Z (part 15)

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Levy MWANAWASA (since 2 January 2002);
Vice President Lupando MWAPE (since 4 October 2004); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Levy MWANAWASA (since 2 January 2002);
Vice President Lupando MWAPE (since 4 October 2004); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members
of the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 27 December 2001 (next to be held NA December
2006); vice president appointed by the president
election results: Levy MWANAWASA elected president; percent of vote
- Levy MWANAWASA 29%, Anderson MAZOKA 27%, Christon TEMBO 13%,
Tilyenji KAUNDA 10%, Godfrey MIYANDA 8%, Benjamin MWILA 5%, Michael
SATA 3%, other 5%

Legislative branch:
unicameral National Assembly (150 seats; members are elected by
popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 27 December 2001 (next to be held NA December
2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - MMD 45.9%, UPND 32.4%,
UNIP 8.8%, FDD 8.1%, HP 2.7%, PF 0.7%, ZRP 0.7%, independents 0.7%;
seats by party - MMD 68, UPND 48, UNIP 13, FDD 12, HP 4, PF 1, ZRP
1, independents 1; seats not determined 2

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (the final court of appeal; justices are appointed by
the president); High Court (has unlimited jurisdiction to hear civil
and criminal cases)

Political parties and leaders:
Agenda for Zambia or AZ [Inonge MBIKUSITA-LEWANIKA]; Forum for
Democracy and Development or FDD [Christon TEMBO]; Heritage Party or
HP [Godfrey MIYANDA]; Liberal Progressive Front or LPF [Roger
CHONGWE, president]; Movement for Multiparty Democracy or MMD [Levy
MWANAWASA, acting president]; National Leadership for Development or
NLD [Yobert SHAMAPANDE]; National Party or NP [Dr. Sam CHIPUNGU];
Patriotic Front or PF [Michael SATA]; Zambian Republican Party or
ZRP [Benjamin MWILA]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Gwendoline
KONIE]; United National Independence Party or UNIP [Francis NKHOMA,
president]; United Party for National Development or UPND [Anderson
MAZOKA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
NA

International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO
(correspondent), ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, ONUB, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN,
UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNOCI,
UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Inonge MBIKUSITA-LEWANIKA FAX: (202) 332-0826 telephone: (202) 265-9717 through 9719 chancery: 2419 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Martin George BRENNAN embassy: corner of Independence and United Nations Avenues mailing address: P. O. Box 31617, Lusaka telephone: (1) 250-955 FAX: (1) 252-225

Flag description:
green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side),
black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of
the flag

Economy Zambia

Economy - overview:
Despite progress in privatization and budgetary reform, Zambia's
economic growth remains below the 5% to 7% necessary to reduce
poverty significantly. Privatization of government-owned copper
mines relieved the government from covering mammoth losses generated
by the industry and greatly improved the chances for copper mining
to return to profitability and spur economic growth. Copper output
increased in 2003 and is expected to increase again in 2004, due to
higher copper prices. The maize harvest doubled in 2003, helping
boost GDP by 4.0%. Cooperation continues with international bodies
on programs to reduce poverty, including a new lending arrangement
with the IMF expected in the second quarter, 2004. A tighter
monetary policy will help cut inflation, but Zambia still has a
serious problem with fiscal discipline.

GDP:
purchasing power parity - $8.596 billion (2003 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
4% (2003 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $800 (2003 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 15.3% industry: 27.9% services: 56.9% (2003)

Investment (gross fixed):
45.2% of GDP (2003)

Population below poverty line:
86% (1993)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.1% highest 10%: 41% (1998)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
52.6 (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
21.4% (2003 est.)

Labor force:
4.59 million (2003)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 85%, industry 6%, services 9%

Unemployment rate:
50% (2000 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $896.7 million
expenditures: $1.142 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2003 est.)

Public debt:
133.6% of GDP (2003)

Agriculture - products:
corn, sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower seed, vegetables, flowers,
tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, cassava (tapioca); cattle, goats, pigs,
poultry, milk, eggs, hides; coffee

Industries:
copper mining and processing, construction, foodstuffs, beverages,
chemicals, textiles, fertilizer, horticulture

Industrial production growth rate:
4% (2003 est.)

Electricity - production:
7.751 billion kWh (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
5.458 billion kWh (2001)

Electricity - exports:
1.75 billion kWh (2001)

Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2001)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
11,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA (2001)

Oil - imports:
NA (2001)

Current account balance:
$-340 million (2003)

Exports:
$1.039 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Exports - commodities:
copper 55%, cobalt, electricity, tobacco, flowers, cotton

Exports - partners:
UK 26.7%, South Africa 21.6%, Tanzania 13.9%, Switzerland 8.1%
(2003)

Imports:
$1.128 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products,
electricity, fertilizer; foodstuffs, clothing

Imports - partners:
South Africa 48.3%, Zimbabwe 12.8%, UK 5.9%, UAE 4.3% (2003)

Reserves of foreign exchange & gold:
$247.7 million (2003)

Debt - external:
$5.281 billion (2003)

Economic aid - recipient:
$651 million (2000 est.)

Currency:
Zambian kwacha (ZMK)

Currency code:
ZMK

Exchange rates:
Zambian kwacha per US dollar - 4,733.77 (2003), 4,398.59 (2002),
3,610.93 (2001), 3,110.84 (2000), 2,388.02 (1999)

Fiscal year:
calendar year

Communications Zambia

Telephones - main lines in use:
88,400 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
241,000 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: facilities are aging but still among the best
in Sub-Saharan Africa
domestic: high-capacity microwave radio relay connects most larger
towns and cities; several cellular telephone services in operation;
Internet service is widely available; very small aperture terminal
(VSAT) networks are operated by private firms
international: country code - 260; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 19, FM 5, shortwave 4 (2001)

Radios:
1.2 million (2001)

Television broadcast stations:
9 (2002)

Televisions:
277,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.zm

Internet hosts:
1,880 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
5 (2001)

Internet users:
68,200 (2003)

Transportation Zambia

Railways:
total: 2,173 km
narrow gauge: 2,173 km 1.067-m gauge
note: includes 891 km of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority
(TAZARA) (2003)

Highways:
total: 66,781 km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
2,250 km
note: includes Lake Tanganyika and the Zambezi and Luapula rivers
(2003)

Pipelines:
oil 771 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Mpulungu

Airports:
109 (2003 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
total: 10
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 99
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 62
under 914 m: 32 (2004 est.)

Military Zambia

Military branches:
Zambian National Defense Force (ZNDF): Army, Air Force, Police,
National Service

Military manpower - military age and obligation:
18 years of age (est.) (2004)

Military manpower - availability:
males age 15-49: 2,477,494 (2004 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 1,310,814 (2004 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$42.6 million (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
0.9% (2003)

Transnational Issues Zambia

Disputes - international:
the Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe boundary convergence is
not clearly defined or delimited

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 158,894 (Angola), 58,405 (Democratic
Republic of the Congo), 5,767 (Rwanda) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for moderate amounts of methaqualone, small
amounts of heroin, and cocaine bound for Southern Africa and
possibly Europe; a poorly developed financial infrastructure coupled
with a government commitment to combating money laundering make it
an unattractive venue for money launderers

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

@Zimbabwe

Introduction Zimbabwe

Background:
The UK annexed Southern Rhodesia from the South Africa Company in
1923. A 1961 constitution was formulated that favored whites in
power. In 1965 the government unilaterally declared its
independence, but the UK did not recognize the act and demanded more
complete voting rights for the black African majority in the country
(then called Rhodesia). UN sanctions and a guerrilla uprising
finally led to free elections in 1979 and independence (as Zimbabwe)
in 1980. Robert MUGABE, the nation's first prime minister, has been
the country's only ruler (as president since 1987) and has dominated
the country's political system since independence. His chaotic land
redistribution campaign begun in 2000 caused an exodus of white
farmers, crippled the economy, and ushered in widespread shortages
of basic commodities. Ignoring international condemnation, MUGABE
rigged the 2002 presidential election to ensure his reelection.
Opposition and labor groups launched general strikes in 2003 to
pressure MUGABE to retire early; security forces continued their
brutal repression of regime opponents.

Geography Zimbabwe

Location:
Southern Africa, between South Africa and Zambia

Geographic coordinates:
20 00 S, 30 00 E

Map references:
Africa

Area:
total: 390,580 sq km
water: 3,910 sq km
land: 386,670 sq km

Area - comparative:
slightly larger than Montana

Land boundaries:
total: 3,066 km
border countries: Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa
225 km, Zambia 797 km

Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)

Climate:
tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March)

Terrain:
mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld);
mountains in east

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: junction of the Runde and Save rivers 162 m
highest point: Inyangani 2,592 m

Natural resources:
coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore,
vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals

Land use: arable land: 8.32% permanent crops: 0.34% other: 91.34% (2001)

Irrigated land:
1,170 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:
recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare

Environment - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air and water pollution; the black rhinoceros herd - once the largest concentration of the species in the world - has been significantly reduced by poaching; poor mining practices have led to toxic waste and heavy metal pollution

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
landlocked; the Zambezi forms a natural riverine boundary with
Zambia; in full flood (February-April) the massive Victoria Falls on
the river forms the world's largest curtain of falling water

People Zimbabwe

Population:
12,671,860
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower
population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2004 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 39.4% (male 2,520,082; female 2,472,641)
15-64 years: 57% (male 3,649,400; female 3,571,631)
65 years and over: 3.6% (male 230,272; female 227,834) (2004 est.)

Median age:
total: 19.1 years
female: 19.1 years (2004 est.)
male: 19.1 years

Population growth rate:
0.68% (2004 est.)

Birth rate:
30.05 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Death rate:
23.3 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Net migration rate:
negligible migrant(s)/1,000 population
note: there is an increasing flow of Zimbabweans into South Africa
and Botswana in search of better economic opportunities (2004 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.01 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2004 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
total: 67.08 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 64.33 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
male: 69.74 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 37.82 years
male: 38.63 years
female: 36.99 years (2004 est.)

Total fertility rate:
3.6 children born/woman (2004 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
33.7% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
2.3 million (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
200,000 (2001 est.)

Major infectious diseases:
typhoid fever, malaria, schistosomiasis
overall degree of risk: high (2004)

Nationality:
noun: Zimbabwean(s)
adjective: Zimbabwean

Ethnic groups:
African 98% (Shona 82%, Ndebele 14%, other 2%), mixed and Asian 1%,
white less than 1%

Religions:
syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian
25%, indigenous beliefs 24%, Muslim and other 1%

Languages:
English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the Ndebele,
sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal dialects

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write English
total population: 90.7%
male: 94.2%
female: 87.2% (2003 est.)

Government Zimbabwe

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Zimbabwe
conventional short form: Zimbabwe
former: Southern Rhodesia, Rhodesia

Government type:
parliamentary democracy

Capital:
Harare

Administrative divisions:
8 provinces and 2 cities* with provincial status; Bulawayo*,
Harare*, Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East,
Mashonaland West, Masvingo, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South,
Midlands

Independence:
18 April 1980 (from UK)

National holiday:
Independence Day, 18 April (1980)

Constitution:
21 December 1979

Legal system:
mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law

Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31
December 1987); Vice President Joyce MUJURU (since 6 December 2004;
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since
31 December 1987); Vice President Joyce MUJURU (since 6 December
2004; note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president; responsible to the
House of Assembly
elections: presidential candidates nominated with a nomination paper
signed by at least 10 registered voters (at least one from each
province) and elected by popular vote; election last held 9-11 March
2002 (next to be held NA March 2008); co-vice presidents appointed
by the president
election results: Robert Gabriel MUGABE reelected president; percent
of vote - Robert Gabriel MUGABE 56.2%, Morgan TSVANGIRAI 41.9%

Legislative branch:
unicameral House of Assembly (150 seats - 120 elected by popular
vote for five-year terms, 12 nominated by the president, 10 occupied
by traditional chiefs chosen by their peers, and 8 occupied by
provincial governors appointed by the president)
elections: last held 24-25 June 2000 (next to be held NA 2005)
election results: percent of vote by party - ZANU-PF 48.6%, MDC
47.0%, other 4.4%; seats by party - ZANU-PF 62, MDC 57, ZANU-Ndonga 1

Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; High Court

Political parties and leaders:
Movement for Democratic Change or MDC [Morgan TSVANGIRAI]; National
Alliance for Good Governance or NAGG [Shakespeare MAYA]; United
Parties [Abel MUZOREWA]; Zimbabwe African National Union-Ndonga or
ZANU-Ndonga [Wilson KUMBULA]; Zimbabwe African National
Union-Patriotic Front or ZANU-PF [Robert Gabriel MUGABE]; Zimbabwe
African Peoples Union or ZAPU [Agrippa MADLELA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
National Constitutional Assembly or NCA [Lovemore MADHUKU]; Crisis
in Zimbabwe Coalition [Brian KAGORO]; Zimbabwe Congress of Trade
Unions or ZCTU [Lovemore MATOMBO]

International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory),
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM,
ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UNMIK, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Simbi Veke MUBAKO
FAX: (202) 483-9326
telephone: (202) 332-7100
chancery: 1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009

Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph G. SULLIVAN embassy: 172 Herbert Chitepo Avenue, Harare mailing address: P. O. Box 3340, Harare telephone: (4) 250-593 and 250-594 FAX: (4) 796488

Flag description:
seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red,
yellow, and green with a white isosceles triangle edged in black
with its base on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird representing
the long history of the country is superimposed on a red
five-pointed star in the center of the triangle, which symbolizes
peace; green symbolizes agriculture, yellow - mineral wealth, red -
blood shed to achieve independence, and black stands for the native
people

Economy Zimbabwe

Economy - overview:
The government of Zimbabwe faces a wide variety of difficult
economic problems as it struggles with an unsustainable fiscal
deficit, an overvalued exchange rate, soaring inflation, and bare
shelves. Its 1998-2002 involvement in the war in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo, for example, drained hundreds of millions of
dollars from the economy. Badly needed support from the IMF has been
suspended because of the country's failure to meet budgetary goals.
Inflation rose from an annual rate of 32% in 1998 to 383% in 2003,
and is expected to reach 700% in 2004. The government's land reform
program, characterized by chaos and violence, has badly damaged the
commercial farming sector, the traditional source of exports and
foreign exchange and the provider of 400,000 jobs.

GDP:
purchasing power parity - $24.03 billion (2003 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
-13.6% (2003 est.)

GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $1,900 (2003 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 17.3% industry: 24.5% services: 58.3% (2003)

Investment (gross fixed):
8.9% of GDP (2003)

Population below poverty line:
70% (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 1.97% highest 10%: 40.42% (1995)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
50.1 (1995)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
384.7% (2003 est.)

Labor force:
4.17 million (2003 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 66%, industry 10%, services 24% (1996)

Unemployment rate:
70% (2002 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $1.568 billion
expenditures: $2.004 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2003)

Public debt:
41.3% of GDP (2003)

Agriculture - products:
corn, cotton, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts; sheep, goats, pigs

Industries:
mining (coal, gold, copper, nickel, tin, clay, numerous metallic
and nonmetallic ores), steel, wood products, cement, chemicals,
fertilizer, clothing and footwear, foodstuffs, beverages

Industrial production growth rate:
-14.7% (2003 est.)

Electricity - production:
6.735 billion kWh (2001)

Electricity - consumption:
9.813 billion kWh (2001)

Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2001)

Electricity - imports:
3.55 billion kWh (2001)

Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:
23,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:
NA (2001)

Oil - imports:
NA (2001)

Current account balance:
$-346 million (2003)

Exports:
$1.261 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Exports - commodities:
tobacco, gold, ferroalloys, textiles/clothing

Exports - partners:
Zambia 6.3%, South Africa 6.1%, China 5.3%, Germany 4.6%, Japan
4.4% (2003)

Imports:
$1.691 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, other manufactures, chemicals,
fuels

Imports - partners:
South Africa 51.3%, Congo, Democratic Republic of the 6.1%, Germany
2.8% (2003)

Reserves of foreign exchange & gold:
$78 million (2003)

Debt - external:
$3.404 billion (2003 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
$178 million; note - the EU and the US provide food aid on
humanitarian grounds (2000 est.)

Currency:
Zimbabwean dollar (ZWD)

Currency code:
ZWD

Exchange rates:
Zimbabwean dollars per US dollar - NA (2003), 55.0358 (2002),
55.0521 (2001), 44.4179 (2000), 38.3012 (1999); note - these are
official exchange rates, non-official rates vary significantly

Fiscal year:
1 January - 31 December

Communications Zimbabwe

Telephones - main lines in use:
300,900 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
379,100 (2003)

Telephone system:
general assessment: system was once one of the best in Africa, but
now suffers from poor maintenance; more than 100,000 outstanding
requests for connection despite an equally large number of installed
but unused main lines
domestic: consists of microwave radio relay links, open-wire lines,
radiotelephone communication stations, fixed wireless local loop
installations, and a substantial mobile cellular network; Internet
connection is available in Harare and planned for all major towns
and for some of the smaller ones
international: country code - 263; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat; two international digital gateway exchanges (in Harare and
Gweru)

Radio broadcast stations:
AM 7, FM 20 (plus 17 repeater stations), shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
1.14 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
16 (1997)

Televisions:
370,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
.zw

Internet hosts:
4,501 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
6 (2000)

Internet users:
500,000 (2002)

Transportation Zimbabwe

Railways: total: 3,077 km narrow gauge: 3,077 km 1.067-m gauge (313 km electrified) (2003)

Highways: total: 18,338 km paved: 8,692 km unpaved: 9,646 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:
on Lake Kariba, length small (2003)

Pipelines:
refined products 261 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:
Binga, Kariba

Airports:
404 (2003 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 17 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 8 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 387 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 186 under 914 m: 196 (2004 est.)

Military Zimbabwe

Military branches:
Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Republic
Police (includes Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police)

Military manpower - military age and obligation:
18 years of age (est.) (2004)

Military manpower - availability:
males age 15-49: 3,285,007 (2004 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 2,033,978 (2004 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$105 million (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.7% (2003)

Transnational Issues Zimbabwe

Disputes - international:
the Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe boundary convergence is
not clearly defined or delimited

Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 100,000-150,000 (Mugabe-led political violence, human rights
violations, land reform, and economic collapse) (2004)

Illicit drugs:
transit point for African cannabis and South Asian heroin, mandrax,
and methamphetamines destined for the South African and European
markets

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005