groups, associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various
government forces continue fighting in Great Lakes region,
transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda to gain control over populated areas and
natural resources - government heads pledge to end conflicts, but
localized violence continues despite UN peacekeeping efforts; DROC
and Rwanda established a border verification mechanism in 2005 to
address accusations of Rwandan military supporting Congolese rebels
and the Congo providing rebel Rwandan "Interhamwe" forces the means
and bases to attack Rwandan forces; as of 2004, Rwandan refugees
lived in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, and Zambia
Saint Helena
none
Saint Kitts and Nevis
joins other Caribbean states to counter
Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a
criterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its
EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea
Saint Lucia
joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's
claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under
UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf
over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
none
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea
Samoa
none
San Marino
none
Sao Tome and Principe
none
Saudi Arabia
despite resistance from nomadic groups, the demarcation
of the Saudi Arabia-Yemen boundary established under the 2000 Jeddah
Treaty is almost complete; Saudi Arabia still maintains the
concrete-filled pipe as a security barrier along sections of the
border with Yemen in 2004 to stem illegal cross-border activities;
Kuwait and Saudi Arabia continue discussions on a maritime boundary
with Iran; the United Arab Emirate 2006 Yearbook published a map and
text rescinding the 1974 boundary with Saudi Arabia, as stipulated
in a treaty filed with the UN in 1993, on the grounds that the
agreement was not formally ratified
Senegal
The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau attempt to stem Senegalese
citizens from the Casamance region fleeing separatist violence,
cross border raids, and arms smuggling
Serbia
the final status of the Serbian province of Kosovo remains
unresolved and several thousand peacekeepers from the UN Interim
Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) have administered the
region since 1999, with Kosovar Albanians overwhelmingly supporting
and Serbian officials opposing Kosovo independence; the
international community had agreed to begin a process to determine
final status but contingency of solidifying multi-ethnic democracy
in Kosovo has not been satisfied; ethnic Albanians in Kosovo refuse
demarcation of the boundary with Macedonia in accordance with the
2000 Macedonia-Serbia and Montenegro delimitation agreement; Serbia
and Montenegro delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and
Herzegovina, but sections with Serbia along the Drina River remain
in dispute
Seychelles
together with Mauritius, Seychelles claims the Chagos
Archipelago (UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory)
Sierra Leone
domestic fighting among disparate rebel groups,
warlords, and youth gangs in Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, and
Sierra Leone perpetuate insurgencies, street violence, looting, arms
trafficking, ethnic conflicts, and refugees in border areas; UN
Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) has maintained over 4,000
peacekeepers in Sierra Leone since 1999; Sierra Leone pressures
Guinea to remove its forces from the town of Yenga occupied since
1998
Singapore
disputes persist with Malaysia over deliveries of fresh
water to Singapore, Singapore's extensive land reclamation works,
bridge construction, maritime boundaries, and Pedra Branca
Island/Pulau Batu Putih - parties agree to ICJ arbitration on island
dispute within three years; Indonesia and Singapore pledged in 2005
to finalize their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining
unresolved areas north of Batam Island; piracy remains a problem in
the Malacca Strait
Slovakia
Hungary amended its status law extending special social and
cultural benefits to ethnic Hungarians in Slovakia, to which
Slovakia had protested; consultations continue between Slovakia and
Hungary over Hungary's completion of its portion of the
Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a
member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Slovakia
must implement the strict Schengen border rules
Slovenia
the Croatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement,
which would have ceded most of Piran Bay and maritime access to
Slovenia and several villages to Croatia, remains unratified and in
dispute; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external
border, Slovenia must implement the strict Schengen border rules to
curb illegal migration and commerce through southeastern Europe
while encouraging close cross-border ties with Croatia
Solomon Islands
Australian Defense Force leads the Regional
Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI) at the invitation
of the Solomon Islands' Government to maintain civil and political
order and reinforce regional security
Somalia
"Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities to
landlocked Ethiopia and establish commercial ties with regional
states; "Puntland" and "Somaliland" "governments" seek support from
neighboring states in their secessionist aspirations and in
conflicts with each other; Ethiopia has only an administrative line
with the Oromo region of southern Somalia and maintains alliances
with local Somali clans opposed to the unrecognized Somali Interim
Government, which plans eventual relocation from Kenya to Mogadishu;
rival militia and clan fighting in southern Somalia periodically
spills over into Kenya
South Africa
South Africa has placed military along the border to
stem the thousands of Zimbabweans fleeing to find work and escape
political persecution; managed dispute with Namibia over the
location of the boundary in the Orange River
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Argentina, which claims
the islands in its constitution and briefly occupied the islands by
force in 1982, agreed in 1995 to no longer seek settlement by force
Southern Ocean
Antarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarctica
entry), but Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and UK
assert claims (some overlapping), including the continental shelf in
the Southern Ocean; several states have expressed an interest in
extending those continental shelf claims under the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to include undersea
ridges; the US and most other states do not recognize the land or
maritime claims of other states and have made no claims themselves
(the US and Russia have reserved the right to do so); no formal
claims exist in the waters in the sector between 90 degrees west and
150 degrees west
Spain
in 2003, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by
referendum to remain a British colony and against a "total shared
sovereignty" arrangement while demanding participation in talks
between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant
Gibraltar greater autonomy; Morocco protests Spain's control over
the coastal enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and the islands of Penon de
Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and
surrounding waters; Morocco serves as the primary launching site of
illegal migration into Spain from North Africa; Portugal does not
recognize Spanish sovereignty over the territory of Olivenza based
on a difference of interpretation of the 1815 Congress of Vienna and
the 1801 Treaty of Badajoz
Spratly Islands
all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China,
Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and the
Philippines; in 1984, Brunei established an exclusive fishing zone
that encompasses Louisa Reef in the southern Spratly Islands but has
not publicly claimed the reef; claimants in November 2002 signed the
"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea,"
which has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code
of conduct"; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the
Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine
seismic activities in the Spratly Islands
Sri Lanka
none
Sudan
the effects of Sudan's almost constant ethnic and rebel
militia fighting since the mid-twentieth century have penetrated all
of its border states that provide shelter for fleeing refugees and
cover to disparate domestic and foreign conflicting elements; since
2003, Janjawid armed militia and Sudanese military have driven about
200,000 Darfur region refugees into eastern Chad; large numbers of
Sudanese refugees have also fled to Uganda, Ethiopia, Kenya, the
Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo;
southern Sudan provides shelter to Ugandans seeking periodic
protection from soldiers of the Lord's Resistance Army; Sudan
accuses Eritrea of supporting Sudanese rebel groups; efforts to
demarcate the porous boundary with Ethiopia have been delayed by
civil and ethnic fighting in Sudan; Kenya's administrative boundary
extends into the southern Sudan, creating the "Ilemi Triangle";
Egypt and Sudan retain claims to administer triangular areas that
extend north and south of the 1899 Treaty boundary along the 22nd
Parallel, but have withdrawn their military presence; Egypt is
economically developing the "Hala'ib Triangle" north of the Treaty
Line; periodic violent skirmishes with Sudanese residents over water
and grazing rights persist among related pastoral populations from
the Central African Republic along the border
Suriname
area claimed by French Guiana between Riviere Litani and
Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa); Suriname claims a
triangle of land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a
historic dispute over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) arbitration
to resolve the long-standing dispute with Suriname over the axis of
the territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-rich waters
Svalbard
despite recent discussions, Russia and Norway dispute their
maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights
beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone
Swaziland
none
Sweden
none
Switzerland
none
Syria
Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied with the almost 1,000-strong
UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) patrolling a buffer zone
since 1964; Lebanon claims Shaba'a farms in Golan Heights;
international pressure prompts the removal of Syrian troops and
intelligence personnel stationed in Lebanon since October 1976; 2004
Agreement and pending demarcation settles border dispute with Jordan
Taiwan
involved in complex dispute with China, Malaysia,
Philippines, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei over the Spratly Islands;
the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China
Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code
of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; Paracel Islands
are occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam; in 2003,
China and Taiwan became more vocal in rejecting both Japan's claims
to the uninhabited islands of the Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and
Japan's unilaterally declared exclusive economic zone in the East
China Sea where all parties engage in hydrocarbon prospecting
Tajikistan
boundary agreements signed in 2002 cede 1,000 sq km of
Pamir Mountain range to China in return for China relinquishing
claims to 28,000 sq km of Tajikistani lands, but neither state has
published maps of ceded areas and demarcation has not yet commenced;
talks continue with Uzbekistan to delimit border and remove
minefields; disputes in Isfara Valley delay delimitation with
Kyrgyzstan
Tanzania
disputes with Malawi over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake
Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant
Thailand
separatist violence in Thailand's predominantly Muslim
southern provinces prompt border closures and controls with Malaysia
to stem terrorist activities; southeast Asian states have enhanced
border surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; talks continue
on completion of demarcation with Thailand but disputes remain over
several areas along Mekong River and Thai squatters; despite
continuing border committee talks, significant differences remain
with Burma over boundary alignment and the handling of ethnic
rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border activities; Cambodia and
Thailand dispute sections of boundary with missing boundary markers;
Cambodia claims Thai encroachments into Cambodian territory and
obstructing access to Preah Vihear temple ruins awarded to Cambodia
by ICJ decision in 1962; ethnic Karens from Burma flee into Thailand
- to escape fighting between Karen rebels and Burmese troops -
resulting in Thailand sheltering about 120,000 Burmese refugees in
2005; Karens also protest Thai support for a Burmese hydroelectric
dam construction on the Salween River near the border;
environmentalists in Burma and Thailand remain concerned about
China's construction of hydroelectric dams upstream on the
Nujiang/Salween River in Yunnan Province
Togo
in 2001 Benin claimed Togo moved boundary monuments - joint
commission continues to resurvey the boundary
Tokelau
none
Tonga
none
Trinidad and Tobago
Barbados will assert its claim before the UN
Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) that the northern limit of
Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with Venezuela extends into
its waters; Guyana has also expressed its intention to challenge
this boundary as it may extend into its waters as well
Tromelin Island
claimed by Mauritius
Tunisia
none
Turkey
complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greece
in the Aegean Sea; status of north Cyprus question remains; Syria
and Iraq protest Turkish hydrological projects to control upper
Euphrates waters; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of
Kurds in Iraq; border with Armenia remains closed over
Nagorno-Karabakh
Turkmenistan
cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan
creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states;
bilateral talks continue with Azerbaijan on dividing the seabed and
contested oilfields in the middle of the Caspian; demarcation of
land boundary with Kazakhstan has started but Caspian seabed
delimitation remains stalled
Turks and Caicos Islands have received Haitians fleeing economic and civil disorder
Tuvalu
none
Uganda
Uganda is subject to armed fighting among hostile ethnic
groups, rebels, armed gangs, militias, and various government
forces; Ugandan refugees have fled the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA)
into the southern Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo;
LRA forces have attacked Kenyan villages across the border
Ukraine
1997 boundary treaty with Belarus remains un-ratified due to
unresolved financial claims, stalling demarcation and reducing
border security; delimitation of land boundary with Russia is
complete and parties have renewed discussions on demarcation; the
dispute over the maritime boundary between Russia and Ukraine
through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov remains unresolved despite
a December 2003 framework agreement and ongoing expert-level
discussions; Moldova and Ukraine have established joint customs
posts to monitor transit through Moldova's break-away Transnistria
Region, which remains under OSCE supervision; in 2004 Ukraine and
Romania took their dispute over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy
(Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary to the ICJ for
adjudication; Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation
canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea
United Arab Emirates
the United Arab Emirate 2006 Yearbook published
a map and text rescinding the 1974 boundary with Saudi Arabia, as
stipulated in a treaty filed with the UN in 1993, on the grounds
that the agreement was not formally ratified; boundary agreement was
signed and ratified with Oman in 2003 for entire border, including
Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al Madhah enclaves, but contents of
the agreement and maps showing the alignment have not been
published; Iran and UAE dispute Tunb Islands and Abu Musa Island,
which Iran occupies
United Kingdom
in 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by
referendum to reject any "shared sovereignty" arrangement between
the UK and Spain; the Government of Gibraltar insists on equal
participation in talks between the two countries; Spain disapproves
of UK plans to grant Gibraltar greater autonomy; Mauritius and
Seychelles claim the Chagos Archipelago (British Indian Ocean
Territory), and its former inhabitants since their eviction in 1965;
most Chagossians reside in Mauritius, and in 2001 were granted UK
citizenship but no right to patriation in the UK; UK rejects
sovereignty talks requested by Argentina, which still claims the
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South
Sandwich Islands; territorial claim in Antarctica (British Antarctic
Territory) overlaps Argentine claim and partially overlaps Chilean
claim; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the
Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm
United States
prolonged drought, population growth, and outmoded
practices and infrastructure in the border region strain
water-sharing arrangements with Mexico; the US has stepped up
efforts to stem nationals from Mexico, Central America, and other
parts of the world from crossing illegally into the US from Mexico;
illegal immigrants from the Caribbean, notably Haiti and the
Dominican Republic, attempt to enter the US through Florida by sea;
1990 Maritime Boundary Agreement in the Bering Sea still awaits
Russian Duma ratification; managed maritime boundary disputes with
Canada at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and
around the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; US and
Canada seek greater cooperation in monitoring people and commodities
crossing the border; The Bahamas and US have not been able to agree
on a maritime boundary; US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased
from Cuba and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area
can terminate the lease; Haiti claims US-administered Navassa
Island; US has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has
reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of
any other state; Marshall Islands claims Wake Island
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges
none
Uruguay
uncontested dispute with Brazil over certain islands in the
Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada streams and the resulting tripoint with
Argentina
Uzbekistan
prolonged drought and cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan
and Turkmenistan creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya
river states; delimitation with Kazakhstan complete with demarcation
underway; border delimitation of 130 km of border with Kyrgyzstan is
hampered by serious disputes around enclaves and other areas
Vanuatu
Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia claimed by
Vanuatu and France
Venezuela
claims all of the area west of the Essequibo River in
Guyana, preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana has
expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims before
the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) that
Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with Venezuela extends into
their waters; dispute with Colombia over Los Monjes islands and
maritime boundary near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized
illegal narcotics and paramilitary activities penetrate Venezuela's
shared border region resulting in several thousand residents
migrating away from the border; US, France, and the Netherlands
recognize Venezuela's claim to give full effect to Aves Island,
which creates a Venezuelan EEZ/continental shelf extending over a
large portion of the Caribbean Sea; Dominica, Saint Kitts and Nevis,
Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines protest
Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation and
other states' recognition of it
Vietnam
southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to
check the spread of avian flu; Cambodia and Laos protest Vietnamese
squatters and armed encroachments along border; after years of
Cambodia claiming Vietnam had moved or destroyed boundary markers,
in 2005, after much domestic debate, Cambodia ratified an agreement
with Vietnam that settled all but a small portion of the land
boundary; establishment of a maritime boundary with Cambodia is
hampered by unresolved dispute over offshore islands; in 2004,
Laotian-Vietnamese boundary commission agrees to erect missing
markers in two adjoining provinces; demarcation of the China-Vietnam
boundary proceeds slowly and although the maritime boundary
delimitation and fisheries agreements were ratified in June 2004,
implementation has been delayed; China occupies Paracel Islands also
claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; involved in complex dispute with
China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and possibly Brunei over the
Spratly Islands; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in
the South China Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally
binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants;
Vietnam continues to expand construction of facilities in the
Spratly Islands; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China,
the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine
seismic activities in the Spratly Islands
Virgin Islands
none
Wake Island
claimed by Marshall Islands
Wallis and Futuna
none
West Bank
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current
status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement -
permanent status to be determined through further negotiation;
Israel continues construction of a "seam line" separation barrier
along parts of the Green Line and within the West Bank; Israel
withdrew from four settlements in the northern West Bank in August
2005; since 1948, about 350 peacekeepers from the UN Truce
Supervision Organization (UNTSO), headquartered in Jerusalem,
monitor ceasefires, supervise armistice agreements, prevent isolated
incidents from escalating, and assist other UN personnel in the
region
Western Sahara
Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, whose
sovereignty remains unresolved; UN-administered cease-fire has
remained in effect since September 1991, administered by the UN
Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), but attempts
to hold a referendum have failed and parties thus far have rejected
all brokered proposals
World
stretching over 250,000 km, the world's 329 international land
boundaries separate the 193 independent states and 73 dependencies,
areas of special sovereignty, and other miscellaneous entities;
ethnicity, culture, race, religion, and language have divided states
into separate political entities as much as history, physical
terrain, political fiat, or conquest, resulting in sometimes
arbitrary and imposed boundaries; maritime states have claimed
limits and have so far established over 130 maritime boundaries and
joint development zones to allocate ocean resources and to provide
for national security at sea; boundary, borderland/resource, and
territorial disputes vary in intensity from managed or dormant to
violent or militarized; most disputes over the alignment of
political boundaries are confined to short segments and are today
less common and less hostile than borderland, resource, and
territorial disputes; undemarcated, indefinite, porous, and
unmanaged boundaries, however, encourage illegal cross-border
activities, uncontrolled migration, and confrontation; territorial
disputes may evolve from historical and/or cultural claims, or they
may be brought on by resource competition; ethnic and cultural
clashes continue to be responsible for much of the territorial
fragmentation around the world; disputes over islands at sea or in
rivers frequently form the source of territorial and boundary
conflict; other sources of contention include access to water and
mineral (especially petroleum) resources, fisheries, and arable
land; nonetheless, most nations cooperate to clarify their
international boundaries and to resolve territorial and resource
disputes peacefully; regional discord today prevails not so much
between the armed forces of independent states as between stateless
armed entities that detract from the sustenance and welfare of local
populations, leaving the community of nations to cope with resultant
refugees, hunger, disease, impoverishment, and environmental
degradation
Yemen
Yemen protests Eritrea fishing around the Hanish Islands
awarded to Yemen by the ICJ in 1999; Saudi Arabia still maintains
the concrete-filled pipe as a security barrier along sections of the
border with Yemen in 2004 to stem illegal cross-border activities;
Yemen protests Saudi erection of a concrete-filled pipe as a
security barrier in 2004 to stem illegal cross-border activities in
sections of the boundary
Zambia
in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to plans between Botswana
and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River, thereby de
facto recognizing a short, but not clearly delimited,
Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river
Zimbabwe
Botswana has built electric fences and South Africa has
placed military along the border to stem the flow of thousands of
Zimbabweans fleeing to find work and escape political persecution;
Namibia has supported and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to
plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi
River, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not clearly
delimited Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river
This page was last updated on 19 December, 2006
@2075 Ethnic groups (%)
Afghanistan
Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Aimak 4%,
Turkmen 3%, Baloch 2%, other 4%
Albania
Albanian 95%, Greek 3%, other 2% (Vlach, Roma (Gypsy), Serb,
Macedonian, Bulgarian) (1989 est.)
note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from
1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization)
Algeria
Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%
note: almost all Algerians are Berber in origin, not Arab; the
minority who identify themselves as Berber live mostly in the
mountainous region of Kabylie east of Algiers; the Berbers are also
Muslim but identify with their Berber rather than Arab cultural
heritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes violently, for
autonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but has
offered to begin sponsoring teaching Berber language in schools
American Samoa
native Pacific islander 92.9%, Asian 2.9%, white
1.2%, mixed 2.8%, other 0.2% (2000 census)
Andorra
Spanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other
6% (1998)
Angola
Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed
European and native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%
Anguilla
black (predominant) 90.1%, mixed, mulatto 4.6%, white 3.7%,
other 1.5% (2001 Census)
Antigua and Barbuda
black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian
Argentina
white (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%, mestizo (mixed
white and Amerindian ancestry), Amerindian, or other non-white
groups 3%
Armenia
Armenian 97.9%, Yezidi (Kurd) 1.3%, Russian 0.5%, other 0.3%
(2001 census)
Aruba
mixed white/Caribbean Amerindian 80%
Australia
Caucasian 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1%
Austria
Austrians 91.1%, former Yugoslavs 4% (includes Croatians,
Slovenes, Serbs, and Bosniaks), Turks 1.6%, German 0.9%, other or
unspecified 2.4% (2001 census)
Azerbaijan
Azeri 90.6%, Dagestani 2.2%, Russian 1.8%, Armenian 1.5%,
other 3.9% (1999 census)
note: almost all Armenians live in the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh
region
Bahamas, The
black 85%, white 12%, Asian and Hispanic 3%
Bahrain
Bahraini 62.4%, non-Bahraini 37.6% (2001 census)
Bangladesh
Bengali 98%, tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims (1998)
Barbados
black 90%, white 4%, Asian and mixed 6%
Belarus
Belarusian 81.2%, Russian 11.4%, Polish 3.9%, Ukrainian
2.4%, other 1.1% (1999 census)
Belgium
Fleming 58%, Walloon 31%, mixed or other 11%
Belize
mestizo 48.7%, Creole 24.9%, Maya 10.6%, Garifuna 6.1%, other
9.7%
Benin
African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja,
Yoruba, Bariba), Europeans 5,500
Bermuda
black 54.8%, white 34.1%, mixed 6.4%, other races 4.3%,
unspecified 0.4% (2000 census)
Bhutan
Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35% (includes Lhotsampas - one of
several Nepalese ethnic groups), indigenous or migrant tribes 15%
Bolivia
Quechua 30%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry)
30%, Aymara 25%, white 15%
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosniak 48%, Serb 37.1%, Croat 14.3%, other
0.6% (2000)
note: Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid
confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam
Botswana
Tswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other,
including Kgalagadi and white 7%
Brazil
white 53.7%, mulatto (mixed white and black) 38.5%, black
6.2%, other (includes Japanese, Arab, Amerindian) 0.9%, unspecified
0.7% (2000 census)
British Virgin Islands
black 83%, white, Indian, Asian and mixed
Brunei
Malay 67%, Chinese 15%, indigenous 6%, other 12%
Bulgaria
Bulgarian 83.9%, Turk 9.4%, Roma 4.7%, other 2% (including
Macedonian, Armenian, Tatar, Circassian) (2001 census)
Burkina Faso
Mossi over 40%, Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande,
Fulani
Burma
Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian
2%, Mon 2%, other 5%
Burundi
Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%,
Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000
Cambodia
Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%
Cameroon
Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%,
Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, other
African 13%, non-African less than 1%
Canada
British Isles origin 28%, French origin 23%, other European
15%, Amerindian 2%, other, mostly Asian, African, Arab 6%, mixed
background 26%
Cape Verde
Creole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%
Cayman Islands
mixed 40%, white 20%, black 20%, expatriates of
various ethnic groups 20%
Central African Republic
Baya 33%, Banda 27%, Mandjia 13%, Sara 10%,
Mboum 7%, M'Baka 4%, Yakoma 4%, other 2%
Chad
200 distinct groups; in the north and center: Arabs, Gorane
(Toubou, Daza, Kreda), Zaghawa, Kanembou, Ouaddai, Baguirmi,
Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Hausa, Boulala, and Maba, most of whom are
Muslim; in the south: Sara (Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye), Moundang,
Moussei, Massa, most of whom are Christian or animist; about 1,000
French citizens live in Chad
Chile
white and white-Amerindian 95%, Amerindian 3%, other 2%
China
Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao,
Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%
Christmas Island
Chinese 70%, European 20%, Malay 10%
note: no indigenous population (2001)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Europeans, Cocos Malays
Colombia
mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed
black-Amerindian 3%, Amerindian 1%
Comoros
Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
over 200 African ethnic groups of
which the majority are Bantu; the four largest tribes - Mongo, Luba,
Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about
45% of the population
Congo, Republic of the
Kongo 48%, Sangha 20%, M'Bochi 12%, Teke 17%,
Europeans and other 3%
Cook Islands
Cook Island Maori (Polynesian) 87.7%, part Cook Island
Maori 5.8%, other 6.5% (2001 census)
Costa Rica
white (including mestizo) 94%, black 3%, Amerindian 1%,
Chinese 1%, other 1%
Cote d'Ivoire
Akan 42.1%, Voltaiques or Gur 17.6%, Northern Mandes
16.5%, Krous 11%, Southern Mandes 10%, other 2.8% (includes 130,000
Lebanese and 14,000 French) (1998)
Croatia
Croat 89.6%, Serb 4.5%, other 5.9% (including Bosniak,
Hungarian, Slovene, Czech, and Roma) (2001 census)
Cuba
mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%
Cyprus
Greek 77%, Turkish 18%, other 5% (2001)
Czech Republic
Czech 90.4%, Moravian 3.7%, Slovak 1.9%, other 4%
(2001 census)
Denmark
Scandinavian, Inuit, Faroese, German, Turkish, Iranian,
Somali
Djibouti
Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian
5%
Dominica
black, mixed black and European, European, Syrian, Carib
Amerindian
Dominican Republic
mixed 73%, white 16%, black 11%
East Timor
Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian), Papuan, small Chinese
minority
Ecuador
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%,
Spanish and others 7%, black 3%
Egypt
Egyptian 98%, Berber, Nubian, Bedouin, and Beja 1%, Greek,
Armenian, other European (primarily Italian and French) 1%
El Salvador
mestizo 90%, white 9%, Amerindian 1%
Equatorial Guinea
Bioko (primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos), Rio Muni
(primarily Fang), Europeans less than 1,000, mostly Spanish
Eritrea
Tigrinya 50%, Tigre and Kunama 40%, Afar 4%, Saho (Red Sea
coast dwellers) 3%, other 3%
Estonia
Estonian 67.9%, Russian 25.6%, Ukrainian 2.1%, Belarusian
1.3%, Finn 0.9%, other 2.2% (2000 census)
Ethiopia
Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigre 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%,
Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1%
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
British
Faroe Islands
Scandinavian
Fiji
Fijian 51% (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesian
admixture), Indian 44%, European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas
Chinese, and other 5% (1998 est.)
Finland
Finn 93.4%, Swede 5.7%, Russian 0.4%, Estonian 0.2%, Roma
0.2%, Sami 0.1%
France
Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African,
Indochinese, Basque minorities
French Guiana
black or mulatto 66%, white 12%, East Indian, Chinese,
Amerindian 12%, other 10%
French Polynesia
Polynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%,
metropolitan French 4%
Gabon
Bantu tribes, including four major tribal groupings (Fang,
Bapounou, Nzebi, Obamba); other Africans and Europeans, 154,000,
including 10,700 French and 11,000 persons of dual nationality
Gambia, The
African 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola
10%, Serahuli 9%, other 4%), non-African 1%
Gaza Strip
Palestinian Arab and other 99.4%, Jewish 0.6%
Georgia
Georgian 83.8%, Azeri 6.5%, Armenian 5.7%, Russian 1.5%,
other 2.5% (2002 census)
Germany
German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of
Greek, Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish)
Ghana
African 98.5% (includes Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba 16%, Ewe 13%,
Ga 8%, Gurma 3%, Yoruba 1%), European and other 1.5% (1998)
Gibraltar
Spanish, Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese, German,
North Africans
Greece
Greek 98%, Turkish and other 2%
note: the Greek Government states there are no ethnic divisions in
Greece
Greenland
Greenlander 88% (Inuit and Greenland-born whites), Danish
and others 12% (2000)
Grenada
black 82%, mixed black and European 13%, European and East
Indian 5%, and trace of Arawak/Carib Amerindian
Guadeloupe
black or mulatto 90%, white 5%, East Indian, Lebanese,
Chinese less than 5%
Guam
Chamorro 37.1%, Filipino 26.3%, other Pacific islander 11.3%,
white 6.9%, other Asian 6.3%, other ethnic origin or race 2.3%,
mixed 9.8% (2000 census)
Guatemala
Mestizo (mixed Amerindian-Spanish - in local Spanish
called Ladino) and European 59.4%, K'iche 9.1%, Kaqchikel 8.4%, Mam
7.9%, Q'eqchi 6.3%, other Mayan 8.6%, indigenous non-Mayan 0.2%,
other 0.1% (2001 census)
Guernsey
UK and Norman-French descent with small percentages from
other European countries
Guinea
Peuhl 40%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, smaller ethnic groups 10%
Guinea-Bissau
African 99% (includes Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca
14%, Mandinga 13%, Papel 7%), European and mulatto less than 1%
Guyana
East Indian 50%, black 36%, Amerindian 7%, white, Chinese,
and mixed 7%
Haiti
black 95%, mulatto and white 5%
Holy See (Vatican City)
Italians, Swiss, other
Honduras
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European) 90%, Amerindian 7%,
black 2%, white 1%
Hong Kong
Chinese 95%, other 5%
Hungary
Hungarian 92.3%, Roma 1.9%, other or unknown 5.8% (2001
census)
Iceland
homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts 94%,
population of foreign origin 6%
India
Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)
Indonesia
Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays
7.5%, other 26%
Iran
Persian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%,
Arab 3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%
Iraq
Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5%
Ireland
Celtic, English
Isle of Man
Manx (Norse-Celtic descent), Briton
Israel
Jewish 76.4% (of which Israel-born 67.1%, Europe/America-born
22.6%, Africa-born 5.9%, Asia-born 4.2%), non-Jewish 23.6% (mostly
Arab) (2004)
Italy
Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and
Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and
Greek-Italians in the south)
Jamaica
black 90.9%, East Indian 1.3%, white 0.2%, Chinese 0.2%,
mixed 7.3%, other 0.1%
Japan
Japanese 99%, others 1% (Korean 511,262, Chinese 244,241,
Brazilian 182,232, Filipino 89,851, other 237,914)
note: up to 230,000 Brazilians of Japanese origin migrated to Japan
in the 1990s to work in industries; some have returned to Brazil
(2004)
Jersey
Jersey 51.1%, British 34.8%, Irish, French, and other white
6.6%, Portuguese/Madeiran 6.4%, other 1.1% (2001 census)
Jordan
Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%
Kazakhstan
Kazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%, Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek
2.5%, German 2.4%, Tatar 1.7%, Uygur 1.4%, other 4.9% (1999 census)
Kenya
Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii
6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, and
Arab) 1%
Kiribati
Micronesian 98.8%, other 1.2% (2000 census)
Korea, North
racially homogeneous; there is a small Chinese
community and a few ethnic Japanese
Korea, South
homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)
Kuwait
Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%,
other 7%
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyz 64.9%, Uzbek 13.8%, Russian 12.5%, Dungan 1.1%,
Ukrainian 1%, Uygur 1%, other 5.7% (1999 census)
Laos
Lao Loum (lowland) 68%, Lao Theung (upland) 22%, Lao Soung
(highland) including the Hmong and the Yao 9%, ethnic
Vietnamese/Chinese 1%
Latvia
Latvian 57.7%, Russian 29.6%, Belarusian 4.1%, Ukrainian
2.7%, Polish 2.5%, Lithuanian 1.4%, other 2% (2002)
Lebanon
Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1%
note: many Christian Lebanese do not identify themselves as Arab but
rather as descendents of the ancient Canaanites and prefer to be
called Phoenicians
Lesotho
Sotho 99.7%, Europeans, Asians, and other 0.3%,
Liberia
indigenous African 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru,
Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma, Kissi, Vai, Dei, Bella,
Mandingo, and Mende), Americo-Liberians 2.5% (descendants of
immigrants from the US who had been slaves), Congo People 2.5%
(descendants of immigrants from the Caribbean who had been slaves)
Libya
Berber and Arab 97%, Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians,
Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, Tunisians
Liechtenstein
Alemannic 86%, Italian, Turkish, and other 14%
Lithuania
Lithuanian 83.4%, Polish 6.7%, Russian 6.3%, other or
unspecified 3.6% (2001 census)
Luxembourg
Celtic base (with French and German blend), Portuguese,
Italian, Slavs (from Montenegro, Albania, and Kosovo) and European
(guest and resident workers)
Macau
Chinese 95.7%, Macanese (mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry)
1%, other 3.3% (2001 census)
Macedonia
Macedonian 64.2%, Albanian 25.2%, Turkish 3.9%, Roma 2.7%,
Serb 1.8%, other 2.2% (2002 census)
Madagascar
Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers
(mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry -
Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian,
Creole, Comoran
Malawi
Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuka, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni,
Ngonde, Asian, European
Malaysia
Malay 50.4%, Chinese 23.7%, Indigenous 11%, Indian 7.1%,
others 7.8% (2004 est.)
Maldives
South Indians, Sinhalese, Arabs
Mali
Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%,
Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%
Malta
Maltese (descendants of ancient Carthaginians and Phoenicians,
with strong elements of Italian and other Mediterranean stock)
Marshall Islands
Micronesian
Martinique
African and African-white-Indian mixture 90%, white 5%,
East Indian and Chinese less than 5%
Mauritania
mixed Maur/black 40%, Moor 30%, black 30%
Mauritius
Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%,
Franco-Mauritian 2%
Mayotte
NA
Mexico
mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly
Amerindian 30%, white 9%, other 1%
Micronesia, Federated States of
nine ethnic Micronesian and
Polynesian groups
Moldova
Moldovan/Romanian 78.2%, Ukrainian 8.4%, Russian 5.8%,
Gagauz 4.4%, Bulgarian 1.9%, other 1.3% (2004 census)
note: internal disputes with ethnic Slavs in the Transnistrian region
Monaco
French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%
Mongolia
Mongol (mostly Khalkha) 94.9%, Turkic (mostly Kazakh) 5%,
other (including Chinese and Russian) 0.1% (2000)
Montenegro
Montenegrin 43%, Serbian 32%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%,
other (Muslims, Croats, Roma) 12%
Montserrat
black, white
Morocco
Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%
Mozambique
African 99.66% (Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena, and
others), Europeans 0.06%, Euro-Africans 0.2%, Indians 0.08%
Namibia
black 87.5%, white 6%, mixed 6.5%
note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9%
to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups includes Herero 7%,
Damara 7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5%
Nauru
Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European
8%
Nepal
Chhettri 15.5%, Brahman-Hill 12.5%, Magar 7%, Tharu 6.6%,
Tamang 5.5%, Newar 5.4%, Muslim 4.2%, Kami 3.9%, Yadav 3.9%, other
32.7%, unspecified 2.8% (2001 census)
Netherlands
Dutch 83%, other 17% (of which 9% are non-Western origin
mainly Turks, Moroccans, Antilleans, Surinamese, and Indonesians)
(1999 est.)
Netherlands Antilles
mixed black 85%, Carib Amerindian, white, East
Asian
New Caledonia
Melanesian 42.5%, European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%,
Polynesian 3.8%, Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese 1.6%, other 3%
New Zealand
European 69.8%, Maori 7.9%, Asian 5.7%, Pacific islander
4.4%, other 0.5%, mixed 7.8%, unspecified 3.8% (2001 census)
Nicaragua
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 69%, white 17%, black
9%, Amerindian 5%
Niger
Hausa 56%, Djerma 22%, Fula 8.5%, Tuareg 8%, Beri Beri
(Kanouri) 4.3%, Arab, Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%, about 1,200
French expatriates
Nigeria
Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, is composed of more
than 250 ethnic groups; the following are the most populous and
politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo
(Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5%
Niue
Niuen 78.2%, Pacific islander 10.2%, European 4.5%, mixed 3.9%,
Asian 0.2%, unspecified 3% (2001 census)
Norfolk Island
descendants of the Bounty mutineers, Australian, New
Zealander, Polynesian
Northern Mariana Islands
Asian 56.3%, Pacific islander 36.3%,
Caucasian 1.8%, other 0.8%, mixed 4.8% (2000 census)