Abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvy (part 2)

Jamaica:
34.2% (1992 est.)

Japan:
NA%

Jersey:
NA%

Jordan:
30% (1998 est.)

Kazakhstan:
35% (1999 est.)

Kenya:
42% (1992 est.)

Kiribati:
NA%

Korea, North:
NA%

Korea, South:
NA%

Kuwait:
NA%

Kyrgyzstan:
51% (1997 est.)

Laos:
46.1% (1993 est.)

Latvia:
NA%

Lebanon:
28% (1999 est.)

Lesotho:
49.2% (1999 est.)

Liberia:
80%

Libya:
NA%

Liechtenstein:
NA%

Lithuania:
NA%

Luxembourg:
NA%

Macau:
NA%

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
25% (2000 est.)

Madagascar:
70% (1994 est.)

Malawi:
54% (FY90/91 est.)

Malaysia:
6.8% (1997 est.)

Maldives:
NA%

Mali:
NA%

Malta:
NA%

Man, Isle of:
NA%

Marshall Islands:
NA%

Martinique:
NA%

Mauritania:
50% (1996 est.)

Mauritius:
10.6% (1992 est.)

Mayotte:
NA%

Mexico:
27% (1998 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of:
NA%

Moldova:
75% (1999 est.)

Monaco:
NA%

Mongolia:
40% (2000 est.)

Montserrat:
NA%

Morocco:
19% (1999 est.)

Mozambique:
70% (2000 est.)

Namibia:
NA%

Nauru:
NA%

Nepal:
42% (FY95/96 est.)

Netherlands:
NA%

Netherlands Antilles:
NA%

New Caledonia:
NA%

New Zealand:
NA%

Nicaragua:
50% (2000 est.)

Niger:
63% (1993 est.)

Nigeria:
45% (2000 est.)

Niue:
NA%

Norfolk Island:
NA%

Northern Mariana Islands:
NA%

Norway:
NA%

Oman:
NA%

Pakistan:
40% (2000 est.)

Palau:
NA%

Panama:
37% (1999 est.)

Papua New Guinea:
37%

Paraguay:
36% (2000 est.)

Peru:
49% (1994 est.)

Philippines:
41% (1997 est.)

Pitcairn Islands:
NA%

Poland:
18.4% (2000 est.)

Portugal:
NA%

Puerto Rico:
NA%

Qatar:
NA%

Reunion:
NA%

Romania:
44.5% (2000)

Russia:
40% (1999 est.)

Rwanda:
70% (2000 est.)

Saint Helena:
NA%

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
NA%

Saint Lucia:
NA%

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
NA%

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
NA%

Samoa:
NA%

San Marino:
NA%

Sao Tome and Principe:
NA%

Saudi Arabia:
NA%

Senegal:
NA%

Seychelles:
NA%

Sierra Leone:
68% (1989 est.)

Singapore:
NA%

Slovakia:
NA%

Slovenia:
NA%

Solomon Islands:
NA%

Somalia:
NA%

South Africa:
50% (2000 est.)

Spain:
NA%

Sri Lanka:
22% (1997 est.)

Sudan:
NA%

Suriname:
NA%

Svalbard:
NA%

Swaziland:
NA%

Sweden:
NA%

Switzerland:
NA%

Syria:
15%-25%

Tajikistan:
80% (2000 est.)

Tanzania:
51.1% (1991 est.)

Thailand:
12.5% (1998 est.)

Togo:
32% (1989 est.)

Tokelau:
NA%

Tonga:
NA%

Trinidad and Tobago:
21% (1992 est.)

Tunisia:
6% (2000 est.)

Turkey:
NA%

Turkmenistan:
58% (1999 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands:
NA%

Tuvalu:
NA%

Uganda:
55% (1993 est.)

Ukraine:
50% (1999 est.)

United Arab Emirates:
NA%

United Kingdom:
17%

United States:
12.7% (1999 est.)

Uruguay:
NA%

Uzbekistan:
NA%

Vanuatu:
NA%

Venezuela:
67% (1997 est.)

Vietnam:
37% (1998 est.)

Virgin Islands:
NA%

Wallis and Futuna:
NA%

West Bank:
NA%

Western Sahara:
NA%

Yemen:
19% (1992 est.)

Yugoslavia:
NA%

Zambia:
86% (1993 est.)

Zimbabwe:
60% (1999 est.)

Taiwan:
1% (1999 est.)

@Population growth rate

Afghanistan: 3.48% (2001 est.)

note: this rate reflects the continued return of refugees from Iran

Albania:
0.88% (2001 est.)

Algeria:
1.71% (2001 est.)

American Samoa:
2.42% (2001 est.)

Andorra:
1.17% (2001 est.)

Angola:
2.15% (2001 est.)

Anguilla:
2.68% (2001 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda:
0.74% (2001 est.)

Argentina:
1.15% (2001 est.)

Armenia:
-0.21% (2001 est.)

Aruba:
0.64% (2001 est.)

Australia:
0.99% (2001 est.)

Austria:
0.24% (2001 est.)

Azerbaijan:
0.32% (2001 est.)

Bahamas, The:
0.93% (2001 est.)

Bahrain:
1.73% (2001 est.)

Bangladesh:
1.59% (2001 est.)

Barbados:
0.46% (2001 est.)

Belarus:
-0.15% (2001 est.)

Belgium:
0.16% (2001 est.)

Belize:
2.7% (2001 est.)

Benin:
2.97% (2001 est.)

Bermuda:
0.74% (2001 est.)

Bhutan:
2.17% (2001 est.)

Bolivia:
1.76% (2001 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
1.38% (2001 est.)

Botswana:
0.47% (2001 est.)

Brazil:
0.91% (2001 est.)

British Virgin Islands:
2.22% (2001 est.)

Brunei:
2.11% (2001 est.)

Bulgaria:
-1.14% (2001 est.)

Burkina Faso:
2.68% (2001 est.)

Burma:
0.6% (2001 est.)

Burundi:
2.38% (2001 est.)

Cambodia:
2.25% (2001 est.)

Cameroon:
2.41% (2001 est.)

Canada:
0.99% (2001 est.)

Cape Verde:
0.92% (2001 est.)

Cayman Islands:
2.12% (2001 est.)

Central African Republic:
1.85% (2001 est.)

Chad:
3.29% (2001 est.)

Chile:
1.13% (2001 est.)

China:
0.88% (2001 est.)

Christmas Island:
7.77% (2001 est.)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
-0.21% (2001 est.)

Colombia:
1.64% (2001 est.)

Comoros:
3.02% (2001 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
3.1% (2001 est.)

Congo, Republic of the:
2.2% (2001 est.)

Costa Rica:
1.65% (2001 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire:
2.51% (2001 est.)

Croatia:
1.48% (2001 est.)

Cuba:
0.37% (2001 est.)

Cyprus:
0.59% (2001 est.)

Czech Republic:
-0.07% (2001 est.)

Denmark:
0.3% (2001 est.)

Djibouti:
2.6% (2001 est.)

Dominica:
-0.98% (2001 est.)

Dominican Republic:
1.63% (2001 est.)

Ecuador:
2% (2001 est.)

Egypt:
1.69% (2001 est.)

El Salvador:
1.85% (2001 est.)

Equatorial Guinea:
2.46% (2001 est.)

Eritrea:
3.84% (2001 est.)

Estonia:
-0.55% (2001 est.)

Ethiopia:
2.7% (2001 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
2.43% (2001 est.)

Faroe Islands:
0.78% (2001 est.)

Fiji:
1.41% (2001 est.)

Finland:
0.16% (2001 est.)

France:
0.37% (2001 est.)

French Guiana:
2.74% (2001 est.)

French Polynesia:
1.72% (2001 est.)

Gabon:
1.02% (2001 est.)

Gambia, The:
3.14% (2001 est.)

Gaza Strip:
4.01% (2001 est.)

Georgia:
-0.59% (2001 est.)

Germany:
0.27% (2001 est.)

Ghana:
1.79% (2001 est.)

Gibraltar:
0.24% (2001 est.)

Greece:
0.21% (2001 est.)

Greenland:
0.06% (2001 est.)

Grenada:
-0.06% (2001 est.)

Guadeloupe:
1.07% (2001 est.)

Guam:
2.09% (2001 est.)

Guatemala:
2.6% (2001 est.)

Guernsey:
0.39% (2001 est.)

Guinea:
1.96% (2001 est.)

Guinea-Bissau:
2.23% (2001 est.)

Guyana:
0.07% (2001 est.)

Haiti:
1.4% (2001 est.)

Holy See (Vatican City):
1.15% (2001 est.)

Honduras:
2.43% (2001 est.)

Hong Kong:
1.3% (2001 est.)

Hungary:
-0.32% (2001 est.)

Iceland:
0.54% (2001 est.)

India:
1.55% (2001 est.)

Indonesia:
1.6% (2001 est.)

Iran:
0.72% (2001 est.)

Iraq:
2.84% (2001 est.)

Ireland:
1.12% (2001 est.)

Israel:
1.58% (2001 est.)

Italy:
0.07% (2001 est.)

Jamaica:
0.51% (2001 est.)

Japan:
0.17% (2001 est.)

Jersey:
0.48% (2001 est.)

Johnston Atoll:
-5.94% (2001 est.)

Jordan:
3% (2001 est.)

Kazakhstan:
0.03% (2001 est.)

Kenya:
1.27% (2001 est.)

Kiribati:
2.31% (2001 est.)

Korea, North:
1.22% (2001 est.)

Korea, South:
0.89% (2001 est.)

Kuwait:
3.38% (2001 est.)

note: this rate reflects a return to pre-Gulf crisis immigration of
expatriates

Kyrgyzstan:
1.44% (2001 est.)

Laos:
2.48% (2001 est.)

Latvia:
-0.81% (2001 est.)

Lebanon:
1.38% (2001 est.)

Lesotho:
1.49% (2001 est.)

Liberia:
1.92% (2001 est.)

Libya:
2.42% (2001 est.)

Liechtenstein:
0.98% (2001 est.)

Lithuania:
-0.27% (2001 est.)

Luxembourg:
1.26% (2001 est.)

Macau:
1.79% (2001 est.)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
0.43% (2001 est.)

Madagascar:
3.02% (2001 est.)

Malawi:
1.5% (2001 est.)

Malaysia:
1.96% (2001 est.)

Maldives:
3.01% (2001 est.)

Mali:
2.97% (2001 est.)

Malta:
0.74% (2001 est.)

Man, Isle of:
0.52% (2001 est.)

Marshall Islands:
3.88% (2001 est.)

Martinique:
0.93% (2001 est.)

Mauritania:
2.93% (2001 est.)

Mauritius:
0.88% (2001 est.)

Mayotte:
4.58% (2001 est.)

Mexico:
1.5% (2001 est.)

Moldova:
0.05% (2001 est.)

Monaco:
0.46% (2001 est.)

Mongolia:
1.47% (2001 est.)

Montserrat:
13.39% (2001 est.)

Morocco:
1.71% (2001 est.)

Mozambique:
1.3% (2001 est.)

Namibia:
1.38% (2001 est.)

Nauru:
2% (2001 est.)

Nepal:
2.32% (2001 est.)

Netherlands:
0.55% (2001 est.)

Netherlands Antilles:
0.97% (2001 est.)

New Caledonia:
1.48% (2001 est.)

New Zealand:
1.14% (2001 est.)

Nicaragua:
2.15% (2001 est.)

Niger:
2.72% (2001 est.)

Nigeria:
2.61% (2001 est.)

Niue:
0.5% (2001 est.)

Norfolk Island:
-0.71% (2001 est.)

Northern Mariana Islands:
3.62% (2001 est.)

Norway:
0.49% (2001 est.)

Oman:
3.43% (2001 est.)

Pakistan:
2.11% (2001 est.)

Palau:
1.69% (2001 est.)

Panama:
1.3% (2001 est.)

Papua New Guinea:
2.43% (2001 est.)

Paraguay:
2.6% (2001 est.)

Peru:
1.7% (2001 est.)

Philippines:
2.03% (2001 est.)

Pitcairn Islands:
-2.08% (2001 est.)

Poland:
-0.03% (2001 est.)

Portugal:
0.18% (2001 est.)

Puerto Rico:
0.54% (2001 est.)

Qatar:
3.18% (2001 est.)

Reunion:
1.57% (2001 est.)

Romania:
-0.21% (2001 est.)

Russia:
-0.35% (2001 est.)

Rwanda:
1.16% (2001 est.)

Saint Helena:
0.72% (2001 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
-0.11% (2001 est.)

Saint Lucia:
1.23% (2001 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
0.43% (2001 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
0.4% (2001 est.)

Samoa:
-0.23% (2001 est.)

San Marino:
1.45% (2001 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe:
3.18% (2001 est.)

Saudi Arabia:
3.27% (2001 est.)

Senegal:
2.93% (2001 est.)

Seychelles:
0.49% (2001 est.)

Sierra Leone:
3.61% (2001 est.)

Singapore:
3.5% (2001 est.)

Slovakia:
0.13% (2001 est.)

Slovenia:
0.14% (2001 est.)

Solomon Islands:
2.98% (2001 est.)

Somalia:
3.48% (2001 est.)

South Africa:
0.26% (2001 est.)

Spain:
0.1% (2001 est.)

Sri Lanka:
0.87% (2001 est.)

Sudan:
2.79% (2001 est.)

Suriname:
0.6% (2001 est.)

Svalbard:
-3.55% (2001 est.)

Swaziland:
1.83% (2001 est.)

Sweden:
0.02% (2001 est.)

Switzerland:
0.27% (2001 est.)

Syria:
2.54% (2001 est.)

Tajikistan:
2.12% (2001 est.)

Tanzania:
2.61% (2001 est.)

Thailand:
0.91% (2001 est.)

Togo:
2.6% (2001 est.)

Tokelau:
-0.92% (2001 est.)

Tonga:
1.79% (2001 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago:
-0.51% (2001 est.)

Tunisia:
1.15% (2001 est.)

Turkey:
1.24% (2001 est.)

Turkmenistan:
1.85% (2001 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands:
3.41% (2001 est.)

Tuvalu:
1.4% (2001 est.)

Uganda:
2.93% (2001 est.)

Ukraine:
-0.78% (2001 est.)

United Arab Emirates:
1.59% (2001 est.)

United Kingdom:
0.23% (2001 est.)

United States:
0.9% (2001 est.)

Uruguay:
0.78% (2001 est.)

Uzbekistan:
1.6% (2001 est.)

Vanuatu:
1.7% (2001 est.)

Venezuela:
1.56% (2001 est.)

Vietnam:
1.45% (2001 est.)

Virgin Islands:
1.06% (2001 est.)

Wallis and Futuna:
NA%

West Bank:
3.48% (2001 est.)

World:
1.25% (2001 est.)

Yemen:
3.38% (2001 est.)

Yugoslavia:
-0.27% (2001 est.)

Zambia:
1.93% (2001 est.)

Zimbabwe:
0.15% (2001 est.)

Taiwan:
0.8% (2001 est.)

@Ports and harbors

Afghanistan:
Kheyrabad, Shir Khan

Albania:
Durres, Sarande, Shengjin, Vlore

Algeria:
Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia, Beni Saf, Dellys,
Djendjene, Ghazaouet, Jijel, Mostaganem, Oran, Skikda, Tenes

American Samoa:
Aunu'u (new construction), Auasi, Faleosao, Ofu,
Pago Pago, Ta'u

Andorra:
none

Angola:
Ambriz, Cabinda, Lobito, Luanda, Malongo, Mocamedes, Namibe,
Porto Amboim, Soyo

Anguilla:
Blowing Point, Road Bay

Antarctica:
there are no developed ports and harbors in Antarctica;
most coastal stations have offshore anchorages, and supplies are
transferred from ship to shore by small boats, barges, and
helicopters; a few stations have a basic wharf facility US coastal
stations include McMurdo (77 51 S, 166 40 E), Palmer (64 43 S, 64 03
W); government use only except by permit (see Permit Office under
"Legal System"); offshore anchorage is sparse and intermittent

Antigua and Barbuda:
Saint John's

Arctic Ocean:
Churchill (Canada), Murmansk (Russia), Prudhoe Bay (US)

Argentina:
Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Comodoro Rivadavia,
Concepcion del Uruguay, La Plata, Mar del Plata, Necochea, Rio
Gallegos, Rosario, Santa Fe, Ushuaia

Armenia:
none

Aruba:
Barcadera, Oranjestad, Sint Nicolaas

Ashmore and Cartier Islands:
none; offshore anchorage only

Atlantic Ocean:
Alexandria (Egypt), Algiers (Algeria), Antwerp
(Belgium), Barcelona (Spain), Buenos Aires (Argentina), Casablanca
(Morocco), Colon (Panama), Copenhagen (Denmark), Dakar (Senegal),
Gdansk (Poland), Hamburg (Germany), Helsinki (Finland), Las Palmas
(Canary Islands, Spain), Le Havre (France), Lisbon (Portugal),
London (UK), Marseille (France), Montevideo (Uruguay), Montreal
(Canada), Naples (Italy), New Orleans (US), New York (US), Oran
(Algeria), Oslo (Norway), Peiraiefs or Piraeus (Greece), Rio de
Janeiro (Brazil), Rotterdam (Netherlands), Saint Petersburg
(Russia), Stockholm (Sweden)

Australia:
Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Devonport (Tasmania),
Fremantle, Geelong, Hobart (Tasmania), Launceston (Tasmania),
Mackay, Melbourne, Sydney, Townsville

Austria:
Linz, Vienna, Enns, Krems

Azerbaijan:
Baku (Baki)

Bahamas, The:
Freeport, Matthew Town, Nassau

Bahrain:
Manama, Mina' Salman, Sitrah

Baker Island:
none; offshore anchorage only; note - there is one
small boat landing area along the middle of the west coast

Bangladesh:
Chittagong, Dhaka, Mongla Port, Narayanganj (2001)

Barbados:
Bridgetown, Speightstown (Port Charles Marina)

Bassas da India:
none; offshore anchorage only

Belarus:
Mazyr

Belgium:
Antwerp (one of the world's busiest ports), Brugge, Gent,
Hasselt, Liege, Mons, Namur, Oostende, Zeebrugge

Belize:
Belize City, Big Creek, Corozol, Punta Gorda

Benin:
Cotonou, Porto-Novo

Bermuda:
Hamilton, Saint George

Bhutan:
none

Bolivia:
none; however, Bolivia has free port privileges in maritime
ports in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski
Samac, and Brcko (all inland waterway ports on the Sava), Orasje

Botswana:
none

Bouvet Island:
none; offshore anchorage only

Brazil:
Belem, Fortaleza, Ilheus, Imbituba, Manaus, Paranagua, Porto
Alegre, Recife, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande, Salvador, Santos, Vitoria

British Indian Ocean Territory:
Diego Garcia

British Virgin Islands:
Road Town

Brunei:
Bandar Seri Begawan, Kuala Belait, Muara, Seria, Tutong

Bulgaria:
Burgas, Lom, Nesebur, Ruse, Varna, Vidin

Burkina Faso:
none

Burma:
Bassein, Bhamo, Chauk, Mandalay, Moulmein, Myitkyina,
Rangoon, Akyab (Sittwe), Tavoy

Burundi:
Bujumbura

Cambodia:
Kampong Saom (Sihanoukville), Kampot, Krong Kaoh Kong,
Phnom Penh

Cameroon:
Bonaberi, Douala, Garoua, Kribi, Tiko

Canada:
Becancour (Quebec), Churchill, Halifax, Hamilton, Montreal,
New Westminster, Prince Rupert, Quebec, Saint John (New Brunswick),
St. John's (Newfoundland), Sept Isles, Sydney, Trois-Rivieres,
Thunder Bay, Toronto, Vancouver, Windsor

Cape Verde:
Mindelo, Praia, Tarrafal

Cayman Islands:
Cayman Brac, George Town

Central African Republic:
Bangui, Nola

Chad:
none

Chile:
Antofagasta, Arica, Chanaral, Coquimbo, Iquique, Puerto
Montt, Punta Arenas, San Antonio, San Vicente, Talcahuano, Valparaiso

China:
Dalian, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Haikou, Huangpu, Lianyungang,
Nanjing, Nantong, Ningbo, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Shantou,
Tianjin, Xiamen, Xingang, Yantai, Zhanjiang

Christmas Island:
Flying Fish Cove

Clipperton Island:
none; offshore anchorage only

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
none; lagoon anchorage only

Colombia:
Bahia de Portete, Barranquilla, Buenaventura, Cartagena,
Leticia, Puerto Bolivar, San Andres, Santa Marta, Tumaco, Turbo

Comoros:
Fomboni, Moroni, Moutsamoudou

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
Banana, Boma, Bukavu, Bumba,
Goma, Kalemie, Kindu, Kinshasa, Kisangani, Matadi, Mbandaka

Congo, Republic of the:
Brazzaville, Impfondo, Ouesso, Oyo,
Pointe-Noire

Cook Islands:
Avarua, Avatiu

Coral Sea Islands:
none; offshore anchorage only

Costa Rica:
Caldera, Golfito, Moin, Puerto Limon, Puerto Quepos,
Puntarenas

Cote d'Ivoire:
Abidjan, Aboisso, Dabou, San-Pedro

Croatia:
Dubrovnik, Dugi Rat, Omisalj, Ploce, Pula, Rijeka, Sibenik,
Split, Vukovar (inland waterway port on Danube), Zadar

Cuba:
Cienfuegos, Havana, Manzanillo, Mariel, Matanzas, Nuevitas,
Santiago de Cuba

Cyprus:
Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Paphos, Vasilikos

Czech Republic:
Decin, Prague, Usti nad Labem

Denmark:
Abenra, Alborg, Arhus, Copenhagen, Esbjerg, Fredericia,
Kolding, Odense, Roenne (Bornholm), Vejle

Djibouti:
Djibouti

Dominica:
Portsmouth, Roseau

Dominican Republic:
Barahona, La Romana, Puerto Plata, San Pedro de
Macoris, Santo Domingo

Ecuador:
Esmeraldas, Guayaquil, La Libertad, Manta, Puerto Bolivar,
San Lorenzo

Egypt:
Alexandria, Al Ghardaqah, Aswan, Asyut, Bur Safajah,
Damietta, Marsa Matruh, Port Said, Suez

El Salvador:
Acajutla, Puerto Cutuco, La Libertad, La Union, Puerto
El Triunfo

Equatorial Guinea:
Bata, Luba, Malabo

Eritrea:
Assab (Aseb), Massawa (Mits'iwa)

Estonia:
Haapsalu, Kunda, Muuga, Paldiski, Parnu, Tallinn

Ethiopia:
none; Ethiopia is landlocked and was by agreement with
Eritrea using the ports of Assab and Massawa; since the border
dispute with Eritrea flared, Ethiopia has used the port of Djibouti
for nearly all of its imports

Europa Island:
none; offshore anchorage only

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
Stanley

Faroe Islands:
Torshavn, Klaksvik, Tvoroyri, Runavik, Fuglafjorour

Fiji:
Lambasa, Lautoka, Levuka, Savusavu, Suva

Finland:
Hamina, Helsinki, Kokkola, Kotka, Loviisa, Oulu, Pori,
Rauma, Turku, Uusikaupunki, Varkaus

France:
Bordeaux, Boulogne, Cherbourg, Dijon, Dunkerque, La Pallice,
Le Havre, Lyon, Marseille, Mullhouse, Nantes, Paris, Rouen, Saint
Nazaire, Saint Malo, Strasbourg

French Guiana:
Cayenne, Degrad des Cannes, Saint-Laurent du Maroni

French Polynesia:
Mataura, Papeete, Rikitea, Uturoa

French Southern and Antarctic Lands:
none; offshore anchorage only

Gabon:
Cap Lopez, Kango, Lambarene, Libreville, Mayumba, Owendo,
Port-Gentil

Gambia, The:
Banjul

Gaza Strip:
Gaza

Georgia:
Bat'umi, P'ot'i, Sokhumi

Germany:
Berlin, Bonn, Brake, Bremen, Bremerhaven, Cologne, Dresden,
Duisburg, Emden, Hamburg, Karlsruhe, Kiel, Luebeck, Magdeburg,
Mannheim, Rostock, Stuttgart

Ghana:
Takoradi, Tema

Gibraltar:
Gibraltar

Glorioso Islands:
none; offshore anchorage only

Greece:
Alexandroupolis, Elefsis, Irakleion (Crete), Kavala,
Kerkyra, Chalkis, Igoumenitsa, Lavrion, Patrai, Peiraiefs (Piraeus),
Thessaloniki, Volos

Greenland:
Aasiaat (Egedesminde), Ilulissat (Jakobshavn),
Kangerlussuaq, Nanortalik, Narsarsuaq, Nuuk (Godthab), Qaqortoq
(Julianehab), Sisimiut (Holsteinsborg), Tasiilaq (March 2001)

Grenada:
Grenville, Saint George's

Guadeloupe:
Basse-Terre, Gustavia (on Saint Barthelemy), Marigot,
Pointe-a-Pitre

Guam:
Apra Harbor

Guatemala:
Champerico, Puerto Barrios, Puerto Quetzal, San Jose,
Santo Tomas de Castilla

Guernsey:
Saint Peter Port, Saint Sampson

Guinea:
Boke, Conakry, Kamsar

Guinea-Bissau:
Bissau, Buba, Cacheu, Farim

Guyana:
Bartica, Georgetown, Linden, New Amsterdam, Parika

Haiti:
Cap-Haitien, Gonaives, Jacmel, Jeremie, Les Cayes, Miragoane,
Port-au-Prince, Port-de-Paix, Saint-Marc

Heard Island and McDonald Islands:
none; offshore anchorage only

Holy See (Vatican City):
none

Honduras:
La Ceiba, Puerto Castilla, Puerto Cortes, San Lorenzo,
Tela, Puerto Lempira

Hong Kong:
Hong Kong

Howland Island:
none; offshore anchorage only; note - there is one
small boat landing area along the middle of the west coast

Hungary:
Budapest, Dunaujvaros

Iceland:
Akureyri, Hornafjordur, Isafjordhur, Keflavik, Raufarhofn,
Reykjavik, Seydhisfjordhur, Straumsvik, Vestmannaeyjar

India:
Chennai (Madras), Cochin, Jawaharal Nehru, Kandla, Kolkata
(Calcutta), Mumbai (Bombay), Vishakhapatnam

Indian Ocean:
Chennai (Madras; India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), Durban
(South Africa), Jakarta (Indonesia), Kolkata (Calcutta; India)
Melbourne (Australia), Mumbai (Bombay; India), Richards Bay (South
Africa)

Indonesia:
Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Makassar, Palembang,
Semarang, Surabaya

Iran:
Abadan (largely destroyed in fighting during 1980-88 war),
Ahvaz, Bandar 'Abbas, Bandar-e Anzali, Bushehr, Bandar-e Emam
Khomeyni, Bandar-e Lengeh, Bandar-e Mahshahr, Bandar-e Torkaman,
Chabahar (Bandar Beheshti), Jazireh-ye Khark, Jazireh-ye Lavan,
Jazireh-ye Sirri, Khorramshahr (limited operation since November
1992), Now Shahr

Iraq:
Umm Qasr, Khawr az Zubayr, and Al Basrah have limited
functionality

Ireland:
Arklow, Cork, Drogheda, Dublin, Foynes, Galway, Limerick,
New Ross, Waterford

Israel:
Ashdod, Ashqelon, Elat (Eilat), Hadera, Haifa, Tel Aviv-Yafo

Italy:
Augusta (Sicily), Bagnoli, Bari, Brindisi, Gela, Genoa, La
Spezia, Livorno, Milazzo, Naples, Porto Foxi, Porto Torres
(Sardinia), Salerno, Savona, Taranto, Trieste, Venice (2001)

Jamaica:
Alligator Pond, Discovery Bay, Kingston, Montego Bay, Ocho
Rios, Port Antonio, Rocky Point, Port Esquivel (Longswharf)

Jan Mayen:
none; offshore anchorage only

Japan:
Akita, Amagasaki, Chiba, Hachinohe, Hakodate, Higashi-Harima,
Himeji, Hiroshima, Kawasaki, Kinuura, Kobe, Kushiro, Mizushima,
Moji, Nagoya, Osaka, Sakai, Sakaide, Shimizu, Tokyo, Tomakomai

Jarvis Island:
none; offshore anchorage only; note - there is one
small boat landing area in the middle of the west coast and another
near the southwest corner of the island

Jersey:
Gorey, Saint Aubin, Saint Helier

Johnston Atoll:
Johnston Island

Jordan:
Al 'Aqabah

Juan de Nova Island:
none; offshore anchorage only

Kazakhstan:
Aqtau (Shevchenko), Atyrau (Gur'yev), Oskemen
(Ust-Kamenogorsk), Pavlodar, Semey (Semipalatinsk)

Kenya:
Kisumu, Lamu, Mombasa

Kingman Reef:
none; offshore anchorage only

Kiribati:
Banaba, Betio, English Harbor, Kanton

Korea, North:
Ch'ongjin, Haeju, Hungnam (Hamhung), Kimch'aek,
Kosong, Najin, Namp'o, Sinuiju, Songnim, Sonbong (formerly Unggi),
Ungsang, Wonsan

Korea, South:
Chinhae, Inch'on, Kunsan, Masan, Mokp'o, P'ohang,
Pusan, Tonghae-hang, Ulsan, Yosu

Kuwait:
Ash Shu'aybah, Ash Shuwaykh, Kuwait, Mina' 'Abd Allah, Mina'
al Ahmadi, Mina' Su'ud

Kyrgyzstan:
Balykchy (Ysyk-Kol or Rybach'ye)

Laos:
none

Latvia:
Daugavpils, Liepaja, Riga, Ventspils

Lebanon:
Antilyas, Batroun, Beirut, Chekka, El Mina, Ez Zahrani,
Jbail, Jounie, Naqoura, Sidon, Tripoli, Tyre

Lesotho:
none

Liberia:
Buchanan, Greenville, Harper, Monrovia

Libya:
Al Khums, Banghazi, Darnah, Marsa al Burayqah, Misratah, Ra's
Lanuf, Tobruk, Tripoli, Zuwarah

Liechtenstein:
none

Lithuania:
Butinge, Kaunas, Klaipeda

Luxembourg:
Mertert

Macau:
Macau

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
none

Madagascar:
Antsiranana, Antsohimbondrona, Mahajanga, Toamasina,
Toliara

Malawi:
Chipoka, Monkey Bay, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Chilumba

Malaysia:
Bintulu, Kota Kinabalu, Kuantan, Kuching, Kudat, Labuan,
Lahad Datu, Lumut, Miri, Pasir Gudang, Penang, Port Dickson, Port
Kelang, Sandakan, Sibu, Tanjung Berhala, Tanjung Kidurong, Tawau

Maldives:
Gan, Male

Mali:
Koulikoro

Malta:
Marsaxlokk, Valletta

Man, Isle of:
Castletown, Douglas, Peel, Ramsey

Marshall Islands:
Majuro

Martinique:
Fort-de-France, La Trinite

Mauritania:
Bogue, Kaedi, Nouadhibou, Nouakchott, Rosso

Mauritius:
Port Louis

Mayotte:
Dzaoudzi

Mexico:
Acapulco, Altamira, Coatzacoalcos, Ensenada, Guaymas, La
Paz, Lazaro Cardenas, Manzanillo, Mazatlan, Progreso, Salina Cruz,
Tampico, Topolobampo, Tuxpan, Veracruz

Micronesia, Federated States of:
Colonia (Yap), Kolonia (Pohnpei),
Lele, Moen

Midway Islands:
Sand Island

Moldova:
none

Monaco:
Monaco

Mongolia:
none

Montserrat:
Plymouth (abandoned), Little Bay (anchorages and ferry
landing), Carr's Bay

Morocco:
Agadir, El Jadida, Casablanca, El Jorf Lasfar, Kenitra,
Mohammedia, Nador, Rabat, Safi, Tangier; also Spanish-controlled
Ceuta and Melilla

Mozambique:
Beira, Inhambane, Maputo, Nacala, Pemba, Quelimane

Namibia:
Luderitz, Walvis Bay

Nauru:
Nauru

Navassa Island:
none; offshore anchorage only

Nepal:
none

Netherlands:
Amsterdam, Delfzijl, Dordrecht, Eemshaven, Groningen,
Haarlem, Ijmuiden, Maastricht, Rotterdam, Terneuzen, Utrecht,
Vlissingen

Netherlands Antilles:
Kralendijk, Philipsburg, Willemstad

New Caledonia:
Mueo, Noumea, Thio

New Zealand:
Auckland, Christchurch, Dunedin, Tauranga, Wellington

Nicaragua:
Bluefields, Corinto, El Bluff, Puerto Cabezas, Puerto
Sandino, Rama, San Juan del Sur

Niger:
none

Nigeria:
Calabar, Lagos, Onne, Port Harcourt, Sapele, Warri

Niue:
none; offshore anchorage only

Norfolk Island:
none; loading jetties at Kingston and Cascade

Northern Mariana Islands:
Saipan, Tinian

Norway:
Bergen, Drammen, Floro, Hammerfest, Harstad, Haugesund,
Kristiansand, Larvik, Narvik, Oslo, Porsgrunn, Stavanger, Tromso,
Trondheim

Oman:
Matrah, Mina' al Fahl, Mina' Raysut

Pacific Ocean:
Bangkok (Thailand), Hong Kong, Kao-hsiung (Taiwan),
Los Angeles (US), Manila (Philippines), Pusan (South Korea), San
Francisco (US), Seattle (US), Shanghai (China), Singapore, Sydney
(Australia), Vladivostok (Russia), Wellington (NZ), Yokohama (Japan)

Pakistan:
Karachi, Port Muhammad bin Qasim

Palau:
Koror

Palmyra Atoll:
West Lagoon

Panama:
Balboa, Cristobal, Coco Solo, Manzanillo (part of Colon
area), Vacamonte

Papua New Guinea:
Kieta, Lae, Madang, Port Moresby, Rabaul

Paracel Islands:
small Chinese port facilities on Woody Island and
Duncan Island being expanded

Paraguay:
Asuncion, Villeta, San Antonio, Encarnacion

Peru:
Callao, Chimbote, Ilo, Matarani, Paita, Puerto Maldonado,
Salaverry, San Martin, Talara, Iquitos, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas

note: Iquitos, Pucallpa, and Yurimaguas are all on the upper
reaches of the Amazon and its tributaries

Philippines:
Batangas, Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Guimaras Island,
Iligan, Iloilo, Jolo, Legaspi, Manila, Masao, Puerto Princesa, San
Fernando, Subic Bay, Zamboanga

Pitcairn Islands:
Bounty Bay

Poland:
Gdansk, Gdynia, Gliwice, Kolobrzeg, Szczecin, Swinoujscie,
Ustka, Warsaw, Wroclaw

Portugal:
Aveiro, Funchal (Madeira Islands), Horta (Azores),
Leixoes, Lisbon, Porto, Ponta Delgada (Azores), Praia da Vitoria
(Azores), Setubal, Viana do Castelo

Puerto Rico:
Guanica, Guayanilla, Guayama, Playa de Ponce, San Juan

Qatar:
Doha, Halul Island, Umm Sa'id (Musay'id)

Reunion:
Le Port, Pointe des Galets

Romania:
Braila, Constanta, Galati, Mangalia, Sulina, Tulcea

Russia:
Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Kaliningrad, Kazan', Khabarovsk,
Kholmsk, Krasnoyarsk, Moscow, Murmansk, Nakhodka, Nevel'sk,
Novorossiysk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Saint Petersburg, Rostov,
Sochi, Tuapse, Vladivostok, Volgograd, Vostochnyy, Vyborg

Rwanda:
Cyangugu, Gisenyi, Kibuye

Saint Helena:
Georgetown (on Ascension), Jamestown

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
Basseterre, Charlestown

Saint Lucia:
Castries, Vieux Fort

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
Saint Pierre

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
Kingstown

Samoa:
Apia, Asau, Mulifanua, Salelologa

San Marino:
none

Sao Tome and Principe:
Santo Antonio, Sao Tome

Saudi Arabia:
Ad Dammam, Al Jubayl, Duba, Jiddah, Jizan, Rabigh,
Ra's al Khafji, Mishab, Ras Tanura, Yanbu' al Bahr, Madinat Yanbu'
al Sinaiyah

Senegal:
Dakar, Kaolack, Matam, Podor, Richard Toll, Saint-Louis,
Ziguinchor

Seychelles:
Victoria

Sierra Leone:
Bonthe, Freetown, Pepel

Singapore:
Singapore

Slovakia:
Bratislava, Komarno

Slovenia:
Izola, Koper, Piran

Solomon Islands:
Aola Bay, Honiara, Lofung, Noro, Viru Harbor,
Yandina

Somalia:
Bender Cassim (Boosaaso), Berbera, Chisimayu (Kismaayo),
Merca, Mogadishu

South Africa:
Cape Town, Durban, East London, Mosselbaai, Port
Elizabeth, Richards Bay, Saldanha

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands:
Grytviken

Southern Ocean:
McMurdo, Palmer, and offshore anchorages in
Antarctica

note: few ports or harbors exist on the southern side of the Southern Ocean; ice conditions limit use of most of them to short periods in midsummer; even then some cannot be entered without icebreaker escort; most antarctic ports are operated by government research stations and, except in an emergency, are not open to commercial or private vessels; vessels in any port south of 60 degrees south are subject to inspection by Antarctic Treaty observers

Spain:
Aviles, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cadiz, Cartagena, Castellon de la
Plana, Ceuta, Huelva, La Coruna, Las Palmas (Canary Islands),
Malaga, Melilla, Pasajes, Gijon, Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary
Islands), Santander, Tarragona, Valencia, Vigo

Spratly Islands:
none; offshore anchorage only

Sri Lanka:
Colombo, Galle, Jaffna, Trincomalee

Sudan:
Juba, Khartoum, Kusti, Malakal, Nimule, Port Sudan, Sawakin

Suriname:
Albina, Moengo, New Nickerie, Paramaribo, Paranam,
Wageningen

Svalbard:
Barentsburg, Longyearbyen, Ny-Alesund, Pyramiden

Swaziland:
none

Sweden:
Gavle, Goteborg, Halmstad, Helsingborg, Hudiksvall, Kalmar,
Karlshamn, Malmo, Solvesborg, Stockholm, Sundsvall

Switzerland:
Basel

Syria:
Baniyas, Jablah, Latakia, Tartus

Tajikistan:
none

Tanzania:
Bukoba, Dar es Salaam, Kigoma, Kilwa Masoko, Lindi,
Mtwara, Mwanza, Pangani, Tanga, Wete, Zanzibar

Thailand:
Bangkok, Laem Chabang, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si
Racha, Songkhla

Togo:
Kpeme, Lome

Tokelau:
none; offshore anchorage only

Tonga:
Neiafu, Nuku'alofa, Pangai

Trinidad and Tobago:
Pointe-a-Pierre, Point Fortin, Point Lisas,
Port-of-Spain, Scarborough, Tembladora

Tromelin Island:
none; offshore anchorage only

Tunisia:
Bizerte, Gabes, La Goulette, Sfax, Sousse, Tunis, Zarzis

Turkey:
Gemlik, Hopa, Iskenderun, Istanbul, Izmir, Kocaeli (Izmit),
Icel (Mersin), Samsun, Trabzon

Turkmenistan:
Turkmenbashi

Turks and Caicos Islands:
Grand Turk, Providenciales

Tuvalu:
Funafuti, Nukufetau

Uganda:
Entebbe, Jinja, Port Bell

Ukraine:
Berdyans'k, Illichivs'k, Izmayil, Kerch, Kherson, Kiev
(Kyyiv), Mariupol', Mykolayiv, Odesa, Reni, Sevastopol'

United Arab Emirates:
'Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Das Island, Khawr Fakkan,
Mina' Jabal 'Ali, Mina' Khalid, Mina' Rashid, Mina' Saqr, Mina'
Zayid, Umm al Qaywayn

United Kingdom:
Aberdeen, Belfast, Bristol, Cardiff, Dover,
Falmouth, Felixstowe, Glasgow, Grangemouth, Hull, Leith, Liverpool,
London, Manchester, Peterhead, Plymouth, Portsmouth, Scapa Flow,
Southampton, Sullom Voe, Tees, Tyne

United States:
Anchorage, Baltimore, Boston, Charleston, Chicago,
Duluth, Hampton Roads, Honolulu, Houston, Jacksonville, Los Angeles,
New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Port Canaveral, Portland
(Oregon), Prudhoe Bay, San Francisco, Savannah, Seattle, Tampa,
Toledo

Uruguay:
Fray Bentos, Montevideo, Nueva Palmira, Paysandu, Punta del
Este, Colonia, Piriapolis

Uzbekistan:
Termiz (Amu Darya river)

Vanuatu:
Forari, Port-Vila, Santo (Espiritu Santo)

Venezuela:
Amuay, Bajo Grande, El Tablazo, La Guaira, La Salina,
Maracaibo, Matanzas, Palua, Puerto Cabello, Puerto la Cruz, Puerto
Ordaz, Puerto Sucre, Punta Cardon

Vietnam:
Cam Ranh, Da Nang, Haiphong, Ho Chi Minh City, Ha Long, Quy
Nhon, Nha Trang, Vinh, Vung Tau

Virgin Islands:
Charlotte Amalie, Christiansted, Cruz Bay, Port
Alucroix

Wake Island:
none; two offshore anchorages for large ships

Wallis and Futuna:
Leava, Mata-Utu

West Bank:
none

Western Sahara:
Ad Dakhla, Cabo Bojador, Laayoune (El Aaiun)

World:
Chiba, Houston, Kawasaki, Kobe, Marseille, Mina' al Ahmadi
(Kuwait), New Orleans, New York, Rotterdam, Yokohama

Yemen:
Aden, Al Hudaydah, Al Mukalla, As Salif, Mocha, Nishtun

Yugoslavia:
Bar, Belgrade, Kotor, Novi Sad, Pancevo, Tivat, Zelenika

Zambia:
Mpulungu

Zimbabwe:
Binga, Kariba

Taiwan:
Chi-lung (Keelung), Hua-lien, Kao-hsiung, Su-ao, T'ai-chung

@Radio broadcast stations

Afghanistan:
AM 7 (6 are inactive; the active station is in Kabul),
FM 1, shortwave 1 (broadcasts in Pushtu, Dari, Urdu, and English)
(1999)

Albania:
AM 16, FM 3, shortwave 2 (1999)

Algeria:
AM 25, FM 1, shortwave 8 (1999)

American Samoa:
AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1998)

Andorra:
AM 0, FM 15, shortwave 0 (1998)

Angola:
AM 34, FM 7, shortwave 9 (1999)

Anguilla:
AM 5, FM 6, shortwave 1 (1998)

Antarctica:
AM NA, FM 2, shortwave 1

note: information for US bases only (1998)

Antigua and Barbuda:
AM 4, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998)

Argentina:
AM 260 (including 10 inactive stations), FM NA (probably
more than 1,000, mostly unlicensed), shortwave 6 (1998)

Armenia:
AM 9, FM 6, shortwave 1 (1998)

Aruba:
AM 4, FM 6, shortwave 0 (1998)

Australia:
AM 262, FM 345, shortwave 1 (1998)

Austria:
AM 1, FM 61 (plus several hundred repeaters), shortwave 1
(1998)

Azerbaijan:
AM 10, FM 17, shortwave 1 (1998)

Bahamas, The:
AM 3, FM 4, shortwave 0 (1998)

Bahrain:
AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 0 (1998)

Bangladesh:
AM 12, FM 12, shortwave 2 (1999)

Barbados:
AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 0 (1998)

Belarus:
AM 28, FM 37, shortwave 11 (1998)

Belgium:
FM 79, AM 7, shortwave 1 (1998)

Belize:
AM 1, FM 12, shortwave 0 (1998)

Benin:
AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 4 (1998)

Bermuda:
AM 5, FM 3, shortwave 0 (1998)

Bhutan:
AM 0, FM 1, shortwave 1 (1998)

Bolivia:
AM 171, FM 73, shortwave 77 (1999)

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
AM 8, FM 16, shortwave 1 (1998)

Botswana:
AM 7, FM 15, shortwave 5 (1998)

Brazil:
AM 1,365, FM 296, shortwave 161 (of which 91 are collocated
with AM stations) (1999)

British Indian Ocean Territory:
AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998)

British Virgin Islands:
AM 1, FM 4, shortwave 0 (1998)

Brunei:
AM 3, FM 10, shortwave 0 (1998)

Bulgaria:
AM 24, FM 93, shortwave 2 (1998)

Burkina Faso:
AM 2, FM 17, shortwave 1 (1998)

Burma:
AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 3 (1998)

Burundi:
AM 2, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998)

Cambodia:
AM 7, FM 3, shortwave 3 (1999)

Cameroon:
AM 11, FM 8, shortwave 3 (1998)

Canada:
AM 535, FM 53, shortwave 6 (1998)

Cape Verde:
AM 0, FM 11 (and 14 repeaters), shortwave 0 (1998)

Cayman Islands:
AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 0 (1998)

Central African Republic:
AM 1, FM 3, shortwave 1 (1998)

Chad:
AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 5 (1998)

Chile:
AM 180 (eight inactive), FM 64, shortwave 17 (one inactive)
(1998)

China:
AM 369, FM 259, shortwave 45 (1998)

Christmas Island:
AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1998)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 (1998)

Colombia:
AM 454, FM 34, shortwave 27 (1999)

Comoros:
AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 1 (1998)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
AM 3, FM 12, shortwave 1 (1999)

Congo, Republic of the:
AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 1 (1999)

Cook Islands:
AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998)

Costa Rica:
AM 50, FM 43, shortwave 19 (1998)

Cote d'Ivoire:
AM 2, FM 8, shortwave 3 (1998)

Croatia:
AM 16, FM 98, shortwave 5 (1999)

Cuba:
AM 169, FM 55, shortwave 1 (1998)

Cyprus:
Greek Cypriot area: AM 7, FM 60, shortwave 1 (1998); Turkish
Cypriot area: AM 3, FM 11, shortwave 1 (1998)

Czech Republic:
AM 31, FM 304, shortwave 17 (2000)

Denmark:
AM 2, FM 355, shortwave 0 (1998)

Djibouti:
AM 2, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998)

Dominica:
AM 3, FM 10, shortwave 0 (1998)

Dominican Republic:
AM 120, FM 56, shortwave 4 (1998)

Ecuador:
AM 392, FM 27, shortwave 29 (1998)

Egypt:
AM 42 (plus 15 repeaters), FM 14, shortwave 3 (1999)

El Salvador:
AM 61 (plus 24 repeaters), FM 30, shortwave 0 (1998)

Equatorial Guinea:
AM 0, FM 2, shortwave 4 (1998)

Eritrea:
AM 2, FM 1, shortwave 2 (2000)

Estonia:
AM 3 (all AM stations inactive since July 1998), FM 82,
shortwave 1 (1998)

Ethiopia:
AM 5, FM 0, shortwave 2 (1999)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
AM 1, FM 7, shortwave 0 (1998)

Faroe Islands:
AM 1, FM 13, shortwave 0 (1998)

Fiji:
AM 13, FM 40, shortwave 0 (1998)

Finland:
AM 2, FM 186, shortwave 1 (1998)

France:
AM 41, FM about 3,500 (this figure is an approximation and
includes many repeaters), shortwave 2 (1998)

French Guiana:
AM 2, FM 14 (including 6 repeaters), shortwave 6
(including 5 repeaters) (1998)

French Polynesia:
AM 2, FM 14, shortwave 2 (1998)

Gabon:
AM 6, FM 7, shortwave 6 (1998)

Gambia, The:
AM 3, FM 5, shortwave 0 (2000)

Gaza Strip:
AM 0, FM 0, shortwave 0 (1998)

Georgia:
AM 7, FM 12, shortwave 4 (1998)

Germany:
AM 51, FM 767, shortwave 4 (1998)

Ghana:
AM 0, FM 18, shortwave 3 (1999)

Gibraltar:
AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 0 (1998)

Greece:
AM 26, FM 88, shortwave 4 (1998)

Greenland:
AM 5, FM 12, shortwave 0 (1998)

Grenada:
AM 2, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1998)

Guadeloupe:
AM 1, FM 17, shortwave 0 (1998)

Guam:
AM 4, FM 7, shortwave 0 (1998)

Guatemala:
AM 130, FM 487, shortwave 15 (2000)

Guernsey:
AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1998)

Guinea:
AM 4, FM 8, shortwave 3 (1998)

Guinea-Bissau:
AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998)

Guyana:
AM 3, FM 3, shortwave 1 (1998)

Haiti:
AM 41, FM 26, shortwave 0 (1999)

Holy See (Vatican City):
AM 3, FM 4, shortwave 2 (1998)

Honduras:
AM 241, FM 53, shortwave 12 (1998)

Hong Kong:
AM 7, FM 13, shortwave 0 (1998)

Hungary:
AM 17, FM 57, shortwave 3 (1998)

Iceland:
AM 3, FM about 70 (including repeaters), shortwave 1 (1998)

India:
AM 153, FM 91, shortwave 68 (1998)

Indonesia:
AM 678, FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998)

Iran:
AM 72, FM 5, shortwave 5 (1998)

Iraq:
AM 19 (5 are inactive), FM 51, shortwave 4 (1998)

Ireland:
AM 9, FM 106, shortwave 0 (1998)

Israel:
AM 23, FM 15, shortwave 2 (1998)

Italy:
AM about 100, FM about 4,600, shortwave 9 (1998)

Jamaica:
AM 10, FM 13, shortwave 0 (1998)

Jan Mayen:
AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA

note: there is one radio and meteorological station (1998)

Japan:
AM 190, FM 88, shortwave 24 (1999)

Jersey:
AM NA, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1998)

Johnston Atoll:
AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA

Jordan:
AM 6, FM 5, shortwave 1 (1999)

Kazakhstan:
AM 60, FM 17, shortwave 9 (1998)

Kenya:
AM 24, FM 8, shortwave 6 (1999)

Kiribati:
AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 1 (1998)

Korea, North:
AM 16, FM 14, shortwave 12 (1999)

Korea, South:
AM 106, FM 97, shortwave 6 (1999)

Kuwait:
AM 6, FM 11, shortwave 1 (1998)

Kyrgyzstan:
AM 12 (plus 10 repeater stations), FM 14, shortwave 2
(1998)

Laos:
AM 12, FM 1, shortwave 4 (1998)

Latvia:
AM 8, FM 56, shortwave 1 (1998)

Lebanon:
AM 20, FM 22, shortwave 4 (1998)

Lesotho:
AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 1 (1998)

Liberia:
AM 0, FM 6, shortwave 4 (1999)

Libya:
AM 17, FM 4, shortwave 3 (1998)

Liechtenstein:
AM 0, FM 4, shortwave 0 (1998)

Lithuania:
AM 3, FM 112, shortwave 1 (1998)

Luxembourg:
AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 2 (1999)

Macau:
AM 0, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
AM 29, FM 20, shortwave
0 (1998)

Madagascar:
AM 2 (plus 8 repeater stations), FM 7, shortwave 5 (1998)

Malawi:
AM 9, FM 4 (plus 15 repeater stations), shortwave 3 (1998)

Malaysia:
AM 56, FM 31 (plus 13 repeater stations), shortwave 5
(1999)

Maldives:
AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 1 (1998)

Mali:
AM 1, FM 14, shortwave 7 (1998)

Malta:
AM 1, FM 18, shortwave 6 (1999)

Man, Isle of:
AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1998)

Marshall Islands:
AM 3, FM 4, shortwave 0 (1998)

Martinique:
AM 0, FM 14, shortwave 0 (1998)

Mauritania:
AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 1 (1998)

Mauritius:
AM 5, FM 9, shortwave 2 (1998)

Mayotte:
AM 1, FM 4, shortwave 0 (1998)

Mexico:
AM 865, FM about 500, shortwave 13 (1999)

Micronesia, Federated States of:
AM 5, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1998)

Moldova:
AM 7, FM 50, shortwave 3 (1998)

Monaco:
AM 1, FM NA, shortwave 8 (1998)

Mongolia:
AM 7, FM 9, shortwave 4 (2001)

Montserrat:
AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998)

Morocco:
AM 27, FM 25, shortwave 6 (1998)

Mozambique:
AM 13, FM 16, shortwave 12 (2000)

Namibia:
AM 2, FM 34, shortwave 5 (1998)

Nauru:
AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 (1998)

Nepal:
AM 6, FM 5, shortwave 1 (January 2000)

Netherlands:
AM 4, FM 58, shortwave 3 (1998)

Netherlands Antilles:
AM 9, FM 4, shortwave 0 (1998)

New Caledonia:
AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 0 (1998)

New Zealand:
AM 124, FM 290, shortwave 4 (1998)

Nicaragua:
AM 63, FM 32, shortwave 1 (1998)

Niger:
AM 5, FM 5, shortwave 4 (1998)

Nigeria:
AM 82, FM 35, shortwave 11 (1998)

Niue:
AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1998)

Norfolk Island:
AM 0, FM 3, shortwave 0 (1998)

Northern Mariana Islands:
AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 1 (1998)

Norway:
AM 5, FM at least 650, shortwave 1 (1998)

Oman:
AM 3, FM 9, shortwave 2 (1999)

Pakistan:
AM 27, FM 1, shortwave 21 (1998)

Palau:
AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 1 (1998)

Panama:
AM 101, FM 134, shortwave 0 (1998)

Papua New Guinea:
AM 8, FM 19, shortwave 28 (1998)

Paraguay:
AM 46, FM 27, shortwave 6 (three inactive) (1998)

Peru:
AM 472, FM 198, shortwave 189 (1999)

Philippines:
AM 366, FM 290, shortwave 3 (1999)

Pitcairn Islands:
AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 (1998)

Poland:
AM 14, FM 777, shortwave 1 (1998)

Portugal:
AM 47, FM 172 (many are repeaters), shortwave 2 (1998)

Puerto Rico:
AM 72, FM 17, shortwave 0 (1998)

Qatar:
AM 6, FM 5, shortwave 1 (1998)

Reunion:
AM 2, FM 55, shortwave 0 (1998)

Romania:
AM 40, FM 202, shortwave 3 (1998)

Russia:
AM 420, FM 447, shortwave 56 (1998)

Rwanda:
AM 0, FM 3, shortwave 1 (1998)

Saint Helena:
AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 (1998)

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
AM 3, FM 1, shortwave 0 (1998)

Saint Lucia:
AM 2, FM 7 (plus 3 repeaters), shortwave 0 (1998)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
AM 1, FM 4, shortwave 0 (1998)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
AM 1, FM 3, shortwave 0 (1998)

Samoa:
AM 1, FM 3, shortwave 0 (1998)

San Marino:
AM 0, FM 3, shortwave 0 (1998)

Sao Tome and Principe:
AM 2, FM 4, shortwave 0 (1998)

Saudi Arabia:
AM 43, FM 31, shortwave 2 (1998)

Senegal:
AM 10, FM 14, shortwave 0 (1998)

Seychelles:
AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 2 (1998)

Sierra Leone:
AM 1, FM 9, shortwave 1 (1999)

Singapore:
AM 0, FM 16, shortwave 2 (1998)

Slovakia:
AM 15, FM 78, shortwave 2 (1998)

Slovenia:
AM 17, FM 160, shortwave 0 (1998)

Solomon Islands:
AM 3, FM 0, shortwave 0 (1998)

Somalia:
AM 0, FM 0, shortwave 4 (1988)

South Africa:
AM 14, FM 347 (plus 243 repeaters), shortwave 1 (1998)

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands:
none

Spain:
AM 208, FM 715, shortwave 1 (1998)

Sri Lanka:
AM 26, FM 45, shortwave 1 (1998)

Sudan:
AM 12, FM 1, shortwave 1 (1998)

Suriname:
AM 4, FM 13, shortwave 1 (1998)

Svalbard:
AM 1, FM 1 (plus 2 repeaters), shortwave 0 (1998)

Swaziland:
AM 7, FM 6 (2000)

Sweden:
AM 1, FM 265, shortwave 1 (1998)

Switzerland:
AM 4, FM 113 (plus many low power stations), shortwave
2 (1998)

Syria:
AM 14, FM 2, shortwave 1 (1998)

Tajikistan:
AM 9, FM 6, shortwave 5 (1998)

Tanzania:
AM 12, FM 11, shortwave 2 (1998)

Thailand:
AM 204, FM 334, shortwave 6 (1999)

Togo:
AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 4 (1998)

Tokelau:
AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA

note: each atoll has a radio broadcast station of unknown type that
broadcasts shipping and weather reports (1998)

Tonga:
AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 1 (2001)

Trinidad and Tobago:
AM 2, FM 12, shortwave 0 (1998)

Tunisia:
AM 7, FM 20, shortwave 2 (1998)

Turkey:
AM 16, FM 72, shortwave 6 (1998)

Turkmenistan:
AM 16, FM 8, shortwave 2 (1998)

Turks and Caicos Islands:
AM 3 (one inactive), FM 6, shortwave 0
(1998)

Tuvalu:
AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 (1998)

Uganda:
AM 19, FM 4, shortwave 5 (1998)

Ukraine:
AM 134, FM 289, shortwave 4 (1998)

United Arab Emirates:
AM 13, FM 7, shortwave 2 (1998)

United Kingdom:
AM 219, FM 431, shortwave 3 (1998)

United States:
AM 4,762, FM 5,542, shortwave 18 (1998)

Uruguay:
AM 94, FM 115, shortwave 14 (seven are inactive) (1998)

Uzbekistan:
AM 20, FM 7, shortwave 10 (1998)

Vanuatu:
AM 2, FM 2, shortwave 1 (1998)

Venezuela:
AM 201, FM NA (20 in Caracas), shortwave 11 (1998)

Vietnam:
AM 65, FM 7, shortwave 29 (1999)

Virgin Islands:
AM 5, FM 11, shortwave 0 (1998)

Wake Island:
AM 0, FM NA, shortwave NA

note: Armed Forces Radio/Television Service (AFRTS) radio service
provided by satellite (1998)

Wallis and Futuna:
AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 (2000)

West Bank:
AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0

note: the Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation broadcasts from an
AM station in Ramallah on 675 kHz; numerous local, private stations
are reported to be in operation (2000)

Western Sahara:
AM 2, FM 0, shortwave 0 (1998)

World:
AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA

Yemen:
AM 6, FM 1, shortwave 2 (1998)

Yugoslavia:
AM 113, FM 194, shortwave 2 (1998)

Zambia:
AM 19, FM 5, shortwave 4 (1998)

Zimbabwe:
AM 7, FM 20 (plus 17 repeater stations), shortwave 1 (1998)

Taiwan:
AM 218, FM 333, shortwave 50 (1999)

@Radios

Afghanistan:
167,000 (1999)

Albania:
810,000 (1997)

Algeria:
7.1 million (1997)

American Samoa:
57,000 (1997)

Andorra:
16,000 (1997)

Angola:
630,000 (1997)

Anguilla:
3,000 (1997)

Antarctica:
NA

Antigua and Barbuda:
36,000 (1997)

Argentina:
24.3 million (1997)

Armenia:
850,000 (1997)

Aruba:
50,000 (1997)

Australia:
25.5 million (1997)

Austria:
6.08 million (1997)

Azerbaijan:
175,000 (1997)

Bahamas, The:
215,000 (1997)

Bahrain:
338,000 (1997)

Bangladesh:
6.15 million (1997)

Barbados:
237,000 (1997)

Belarus:
3.02 million (1997)

Belgium:
8.075 million (1997)

Belize:
133,000 (1997)

Benin:
620,000 (1997)

Bermuda:
82,000 (1997)

Bhutan:
37,000 (1997)

Bolivia:
5.25 million (1997)

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
940,000 (1997)

Botswana:
237,000 (1997)

Brazil:
71 million (1997)

British Indian Ocean Territory:
NA

British Virgin Islands:
9,000 (1997)

Brunei:
329,000 (1998)

Bulgaria:
4.51 million (1997)

Burkina Faso:
370,000 (1997)

Burma:
4.2 million (1997)

Burundi:
440,000 (1997)

Cambodia:
1.34 million (1997)

Cameroon:
2.27 million (1997)

Canada:
32.3 million (1997)

Cape Verde:
73,000 (1997)

Cayman Islands:
36,000 (1997)

Central African Republic:
283,000 (1997)

Chad:
1.67 million (1997)

Chile:
5.18 million (1997)

China:
417 million (1997)

Christmas Island:
1,000 (1997)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
300 (1992)

Colombia:
21 million (1997)

Comoros:
90,000 (1997)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
18.03 million (1997)

Congo, Republic of the:
341,000 (1997)

Cook Islands:
14,000 (1997)

Costa Rica:
980,000 (1997)

Cote d'Ivoire:
2.26 million (1997)

Croatia:
1.51 million (1997)

Cuba:
3.9 million (1997)

Cyprus:
Greek Cypriot area: 310,000 (1997); Turkish Cypriot area:
56,450 (1994)

Czech Republic:
3,159,134 (December 2000)

Denmark:
6.02 million (1997)

Djibouti:
52,000 (1997)

Dominica:
46,000 (1997)

Dominican Republic:
1.44 million (1997)

Ecuador:
4.15 million (1997)

Egypt:
20.5 million (1997)

El Salvador:
2.75 million (1997)

Equatorial Guinea:
180,000 (1997)

Eritrea:
345,000 (1997)

Estonia:
1.01 million (1997)

Ethiopia:
11.75 million (1997)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
1,000 (1997)

Faroe Islands:
26,000 (1997)

Fiji:
500,000 (1997)

Finland:
7.7 million (1997)

France:
55.3 million (1997)

French Guiana:
104,000 (1997)

French Polynesia:
128,000 (1997)

Gabon:
208,000 (1997)

Gambia, The:
196,000 (1997)

Gaza Strip:
NA; note - most Palestinian households have radios (1999)

Georgia:
3.02 million (1997)

Germany:
77.8 million (1997)

Ghana:
4.4 million (1997)

Gibraltar:
37,000 (1997)

Greece:
5.02 million (1997)

Greenland:
30,000 (1998 est.)

Grenada:
57,000 (1997)

Guadeloupe:
113,000 (1997)

Guam:
221,000 (1997)

Guatemala:
835,000 (1997)

Guernsey:
NA

Guinea:
357,000 (1997)

Guinea-Bissau:
49,000 (1997)

Guyana:
420,000 (1997)

Haiti:
415,000 (1997)

Holy See (Vatican City):
NA

Honduras:
2.45 million (1997)

Hong Kong:
4.45 million (1997)

Hungary:
7.01 million (1997)

Iceland:
260,000 (1997)

India:
116 million (1997)

Indonesia:
31.5 million (1997)

Iran:
17 million (1997)

Iraq:
4.85 million (1997)

Ireland:
2.55 million (1997)

Israel:
3.07 million (1997)

Italy:
50.5 million (1997)

Jamaica:
1.215 million (1997)

Japan:
120.5 million (1997)

Jersey:
NA

Jordan:
1.66 million (1997)

Kazakhstan:
6.47 million (1997)

Kenya:
3.07 million (1997)

Kiribati:
17,000 (1997)

Korea, North:
3.36 million (1997)

Korea, South:
47.5 million (1997)

Kuwait:
1.175 million (1997)

Kyrgyzstan:
520,000 (1997)

Laos:
730,000 (1997)

Latvia:
1.76 million (1997)

Lebanon:
2.85 million (1997)

Lesotho:
104,000 (1997)

Liberia:
790,000 (1997)

Libya:
1.35 million (1997)

Liechtenstein:
21,000 (1997)

Lithuania:
1.9 million (1997)

Luxembourg:
285,000 (1997)

Macau:
160,000 (1997)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
410,000 (1997)

Madagascar:
3.05 million (1997)

Malawi:
2.6 million (1997)

Malaysia:
10.9 million (1999)

Maldives:
35,000 (1999)

Mali:
570,000 (1997)

Malta:
255,000 (1997)

Man, Isle of:
NA

Marshall Islands:
NA

Martinique:
82,000 (1997)

Mauritania:
360,000 (1997)

Mauritius:
420,000 (1997)

Mayotte:
NA

Mexico:
31 million (1997)

Micronesia, Federated States of:
NA

Moldova:
3.22 million (1997)

Monaco:
34,000 (1997)

Mongolia:
155,900 (1999)

Montserrat:
7,000 (1997)

Morocco:
6.64 million (1997)

Mozambique:
730,000 (1997)

Namibia:
232,000 (1997)

Nauru:
7,000 (1997)

Nepal:
840,000 (1997)

Netherlands:
15.3 million (1996)

Netherlands Antilles:
217,000 (1997)

New Caledonia:
107,000 (1997)

New Zealand:
3.75 million (1997)

Nicaragua:
1.24 million (1997)

Niger:
680,000 (1997)

Nigeria:
23.5 million (1997)

Niue:
1,000 (1997)

Norfolk Island:
2,500 (1996)

Northern Mariana Islands:
NA

Norway:
4.03 million (1997)

Oman:
1.4 million (1997)

Pakistan:
13.5 million (1997)

Palau:
12,000 (1997)

Panama:
815,000 (1997)

Papua New Guinea:
410,000 (1997)

Paraguay:
925,000 (1997)

Peru:
6.65 million (1997)

Philippines:
11.5 million (1997)

Pitcairn Islands:
NA

Poland:
20.2 million (1997)

Portugal:
3.02 million (1997)

Puerto Rico:
2.7 million (1997)

Qatar:
256,000 (1997)

Reunion:
173,000 (1997)

Romania:
7.2 million (1997)

Russia:
61.5 million (1997)

Rwanda:
601,000 (1997)

Saint Helena:
3,000 (1997)

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
28,000 (1997)

Saint Lucia:
111,000 (1997)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
4,000 (1997)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
77,000 (1997)

Samoa:
178,000 (1997)

San Marino:
16,000 (1997)

Sao Tome and Principe:
38,000 (1997)

Saudi Arabia:
6.25 million (1997)

Senegal:
1.24 million (1997)

Seychelles:
42,000 (1997)

Sierra Leone:
1.12 million (1997)

Singapore:
2.6 million (2000)

Slovakia:
3.12 million (1997)

Slovenia:
805,000 (1997)

Solomon Islands:
57,000 (1997)

Somalia:
470,000 (1997)

South Africa:
13.75 million (1997)

Spain:
13.1 million (1997)

Sri Lanka:
3.85 million (1997)

Sudan:
7.55 million (1997)

Suriname:
300,000 (1997)

Svalbard:
NA

Swaziland:
155,000 (1997)

Sweden:
8.25 million (1997)

Switzerland:
7.1 million (1997)

Syria:
4.15 million (1997)

Tajikistan:
1.291 million (1991)

Tanzania:
8.8 million (1997)

Thailand:
13.96 million (1997)

Togo:
940,000 (1997)

Tokelau:
1,000 (1997)

Tonga:
61,000 (1997)

Trinidad and Tobago:
680,000 (1997)

Tunisia:
2.06 million (1997)

Turkey:
11.3 million (1997)

Turkmenistan:
1.225 million (1997)

Turks and Caicos Islands:
8,000 (1997)

Tuvalu:
4,000 (1997)

Uganda:
2.6 million (1997)

Ukraine:
45.05 million (1997)

United Arab Emirates:
820,000 (1997)

United Kingdom:
84.5 million (1997)

United States:
575 million (1997)

Uruguay:
1.97 million (1997)

Uzbekistan:
10.8 million (1997)

Vanuatu:
62,000 (1997)

Venezuela:
10.75 million (1997)

Vietnam:
8.2 million (1997)

Virgin Islands:
107,000 (1997)

Wallis and Futuna:
NA

West Bank:
NA; note - most Palestinian households have radios (1999)

Western Sahara:
56,000 (1997)

World:
NA

Yemen:
1.05 million (1997)

Yugoslavia:
3.15 million (1997)

Zambia:
1.03 million (1997)

Zimbabwe:
1.14 million (1997)

Taiwan:
16 million (1994)

@Railways

Afghanistan: total: 24.6 km

broad gauge: 9.6 km 1.524-m gauge from Gushgy (Turkmenistan) to Towraghondi; 15 km 1.524-m gauge from Termiz (Uzbekistan) to Kheyrabad transshipment point on south bank of Amu Darya

Albania: total: 447 km

standard gauge: 447 km 1.435-m gauge (2001)

Algeria:
total: 4,820 km

standard gauge: 3,664 km 1.435-m gauge (301 km electrified; 215 km double track)

narrow gauge: 1,156 km 1.055-m gauge (1996)

American Samoa:
0 km

Andorra:
0 km

Angola:
total: 2,771 km (inland, much of the track is unusable
because of land mines still in place from the civil war)

narrow gauge: 2,648 km 1.067-m gauge; 123 km 0.600-m gauge (2000)

Anguilla:
0 km

Antigua and Barbuda:
total: 77 km

narrow gauge: 64 km 0.760-m gauge; 13 km 0.610-m gauge (used almost
exclusively for handling sugarcane)

Argentina:
total: 33,744 km (167 km electrified)

broad gauge: 20,594 km 1.676-m gauge (141 km electrified)

standard gauge: 2,739 km 1.435-m gauge (26 km electrified)

narrow gauge: 10,154 km 1.000-m gauge; 257 km 0.750-m gauge (2000)

Armenia:
total: 852 km in common carrier service; does not include
industrial lines

broad gauge: 852 km 1.520-m gauge (779 km electrified) (2001)

Aruba:
0 km

Australia:
total: 33,819 km (2,540 km electrified)

broad gauge: 3,719 km 1.600-m gauge

standard gauge: 15,422 km 1.435-m gauge

narrow gauge: 14,506 km 1.067-m gauge

dual gauge: 172 km NA gauges (1999)

Austria: total: 6,095.2 km (3,643.3 km electrified)

standard gauge: 5,564.2 km 1.435-m gauge (3,521.2 km electrified)

narrow gauge: 497.1 km (33.9 km 1.000-m gauge - 28.1 km electrified, 497.1 km 0.760-m gauge - 94 km electrified) (2001)

Azerbaijan:
total: 2,125 km in common carrier service; does not
include industrial lines

broad gauge: 2,125 km 1.520-m gauge (1,278 km electrified) (1993)

Bahamas, The:
0 km

Bahrain:
0 km

Bangladesh:
total: 2,745 km

broad gauge: 923 km 1.676-m gauge

narrow gauge: 1,822 km 1.000-m gauge (2000)

Barbados:
0 km

Belarus:
total: 5,523 km

broad gauge: 5,523 km 1.520-m gauge (875 km electrified) (2000)

Belgium:
total: 3,437 km (2,446 km electrified; 2,563 km double
track)

standard gauge: 3,437 km 1.435-m gauge (1998)

Belize:
0 km

Benin:
total: 578 km (single track)

narrow gauge: 578 km 1.000-m gauge (2000)

Bermuda:
0 km

Bhutan:
0 km

Bolivia:
total: 3,691 km (single track)

narrow gauge: 3,652 km 1.000-m gauge; 39 km 0.760-m gauge (13 km
electrified) (1995)

Bosnia and Herzegovina: total: 1,021 km (electrified 795 km; operating as diesel or steam until grids are repaired)

standard gauge: 1,021 km 1.435-m gauge; note - many segments still need repair and/or reconstruction (2000)

Botswana:
total: 888 km

narrow gauge: 888 km 1.067-m gauge (2000)

Brazil:
total: 30,539 km (2,129 km electrified); note - excludes
urban rail

broad gauge: 5,679 km 1.600-m gauge (1199 km electrified)

standard gauge: 194 km 1.440-m gauge

narrow gauge: 24,666 km 1.000-m gauge (930 km electrified)

dual gauge: 336 km 1.000-m and 1.600-m gauges (three rails) (1999 est.)

British Virgin Islands:
0 km

Brunei:
total: 13 km (private line)

narrow gauge: 13 km 0.610-m gauge

Bulgaria:
total: 4,294 km

standard gauge: 4,049 km 1.435-m gauge (2,710 km electrified; 917 km double track)

narrow gauge: 245 km 0.760-m gauge (1998)

Burkina Faso:
total: 622 km (517 km from Ouagadougou to the Cote
d'Ivoire border and 105 km from Ouagadougou to Kaya)

narrow gauge: 622 km 1.000-m gauge (1995 est.)

Burma: total: 3,991 km

narrow gauge: 3,991 km 1.000-m gauge

Burundi:
0 km

Cambodia:
total: 603 km

narrow gauge: 603 km 1.000-m gauge

Cameroon: total: 1,104 km

narrow gauge: 1,104 km 1.000-m gauge (1995 est.)

Canada:
total: 36,114 km; note - there are two major
transcontinental freight railway systems: Canadian National
(privatized November 1995) and Canadian Pacific Railway; passenger
service provided by government-operated firm VIA, which has no
trackage of its own

standard gauge: 36,114 km 1.435-m gauge (156 km electrified) (1998)

Cape Verde:
0 km

Cayman Islands:
0 km

Central African Republic:
0 km

Chad:
0 km

Chile:
total: 6,701 km

broad gauge: 2,831 km 1.676-m gauge (1317 km electrified)

narrow gauge: 117 km 1.067-m gauge (28 km electrified); 3,754 km 1.000-m gauge (37 km electrified) (2000)

China:
total: 67,524 km (including 5,400 km of provincial "local"
rails)

standard gauge: 63,924 km 1.435-m gauge (13,362 km electrified;
20,250 km double track)

narrow gauge: 3,600 km 0.750-m and 1.000-m gauge local industrial
lines (1998 est.)

note: a new total of 68,000 km was estimated for early 1999 to take
new construction programs into account (1999)

Christmas Island:
24 km to serve phosphate mines

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
0 km

Colombia:
total: 3,304 km

standard gauge: 150 km 1.435-m gauge (connects Cerrejon coal mines
to maritime port at Bahia de Portete)

narrow gauge: 3,154 km 0.914-m gauge (major sections not in use)
(2000)

Comoros:
0 km

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
total: 5,138 km (1995)

note: severely reduced route-distance in use because of damage to
facilities by civil strife

narrow gauge: 3,987 km 1.067-m gauge (858 km electrified); 125 km
1.000-m gauge; 1,026 km 0.600-m gauge (2000)

Congo, Republic of the:
total: 894 km

narrow gauge: 894 km 1.067-m gauge (2000)

Cook Islands:
0 km

Costa Rica:
total: 950 km

narrow gauge: 950 km 1.067-m gauge (260 km electrified) (2000)

Cote d'Ivoire: total: 660 km

narrow gauge: 660 km 1.000-meter gauge; 25 km double track

note: an additional 600 km of this railroad extends into Burkina
Faso, ending at Kaya, north of Ouagadougou (2000)

Croatia:
total: 2,296 km

standard gauge: 2,296 km 1.435-m gauge (983 km electrified) (2000)

Cuba: total: 11,969 km

standard gauge: 4,807 km 1.435-m gauge (147 km electrified)

note: in addition to the 4,807 km of standard gauge track in public use, 7,162 km of track is in private use by sugar plantations; about 90% of the private use track is standard gauge and the rest is narrow gauge (2000)

Cyprus:
0 km

Czech Republic:
total: 9,444 km

standard gauge: 9,350 km 1.435-m standard gauge (2,843 km
electrified; 1,929 km double track)

narrow gauge: 94 km 0.760-m narrow gauge (2000)

Denmark:
total: 2,859 km (508 km privately owned and operated)

standard gauge: 2,859 km 1.435-m gauge (600 km electrified; 760 km
double track) (1998)

Djibouti:
total: 100 km (Djibouti segment of the Addis
Ababa-Djibouti railroad)

narrow gauge: 100 km 1.000-m gauge

note: Djibouti and Ethiopia plan to revitalize the century-old railroad that links their capitals by 2003

Dominica:
0 km

Dominican Republic:
total: 757 km

standard gauge: 375 km 1.435-m gauge (Central Romana Railroad)

narrow gauge: 142 km 0.762-m gauge (Dominican Republic Government
Railway)

note: 240 km operated by sugar companies in various gauges
(0.558-m, 0.762-m, 1.067-m gauges) (2000)

Ecuador:
total: 965 km

narrow gauge: 965 km 1.067-m gauge (2000)

Egypt:
total: 4,955 km

standard gauge: 4,955 km 1,435-m gauge (42 km electrified; 1,560 km
double track) (2000)

El Salvador:
total: 562 km

narrow gauge: 562 km 0.914-m gauge

note: length of route which is operational is reduced to 283 km by disuse and lack of maintainance (2001)

Equatorial Guinea:
total: 0 km

Eritrea:
total: 317 km

narrow gauge: 317 km 0.950-m gauge (1999)

note: links Ak'ordat and Asmara with the port of Massawa; nonoperational since 1978 except for about a 5 km stretch that was reopened in Massawa in 1994; rehabilitation of the remainder and of the rolling stock is under way

Estonia:
total: 1,018 km common carrier lines only; does not
include dedicated industrial lines

broad gauge: 1,018 km 1.520-m gauge (132 km electrified) (1995)

Ethiopia:
total: 681 km (Ethiopian segment of the Addis
Ababa-Djibouti railroad)

narrow gauge: 681 km 1.000-m gauge

note: in April 1998, Djibouti and Ethiopia announced plans to revitalize the century-old railroad that links their capitals; since May 1998 Ethiopia has expended considerable effort to repair and maintain the lines

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
0 km

Faroe Islands:
0 km

Fiji:
total: 597 km; note - belongs to the government-owned Fiji
Sugar Corporation

narrow gauge: 597 km 0.610-m gauge (1995)

Finland:
total: 5,865 km

broad gauge: 5,865 km 1.524-m gauge (2,192 km electrified; 480 km
double or multiple track) (1998)

France:
total: 31,939 km (31,939 km are operated by French National
Railways (SNCF); 14,176 km of SNCF routes are electrified and 12,132
km are double- or multiple-tracked)

standard gauge: 31,840 km 1.435-m gauge

narrow gauge: 99 km 1.000-m gauge (1998)

French Guiana:
0 km (1995)

French Polynesia:
0 km

Gabon:
total: 649 km (Gabon State Railways or OCTRA)

standard gauge: 649 km 1.435-m gauge; single track (1994)

Gambia, The:
0 km

Gaza Strip:
total: NA km; note - one line, abandoned and in
disrepair, little trackage remains

Georgia:
total: 1,583 km in common carrier service; does not
include industrial lines

broad gauge: 1,583 km 1.520-m gauge (1993)

Germany:
total: 40,826 km including at least 14,253 km electrified
and 14,768 km double- or multiple-tracked (1998)

note: since privatization in 1994, Deutsche Bahn AG (DBAG) no longer publishes details of the tracks it owns; in addition to the DBAG system there are 102 privately owned railway companies which own an approximate 3,000 km to 4,000 km of the total tracks

Ghana: total: 953 km (undergoing major rehabilitation)

narrow gauge: 953 km 1.067-m gauge (32 km double track) (1997 est.)

Gibraltar:
total: NA km; 1.000-m gauge system in dockyard area only

Greece:
total: 2,548 km

standard gauge: 1,565 km 1.435-m gauge (36 km electrified; 23 km
double track)

narrow gauge: 961 km 1.000-m gauge; 22 km 0.750-m gauge (a
rack-type railway for steep grades)

Greenland:
0 km

Grenada:
0 km

Guadeloupe:
total: NA km; privately owned, narrow-gauge plantation
lines

Guam:
0 km

Guatemala:
total: 884 km (102 km privately owned)

narrow gauge: 884 km 0.914-m gauge (single track)

Guernsey:
0 km

Guinea:
total: 1,086 km

standard gauge: 279 km 1.435-m gauge

narrow gauge: 807 km 1.000-m gauge (includes 662 km in common carrier service from Kankan to Conakry)

Guinea-Bissau:
0 km

Guyana:
total: 187 km (all dedicated to ore transport)

standard gauge: 139 km 1.435-m gauge

narrow gauge: 48 km 0.914-m gauge

Haiti:
total: 40 km (single track; privately owned industrial line)
- closed in early 1990s

narrow gauge: 40 km 0.760-m gauge

Holy See (Vatican City): total: 862 m; note - a spur of the Italian Railways system, serving Rome's Saint Peter's station

standard gauge: 862 m 1.435-m gauge (1999)

Honduras: total: 595 km

narrow gauge: 349 km 1.067-m gauge; 246 km 0.914-m gauge (1999)

Hong Kong: total: 34 km

standard gauge: 34 km 1.435-m gauge (all electrified) (1996 est.)

Hungary: total: 7,606 km

broad gauge: 36 km 1.524-m gauge

standard gauge: 7,394 km 1.435-m gauge (2,270 km electrified; 1,236 km double track)

narrow gauge: 176 km 0.760-m gauge (1998)

note: Hungary and Austria jointly manage the cross-border standard-gauge railway connecting Gyor, Sopron, and Ebenfurt (Gysev railroad) a distance of about 101 km in Hungary and 65 km in Austria

Iceland:
0 km

India:
total: 62,915 km (12,307 km electrified; 12,617 km double
track)

broad gauge: 40,620 km 1.676-m gauge

narrow gauge: 18,501 km 1.000-m gauge; 3,794 km 0.762-m and 0.610-m gauge (1998 est.)

Indonesia:
total: 6,458 km

narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (101 km electrified; 101 km
double track); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (1995)

Iran:
total: 5,600 km

broad gauge: 94 km 1.676-m gauge

standard gauge: 5,506 km 1.435-m gauge (146 km electrified)

note: broad gauge track is employed at the borders with Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan which have broad-gauge rail systems (2001)

Iraq:
total: 2,032 km

standard gauge: 2,032 km 1.435-m gauge

note: rail link between Iraq and Syria restored in 2000 after 19 years

Ireland:
total: 1,947 km

broad gauge: 1,947 km 1.600-m gauge (38 km electrified; 485 km
double track) (1998)

Israel:
total: 610 km

standard gauge: 610 km 1.435-m gauge (1996)

Italy: total: 19,394 km

standard gauge: 18,071 km 1.435-m gauge; Italian Railways (FS) operates 16,014 km of the total standard gauge routes (11,322 km electrified)

narrow gauge: 112 km 1.000-m gauge (112 km electrified); 1,211 km 0.950-m gauge (153 km electrified) (1998)

Jamaica:
total: 370 km

standard gauge: 370 km 1.435-m gauge; note - 207 km belong to the Jamaica Railway Corporation in common carrier service, but are no longer operational; the remaining track is privately owned and used to transport bauxite

Japan: total: 23,670.7 km

standard gauge: 2,893.1 km 1.435-m gauge (entirely electrified)

narrow gauge: 89.8 km 1.372-m gauge (89.8 km electrified); 20,656.8 km 1.067-m gauge (10,383.6 km electrified); 31 km 0.762-m gauge (3.6 km electrified) (1994)

Jersey:
0 km

Jordan:
total: 677 km

narrow gauge: 677 km 1.050-m gauge (2000)

Juan de Nova Island:
total: NA km; short line going to a jetty

Kazakhstan:
total: 14,400 km in common carrier service; does not
include industrial lines

broad gauge: 14,400 km 1.520-m gauge (3,299 km electrified) (1997)

Kenya: total: 2,778 km

narrow gauge: 2,778 km 1.000-m gauge

note: the line connecting Nairobi with the port of Mombasa is the most important in the country

Kiribati:
0 km

Korea, North:
total: 5,000 km

standard gauge: 4,095 km 1.435-m gauge (3,500 km electrified; 159
km double track)

narrow gauge: 665 km 0.762-m gauge

dual gauge: 240 km 1.435-m and 1.600-m gauges (four rails interlaced) (1996 est.)

Korea, South:
total: 6,240 km

standard gauge: 6,240 km 1.435-m gauge (525 km electrified) (1998
est.)

Kuwait:
0 km

Kyrgyzstan:
total: 370 km in common carrier service; does not
include industrial lines

broad gauge: 370 km 1.520-m gauge (1990)

Laos:
0 km

Latvia:
total: 2,412 km

broad gauge: 2,379 km 1.520-m gauge (271 km electrified) (1992)

narrow gauge: 33 km 0.750-m gauge (1994)

Lebanon:
total: 399 km (mostly unusable because of damage in civil
war)

standard gauge: 317 km 1.435-m

narrow gauge: 82 km (1999)

Lesotho:
total: 2.6 km; note - owned by, operated by, and included
in the statistics of South Africa

narrow gauge: 2.6 km 1.067-m gauge (1995)

Liberia:
total: 490 km (328 km single track); note - three rail
systems owned and operated by foreign steel and financial interests
in conjunction with the Liberian Government; one of these, the Lamco
Railroad, closed in 1989 after iron ore production ceased; the other
two were shut down by the civil war; large sections of the rail
lines have been dismantled; approximately 60 km of railroad track
was exported for scrap

standard gauge: 345 km 1.435-m gauge

narrow gauge: 145 km 1.067-m gauge

Libya:
note: Libya has had no railroad in operation since 1965, all
previous systems having been dismantled; current plans are to
construct a 1.435-m standard gauge line from the Tunisian frontier
to Tripoli and Misratah, then inland to Sabha, center of a
mineral-rich area, but there has been little progress; other plans
made jointly with Egypt would establish a rail line from As Sallum,
Egypt, to Tobruk with completion originally set for mid-1994; Libya
signed contracts with two private companies - Bahne of Egypt and Jez
Sistemas Ferroviarios of Spain - in 1998 for the supply of crossings
and pointwork (1001)

Liechtenstein:
total: 18.5 km; note - owned, operated, and included
in statistics of Austrian Federal Railways

standard gauge: 18.5 km 1.435-m gauge (electrified)

Lithuania: total: 2,002 km

broad gauge: 2,002 km 1.524-m gauge (122 km electrified) (1994)

Luxembourg:
total: 274 km

standard gauge: 274 km 1.435-m gauge (242 km electrified; 178 km
double track) (1998)

Macau:
0 km

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
total: 699 km

standard gauge: 699 km 1.435-m gauge (233 km electrified)

note: a 56-km extension of the Kumanovo-Beljakovci line to the
Bulgarian border at Gyveshevo is under construction (2001)

Madagascar:
total: 883 km

narrow gauge: 883 km 1.000-m gauge (1994)

Malawi: total: 789 km

narrow gauge: 789 km 1.067-m gauge

Malaysia: total: 1,801 km

narrow gauge: 1,801 km 1.000-m gauge (148 km electrified) (2000)

Maldives:
0 km

Mali:
total: 729 km (linked to Senegal's rail system through Kayes)

narrow gauge: 729 km 1.000-m gauge

Malta:
0 km

Man, Isle of:
total: 68.5 km (43.5 km electrified)

Marshall Islands:
0 km

Martinique:
0 km

Mauritania:
total: 750 km (single track); note - owned and operated
by government mining company

standard gauge: 750 km 1.435-m gauge (1995)

Mauritius:
0 km

Mayotte:
0 km

Mexico:
total: 31,048 km

standard gauge: 30,958 km 1.435-m gauge (246 km electrified)

narrow gauge: 90 km 0.914-m gauge (1998 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of:
0 km

Moldova:
total: 1,328 km

broad gauge: 1,328 km 1.520-m gauge (1992)

Monaco: total: 1.7 km

standard gauge: 1.7 km 1.435-m gauge

Mongolia: 1,815 km

broad gauge: 1,815 km 1.524-m gauge (2001)

Montserrat:
0 km

Morocco:
total: 1,907 km

standard gauge: 1,907 km 1.435-m gauge (1,003 km electrified; 540
km double track)

Mozambique:
total: 3,131 km

narrow gauge: 2,988 km 1.067-m gauge; 143 km 0.762-m gauge (1994)

Namibia: total: 2,382 km

narrow gauge: 2,382 km 1.067-m gauge; single track (1995)

Nauru:
total: 5 km; note - used to haul phosphates from the center
of the island to processing facilities on the southwest coast

Nepal:
total: 59 km; note - all in Kosi close to Indian border

narrow gauge: 59 km 0.762-m gauge (2000)

Netherlands:
total: 2,739 km

standard gauge: 2,739 km 1.435-m gauge; (1,991 km electrified)
(1998)

Netherlands Antilles:
0 km

New Caledonia:
0 km

New Zealand:
total: 3,913 km

narrow gauge: 3,913 km 1.067-m gauge (519 km electrified) (1999)

Niger:
0 km

Nigeria:
total: 3,557 km

narrow gauge: 3,505 km 1.067-m gauge

standard gauge: 52 km 1.435-m gauge

note: years of neglect of both the rolling stock and the right-of-way have seriously reduced the capacity and utility of the system; a project to restore Nigeria's railways is now underway

Niue:
0 km

Norfolk Island:
0 km

Northern Mariana Islands:
0 km

Norway:
total: 4,012 km

standard gauge: 4,012 km 1.435-m gauge (2,530 km electrified; 96 km
double track) (1998)

Oman:
0 km

Pakistan:
total: 8,163 km

broad gauge: 7,718 km 1.676-m gauge (293 km electrified; 1,037 km
double track)

narrow gauge: 445 km 1.000-m gauge (1996 est.) (2000)

Palau:
0 km

Panama:
total: 355 km

broad gauge: 76 km 1.524-m gauge

narrow gauge: 279 km 0.914-m gauge

Papua New Guinea:
0 km

Paraguay:
total: 971 km

standard gauge: 441 km 1.435-m gauge

narrow gauge: 60 km 1.000-m gauge

note: there are 470 km of various gauges that are privately owned

Peru: total: 1,988 km

standard gauge: 1,608 km 1.435-m gauge

narrow gauge: 380 km 0.914-m gauge

Philippines:
total: 492 km (an additional 405 km are not in
operation)

narrow gauge: 492 km 1.067-m gauge (1996)

Pitcairn Islands:
0 km

Poland:
total: 23,420 km

broad gauge: 646 km 1.524-m gauge

standard gauge: 21,639 km 1.435-m gauge (11,626 km electrified; 8,978 km double track)

narrow gauge: 1,135 km various gauges including 1.000-m, 0.785-m,
0.750-m, and 0.600-m (1998)

Portugal:
total: 2,850 km

broad gauge: 2,576 km 1.668-m gauge (623 km electrified; 426 km
double track)

narrow gauge: 274 km 1.000-m gauge (1998)

Puerto Rico:
total: 96 km

narrow gauge: 96 km 1.000-m gauge, rural, narrow-gauge system for
hauling sugarcane; no passenger service

Qatar:
0 km

Reunion:
0 km

Romania:
total: 11,385 km (3,888 km electrified)

standard gauge: 10,898 km

narrow gauge: 487 km (1996)

Russia: total: 149,000 km

note: 86,000 km are in common carrier service; 63,000 km serve specific industries and are not available for common carrier use; 40,000 km of the railway in common carrier use are electrified

broad gauge: 149,000 km 1.520-m gauge (1998)

Rwanda:
0 km

Saint Helena:
0 km

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
total: 58 km

narrow gauge: 58 km 0.762-m gauge on Saint Kitts to serve sugarcane
plantations (1995)

Saint Lucia:
0 km

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
0 km

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
0 km

Samoa:
0 km

San Marino:
0 km; note - there is a 1.5 km cable railway connecting
the city of San Marino to Borgo Maggiore

Sao Tome and Principe:
0 km

Saudi Arabia:
total: 1,390 km

standard gauge: 1,390 km 1.435-m gauge (448 km double track) (1992)

Senegal: total: 906 km

narrow gauge: 906 km 1.000-meter gauge (70 km double track)

Seychelles:
0 km

Sierra Leone:
total: 84 km used on a limited basis because the mine
at Marampa is closed

narrow gauge: 84 km 1.067-m gauge

Singapore: total: 38.6 km

narrow gauge: 38.6 km 1.000-m gauge

note: there is a 83 km mass transit system with 48 stations

Slovakia: total: 3,660 km

broad gauge: 102 km 1.520-m gauge

standard gauge: 3,507 km 1.435-m gauge (1,505 km electrified; 1,011 km double track)

narrow gauge: 51 km (46 km 1,000-m gauge; 5 km 0.750-m gauge) (1998)

Slovenia: total: 1,201 km

standard gauge: 1,201 km 1.435-m gauge (489 km electrified) (1999)

Solomon Islands:
0 km

Somalia:
0 km

South Africa:
total: 21,431 km

narrow gauge: 20,995 km 1.067-m gauge (9,087 km electrified); 436
km 0.610-m gauge (1995)

Spain:
total: 13,950 km

broad gauge: 12,781 km 1.668-m gauge (6,358 km electrified; 2,295
km double track)

standard gauge: 525 km 1.435-m gauge (525 km electrified)

narrow gauge: 644 km 1.000-m gauge (438 km electrified) (1998)

Sri Lanka: total: 1,463 km

broad gauge: 1,404 km 1.676-m gauge

narrow gauge: 59 km 0.762-m gauge (1996)

Sudan:
total: 5,311 km

narrow gauge: 4,595 km 1.067-m gauge; 716 km 1.6096-m gauge
plantation line

note: the main line linking Khartoum to Port Sudan carries over
two-thirds of Sudan's rail traffic

Suriname:
total: 166 km (single track)

standard gauge: 80 km 1.435-m gauge

narrow gauge: 86 km 1.000-m gauge

note: Suriname railroads are not in operation (2000)

Svalbard:
0 km

Swaziland:
total: 297 km; note - includes 71 km which are not in use

narrow gauge: 297 km 1.067-m gauge

Sweden:
total: 12,821 km (includes 3,594 km of privately owned
railways)

standard gauge: 12,821 km 1.435-m gauge (7,918 km electrified and
1,152 km double track) (1998)

Switzerland:
total: 4,492 km (1,564 km double track)

standard gauge: 3,317 km 1.435-m gauge (3,288 km electrified)

narrow gauge: 1,165 km 1.000-m gauge (1,165 km electrified); 10 km 0.800-m gauge (1998)

Syria:
total: 2,750 km

standard gauge: 2,423 km 1.435-m gauge

narrow gauge: 327 km 1.050-m gauge

note: rail link between Syria and Iraq replaced in 2000 (2000)

Tajikistan:
total: 480 km in common carrier service; does not
include industrial lines (1990)

Tanzania:
total: 3,569 km (1995)

narrow gauge: 2,600 km 1.000-m gauge; 969 km 1.067-m gauge

note: the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA), which operates 1,860 km of 1.067-m narrow gauge track between Dar es Salaam and Kapiri Mposhi in Zambia (of which 969 km are in Tanzania and 891 km are in Zambia) is not a part of Tanzania Railways Corporation; because of the difference in gauge, this system does not connect to Tanzania Railways

Thailand: total: 3,940 km

narrow gauge: 3,940 km 1.000-m gauge (99 km double track)

Togo: total: 525 km (1995)

narrow gauge: 525 km 1.000-m gauge

Tokelau:
0 km

Tonga:
0 km

Trinidad and Tobago:
minimal agricultural railroad system near San
Fernando; railway service was discontinued in 1968

Tunisia:
total: 2,168 km

standard gauge: 471 km 1.435-m gauge

narrow gauge: 1,687 km 1.000-m gauge

dual gauge: 10 km 1.000-m and 1.435-m gauges (three rails)

Turkey: total: 8,607 km

standard gauge: 8,607 km 1.435-m gauge (1,524 km electrified) (1999)

Turkmenistan: total: 2,187 km

broad gauge: 2,187 km 1.520-m gauge (1996 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands:
0 km

Tuvalu:
0 km

Uganda:
total: 1,241 km

narrow gauge: 1,241 km 1.000-m gauge

note: a program to rehabilitate the railroad is underway (1995)

Ukraine: total: 23,350 km

broad gauge: 23,350 km 1.524-m gauge (8,600 km electrified)

United Arab Emirates:
0 km

United Kingdom:
total: 16,878 km

broad gauge: 342 km 1.600-m gauge (190 km double track); note - all 1.600-m gauge track, of which 342 km is in common carrier use, and is in Northern Ireland

standard gauge: 16,536 km 1.435-m gauge (4,928 km electrified; 12,591 km double or multiple track) (1996)

United States:
total: 225,750 km mainline routes

standard gauge: 225,750 km 1.435-m gauge (1999)

Uruguay: total: 2,073 km

standard gauge: 2,073 km 1.435-m gauge (2000)

Uzbekistan:
total: 3,380 km in common carrier service; does not
include industrial lines

broad gauge: 3,380 km 1.520-m gauge (300 km electrified) (1993)

Vanuatu:
0 km

Venezuela:
total: 584 km (248 km privately owned)

standard gauge: 584 km 1.435-m gauge

Vietnam: total: 2,652 km

standard gauge: 166 km 1.435-m gauge

narrow gauge: 2,249 km 1.000-m gauge

dual gauge: 237 km NA-m gauges (three rails) (1998)

Virgin Islands:
0 km

Wallis and Futuna:
0 km

West Bank:
0 km

Western Sahara:
0 km

World:
total: 1,201,337 km includes about 190,000 to 195,000 km of
electrified routes of which 147,760 km are in Europe, 24,509 km in
the Far East, 11,050 km in Africa, 4,223 km in South America, and
4,160 km in North America; note - fastest speed in daily service is
300 km/hr attained by France's Societe Nationale des Chemins-de-Fer
Francais (SNCF) Le Train a Grande Vitesse (TGV) - Atlantique line

broad gauge: 251,153 km

standard gauge: 710,754 km

narrow gauge: 239,430 km

Yemen:
0 km

Yugoslavia:
total: 4,095 km

standard gauge: 4,095 km 1.435-m gauge (1,377 km partially
electrified since 1992)

note: during to the 1999 Kosovo conflict, the Serbian rail system suffered significant damage due to bridge destruction; many rail bridges have been rebuilt, but the bridge over the Danube at Novi Sad was still down in early 2000; however, a by-pass is available; Montenegrin rail lines remain intact

Zambia: total: 2,164 km (1995)

narrow gauge: 2,164 km 1.067-m gauge (13 km double track)

note: the total includes 891 km of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA), which operates 1,860 km of 1.067-m narrow gauge track between Dar es Salaam and Kapiri Mposhi where it connects to the Zambia Railways system; TAZARA is not a part of the Zambia Railways system; Zambia Railways assets are scheduled for concessioning in 2001

Zimbabwe:
total: 2,759 km (1995)

narrow gauge: 2,759 km 1.067-m gauge (313 km electrified; 42 km
double track) (1995 est.)

Taiwan:
total: 4,600 km (519 km electrified)

narrow gauge: 4,600 km 1.067-m

note: only 1,108 km of route length (including the electrified part) is used in common carrier service by the Taiwan Railway Administration; the remaining 3,492 km is dedicated to industrial use (1999)

@Religions

Afghanistan:
Sunni Muslim 84%, Shi'a Muslim 15%, other 1%

Albania:
Muslim 70%, Albanian Orthodox 20%, Roman Catholic 10%

note: all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious
observances prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began allowing
private religious practice

Algeria:
Sunni Muslim (state religion) 99%, Christian and Jewish 1%

American Samoa:
Christian Congregationalist 50%, Roman Catholic 20%,
Protestant and other 30%

Andorra:
Roman Catholic (predominant)

Angola:
indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant 15%
(1998 est.)

Anguilla:
Anglican 40%, Methodist 33%, Seventh-Day Adventist 7%,
Baptist 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, other 12%

Antigua and Barbuda:
Anglican (predominant), other Protestant, some
Roman Catholic

Argentina:
nominally Roman Catholic 92% (less than 20% practicing),
Protestant 2%, Jewish 2%, other 4%

Armenia:
Armenian Orthodox 94%

Aruba:
Roman Catholic 82%, Protestant 8%, Hindu, Muslim, Confucian,
Jewish

Australia:
Anglican 26.1%, Roman Catholic 26%, other Christian
24.3%, non-Christian 11%

Austria:
Roman Catholic 78%, Protestant 5%, Muslim and other 17%

Azerbaijan:
Muslim 93.4%, Russian Orthodox 2.5%, Armenian Orthodox
2.3%, other 1.8% (1995 est.)

note: religious affiliation is still nominal in Azerbaijan;
percentages for actual practicing adherents are much lower

Bahamas, The:
Baptist 32%, Anglican 20%, Roman Catholic 19%,
Methodist 6%, Church of God 6%, other Protestant 12%, none or
unknown 3%, other 2%

Bahrain:
Shi'a Muslim 70%, Sunni Muslim 30%

Bangladesh:
Muslim 83%, Hindu 16%, other 1% (1998)

Barbados:
Protestant 67% (Anglican 40%, Pentecostal 8%, Methodist
7%, other 12%), Roman Catholic 4%, none 17%, other 12%

Belarus:
Eastern Orthodox 80%, other (including Roman Catholic,
Protestant, Jewish, and Muslim) 20% (1997 est.)

Belgium:
Roman Catholic 75%, Protestant or other 25%

Belize:
Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 30% (Anglican 12%, Methodist
6%, Mennonite 4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 3%, Pentecostal 2%,
Jehovah's Witnesses 1%, other 2%), none 2%, other 6% (1980)

Benin:
indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 30%, Muslim 20%

Bermuda:
non-Anglican Protestant 39%, Anglican 27%, Roman Catholic
15%, other 19%

Bhutan:
Lamaistic Buddhist 75%, Indian- and Nepalese-influenced
Hinduism 25%

Bolivia:
Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant (Evangelical Methodist)

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Roman Catholic
15%, Protestant 4%, other 10%

Botswana:
indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 50%

Brazil:
Roman Catholic (nominal) 80%

British Virgin Islands:
Protestant 86% (Methodist 45%, Anglican 21%,
Church of God 7%, Seventh-Day Adventist 5%, Baptist 4%, Jehovah's
Witnesses 2%, other 2%), Roman Catholic 6%, none 2%, other 6% (1981)

Brunei:
Muslim (official) 67%, Buddhist 13%, Christian 10%,
indigenous beliefs and other 10%

Bulgaria:
Bulgarian Orthodox 83.5%, Muslim 13%, Roman Catholic 1.5%,
Uniate Catholic 0.2%, Jewish 0.8%, Protestant, Gregorian-Armenian,
and other 1% (1998)

Burkina Faso:
indigenous beliefs 40%, Muslim 50%, Christian (mainly
Roman Catholic) 10%

Burma:
Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%),
Muslim 4%, animist 1%, other 2%

Burundi:
Christian 67% (Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 5%),
indigenous beliefs 23%, Muslim 10%

Cambodia:
Theravada Buddhist 95%, other 5%

Cameroon:
indigenous beliefs 40%, Christian 40%, Muslim 20%

Canada:
Roman Catholic 42%, Protestant 40%, other 18%

Cape Verde:
Roman Catholic (infused with indigenous beliefs);
Protestant (mostly Church of the Nazarene)

Cayman Islands:
United Church (Presbyterian and Congregational),
Anglican, Baptist, Roman Catholic, Church of God, other Protestant

Central African Republic:
indigenous beliefs 24%, Protestant 25%,
Roman Catholic 25%, Muslim 15%, other 11%

note: animistic beliefs and practices strongly influence the
Christian majority

Chad:
Muslim 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs (mostly animism)
25%

Chile:
Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 11%, Jewish NEGL%

China:
Daoist (Taoist), Buddhist, Muslim 2%-3%, Christian 1% (est.)

note: officially atheist

Christmas Island:
Buddhist 55%, Christian 15%, Muslim 10%, other 20%
(1991)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
Sunni Muslim 57%, Christian 22%, other 21%
(1981 est.)

Colombia:
Roman Catholic 90%

Comoros:
Sunni Muslim 98%, Roman Catholic 2%

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant
20%, Kimbanguist 10%, Muslim 10%, other syncretic sects and
indigenous beliefs 10%

Congo, Republic of the:
Christian 50%, animist 48%, Muslim 2%

Cook Islands:
Christian (majority of populace are members of the
Cook Islands Christian Church)

Costa Rica:
Roman Catholic 76.3%, Evangelical 13.7%, other
Protestant 0.7%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1.3%, other 4.8%, none 3.2%

Cote d'Ivoire:
Christian 34%, Muslim 27%, no religion 21%, animist
15%, other 3% (1998)

note: the majority of foreigners (migratory workers) are Muslim
(70%) and Christian (20%)

Croatia:
Roman Catholic 76.5%, Orthodox 11.1%, Muslim 1.2%,
Protestant 0.4%, others and unknown 10.8% (1991)

Cuba:
nominally 85% Roman Catholic prior to CASTRO assuming power;
Protestants, Jehovah's Witnesses, Jews, and Santeria are also
represented

Cyprus:
Greek Orthodox 78%, Muslim 18%, Maronite, Armenian
Apostolic, and other 4%

Czech Republic:
atheist 39.8%, Roman Catholic 39.2%, Protestant
4.6%, Orthodox 3%, other 13.4%

Denmark:
Evangelical Lutheran 95%, other Protestant and Roman
Catholic 3%, Muslims 2%

Djibouti:
Muslim 94%, Christian 6%

Dominica:
Roman Catholic 77%, Protestant 15% (Methodist 5%,
Pentecostal 3%, Seventh-Day Adventist 3%, Baptist 2%, other 2%),
none 2%, other 6%

Dominican Republic:
Roman Catholic 95%

Ecuador:
Roman Catholic 95%

Egypt:
Muslim (mostly Sunni) 94%, Coptic Christian and other 6%

El Salvador:
Roman Catholic 86%

note: there is extensive activity by Protestant groups throughout
the country; by the end of 1992, there were an estimated 1 million
Protestant evangelicals in El Salvador

Equatorial Guinea:
nominally Christian and predominantly Roman
Catholic, pagan practices

Eritrea:
Muslim, Coptic Christian, Roman Catholic, Protestant

Estonia:
Evangelical Lutheran, Russian Orthodox, Estonian Orthodox,
Baptist, Methodist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Roman Catholic,
Pentecostal, Word of Life, Jewish

Ethiopia:
Muslim 45%-50%, Ethiopian Orthodox 35%-40%, animist 12%,
other 3%-8%

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
primarily Anglican, Roman
Catholic, United Free Church, Evangelist Church, Jehovah's
Witnesses, Lutheran, Seventh-Day Adventist

Faroe Islands:
Evangelical Lutheran

Fiji:
Christian 52% (Methodist 37%, Roman Catholic 9%), Hindu 38%,
Muslim 8%, other 2%

note: Fijians are mainly Christian, Indians are Hindu, and there is
a Muslim minority (1986)

Finland:
Evangelical Lutheran 89%, Greek Orthodox 1%, none 9%, other
1%

France:
Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%, Muslim (North
African workers) 3%, unaffiliated 4%

French Guiana:
Roman Catholic

French Polynesia:
Protestant 54%, Roman Catholic 30%, other 16%

Gabon:
Christian 55%-75%, animist, Muslim less than 1%

Gambia, The:
Muslim 90%, Christian 9%, indigenous beliefs 1%

Gaza Strip:
Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 98.7%, Christian 0.7%,
Jewish 0.6%

Georgia:
Georgian Orthodox 65%, Muslim 11%, Russian Orthodox 10%,
Armenian Apostolic 8%, unknown 6%

Germany:
Protestant 38%, Roman Catholic 34%, Muslim 1.7%,
unaffiliated or other 26.3%

Ghana:
indigenous beliefs 38%, Muslim 30%, Christian 24%, other 8%

Gibraltar:
Roman Catholic 76.9%, Church of England 6.9%, Muslim
6.9%, Jewish 2.3%, none or other 7% (1991)

Greece:
Greek Orthodox 98%, Muslim 1.3%, other 0.7%

Greenland:
Evangelical Lutheran

Grenada:
Roman Catholic 53%, Anglican 13.8%, other Protestant 33.2%

Guadeloupe:
Roman Catholic 95%, Hindu and pagan African 4%,
Protestant 1%

Guam:
Roman Catholic 85%, other 15% (1999 est.)

Guatemala:
Roman Catholic, Protestant, indigenous Mayan beliefs

Guernsey:
Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Baptist,
Congregational, Methodist

Guinea:
Muslim 85%, Christian 8%, indigenous beliefs 7%

Guinea-Bissau:
indigenous beliefs 50%, Muslim 45%, Christian 5%

Guyana:
Christian 50%, Hindu 33%, Muslim 9%, other 8%

Haiti:
Roman Catholic 80%, Protestant 16% (Baptist 10%, Pentecostal
4%, Adventist 1%, other 1%), none 1%, other 3% (1982)

note: roughly one-half of the population also practices Voodoo

Holy See (Vatican City):
Roman Catholic

Honduras:
Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant minority

Hong Kong:
eclectic mixture of local religions 90%, Christian 10%

Hungary:
Roman Catholic 67.5%, Calvinist 20%, Lutheran 5%, atheist
and other 7.5%

Iceland:
Evangelical Lutheran 93%, other Protestant and Roman
Catholic, none (1997)

India:
Hindu 81.3%, Muslim 12%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.9%, other
groups including Buddhist, Jain, Parsi 2.5% (2000)

Indonesia:
Muslim 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%,
Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1998)

Iran:
Shi'a Muslim 89%, Sunni Muslim 10%, Zoroastrian, Jewish,
Christian, and Baha'i 1%

Iraq:
Muslim 97% (Shi'a 60%-65%, Sunni 32%-37%), Christian or other
3%

Ireland:
Roman Catholic 91.6%, Church of Ireland 2.5%, other 5.9%
(1998)

Israel:
Jewish 80.1%, Muslim 14.6% (mostly Sunni Muslim), Christian
2.1%, other 3.2% (1996 est.)

Italy:
predominately Roman Catholic with mature Protestant and
Jewish communities and a growing Muslim immigrant community

Jamaica:
Protestant 61.3% (Church of God 21.2%, Baptist 8.8%,
Anglican 5.5%, Seventh-Day Adventist 9%, Pentecostal 7.6%, Methodist
2.7%, United Church 2.7%, Brethren 1.1%, Jehovah's Witness 1.6%,
Moravian 1.1%), Roman Catholic 4%, other, including some spiritual
cults 34.7%

Japan:
observe both Shinto and Buddhist 84%, other 16% (including
Christian 0.7%)

Jersey:
Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist, Congregational New
Church, Methodist, Presbyterian

Jordan:
Sunni Muslim 92%, Christian 6% (majority Greek Orthodox, but
some Greek Catholics, Roman Catholics, Syrian Orthodox, Coptic
Orthodox, Armenian Orthodox, and Protestant denominations), other 2%
(several small Shi'a Muslim and Druze populations) (2000 est.)

Kazakhstan:
Muslim 47%, Russian Orthodox 44%, Protestant 2%, other 7%

Kenya:
Protestant 38%, Roman Catholic 28%, indigenous beliefs 26%,
Muslim 7%, other 1%

note: a large majority of Kenyans are Christian, but estimates for
the percentage of the population that adheres to Islam or indigenous
beliefs vary widely

Kiribati:
Roman Catholic 54%, Protestant (Congregational) 30%, some
Seventh-Day Adventist, Baha'i, Latter-day Saints, and Church of God
(1996)

Korea, North:
traditionally Buddhist and Confucianist, some
Christian and syncretic Chondogyo (Religion of the Heavenly Way)

note: autonomous religious activities now almost nonexistent;
government-sponsored religious groups exist to provide illusion of
religious freedom

Korea, South:
Christian 49%, Buddhist 47%, Confucianist 3%,
Shamanist, Chondogyo (Religion of the Heavenly Way), and other 1%

Kuwait:
Muslim 85% (Sunni 45%, Shi'a 40%), Christian, Hindu, Parsi,
and other 15%

Kyrgyzstan:
Muslim 75%, Russian Orthodox 20%, other 5%

Laos:
Buddhist 60%, animist and other 40%

Latvia:
Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Russian Orthodox

Lebanon:
Muslim 70% (including Shi'a, Sunni, Druze, Isma'ilite,
Alawite or Nusayri), Christian 30% (including Orthodox Christian,
Catholic, Protestant), Jewish NEGL%

Lesotho:
Christian 80%, indigenous beliefs 20%

Liberia:
indigenous beliefs 40%, Christian 40%, Muslim 20%

Libya:
Sunni Muslim 97%

Liechtenstein:
Roman Catholic 80%, Protestant 7.4%, unknown 7.7%,
other 4.9% (1996)

Lithuania:
Roman Catholic (primarily), Lutheran, Russian Orthodox,
Protestant, Evangelical Christian Baptist, Muslim, Jewish

Luxembourg:
the greatest preponderance of the population is Roman
Catholic with a very few Protestants, Jews, and Muslims

note: 1979 legislation forbids the collection of religious
statistics

Macau:
Buddhist 50%, Roman Catholic 15%, none and other 35% (1997
est.)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
Macedonian Orthodox 67%,
Muslim 30%, other 3%

Madagascar:
indigenous beliefs 52%, Christian 41%, Muslim 7%

Malawi:
Protestant 55%, Roman Catholic 20%, Muslim 20%, indigenous
beliefs

Malaysia:
Islam, Buddhism, Daoism, Hinduism, Christianity, Sikhism;
note - in addition, Shamanism is practiced in East Malaysia

Maldives:
Sunni Muslim

Mali:
Muslim 90%, indigenous beliefs 9%, Christian 1%

Malta:
Roman Catholic 91%

Man, Isle of:
Anglican, Roman Catholic, Methodist, Baptist,
Presbyterian, Society of Friends

Marshall Islands:
Christian (mostly Protestant)

Martinique:
Roman Catholic 95%, Hindu and pagan African 5%

Mauritania:
Muslim 100%

Mauritius:
Hindu 52%, Christian 28.3% (Roman Catholic 26%,
Protestant 2.3%), Muslim 16.6%, other 3.1%

Mayotte:
Muslim 97%, Christian (mostly Roman Catholic)

Mexico:
nominally Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 6%, other 5%

Micronesia, Federated States of:
Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 47%,
other and none 3%

Moldova:
Eastern Orthodox 98.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Baptist (only about
1,000 members) (1991)

Monaco:
Roman Catholic 90%

Mongolia:
Tibetan Buddhist Lamaism 96%, Muslim (primarily in the
southwest), Shamanism, and Christian 4% (1998)

Montserrat:
Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal,
Seventh-Day Adventist, other Christian denominations

Morocco:
Muslim 98.7%, Christian 1.1%, Jewish 0.2%

Mozambique:
indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 30%, Muslim 20%

Namibia:
Christian 80% to 90% (Lutheran 50% at least), indigenous
beliefs 10% to 20%

Nauru:
Christian (two-thirds Protestant, one-third Roman Catholic)

Nepal:
Hinduism 86.2%, Buddhism 7.8%, Islam 3.8%, other 2.2%

note: only official Hindu state in the world (1995)

Netherlands:
Roman Catholic 31%, Protestant 21%, Muslim 4.4%, other
3.6%, unaffiliated 40% (1998)

Netherlands Antilles:
Roman Catholic, Protestant, Jewish,
Seventh-Day Adventist

New Caledonia:
Roman Catholic 60%, Protestant 30%, other 10%

New Zealand:
Anglican 24%, Presbyterian 18%, Roman Catholic 15%,
Methodist 5%, Baptist 2%, other Protestant 3%, unspecified or none
33% (1986)

Nicaragua:
Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant

Niger:
Muslim 80%, remainder indigenous beliefs and Christians

Nigeria:
Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10%

Niue:
Ekalesia Niue (Niuean Church - a Protestant church closely
related to the London Missionary Society) 75%, Latter-Day Saints
10%, other 15% (mostly Roman Catholic, Jehovah's Witnesses,
Seventh-Day Adventist)

Norfolk Island:
Anglican 39%, Roman Catholic 11.7%, Uniting Church
in Australia 16.4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 4.4%, none 9.2%, unknown
16.9%, other 2.4% (1986)

Northern Mariana Islands:
Christian (Roman Catholic majority,
although traditional beliefs and taboos may still be found)

Norway:
Evangelical Lutheran 86% (state church), other Protestant
and Roman Catholic 3%, other 1%, none and unknown 10% (1997)

Oman:
Ibadhi Muslim 75%, Sunni Muslim, Shi'a Muslim, Hindu

Pakistan:
Muslim 97% (Sunni 77%, Shi'a 20%), Christian, Hindu, and
other 3%

Palau:
Christian (Catholics, Seventh-Day Adventists, Jehovah's
Witnesses, the Assembly of God, the Liebenzell Mission, and
Latter-Day Saints), Modekngei religion (one-third of the population
observes this religion which is indigenous to Palau)

Panama:
Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant 15%

Papua New Guinea:
Roman Catholic 22%, Lutheran 16%,
Presbyterian/Methodist/London Missionary Society 8%, Anglican 5%,
Evangelical Alliance 4%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1%, other Protestant
10%, indigenous beliefs 34%

Paraguay:
Roman Catholic 90%, Mennonite, and other Protestant

Peru:
Roman Catholic 90%

Philippines:
Roman Catholic 83%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 5%, Buddhist
and other 3%

Pitcairn Islands:
Seventh-Day Adventist 100%

Poland:
Roman Catholic 95% (about 75% practicing), Eastern Orthodox,
Protestant, and other 5%

Portugal:
Roman Catholic 94%, Protestant (1995)

Puerto Rico:
Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant and other 15%

Qatar:
Muslim 95%

Reunion:
Roman Catholic 86%, Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist (1995)

Romania:
Romanian Orthodox 70%, Roman Catholic 3%, Uniate Catholic
3%, Protestant 6%, unaffiliated 18%

Russia:
Russian Orthodox, Muslim, other

Rwanda:
Roman Catholic 52.7%, Protestant 24%, Adventist 10.4%,
Muslim 1.9%, indigenous beliefs and other 6.5%, none 4.5% (1996)

Saint Helena:
Anglican (majority), Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist,
Roman Catholic

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
Anglican, other Protestant, Roman Catholic

Saint Lucia:
Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 7%, Anglican 3%

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
Roman Catholic 99%

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
Anglican 47%, Methodist 28%, Roman
Catholic 13%, Seventh-Day Adventist, Hindu, other Protestant

Samoa:
Christian 99.7% (about one-half of population associated with
the London Missionary Society; includes Congregational, Roman
Catholic, Methodist, Latter-Day Saints, Seventh-Day Adventist)

San Marino:
Roman Catholic

Sao Tome and Principe:
Christian 80% (Roman Catholic, Evangelical
Protestant, Seventh-Day Adventist)

Saudi Arabia:
Muslim 100%

Senegal:
Muslim 92%, indigenous beliefs 6%, Christian 2% (mostly
Roman Catholic)

Seychelles:
Roman Catholic 90%, Anglican 8%, other 2%

Sierra Leone:
Muslim 60%, indigenous beliefs 30%, Christian 10%

Singapore:
Buddhist (Chinese), Muslim (Malays), Christian, Hindu,
Sikh, Taoist, Confucianist

Slovakia:
Roman Catholic 60.3%, atheist 9.7%, Protestant 8.4%,
Orthodox 4.1%, other 17.5%

Slovenia:
Roman Catholic 68.8%, Uniate Catholic 2%, Lutheran 1%,
Muslim 1%, atheist 4.3%, other 22.9%

Solomon Islands:
Anglican 34%, Roman Catholic 19%, Baptist 17%,
United (Methodist/Presbyterian) 11%, Seventh-Day Adventist 10%,
other Protestant 5%, indigenous beliefs 4%

Somalia:
Sunni Muslim

South Africa:
Christian 68% (includes most whites and Coloreds,
about 60% of blacks and about 40% of Indians), Muslim 2%, Hindu 1.5%
(60% of Indians), indigenous beliefs and animist 28.5%

Spain:
Roman Catholic 99%, other 1%

Sri Lanka:
Buddhist 70%, Hindu 15%, Christian 8%, Muslim 7% (1999)

Sudan:
Sunni Muslim 70% (in north), indigenous beliefs 25%,
Christian 5% (mostly in south and Khartoum)

Suriname:
Hindu 27.4%, Muslim 19.6%, Roman Catholic 22.8%,
Protestant 25.2% (predominantly Moravian), indigenous beliefs 5%

Swaziland:
Protestant 55%, Muslim 10%, Roman Catholic 5%, indigenous
beliefs 30%

Sweden:
Lutheran 87%, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Baptist, Muslim,
Jewish, Buddhist

Switzerland:
Roman Catholic 46.1%, Protestant 40%, other 5%, none
8.9% (1990)

Syria:
Sunni Muslim 74%, Alawite, Druze, and other Muslim sects 16%,
Christian (various sects) 10%, Jewish (tiny communities in Damascus,
Al Qamishli, and Aleppo)

Tajikistan:
Sunni Muslim 80%, Shi'a Muslim 5%

Tanzania:
mainland - Christian 45%, Muslim 35%, indigenous beliefs
20%; Zanzibar - more than 99% Muslim

Thailand:
Buddhism 95%, Muslim 3.8%, Christianity 0.5%, Hinduism
0.1%, other 0.6% (1991)

Togo:
indigenous beliefs 59%, Christian 29%, Muslim 12%

Tokelau:
Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%,
other 2%

note: on Atafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on
Nukunonu, all Roman Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with
the Congregational Christian Church predominant

Tonga:
Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents)

Trinidad and Tobago:
Roman Catholic 29.4%, Hindu 23.8%, Anglican
10.9%, Muslim 5.8%, Presbyterian 3.4%, other 26.7%

Tunisia:
Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish and other 1%

Turkey:
Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (Christian and Jews)

Turkmenistan:
Muslim 89%, Eastern Orthodox 9%, unknown 2%

Turks and Caicos Islands:
Baptist 41.2%, Methodist 18.9%, Anglican
18.3%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.7%, other 19.9% (1980)

Tuvalu:
Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-Day
Adventist 1.4%, Baha'i 1%, other 0.6%

Uganda:
Roman Catholic 33%, Protestant 33%, Muslim 16%, indigenous
beliefs 18%

Ukraine:
Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate, Ukrainian
Orthodox - Kiev Patriarchate, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox,
Ukrainian Catholic (Uniate), Protestant, Jewish

United Arab Emirates:
Muslim 96% (Shi'a 16%), Christian, Hindu, and
other 4%

United Kingdom:
Anglican 27 million, Roman Catholic 9 million,
Muslim 1 million, Presbyterian 800,000, Methodist 760,000, Sikh
400,000, Hindu 350,000, Jewish 300,000 (1991 est.)

United States:
Protestant 56%, Roman Catholic 28%, Jewish 2%, other
4%, none 10% (1989)

Uruguay:
Roman Catholic 66% (less than one-half of the adult
population attends church regularly), Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%,
nonprofessing or other 31%

Uzbekistan:
Muslim 88% (mostly Sunnis), Eastern Orthodox 9%, other 3%

Vanuatu:
Presbyterian 36.7%, Anglican 15%, Roman Catholic 15%,
indigenous beliefs 7.6%, Seventh-Day Adventist 6.2%, Church of
Christ 3.8%, other 15.7%

Venezuela:
nominally Roman Catholic 96%, Protestant 2%, other 2%

Vietnam:
Buddhist, Hoa Hao, Cao Dai, Christian (predominantly Roman
Catholic, some Protestant), indigenous beliefs, Muslim

Virgin Islands:
Baptist 42%, Roman Catholic 34%, Episcopalian 17%,
other 7%

Wallis and Futuna:
Roman Catholic 100%

West Bank:
Muslim 75% (predominantly Sunni), Jewish 17%, Christian
and other 8%

Western Sahara:
Muslim

Yemen:
Muslim including Shaf'i (Sunni) and Zaydi (Shi'a), small
numbers of Jewish, Christian, and Hindu

Yugoslavia:
Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant
1%, other 11%

Zambia:
Christian 50%-75%, Muslim and Hindu 24%-49%, indigenous
beliefs 1%

Zimbabwe:
syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%,
Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs 24%, Muslim and other 1%

Taiwan:
mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist 93%, Christian
4.5%, other 2.5%

@Sex ratio

Afghanistan: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.08 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.12 male(s)/female

total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Albania: at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female

total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Algeria: at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female

total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

American Samoa: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.13 male(s)/female

total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Andorra: at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.1 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.11 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.01 male(s)/female

total population: 1.1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Angola: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female

total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Anguilla: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female

total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female

total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Argentina: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Armenia: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female

total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Aruba: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female

total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Australia: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female

total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Austria: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female

total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Azerbaijan: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female

total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Bahamas, The: at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female

total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Bahrain: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.45 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.03 male(s)/female

total population: 1.29 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Bangladesh: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.19 male(s)/female

total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Barbados: at birth: 1.01 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.63 male(s)/female

total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Belarus: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.49 male(s)/female

total population: 0.88 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Belgium: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female

total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Belize: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.95 male(s)/female

total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Benin: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female

total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Bermuda: at birth: 0.94 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female

total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Bhutan: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.03 male(s)/female

total population: 1.07 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Bolivia: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina: at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female

total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Botswana: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female

total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Brazil: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female

total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

British Virgin Islands: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.18 male(s)/female

total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Brunei: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.14 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.92 male(s)/female

total population: 1.1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Bulgaria: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female

total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Burkina Faso: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female

total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Burma: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female

total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Burundi: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Cambodia: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.89 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female

total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Cameroon: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female

total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Canada: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Cape Verde: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.64 male(s)/female

total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Cayman Islands: at birth: 0.86 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 0.93 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female

total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Central African Republic: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Chad: at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female

total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Chile: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

China: at birth: 1.09 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.1 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female

total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Colombia: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female

total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Comoros: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.91 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Congo, Republic of the: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female

total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Costa Rica: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female

total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.99 male(s)/female

total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Croatia: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.59 male(s)/female

total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Cuba: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female

total population: 1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Cyprus: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female

total population: 1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Czech Republic: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.63 male(s)/female

total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Denmark: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Djibouti: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.12 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.08 male(s)/female

total population: 1.07 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Dominica: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female

total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Dominican Republic: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female

total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Ecuador: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female

total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Egypt: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female

total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

El Salvador: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female

total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Equatorial Guinea: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female

total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Eritrea: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.02 male(s)/female

total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Estonia: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.49 male(s)/female

total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Ethiopia: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female

total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Faroe Islands: at birth: 1 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.14 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female

total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Fiji: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female

total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Finland: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.63 male(s)/female

total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

France: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female

total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

French Guiana: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.18 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.03 male(s)/female

total population: 1.13 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

French Polynesia: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.09 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.01 male(s)/female

total population: 1.07 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Gabon: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.98 male(s)/female

total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Gambia, The: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.1 male(s)/female

total population: 1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Gaza Strip: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female

total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Georgia: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.63 male(s)/female

total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Germany: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.63 male(s)/female

total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Ghana: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.91 male(s)/female

total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Gibraltar: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female

total population: 1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Greece: at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female

total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Greenland: at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.2 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female

total population: 1.13 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Grenada: at birth: 1 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.12 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female

total population: 1.07 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Guadeloupe: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female

total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Guam: at birth: 1.14 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.1 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.11 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.01 male(s)/female

total population: 1.1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Guatemala: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female

total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Guernsey: at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female

total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Guinea: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female

total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Guinea-Bissau: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female

total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Guyana: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female

total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Haiti: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.94 male(s)/female

total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Honduras: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female

total population: 1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Hong Kong: at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.13 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female

total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Hungary: at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.58 male(s)/female

total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Iceland: at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female

total population: 1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

India: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.03 male(s)/female

total population: 1.07 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Indonesia: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female

total population: 1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Iran: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.11 male(s)/female

total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Iraq: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female

total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Ireland: at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Israel: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female

total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Italy: at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female

total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Jamaica: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female

total population: 1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Japan: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female

total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Jersey: at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female

total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Jordan: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.14 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.98 male(s)/female

total population: 1.1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Kazakhstan: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.52 male(s)/female

total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Kenya: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female

total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Kiribati: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female

total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Korea, North: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.48 male(s)/female

total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Korea, South: at birth: 1.11 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.13 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.63 male(s)/female

total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Kuwait: at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.77 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.81 male(s)/female

total population: 1.51 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Kyrgyzstan: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.61 male(s)/female

total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Laos: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Latvia: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.48 male(s)/female

total population: 0.85 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Lebanon: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female

total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Lesotho: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female

total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Liberia: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.01 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Libya: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.97 male(s)/female

total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Liechtenstein: at birth: 1.01 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female

total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Lithuania: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.51 male(s)/female

total population: 0.88 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Luxembourg: at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female

total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Macau: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female

total population: 0.92 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female

total population: 1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Madagascar: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female

total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Malawi: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Malaysia: at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female

total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Maldives: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.07 male(s)/female

total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Mali: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female

total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Malta: at birth: 1.09 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Man, Isle of: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female

total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Marshall Islands: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.91 male(s)/female

total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Martinique: at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Mauritania: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Mauritius: at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Mayotte: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.2 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.98 male(s)/female

total population: 1.1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Mexico: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female

total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Moldova: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.59 male(s)/female

total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Monaco: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female

total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Mongolia: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female

total population: 1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Montserrat: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.14 male(s)/female

total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Morocco: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female

total population: 1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Mozambique: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Namibia: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female

total population: 1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Nauru: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.01 male(s)/female

total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Nepal: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.98 male(s)/female

total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Netherlands: at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Netherlands Antilles: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female

total population: 0.92 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

New Caledonia: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female

total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

New Zealand: at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female

total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Nicaragua: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female

total population: 1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Niger: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.1 male(s)/female

total population: 1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Nigeria: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1 male(s)/female

total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Northern Mariana Islands: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.89 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.98 male(s)/female

total population: 0.92 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Norway: at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Oman: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.55 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.12 male(s)/female

total population: 1.3 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Pakistan: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.96 male(s)/female

total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Palau: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.2 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female

total population: 1.14 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Panama: at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.91 male(s)/female

total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Papua New Guinea: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female

total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Paraguay: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female

total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Peru: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female

total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Philippines: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female

total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Poland: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female

total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Portugal: at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female

total population: 0.92 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Puerto Rico: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female

total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Qatar: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 2.43 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 2.5 male(s)/female

total population: 1.92 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Reunion: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female

total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Romania: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female

total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Russia: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.47 male(s)/female

total population: 0.88 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Rwanda: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female

total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Saint Helena: at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.08 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female

total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Saint Lucia: at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.6 male(s)/female

total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female

total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female

total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Samoa: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.71 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female

total population: 1.39 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

San Marino: at birth: 1.09 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female

total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female

total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Saudi Arabia: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.41 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.22 male(s)/female

total population: 1.23 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Senegal: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.98 male(s)/female

total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Seychelles: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.5 male(s)/female

total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Sierra Leone: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 0.96 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.98 male(s)/female

total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Singapore: at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female

total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Slovakia: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.61 male(s)/female

total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Slovenia: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.58 male(s)/female

total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Solomon Islands: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.96 male(s)/female

total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Somalia: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female

total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

South Africa: at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.6 male(s)/female

total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Spain: at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female

total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Sri Lanka: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.92 male(s)/female

total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Sudan: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.29 male(s)/female

total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Suriname: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female

total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Swaziland: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female

total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Sweden: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Switzerland: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female

total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Syria: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.95 male(s)/female

total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Tajikistan: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female

total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Tanzania: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female

total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Thailand: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female

total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Togo: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female

total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Tonga: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female

total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female

total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Tunisia: at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.99 male(s)/female

total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Turkey: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female

total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Turkmenistan: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.11 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female

total population: 1.07 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Tuvalu: at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female

total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Uganda: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.91 male(s)/female

total population: 1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Ukraine: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.49 male(s)/female

total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

United Arab Emirates: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.73 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 2.36 male(s)/female

total population: 1.5 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

United Kingdom: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female

total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

United States: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female

total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Uruguay: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female

total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Uzbekistan: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Vanuatu: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.17 male(s)/female

total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Venezuela: at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female

total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Vietnam: at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female

total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Virgin Islands: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.83 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female

total population: 0.88 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

West Bank: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female

total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

World: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female

total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Yemen: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.02 male(s)/female

total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Yugoslavia: at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female

total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Zambia: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female

total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Zimbabwe: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.02 male(s)/female

total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Taiwan: at birth: 1.09 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.09 male(s)/female

15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 1.1 male(s)/female

total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

@Suffrage

Afghanistan:
NA; previously males 15-50 years of age

Albania:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Algeria:
18 years of age; universal

American Samoa:
18 years of age; universal

Andorra:
18 years of age; universal

Angola:
18 years of age; universal

Anguilla:
18 years of age; universal

Antigua and Barbuda:
18 years of age; universal

Argentina:
18 years of age; universal and mandatory

Armenia:
18 years of age; universal

Aruba:
18 years of age; universal

Australia:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Austria:
19 years of age; universal; compulsory for presidential
elections

Azerbaijan:
18 years of age; universal

Bahamas, The:
18 years of age; universal

Bahrain:
none

Bangladesh:
18 years of age; universal

Barbados:
18 years of age; universal

Belarus:
18 years of age; universal

Belgium:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Belize:
18 years of age; universal

Benin:
18 years of age; universal

Bermuda:
18 years of age; universal

Bhutan:
each family has one vote in village-level elections

Bolivia:
18 years of age, universal and compulsory (married); 21
years of age, universal and compulsory (single)

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of
age, universal

Botswana:
18 years of age; universal

Brazil:
voluntary between 16 and 18 years of age and over 70;
compulsory over 18 and under 70 years of age

British Virgin Islands:
18 years of age; universal

Brunei:
none

Bulgaria:
18 years of age; universal

Burkina Faso:
universal

Burma:
18 years of age; universal

Burundi:
NA years of age; universal adult

Cambodia:
18 years of age; universal

Cameroon:
20 years of age; universal

Canada:
18 years of age; universal

Cape Verde:
18 years of age; universal

Cayman Islands:
18 years of age; universal

Central African Republic:
21 years of age; universal

Chad:
18 years of age; universal

Chile:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

China:
18 years of age; universal

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
NA

Colombia:
18 years of age; universal

Comoros:
18 years of age; universal

Congo, Democratic Republic of the: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Congo, Republic of the:
18 years of age; universal

Cook Islands:
NA years of age; universal adult

Costa Rica:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Cote d'Ivoire:
18 years of age; universal

Croatia:
18 years of age; universal (16 years of age, if employed)

Cuba:
16 years of age; universal

Cyprus:
18 years of age; universal

Czech Republic:
18 years of age; universal

Denmark:
18 years of age; universal

Djibouti:
NA years of age; universal adult

Dominica:
18 years of age; universal

Dominican Republic: 18 years of age, universal and compulsory; married persons regardless of age

note: members of the armed forces and police cannot vote

Ecuador:
18 years of age; universal, compulsory for literate persons
ages 18-65, optional for other eligible voters

Egypt:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

El Salvador:
18 years of age; universal

Equatorial Guinea:
18 years of age; universal adult

Eritrea:
18 years of age; universal

Estonia:
18 years of age; universal for all Estonian citizens

Ethiopia:
18 years of age; universal

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
18 years of age; universal

Faroe Islands:
18 years of age; universal

Fiji:
21 years of age; universal

Finland:
18 years of age; universal

France:
18 years of age; universal

French Guiana:
18 years of age; universal

French Polynesia:
18 years of age; universal

Gabon:
21 years of age; universal

Gambia, The:
18 years of age; universal

Georgia:
18 years of age; universal

Germany:
18 years of age; universal

Ghana:
18 years of age; universal

Gibraltar:
18 years of age; universal, plus other UK subjects who
have been residents six months or more

Greece:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Greenland:
18 years of age; universal

Grenada:
18 years of age; universal

Guadeloupe:
18 years of age; universal

Guam:
18 years of age; universal; US citizens, but do not vote in US
presidential elections

Guatemala:
18 years of age; universal (active duty members of the
armed forces may not vote)

Guernsey:
18 years of age; universal

Guinea:
18 years of age; universal

Guinea-Bissau:
18 years of age; universal

Guyana:
18 years of age; universal

Haiti:
18 years of age; universal

Holy See (Vatican City):
limited to cardinals less than 80 years old

Honduras:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Hong Kong:
direct election 18 years of age; universal for permanent
residents living in the territory of Hong Kong for the past seven
years; indirect election limited to about 100,000 members of
functional constituencies and an 800-member election committee drawn
from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, and central
government bodies

Hungary:
18 years of age; universal

Iceland:
18 years of age; universal

India:
18 years of age; universal

Indonesia:
17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless
of age

Iran:
15 years of age; universal

Iraq:
18 years of age; universal

Ireland:
18 years of age; universal

Israel:
18 years of age; universal

Italy:
18 years of age; universal (except in senatorial elections,
where minimum age is 25)

Jamaica:
18 years of age; universal

Japan:
20 years of age; universal

Jersey:
NA years of age; universal adult

Jordan:
20 years of age; universal

Kazakhstan:
18 years of age; universal

Kenya:
18 years of age; universal

Kiribati:
18 years of age; universal

Korea, North:
17 years of age; universal

Korea, South:
20 years of age; universal

Kuwait:
adult males who have been naturalized for 30 years or more
or have resided in Kuwait since before 1920 and their male
descendants at age 21

note: only 10% of all citizens are eligible to vote; in 1996, naturalized citizens who do not meet the pre-1920 qualification but have been naturalized for 30 years were eligible to vote for the first time

Kyrgyzstan:
18 years of age; universal

Laos:
18 years of age; universal

Latvia:
18 years of age; universal for Latvian citizens

Lebanon:
21 years of age; compulsory for all males; authorized for
women at age 21 with elementary education

Lesotho:
18 years of age; universal

Liberia:
18 years of age; universal

Libya:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Liechtenstein:
20 years of age; universal

Lithuania:
18 years of age; universal

Luxembourg:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Macau:
direct election 18 years of age, universal for permanent
residents living in Macau for the past seven years; indirect
election limited to organizations registered as "corporate voters"
(257 are currently registered) and a 300-member Election Committee
drawn from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, and
central government bodies

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: 18 years of age; universal

Madagascar:
18 years of age; universal

Malawi:
18 years of age; universal

Malaysia:
21 years of age; universal

Maldives:
21 years of age; universal

Mali:
21 years of age; universal

Malta:
18 years of age; universal

Man, Isle of:
18 years of age; universal

Marshall Islands:
18 years of age; universal

Martinique:
18 years of age; universal

Mauritania:
18 years of age; universal

Mauritius:
18 years of age; universal

Mayotte:
18 years of age; universal

Mexico:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory (but not enforced)

Micronesia, Federated States of:
18 years of age; universal

Moldova:
18 years of age; universal

Monaco:
21 years of age; universal

Mongolia:
18 years of age; universal

Montserrat:
18 years of age; universal

Morocco:
21 years of age; universal

Mozambique:
18 years of age; universal

Namibia:
18 years of age; universal

Nauru:
20 years of age; universal and compulsory

Nepal:
18 years of age; universal

Netherlands:
18 years of age; universal

Netherlands Antilles:
18 years of age; universal

New Caledonia:
18 years of age; universal

New Zealand:
18 years of age; universal

Nicaragua:
16 years of age; universal

Niger:
18 years of age; universal

Nigeria:
18 years of age; universal

Niue:
18 years of age; universal

Norfolk Island:
18 years of age; universal

Northern Mariana Islands: 18 years of age; universal; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections

Norway:
18 years of age; universal

Oman:
in Oman's most recent elections in 2000, limited to
approximately 175,000 Omanis chosen by the government to vote in
elections for the Majlis ash-Shura

Pakistan:
21 years of age; universal; separate electorates and
reserved parliamentary seats for non-Muslims

Palau:
18 years of age; universal

Panama:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Papua New Guinea:
18 years of age; universal

Paraguay:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory up to age 75

Peru:
18 years of age; universal

Philippines:
18 years of age; universal

Pitcairn Islands: 18 years of age; universal with three years residency

Poland:
18 years of age; universal

Portugal:
18 years of age; universal

Puerto Rico:
18 years of age; universal; indigenous inhabitants are
US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections

Qatar:
suffrage is limited to municipal elections

Reunion:
18 years of age; universal

Romania:
18 years of age; universal

Russia:
18 years of age; universal

Rwanda:
18 years of age; universal adult

Saint Helena:
NA years of age

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
18 years of age; universal

Saint Lucia:
18 years of age; universal

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
18 years of age; universal

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
18 years of age; universal

Samoa:
21 years of age; universal

San Marino:
18 years of age; universal

Sao Tome and Principe:
18 years of age; universal

Saudi Arabia:
none

Senegal:
18 years of age; universal

Seychelles:
17 years of age; universal

Sierra Leone:
18 years of age; universal

Singapore:
21 years of age; universal and compulsory

Slovakia:
18 years of age; universal

Slovenia:
18 years of age; universal (16 years of age, if employed)

Solomon Islands:
21 years of age; universal

Somalia:
18 years of age; universal

South Africa:
18 years of age; universal

Spain:
18 years of age; universal

Sri Lanka:
18 years of age; universal

Sudan:
17 years of age; universal, but noncompulsory

Suriname:
18 years of age; universal

Swaziland:
18 years of age

Sweden:
18 years of age; universal

Switzerland:
18 years of age; universal

Syria:
18 years of age; universal

Tajikistan:
18 years of age; universal

Tanzania:
18 years of age; universal

Thailand:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Togo:
NA years of age; universal adult

Tokelau:
21 years of age; universal

Tonga:
21 years of age; universal

Trinidad and Tobago:
18 years of age; universal

Tunisia:
20 years of age; universal

Turkey:
18 years of age; universal

Turkmenistan:
18 years of age; universal

Turks and Caicos Islands:
18 years of age; universal

Tuvalu:
18 years of age; universal

Uganda:
18 years of age; universal

Ukraine:
18 years of age; universal

United Arab Emirates:
none

United Kingdom:
18 years of age; universal

United States:
18 years of age; universal

Uruguay:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Uzbekistan:
18 years of age; universal

Vanuatu:
18 years of age; universal

Venezuela:
18 years of age; universal

Vietnam:
18 years of age; universal

Virgin Islands:
18 years of age; universal; note - indigenous
inhabitants are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential
elections

Wallis and Futuna:
18 years of age; universal

Western Sahara:
none; a UN-sponsored voter identification campaign
has yet to be completed

Yemen:
18 years of age; universal

Yugoslavia:
16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal

Zambia:
18 years of age; universal

Zimbabwe:
18 years of age; universal

Taiwan:
20 years of age; universal

@Telephone system

Afghanistan:
general assessment: very limited telephone and
telegraph service

domestic: in 1997, telecommunications links were established
between Mazar-e Sharif, Herat, Kandahar, Jalalabad, and Kabul
through satellite and microwave systems

international: satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
linked only to Iran and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region);
commercial satellite telephone center in Ghazni

Albania:
general assessment: Albania has the poorest telephone
service in Europe with fewer than two telephones per 100
inhabitants; it is doubtful that every village has telephone service

domestic: obsolete wire system; no longer provides a telephone for every village; in 1992, following the fall of the communist government, peasants cut the wire to about 1,000 villages and used it to build fences

international: inadequate; international traffic carried by microwave radio relay from the Tirana exchange to Italy and Greece

Algeria:
general assessment: telephone density in Algeria is very
low, not exceeding five telephones per 100 persons; the number of
fixed main lines has been increased in the last few years to a
little more than 2,000,000, but only about two-thirds of these have
subscribers; much of the infrastructure is outdated and inefficient

domestic: good service in north but sparse in south; domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations (20 additional domestic earth stations are planned)

international: 5 submarine cables; microwave radio relay to Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia; coaxial cable to Morocco and Tunisia; participant in Medarabtel; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik, and 1 Arabsat (1998)

American Samoa:
general assessment: NA

domestic: good telex, telegraph, facsimile and cellular telephone services; domestic satellite system with 1 Comsat earth station

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Andorra:
general assessment: NA

domestic: modern system with microwave radio relay connections between exchanges

international: landline circuits to France and Spain

Angola:
general assessment: telephone service limited mostly to
government and business use; HF radiotelephone used extensively for
military links

domestic: limited system of wire, microwave radio relay, and
tropospheric scatter

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean)

Anguilla:
general assessment: NA

domestic: modern internal telephone system

international: microwave radio relay to island of Saint Martin
(Guadeloupe and Netherlands Antilles)

Antarctica:
general assessment: NA

domestic: NA

international: NA

Antigua and Barbuda: general assessment: NA

domestic: good automatic telephone system

international: 1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); tropospheric scatter to Saba (Netherlands Antilles) and Guadeloupe

Argentina:
general assessment: by opening the telecommunications
market to competition and foreign investment with the
"Telecommunications Liberalization Plan of 1998", Argentina
encouraged the growth of modern telecommunication technology;
fiber-optic cable trunk lines are being installed between all major
cities; the major networks are entirely digital and the availability
of telephone service is being improved; however, telephone density
is presently minimal, and making telephone service universally
available will take some time

domestic: microwave radio relay, fiber-optic cable, and a domestic satellite system with 40 earth stations serve the trunk network; more than 110,000 pay telephones are installed and mobile telephone use is rapidly expanding

international: satellite earth stations - 8 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean); Atlantis II and Unisur submarine cables; two international
gateways near Buenos Aires (1999)

Armenia:
general assessment: system inadequate; now 90% privately
owned and undergoing modernization and expansion

domestic: the majority of subscribers and the most modern equipment are in Yerevan (this includes paging and mobile cellular service)

international: Yerevan is connected to the Trans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic cable through Iran; additional international service is available by microwave radio relay and landline connections to the other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States and through the Moscow international switch and by satellite to the rest of the world; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat

Aruba: general assessment: NA

domestic: more than adequate

international: 1 submarine cable to Sint Maarten (Netherlands
Antilles); extensive interisland microwave radio relay links

Australia:
general assessment: excellent domestic and international
service

domestic: domestic satellite system; much use of radiotelephone in
areas of low population density; rapid growth of mobile cellular
telephones

international: submarine cables to New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia; satellite earth stations - 10 Intelsat (4 Indian Ocean and 6 Pacific Ocean), 2 Inmarsat (Indian and Pacific Ocean regions) (1998)

Austria: general assessment: highly developed and efficient

domestic: there are 48 main lines for every 100 persons and the system is nearly 100% digital; the fiber optic net is very extensive; all telephone applications and Internet services are available

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic
Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 2 Eutelsat (1999)

Azerbaijan:
general assessment: inadequate; requires considerable
expansion and modernization; teledensity of 8.6 main lines per 100
persons is very low

domestic: the majority of telephones are in Baku and other
industrial centers - about 700 villages still do not have public
telephone service; satellite service connects Baku to a modern
switch in its exclave of Naxcivan

international: the old Soviet system of cable and microwave is still serviceable; a satellite connection to Turkey enables Baku to reach about 200 additional countries, some of which are directly connected to Baku by satellite providers other than Turkey (1997)

Bahamas, The: general assessment: modern facilities

domestic: totally automatic system; highly developed

international: tropospheric scatter and submarine cable to Florida; 3 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (1997)

Bahrain:
general assessment: modern system

domestic: modern fiber-optic integrated services; digital network with rapidly growing use of mobile cellular telephones

international: tropospheric scatter to Qatar and UAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; submarine cable to Qatar, UAE, and Saudi Arabia; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat (1997)

Bangladesh:
general assessment: totally inadequate for a modern
country

domestic: modernizing; introducing digital systems; trunk systems
include VHF and UHF microwave radio relay links, and some
fiber-optic cable in cities

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian
Ocean); international radiotelephone communications and landline
service to neighboring countries (2000)

Barbados:
general assessment: NA

domestic: island-wide automatic telephone system

international: satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean); tropospheric scatter to Trinidad and Saint Lucia

Belarus:
general assessment: the Ministry of Telecommunications
controls all telecommunications through its carrier (a joint stock
company) Beltelcom which is a monopoly

domestic: local - Minsk has a digital metropolitan network and a cellular NMT-450 network; waiting lists for telephones are long; local service outside Minsk is neglected and poor; intercity - Belarus has a partly developed fiber-optic backbone system presently serving at least 13 major cities (1998); Belarus's fiber optics form synchronous digital hierarchy rings through other countries' systems; an inadequate analog system remains operational

international: Belarus is a member of the Trans-European Line (TEL), Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line, and has access to the Trans-Siberia Line (TSL); three fiber-optic segments provide connectivity to Latvia, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine; worldwide service is available to Belarus through this infrastructure; additional analog lines to Russia; Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik earth stations

Belgium:
general assessment: highly developed, technologically
advanced, and completely automated domestic and international
telephone and telegraph facilities

domestic: nationwide cellular telephone system; extensive cable
network; limited microwave radio relay network

international: 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Eutelsat

Belize:
general assessment: above-average system

domestic: trunk network depends primarily on microwave radio relay

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Benin:
general assessment: NA

domestic: fair system of open wire, microwave radio relay, and
cellular connections

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean); submarine cable

Bermuda:
general assessment: NA

domestic: modern, fully automatic telephone system

international: 3 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Bhutan:
general assessment: NA

domestic: domestic telephone service is very poor with few
telephones in use

international: international telephone and telegraph service is by
landline through India; a satellite earth station was planned (1990)

Bolivia:
general assessment: new subscribers face bureaucratic
difficulties; most telephones are concentrated in La Paz and other
cities; mobile cellular telephone use expanding rapidly

domestic: primary trunk system, which is being expanded, employs digital microwave radio relay; some areas are served by fiber-optic cable; mobile cellular systems are being expanded

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
general assessment: telephone and telegraph
network is in need of modernization and expansion; many urban areas
are below average when compared with services in other former
Yugoslav republics

domestic: NA

international: no satellite earth stations

Botswana:
general assessment: sparse system

domestic: small system of open-wire lines, microwave radio relay links, and a few radiotelephone communication stations

international: two international exchanges; digital microwave radio relay links to Zambia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

Brazil:
general assessment: good working system

domestic: extensive microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 64 earth stations

international: 3 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region east), connected by microwave relay system to MERCOSUR Brazilsat B3 satellite earth station

British Indian Ocean Territory: general assessment: separate facilities for military and public needs are available

domestic: all commercial telephone services are available, including connection to the Internet

international: international telephone service is carried by satellite (2000)

British Virgin Islands: general assessment: worldwide telephone service

domestic: NA

international: submarine cable to Bermuda

Brunei:
general assessment: service throughout country is
excellent; international service good to Europe, US, and East Asia

domestic: every service available

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean); digital submarine cable links to Malaysia, Singapore, and Philippines (2001)

Bulgaria: general assessment: extensive but antiquated

domestic: more than two-thirds of the lines are residential; telephone service is available in most villages; a fairly modern digital cable trunk line now connects switching centers in most of the regions, the others are connected by digital microwave radio relay

international: direct dialing to 58 countries; satellite earth stations - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region); 2 Intelsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions)

Burkina Faso:
general assessment: all services only fair

domestic: microwave radio relay, open wire, and radiotelephone communication stations

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Burma:
general assessment: meets minimum requirements for local and
intercity service for business and government; international service
is good

domestic: NA

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

Burundi:
general assessment: primitive system

domestic: sparse system of open wire, radiotelephone communications, and low-capacity microwave radio relay

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

Cambodia:
general assessment: adequate landline and/or cellular
service in Phnom Penh and other provincial cities; rural areas have
little telephone service

domestic: NA

international: adequate but expensive landline and cellular service available to all countries from Phnom Penh and major provincial cities; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)

Cameroon:
general assessment: available only to business and
government

domestic: cable, microwave radio relay, and tropospheric scatter

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean)

Canada:
general assessment: excellent service provided by modern
technology

domestic: domestic satellite system with about 300 earth stations

international: 5 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) and 2 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region)

Cape Verde: general assessment: effective system, being improved

domestic: interisland microwave radio relay system with both analog and digital exchanges; work is in progress on a submarine fiber-optic cable system which was scheduled for completion in 1998

international: 2 coaxial submarine cables; HF radiotelephone to
Senegal and Guinea-Bissau; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat
(Atlantic Ocean)

Cayman Islands:
general assessment: NA

domestic: NA

international: 1 submarine coaxial cable; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Central African Republic:
general assessment: fair system

domestic: network consists principally of microwave radio relay and
low-capacity, low-powered radiotelephone communication

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Chad: general assessment: primitive system

domestic: fair system of radiotelephone communication stations

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Chile:
general assessment: modern system based on extensive
microwave radio relay facilities

domestic: extensive microwave radio relay links; domestic satellite
system with 3 earth stations

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean)

China:
general assessment: domestic and international services are
increasingly available for private use; unevenly distributed
domestic system serves principal cities, industrial centers, and
many towns

domestic: interprovincial fiber-optic trunk lines and cellular telephone systems have been installed; a domestic satellite system with 55 earth stations is in place

international: satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region) and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific and Indian Ocean regions); several international fiber-optic links to Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Russia, and Germany (2000)

Christmas Island: general assessment: NA

domestic: NA

international: satellite earth stations - one Intelsat earth station provides telephone and telex service

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
general assessment: NA

domestic: NA

international: telephone, telex, and facsimile communications with Australia and elsewhere via satellite; 1 satellite earth station of NA type

Colombia: general assessment: modern system in many respects

domestic: nationwide microwave radio relay system; domestic satellite system with 41 earth stations; fiber-optic network linking 50 cities

international: satellite earth stations - 6 Intelsat, 1 Inmarsat; 3 fully digitalized international switching centers; 8 submarine cables

Comoros:
general assessment: sparse system of microwave radio relay
and HF radiotelephone communication stations

domestic: HF radiotelephone communications and microwave radio relay

international: HF radiotelephone communications to Madagascar and
Reunion

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
general assessment: NA

domestic: barely adequate wire and microwave radio relay service in and between urban areas; domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Congo, Republic of the: general assessment: services barely adequate for government use; key exchanges are in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, and Loubomo; intercity lines frequently out-of-order

domestic: primary network consists of microwave radio relay and coaxial cable

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Cook Islands: general assessment: NA

domestic: the individual islands are connected by a combination of satellite earth stations, microwave systems, and VHF and HF radiotelephone; within the islands, service is provided by small exchanges connected to subscribers by open wire, cable, and fiber-optic cable

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Costa Rica: general assessment: very good domestic telephone service

domestic: point-to-point and point-to-multi-point microwave, fiber-optic, and coaxial cable link rural areas; Internet service is available

international: connected to Central American Microwave System;
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); two
submarine cables (1999)

Cote d'Ivoire:
general assessment: well developed by African
standards but operating well below capacity

domestic: open-wire lines and microwave radio relay; 90% digitalized

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic
Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean); 2 coaxial submarine cables (June 1999)

Croatia:
general assessment: NA

domestic: reconstruction plan calls for replacement of all analog circuits with digital and enlarging the network; a backup will be included in the plan for the main trunk

international: digital international service is provided through the main switch in Zagreb; Croatia participates in the Trans-Asia-Europe (TEL) fiber-optic project which consists of two fiber-optic trunk connections with Slovenia and a fiber-optic trunk line from Rijeka to Split and Dubrovnik; Croatia is also investing in ADRIA 1, a joint fiber-optic project with Germany, Albania, and Greece (2000)

Cuba: general assessment: NA

domestic: principal trunk system, end to end of country, is coaxial cable; fiber-optic distribution in Havana and on Isla de la Juventud; 2 microwave radio relay installations (one is old, US-built; the other newer, Soviet-built); both analog and digital mobile cellular service established

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic
Ocean region)

Cyprus:
general assessment: excellent in both the Greek Cypriot and
Turkish Cypriot areas

domestic: open wire, fiber-optic cable, and microwave radio relay

international: tropospheric scatter; 3 coaxial and 5 fiber-optic submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 2 Eutelsat, 2 Intersputnik, and 1 Arabsat

Czech Republic:
general assessment: privatization and modernization
of the Czech telecommunication system got a late start but is
advancing steadily; growth in the use of mobile cellular telephones
is particularly vigorous

domestic: 86% of exchanges now digital; existing copper subscriber systems now being enhanced with Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) equipment to accommodate Internet and other digital signals; trunk systems include fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relay

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intersputnik (Atlantic
and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Intelsat, 1 Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat, 1
Globalstar

Denmark:
general assessment: excellent telephone and telegraph
services

domestic: buried and submarine cables and microwave radio relay form trunk network, 4 cellular mobile communications systems

international: 18 submarine fiber-optic cables linking Denmark with Norway, Sweden, Russia, Poland, Germany, Netherlands, UK, Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Canada; satellite earth stations - 6 Intelsat, 10 Eutelsat, 1 Orion, 1 Inmarsat (Blaavand-Atlantic-East); note - the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) share the Danish earth station and the Eik, Norway, station for worldwide Inmarsat access (1997)

Djibouti:
general assessment: telephone facilities in the city of
Djibouti are adequate as are the microwave radio relay connections
to outlying areas of the country

domestic: microwave radio relay network

international: submarine cable to Jiddah, Suez, Sicily, Marseilles, Colombo, and Singapore; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; Medarabtel regional microwave radio relay telephone network

Dominica: general assessment: NA

domestic: fully automatic network

international: microwave radio relay and SHF radiotelephone links to Martinique and Guadeloupe; VHF and UHF radiotelephone links to Saint Lucia

Dominican Republic:
general assessment: NA

domestic: relatively efficient system based on islandwide microwave
radio relay network

international: 1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite earth station -
1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Ecuador:
general assessment: NA

domestic: facilities generally inadequate and unreliable

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Egypt:
general assessment: large system; underwent extensive
upgrading during 1990s and is reasonably modern; Internet access and
cellular service are available

domestic: principal centers at Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia, Suez, and Tanta are connected by coaxial cable and microwave radio relay

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat; 5 coaxial submarine cables; tropospheric scatter to Sudan; microwave radio relay to Israel; a participant in Medarabtel and a signatory to Project Oxygen (a global submarine fiber-optic cable system)

El Salvador: general assessment: NA

domestic: nationwide microwave radio relay system

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to Central American Microwave System

Equatorial Guinea: general assessment: poor system with adequate government services

domestic: NA

international: international communications from Bata and Malabo to African and European countries; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

Eritrea:
general assessment: NA

domestic: very inadequate; most telephones are in Asmara; government is seeking international tenders to improve the system

international: NA

Estonia:
general assessment: foreign investment in the form of
joint business ventures greatly improved telephone service; Internet
services available throughout most of the country; about 150,000
unfilled subscriber requests

domestic: local - the Ministry of Transport and Communications is expanding cellular telephone services to form rural networks; intercity - highly developed fiber-optic backbone (double loop) system presently serving at least 16 major cities (1998)

international: fiber-optic cables to Finland, Sweden, Latvia, and
Russia provide worldwide packet-switched service; two international
switches are located in Tallinn

Ethiopia:
general assessment: open wire and microwave radio relay
system adequate for government use

domestic: open wire; microwave radio relay; radio communication in
the HF, VHF, and UHF frequencies; two domestic satellites provide
the national trunk service

international: open wire to Sudan and Djibouti; microwave radio
relay to Kenya and Djibouti; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat
(1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Pacific Ocean)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
general assessment: NA

domestic: government-operated radiotelephone and private VHF/CB radiotelephone networks provide effective service to almost all points on both islands

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) with links through London to other countries

Faroe Islands: general assessment: good international communications; good domestic facilities

domestic: digitalization was completed in 1998; both NMT (analog) and GSM (digital) mobile telephone systems are installed

international: satellite earth stations - 1 Orion; 1 fiber-optic submarine cable to the Shetland Islands, linking the Faroe Islands with Denmark and Iceland; fiber-optic submarine cable connection to Canada-Europe cable

Fiji:
general assessment: modern local, interisland, and
international (wire/radio integrated) public and special-purpose
telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter facilities; regional radio
communications center

domestic: NA

international: access to important cable links between US and Canada as well as between NZ and Australia; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Finland:
general assessment: modern system with excellent service

domestic: cable, microwave radio relay, and an extensive cellular net provide domestic needs

international: 1 submarine cable; satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden)

France:
general assessment: highly developed

domestic: extensive cable and microwave radio relay; extensive introduction of fiber-optic cable; domestic satellite system

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (with total of 5 antennas - 2 for Indian Ocean and 3 for Atlantic Ocean), NA Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region); HF radiotelephone communications with more than 20 countries

French Guiana: general assessment: NA

domestic: fair open wire and microwave radio relay system

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

French Polynesia: general assessment: NA

domestic: NA

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Gabon: general assessment: NA

domestic: adequate system of cable, microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, radiotelephone communication stations, and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations

international: satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean)

Gambia, The:
general assessment: adequate; a packet switched data
network is available

domestic: adequate network of microwave radio relay and open wire

international: microwave radio relay links to Senegal and
Guinea-Bissau; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Gaza Strip:
general assessment: NA

domestic: rudimentary telephone services provided by an open wire
system

international: NA

Georgia: general assessment: NA

domestic: local - T'bilisi and K'ut'aisi have cellular telephone networks; urban telephone density is about 20 per 100 people; rural telephone density is about 4 per 100 people; intercity facilities include a fiber-optic line between T'bilisi and K'ut'aisi; nationwide pager service is available

international: Georgia and Russia are working on a fiber-optic line between P'ot'i and Sochi (Russia); present international service is available by microwave, landline, and satellite through the Moscow switch; international electronic mail and telex service are available

Germany:
general assessment: Germany has one of the world's most
technologically advanced telecommunications systems; as a result of
intensive capital expenditures since reunification, the formerly
backward system of the eastern part of the country has been
modernized and integrated with that of the western part

domestic: Germany is served by an extensive system of automatic telephone exchanges connected by modern networks of fiber-optic cable, coaxial cable, microwave radio relay, and a domestic satellite system; cellular telephone service is widely available and includes roaming service to many foreign countries

international: satellite earth stations - 14 Intelsat (12 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), 2 Intersputnik (1 Atlantic Ocean region and 1 Indian Ocean region); 7 submarine cable connections; 2 HF radiotelephone communication centers; tropospheric scatter links

Ghana:
general assessment: poor to fair system; Internet
accessible; many rural communities not yet connected; expansion of
services is underway

domestic: primarily microwave radio relay; wireless local loop has been installed

international: satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean); microwave radio relay link to Panaftel system connects Ghana
to its neighbors

Gibraltar:
general assessment: adequate, automatic domestic system
and adequate international facilities

domestic: automatic exchange facilities

international: radiotelephone; microwave radio relay; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Greece:
general assessment: adequate, modern networks reach all
areas; good mobile telephone and international service

domestic: microwave radio relay trunk system; extensive open wire connections; submarine cable to offshore islands

international: tropospheric scatter; 8 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region)

Greenland:
general assessment: adequate domestic and international
service provided by satellite, cables and microwave radio relay;
totally digitalized in 1995

domestic: microwave radio relay and satellite

international: satellite earth stations - 12 Intelsat, 1 Eutelsat, 2 Americom GE-2 (all Atlantic Ocean)

Grenada:
general assessment: automatic, islandwide telephone system

domestic: interisland VHF and UHF radiotelephone links

international: new SHF radiotelephone links to Trinidad and Tobago and Saint Vincent; VHF and UHF radio links to Trinidad

Guadeloupe:
general assessment: domestic facilities inadequate

domestic: NA

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean); microwave radio relay to Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, and
Martinique

Guam:
general assessment: modern system, integrated with US
facilities for direct dialing, including free use of 800 numbers

domestic: modern digital system, including cellular mobile service and local access to the Internet

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean); submarine cables to US and Japan (Guam is a trans-Pacific communications hub for MCI, Sprint, AT&T, IT&E, and GTE, linking the US and Asia)

Guatemala:
general assessment: fairly modern network centered in
the city of Guatemala

domestic: NA

international: connected to Central American Microwave System; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Guernsey:
general assessment: NA

domestic: NA

international: 1 submarine cable

Guinea:
general assessment: poor to fair system of open-wire lines,
small radiotelephone communication stations, and new microwave radio
relay system

domestic: microwave radio relay and radiotelephone communication

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Guinea-Bissau:
general assessment: small system

domestic: combination of microwave radio relay, open-wire lines, radiotelephone, and cellular communications

international: NA

Guyana: general assessment: fair system for long-distance calling

domestic: microwave radio relay network for trunk lines

international: tropospheric scatter to Trinidad; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Haiti:
general assessment: domestic facilities barely adequate;
international facilities slightly better

domestic: coaxial cable and microwave radio relay trunk service

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Holy See (Vatican City): general assessment: automatic exchange

domestic: tied into Italian system

international: uses Italian system

Honduras: general assessment: inadequate system

domestic: NA

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean); connected to Central American Microwave System

Hong Kong:
general assessment: modern facilities provide excellent
domestic and international services

domestic: microwave radio relay links and extensive fiber-optic network

international: satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Pacific Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); coaxial cable to Guangzhou, China; access to 5 international submarine cables providing connections to ASEAN member nations, Japan, Taiwan, Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe

Hungary:
general assessment: the telephone system has been
modernized and is capable of satisfying all requests for
telecommunication service

domestic: the system is digitalized and highly automated; trunk services are carried by fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay; a program for fiber-optic subscriber connections was initiated in 1996; heavy use is made of mobile cellular telephones

international: Hungary has fiber-optic cable connections with all neighboring countries; the international switch is in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Inmarsat, 1 very small aperture terminal (VSAT) system of ground terminals

Iceland:
general assessment: adequate domestic service

domestic: the trunk network consists of coaxial and fiber-optic cables and microwave radio relay links

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Iceland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden)

India:
general assessment: mediocre service; local and long
distance service provided throughout all regions of the country,
with services primarily concentrated in the urban areas; major
objective is to continue to expand and modernize long-distance
network in order to keep pace with rapidly growing number of local
subscriber lines; steady improvement is taking place with the recent
admission of private and private-public investors, but, with
telephone density at about two for each 100 persons and a waiting
list of over 2 million, demand for main line telephone service will
not be satisfied for a very long time

domestic: local service is provided by microwave radio relay and coaxial cable, with open wire and obsolete electromechanical and manual switchboard systems still in use in rural areas; starting in the 1980s, a substantial amount of digital switch gear has been introduced for local and long-distance service; long-distance traffic is carried mostly by coaxial cable and low-capacity microwave radio relay; since 1985 significant trunk capacity has been added in the form of fiber-optic cable and a domestic satellite system with 254 earth stations; mobile cellular service is provided in four metropolitan cities

international: satellite earth stations - 8 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region); nine gateway exchanges operating from Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi, Kolkata (Calcutta), Chennai (Madras), Jalandhar, Kanpur, Gaidhinagar, Hyderabad, and Ernakulam; 4 submarine cables - LOCOM linking Chennai (Madras) to Penang; Indo-UAE-Gulf cable linking Mumbai (Bombay) to Al Fujayrah, UAE; India-SEA-ME-WE-3, SEA-ME-WE-2 with landing sites at Cochin and Mumbai (Bombay); Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) with landing site at Mumbai (Bombay) (2000)

Indonesia:
general assessment: domestic service fair, international
service good

domestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net;
domestic satellite communications system

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian
Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

Iran:
general assessment: inadequate but currently being modernized
and expanded with the goal of not only improving the efficiency and
increasing the volume of the urban service but also bringing
telephone service to several thousand villages, not presently
connected

domestic: as a result of heavy investing in the telephone system since 1994, the number of long-distance channels in the microwave radio relay trunk has grown substantially; many villages have been brought into the net; the number of main lines in the urban systems has approximately doubled; and thousands of mobile cellular subscribers are being served; moreover, the technical level of the system has been raised by the installation of thousands of digital switches

international: HF radio and microwave radio relay to Turkey, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Syria, Kuwait, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; submarine fiber-optic cable to UAE with access to Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG); Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line runs from Azerbaijan through the northern portion of Iran to Turkmenistan with expansion to Georgia and Azerbaijan; satellite earth stations - 9 Intelsat and 4 Inmarsat; Internet service available but limited to electronic mail to promote Iranian culture

Iraq:
general assessment: reconstitution of damaged
telecommunication facilities began after the Gulf war; most damaged
facilities have been rebuilt

domestic: the network consists of coaxial cables and microwave radio relay links

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 1 Arabsat (inoperative); coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey; Kuwait line is probably nonoperational

Ireland:
general assessment: modern digital system using cable and
microwave radio relay

domestic: microwave radio relay

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Israel:
general assessment: most highly developed system in the
Middle East although not the largest

domestic: good system of coaxial cable and microwave radio relay;
all systems are digital

international: 3 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3
Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)

Italy:
general assessment: modern, well developed, fast; fully
automated telephone, telex, and data services

domestic: high-capacity cable and microwave radio relay trunks

international: satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (with a total of 5 antennas - 3 for Atlantic Ocean and 2 for Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), and NA Eutelsat; 21 submarine cables

Jamaica:
general assessment: fully automatic domestic telephone
network

domestic: NA

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean); 3 coaxial submarine cables

Japan:
general assessment: excellent domestic and international
service

domestic: high level of modern technology and excellent service of every kind

international: satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region), and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific and Indian Ocean regions); submarine cables to China, Philippines, Russia, and US (via Guam) (1999)

Jersey: general assessment: NA

domestic: NA

international: 3 submarine cables

Johnston Atoll:
general assessment: 13 outgoing and 10 incoming
commercial lines; adequate telecommunications

domestic: 60-channel submarine cable, 22 DSN circuits by satellite, Autodin with standard remote terminal, digital telephone switch, Military Affiliated Radio System (MARS station), UHF/VHF air-ground radio, a link to the Pacific Consolidated Telecommunications Network (PCTN) satellite

international: NA

Jordan:
general assessment: service has improved recently with the
increased use of digital switching equipment, but better access to
the telephone system is needed in the rural areas and easier access
to pay telephones is needed by the urban public

domestic: microwave radio relay transmission and coaxial and fiber-optic cable are employed on trunk lines; considerable use is made of mobile cellular systems; Internet service is available

international: satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat, 1 Arabsat, and 29 land and maritime Inmarsat terminals; fiber-optic cable to Saudi Arabia and microwave radio relay link with Egypt and Syria; connection to international submarine cable FLAG (Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe); participant in MEDARABTEL; international links total about 4,000

Kazakhstan:
general assessment: service is poor; equipment
antiquated

domestic: intercity by landline and microwave radio relay; mobile cellular systems are available in most of Kazakhstan

international: international traffic with other former Soviet republics and China carried by landline and microwave radio relay; with other countries by satellite and by the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat

Kenya:
general assessment: unreliable; little attempt to modernize
except for service to business

domestic: trunks are primarily microwave radio relay; business data commonly transferred by a very small aperture terminal (VSAT) system

international: satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat

Kiribati: general assessment: NA

domestic: NA

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

note: Kiribati is being linked to the Pacific Ocean Cooperative
Telecommunications Network, which should improve telephone service

Korea, North:
general assessment: NA

domestic: NA

international: satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
and 1 Russian (Indian Ocean region); other international connections
through Moscow and Beijing

Korea, South:
general assessment: excellent domestic and
international services

domestic: NA

international: fiber-optic submarine cable to China; the
Russia-Korea-Japan submarine cable; satellite earth stations - 3
Intelsat (2 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat
(Pacific Ocean region)

Kuwait:
general assessment: the quality of service is excellent

domestic: new telephone exchanges provide a large capacity for new subscribers; trunk traffic is carried by microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, open wire, and fiber-optic cable; a cellular telephone system operates throughout Kuwait, and the country is well supplied with pay telephones

international: coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; linked to Bahrain, Qatar, UAE via the Fiber-Optic Gulf (FOG) cable; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean, 2 Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean), and 2 Arabsat

Kyrgyzstan:
general assessment: poorly developed; about 100,000
unsatisfied applications for household telephones

domestic: principally microwave radio relay; one cellular provider, probably limited to Bishkek region

international: connections with other CIS countries by landline or microwave radio relay and with other countries by leased connections with Moscow international gateway switch and by satellite; satellite earth stations - 1 Intersputnik and 1 Intelsat; connected internationally by the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line

Laos:
general assessment: service to general public is poor but
improving, with over 20,000 telephones currently in service and an
additional 48,000 expected by 2001; the government relies on a
radiotelephone network to communicate with remote areas

domestic: radiotelephone communications

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian
Ocean region)

Latvia:
general assessment: inadequate, but is being modernized to
provide an international capability independent of the Moscow
international switch; more facilities are being installed for
individual use

domestic: expansion underway in intercity trunk line connections,
rural exchanges, and mobile systems; still many unsatisfied
subscriber applications

international: international connections are now available via
cable and a satellite earth station at Riga, enabling direct
connections for most calls (1998)

Lebanon:
general assessment: telecommunications system severely
damaged by civil war; rebuilding well underway

domestic: primarily microwave radio relay and cable

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian
Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean) (erratic operations); coaxial cable to
Syria; microwave radio relay to Syria but inoperable beyond Syria to
Jordan; 3 submarine coaxial cables

Lesotho:
general assessment: rudimentary system

domestic: consists of a few landlines, a small microwave radio
relay system, and a minor radiotelephone communication system

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Liberia:
general assessment: telephone and telegraph service via
microwave radio relay network; main center is Monrovia

domestic: NA

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Libya:
general assessment: telecommunications system is being
modernized; mobile cellular telephone system became operational in
1996

domestic: microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, cellular, tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations

international: satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat, NA Arabsat, and NA Intersputnik; submarine cables to France and Italy; microwave radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt; tropospheric scatter to Greece; participant in Medarabtel (1999)

Liechtenstein: general assessment: automatic telephone system

domestic: NA

international: linked to Swiss networks by cable and microwave radio relay

Lithuania:
general assessment: inadequate, but is being modernized
to provide an improved international capability and better
residential access

domestic: a national, fiber-optic cable, interurban, trunk system is nearing completion; rural exchanges are being improved and expanded; mobile cellular systems are being installed; access to the Internet is available; still many unsatisfied telephone subscriber applications

international: landline connections to Latvia and Poland; major
international connections to Denmark, Sweden, and Norway by
submarine cable for further transmission by satellite

Luxembourg:
general assessment: highly developed, completely
automated and efficient system, mainly buried cables

domestic: nationwide cellular telephone system; buried cable

international: 3 channels leased on TAT-6 coaxial submarine cable
(Europe to North America)

Macau:
general assessment: fairly modern communication facilities
maintained for domestic and international services

domestic: NA

international: HF radiotelephone communication facility; access to international communications carriers provided via Hong Kong and China; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of: general assessment: NA

domestic: NA

international: NA

Madagascar:
general assessment: system is above average for the
region

domestic: open-wire lines, coaxial cables, microwave radio relay, and tropospheric scatter links

international: submarine cable to Bahrain; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region)

Malawi:
general assessment: NA

domestic: fair system of open-wire lines, microwave radio relay
links, and radiotelephone communications stations

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian
Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)

Malaysia:
general assessment: modern system; international service
excellent

domestic: good intercity service provided on Peninsular Malaysia mainly by microwave radio relay; adequate intercity microwave radio relay network between Sabah and Sarawak via Brunei; domestic satellite system with 2 earth stations

international: submarine cables to India, Hong Kong, and Singapore;
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific
Ocean) (2001)

Maldives:
general assessment: minimal domestic and international
facilities

domestic: interatoll communication through microwave links; all inhabited islands are connected with telephone and fax service

international: satellite earth station - 3 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

Mali:
general assessment: domestic system poor but improving;
provides only minimal service

domestic: network consists of microwave radio relay, open wire, and
radiotelephone communications stations; expansion of microwave radio
relay in progress

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic
Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)

Malta:
general assessment: automatic system satisfies normal
requirements

domestic: submarine cable and microwave radio relay between islands

international: 2 submarine cables; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Man, Isle of:
general assessment: NA

domestic: landline, telefax, mobile cellular telephone system

international: fiber-optic cable, microwave radio relay, satellite earth station, submarine cable

Marshall Islands:
general assessment: telex services

domestic: Majuro Atoll and Ebeye and Kwajalein islands have regular, seven-digit, direct-dial telephones; other islands interconnected by shortwave radiotelephone (used mostly for government purposes)

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Pacific
Ocean); US Government satellite communications system on Kwajalein

Martinique:
general assessment: domestic facilities are adequate

domestic: NA

international: microwave radio relay to Guadeloupe, Dominica, and
Saint Lucia; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Mauritania:
general assessment: limited system of cable and
open-wire lines, minor microwave radio relay links, and
radiotelephone communications stations (improvements being made)

domestic: mostly cable and open-wire lines; a recently completed domestic satellite telecommunications system links Nouakchott with regional capitals

international: satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean) and 2 Arabsat

Mauritius:
general assessment: small system with good service

domestic: primarily microwave radio relay

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean);
new microwave link to Reunion; HF radiotelephone links to several
countries

Mayotte:
general assessment: small system administered by French
Department of Posts and Telecommunications

domestic: NA

international: microwave radio relay and HF radiotelephone communications to Comoros and other international connections

Mexico:
general assessment: low telephone density with about 11
main lines per 100 persons; privatized in December 1990; the opening
to competition in January 1997 has brightened prospects for
development

domestic: adequate telephone service for business and government, but the population is poorly served; domestic satellite system with 120 earth stations; extensive microwave radio relay network; considerable use of fiber-optic cable, coaxial cable, and mobile cellular service

international: satellite earth stations - 32 Intelsat, 2 Solidaridad (giving Mexico improved access to South America, Central America, and much of the US as well as enhancing domestic communications), numerous Inmarsat mobile earth stations; linked to Central American Microwave System of trunk connections; high capacity Columbus-2 fiber-optic submarine cable with access to the US, Virgin Islands, Canary Islands, Morocco, Spain, and Italy (1997)

Micronesia, Federated States of:
general assessment: adequate system

domestic: islands interconnected by shortwave radiotelephone (used mostly for government purposes)

international: satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Moldova:
general assessment: inadequate, outmoded, poor service
outside Chisinau, some effort to modernize is under way

domestic: new subscribers face long wait for service; mobile
cellular telephone service being introduced

international: service through Romania and Russia via landline;
satellite earth stations - Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik

Monaco:
general assessment: modern automatic telephone system

domestic: NA

international: no satellite earth stations; connected by cable into the French communications system

Mongolia:
general assessment: very low density: about 3.5
telephones for each thousand persons

domestic: NA

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian
Ocean Region)

Montserrat:
general assessment: NA

domestic: NA

international: NA

Morocco:
general assessment: modern system with all important
capabilities; however density is low with only 4.6 main lines
available for each 100 persons

domestic: good system composed of open-wire lines, cables, and microwave radio relay links; Internet available but expensive; principal switching centers are Casablanca and Rabat; national network nearly 100% digital using fiber-optic links; improved rural service employs microwave radio relay

international: 7 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; microwave radio relay to
Gibraltar, Spain, and Western Sahara; coaxial cable and microwave
radio relay to Algeria; participant in Medarabtel; fiber-optic cable
link from Agadir to Algeria and Tunisia (1998)

Mozambique:
general assessment: fair system but not available
generally (telephone density is only 3.5 telephones for each 1,000
persons)

domestic: the system consists of open-wire lines and trunk
connection by microwave radio relay and tropospheric scatter

international: satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (2 Atlantic
Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean)

Namibia:
general assessment: good system; about 6 telephones for
each 100 persons

domestic: good urban services; fair rural service; microwave radio
relay links major towns; connections to other populated places are
by open wire; 100% digital

international: fiber-optic cable to South Africa, microwave radio relay link to Botswana, direct links to other neighboring countries; connected to Africa ONE and South African Far East (SAFE) submarine cables through South Africa; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat

Nauru:
general assessment: adequate local and international
radiotelephone communications provided via Australian facilities

domestic: NA

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Nepal:
general assessment: poor telephone and telegraph service;
fair radiotelephone communication service and mobile cellular
telephone network

domestic: NA

international: radiotelephone communications; microwave landline to
India; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

Netherlands:
general assessment: highly developed and well
maintained

domestic: the existing system of multi-conductor cables is gradually being replaced by fiber-optic cables; the density of cellular telephone traffic is rapidly increasing and further modernization of the system is expected in the year 2001, with the introduction of the third generation of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

international: 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3
Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1
Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions) (1996)

Netherlands Antilles: general assessment: generally adequate facilities

domestic: extensive interisland microwave radio relay links

international: submarine cables - 2; satellite earth stations - 2
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

New Caledonia:
general assessment: NA

domestic: NA

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

New Zealand:
general assessment: excellent domestic and
international systems

domestic: NA

international: submarine cables to Australia and Fiji; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Nicaragua:
general assessment: inadequate system being upgraded by
foreign investment

domestic: low-capacity microwave radio relay and wire system being
expanded; connected to Central American Microwave System

international: satellite earth stations - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic
Ocean region) and 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Niger:
general assessment: small system of wire, radio telephone
communications, and microwave radio relay links concentrated in the
southwestern area of Niger

domestic: wire, radiotelephone communications, and microwave radio
relay; domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations and 1 planned

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic
Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)

Nigeria:
general assessment: an inadequate system, further limited
by poor maintenance; major expansion is required and a start has
been made

domestic: intercity traffic is carried by coaxial cable, microwave radio relay, a domestic communications satellite system with 19 earth stations, and a coastal submarine cable; mobile cellular facilities and the Internet are available

international: satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean); coaxial submarine cable SAFE (South African Far East)

Niue:
general assessment: primitive system

domestic: single-line telephone system connects all villages on island

international: NA

Norfolk Island: general assessment: adequate

domestic: NA

international: radiotelephone service with Sydney (Australia)

Northern Mariana Islands: general assessment: NA

domestic: NA

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Norway:
general assessment: modern in all respects; one of the most
advanced telecommunications networks in Europe

domestic: Norway has a domestic satellite system; moreover the
prevalence of rural areas encourages the wide use of cellular mobile
systems instead of fixed wire systems

international: 2 buried coaxial cable systems; 4 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - NA Eutelsat, NA Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Norway shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Sweden) (1999)

Oman:
general assessment: modern system consisting of open wire,
microwave, and radiotelephone communication stations; limited
coaxial cable

domestic: open wire, microwave, radiotelephone communications, and
a domestic satellite system with 8 earth stations

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
and 1 Arabsat

Pakistan:
general assessment: the domestic system is mediocre, but
improving; service is adequate for government and business use, in
part because major businesses have established their own private
systems; since 1988, the government has promoted investment in the
national telecommunications system on a priority basis,
significantly increasing network capacity; despite major
improvements in trunk and urban systems, telecommunication services
are still not readily available to the majority of the rural
population

domestic: microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, cellular, and satellite networks

international: satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); 3 operational international gateway exchanges (1 at Karachi and 2 at Islamabad); microwave radio relay to neighboring countries (1999)

Palau: general assessment: NA

domestic: NA

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Panama:
general assessment: domestic and international facilities
well developed

domestic: NA

international: 1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to the Central American Microwave System

Papua New Guinea:
general assessment: services are adequate and
being improved; facilities provide radiotelephone and telegraph,
coastal radio, aeronautical radio, and international radio
communication services

domestic: mostly radiotelephone

international: submarine cables to Australia and Guam; satellite
earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean); international radio
communication service

Paraguay:
general assessment: meager telephone service; principal
switching center is Asuncion

domestic: fair microwave radio relay network

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Peru:
general assessment: adequate for most requirements

domestic: nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic
satellite system with 12 earth stations

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean); Pan American submarine cable

Philippines:
general assessment: good international radiotelephone
and submarine cable services; domestic and interisland service
adequate

domestic: domestic satellite system with 11 earth stations

international: 9 international gateways; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Pacific Ocean); submarine cables to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan

Pitcairn Islands: general assessment: only party line telephone service is available for this small, closely related community

domestic: party line service only

international: radiotelephone

Poland:
general assessment: underdeveloped and outmoded system;
government aimed to have 10 million telephones in service by 2000;
the process of partial privatization of the state-owned telephone
monopoly has begun; in 1998 there were over 2 million applicants on
the waiting list for telephone service

domestic: cable, open wire, and microwave radio relay; 3 cellular networks; local exchanges 56.6% digital

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat, NA Eutelsat, 2 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions), and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region)

Portugal:
general assessment: undergoing rapid development in
recent years, Portugal's telephone system, by the end of 1998,
achieved a state-of-the-art network with broadband, high-speed
capabilities and a main line telephone density of 53%

domestic: integrated network of coaxial cables, open wire, microwave radio relay, and domestic satellite earth stations

international: 6 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3
Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat;
tropospheric scatter to Azores; note - an earth station for Inmarsat
(Atlantic Ocean region) is planned

Puerto Rico:
general assessment: modern system, integrated with
that of the US by high-capacity submarine cable and Intelsat with
high-speed data capability

domestic: digital telephone system; cellular telephone service

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat; submarine cable to US

Qatar:
general assessment: modern system centered in Doha

domestic: NA

international: tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and UAE; submarine cable to Bahrain and UAE; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat

Reunion:
general assessment: adequate system; principal center is
Saint-Denis

domestic: modern open wire and microwave radio relay network

international: radiotelephone communication to Comoros, France, Madagascar; new microwave route to Mauritius; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

Romania: general assessment: poor domestic service, but improving

domestic: 90% of telephone network is automatic; trunk network is mostly microwave radio relay, with some fiber-optic cable; about one-third of exchange capacity is digital; roughly 3,300 villages have no service

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat; new digital,
international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest; note -
Romania is an active participant in several international
telecommunication network projects (1999)

Russia:
general assessment: the telephone system has undergone
significant changes in the 1990s; there are more than 1,000
companies licensed to offer communication services; access to
digital lines has improved, particularly in urban centers; Internet
and e-mail services are improving; Russia has made progress toward
building the telecommunications infrastructure necessary for a
market economy; however, a large demand for main line service
remains unsatisfied

domestic: cross-country digital trunk lines run from Saint Petersburg to Khabarovsk, and from Moscow to Novorossiysk; the telephone systems in 60 regional capitals have modern digital infrastructures; cellular services, both analog and digital, are available in many areas; in rural areas, the telephone services are still outdated, inadequate, and low density

international: Russia is connected internationally by three undersea fiber-optic cables; digital switches in several cities provide more than 50,000 lines for international calls; satellite earth stations provide access to Intelsat, Intersputnik, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita systems

Rwanda:
general assessment: telephone system primarily serves
business and government

domestic: the capital, Kigali, is connected to the centers of the
prefectures by microwave radio relay; the remainder of the network
depends on wire and HF radiotelephone

international: international connections employ microwave radio
relay to neighboring countries and satellite communications to more
distant countries; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian
Ocean) in Kigali (includes telex and telefax service)

Saint Helena:
general assessment: can communicate with any place in
the world

domestic: automatic network

international: HF radiotelephone from Saint Helena to Ascension which is a major coaxial submarine cable relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK ; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Saint Kitts and Nevis: general assessment: good interisland and international connections

domestic: interisland links to Antigua and Barbuda and Saint Martin
(Guadeloupe and Netherlands Antilles) are handled by VHF/UHF/SHF
radiotelephone

international: international calls are carried by radiotelephone to
Antigua and Barbuda and switched there to submarine cable or to
Intelsat; or carried to Saint Martin (Guadeloupe and Netherlands
Antilles) by radiotelephone and switched to Intelsat

Saint Lucia:
general assessment: adequate system

domestic: system is automatically switched

international: direct microwave radio relay link with Martinique and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; tropospheric scatter to Barbados; international calls beyond these countries are carried by Intelsat from Martinique

Saint Pierre and Miquelon: general assessment: adequate

domestic: NA

international: radiotelephone communication with most countries in the world; 1 earth station in French domestic satellite system

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: general assessment: adequate system

domestic: islandwide, fully automatic telephone system; VHF/UHF
radiotelephone from Saint Vincent to the other islands of the
Grenadines

international: VHF/UHF radiotelephone from Saint Vincent to Barbados; new SHF radiotelephone to Grenada and to Saint Lucia; access to Intelsat earth station in Martinique through Saint Lucia

Samoa: general assessment: adequate

domestic: NA

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

San Marino:
general assessment: adequate connections

domestic: automatic telephone system completely integrated into
Italian system

international: connected to Italian international network

Sao Tome and Principe: general assessment: adequate facilities

domestic: minimal system

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Saudi Arabia:
general assessment: modern system

domestic: extensive microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable systems

international: microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; submarine cable to Djibouti, Egypt and Bahrain; satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (3 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region)

Senegal:
general assessment: good system

domestic: above-average urban system; microwave radio relay,
coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable in trunk system

international: 4 submarine cables; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Seychelles:
general assessment: effective system

domestic: radiotelephone communications between islands in the
archipelago

international: direct radiotelephone communications with adjacent
island countries and African coastal countries; satellite earth
station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

Sierra Leone:
general assessment: marginal telephone and telegraph
service

domestic: national microwave radio relay trunk system, made
unserviceable by military activities, is now operating from Freetown
to Bo and Kenema (April 2001)

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Singapore:
general assessment: major consideration given to serving
business interests; excellent international service

domestic: excellent domestic facilities

international: submarine cables to Malaysia (Sabah and Peninsular Malaysia), Indonesia, and the Philippines; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean), and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific Ocean region)

Slovakia:
general assessment: a modernization and privatization
program is increasing accessibility to telephone service, reducing
the waiting time for new subscribers, and generally improving
service quality

domestic: predominantly an analog system that is now receiving digital equipment and is being enlarged with fiber-optic cable, especially in the larger cities; mobile cellular capability has been added

international: three international exchanges (one in Bratislava and two in Banska Bystrica) are available; Slovakia is participating in several international telecommunications projects that will increase the availability of external services

Slovenia: general assessment: NA

domestic: 100% digital (2000)

international: NA

Solomon Islands: general assessment: NA

domestic: NA

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Somalia:
general assessment: the public telecommunications system
was completely destroyed or dismantled by the civil war factions;
all relief organizations depend on their own private systems

domestic: recently, local cellular telephone systems have been
established in Mogadishu and in several other population centers

international: international connections are available from
Mogadishu by satellite

South Africa:
general assessment: the system is the best developed
and most modern in Africa

domestic: consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxial cables, microwave radio relay links, fiber-optic cable, radiotelephone communication stations, and wireless local loops; key centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, and Pretoria

international: 2 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3
Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean)

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands:
general assessment: NA

domestic: NA

international: coastal radiotelephone station at Grytviken

Spain:
general assessment: generally adequate, modern facilities;
teledensity is 44 main lines for each 100 persons

domestic: NA

international: 22 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to adjacent countries

Sri Lanka:
general assessment: very inadequate domestic service,
particularly in rural areas; some hope for improvement with
privatization of national telephone company and encouragement to
private investment; good international service (1999)

domestic: national trunk network consists mostly of digital microwave radio relay; fiber-optic links now in use in Colombo area and two fixed wireless local loops have been installed; competition is strong in mobile cellular systems; telephone density remains low at 2.6 main lines per 100 persons (1999)

international: submarine cables to Indonesia and Djibouti; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (1999)

Sudan:
general assessment: large, well-equipped system by regional
standards and being upgraded; cellular communications started in
1996 and have expanded substantially

domestic: consists of microwave radio relay, cable, radiotelephone communications, tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations

international: satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean) and 1 Arabsat (2000)

Suriname:
general assessment: international facilities are good

domestic: microwave radio relay network

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean)

Svalbard:
general assessment: probably adequate

domestic: local telephone service

international: satellite earth station - 1 of unknown type (for communication with Norwegian mainland only)

Swaziland:
general assessment: not a modern system

domestic: system consists of carrier-equipped, open-wire lines and
low-capacity, microwave radio relay

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Sweden:
general assessment: excellent domestic and international
facilities; automatic system

domestic: coaxial and multiconductor cables carry most of the voice
traffic; parallel microwave radio relay systems carry some
additional telephone channels

international: 5 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Sweden shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Norway)

Switzerland:
general assessment: excellent domestic and
international services

domestic: extensive cable and microwave radio relay networks

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean and Indian Ocean)

Syria:
general assessment: fair system currently undergoing
significant improvement and digital upgrades, including fiber-optic
technology

domestic: coaxial cable and microwave radio relay network

international: satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region); 1 submarine cable; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey; participant in Medarabtel

Tajikistan:
general assessment: poorly developed and not well
maintained; many towns are not reached by the national network

domestic: cable and microwave radio relay

international: linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; Dushanbe linked by Intelsat to international gateway switch in Ankara (Turkey); satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 2 Intelsat

Tanzania:
general assessment: fair system operating below capacity
and being modernized for better service; VSAT (very small aperture
terminal) system under construction

domestic: trunk service provided by open wire, microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, and fiber-optic cable; some links being made digital

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian
Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)

Thailand:
general assessment: service to general public adequate,
but investment in technological upgrades reduced by recession; bulk
of service to government activities provided by multichannel cable
and microwave radio relay network

domestic: microwave radio relay and multichannel cable; domestic
satellite system being developed

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian
Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

Togo:
general assessment: fair system based on a network of
microwave radio relay routes supplemented by open-wire lines and a
mobile cellular system

domestic: microwave radio relay and open-wire lines for conventional system; cellular system has capacity of 10,000 telephones

international: satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean) and 1 Symphonie

Tokelau:
general assessment: adequate

domestic: radiotelephone service between islands

international: radiotelephone service to Samoa; government-regulated telephone service (TeleTok), with 3 satellite earth stations, established in 1997

Tonga: general assessment: NA

domestic: NA

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Trinidad and Tobago: general assessment: excellent international service; good local service

domestic: NA

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean); tropospheric scatter to Barbados and Guyana

Tunisia:
general assessment: above the African average and
continuing to be upgraded; key centers are Sfax, Sousse, Bizerte,
and Tunis; Internet access available

domestic: trunk facilities consist of open-wire lines, coaxial cable, and microwave radio relay

international: 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria and Libya; participant in Medarabtel; two international gateway digital switches

Turkey:
general assessment: undergoing rapid modernization and
expansion, especially cellular telephones

domestic: additional digital exchanges are permitting a rapid increase in subscribers; the construction of a network of technologically advanced intercity trunk lines, using both fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay is facilitating communication between urban centers; remote areas are reached by a domestic satellite system; the number of subscribers to mobile cellular telephone service is growing rapidly

international: international service is provided by three submarine fiber-optic cables in the Mediterranean and Black Seas, linking Turkey with Italy, Greece, Israel, Bulgaria, Romania, and Russia, by 12 Intelsat earth stations, and by 328 mobile satellite terminals in the Inmarsat and Eutelsat systems

Turkmenistan: general assessment: poorly developed

domestic: NA

international: linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; a new telephone link from Ashgabat to Iran has been established; a new exchange in Ashgabat switches international traffic through Turkey via Intelsat; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 Intelsat

Turks and Caicos Islands: general assessment: fair cable and radiotelephone services

domestic: NA

international: 2 submarine cables; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Tuvalu:
general assessment: serves particular needs for internal
communications

domestic: radiotelephone communications between islands

international: NA

Uganda:
general assessment: seriously inadequate; two cellular
systems have been introduced, but a sharp increase in the number of
main lines is essential; e-mail and Internet services are available

domestic: intercity traffic by wire, microwave radio relay, and radiotelephone communication stations, fixed and mobile cellular systems for short range traffic

international: satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat; analog links to Kenya and Tanzania

Ukraine:
general assessment: Ukraine's telecommunication
development plan, running through 2005, emphasizes improving
domestic trunk lines, international connections, and the mobile
cellular system

domestic: at independence in December 1991, Ukraine inherited a telephone system that was antiquated, inefficient, and in disrepair; more than 3.5 million applications for telephones could not be satisfied; telephone density is now rising slowly and the domestic trunk system is being improved; the mobile cellular telephone system is expanding at a high rate

international: two new domestic trunk lines are a part of the fiber-optic Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) system and three Ukrainian links have been installed in the fiber-optic Trans-European Lines (TEL) project which connects 18 countries; additional international service is provided by the Italy-Turkey-Ukraine-Russia (ITUR) fiber-optic submarine cable and by earth stations in the Intelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik satellite systems

United Arab Emirates:
general assessment: modern system consisting
of microwave radio relay and coaxial cable; key centers are Abu
Dhabi and Dubai

domestic: microwave radio relay and coaxial cable

international: satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; submarine cables to Qatar, Bahrain, India, and Pakistan; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia

United Kingdom:
general assessment: technologically advanced
domestic and international system

domestic: equal mix of buried cables, microwave radio relay, and fiber-optic systems

international: 40 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 10 Intelsat (7 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), and 1 Eutelsat; at least 8 large international switching centers

United States:
general assessment: a very large, technologically
advanced, multipurpose communications system

domestic: a large system of fiber-optic cable, microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, and domestic satellites carries every form of telephone traffic; a rapidly growing cellular system carries mobile telephone traffic throughout the country

international: 24 ocean cable systems in use; satellite earth stations - 61 Intelsat (45 Atlantic Ocean and 16 Pacific Ocean), 5 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 4 Inmarsat (Pacific and Atlantic Ocean regions) (2000)

Uruguay:
general assessment: some modern facilities

domestic: most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo; new
nationwide microwave radio relay network

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean)

Uzbekistan:
general assessment: antiquated and inadequate; in
serious need of modernization

domestic: the domestic telephone system is being expanded and technologically improved, particularly in Tashkent and Samarqand, under contracts with prominent companies in industrialized countries; moreover, by 1998, six cellular networks had been placed in operation - four of the GSM type (Global System for Mobile Communication), one D-AMPS type (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System), and one AMPS type (Advanced Mobile Phone System)

international: linked by landline or microwave radio relay with CIS member states and to other countries by leased connection via the Moscow international gateway switch; after the completion of the Uzbek link to the Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic cable, Uzbekistan will be independent of Russian facilities for international communications; Inmarsat also provides an international connection, albeit an expensive one; satellite earth stations - NA (1998)

Vanuatu: general assessment: NA

domestic: NA

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Venezuela: general assessment: modern and expanding

domestic: domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations; recent substantial improvement in telephone service in rural areas; substantial increase in digitalization of exchanges and trunk lines; installation of a national interurban fiber-optic network capable of digital multimedia services

international: 3 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 PanAmSat; participating with Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia in the construction of an international fiber-optic network

Vietnam:
general assessment: Vietnam is putting considerable effort
into modernization and expansion of its telecommunication system,
but its performance continues to lag behind that of its more modern
neighbors

domestic: all provincial exchanges are digitalized and connected to Hanoi, Da Nang, and Ho Chi Minh City by fiber-optic cable or microwave radio relay networks; since 1991, main lines in use have been substantially increased and the use of mobile telephones is growing rapidly

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intersputnik (Indian
Ocean region)

Virgin Islands:
general assessment: NA

domestic: modern, uses fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relay

international: submarine cable and satellite communications; satellite earth stations - NA

Wake Island:
general assessment: satellite communications; 1 DSN
circuit off the Overseas Telephone System (OTS)

domestic: NA

international: NA

Wallis and Futuna: general assessment: NA

domestic: NA

international: NA

West Bank: general assessment: NA

domestic: NA

international: NA

note: Israeli company BEZEK and the Palestinian company PALTEL are responsible for communication services in the West Bank

Western Sahara:
general assessment: sparse and limited system

domestic: NA

international: tied into Morocco's system by microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, and satellite; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) linked to Rabat, Morocco

World: general assessment: NA

domestic: NA

international: NA

Yemen:
general assessment: since unification in 1990, efforts have
been made to create a national telecommunications network

domestic: the national network consists of microwave radio relay,
cable, tropospheric scatter, and GSM cellular mobile telephone
systems

international: satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Indian
Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region),
and 2 Arabsat; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and Djibouti

Yugoslavia:
general assessment: NA

domestic: NA

international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Zambia:
general assessment: facilities are among the best in
Sub-Saharan Africa

domestic: high-capacity microwave radio relay connects most larger towns and cities; several cellular telephone services in operation; Internet service is widely available; very small aperture terminal (VSAT) networks are operated by private firms

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian
Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)

Zimbabwe:
general assessment: system was once one of the best in
Africa, but now suffers from poor maintenance; more than 100,000
outstanding requests for connection despite an equally large number
of installed but unused main lines

domestic: consists of microwave radio relay links, open-wire lines, radiotelephone communication stations, fixed wireless local loop installations, and a substantial mobile cellular network; Internet connection is available in Harare and planned for all major towns and for some of the smaller ones

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat; two international digital gateway exchanges (in Harare and Gweru)

Taiwan:
general assessment: provides telecommunications service for
every business and private need

domestic: thoroughly modern; completely digitalized

international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Pacific
Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean); submarine cables to Japan (Okinawa),
Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Australia,
Middle East, and Western Europe (1999)

@Telephones - main lines in use

Afghanistan: 29,000 (1996)

note: there were 21,000 main lines in service in Kabul in 1998

Albania:
87,000 (1997)

Algeria:
2.3 million (1998)

American Samoa:
13,000 (1997)

Andorra:
32,946 (December 1998)

Angola:
62,000 (1997)

Anguilla:
5,000 (1997)

Antarctica:
0

note: information for US bases only (2001)

Antigua and Barbuda:
28,000 (1996)

Argentina:
7.5 million (1998)

Armenia:
568,000 (1997)

Aruba:
33,000 (1997)

Australia:
9.58 million (1998)

Austria:
4 million (3,600,000 analog main lines plus 400,000 ISDN or
Integrated Services Digital Network connections) (1999)

Azerbaijan:
663,000 (1997)

Bahamas, The:
96,000 (1997)

Bahrain:
152,000 (1997)

Bangladesh:
500,000 (2000)

Barbados:
108,000 (1997)

Belarus:
2.313 million (1997)

Belgium:
4.769 million (1997)

Belize:
31,000 (1997)

Benin:
36,000 (1997)

Bermuda:
52,000 (1997)

Bhutan:
6,000 (1997)

Bolivia:
327,600 (1996)

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
303,000 (1997)

Botswana:
86,000 (1997)

Brazil:
17.039 million (1997)

British Indian Ocean Territory:
NA

British Virgin Islands:
10,000 (1996)

Brunei:
79,000 (1996)

Bulgaria:
3.255 million (2000)

Burkina Faso:
36,000 (1997)

Burma:
250,000 (2000)

Burundi:
16,000 (1997)

Cambodia:
21,800 (mid-1998)

Cameroon:
75,000 (1997)

Canada:
18.5 million (1999)

Cape Verde:
45,644 (2000)

Cayman Islands:
19,000 (1995)

Central African Republic:
10,000 (1997)

Chad:
7,000 (1997)

Chile:
2.603 million (1998)

China:
135 million (2000)

Christmas Island:
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
NA (1999)

Colombia:
5,433,565 (December 1997)

Comoros:
6,000 (1997)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
21,000 (1997)

Congo, Republic of the:
22,000 (1997)

Cook Islands:
5,000 (1997)

Costa Rica:
450,000 (1998)

note: 584,000 installed in 1997, but only about 450,000 were in use
1998

Cote d'Ivoire:
219,283 (31 December 1999)

Croatia:
1.488 million (1997)

Cuba:
473,031 (2000)

Cyprus:
Greek Cypriot area: 405,000 (1998); Turkish Cypriot area:
83,162 (1998)

Czech Republic:
3.869 million (2000)

Denmark:
4.785 million (1997)

Djibouti:
8,000 (1997)

Dominica:
19,000 (1996)

Dominican Republic:
709,000 (1997)

Ecuador:
899,000 (1997)

Egypt:
3,971,500 (December 1998)

El Salvador:
380,000 (1998)

Equatorial Guinea:
4,000 (1996)

Eritrea:
23,578 (2000)

Estonia:
476,078 (yearend 1998)

Ethiopia:
157,000 (1997)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
NA

Faroe Islands:
24,851 (1999)

Fiji:
72,000 (1997)

Finland:
2.861 million (1997)

France:
34.86 million (yearend 1998)

French Guiana:
47,000 (1997)

French Polynesia:
52,000 (1997)

Gabon:
37,000 (1997)

Gambia, The:
31,900 (2000)

Gaza Strip:
95,729 (total for Gaza Strip and West Bank) (1997)

Georgia:
620,000 (1997)

Germany:
45.2 million (1997)

note: 46.5 million main lines were installed by yearend 1998

Ghana:
200,000 (1998)

Gibraltar:
19,000 (1997)

Greece:
5.431 million (1997)

Greenland:
25,617 (end 1999)

Grenada:
27,000 (1997)

Guadeloupe:
171,000 (1996)

Guam:
84,134 (1998)

Guatemala:
665,061 (June 2000)

Guernsey:
44,000 (1996)

Guinea:
20,000 (1997)

Guinea-Bissau:
8,000 (1997)

Guyana:
70,000 (2000)

Haiti:
60,000 (1997)

Holy See (Vatican City):
NA

Honduras:
234,000 (1997)

Hong Kong:
3.839 million (1999)

Hungary:
3.095 million (1997)

Iceland:
168,000 (1997)

India:
27.7 million (October 2000)

Indonesia:
5,588,310 (1998)

Iran:
6.313 million (1997)

Iraq:
675,000 (1997)

Ireland:
1.59 million (2001)

Israel:
2.8 million (1999)

Italy:
25 million (1999)

Jamaica:
353,000 (1996)

Japan:
60.381 million (1997)

Jersey:
65,500 (1997)

Jordan:
403,000 (1997)

Kazakhstan:
1.818 million (1997)

Kenya:
290,000 (1998)

Kiribati:
2,000 (1997)

Korea, North:
1.1 million (1997)

Korea, South:
24 million (1999)

Kuwait:
412,000 (1997)

Kyrgyzstan:
351,000 (1997)

Laos:
25,000 (1997)

Latvia:
748,000 (1997)

Lebanon:
700,000 (1999)

Lesotho:
20,000 (1997)

Liberia:
6,000 (1997)

Libya:
380,000 (1996)

Liechtenstein:
20,000 (1997)

Lithuania:
1.048 million (1997)

Luxembourg:
314,700 (1999)

Macau:
176,837 (2000)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
408,000 (1997)

Madagascar:
43,000 (1997)

Malawi:
37,000 (1997)

Malaysia:
4.5 million (1999)

Maldives:
21,000 (1999)

Mali:
23,000 (1997)

Malta:
187,000 (1997)

Man, Isle of:
51,000 (1999)

Marshall Islands:
3,000 (1996)

Martinique:
170,000 (1997)

Mauritania:
26,000 (2000)

Mauritius:
223,000 (1997)

Mayotte:
9,314 (1997)

Mexico:
9.6 million (1998)

Micronesia, Federated States of:
11,000 (2001)

Moldova:
627,000 (1997)

Monaco:
31,027 (1995)

Mongolia:
104,100 (1999)

Montserrat:
4,000 (1997)

Morocco:
1.391 million (1998)

Mozambique:
65,354 (2000)

Namibia:
100,848 (1997)

Nauru:
2,000 (1996)

Nepal:
236,816 (January 2000)

Netherlands:
9,132,400 (1999)

Netherlands Antilles:
76,000 (1995)

New Caledonia:
47,000 (1997)

New Zealand:
1.84 million (1997)

Nicaragua:
140,000 (1996)

Niger:
16,000 (1997)

Nigeria:
500,000 (2000)

Niue:
376 (1991)

Norfolk Island:
1,087 (1983)

Northern Mariana Islands:
21,000 (1996)

Norway:
2.735 million (1998)

Oman:
201,000 (1997)

Pakistan:
2.861 million (March 1999)

Palau:
1,500 (1988)

Panama:
396,000 (1997)

Papua New Guinea:
47,000 (1996)

Paraguay:
290,475 (2001)

Peru:
1.509 million (1998)

Philippines:
1.9 million (1997)

Pitcairn Islands: 1 (there are 17 telephones on one party line) (1997)

Poland:
8.07 million (1998)

Portugal:
5.3 million (end 1998)

Puerto Rico:
1.322 million (1997)

Qatar:
142,000 (1997)

Reunion:
236,500 (1997)

Romania:
3.777 million (1997)

Russia:
30 million (1998)

Rwanda:
15,000 (1995)

Saint Helena:
2,000 (1997)

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
17,000 (1997)

Saint Lucia:
37,000 (1997)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
4,000 (1997)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
20,500 (1998)

Samoa:
8,000 (1997)

San Marino:
18,000 (1998)

Sao Tome and Principe:
3,000 (1997)

Saudi Arabia:
3.1 million (1998)

Senegal:
116,000 (1997)

Seychelles:
19,635 (1997)

Sierra Leone:
17,000 (1997)

Singapore:
1.928 million (November 2000)

Slovakia:
1,934,558 (1998)

Slovenia:
722,000 (1997)

Solomon Islands:
8,000 (1997)

Somalia:
NA

South Africa:
5.075 million (1999)

Spain:
17.336 million (1999)

Sri Lanka:
494,509 (1998)

Sudan:
400,000 (2000)

Suriname:
64,000 (1997)

Svalbard:
NA

Swaziland:
33,500 (2000)

Sweden:
6.017 million (December 1998)

Switzerland:
4.82 million (1998)

Syria:
1.313 million (1997)

Tajikistan:
363,000 (1997)

Tanzania:
127,000 (1998)

Thailand:
5.4 million (1998)

Togo:
25,000 (1997)

Tokelau:
NA

Tonga:
8,000 (1996)

Trinidad and Tobago:
243,000 (1997)

Tunisia:
654,000 (1997)

Turkey:
19.5 million (1999)

Turkmenistan:
363,000 (1997)

Turks and Caicos Islands:
3,000 (1994)

Tuvalu:
1,000 (1997)

Uganda:
50,074; however, 80,868 main lines were installed (1998)

Ukraine:
9.45 million (April 1999)

United Arab Emirates:
915,223 (1998)

United Kingdom:
34.878 million (1997)

United States:
194 million (1997)

Uruguay:
850,000 (2000)

Uzbekistan:
1.98 million (1999)

Vanuatu:
4,000 (1996)

Venezuela:
2,600,000.00; however, 3,500,000 were installed (1998)

Vietnam:
2.6 million (2000)

Virgin Islands:
62,000 (1997)

Wallis and Futuna:
1,125 (1994)

West Bank:
95,729 (total for West Bank and Gaza Strip) (1997)

Western Sahara:
about 2,000 (1999 est.)

World:
NA

Yemen:
291,359 (1999)

Yugoslavia:
2.017 million (1995)

Zambia:
77,935 (in addition there are about 40,000 fixed telephones
in wireless local loop connections) (1997)

Zimbabwe:
212,000 (in addition there are about 20,000 fixed
telephones in wireless local loop connections) (1997)

Taiwan:
12.49 million (September 2000)

@Telephones - mobile cellular

Afghanistan:
NA

Albania:
3,100 (1999)

Algeria:
33,500 (1999)

American Samoa:
2,550 (1997)

Andorra:
14,117 (December 1998)

Angola:
7,052 (1997)

Anguilla:
NA

Antarctica:
NA

Antigua and Barbuda:
1,300 (1996)

Argentina:
3 million (December 1999)

Armenia:
6,220 (1997)

Aruba:
3,402 (1997)

Australia:
6.4 million (1998)

Austria:
4.5 million (2000)

Azerbaijan:
40,000 (1997)

Bahamas, The:
6,152 (1997)

Bahrain:
58,543 (1997)

Bangladesh:
283,000 (2000)

Barbados:
8,013 (1997)

Belarus:
8,167 (1997)

Belgium:
974,494 (1997)

Belize:
3,023 (1997)

Benin:
4,295 (1997)

Bermuda:
7,980 (1996)

Bhutan:
NA

Bolivia:
116,000 (1997)

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
9,000 (1997)

Botswana:
NA

Brazil:
4.4 million (1997)

British Virgin Islands:
NA

Brunei:
43,524 (1996)

Bulgaria:
596,000 (2000)

Burkina Faso:
1,503 (1997)

Burma:
8,492 (1997)

Burundi:
619 (1997)

Cambodia:
80,000 (2000)

Cameroon:
4,200 (1997)

Canada:
4.207 million (1997)

Cape Verde:
19,729 (1997)

Cayman Islands:
2,534 (1995)

Central African Republic:
570 (1997)

Chad:
NA

Chile:
944,225 (1998)

China:
65 million (January 2001)

Christmas Island:
0 (1999)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
0 (1999)

Colombia:
1,800,229 (December 1998)

Comoros:
NA

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
8,900 (1997)

Congo, Republic of the:
1,000 (1996)

Cook Islands:
0 (1994)

Costa Rica:
143,000 (2000)

Cote d'Ivoire:
322,500 (May 2000)

Croatia:
187,000 (yearend 1998)

Cuba:
2,994 (1997)

Cyprus:
Greek Cypriot area: 68,000 (1998); Turkish Cypriot area:
70,000 (1999)

Czech Republic:
4.346 million (2000)

Denmark:
1,444,016 (1997)

Djibouti:
203 (1997)

Dominica:
461 (1996)

Dominican Republic:
130,149 (1997)

Ecuador:
160,061 (1997)

Egypt:
380,000 (1999)

El Salvador:
40,163 (1997)

Equatorial Guinea:
NA

Eritrea:
NA

Estonia:
475,000 (yearend 2000)

Ethiopia:
4,000 (1999)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
NA

Faroe Islands:
10,761 (1999)

Fiji:
5,200 (1997)

Finland:
2,162,574 (1997)

France:
11.078 million (yearend 1998)

French Guiana:
NA

French Polynesia:
5,427 (1997)

Gabon:
9,500 (1997)

Gambia, The:
5,624 (2000)

Gaza Strip:
NA

Georgia:
30,000 (1997)

Germany:
15.318 million (April 1999)

Ghana:
30,000 (yearend 1998)

Gibraltar:
1,620 (1997)

Greece:
937,700 (1997)

Greenland:
12,676 (end 1999)

Grenada:
976 (1997)

Guadeloupe:
NA

Guam:
55,000 (1998)

Guatemala:
663,296 (September 2000)

Guernsey:
12,000 (1997)

Guinea:
2,868 (1997)

Guinea-Bissau:
NA

Guyana:
6,100 (2000)

Haiti:
0 (1995)

Holy See (Vatican City):
NA

Honduras:
14,427 (1997)

Hong Kong:
3.7 million (December 1999)

Hungary:
1.269 million (July 1999)

Iceland:
65,746 (1997)

India:
2.93 million (November 2000)

Indonesia:
1.07 million (1998)

Iran:
265,000 (August 1998)

Iraq:
NA; service available in northern Iraq (2001)

Ireland:
2 million (2001)

Israel:
2.5 million (1999)

Italy:
20.5 million (1999)

Jamaica:
54,640 (1996)

Japan:
63.88 million (2000)

Jersey:
4,400 (1997)

Jordan:
11,500 (1995)

Kazakhstan:
11,202 (1997)

Kenya:
5,345 (1997)

Kiribati:
NA

Korea, North:
NA

Korea, South:
27 million (June 2000)

Kuwait:
210,000 (1997)

Kyrgyzstan:
NA

Laos:
4,915 (1997)

Latvia:
77,100 (1997)

Lebanon:
580,000 (1999)

Lesotho:
1,262 (1996)

Liberia:
0 (1995)

Libya:
NA

Liechtenstein:
NA

Lithuania:
297,500 (November 1998)

Luxembourg:
215,741 (2000)

Macau:
120,957 (2000)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of:
12,362 (1997)

Madagascar:
4,000 (1997)

Malawi:
7,000 (1997)

Malaysia:
2.698 million (1999)

Maldives:
1,290 (1997)

Mali:
2,842 (1997)

Malta:
17,691 (1997)

Man, Isle of:
NA

Marshall Islands:
365 (1996)

Martinique:
15,000 (1997)

Mauritania:
NA

Mauritius:
37,000 (1997)

Mayotte:
0 (2000)

Mexico:
2.02 million (1998)

Micronesia, Federated States of:
NA

Moldova:
2,200 (1997)

Monaco:
NA

Mongolia:
110,000 (2001)

Montserrat:
70 (1994)

Morocco:
116,645 (1998)

Mozambique:
18,500 (2000)

Namibia:
NA

Nauru:
450 (1994)

Nepal:
NA

Netherlands:
4,081,891 (April 1999)

Netherlands Antilles:
13,977 (1996)

New Caledonia:
13,040 (1998)

New Zealand:
588,000 (1998)

Nicaragua:
7,911 (1997)

Niger:
13,000 (1995)

Nigeria:
26,700 (1997)

Niue:
0 (1991)

Norfolk Island:
0 (1983)

Northern Mariana Islands:
1,200 (1995)

Norway:
2,080,408 (1998)

Oman:
59,822 (1997)

Pakistan:
158,000 (1998)

Palau:
0 (1988)

Panama:
17,000 (1997)

Papua New Guinea:
3,053 (1996)

Paraguay:
510,000 (2001)

Peru:
504,995 (1998)

Philippines:
1.959 million (1998)

Poland:
1.78 million (1998)

Portugal:
3,074,194 (1999)

Puerto Rico:
169,265 (1996)

Qatar:
43,476 (1997)

Reunion:
85,000 (1999)

Romania:
645,500 (1999)

Russia:
2.5 million (October 2000)

Rwanda:
NA

note: however, Rwanda has mobile cellular service between Kigali
and several prefecture capitals (2000)

Saint Helena:
0 (1997)

Saint Kitts and Nevis:
205 (1997)

Saint Lucia:
1,600 (1997)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon:
0 (1994)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
NA

Samoa:
1,545 (February 1998)

San Marino:
3,010 (1998)

Sao Tome and Principe:
6,942 (1997)

Saudi Arabia:
1 million

note: in 1998, the government contracted for the installation of 575,000 additional Group Speciale Mobile (GSM) cellular telephone lines over 15 months to raise the total number of subscribers to more than one million; Riyadh planned to further expand the GSM system in 1999 by adding an additional one million lines (1998)

Senegal:
1,149 (1996)

Seychelles:
16,316 (1999)

Sierra Leone:
650 (1999)

Singapore:
2.333 million (November 2000)

Slovakia:
736,662 (April 1999)

Slovenia:
1 million (2000)

Solomon Islands:
658 (1997)

Somalia:
NA

South Africa:
over 2,000,000 (1999)

Spain:
8.394 million (1999)

Sri Lanka:
228,604 (1999)

Sudan:
20,000 (2000)

Suriname:
4,090 (1997)

Svalbard:
NA

Swaziland:
30,000 (2000)

Sweden:
3.835 million (October 1998)

Switzerland:
1.967 million (1999)

Syria:
NA

Tajikistan:
2,500 (1997)

Tanzania:
30,000 (1999)

Thailand:
2.3 million (1998)

Togo:
2,995 (1997)

Tokelau:
0 (2001)

Tonga:
302 (1996)

Trinidad and Tobago:
17,411 (1997)

Tunisia:
50,000 (1998)

Turkey:
12.1 million (1999)

Turkmenistan:
4,300 (1998)

Turks and Caicos Islands:
0 (1994)

Tuvalu:
0 (1994)

Uganda:
9,000 (1998)

Ukraine:
236,000 (1998)

United Arab Emirates:
1 million (1999)

United Kingdom:
13 million (yearend 1998)

United States:
69.209 million (1998)

Uruguay:
300,000 (2000)

Uzbekistan:
26,000 (1998)

Vanuatu:
154 (1996)

Venezuela:
2 million (1998)

Vietnam:
730,155 (2000)

Virgin Islands:
2,000 (1992)

Wallis and Futuna:
0 (1994)

West Bank:
NA

Western Sahara:
0 (1999)

World:
NA

Yemen:
32,042 (2000)

Yugoslavia:
87,000 (1997)

Zambia:
6,000 (1998)

Zimbabwe:
70,000 (1999)

Taiwan:
16 million (September 2000)

@Television broadcast stations

Afghanistan:
at least 10 (one government run central television
station in Kabul and regional stations in nine of the 30 provinces;
the regional stations operate on a reduced schedule; also, in 1997,
there was a station in Mazar-e Sharif reaching four northern
Afghanistan provinces) (1998)

Albania:
9 (plus 264 repeaters) (1995)

Algeria:
46 (plus 216 repeaters) (1995)

American Samoa:
1 (1997)

Andorra:
0 (1997)

Angola:
7 (1999)

Anguilla:
1 (1997)

Antarctica:
1 (the US Navy Antarctic Support Group operates a cable
system with six channels for the American Forces Antarctic
Network-McMurdo)

note: information for US bases only (2000)

Antigua and Barbuda:
2 (1997)

Argentina:
42 (plus 444 repeaters) (1997)

Armenia:
4 (1998)

Aruba:
1 (1997)

Australia:
104 (1997)

Austria:
45 (plus 960 repeaters) (1995)

Azerbaijan:
2 (1997)

Bahamas, The:
1 (1997)

Bahrain:
4 (1997)

Bangladesh:
15 (1999)

Barbados:
1 (plus two cable channels) (1997)

Belarus:
47 (plus 27 repeaters) (1995)

Belgium:
25 (plus 10 repeaters) (1997)

Belize:
2 (1997)

Benin:
2 (one privately-owned) (1997)

Bermuda:
3 (1997)

Bhutan:
0 (1997)

Bolivia:
48 (1997)

Bosnia and Herzegovina:
33 (plus 277 repeaters) (September 1995)

Botswana:
0 (1997)

Brazil:
138 (1997)

British Indian Ocean Territory:
1 (1997)

British Virgin Islands:
1 (plus one cable company) (1997)

Brunei:
2 (1997)

Bulgaria:
96 (plus 1,030 repeaters) (1995)

Burkina Faso:
1 (1997)

Burma:
2 (1998)

Burundi:
1 (1999)

Cambodia:
5 (1999)

Cameroon:
1 (1998)

Canada:
80 (plus many repeaters) (1997)

Cape Verde:
1 (1997)

Cayman Islands:
NA

Central African Republic:
NA

Chad:
1 (1997)

Chile:
63 (plus 121 repeaters) (1997)

China:
3,240 (of which 209 are operated by China Central Television,
31 are provincial TV stations and nearly 3,000 are local city
stations) (1997)

Christmas Island:
NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands:
0 (1997)

Colombia:
60 (includes seven low-power stations) (1997)

Comoros:
0 (1998)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the:
20 (1999)

Congo, Republic of the:
1 (1999)

Cook Islands:
2 (plus eight low-power repeaters) (1997)

Costa Rica:
6 (plus 11 repeaters) (1997)

Cote d'Ivoire:
14 (1999)

Croatia:
36 (plus 321 repeaters) (September 1995)

Cuba:
58 (1997)

Cyprus:
Greek Cypriot area: 4 (plus 225 low-power repeaters)
(September 1995); Turkish Cypriot area: 4 (plus 5 repeaters)
(September 1995)

Czech Republic:
150 (plus 1,434 repeaters) (2000)

Denmark:
26 (plus 51 repeaters) (1998)

Djibouti:
1 (plus 5 low-power repeaters) (1998)

Dominica:
0 (however, there is one cable television company) (1997)

Dominican Republic:
25 (1997)

Ecuador:
15 (including one station on the Galapagos Islands) (1997)

Egypt:
98 (September 1995)

El Salvador:
5 (1997)

Equatorial Guinea:
1 (1997)

Eritrea:
1 (2000)

Estonia:
31 (plus five repeaters) (September 1995)

Ethiopia:
25 (1999)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas):
2 (operated by the British Forces
Broadcasting Service) (1997)

Faroe Islands:
3 (plus 43 low-power repeaters) (September 1995)

Fiji:
NA

Finland:
130 (plus 385 repeaters) (1995)

France:
584 (plus 9,676 repeaters) (1995)