***the World Factbook 1994 (part 7)

Population:
4,314,604 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.39% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
13.32 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
10.44 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
1.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
6.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
77.38 years
male:
74.02 years
female:
80.94 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.81 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Norwegian(s)
adjective:
Norwegian
Ethnic divisions:
Germanic (Nordic, Alpine, Baltic), Lapps (Sami) 20,000
Religions:
Evangelical Lutheran 87.8% (state church), other Protestant and Roman
Catholic 3.8%, none 3.2%, unknown 5.2% (1980)
Languages:
Norwegian (official)
note:
small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1976 est.)
total population:
99%
male:
NA%
female:
NA%
Labor force:
2.004 million (1992)
by occupation:
services 39.1%, commerce 17.6%, mining, oil, and manufacturing 16.0%,
banking and financial services 7.6%, transportation and communications
7.8%, construction 6.1%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.5%
(1989)

@Norway, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
Kingdom of Norway
conventional short form:
Norway
local long form:
Kongeriket Norge
local short form:
Norge
Digraph:
NO
Type:
constitutional monarchy
Capital:
Oslo
Administrative divisions:
19 provinces (fylker, singular - fylke); Akershus, Aust-Agder,
Buskerud, Finnmark, Hedmark, Hordaland, More og Romsdal, Nordland,
Nord-Trondelag, Oppland, Oslo, Ostfold, Rogaland, Sogn og Fjordane,
Sor-Trondelag, Telemark, Troms, Vest-Agder, Vestfold
Dependent areas:
Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard
Independence:
26 October 1905 (from Sweden)
National holiday:
Constitution Day, 17 May (1814)
Constitution:
17 May 1814, modified in 1884
Legal system:
mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law traditions;
Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature when asked;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991); Heir Apparent Crown Prince
HAAKON MAGNUS (born 20 July 1973)
head of government:
Prime Minister Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND (since 3 November 1990)
cabinet:
State Council; appointed by the king in accordance with the will of
the Storting
Legislative branch:
unicameral Parliament (Storting)
Storting:
elections last held on 13 September 1993 (next to be held September
1997); results - Labor 37.1%, Center Party 18.5%, Conservatives 15.6%,
Christian Peoples' 8.4%, Socialist Left 7.9%, Progress 6%, Left Party
3.6%, Red Electoral Alliance 1.2%; seats - (165 total) Labor 67,
Center Party 32, Consevatives 18, Christian Peoples' 13, Socialist
Left 13, Progress 10, Left Party 1, Red Electoral Alliance 1,
unawarded 10
Lagting:
Storting elects one-fourth of its member to upper house
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (Hoyesterett)
Political parties and leaders:
Labor Party, Thorbjorn JAGLUND; Conservative Party, Jan PETERSEN;
Center Party, Anne ENGER LAHNSTEIN; Christian People's Party, Kjell
Magne BONDEVIK; Socialist Left, Eric SOLHEIM; Norwegian Communist,
Ingre IVERSEN; Progress Party, Carl I. HAGEN; Liberal, Odd Einar
DORUM; Finnmark List, leader NA; Left Party; Red Electoral Alliance
Member of:
AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE,
EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,
IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,
IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NC, NEA, NIB,
NSG, OECD, ONUSAL, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,
UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WEU
(associate), WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Kjeld VIBE
chancery:
2720 34th Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
(202) 333-6000
FAX:
(202) 337-0870
consulate(s) general:
Houston, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New York, and San Francisco
consulate(s):
Miami
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Thomas A. LOFTUS
embassy:
Drammensveien 18, 0244 Oslo 2
mailing address:
PSC 69, Box 1000, APO AE 09707
telephone:
22-44-85-50
FAX:
22-43-07-77
Flag:
red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of
the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side
in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

@Norway, Economy

Overview:
Norway has a mixed economy involving a combination of free market
activity and government intervention. The government controls key
areas, such as the vital petroleum sector (through large-scale state
enterprises) and extensively subsidizes agriculture, fishing, and
areas with sparse resources. Norway also maintains an extensive
welfare system that helps propel public sector expenditures to
slightly more than 50% of the GDP and results in one of the highest
average tax burdens in the world (54%). A small country with a high
dependence on international trade, Norway is basically an exporter of
raw materials and semiprocessed goods, with an abundance of small- and
medium-sized firms, and is ranked among the major shipping nations.
The country is richly endowed with natural resources - petroleum,
hydropower, fish, forests, and minerals - and is highly dependent on
its oil sector to keep its economy afloat. Although one of the
government's main priorities is to reduce this dependency, this
situation is not likely to improve for years to come. The government
also hopes to reduce unemployment and strengthen and diversify the
economy through tax reform and a series of expansionary budgets. The
budget deficit is expected to hit a record 8% of GDP because of
welfare spending and bail-outs of the banking system. Unemployment
continues at record levels of over 10% - including those in job
programs - because of the weakness of the economy outside the oil
sector. Economic growth was only 1.6% in 1993, while inflation was a
moderate 2.3%. Oslo, a member of the European Free Trade Area, has
applied for membership in the European Union and continues to
deregulate and harmonize with EU regulations. Membership is expected
in early 1995.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $89.5 billion (1993)
National product real growth rate:
1.6% (1993)
National product per capita:
$20,800 (1993)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.3% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
5.5% (excluding people in job-training programs; 1993 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
$45.3 billion
expenditures:
$51.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1993)
Exports:
$32.1 billion (f.o.b., 1993)
commodities:
petroleum and petroleum products 40%, metals and products 10.6%, fish
and fish products 6.9%, chemicals 6.4%, natural gas 6.0%, ships 5.4%
partners:
EC 66.3%, Nordic countries 16.3%, developing countries 8.4%, US 6.0%,
Japan 1.8% (1993)
Imports:
$24.8 billion (c.i.f., 1993)
commodities:
machinery and equipment 38.9%, chemicals and other industrial inputs
26.6%, manufactured consumer goods 17.8%, foodstuffs 6.4%
partners:
EC 48.6%, Nordic countries 25.1%, developing countries 9.6%, US 8.1%,
Japan 8.0% (1993)
External debt:
$6.5 billion (1992 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate 6.2% (1992); accounts for 14% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
26,900,000 kW
production:
111 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
25,850 kWh (1992)
Industries:
petroleum and gas, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and paper
products, metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles, fishing
Agriculture:
accounts for 3% of GDP and about 6% of labor force; among world's top
10 fishing nations; livestock output exceeds value of crops; over half
of food needs imported; fish catch of 1.76 million metric tons in 1989
Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for drugs shipped via the CIS and Baltic states
for the European market
Economic aid:
donor:
ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion
Currency:
1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 oere
Exchange rates:
Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1 - 7.4840 (January 1994), 7.0941
(1993), 6.2145 (1992), 6.4829 (1991), 6.2597 (1990), 6.9045 (1989)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

@Norway, Communications

Railroads:
4,223 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; Norwegian State Railways (NSB)
operates 4,219 km (2,450 km electrified and 96 km double track); 4 km
other
Highways:
total:
88,800 km
paved:
38,580 km
unpaved:
gravel, crushed stone, earth 50,220 km
Inland waterways:
1,577 km along west coast; 2.4 m draft vessels maximum
Pipelines:
refined products 53 km
Ports:
Oslo, Bergen, Fredrikstad, Kristiansand, Stavanger, Trondheim
Merchant marine:
764 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,793,968 GRT/35,409,472 DWT,
bulk 159, cargo 92, chemical tanker 85, combination bulk 8,
combination ore/oil 28, container 17, liquefied gas 81, oil tanker
162, passenger 13, passenger-cargo 2, railcar carrier 1, refrigerated
cargo 13, roll-on/roll-off cargo 54, short-sea passenger 21, vehicle
carrier 28
note:
the government has created a captive register, the Norwegian
International Ship Register (NIS), as a subset of the Norwegian
register; ships on the NIS enjoy many benefits of flags of convenience
and do not have to be crewed by Norwegians; the majority of ships
(761) under the Norwegian flag are now registered with the NIS
Airports:
total:
103
usable:
102
with permanent-surface runways:
65
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
13
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
15
Telecommunications:
high-quality domestic and international telephone, telegraph, and
telex services; 2 buried coaxial cable systems; 3,102,000 telephones;
broadcast stations - 46 AM, 350 private and 143 government FM, 54
(2,100 repeaters) TV; 4 coaxial submarine cables; 3 communications
satellite earth stations operating in the EUTELSAT, INTELSAT (1
Atlantic Ocean), MARISAT, and domestic systems

@Norway, Defense Forces

Branches:
Norwegian Army, Royal Norwegian Navy, Royal Norwegian Air Force, Home
Guard
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 1,119,405; fit for military service 932,438; reach
military age (20) annually 30,557 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $3.1 billion, 3.2% of GDP (1993)

@Oman, Geography

Location:
Middle East, along the Arabian Sea, between Yemen and the United Arab
Emirates
Map references:
Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
212,460 sq km
land area:
212,460 sq km
comparative area:
slightly smaller than Kansas
Land boundaries:
total 1,374 km, Saudi Arabia 676 km, UAE 410 km, Yemen 288 km
Coastline:
2,092 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
24 nm
continental shelf:
to be defined
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
no defined boundary with most of UAE; Administrative Line with UAE in
far north; a treaty with Yemen defining the Omani-Yemeni boundary was
ratified in December 1992
Climate:
dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong
southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south
Terrain:
vast central desert plain, rugged mountains in north and south
Natural resources:
petroleum, copper, asbestos, some marble, limestone, chromium, gypsum,
natural gas
Land use:
arable land:
less than 2%
permanent crops:
0%
meadows and pastures:
5%
forest and woodland:
0%
other:
93%
Irrigated land:
410 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
rising soil salinity; beach pollution from oil spills; sparse natural
freshwater resources
natural hazards:
summer winds often raise large sandstorms and dust storms in interior
international agreements:
party to - Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ship Pollution, Whaling;
signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change
Note:
strategic location with small foothold on Musandam Peninsula
controlling Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude
oil

@Oman, People

Population:
1,701,470 (July 1994 est.)
note:
Oman's first census was concluded in December 1993; preliminary
figures give a population of 2,000,000, of whom about 500,000 are
expatriate workers; final evaluative figures are not yet available
Population growth rate:
3.46% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
40.38 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
5.77 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
36.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
67.79 years
male:
65.9 years
female:
69.77 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
6.53 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Omani(s)
adjective:
Omani
Ethnic divisions:
Arab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan,
Bangladeshi)
Religions:
Ibadhi Muslim 75%, Sunni Muslim, Shi'a Muslim, Hindu
Languages:
Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects
Literacy:
total population:
NA%
male:
NA%
female:
NA%
Labor force:
430,000 (est.)
by occupation:
agriculture 40% (est.)

@Oman, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
Sultanate of Oman
conventional short form:
Oman
local long form:
Saltanat Uman
local short form:
Uman
Digraph:
MU
Type:
monarchy
Capital:
Muscat
Administrative divisions:
there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US
Government, but there are 3 governorates (muhafazah, singular -
muhafazat); Masqat, Musandam, Zufar
Independence:
1650 (expulsion of the Portuguese)
National holiday:
National Day, 18 November (1940)
Constitution:
none
Legal system:
based on English common law and Islamic law; ultimate appeal to the
sultan; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
none
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government:
Sultan and Prime Minister QABOOS bin Said Al Said (since 23 July 1970)
cabinet:
Cabinet
Legislative branch:
unicameral Consultative Council
Judicial branch:
none; traditional Islamic judges and a nascent civil court system
Political parties and leaders:
none
Other political or pressure groups:
NA
Member of:
ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO
(correspondent), ITU, NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador-designate Ahmad bin Muhammad al-RASBI
chancery:
2342 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
(202) 387-1980 through 1982
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador David J. DUNFORD
embassy:
address NA, Muscat
mailing address:
P. O. Box 202 Code No. 115, Muscat
telephone:
698-989
FAX:
604-316
Flag:
three horizontal bands of white (top, double width), red, and green
(double width) with a broad, vertical, red band on the hoist side; the
national emblem (a khanjar dagger in its sheath superimposed on two
crossed swords in scabbards) in white is centered at the top of the
vertical band

@Oman, Economy

Overview:
Economic performance is closely tied to the fortunes of the oil
industry, including trends in international oil prices and the ability
of OPEC producers to agree on output quotas. Petroleum accounts for
more than 85% of export earnings, about 80% of government revenues,
and roughly 40% of GDP. Oman has proved oil reserves of 4 billion
barrels, equivalent to about 20 years' supply at the current rate of
extraction. Agriculture is carried on at a subsistence level and the
general population depends on imported food. The government is
encouraging private investment, both domestic and foreign, as a prime
force for further economic development.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $16.4 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
6.1% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
$10,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues:
$4.4 billion
expenditures:
$5.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $1 billion (1994 est.)
Exports:
$5 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
petroleum 87%, re-exports, fish, processed copper, textiles
partners:
UAE 30%, Japan 27%, South Korea 10%, Singapore 5% (1991)
Imports:
$3.7 billion (f.o.b, 1993 est.)
commodities:
machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food,
livestock, lubricants
partners:
Japan 20%, UAE 14%, UK 19%, US 7% (1991)
External debt:
$3 billion (1993)
Industrial production:
growth rate 8.6% (1991); accounts for almost 60% of GDP, including
petroleum
Electricity:
capacity:
1,142,400 kW
production:
5.1 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
3,200 kWh (1992)
Industries:
crude oil production and refining, natural gas production,
construction, cement, copper
Agriculture:
accounts for 4% of GDP and 40% of the labor force (including fishing);
less than 2% of land cultivated; largely subsistence farming (dates,
limes, bananas, alfalfa, vegetables, camels, cattle); not
self-sufficient in food; annual fish catch averages 100,000 metric
tons
Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $137 million; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $148
million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $797 million
Currency:
1 Omani rial (RO) = 1,000 baiza
Exchange rates:
Omani rials (RO) per US$1 - 0.3845 (fixed rate since 1986)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

@Oman, Communications

Highways:
total:
26,000 km
paved:
6,000 km
unpaved:
motorable track 20,000 km
Pipelines:
crude oil 1,300 km; natural gas 1,030 km
Ports:
Mina' Qabus, Mina' Raysut, Mina' al Fahl
Merchant marine:
1 passenger ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,442 GRT/1,320 DWT
Airports:
total:
138
usable:
130
with permanent-surface runways:
6
with runways over 3,659 m:
1
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
9
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
74
Telecommunications:
modern system consisting of open-wire, microwave, and radio
communications stations; limited coaxial cable; 50,000 telephones;
broadcast stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 7 TV; satellite earth stations - 2
Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, and 8 domestic

@Oman, Defense Forces

Branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force, Royal Oman Police
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 382,793; fit for military service 217,755; reach
military age (14) annually 22,118 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $1.6 billion, 16% of GDP (1993 est.)

@Pacific Islands (Palau), Trust Territory of the

Header
Affiliation:
(UN trusteeship administered by the US)

@Pacific Islands (Palau), Trust Territory of the, Geography

Location:
Oceania, Micronesia, in the North Pacific Ocean, 850 km southeast of
the Philippines
Map references:
Oceania
Area:
total area:
458 sq km
land area:
458 sq km
comparative area:
slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
0 km
Coastline:
1,519 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
24 nm
continental shelf:
200-m depth or to depth of exploitation
exclusive fishing zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
none
Climate:
wet season May to November; hot and humid
Terrain:
about 200 islands varying geologically from the high, mountainous main
island of Babelthuap to low, coral islands usually fringed by large
barrier reefs
Natural resources:
forests, minerals (especially gold), marine products, deep-seabed
minerals
Land use:
arable land:
NA%
permanent crops:
NA%
meadows and pastures:
NA%
forest and woodland:
NA%
other:
NA%
Irrigated land:
NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
NA
natural hazards:
subject to typhoons (June to December)
international agreements:
NA
Note:
includes World War II battleground of Peleliu and world-famous rock
islands; archipelago of six island groups totaling over 200 islands in
the Caroline chain

@Pacific Islands (Palau), Trust Territory of the, People

Population:
16,366 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
1.81% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
22.54 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
6.61 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
2.12 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
25.07 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
71.01 years
male:
69.14 years
female:
73.02 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
2.91 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Palauan(s)
adjective:
Palauan
Ethnic divisions:
Palauans are a composite of Polynesian, Malayan, and Melanesian races
Religions:
Christian (Catholics, Seventh-Day Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses, the
Assembly of God, the Liebenzell Mission, and Latter-Day Saints),
Modekngei religion (one-third of the population observes this religion
which is indigenous to Palau)
Languages:
English (official in all of Palau's 16 states), Sonsorolese (official
in the state of Sonsoral), Angaur and Japanese (in the state of
Anguar), Tobi (in the state of Tobi), Palauan (in the other 13 states)
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1980)
total population:
92%
male:
93%
female:
91%
Labor force:
NA
by occupation:
NA

@Pacific Islands (Palau), Trust Territory of the, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
conventional short form:
none
note:
may change to Republic of Palau after independence; the native form of
Palau is Belau and is sometimes used incorrectly in English and other
languages
Digraph:
PS
Type:
UN trusteeship administered by the US
note:
constitutional government signed a Compact of Free Association with
the US on 10 January 1986, which was never approved in a series of
UN-observed plebiscites; until the UN trusteeship is terminated with
entry into force of the Compact, Palau remains under US administration
as the Palau District of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands;
administrative authority resides in the Department of the Interior and
is exercised by the Assistant Secretary for Territorial and
International Affairs through the Palau Office, Trust Territory of the
Pacific Islands, J. Victor HOBSON Jr., Director (since 16 December
1990)
Capital:
Koror
note:
a new capital is being built about 20 km northeast in eastern
Babelthuap
Administrative divisions:
there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US
Government, but there are 16 states: Aimeliik, Airai, Angaur,
Kayangel, Koror, Melekeok, Ngaraard, Ngardmau, Ngaremlengui, Ngatpang,
Ngchesar, Ngerchelong, Ngiwal, Peleliu, Sonsorol, Tobi
Independence:
the last polity remaining under the US-administered UN trusteeship
following the departure of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the
Federated States of Micronesia, and the Commonwealth of the Northern
Marianas from the trusteeship; administered by the Office of
Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of Interior
National holiday:
Constitution Day, 9 July (1979)
Constitution:
1 January 1981
Legal system:
based on Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal,
common, and customary laws
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government:
President Kuniwo NAKAMURA (since 1 January 1993), Vice-President Tommy
E. REMENGESAU Jr. (since 1 January 1993); election last held on 4
November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - Kuniwo
NAKAMURA 50.7%, Johnson TORIBIONG 49.3%
Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament (Olbiil Era Kelulau or OEK)
Senate:
elections last held 4 November 1992 (next to be held NA November
1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (14 total);
number of seats by party NA
House of Delegates:
elections last held 4 November 1992 (next to be held NA November
1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (16 total);
number of seats by party NA
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court, National Court, Court of Common Pleas
Member of:
ESCAP (associate), SPC, SPF (observer)
Diplomatic representation in US:
trust territory of the UN administered by the US: Administrative
Officer Charles UONG, Palau Liaison Office, 444 North Capitol Street
NW, Suite 308, Washington, DC 20001
US diplomatic representation:
director:
US Liaison Officer Lloyd W. MOSS
liaison office:
US Liaison Office at Top Side, Neeriyas, Koror
mailing address:
P.O. Box 6028, Koror, PW 96940
telephone:
(680) 488-2920; (680) 488-2911
Flag:
light blue with a large yellow disk (representing the moon) shifted
slightly to the hoist side

@Pacific Islands (Palau), Trust Territory of the, Economy

Overview:
The economy consists primarily of subsistence agriculture and fishing.
Tourism provides some foreign exchange, although the remote location
of Palau and a shortage of suitable facilities has hindered
development. The government is the major employer of the work force,
relying heavily on financial assistance from the US.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $31.6 million (1986)
note:
GDP numbers reflect US spending
National product real growth rate:
NA%
National product per capita:
$2,260 (1986)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
NA%
Unemployment rate:
20% (1986)
Budget:
revenues:
$6 million
expenditures:
$NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1986 est.)
Exports:
$500,000 (f.o.b., 1986)
commodities:
trochus (type of shellfish), tuna, copra, handicrafts
partners:
US, Japan
Imports:
$27.2 million (c.i.f., 1986)
commodities:
NA
partners:
US
External debt:
about $100 million (1989)
Industrial production:
growth rate NA%
Electricity:
capacity:
16,000 kW
production:
22 million kWh
consumption per capita:
1,540 kWh (1990)
Industries:
tourism, craft items (shell, wood, pearl), some commercial fishing and
agriculture
Agriculture:
subsistence-level production of coconut, copra, cassava, sweet
potatoes
Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.56 billion; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $92
million
Currency:
1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
US currency is used
Fiscal year:
1 October - 30 September

@Pacific Islands (Palau), Trust Territory of the, Communications

Highways: total: 61 km paved: 36 km unpaved: gravel 25 km Ports: Koror Airports: total: 3 usable: 3 with permanent-surface runways: 1 with runways over 3,659 m: 0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 3 Telecommunications: broadcast stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station

@Pacific Islands (Palau), Trust Territory of the, Defense Forces

Note:
defense is the responsibility of the US and that will not change when
the UN trusteeship terminates if the Compact of Free Association with
the US goes into effect

@Pacific Ocean, Geography

Location:
body of water between the Western Hemisphere, Asia, and Australia
Map references:
Asia, North America, Oceania, South America, Standard Time Zones of
the World
Area:
total area:
165.384 million sq km
comparative area:
about 18 times the size of the US; the largest ocean (followed by the
Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean); covers about
one-third of the global surface; larger than the total land area of
the world
note:
includes Bali Sea, Bellingshausen Sea, Bering Sea, Bering Strait,
Coral Sea, East China Sea, Gulf of Alaska, Gulf of Tonkin, Java Sea,
Philippine Sea, Ross Sea, Savu Sea, Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk,
South China Sea, Tasman Sea, Timor Sea, and other tributary water
bodies
Coastline:
135,663 km
International disputes:
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Climate:
the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the
summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the
land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow
from the Asian land mass back to the ocean
Terrain:
surface currents in the northern Pacific are dominated by a clockwise,
warm-water gyre (broad circular system of currents) and in the
southern Pacific by a counterclockwise, cool-water gyre; in the
northern Pacific sea ice forms in the Bering Sea and Sea of Okhotsk in
winter; in the southern Pacific sea ice from Antarctica reaches its
northernmost extent in October; the ocean floor in the eastern Pacific
is dominated by the East Pacific Rise, while the western Pacific is
dissected by deep trenches, including the world's deepest, the 10,924
meter Marianas Trench
Natural resources:
oil and gas fields, polymetallic nodules, sand and gravel aggregates,
placer deposits, fish
Environment:
current issues:
endangered marine species include the dugong, sea lion, sea otter,
seals, turtles, and whales; oil pollution in Philippine Sea and South
China Sea
natural hazards:
surrounded by a zone of violent volcanic and earthquake activity
sometimes referred to as the Pacific Ring of Fire; subject to tropical
cyclones (typhoons) in southeast and east Asia from May to December
(most frequent from July to October); tropical cyclones (hurricanes)
may form south of Mexico and strike Central America and Mexico from
June to October (most common in August and September); southern
shipping lanes subject to icebergs from Antarctica; occasional El Nino
phenomenon occurs off the coast of Peru when the trade winds slacken
and the warm Equatorial Countercurrent moves south, killing the
plankton that is the primary food source for anchovies; consequently,
the anchovies move to better feeding grounds, causing resident marine
birds to starve by the thousands because of their lost food source
international agreements:
NA
Note:
the major choke points are the Bering Strait, Panama Canal, Luzon
Strait, and the Singapore Strait; the Equator divides the Pacific
Ocean into the North Pacific Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean; ships
subject to superstructure icing in extreme north from October to May
and in extreme south from May to October; persistent fog in the
northern Pacific from June to December is a hazard to shipping; dotted
with low coral islands and rugged volcanic islands in the southwestern
Pacific Ocean

@Pacific Ocean, Government

Digraph:
ZN

@Pacific Ocean, Economy

Overview:
The Pacific Ocean is a major contributor to the world economy and
particularly to those nations its waters directly touch. It provides
low-cost sea transportation between East and West, extensive fishing
grounds, offshore oil and gas fields, minerals, and sand and gravel
for the construction industry. In 1985 over half (54%) of the world's
fish catch came from the Pacific Ocean, which is the only ocean where
the fish catch has increased every year since 1978. Exploitation of
offshore oil and gas reserves is playing an ever-increasing role in
the energy supplies of Australia, NZ, China, US, and Peru. The high
cost of recovering offshore oil and gas, combined with the wide swings
in world prices for oil since 1985, has slowed but not stopped new
drillings.
Industries:
fishing, oil and gas production

@Pacific Ocean, Communications

Ports:
Bangkok (Thailand), Hong Kong, Los Angeles (US), Manila (Philippines),
Pusan (South Korea), San Francisco (US), Seattle (US), Shanghai
(China), Singapore, Sydney (Australia), Vladivostok (Russia),
Wellington (NZ), Yokohama (Japan)
Telecommunications:
several submarine cables with network nodal points on Guam and Hawaii

@Pakistan, Geography

Location:
Southern Asia, along the Arabian Sea, between India and Afghanistan
Map references:
Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
803,940 sq km
land area:
778,720 sq km
comparative area:
slightly less than twice the size of California
Land boundaries:
total 6,774 km, Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km, India 2,912 km,
Iran 909 km
Coastline:
1,046 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
24 nm
continental shelf:
200 nm or the edge of continental margin
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
status of Kashmir with India; border question with Afghanistan (Durand
Line); water-sharing problems (Wular Barrage) over the Indus with
upstream riparian India
Climate:
mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north
Terrain:
flat Indus plain in east; mountains in north and northwest;
Balochistan plateau in west
Natural resources:
land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality
coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone
Land use:
arable land:
26%
permanent crops:
0%
meadows and pastures:
6%
forest and woodland:
4%
other:
64%
Irrigated land:
162,200 sq km (1989)
Environment:
current issues:
water pollution from untreated sewage, industrial wastes, and
agricultural runoff; water scarcity; a majority of the population does
not have access to safe drinking water; deforestation; soil erosion;
desertification
natural hazards:
frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and
west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August)
international agreements:
party to - Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Nuclear
Test Ban, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation
Note:
controls Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass, traditional invasion routes
between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent

@Pakistan, People

Population:
128,855,965 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
2.86% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
42.22 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
12.38 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
-1.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
101.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
57.41 years
male:
56.79 years
female:
58.06 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
6.43 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Pakistani(s)
adjective:
Pakistani
Ethnic divisions:
Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir (immigrants from
India and their descendents)
Religions:
Muslim 97% (Sunni 77%, Shi'a 20%), Christian, Hindu, and other 3%
Languages:
Urdu (official), English (official; lingua franca of Pakistani elite
and most government ministries), Punjabi 64%, Sindhi 12%, Pashtu 8%,
Urdu 7%, Balochi and other 9%
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
35%
male:
47%
female:
21%
Labor force:
28.9 million
by occupation:
agriculture 54%, mining and manufacturing 13%, services 33%, extensive
export of labor (1987 est.)

@Pakistan, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
Islamic Republic of Pakistan
conventional short form:
Pakistan
former:
West Pakistan
Digraph:
PK
Type:
republic
Capital:
Islamabad
Administrative divisions:
4 provinces, 1 territory*, and 1 capital territory**; Balochistan,
Federally Administered Tribal Areas*, Islamabad Capital Territory**,
North-West Frontier, Punjab, Sindh
note:
the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir
region includes Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas
Independence:
14 August 1947 (from UK)
National holiday:
Pakistan Day, 23 March (1956) (proclamation of the republic)
Constitution:
10 April 1973, suspended 5 July 1977 restored with amendments, 30
December 1985
Legal system:
based on English common law with provisions to accommodate Pakistan's
stature as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
Suffrage:
21 years of age; universal; separate electorates and reserved
parliamentary seats for non-Muslims
Executive branch:
chief of state:
President Sardar Farooq LEGHARI election last held on 13 November 1993
(next to be held no later than 14 October 1998); results - LEGHARI was
elected by Parliament and the four provincial assemblies
head of government:
Prime Minister Benazir BHUTTO
cabinet:
Cabinet
Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament (Majlis-e-Shoora)
Senate:
elections last held NA March 1994 (next to be held NA March 1997);
results - seats (87 total) Pakistan People's Party (PPP) 22, Pakistan
Muslim League, Nawaz Sharif faction (PML/N) 17; Tribal Area
Representatives (nonparty) 8, Awami National Party (ANP) 6, Pakistan
Muslim League, Junejo faction (PML/J) 5, Jamhoori Watan Party (JWP) 5,
Mohajir Quami Movement, Altaf faction (MQM/A) 5, Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam,
Fazlur Rehman group (JUI/F) 2, Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party (PKMAP)
2, Jamaat-i-Islami (JI) 2, National People's Party (NPP) 2,
Balochistan National Movement, Hayee Group (BNM/H) 1, Balochistan
National Movement, Mengal Group (BNM/M) 1, Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan,
Niazi faction (JUP/NI) 1, Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan, Noorani faction
(JUP/NO) 1, Jamiat-al-Hadith (JAH) 1, Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam,
Sami-ul-Haq faction (JUI/S) 1, Pakistan Muslim League, Functional
Group (PML/F) 1, Pakistan National Party (PNP) 1, independents 2,
vacant 1
National Assembly:
elections last held 6 October 1993 (next to be held by October 1998);
results - seats (217 total); Pakistan People's Party (PPP) 92;
Pakistan Muslim League, Nawaz Sharif faction (PML/N) 75; Pakistan
Muslim League, Junejo faction (PML/J) 6; Islami-Jamhoori-Mahaz
(IJM-Islamic Democratic Front) 4; Awami National Party (ANP) 3;
Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party (PKMAP) 4; Pakistan Islamic Front (PIF)
3; Jamhoori Watan Party (JWP) 2; Mutaheda Deeni Mahaz (MDM) 2;
Balochistan National Movement, Hayee Group (BNM/H) 1; Balochistan
National Movement, Mengal Group (BNM/M) 1; National Democratic
Alliance (NDA) 1; National People's Party (NPP) 1; Pakhtun Quami Party
(PKQP) 1; Religious minorities 10 reserved seats; independents, 9;
results pending, 2
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court, Federal Islamic (Shari'at) Court
Political parties and leaders:
government:
Pakistan People's Party (PPP), Benazir BHUTTO; Pakistan Muslim League,
Junejo faction (PML/J), Hamid Nasir CHATTHA; National People's Party
(NPP), Ghulam Mustapha JATOI; Pakhtun Khwa Milli Awami Party (PKMAP),
Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI; Balochistan National Movement, Hayee Group
(BNM/H), Dr. HAYEE Baluch; National Democratic Alliance (NDA), Maulana
Kausar NIAZI; Pakhtun Quami Party (PKQP), Mohammed AFZAL Khan;
Jamhoori Watan Party (JWP), Akbar Khan BUGTI
opposition:
Pakistan Muslim League, Nawaz Sharif faction (PML/N), Nawaz SHARIF;
Awami National Party (ANP), Khan Abdul WALI KHAN; Pakistan Islamic
Front (PIF), Qazi Hussain AHMED; Balochistan National Movement, Mengal
Group (BNM/M), Sardar Akhtar MENGAL; Mohajir Quami Movement, Altaf
faction (MQM/A); Jamaat-i-Islami (JI); Jamiat-al-Hadith (JAH)
frequently shifting:
Mutaheda Deeni Mahaz (MDM), Maulana Sami-ul-HAQ, the MDM includes
Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan, Niazi faction (JUP/NI) and Anjuman
Sepah-i-Sahaba Pakistan (ASSP); Islami-Jamhoori-Mahaz (IJM-Islamic
Democratic Party), the IJM includes Jamiat Ulema-i-Islami, Fazlur
Rehman group (JUI/F); Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan, Noorani faction
(JUP/NO); Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam, Sami-ul-Haq faction (JUI/S); Pakistan
Muslim League, Functional Group (PML/F); Pakistan National Party (PNP)
note:
most Pakistani political groups are motivated primarily by opportunism
and political alliances can shift frequently
Other political or pressure groups:
military remains important political force; ulema (clergy),
landowners, industrialists, and small merchants also influential
Member of:
AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OAS
(observer), OIC, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM,
UNOSOM, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Maleeha LODHI
chancery:
2315 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
(202) 939-6205
FAX:
(202) 387-0484
consulate(s) general:
Los Angeles and New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador John MONJO
embassy:
Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5, Islamabad
mailing address:
P. O. Box 1048, PSC 1212, Box 2000, Unit 6220,Islamabad or APO AE
09812-2000
telephone:
(51) 826161 through 79
FAX:
(51) 214222
consulate(s) general:
Karachi, Lahore
consulate(s):
Peshawar
Flag:
green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of religious
minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star are
centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color green are
traditional symbols of Islam

@Pakistan, Economy

Overview:
Pakistan is a poor Third World country faced with the usual problems
of rapidly increasing population, sizable government deficits, and
heavy dependence on foreign aid. In addition, the economy must support
a large military establishment. Rapid economic growth, averaging 5%-6%
over the past decade has helped Pakistan cope with these problems.
However, growth slumped to 3% in FY93 because of severe flooding,
which damaged the key export crop, cotton. Almost all agriculture and
small-scale industry is in private hands. In 1990, Pakistan embarked
on a sweeping economic liberalization program to boost foreign and
domestic private investment and lower foreign aid dependence. The
SHARIF government denationalized several state-owned firms and
attracted some foreign investment. Pakistan likely will have
difficulty raising living standards because of its rapidly expanding
population. At the current rate of growth, population would double in
25 years.
National product:
GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $239 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
3% (FY93 est.)
National product per capita:
$1,900 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
12.7% (FY91)
Unemployment rate:
10% (FY91 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
$9.4 billion
expenditures:
$10.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $3.1 billion (1993
est.)
Exports:
$6.8 billion (f.o.b., FY92)
commodities:
cotton, textiles, clothing, rice, leather, carpets
partners:
US, Japan, Hong Kong, Germany, UK
Imports:
$9.1 billion (f.o.b., FY92)
commodities:
petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, transportation equipment,
vegetable oils, animal fats, chemicals
partners:
Japan, US, Germany, UK, Saudi Arabia
External debt:
$24 billion (1993 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate 7.3% (FY92); accounts for 23% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
10,000,000 kW
production:
43 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
350 kWh (1992)
Industries:
textiles, food processing, beverages, construction materials,
clothing, paper products, shrimp
Agriculture:
22% of GDP, over 50% of labor force; world's largest contiguous
irrigation system; major crops - cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane,
fruits, vegetables; livestock products - milk, beef, mutton, eggs;
self-sufficient in food grain
Illicit drugs:
major illicit producer of opium and hashish for the international drug
trade; despite some success in reducing cultivation, remains world's
fourth largest opium producer (140 metric tons in 1993)
Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.5 billion; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-89), $91
billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $2.3 billion; Communist
countries (1970-89), $3.2 billion
note:
including Bangladesh prior to 1972
Currency:
1 Pakistani rupee (PRe) = 100 paisa
Exchange rates:
Pakistani rupees (PRs) per US$1 - 30.214 (January 1994), 28.107
(1993), 25.083 (1992), 23.801 (1991), 21.707 (1990), 20.541 (1989)
Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June

@Pakistan, Communications

Railroads:
8,773 km total; 7,718 km broad gauge, 445 km 1-meter gauge, and 610 km
less than 1-meter gauge; 1,037 km broad-gauge double track; 286 km
electrified; all government owned (1985)
Highways:
total:
110,677 km
paved:
58,677 km
unpaved:
gravel 23,000 km; improved earth 29,000 km (1988)
Pipelines:
crude oil 250 km; petroleum products 885 km; natural gas 4,044 km
(1987)
Ports:
Gwadar, Karachi, Port Muhammad bin Qasim
Merchant marine:
30 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 352,189 GRT/532,782 DWT, bulk 1,
cargo 25, oil tanker 1, passenger-cargo 3
Airports:
total:
110
usable:
104
with permanent-surface runways:
75
with runways over 3,659 m:
1
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
30
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
43
Telecommunications:
the domestic telephone system is poor, adequate only for government
and business use; about 7 telephones per 1,000 persons; the system for
international traffic is better and employs both microwave radio relay
and satellites; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
and 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; broadcast stations - 19 AM, 8 FM, 29 TV

@Pakistan, Defense Forces

Branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force, Civil Armed Forces, National Guard,
paramilitary/security forces
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 29,548,746; fit for military service 18,134,013; reach
military age (17) annually 1,391,258 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $3.0 billion, 5.7% of GNP (FY93/94)

@Palmyra Atoll

Header Affiliation: (territory of the US)

@Palmyra Atoll, Geography

Location: Oceania, Polynesia, in the North Pacific Ocean, 1,600 km south-southwest of Honolulu, almost halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa Map references: Oceania Area: total area: 11.9 sq km land area: 11.9 sq km comparative area: about 20 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 14.5 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 12 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: equatorial, hot, and very rainy Terrain: low, with maximum elevations of about 2 meters Natural resources: none Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 100% other: 0% Irrigated land: 0 sq km Environment: current issues: NA natural hazards: NA international agreements: NA Note: about 50 islets covered with dense vegetation, coconut trees, and balsa-like trees up to 30 meters tall

@Palmyra Atoll, People

Population: uninhabited

@Palmyra Atoll, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
none
conventional short form:
Palmyra Atoll
Digraph:
LQ
Type:
incorporated territory of the US; privately owned, but administered by
the Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of
the Interior
Capital:
none; administered from Washington, DC

@Palmyra Atoll, Economy

Overview: no economic activity

@Palmyra Atoll, Communications

Ports:
the main harbor is West Lagoon, which is entered by a channel on the
southwest side of the atoll; both the channel and harbor will
accommodate vessels drawing 6 meters of water; much of the road and
many causeways built during the war are unserviceable and overgrown
Airports:
total:
1
usable:
1
with permanent-surface runways:
1
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
0
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
1

@Palmyra Atoll, Defense Forces

Note: defense is the responsibility of the US

@Panama, Geography

Location:
Middle America, between Colombia and Costa Rica
Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones
of the World
Area:
total area:
78,200 sq km
land area:
75,990 sq km
comparative area:
slightly smaller than South Carolina
Land boundaries:
total 555 km, Colombia 225 km, Costa Rica 330 km
Coastline:
2,490 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea:
200 nm
International disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January),
short dry season (January to May)
Terrain:
interior mostly steep, rugged mountains and dissected, upland plains;
coastal areas largely plains and rolling hills
Natural resources:
copper, mahogany forests, shrimp
Land use:
arable land:
6%
permanent crops:
2%
meadows and pastures:
15%
forest and woodland:
54%
other:
23%
Irrigated land:
320 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
water pollution from agricultural runoff threatens fishery resources;
deforestation of tropical rain forest; land degradation
natural hazards:
NA
international agreements:
party to - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation
Note:
strategic location on eastern end of isthmus forming land bridge
connecting North and South America; controls Panama Canal that links
North Atlantic Ocean via Caribbean Sea with North Pacific Ocean

@Panama, People

Population:
2.63 million (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
1.94% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
24.61 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
4.87 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
-0.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
16.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
74.88 years
male:
72.28 years
female:
77.62 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
2.85 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Panamanian(s)
adjective:
Panamanian
Ethnic divisions:
mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 70%, West Indian 14%,
white 10%, Indian 6%
Religions:
Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant 15%
Languages:
Spanish (official), English 14%
note:
many Panamanians bilingual
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
88%
male:
88%
female:
88%
Labor force:
921,000 (1992 est.)
by occupation:
government and community services 31.8%, agriculture, hunting, and
fishing 26.8%, commerce, restaurants, and hotels 16.4%, manufacturing
and mining 9.4%, construction 3.2%, transportation and communications
6.2%, finance, insurance, and real estate 4.3%
note:
shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled labor

@Panama, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Panama
conventional short form:
Panama
local long form:
Republica de Panama
local short form:
Panama
Digraph:
PM
Type:
constitutional republic
Capital:
Panama
Administrative divisions:
9 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 territory*
(comarca); Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, Cocle, Colon, Darien, Herrera,
Los Santos, Panama, San Blas*, Veraguas
Independence:
3 November 1903 (from Colombia; became independent from Spain 28
November 1821)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 3 November (1903)
Constitution:
11 October 1972; major reforms adopted April 1983
Legal system:
based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the
Supreme Court of Justice; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government:
President Guillermo ENDARA (since 20 December 1989, elected 7 May
1989); First Vice President Guillermo FORD Boyd (since 24 December
1992); Second Vice President (vacant); election last held on 7 May
1989, annulled but later upheld; results - anti-NORIEGA coalition
believed to have won about 75% of the total votes cast
note:
a presidential election was held 8 May 1994 (next election to held on
9 May 1999) with inauguration of the successful candidates to take
place on 1 September 1994; results - President Ernesto PEREZ
BALLADARES Gonzales, First Vice President Tomas Altamirano DUQUE, and
Second Vice President Felipe VIRZI were elected; percent of vote for
president - BALLADARES 33%, DE GRUBER 29%, BLADES 17%
cabinet:
Cabinet; appointed by the president
Legislative branch:
unicameral
National Assembly (Asamblea Nacional):
elections held on 27 January 1991; results - percent of vote by party
NA; seats - (67 total)
progovernment parties:
PDC 28, MOLIRENA 15, PA 8, PLA 4
opposition parties:
PRD 10, PALA 1, PL 1; note - the PDC went into opposition after
President Guillermo ENDARA ousted the PDC from the coalition
government in April 1991; an election of members of the National
Assembly was held on 8 May 1994 (next election to be held on 9 May
1999) and they will take their seats on 1 September 1994; results -
percent of vote and seats won by party NA
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia), 5 superior
courts, 3 courts of appeal
Political parties and leaders:
government alliance:
Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement (MOLIRENA), Alfredo RAMIREZ;
Authentic Liberal Party (PLA), Arnulfo ESCALONA; Arnulfista Party
(PA), Mireya MOSCOSO DE GRUBER
other parties:
Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Raul OSSA; Democratic Revolutionary
Party (PRD), Gerardo GONZALEZ; Agrarian Labor Party (PALA), Nestor
Tomas GUERRA; Liberal Party (PL), Roberto ALEMAN Zubieta; Doctrinaire
Panamenista Party (PPD), Jose Salvador MUNOZ; Papa Egoro Movement,
Ruben BLADES; Civic Renewal Party (PRC), Tomas HERRERA; National
Integration Movement (MINA), Arrigo GUARDIA; National Unity Mission
Party (MUN), Jose Manuel PAREDES; Solidarity Party (CPS), Samuel LEWIS
GALINDO
note:
following the elections of 8 May 1994 the following realignment of
political parties took place
governing coalition:
Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD), Gerardo GONZALEZ; Liberal
Republican Party (PLR), Rodolfo CHIARI; Labor Party (PALA), Carlos
Lopez GUEVARA; Solidarity Party (PS),Samuel LEWIS GALINDO
other parties:
Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement (MOLIRENA), Alfredo RAMIREZ;
Authentic Liberal Party (PLA), Arnulfo ESCOLONA; Arnulfista Party
(PA), Mireya Moscoso DE GRUBER; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Raul
OSSA; Liberal Party (PL), Roberto ALEMAN Zubieta; Papa Egoro Movement,
Ruben BLADES; Civic Renewal Party (PRC), Tomas HERRERA; National Unity
Mission Party (MUN), Jose Manuel PAREDES
Other political or pressure groups:
National Council of Organized Workers (CONATO); National Council of
Private Enterprise (CONEP); Panamanian Association of Business
Executives (APEDE); National Civic Crusade; Chamber of Commerce;
Panamanian Industrialists Society (SIP); Workers Confederation of the
Republic of Panama (CTRP)
Member of:
AG (associate), CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM,
ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Jaime FORD Boyd (to be replaced by Ambassador Ricardo
Alberto ARIAS on 1 September 1994)
chancery:
2862 McGill Terrace NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
(202) 483-1407
consulate(s) general:
Atlanta, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San
Juan (Puerto Rico), Tampa,
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
(vacant)
embassy:
Avenida Balboa and Calle 38, Apartado 6959, Panama City 5
mailing address:
American Embassy Panama, Unit 0945; APO AA 34002
telephone:
(507) 27-1777
FAX:
(507) 27-1964
Flag:
divided into four, equal rectangles; the top quadrants are white
(hoist side) with a blue five-pointed star in the center and plain
red, the bottom quadrants are plain blue (hoist side) and white with a
red five-pointed star in the center

@Panama, Economy

Overview:
GDP expanded by roughly 5.9% in 1993, following growth of 8% in 1992;
banking and financial services led the way in 1993. The economy thus
continues to recover from the crisis that preceded the ouster of
Manuel NORIEGA, even though the government's structural adjustment
program has been hampered by a lack of popular support and a passive
administration. Public investment has been limited as the
administration has kept the fiscal deficit below 2% of GDP.
Unemployment and economic reform are the two major issues the new
government must face in 1994-95.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $11.6 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
5.9% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
$4,500 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
12.5% (1993 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
$1.8 billion
expenditures:
$1.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $200 million (1992
est.)
Exports:
$545 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
bananas 43%, shrimp 11%, sugar 4%, clothing 5%, coffee 2%
partners:
US 38%, EC, Central America and Caribbean
Imports:
$2.5 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
capital goods 21%, crude oil 11%, foodstuffs 9%, consumer goods,
chemicals
partners:
US 35%, EC, Central America and Caribbean, Japan
External debt:
$6.1 billion (year-end 1993 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate 7% (1993 est.); accounts for about 9% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
1,584,000 kW
production:
4.36 trillion kWh
consumption per capita:
720 kWh (1992)
Industries:
manufacturing and construction activities, petroleum refining,
brewing, cement and other construction material, sugar milling
Agriculture:
accounts for 10% of GDP (1992 est.), 27% of labor force (1992); crops
- bananas, rice, corn, coffee, sugarcane; livestock; fishing; importer
of food grain, vegetables
Illicit drugs:
major cocaine transshipment point and drug money laundering center
Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $516 million; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $582
million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4 million
Currency:
1 balboa (B) = 100 centesimos
Exchange rates:
balboas (B) per US$1 - 1.000 (fixed rate)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

@Panama, Communications

Railroads:
238 km total; 78 km 1.524-meter gauge, 160 km 0.914-meter gauge
Highways:
total:
8,530 km
paved:
2,745 km
unpaved:
gravel, crushed stone 3,270 km; improved, unimproved earth 2,515 km
Inland waterways:
800 km navigable by shallow draft vessels; 82 km Panama Canal
Pipelines:
crude oil 130 km
Ports:
Cristobal, Balboa, Colon
Merchant marine:
3,405 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 56,011,824 GRT/89,516,566
DWT, barge carrier 1, bulk 717, cargo 1,110, chemical tanker 181,
combination bulk 31, combination ore/oil 24, container 215, liquefied
gas 127, livestock carrier 9, multifunction large-load carrier 5, oil
tanker 437, passenger 22, passenger-cargo 3, refrigerated cargo 287,
roll-on/roll-off cargo 67, short-sea passenger 30, specialized tanker
10, vehicle carrier 129
note:
all but 30 are foreign owned and operated; the top 4 foreign owners
are Japan 34%, Greece 8%, Hong Kong 7%, and Taiwan 5%; other foreign
owners include China at least 144 ships, Vietnam 3, Croatia 6, Cuba 4,
Cyprus 4, and Russia 41
Airports:
total:
118
usable:
109
with permanent-surface runways:
38
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
2
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
15
Telecommunications:
domestic and international facilities well developed; connection into
Central American Microwave System; 220,000 telephones; broadcast
stations - 91 AM, no FM, 23 TV; 1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite
ground stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT

@Panama, Defense Forces

Branches:
Panamanian Public Forces (PPF) includes the National Police, Maritime
Service, National Air Service, Institutional Protective Service;
Judicial Technical Police operate under the control of Panama's
judicial branch
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 686,479; fit for military service 471,780
Defense expenditures:
expenditures for the Panamanian security forces amounted to $138.5
million, 1.0% of GDP (1993 est.)

@Papua New Guinea, Geography

Location:
Southeastern Asia, just north of Australia, between Indonesia and the
Solomon Islands
Map references:
Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
461,690 sq km
land area:
451,710 sq km
comparative area:
slightly larger than California
Land boundaries:
total 820 km, Indonesia 820 km
Coastline:
5,152 km
Maritime claims:
measured from claimed archipelagic baselines
continental shelf:
200-m depth or to depth of exploitation
exclusive fishing zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon
(May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation
Terrain:
mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling foothills
Natural resources:
gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil potential
Land use:
arable land:
0%
permanent crops:
1%
meadows and pastures:
0%
forest and woodland:
71%
other:
28%
Irrigated land:
NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
deforestation; pollution from mining projects
natural hazards:
some active volcanoes; frequent earthquakes
international agreements:
party to - Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber; signed, but
not ratified - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea
Note:
shares island of New Guinea with Indonesia; one of world's largest
swamps along southwest coast

@Papua New Guinea, People

Population:
4,196,806 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
2.31% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
33.5 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
10.38 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
63.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
56.43 years
male:
55.6 years
female:
57.31 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
4.65 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Papua New Guinean(s)
adjective:
Papua New Guinean
Ethnic divisions:
Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian
Religions:
Roman Catholic 22%, Lutheran 16%, Presbyterian/Methodist/London
Missionary Society 8%, Anglican 5%, Evangelical Alliance 4%,
Seventh-Day Adventist 1%, other Protestant sects 10%, indigenous
beliefs 34%
Languages:
English spoken by 1-2%, pidgin English widespread, Motu spoken in
Papua region
note:
715 indigenous languages
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
52%
male:
65%
female:
38%
Labor force:
NA

@Papua New Guinea, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
Independent State of Papua New Guinea
conventional short form:
Papua New Guinea
Digraph:
PP
Type:
parliamentary democracy
Capital:
Port Moresby
Administrative divisions:
20 provinces; Central, Chimbu, Eastern Highlands, East New Britain,
East Sepik, Enga, Gulf, Madang, Manus, Milne Bay, Morobe, National
Capital, New Ireland, Northern, North Solomons, Sandaun, Southern
Highlands, Western, Western Highlands, West New Britain
Independence:
16 September 1975 (from UN trusteeship under Australian
administration)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 16 September (1975)
Constitution:
16 September 1975
Legal system:
based on English common law
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor
General Wiwa KOROWI (since NA November 1991)
head of government:
Prime Minister Paias WINGTI (since 17 July 1992); Deputy Prime
Minister Sir Julius CHAN (since July 1992)
cabinet:
National Executive Council; appointed by the governor on
recommendation of the prime minister
Legislative branch:
unicameral
National Parliament:
(sometimes referred to as the House of Assembly) elections last held
13-26 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997); results - percent by party
NA; seats - (109 total) Pangu Party 24, PDM 17, PPP 10, PAP 10,
independents 30, others 18 (association with political parties is
fluid)
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
Papua New Guinea United Party (Pangu Party), Jack GENIA; People's
Democratic Movement (PDM), Paias WINGTI; People's Action Party (PAP),
Akoka DOI; People's Progress Party (PPP), Sir Julius CHAN; United
Party (UP), Paul TORATO; Papua Party (PP), Galeva KWARARA; National
Party (NP), Paul PORA; Melanesian Alliance (MA), Fr. John MOMIS
Member of:
ACP, APEC, AsDB, ASEAN (observer), C, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD,
ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,
ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador-designate Kepas WATANGIA
chancery:
3rd floor, 1615 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone:
(202) 745-3680
FAX:
(202) 745-3679
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Richard TEARE
embassy:
Armit Street, Port Moresby
mailing address:
P. O. Box 1492, Port Moresby, or APO AE 96553
telephone:
211-455 or 594, 654
FAX:
213-423
Flag:
divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is
red with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lower
triangle is black with five white five-pointed stars of the Southern
Cross constellation centered

@Papua New Guinea, Economy

Overview:
Papua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural resources, but
exploitation has been hampered by the rugged terrain and the high cost
of developing an infrastructure. Agriculture provides a subsistence
livelihood for 85% of the population. Mining of numerous deposits,
including copper and gold, accounts for about 60% of export earnings.
Budgetary support from Australia and development aid under World Bank
auspices have helped sustain the economy. Robust growth in 1991-92 was
led by the mining sector; the opening of a large new gold mine helped
the advance. The economy remained strong in 1993, primarily because of
continued growth in the mining and oil sectors.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $8.2 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
1.2% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
$2,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
4.5% (1992-93)
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues:
$1.33 billion
expenditures:
$1.49 billion, including capital expenditures of $225 million (1993
est.)
Exports:
$1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990)
commodities:
gold, copper ore, oil, logs, palm oil, coffee, cocoa, lobster
partners:
Australia, Japan, South Korea, UK, US
Imports:
$1.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990)
commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, fuels,
chemicals
partners:
Australia, Japan, US, Singapore, New Zealand, UK
External debt:
$2.2 billion (April 1991)
Industrial production:
growth rate 21% (1992); accounts for 31% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
400,000 kW
production:
1.6 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
400 kWh (1992)
Industries:
copra crushing, palm oil processing, plywood production, wood chip
production, mining of gold, silver, and copper, construction, tourism
Agriculture:
Accounts for 28% of GDP; livelihood for 85% of population; fertile
soils and favorable climate permits cultivating a wide variety of
crops; cash crops - coffee, cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels; other
products - tea, rubber, sweet potatoes, fruit, vegetables, poultry,
pork; net importer of food for urban centers
Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $40.6 million; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $6.5
billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $17 million
Currency:
1 kina (K) = 100 toea
Exchange rates:
kina (K) per US$1 - 1.0281 (January 1994), 1.0221 (1993), 1.0367
(1992), 1.0504 (1991), 1.0467 (1990), 1.1685 (1989)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

@Papua New Guinea, Communications

Railroads:
none
Highways:
total:
19,200 km
paved:
640 km
unpaved:
gravel, crushed stone, stabilized earth 10,960 km; unimproved earth
7,600 km
Inland waterways:
10,940 km
Ports:
Anewa Bay, Lae, Madang, Port Moresby, Rabaul
Merchant marine:
11 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 21,337 GRT/25,669 DWT, bulk 2,
cargo 3, combination ore/oil 5, container 1
Airports:
total:
504
usable:
462
with permanent-surface runways:
18
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
1
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
39
Telecommunications:
services are adequate and being improved; facilities provide
radiobroadcast, radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio,
aeronautical radio, and international radiocommunication services;
submarine cables extend to Australia and Guam; more than 70,000
telephones (1987); broadcast stations - 31 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV (1987); 1
Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station

@Papua New Guinea, Defense Forces

Branches:
Papua New Guinea Defense Force (including Army, Navy, Air Force)
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 1,080,316; fit for military service 601,369
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $55 million, 1.8% of GDP (1993 est.)

@Paracel Islands, Geography

Location: Southeastern Asia, 400 km east of Vietnam in the South China Sea, about one-third of the way between Vietnam and the Philippines Map references: Asia Area: total area: NA sq km land area: NA sq km comparative area: NA Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 518 km Maritime claims: NA International disputes: occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam Climate: tropical Terrain: NA Natural resources: none Land use: arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 100% Irrigated land: 0 sq km Environment: current issues: NA natural hazards: subject to typhoons international agreements: NA

@Paracel Islands, People

Population:
no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are scattered Chinese
garrisons

@Paracel Islands, Government

Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Paracel Islands Digraph: PF

@Paracel Islands, Economy

Overview: no economic activity

@Paracel Islands, Communications

Ports:
small Chinese port facilities on Woody Island and Duncan Island
currently under expansion
Airports:
1 on Woody Island

@Paracel Islands, Defense Forces

Note: occupied by China

@Paraguay, Geography

Location:
Central South America, between Argentina and Brazil
Map references:
South America, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
406,750 sq km
land area:
397,300 sq km
comparative area:
slightly smaller than California
Land boundaries:
total 3,920 km, Argentina 1,880 km, Bolivia 750 km, Brazil 1,290 km
Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
none; landlocked
International disputes:
short section of the boundary with Brazil, just west of Salto del
Guaira (Guaira Falls) on the Rio Parana, has not been determined
Climate:
varies from temperate in east to semiarid in far west
Terrain:
grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay; Gran Chaco region
west of Rio Paraguay mostly low, marshy plain near the river, and dry
forest and thorny scrub elsewhere
Natural resources:
hydropower, timber, iron ore, manganese, limestone
Land use:
arable land:
20%
permanent crops:
1%
meadows and pastures:
39%
forest and woodland:
35%
other:
5%
Irrigated land:
670 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
deforestation; water pollution; inadequate means for waste disposal
present health hazards for many urban residents
natural hazards:
local flooding in southeast (early September to June); poorly drained
plains may become boggy (early October to June)
international agreements:
party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Law of
the Sea; signed, but not ratified - Nuclear Test Ban
Note:
landlocked; buffer between Argentina and Brazil

@Paraguay, People

Population: 5,213,772 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 2.76% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 32.03 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 4.48 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 25.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.28 years male: 71.74 years female: 74.9 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 4.29 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Paraguayan(s) adjective: Paraguayan Ethnic divisions: mestizo (Spanish and Indian) 95%, white and Indian 5% Religions: Roman Catholic 90%, Mennonite and other Protestant denominations Languages: Spanish (official), Guarani Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) total population: 90% male: 92% female: 88% Labor force: 1.692 million (1993 est.) by occupation: agriculture, industry and commerce, services, government (1986)

@Paraguay, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Paraguay
conventional short form:
Paraguay
local long form:
Republica del Paraguay
local short form:
Paraguay
Digraph:
PA
Type:
republic
Capital:
Asuncion
Administrative divisions:
19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Alto
Paraguay, Alto Parana, Amambay, Boqueron, Caaguazu, Caazapa,
Canindeyu, Central, Chaco, Concepcion, Cordillera, Guaira, Itapua,
Misiones, Neembucu, Nueva Asuncion, Paraguari, Presidente Hayes, San
Pedro
Independence:
14 May 1811 (from Spain)
National holiday:
Independence Days, 14-15 May (1811)
Constitution:
25 August 1967; Constituent Assembly rewrote the Constitution that was
promulgated on 20 June 1992
Legal system:
based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes; judicial review
of legislative acts in Supreme Court of Justice; does not accept
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal and compulsory up to age 60
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government:
President Juan Carlos WASMOSY (since 15 August 1993); Vice President
Roberto Angel SEIFART (since 15 August 1993); election last held 9 May
1993 (next to be held May 1998); results - Juan Carlos WASMOSY 40.09%,
Domingo LAINO 32.06%, Guillermo CABALLERO VARGAS 23.04%
cabinet:
Council of Ministers; nominated by the president
Legislative branch:
bicameral Congress (Congreso)
Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores):
elections last held 9 May 1993 (next to be held May 1998); results -
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (45 total) Colorado Party 20,
PLRA 17, EN 8
Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados):
elections last held on 9 May 1993 (next to be held by May 1998);
results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (80 total) Colorado
Party 38, PLRA 33, EN 9
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)
Political parties and leaders:
Colorado Party, Eugenio SANABRIA CANTERO, president; Authentic Radical
Liberal Party (PLRA), Domingo LAINO; National Encounter (EN),
Guillermo CABALLERO VARGAS (the EN party includes the following minor
parties: Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Jose Angel BURRO;
Febrerista Revolutionary Party (PRF), Euclides ACEVEDO; Popular
Democratic Party (PDP), Hugo RICHER)
Other political or pressure groups:
Confederation of Workers (CUT); Roman Catholic Church
Member of:
AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM,
ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, MERCOSUR, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Juan Esteban AGUIRRE Martinez
chancery:
2400 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
(202) 483-6960 through 6962
FAX:
(202) 234-4508
consulate(s) general:
New Orleans and New York
consulate(s):
Miami
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
(vacant); Charge D'Affaires Gerald McCOLLOCH
embassy:
1776 Avenida Mariscal Lopez, Asuncion
mailing address:
C. P. 402, Asuncion, or APO AA 34036-0001
telephone:
(21) 213-715
FAX:
(21) 213-728
Flag:
three equal, horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue with an
emblem centered in the white band; unusual flag in that the emblem is
different on each side; the obverse (hoist side at the left) bears the
national coat of arms (a yellow five-pointed star within a green
wreath capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY, all within two
circles); the reverse (hoist side at the right) bears the seal of the
treasury (a yellow lion below a red Cap of Liberty and the words Paz y
Justicia (Peace and Justice) capped by the words REPUBLICA DEL
PARAGUAY, all within two circles)

@Paraguay, Economy

Overview: Agriculture, including forestry, accounts for about 25% of GDP, employs about 45% of the labor force, and provides the bulk of exports, led by soybeans and cotton. Paraguay lacks substantial mineral or petroleum resources but possesses a large hydropower potential. Since 1981 economic performance has declined compared with the boom period of 1976-81, when real GDP grew at an average annual rate of nearly 11%. During the period 1982-86 real GDP fell in three of five years, inflation jumped to an annual rate of 32%, and foreign debt rose. Factors responsible for the erratic behavior of the economy were the completion of the Itaipu hydroelectric dam, bad weather for crops, and weak export prices for agricultural commodities. In 1987 the economy experienced a minor recovery because of improved weather conditions and stronger international prices for key agricultural exports. The recovery continued through 1990, on the strength of bumper crops in 1988-89. In a major step to increase its economic activity in the region, Paraguay in March 1991 joined the Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR), which includes Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. In 1992, the government, through an unorthodox approach, reduced external debt with both commercial and official creditors by purchasing a sizable amount of the delinquent commercial debt in the secondary market at a substantial discount. The government had paid 100% of remaining official debt arrears to the US, Germany, France, and Spain. All commercial debt arrears have been rescheduled. For the long run, the government must press forward with general, market-oriented economic reforms. Growth of 3.5% in 1993 was spurred by higher-than-expected agricultural output and rising international commodity prices. Inflation picked up steam in fourth quarter 1993 because of rises in public sector salaries and utility rates. National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $15.2 billion (1993 est.) National product real growth rate: 3.5% (1993 est.) National product per capita: $3,000 (1993 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20.4% (1993 ) Unemployment rate: 11% (1993 est.) Budget: revenues: $1.2 billion expenditures: $1.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $487 million (1992 est.) Exports: $728 million (f.o.b., 1993 est.) commodities: cotton, soybean, timber, vegetable oils, meat products, coffee, tung oil partners: EC 37%, Brazil 25%, Argentina 10%, Chile 6%, US 6% Imports: $1.38 billion (c.i.f., 1993 est.) commodities: capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, raw materials, fuels partners: Brazil 30%, EC 20%, US 18%, Argentina 8%, Japan 7% External debt: $1.2 billion (1993 est.) Industrial production: growth rate 2.2% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDP Electricity: capacity: 5,257,000 kW production: 16.2 billion kWh consumption per capita: 3,280 kWh (1992) Industries: meat packing, oilseed crushing, milling, brewing, textiles, other light consumer goods, cement, construction Agriculture: accounts for 26% of GDP and 44% of labor force; cash crops - cotton, sugarcane, soybeans; other crops - corn, wheat, tobacco, cassava, fruits, vegetables; animal products - beef, pork, eggs, milk; surplus producer of timber; self-sufficient in most foods Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; important transshipment point for Bolivian cocaine headed for the US and Europe Economic aid: recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $172 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1 billion Currency: 1 guarani (G) = 100 centimos Exchange rates: guaranies (G) per US$ - 1,861.3 (January 1994), 1,744.3 (1993), 1,500.3 (1992), 447.5 (March 1992), 1,325.2 (1991), 1,229.8 (1990), 1,056.2 (1989), 550.00 (fixed rate 1986-February 1989) Fiscal year: calendar year

@Paraguay, Communications

Railroads:
970 km total; 440 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 60 km 1.000-meter
gauge, 470 km various narrow gauge (privately owned)
Highways:
total:
28,300 km
paved:
2,600 km
unpaved:
gravel 500 km; earth 25,200 km
Inland waterways:
3,100 km
Ports:
Asuncion, Villeta, Ciudad del Este
Merchant marine:
13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,747 GRT/19,513 DWT, cargo 11,
oil tanker 2
note:
1 naval cargo ship is sometimes used commercially
Airports:
total:
969
usable:
827
with permanent-surface runways:
7
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
5
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
93
Telecommunications:
meager telephone service; principal switching center in Asuncion; fair
intercity microwave net; 78,300 telephones; telephone density - 16
telephones per 1,000 persons; broadcast stations - 40 AM, no FM, 5 TV,
7 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

@Paraguay, Defense Forces

Branches:
Army, Navy (including Naval Air and Marines), Air Force
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 1,249,470; fit for military service 907,533; reach
military age (17) annually 53,126 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $100 million, 1.6% of GDP (1994 est.)

@Peru, Geography

Location:
Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean between Chile
and Ecuador
Map references:
South America, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
1,285,220 sq km
land area:
1.28 million sq km
comparative area:
slightly smaller than Alaska
Land boundaries:
total 6,940 km, Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km,
Colombia 2,900 km, Ecuador 1,420 km
Coastline:
2,414 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea:
200 nm
International disputes:
three sections of the boundary with Ecuador are in dispute
Climate:
varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west
Terrain:
western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center
(sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)
Natural resources:
copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal,
phosphate, potash
Land use:
arable land:
3%
permanent crops:
0%
meadows and pastures:
21%
forest and woodland:
55%
other:
21%
Irrigated land:
12,500 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; air
pollution in Lima
natural hazards:
subject to earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, mild volcanic activity
international agreements:
party to - Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Whaling;
signed, but not ratified - Tropical Timber
Note:
shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with
Bolivia

@Peru, People

Population:
23,650,671 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
1.86% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
25.55 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
7 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
54.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
65.62 years
male:
63.44 years
female:
67.9 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
3.11 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Peruvian(s)
adjective:
Peruvian
Ethnic divisions:
Indian 45%, mestizo (mixed Indian and European ancestry) 37%, white
15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%
Religions:
Roman Catholic
Languages:
Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
85%
male:
92%
female:
29%
Labor force:
8 million (1992)
by occupation:
government and other services 44%, agriculture 37%, industry 19% (1988
est.)

@Peru, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Peru
conventional short form:
Peru
local long form:
Republica del Peru
local short form:
Peru
Digraph:
PE
Type:
republic
Capital:
Lima
Administrative divisions:
24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1
constitutional province* (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash,
Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica,
Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de
Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali
note:
the 1979 Constitution and legislation enacted from 1987 to 1990
mandate the creation of regions (regiones, singular - region) intended
to function eventually as autonomous economic and administrative
entities; so far, 12 regions have been constituted from 23 existing
departments - Amazonas (from Loreto), Andres Avelino Caceres (from
Huanuco, Pasco, Junin), Arequipa (from Arequipa), Chavin (from
Ancash), Grau (from Tumbes, Piura), Inca (from Cusco, Madre de Dios,
Apurimac), La Libertad (from La Libertad), Los Libertadores-Huari
(from Ica, Ayacucho, Huancavelica), Mariategui (from Moquegua, Tacna,
Puno), Nor Oriental del Maranon (from Lambayeque, Cajamarca,
Amazonas), San Martin (from San Martin), Ucayali (from Ucayali);
formation of another region has been delayed by the reluctance of the
constitutional province of Callao to merge with the department of
Lima. Because of inadequate funding from the central government and
organizational and political difficulties, the regions have yet to
assume major responsibilities. The 1993 Constitution maintains the
regionalization process with some modifications that will limit the
powers of the regional governments. The new constitution also
reaffirms the roles of departmental and municipal governments.
Independence:
28 July 1821 (from Spain)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 28 July (1821)
Constitution:
31 December 1993
Legal system:
based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government:
President Alberto Kenyo FUJIMORI Fujimori (since 28 July 1990);
election last held on 10 June 1990 (next to be held NA April 1995);
results - Alberto FUJIMORI 56.53%, Mario VARGAS Llosa 33.92%, other
9.55%
cabinet:
Council of Ministers; appointed by the president
note:
Prime Minister Efrain GOLDENBERG Schreiber (since February 1994) does
not exercise executive power; this power is in the hands of the
president
Legislative branch:
unicameral
Democratic Constituent Congress (CCD):
elections last held 25 November 1992 (next to be held April 1995);
seats - (80 total) New Majority/Change 90 44, Popular Christian Party
8, Independent Moralization Front 7, Renewal 6, Movement of the
Democratic Left 4, Democratic Coordinator 4, others 7; note - several
major parties (American Popular Revolutionary Alliance, Popular
Action) did not participate; with the next election the congress will
be expanded to 100 seats
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)
Political parties and leaders:
note:
Peru's political party system has become fragmented in recent years
with independent movements proliferating; key parties are listed
New Majority/Change 90 (Cambio 90), Alberto FUJIMORI; Popular
Christian Party (PPC), Luis BEDOYA Reyes; Popular Action Party (AP),
Raul DIEZ CANSECO; American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA),
Armando VILLANUEVA del CAMPO; Independent Moralizing Front (FIM),
Fernando OLIVERA Vega; National Renewal, Rafael REY Rey; Democratic
Coordinator, Jose BARBA Caballero; Democratic Left Movement, Henry
PEASE; Solidarity and Democracy (SODE), Manuel MOREYRA; National Front
of Workers and Peasants (FRENATRACA), Roger CACARES
Other political or pressure groups:
leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path, Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso
(imprisoned); Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, Nestor SERPA and
Victor POLAY (imprisoned)
Member of:
AG, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM,
OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG (suspended), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Ricardo LUNA Mendoza
chancery:
1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone:
(202) 833-9860 through 9869
FAX:
(202) 659-8124
consulate(s) general:
Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey),
and San Francisco
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Alvin P. ADAMS, Jr.
embassy:
corner of Avenida Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Avenida Espana, Lima
mailing address:
P. O. Box 1991, Lima 1, Unit 3822, or APO AA 34031
telephone:
(14) 33-8000
FAX:
(14) 31-6682
Flag:
three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with
the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features
a shield bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a
yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green
wreath

@Peru, Economy

Overview: The Peruvian economy is becoming increasingly market oriented, with major privatizations scheduled for 1994 in the mining and telecommunications industries. In the 1980s the economy suffered from hyperinflation, declining per capita output, and mounting external debt. Peru was shut off from IMF and World Bank support in the mid-1980s because of its huge debt arrears. An austerity program implemented shortly after the FUJIMORI government took office in July 1990 contributed to a third consecutive yearly contraction of economic activity, but the slide halted late that year, and output rose 2.4% in 1991. After a burst of inflation as the austerity program eliminated government price subsidies, monthly price increases eased to the single-digit level and by December 1991 dropped to the lowest increase since mid-1987. Lima obtained a financial rescue package from multilateral lenders in September 1991, although it faced $14 billion in arrears on its external debt. By working with the IMF and World Bank on new financial conditions and arrangements, the government succeeded in ending its arrears by March 1993. In 1992, GDP fell by 2.8%, in part because a warmer-than-usual El Nino current resulted in a 30% drop in the fish catch. In 1993 the economy rebounded as strong foreign investment helped push growth to 6%. National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $70 billion (1993 est.) National product real growth rate: 6% (1993 est.) National product per capita: $3,000 (1993 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 39% (1993 est.) Unemployment rate: 15%; underemployment 70% (1992 est.) Budget: revenues: $2 billion expenditures: $1.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $300 million (1992 est.) Exports: $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.) commodities: copper, zinc, fishmeal, crude petroleum and byproducts, lead, refined silver, coffee, cotton partners: US 25%, Japan 9%, Italy, Germany Imports: $4.5 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.) commodities: machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum, iron and steel, chemicals, pharmaceuticals partners: US 30%, Colombia, Argentina, Japan, Germany, Brazil External debt: $22 billion (1993 est.) Industrial production: growth rate -5% (1992 est.); accounts for 32% of GDP, including petroleum Electricity: capacity: 5,042,000 kW production: 17.434 billion kWh consumption per capita: 760 kWh (1992) Industries: mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication Agriculture: accounts for 13% of GDP, about 35% of labor force; commercial crops - coffee, cotton, sugarcane; other crops - rice, wheat, potatoes, plantains, coca; animal products - poultry, red meats, dairy, wool; not self-sufficient in grain or vegetable oil; fish catch of 6.9 million metric tons (1990) Illicit drugs: world's largest coca leaf producer with about 108,800 hectares under cultivation in 1993; source of supply for most of the world's coca paste and cocaine base; at least 85% of coca cultivation is for illicit production; most of cocaine base is shipped to Colombian drug dealers for processing into cocaine for the international drug market Economic aid: recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.3 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $577 million Currency: 1 nuevo sol (S/.) = 100 centimos Exchange rates: nuevo sol (S/.) per US$1 - 2.180 (January 1994), 1.988 (1993), 1.245 (1992), 0.772 (1991), 0.187 (1990), 0.0027 (1989) Fiscal year: calendar year

@Peru, Communications

Railroads:
1,801 km total; 1,501 km 1.435-meter gauge, 300 km 0.914-meter gauge
Highways:
total:
69,942 km
paved:
7,459 km
unpaved:
improved earth 13,538 km; unimproved earth 48,945 km
Inland waterways:
8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km Lago
Titicaca
Pipelines:
crude oil 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 km
Ports:
Callao, Ilo, Iquitos, Matarani, Talara
Merchant marine:
17 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 142,425 GRT/229,746 DWT, bulk 3,
cargo 10, oil tanker 2, refrigerated cargo 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 1
note:
in addition, 6 naval tankers and 1 naval cargo are sometimes used
commercially
Airports:
total:
252
usable:
222
with permanent-surface runways:
37
with runways over 3,659 m:
2
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
24
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
54
Telecommunications:
fairly adequate for most requirements; nationwide microwave system;
544,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 273 AM, no FM, 140 TV, 144
shortwave; satellite earth stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 12
domestic

@Peru, Defense Forces

Branches:
Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru), Air Force
(Fuerza Aerea del Peru), National Police
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 6,199,785; fit for military service 4,188,706; reach
military age (20) annually 246,427 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $500 million, about 2% of GDP (1991)

@Philippines, Geography

Location:
Southeastern Asia, between Indonesia and China
Map references:
Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
300,000 sq km
land area:
298,170 sq km
comparative area:
slightly larger than Arizona
Land boundaries:
0 km
Coastline:
36,289 km
Maritime claims:
measured from claimed archipelagic baselines
continental shelf:
to depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from coastline as defined by
1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area
in South China Sea up to 285 nm in breadth
International disputes:
involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China,
Malaysia, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; claims Malaysian state
of Sabah
Climate:
tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest
monsoon (May to October)
Terrain:
mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands
Natural resources:
timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper
Land use:
arable land:
26%
permanent crops:
11%
meadows and pastures:
4%
forest and woodland:
40%
other:
19%
Irrigated land:
16,200 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution; air pollution in Manila
natural hazards:
astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six
cyclonic storms per year; subject to landslides, active volcanoes,
destructive earthquakes, tsunamis
international agreements:
party to - Biodiversity, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of
the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Climate Change, Tropical Timber

@Philippines, People

Population: 69,808,930 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 1.92% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 27.34 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 6.94 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: -1.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 50.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 65.39 years male: 62.88 years female: 68.02 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 3.35 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Filipino(s) adjective: Philippine Ethnic divisions: Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese 1.5%, other 3% Religions: Roman Catholic 83%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 5%, Buddhist and other 3% Languages: Pilipino (official; based on Tagalog), English (official) Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) total population: 90% male: 90% female: 90% Labor force: 24.12 million by occupation: agriculture 46%, industry and commerce 16%, services 18.5%, government 10%, other 9.5% (1989)

@Philippines, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of the Philippines
conventional short form:
Philippines
local long form:
Republika ng Pilipinas
local short form:
Pilipinas
Digraph:
RP
Type:
republic
Capital:
Manila
Administrative divisions:
72 provinces and 61 chartered cities*; Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan
del Sur, Aklan, Albay, Angeles*, Antique, Aurora, Bacolod*, Bago*,
Baguio*, Bais*, Basilan, Basilan City*, Bataan, Batanes, Batangas,
Batangas City*, Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Butuan*,
Cabanatuan*, Cadiz*, Cagayan, Cagayan de Oro*, Calbayog*, Caloocan*,
Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Camiguin, Canlaon*, Capiz,
Catanduanes, Cavite, Cavite City*, Cebu, Cebu City*, Cotabato*,
Dagupan*, Danao*, Dapitan*, Davao City* Davao, Davao del Sur, Davao
Oriental, Dipolog*, Dumaguete*, Eastern Samar, General Santos*,
Gingoog*, Ifugao, Iligan*, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Iloilo
City*, Iriga*, Isabela, Kalinga-Apayao, La Carlota*, Laguna, Lanao del
Norte, Lanao del Sur, Laoag*, Lapu-Lapu*, La Union, Legaspi*, Leyte,
Lipa*, Lucena*, Maguindanao, Mandaue*, Manila*, Marawi*, Marinduque,
Masbate, Mindoro Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Misamis Occidental,
Misamis Oriental, Mountain, Naga*, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental,
North Cotabato, Northern Samar, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Olongapo*,
Ormoc*, Oroquieta*, Ozamis*, Pagadian*, Palawan, Palayan*, Pampanga,
Pangasinan, Pasay*, Puerto Princesa*, Quezon, Quezon City*, Quirino,
Rizal, Romblon, Roxas*, Samar, San Carlos* (in Negros Occidental), San
Carlos* (in Pangasinan), San Jose*, San Pablo*, Silay*, Siquijor,
Sorsogon, South Cotabato, Southern Leyte, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu,
Surigao*, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Tacloban*, Tagaytay*,
Tagbilaran*, Tangub*, Tarlac, Tawitawi, Toledo*, Trece Martires*,
Zambales, Zamboanga*, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur
Independence:
4 July 1946 (from US)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 12 June (1898) (from Spain)
Constitution:
2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987
Legal system:
based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage:
15 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government:
President Fidel Valdes RAMOS (since 30 June 1992); Vice President
Joseph Ejercito ESTRADA (since 30 June 1992); election last held 11
May 1992 (next election to be held NA May 1998); results - Fidel
Valdes RAMOS won 23.6% of votes, a narrow plurality
cabinet:
Executive Secretary; appointed by the president with the consent of
the Commission of Appointments
Legislative branch:
bicameral Congress (Kongreso)
Senate (Senado):
elections last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May
1995); results - LDP 66%, NPC 20%, Lakas-NUCD 8%, Liberal 6%; seats -
(24 total) LDP 15, NPC 5, Lakas-NUCD 2, Liberal 1, Independent 1
House of Representatives (Kapulungan Ng Mga Kinatawan):
elections last held 11 May 1992 (next election to be held NA May
1995); results - LDP 43.5%; Lakas-NUCD 25%, NPC 23.5%, Liberal 5%, KBL
3%; seats - (200 total) LDP 87, NPC 45, Lakas-NUCD 41, Liberal 15, NP
6, KBL 3, Independent 3
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Filipino Struggle (Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipinas,
Laban), Edgardo ESPIRITU; People Power-National Union of Christian
Democrats (Lakas ng Edsa, NUCD and Partido Lakas Tao, Lakas/NUCD);
Fidel V. RAMOS, President of the Republic, Raul MANGLAPUS, Jose de
VENECIA, secretary general; Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC),
Eduardo COJUANGCO; Liberal Party, Jovito SALONGA; People's Reform
Party (PRP), Miriam DEFENSOR-SANTIAGO; New Society Movement (Kilusan
Bagong Lipunan; KBL), Imelda MARCOS; Nacionalista Party (NP), Salvador
H. LAUREL, president
Member of:
APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR,
UNIDO, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Raul Chaves RABE
chancery:
1617 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone:
(202) 483-1414
FAX:
(202) 328-7614
consulate(s) general:
Agana (Guam), Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San
Francisco, and Seattle
consulate(s):
San Diego and San Jose (Saipan)
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador John D. NEGROPONTE
embassy:
1201 Roxas Boulevard, Ermita Manila 1000
mailing address:
APO AP 96440
telephone:
521-7116
FAX:
522-4361
consulate(s) general:
Cebu
Flag:
two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a white
equilateral triangle based on the hoist side; in the center of the
triangle is a yellow sun with eight primary rays (each containing
three individual rays) and in each corner of the triangle is a small
yellow five-pointed star

@Philippines, Economy

Overview:
Domestic output in this primarily agricultural economy failed to grow
in 1992 and rose only slightly in 1993. Drought and power supply
problems hampered production, while inadequate revenues prevented
government pump priming. Worker remittances helped to supplement GDP.
A marked increase in capital goods imports, particularly power
generating equipment, telecommunications equipment, and electronic
data processors, contributed to 20% import growth in both 1992 and
1993.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $171 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
1.4% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
$2,500 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
7.6% (1993)
Unemployment rate:
9.2% (1993)
Budget:
revenues:
$11.5 billion
expenditures:
$13 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.7 billion (1994
est.)
Exports:
$11.1 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
electronics, textiles, coconut products, cooper, fish
partners:
US 39%, Japan 18%, Germany 5%, UK 5%, Hong Kong 5% (1992)
Imports:
$17.1 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
raw materials 40%, capital goods 25%, petroleum products 10%
partners:
Japan 21%, US 18%, Taiwan 7%, Saudi Arabia 6%, Hong Kong 5%, South
Korea 5% (1992)
External debt:
$34.1 billion (September 1993)
Industrial production:
growth rate -1% (1992 est.); accounts for 34% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
7,850,000 kW
production:
28 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
420 kWh (1992)
Industries:
textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food processing,
electronics assembly, petroleum refining, fishing
Agriculture:
accounts for about 20% of GDP and about 45% of labor force; major
crops - rice, coconuts, corn, sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, mangos;
animal products - pork, eggs, beef; net exporter of farm products;
fish catch of 2 million metric tons annually
Illicit drugs:
illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; growers
are producing more and better quality cannabis despite government
eradication efforts; transit point for Southwest Asian heroin bound
for the US
Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.6 billion; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $7.9
billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries
(1975-89), $123 million
Currency:
1 Philippine peso (P) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates:
Philippine pesos (P) per US$1 - 27.725 (January 1994), 22.120 (1993),
25.512 (1992), 27.479 (1991), 24.311 (1990), 21.737 (1989)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

@Philippines, Communications

Railroads:
378 km operable on Luzon, 34% government owned (1982)
Highways:
total:
157,450 km
paved:
22,400 km
unpaved:
gravel, crushed stone, stabilized earth 85,050 km; unimproved earth
50,000 km (1988)
Inland waterways:
3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels
Pipelines:
petroleum products 357 km
Ports:
Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Guimaras, Iloilo, Legaspi, Manila, Subic
Bay
Merchant marine:
553 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,451,047 GRT/13,934,255 DWT,
bulk 241, cargo 145, chemical tanker 1, combination bulk 10,
combination ore/oil 1, container 8, liquefied gas 3, livestock carrier
9, oil tanker 33, passenger 1, passenger-cargo 13, refrigerated cargo
27, roll-on/roll-off cargo 14, short-sea passenger 12, vehicle carrier
35
note:
many Philippine flag ships are foreign owned and are on the register
for the purpose of long-term bare-boat charter back to their original
owners who are principally in Japan and Germany
Airports:
total:
270
usable:
238
with permanent-surface runways:
74
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
9
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
57
Telecommunications:
good international radio and submarine cable services; domestic and
interisland service adequate; 872,900 telephones; broadcast stations -
267 AM (including 6 US), 55 FM, 33 TV (including 4 US); submarine
cables extended to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan;
satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Pacific Ocean
INTELSAT, and 11 domestic

@Philippines, Defense Forces

Branches:
Army, Navy (including Coast Guard and Marine Corps), Air Force
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 17,668,781; fit for military service 12,479,312; reach
military age (20) annually 733,880 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $731 million, 1.4% of GNP (1992)

@Pitcairn Islands

Header
Affiliation: (dependent territory of the UK)

@Pitcairn Islands, Geography

Location: Oceania, Polynesia in the South Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Peru and New Zealand Map references: Oceania Area: total area: 47 sq km land area: 47 sq km comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 51 km Maritime claims: exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 3 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical, hot, humid, modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March) Terrain: rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffs Natural resources: miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish Land use: arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% meadows and pastures: NA% forest and woodland: NA% other: NA% Irrigated land: NA sq km Environment: current issues: NA natural hazards: subject to typhoons (especially November to March) international agreements: NA

@Pitcairn Islands, People

Population:
71 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
2.93% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
NA
Death rate:
NA
Net migration rate:
NA
Infant mortality rate:
NA
Life expectancy at birth:
NA
Total fertility rate:
NA
Nationality:
noun:
Pitcairn Islander(s)
adjective:
Pitcairn Islander
Ethnic divisions:
descendants of the Bounty mutineers
Religions:
Seventh-Day Adventist 100%
Languages:
English (official), Tahitian/English dialect
Literacy:
total population:
NA%
male:
NA%
female:
NA%
Labor force:
NA
by occupation:
no business community in the usual sense; some public works;
subsistence farming and fishing

@Pitcairn Islands, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islands
conventional short form:
Pitcairn Islands
Digraph:
PC
Type:
dependent territory of the UK
Capital:
Adamstown
Administrative divisions:
none (dependent territory of the UK)
Independence:
none (dependent territory of the UK)
National holiday:
Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June)
Constitution:
Local Government Ordinance of 1964
Legal system:
local island by-laws
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal with three years residency
Executive branch:
chief of state:
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by UK High
Commissioner to New Zealand and Governor (non-resident) of the
Pitcairn Islands David Joseph MOSS (since NA September 1990);
Commissioner (non-resident) G.D. HARRAWAY (since NA; is the liason
person between the governor and the Island Council)
head of government:
Island Magistrate and Chairman of the Island Council Jay WARREN (since
NA)
Legislative branch:
unicameral
Island Council:
elections last held NA (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote
by party NA; seats - (11 total, 5 elected) number of seats by party NA
Judicial branch:
Island Court
Political parties and leaders:
NA
Other political or pressure groups:
NA
Member of:
SPC
Diplomatic representation in US:
none (dependent territory of the UK)
US diplomatic representation:
none (dependent territory of the UK)
Flag:
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the
Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag;
the coat of arms is yellow, green, and light blue with a shield
featuring a yellow anchor

@Pitcairn Islands, Economy

Overview:
The inhabitants exist on fishing and subsistence farming. The fertile
soil of the valleys produces a wide variety of fruits and vegetables,
including citrus, sugar cane, watermelons, bananas, yams, and beans.
Bartering is an important part of the economy. The major sources of
revenue are the sale of postage stamps to collectors and the sale of
handicrafts to passing ships.
National product:
GDP $NA
National product real growth rate:
NA%
National product per capita:
$NA
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
NA%
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues:
$430,000
expenditures:
$429,000, including capital expenditures of $NA (1987 est.)
Exports:
$NA
commodities:
fruits, vegetables, curios
partners:
NA
Imports:
$NA
commodities:
fuel oil, machinery, building materials, flour, sugar, other
foodstuffs
partners:
NA
External debt:
$NA
Industrial production:
growth rate NA%
Electricity:
capacity:
110 kW
production:
300,000 kWh
consumption per capita:
5,360 kWh (1990)
Industries:
postage stamp sales, handicrafts
Agriculture:
based on subsistence fishing and farming; wide variety of fruits and
vegetables grown; must import grain products
Economic aid:
recipient:
ODA bilateral commitments (1992-93), $84,000
Currency:
1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.7771 (January 1994), 1.8495
(1993), 1.8584 (1992), 1.7265 (1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989)
Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

@Pitcairn Islands, Communications

Railroads:
none
Highways:
total:
6.4 km
unpaved:
earth 6.4 km
Ports:
Bounty Bay
Airports:
none
Telecommunications:
24 telephones; party line telephone service on the island; broadcast
stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; diesel generator provides electricity

@Pitcairn Islands, Defense Forces

Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK

@Poland, Geography

Location:
Central Europe, between Germany and Belarus
Map references:
Asia, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of
the World
Area:
total area:
312,680 sq km
land area:
304,510 sq km
comparative area:
slightly smaller than New Mexico
Land boundaries:
total 3,114 km, Belarus 605 km, Czech Republic 658 km, Germany 456 km,
Lithuania 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Slovakia 444 km,
Ukraine 428 km
Coastline:
491 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
none
Climate:
temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent
precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers
Terrain:
mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border
Natural resources:
coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt
Land use:
arable land:
46%
permanent crops:
1%
meadows and pastures:
13%
forest and woodland:
28%
other:
12%
Irrigated land:
1,000 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
forest damage due to air pollution; improper means for disposal of
large amounts of hazardous and industrial waste; severe water
pollution from industrial and municipal sources; severe air pollution
results from emissions of sulfur dioxide from coal-fired power plants
natural hazards:
NA
international agreements:
party to - Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear
Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed,
but not ratified - Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides,
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law of
the Sea
Note:
historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack
of natural barriers on the North European Plain

@Poland, People

Population:
38,654,561 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.35% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
13.44 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
9.4 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
-0.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
13.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
72.66 years
male:
68.64 years
female:
76.91 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.94 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Pole(s)
adjective:
Polish
Ethnic divisions:
Polish 97.6%, German 1.3%, Ukrainian 0.6%, Byelorussian 0.5% (1990
est.)
Religions:
Roman Catholic 95% (about 75% practicing), Eastern Orthodox,
Protestant, and other 5%
Languages:
Polish
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1978)
total population:
98%
male:
99%
female:
98%
Labor force:
17.329 million
by occupation:
industry and construction 32.0%, agriculture 27.6%, trade, transport,
and communications 14.7%, government and other 24.6% (1992)

@Poland, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Poland
conventional short form:
Poland
local long form:
Rzeczpospolita Polska
local short form:
Polska
Digraph:
PL
Type:
democratic state
Capital:
Warsaw
Administrative divisions:
49 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular - wojewodztwo); Biala Podlaska,
Bialystok, Bielsko Biala, Bydgoszcz, Chelm, Ciechanow, Czestochowa,
Elblag, Gdansk, Gorzow, Jelenia Gora, Kalisz, Katowice, Kielce, Konin,
Koszalin, Krakow, Krosno, Legnica, Leszno, Lodz, Lomza, Lublin, Nowy
Sacz, Olsztyn, Opole, Ostroleka, Pila, Piotrkow, Plock, Poznan,
Przemysl, Radom, Rzeszow, Siedlce, Sieradz, Skierniewice, Slupsk,
Suwalki, Szczecin, Tarnobrzeg, Tarnow, Torun, Walbrzych, Warszawa,
Wloclawek, Wroclaw, Zamosc, Zielona Gora
Independence:
11 November 1918 (independent republic proclaimed)
National holiday:
Constitution Day, 3 May (1791)
Constitution:
interim "small constitution" came into effect in December 1992
replacing the Communist-imposed Constitution of 22 July 1952; new
democratic Constitution being drafted
Legal system:
mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and holdover Communist
legal theory; changes being gradually introduced as part of broader
democratization process; limited judicial review of legislative acts;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
President Lech WALESA (since 22 December 1990); election first round
held 25 November 1990, second round held 9 December 1990 (next to be
held NA November 1995); results - second round Lech WALESA 74.7%,
Stanislaw TYMINSKI 25.3%
head of government:
Prime Minister Waldemar PAWLAK (since 26 October 1993)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers; responsible to the president and the Sejm
Legislative branch:
bicameral National Assembly (Zgromadzenie Narodowe)
Senate (Senat):
elections last held 19 September 1993 (next to be held no later than
NA October 1997); seats - (100 total)
post-Solidarity bloc:
UW 6, NSZZ 12, BBWR 2
non-Communist, non-Solidarity:
independents 7, unaffiliated 1, vacant 1 (to be filled in a 19 June
election)
Communist origin or linked:
PSL 34, SLD 37
Diet (Sejm):
elections last held 19 September 1993 (next to be held no later than
NA October 1997); seats - (460 total)
post-Solidarity bloc:
UW 74, UP 41, BBWR 16
non-Communist, non-Solidarity:
KPN 22
Communist origin or linked:
SLD 171, PSL 132
note:
4 seats were won by ethnic Germans
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
post-Solidarity parties:
Freedom Union (WD; UD and Liberal Democratic Congress merged to form
Freedom Union), Tadeusz MAZOWIECKI; Christian-National Union (ZCHN),
Wieslaw CHRZANOWSKI; Centrum (PC), Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI; Peasant
Alliance (PL), Gabriel JANOWSKI; Solidarity Trade Union (NSZZ), Marian
KRZAKLEWSKI; Union of Labor (UP), Ryszard BUGAJ; Christian-Democratic
Party (PCHD), Pawel LACZKOWSKI; Conservative Party, Alexander HALL;
Nonparty Bloc for the Support of the Reforms (BBWR)
non-Communist, non-Solidarity:
Confederation for an Independent Poland (KPN), Leszek MOCZULSKI;
Polish Economic Program (PPG), Janusz REWINSKI; Christian Democrats
(CHD), Andrzej OWSINSKI; German Minority (MN), Henryk KROL; Union of
Real Politics (UPR), Janusz KORWIN-MIKKE; Democratic Party (SD),
Antoni MACKIEWICZ; Party X, Stanislaw Tyminski
Communist origin or linked:
Social Democracy (SDRP, party of Poland), Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI;
Polish Peasants' Party (PSL), Waldemar PAWLAK; Democratic Left
Alliance, Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI
Other political or pressure groups:
powerful Roman Catholic Church; Solidarity (trade union); All Poland
Trade Union Alliance (OPZZ), populist program
Member of:
BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, COCOM (cooperating),
CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, IOM,
ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, OAS (observer), PCA,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNDOF, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNOMIG, UNPROFOR,
UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Jerzy KOZMINSKI
chancery:
2640 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone:
(202) 234-3800 through 3802
FAX:
(202) 328-6271
consulate(s) general:
Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Nicholas A. REY
embassy:
Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31, Warsaw
mailing address:
American Embassy Warsaw, Unit 1340, or APO AE 09213-1340
telephone:
(2) 628-3041
FAX:
(2) 628-8298
consulate(s) general:
Krakow, Poznan
Flag:
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; similar to the
flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white

@Poland, Economy

Overview:
Poland is continuing the difficult transition to a market economy that
began on 1 January 1990, when the new democratic government instituted
"shock therapy" by decontrolling prices, slashing subsidies, and
drastically reducing import barriers. The economy contracted sharply
in 1990 and 1991, but in 1992 real GDP grew 1% despite a severe
drought. Real GDP expanded about 4% in 1993, the highest rate in
Europe except for Albania. About half of GDP now comes from the
private sector even though privatization of the large state-owned
enterprises is proceeding slowly and most industry remains in state
hands. The pattern of industrial production is changing rapidly;
output of textiles and construction materials is well above 1990
levels, while output of basic metals remains depressed. Inflation,
which had exceeded 50% monthly in late 1989, was down to about 37% for
all of 1993, as the government held the budget deficit below 3% of
GDP. Unemployment has risen steadily, however, to about 16%. The trade
deficit is also a problem, in part due to recession in Western Europe,
Poland's main customer. The new government elected in September 1993
is politically to the left of its predecessor but is continuing the
reform process.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $180.4 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
4.1% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
$4,680 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
37% (1993)
Unemployment rate:
15.7% (December 1993)
Budget:
revenues:
$24.3 billion
expenditures:
$27.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.5 billion (1993
est.)
Exports:
$13.5 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
machinery 24%, metals 17%, chemicals 12%, fuels and power 11%, food
10% (1992)
partners:
Germany 31.4%, Netherlands 6.0%, Italy 5.6%, Russia 5.5% (1992)
Imports:
$15.6 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
fuels and power 17%, machinery 36%, chemicals 17%, food 8% (1992)
partners:
Germany 23.9%, Russia 8.5%, Italy 6.9%, UK 6.7% (1992)
External debt:
$47 billion (1993); note - Poland's Western government creditors
promised in 1991 to forgive 30% of Warsaw's $35 billion official debt
immediately and to forgive another 20% in 1994; foreign banks agreed
in early 1994 to forgive 45% of their $12 billion debt claim
Industrial production:
growth rate 7% (1993)
Electricity:
capacity:
31,530,000 kW
production:
137 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
3,570 kWh (1992)
Industries:
machine building, iron and steel, extractive industries, chemicals,
shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles
Agriculture:
accounts for 7% of GDP and a much larger share of labor force; 75% of
output from private farms, 25% from state farms; productivity remains
low by European standards; leading European producer of rye, rapeseed,
and potatoes; wide variety of other crops and livestock; major
exporter of pork products; normally self-sufficient in food
Illicit drugs:
illicit producers of opium for domestic consumption and amphetamines
for the international market; transshipment point for Asian and Latin
American illicit drugs to Western Europe
Economic aid:
donor:
bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries (1954-89),
$2.2 billion
recipient:
Western governments and institutions have pledged $8 billion in grants
and loans since 1989, but most of the money has not been disbursed
Currency:
1 zloty (Zl) = 100 groszy
Exchange rates:
zlotych (Zl) per US$1 - 21,080 (January 1994), 18,115 (1993), 13,626
(1992), 10,576 (1991), 9,500 (1990), 1,439.18 (1989)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

@Poland, Communications

Railroads:
26,250 km total; 23,857 km 1.435-meter gauge, 397 km 1.520-meter
gauge, 1,996 km narrow gauge; 8,987 km double track; 11,510 km
electrified; government owned (1991)
Highways:
total:
360,629 km (excluding farm, factory and forest roads)
paved:
220,000 km (220 km of which are limited access expressways)
unpaved:
140,629 km (1988)
Inland waterways:
3,997 km navigable rivers and canals (1991)
Pipelines:
crude oil 1,986 km; petroleum products 360 km; natural gas 4,600 km
(1992)
Ports:
Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Swinoujscie; principal inland ports are
Gliwice on Kanal Gliwicki, Wrocaw on the Oder, and Warsaw on the
Vistula
Merchant marine:
173 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,327,855 GRT/3,458,445 DWT,
bulk 89, cargo 57, chemical tanker 4, container 8, oil tanker 1,
passenger 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 8, short-sea passenger 5
note:
Poland owns 3 ships operating under Liberian registry
Airports:
total:
209
usable:
167
with permanent-surface runways:
70
with runway over 3,659 m:
1
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
47
with runways 1,060-2,439 m:
78
note:
a C-130 can land on a 1,060-m airstrip
Telecommunications:
severely underdeveloped and outmoded system; cable, open wire and
microwave; phone density is 10.5 phones per 100 residents (October
1990); 3.6 million telephone subscribers; exchanges are 86% automatic
(1991); broadcast stations - 27 AM, 27 FM, 40 (5 Soviet repeaters) TV;
9.6 million TVs; 1 satellite earth station using INTELSAT, EUTELSAT,
INMARSAT and Intersputnik

@Poland, Defense Forces

Branches:
Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Force
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 10,046,993; fit for military service 7,856,680; reach
military age (19) annually 316,339 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
30.8 trillion zlotych, 1.8% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of
defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate
could produce misleading results

@Portugal, Geography

Location:
Southwestern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean west of Spain
Map references:
Africa, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
92,080 sq km
land area:
91,640 sq km
comparative area:
slightly smaller than Indiana
note:
includes Azores and Madeira Islands
Land boundaries:
total 1,214 km, Spain 1,214 km
Coastline:
1,793 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf:
200-m depth or to depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with
Indonesia
Climate:
maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south
Terrain:
mountainous north of the Tagus, rolling plains in south
Natural resources:
fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore, uranium ore, marble
Land use:
arable land:
32%
permanent crops:
6%
meadows and pastures:
6%
forest and woodland:
40%
other:
16%
Irrigated land:
6,340 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
soil erosion; air pollution caused by industrial and vehicle
emissions; water pollution, especially in coastal areas
natural hazards:
Azores subject to severe earthquakes
international agreements:
party to - Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber, Wetlands;
signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban
Note:
Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western
sea approaches to Strait of Gibraltar

@Portugal, People

Population:
10,524,210 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.36% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
11.66 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
9.7 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
1.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
9.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
75.2 years
male:
71.77 years
female:
78.86 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.46 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Portuguese (singular and plural)
adjective:
Portuguese
Ethnic divisions:
homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira Islands;
citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during
decolonization number less than 100,000
Religions:
Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant denominations 1%, other 2%
Languages:
Portuguese
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
85%
male:
89%
female:
82%
Labor force:
4,605,700
by occupation:
services 45%, industry 35%, agriculture 20% (1988)

@Portugal, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
Portuguese Republic
conventional short form:
Portugal
local long form:
Republica Portuguesa
local short form:
Portugal
Digraph:
PO
Type:
republic
Capital:
Lisbon
Administrative divisions:
18 districts (distritos, singular - distrito) and 2 autonomous
regions* (regioes autonomas, singular - regiao autonoma); Aveiro,
Acores (Azores)*, Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra,
Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa, Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto,
Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real, Viseu
Dependent areas:
Macau (scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region of China on
20 December 1999)
Independence:
1140 (independent republic proclaimed 5 October 1910)
National holiday:
Day of Portugal, 10 June (1580)
Constitution:
25 April 1976, revised 30 October 1982 and 1 June 1989
Legal system:
civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the
constitutionality of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
President Dr. Mario Alberto Nobre Lopes SOARES (since 9 March 1986);
election last held 13 February 1991 (next to be held NA February
1996); results - Dr. Mario Lopes SOARES 70%, Basilio HORTA 14%, Carlos
CARVALHAS 13%, Carlos MARQUES 3%
head of government:
Prime Minister Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 6 November 1985)
Council of State:
acts as a consultative body to the president
cabinet:
Council of Ministers; appointed by the president on recommendation of
the prime minister
Legislative branch:
unicameral
Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica):
elections last held 6 October 1991 (next to be held NA October 1995);
results - PSD 50.4%, PS 29.3%, CDU 8.8%, Center Democrats 4.4%,
National Solidarity Party 1.7%, PRD 0.6%, other 4.8%; seats - (230
total) PSD 136, PS 71, CDU 17, Center Democrats 5, National Solidarity
Party 1
Judicial branch:
Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justica)
Political parties and leaders:
Social Democratic Party (PSD), Anibal CAVACO Silva; Portuguese
Socialist Party (PS), Antonio GUTERRES; Party of Democratic Renewal
(PRD), Pedro CANAVARRO; Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), Carlos
CARVALHAS; Social Democratic Center (CDS), Manuel MONTEIRO; National
Solidarity Party (PSN), Manuel SERGIO; Center Democratic Party (CDS);
United Democratic Coalition (CDU; Communists)
Member of:
AfDB, Australian Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC,
ECE, ECLAC, EIB, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM,
ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA,
NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ,
UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Francisco Jose Laco Treichler KNOPFLI
chancery:
2125 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
(202) 328-8610
FAX:
(202) 462-3726
consulate(s) general:
Boston, New York, Newark (New Jersey), and San Francisco
consulate(s):
Los Angeles, New Bedford (Massachusetts), and Providence (Rhode
Island)
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
(vacant); Charge d'Affaires Sharon P. WILKINSON
embassy:
Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600 Lisbon
mailing address:
PSC 83, Lisbon; APO AE 09726
telephone:
(1) 726-6600 or 6659, 8670, 8880
FAX:
(1) 726-9109
consulate(s):
Ponta Delgada (Azores)
Flag:
two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red
(three-fifths) with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the
dividing line

@Portugal, Economy

Overview:
Portugal's economy registered only 1.1% growth in 1992 and contracted
by 0.4% in 1993, in contrast to the 4.5% average of the fast-paced
1986-90 period. Recession in the European Union, which accounts for
75% of Portugal's international trade, is the key factor in the
downturn. The government's long-run economic goal is the modernization
of Portuguese markets, industry, infrastructure, and workforce in
order to catch up with productivity and income levels of the more
advanced EU countries. Per capita income now equals only 55% of the EU
average. The government's medium-term economic objective is to be in
the first tier of EU countries eligible to join the economic and
monetary union (EMU) as early as 1997. Economic policy in 1993 focused
on reducing inflationary pressures by lowering the fiscal deficit,
maintaining a stable escudo, moderating wage increases, and
encouraging increased competition. Resumption of growth in the short
run depends on the revival of growth in Europe as a whole, not a
likely prospect in the immediate future.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $91.5 billion (1993)
National product real growth rate:
-0.4% (1993)
National product per capita:
$8,700 (1993)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
7% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
7% (1993 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
$27.3 billion
expenditures:
$33.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $4.5 billion (1991
est.)
Exports:
$17.5 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
cotton textiles, cork and paper products, canned fish, wine, timber
and timber products, resin, machinery, appliances
partners:
EC 75.4%, other developed countries 12.4%, US 3.8% (1992)
Imports:
$28 billion (c.i.f., 1993 est.)
commodities:
machinery and transport equipment, agricultural products, chemicals,
petroleum, textiles
partners:
EC 72%, other developed countries 10.9% less developed countries
12.9%, US 3.4%
External debt:
$20 billion (1993 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate 9.1% (1990); accounts for 40% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
6,624,000 kW
production:
26.4 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
2,520 kWh (1992)
Industries:
textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork; metalworking; oil
refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine; tourism
Agriculture:
accounts for 6.1% of GDP and 20% of labor force; small, inefficient
farms; imports more than half of food needs; major crops - grain,
potatoes, olives, grapes; livestock sector - sheep, cattle, goats,
poultry, meat, dairy products
Illicit drugs:
increasingly important gateway country for Latin American cocaine
entering the European market; transshipment point for hashish from
North Africa to Europe
Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.8 billion
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
(1970-89), $1.2 billion
Currency:
1 Portuguese escudo (Esc) = 100 centavos
Exchange rates:
Portuguese escudos (Esc) per US$1 - 176.16 (January 1994), 160.80
(1993), 135.00 (1992), 144.48 (1991), 142.55 (1990), 157.46 (1989)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

@Portugal, Communications

Railroads:
3,625 km total; state-owned Portuguese Railroad Co. (CP) operates
2,858 km 1.665-meter gauge (434 km electrified and 426 km double
track), 755 km 1.000-meter gauge; 12 km (1.435-meter gauge)
electrified, double track, privately owned
Highways:
total:
73,661 km
paved and gravel:
61,599 km (including 453 km of expressways)
unpaved:
earth 12,062 km
Inland waterways:
820 km navigable; relatively unimportant to national economy, used by
shallow-draft craft limited to 300-metric-ton cargo capacity
Pipelines:
crude oil 22 km; petroleum products 58 km
Ports:
Leixoes, Lisbon, Porto, Ponta Delgada (Azores), Velas (Azores),
Setubal, Sines
Merchant marine:
61 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 962,293 GRT/1,779,855 DWT, bulk
3, cargo 25, chemical tanker 4, container 3, liquified gas 2, oil
tanker 18, refrigerated cargo 3, roll-on/roll-off cargo 1, short-sea
passenger 2
note:
Portugal has created a captive register on Madeira (MAR) for
Portuguese-owned ships that will have the taxation and crewing
benefits of a flag of convenience; although only one ship currently is
known to fly the Portuguese flag on the MAR register, it is likely
that a majority of Portuguese flag ships will transfer to this
subregister in a few years
Airports:
total:
65
usable:
63
with permanent-surface runways:
37
with runways over 3,659 m:
2
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
10
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
11
Telecommunications:
generally adequate integrated network of coaxial cables, open wire and
microwave radio relay; 2,690,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 57
AM, 66 (22 repeaters) FM, 66 (23 repeaters) TV; 6 submarine cables; 3
INTELSAT earth stations (2 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean), EUTELSAT,
domestic satellite systems (mainland and Azores); tropospheric link to
Azores

@Portugal, Defense Forces

Branches:
Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, National Republican Guard,
Fiscal Guard, Public Security Police
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 2,723,987; fit for military service 2,207,637; reach
military age (20) annually 89,380 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $2.1 billion, 2.9% of GDP (1993)

@Puerto Rico

Header Affiliation: (commonwealth associated with the US)

@Puerto Rico, Geography

Location:
Caribbean, in the North Caribbean Sea, between the Dominican Republic
and the Virgin Islands group
Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean
Area:
total area:
9,104 sq km
land area:
8,959 sq km
comparative area:
slightly less than three times the size of Rhode Island
Land boundaries:
0 km
Coastline:
501 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
24 nm
continental shelf:
200-m depth or to depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical marine, mild, little seasonal temperature variation
Terrain:
mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north; mountains
precipitous to sea on west coast; sandy beaches along most coastal
areas
Natural resources:
some copper and nickel, potential for onshore and offshore crude oil
Land use:
arable land:
8%
permanent crops:
9%
meadows and pastures:
41%
forest and woodland:
20%
other:
22%
Irrigated land:
390 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
NA
natural hazards:
NA
international agreements:
NA
Note:
important location along the Mona Passage - a key shipping lane to the
Panama Canal; San Juan is one of the biggest and best natural harbors
in the Caribbean; many small rivers and high central mountains ensure
land is well watered; south coast relatively dry; fertile coastal
plain belt in north

@Puerto Rico, People

Population: 3,801,977 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 0.13% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 16.5 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 7.93 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: -7.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 13.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 73.95 years male: 70.42 years female: 77.65 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.04 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Puerto Rican(s) adjective: Puerto Rican Ethnic divisions: Hispanic Religions: Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant denominations and other 15% Languages: Spanish (official), English widely understood Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1980) total population: 89% male: 90% female: 88% Labor force: 1.17 million (1992) by occupation: government 20%, manufacturing 14%, trade 17%, construction 5%, communications and transportation 5%, other 39% (1992)

@Puerto Rico, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
conventional short form:
Puerto Rico
Digraph:
RQ
Type:
commonwealth associated with the US
Capital:
San Juan
Administrative divisions:
none (commonwealth associated with the US), note: there are 78
municipalities
Independence:
none (commonwealth associated with the US)
National holiday:
US Independence Day, 4 July (1776)
Constitution:
ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952; effective
25 July 1952
Legal system:
based on Spanish civil code
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but
do not vote in US presidential elections
Executive branch:
chief of state:
President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice
President Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993)
head of government:
Governor Pedro ROSSELLO (since NA January 1993); election last held 3
November 1992 (next to be held NA November 1996); results - Pedro
ROSSELLO (PND) 50%, Victoria MUNOZ (PPD) 46%, Fernando MARTIN (PIP) 4%
Legislative branch:
bicameral Legislative Assembly
Senate:
elections last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November
1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (27 total) seats
by party NA
House of Representatives:
elections last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November
1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (53 total) seats
by party NA
US House of Representatives:
elections last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held NA November
1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) seats
by party NA; note - Puerto Rico elects one representative to the US
House of Representatives, Carlos Romero BARCELO
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
National Republican Party of Puerto Rico, Freddy VALENTIN; Popular
Democratic Party (PPD), Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon; New Progressive Party
(PNP), Carlos ROMERO Barcelo; Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP), Juan
MARI Bras and Carlos GALLISA; Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP),
Ruben BERRIOS Martinez; Puerto Rican Communist Party (PCP), leader(s)
unknown
Other political or pressure groups:
all have engaged in terrorist activities - Armed Forces for National
Liberation (FALN); Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution; Boricua
Popular Army (also known as the Macheteros); Armed Forces of Popular
Resistance
Member of:
CARICOM (observer), ECLAC (associate), FAO (associate), ICFTU,
INTERPOL (subbureau), IOC, WCL, WFTU, WHO (associate), WTO (associate)
Diplomatic representation in US:
none (commonwealth associated with the US)
US diplomatic representation:
none (commonwealth associated with the US)
Flag:
five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with
white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large
white five-pointed star in the center; design based on the US flag

@Puerto Rico, Economy

Overview:
Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the Caribbean
region. Industry has surpassed agriculture as the primary sector of
economic activity and income. Encouraged by duty free access to the US
and by tax incentives, US firms have invested heavily in Puerto Rico
since the 1950s. US minimum wage laws apply. Important industries
include pharmaceuticals, electronics, textiles, petrochemicals, and
processed foods. Sugar production has lost out to dairy production and
other livestock products as the main source of income in the
agricultural sector. Tourism has traditionally been an important
source of income for the island, with estimated arrivals of nearly 3
million tourists in 1989. Unemployment remains a severe problem at
18%.
National product:
GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $26.8 billion (1992 est.)
National product real growth rate:
NA%
National product per capita:
$7,100 (1992 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.1% (1992 est.)
Unemployment rate:
18% (1993 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
$5.8 billion
expenditures:
$5.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $258 million (1989
est.)
Exports:
$21.8 billion (1992)
commodities:
pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna, rum, beverage
concentrates, medical equipment, instruments
partners:
US 88.3% (1990)
Imports:
$14.8 billion (1992)
commodities:
chemicals, clothing, food, fish, petroleum products
partners:
US 68.8% (1990)
External debt:
$NA
Industrial production:
growth rate 1.2% (FY92)
Electricity:
capacity:
5,040,000 kW
production:
16.1 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
4,260 kWh (1992)
Industries:
manufacturing accounts for 55.5% of GDP: manufacturing of
pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, food products, instruments;
tourism
Agriculture:
accounts for only 3% of labor force and less than 2% of GDP: crops -
sugarcane, coffee, pineapples, plantains, bananas; livestock - cattle,
chickens; imports a large share of food needs (1992)
Economic aid:
none
Currency:
1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
US currency is used
Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June

@Puerto Rico, Communications

Railroads:
96 km rural narrow-gauge system for hauling sugarcane; no passenger
railroads
Highways:
total:
13,762 km
paved:
13,762 km (1982)
Ports:
San Juan, Ponce, Mayaguez, Arecibo
Airports:
total:
30
usable:
23
with permanent-surface runways:
19
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
3
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
5
Telecommunications:
modern system, integrated with that of the US by high capacity
submarine cable and INTELSAT with high-speed data capability; digital
telephone system with about 1 million lines; cellular telephone
service; broadcast stations - 50 AM, 63 FM, 9 TV; cable television
available with US programs (1990)

@Puerto Rico, Defense Forces

Branches:
paramilitary National Guard, Police Force
Note:
defense is the responsibility of the US

@Qatar, Geography

Location:
Middle East, peninsula jutting into the central Persian Gulf, between
Iran and Saudi Arabia
Map references:
Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
11,000 sq km
land area:
11,000 sq km
comparative area:
slightly smaller than Connecticut
Land boundaries:
total 60 km, Saudi Arabia 60 km
Coastline:
563 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf:
not specified
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
territorial dispute with Bahrain over the Hawar Islands; maritime
boundary with Bahrain
Climate:
desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summer
Terrain:
mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravel
Natural resources:
petroleum, natural gas, fish
Land use:
arable land:
0%
permanent crops:
0%
meadows and pastures:
5%
forest and woodland:
0%
other:
95%
Irrigated land:
NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
limited freshwater resources are increasing dependence on large-scale
desalination facilities
natural hazards:
haze, dust storms, sandstorms common
international agreements:
signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Law of the Sea
Note:
strategic location in central Persian Gulf near major petroleum
deposits

@Qatar, People

Population: 512,779 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 2.56% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 18.83 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 3.53 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: 10.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 21.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.64 years male: 70.08 years female: 75.09 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 3.74 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Qatari(s) adjective: Qatari Ethnic divisions: Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14% Religions: Muslim 95% Languages: Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second language Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1986) total population: 76% male: 77% female: 72% Labor force: 104,000 (85% non-Qatari in private sector) (1983)

@Qatar, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
State of Qatar
conventional short form:
Qatar
local long form:
Dawlat Qatar
local short form:
Qatar
Digraph:
QA
Type:
traditional monarchy
Capital:
Doha
Administrative divisions:
there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US
Government, but there are 9 municipalities (baladiyat, singular -
baladiyah); Ad Dawhah, Al Ghuwayriyah, Al Jumayliyah, Al Khawr, Al
Rayyan, Al Wakrah, Ash Shamal, Jarayan al Batnah, Umm Salal
Independence:
3 September 1971 (from UK)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 3 September (1971)
Constitution:
provisional constitution enacted 2 April 1970
Legal system:
discretionary system of law controlled by the amir, although civil
codes are being implemented; Islamic law is significant in personal
matters
Suffrage:
none
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government:
Amir and Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Hamad Al Thani (since 22 February
1972); Crown Prince HAMAD bin Khalifa Al Thani (appointed 31 May 1977;
son of Amir and Minister of Defense)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers; appointed by the amir
Legislative branch:
unicameral
Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura):
constitution calls for elections for part of this consultative body,
but no elections have been held; seats - (30 total)
Judicial branch:
Court of Appeal
Political parties and leaders:
none
Member of:
ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU,
LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador ABD AL-RAHMAN bin Saud bin Faud Al Thani
chancery:
Suite 1180, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone:
(202) 338-0111
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Kenton W. KEITH
embassy:
149 Ali Bin Ahmed St., Farig Bin Omran (opposite the television
station), Doha
mailing address:
P. O. Box 2399, Doha
telephone:
(0974) 864701 through 864703
FAX:
(0974) 861669
Flag:
maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the
hoist side

@Qatar, Economy

Overview:
Oil is the backbone of the economy and accounts for roughly 85% of
export earnings and 75% of government revenues. Proved oil reserves of
3.3 billion barrels should ensure continued output at current levels
for about 25 years. Oil has given Qatar a per capita GDP comparable to
the leading industrial countries. Production and export of natural gas
are becoming increasingly important.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $8.8 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
-0.5% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
$17,500 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues:
$2.5 billion
expenditures:
$3 billion, including capital expenditures of $440 million (1992 est.)
Exports:
$3.4 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
petroleum products 85%, steel, fertilizers
partners:
Japan 61%, Brazil 6%, South Korea 5%, UAE 4%, Singapore 3% (1991)
Imports:
$1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
machinery and equipment, consumer goods, food, chemicals
partners:
Japan 14%, UK 12%, US 12%, Germany 9%, France 5% (1991)
External debt:
$1.5 billion (1993 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate NA%; accounts for 64% of GDP, including oil
Electricity:
capacity:
1,596,000 kW
production:
4.818 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
9,655 kWh (1992)
Industries:
crude oil production and refining, fertilizers, petrochemicals, steel
(rolls reinforcing bars for concrete construction), cement
Agriculture:
farming and grazing on small scale, less than 2% of GDP; agricultural
area is small and government-owned; commercial fishing increasing in
importance; most food imported
Economic aid:
donor:
pledged in ODA to less developed countries (1979-88), $2.7 billion
Currency:
1 Qatari riyal (QR) = 100 dirhams
Exchange rates:
Qatari riyals (QR) per US$1 - 3.6400 riyals (fixed rate)
Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

@Qatar, Communications

Highways:
total:
1,500 km
paved:
1,000 km
unpaved:
gravel, natural surface 500 km (est.)
Pipelines:
crude oil 235 km; natural gas 400 km
Ports:
Doha, Umm Sa'id, Halul Island
Merchant marine:
18 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 373,491 GRT/567,294 DWT,
container 4, cargo 11, oil tanker 2, refrigerated cargo 1
Airports:
total:
5
usable:
4
with permanent-surface runways:
1
with runways over 3,659 m:
1
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
0
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
2
Telecommunications:
modern system centered in Doha; 110,000 telephones; tropospheric
scatter to Bahrain; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and UAE;
submarine cable to Bahrain and UAE; satellite earth stations - 1
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT; broadcast
stations - 2 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV

@Qatar, Defense Forces

Branches:
Army, Navy, Air Force, Public Security
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 217,538; fit for military service 114,468; reach
military age (18) annually 3,737 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
$NA, NA%, of GDP

@Reunion

Header

Affiliation: (overseas department of France)

@Reunion, Geography

Location: Southern Africa, in the western Indian Ocean, 750 km east of Madagascar Map references: World Area: total area: 2,510 sq km land area: 2,500 sq km comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode Island Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 201 km Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical, but moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, hot and rainy from November to April Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast Natural resources: fish, arable land Land use: arable land: 20% permanent crops: 2% meadows and pastures: 4% forest and woodland: 35% other: 39% Irrigated land: 60 sq km (1989 est.) Environment: current issues: NA natural hazards: periodic, devastating cyclones international agreements: NA

@Reunion, People

Population: 652,857 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 2.03% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 25.14 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 4.87 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 7.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 74.07 years male: 71 years female: 77.29 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.78 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Reunionese (singular and plural) adjective: Reunionese Ethnic divisions: French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, Indian Religions: Roman Catholic 94% Languages: French (official), Creole widely used Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1982) total population: 69% male: 67% female: 74% Labor force: NA by occupation: agriculture 30%, industry 21%, services 49% (1981) note: 63% of population of working age (1983)

@Reunion, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
Department of Reunion
conventional short form:
Reunion
local long form:
none
local short form:
Ile de la Reunion
Digraph:
RE
Type:
overseas department of France
Capital:
Saint-Denis
Administrative divisions:
none (overseas department of France)
Independence:
none (overseas department of France)
National holiday:
Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789)
Constitution:
28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
Legal system:
French law
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)
head of government:
Prefect of Reunion Island Hubert FOURNIER (since NA)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers
Legislative branch:
unicameral General Council and unicameral Regional Council
General Council:
elections last held 22 March 1991 (next to be held March 1997);
results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (44 total) seats by
party NA
Regional Council:
elections last held 22 March 1992 (next to be held by NA March 1998);
results - UPF 25.6%, PCR 17.9%, PS 10.5%, Independent 33.4%, other
12.6%; seats - (45 total) Sudre 17, UPF 14, PCR 9, PS 5
French Senate:
elections last held 24 September 1992 (next to be held NA); results -
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (3 total) RPR 1, FRA 1,
independent 1
French National Assembly:
elections last held 21 and 28 March 1993 (next to be held NA 1998);
results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (5 total) PS 1, PCR 1,
UPF 1, RPR 1, UDF-CDS 1; note - 5 members to the French National
Assembly who are voting members
Judicial branch:
Court of Appeals (Cour d'Appel)
Political parties and leaders:
Rally for the Republic (RPR), Francois MAS; Union for French Democracy
(UDF), Gilbert GERARD; Communist Party of Reunion (PCR), Elie HOARAU;;
France-Reunion Future (FRA), Andre THIEN AH KOON; Reunion Communist
Party (PCR); Socialist Party (PS), Jean-Claude FRUTEAU; Social
Democrats (CDS); other small parties
Member of:
FZ, WFTU
Diplomatic representation in US:
none (overseas department of France)
US diplomatic representation:
none (overseas department of France)
Flag:
the flag of France is used

@Reunion, Economy

Overview:
The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture. Sugarcane has
been the primary crop for more than a century, and in some years it
accounts for 85% of exports. The government has been pushing the
development of a tourist industry to relieve high unemployment, which
recently amounted to one-third of the labor force. The gap in Reunion
between the well-off and the poor is extraordinary and accounts for
the persistent social tensions. The white and Indian communities are
substantially better off than other segments of the population, often
approaching European standards, whereas indigenous groups suffer the
poverty and unemployment typical of the poorer nations of the African
continent. The outbreak of severe rioting in February 1991 illustrates
the seriousness of socioeconomic tensions. The economic well-being of
Reunion depends heavily on continued financial assistance from France.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $2.5 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
NA%
National product per capita:
$3,900 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1.3% (1988)
Unemployment rate:
35% (February 1991)
Budget:
revenues:
$358 million
expenditures:
$914 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1986 est.)
Exports:
$166 million (f.o.b., 1988)
commodities:
sugar 75%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 4%, lobster 3%,
vanilla and tea 1%
partners:
France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy
Imports:
$1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1988)
commodities:
manufactured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery and
transportation equipment, raw materials, and petroleum products
partners:
France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy
External debt:
$NA
Industrial production:
growth rate NA%; about 25% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
245,000 kW
production:
750 million kWh
consumption per capita:
1,230 kWh (1991)
Industries:
sugar, rum, cigarettes, several small shops producing handicraft items
Agriculture:
accounts for 30% of labor force; dominant sector of economy; cash
crops - sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco; food crops - tropical fruits,
vegetables, corn; imports large share of food needs
Economic aid:
recipient:
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
(1970-89), $14.8 billion
Currency:
1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates:
French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.9205 (January 1994), 5.6632 (1993),
5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

@Reunion, Communications

Highways:
total:
2,800 km
paved:
2,200 km
unpaved:
gravel, crushed stone, stabilized earth 600 km
Ports:
Pointe des Galets
Airports:
total:
2
usable:
2
with permanent-surface runways:
2
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
1
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
1
Telecommunications:
adequate system; modern open-wire and microwave network; principal
center Saint-Denis; radiocommunication to Comoros, France, Madagascar;
new microwave route to Mauritius; 85,900 telephones; broadcast
stations - 3 AM, 13 FM, 1 (18 repeaters) TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT
earth station

@Reunion, Defense Forces

Branches:
French Forces (including Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie)
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 170,810; fit for military service 88,108; reach
military age (18) annually 5,867 (1994 est.)
Note:
defense is the responsibility of France

@Romania, Geography

Location:
Balkan State, Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea between
Bulgaria and Ukraine
Map references:
Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the
World
Area:
total area:
237,500 sq km
land area:
230,340 sq km
comparative area:
slightly smaller than Oregon
Land boundaries:
total 2,508 km, Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km,
Serbia and Montenegro 476 km (all with Serbia), Ukraine (north) 362
km, Ukraine (south) 169 km
Coastline:
225 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
24 nm
continental shelf:
200-m depth or to depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
no official territorial claim by either Moldova or Romania, but
nationalists in Romania seek the merger of Moldova with Romania;
potential future dispute by Moldova and Romania against Ukraine over
former southern and northern Bessarabian areas
Climate:
temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny
summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
Terrain:
central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Plain of Moldavia on
the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian
Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps
Natural resources:
petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore,
salt
Land use:
arable land:
43%
permanent crops:
3%
meadows and pastures:
19%
forest and woodland:
28%
other:
7%
Irrigated land:
34,500 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution in south
from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands
natural hazards:
earthquakes most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and
climate promote landslides
international agreements:
party to - Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified -
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law of
the Sea
Note:
controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans,
Moldova, and Ukraine

@Romania, People

Population:
23,181,415 (July 1994 est.)
note:
the Romanian census of January 1992 gives the population for that date
as 22.749 million; the government estimates that population declined
in 1993 by 0.3%
Population growth rate:
0.06% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
13.66 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
10.02 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
-3.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
19.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
71.74 years
male:
68.81 years
female:
74.84 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.82 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Romanian(s)
adjective:
Romanian
Ethnic divisions:
Romanian 89.1%, Hungarian 8.9%, German 0.4%, Ukrainian, Serb, Croat,
Russian, Turk, and Gypsy 1.6%
Religions:
Romanian Orthodox 70%, Roman Catholic 6% (of which 3% are Uniate),
Protestant 6%, unaffiliated 18%
Languages:
Romanian, Hungarian, German
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1978 est.)
total population:
98%
male:
NA%
female:
NA%
Labor force:
10,945,700
by occupation:
industry 38%, agriculture 28%, other 34% (1989)

@Romania, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
none
conventional short form:
Romania
local long form:
none
local short form:
Romania
Digraph:
RO
Type:
republic
Capital:
Bucharest
Administrative divisions:
40 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality*
(municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud,
Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin,
Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu,
Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures,
Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman,
Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea
Independence:
1881 (from Turkey; republic proclaimed 30 December 1947)
National holiday:
National Day of Romania, 1 December (1990)
Constitution:
8 December 1991
Legal system:
former mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory is being
revised to conform with European norms
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 June 1990, previously President of
Provisional Council of National Unity since 23 December 1989);
election last held 27 September 1992 - with runoff between top two
candidates on 11 October 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Ion
ILIESCU 61.4%, Emil CONSTANTINESCU 38.6%
head of government:
Prime Minister Nicolae VACAROIU (since November 1992)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers; appointed by the prime minister
Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament
Senate (Senat):
elections last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held NA 1996);
results - PDSR 27.5%, CDR 22.5%, PP-(FSN) 11%, others 39%; seats -
(143 total) PDSR 49, CDR 34, PP-(FSN) 18, PUNR 14, UDMR 12, PRM 6,
PDAR 5, PSM 5
House of Deputies (Adunarea Deputatilor):
elections last held 27 September 1992 (next to be held NA 1996);
results - PDSR 27.5%, CDR 22.5%, PP-(FSN) 11%, others 39%; seats -
(341 total) PDSR 117, CDR 82, PP-(FSN) 43, PUNR 30, UDMR 27, PRM 16,
PSM 13, other 13
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court of Justice, Constitutional Court
Political parties and leaders:
Democratic Party (PD-(FSN)), Petre ROMAN; Party of Social Democracy in
Romania (PDSR), Adrian NASTASE; Democratic Union of Hungarians in
Romania (UDMR), Bela MARKO; National Liberal Party (PNL), Mircea
IONESCU-QUINTUS; National Peasants' Christian and Democratic Party
(PNTCD), Corneliu COPOSU; Romanian National Unity Party (PUNR),
Gheorghe FUNAR; Socialist Labor Party (PSM), Ilie VERDET; Agrarian
Democratic Party of Romania (PDAR), Victor SURDU; The Democratic
Convention (CDR), Emil CONSTANTINESCU; Romania Mare Party (PRM),
Corneliu Vadim TUDOR
note:
numerous other samll parties exist but almost all failed to gain
representation in the most recent election
Other political or pressure groups:
various human rights and professional associations
Member of:
ACCT (observer), BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CEI (participating), CSCE, EBRD,
ECE, FAO, G-9, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU,
LORCS, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, OAS (observer), PCA, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOSOM, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
(vacant)
chancery:
1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone:
(202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851
FAX:
(202) 232-4748
consulate(s) general:
New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
Ambassador John R. DAVIS, Jr.
embassy:
Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest
mailing address:
AmEmbassy (Buch), Unit 1315, Bucharest; APO AE 09213-1315
telephone:
(1) 210-4042
FAX:
(1) 210-0395
Flag:
three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the
national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has
been removed; now similar to the flags of Andorra and Chad

@Romania, Economy

Overview:
Despite the continuing difficulties in moving away from the former
command system, the Romanian economy seems to have bottomed out in
1993. Market oriented reforms have been introduced fitfully since the
downfall of CEAUSESCU in December 1989, with the result a growing
private sector, especially in services. The slow pace of structural
reform, however, has exacerbated Romania's high inflation rate and
eroded real wages. Agricultural production rebounded in 1993 from the
previous year's drought-reduced harvest; food supplies are adequate,
but expensive. Bucharest resisted pressure to devalue its currency
despite a $638 million trade deficit in the first half of 1993 and the
emergence of a black market for hard currency. Unable to support the
currency, the national bank, nonetheless, was forced to depreciate the
currency 65% over the course of the year. The return of winter
revealed that much of Romania's infrastructure had deteriorated over
the last four years due to reduced levels of public investment.
Residents of the capital reported frequent disruptions of heating and
water services.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $63.7 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
1% (1993)
National product per capita:
$2,700 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
6% per month (March 1994)
Unemployment rate:
11% (March 1994)
Budget:
revenues:
$19 billion
expenditures:
$20 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.1 billion (1991
est.)
Exports:
$4 billion (f.o.b., 1993)
commodities:
metals and metal products 24%, mineral products 14%, textiles 10.7%,
electric machines and equipment 9.3%, transport materials 9.2% (1993)
partners:
EC 36.1%, developing countries 27.4%, East and Central Europe 14.9%,
EFTA 5.1%, Russia 5%, Japan 1.4%, US 1.3% (1993)
Imports:
$5.4 billion (f.o.b., 1993)
commodities:
minerals 29%, machinery and equipment 17.2%, textiles 10%,
agricultural goods 9% (1993)
partners:
EC 45.8%, East and Central Europe 8.6%, developing countries 22.6%,
Russia 11%, EFTA 6.2%, US 5.0%, Japan 0.8% (1993)
External debt:
$4 billion (1993)
Industrial production:
growth rate -1% (1993 est.); accounts for 45% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
22,500,000 kW
production:
59 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
2,540 kWh (1992)
Industries:
mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, machine
building, food processing, petroleum production and refining
Agriculture:
accounts for 18% of GDP and 28% of labor force; major wheat and corn
producer; other products - sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes,
milk, eggs, meat, grapes
Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for southwest Asian heroin and Latin American
cocaine transiting the Balkan route
Economic aid:
$NA
Currency:
1 leu (L) = 100 bani
Exchange rates:
lei (L) per US$1 - 1,387.16 (January 1994), 760.05 (1993), 307.95
(1992), 76.39 (1991), 22.432 (1990), 14.922 (1989)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

@Romania, Communications

Railroads:
11,275 km total; 10,860 km 1.435-meter gauge, 370 km narrow gauge, 45
km broad gauge; 3,411 km electrified, 3,060 km double track;
government owned (1987)
Highways:
total:
72,799 km
paved:
35,970 km
unpaved:
gravel, crushed stone, stabilized earth 27,729 km; unsurfaced earth
9,100 km (1985)
Inland waterways:
1,724 km (1984)
Pipelines:
crude oil 2,800 km; petroleum products 1,429 km; natural gas 6,400 km
(1992)
Ports:
Constanta, Galati, Braila, Mangalia; inland ports are Giurgiu,
Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Orsova
Merchant marine:
241 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,626,421 GRT/4,017,380 DWT,
bulk 49, cargo 167, container 2, oil tanker 14, passenger-cargo 1,
rail-car carrier 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 7
Airports:
total:
234
usable:
74
with permanent-surface runways:
26
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
21
with runways 1,060-2,439 m:
24
note:
a C-130 can land on a 1,060-m airstrip
Telecommunications:
poor service; about 2.3 million telephone customers; 89% of phone
network is automatic; cable and open wire; trunk network is microwave;
present phone density is 9.85 per 100 residents; roughly 3,300
villages with no service (February 1990); new digital international
direct dial exchanges are in Bucharest (1993); broadcast stations - 12
AM, 5 FM, 13 TV (1990); 1 satellite ground station using INTELSAT

@Romania, Defense Forces

Branches:
Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Paramilitary Forces, Civil
Defense
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 5,888,452; fit for military service 4,972,834; reach
military age (20) annually 193,901 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
137 billion lei, 3% of GDP (1993); note - conversion of defense
expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could
produce misleading results

@Russia, Geography

Location:
Northern Asia (that part west of the Urals is sometimes included with
Europe), between Europe and the North Pacific Ocean
Map references:
Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States,
Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Standard Time
Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
17,075,200 sq km
land area:
16,995,800 sq km
comparative area:
slightly more than 1.8 times the size of the US
Land boundaries:
total 20,139 km, Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China (southeast)
3,605 km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 290 km, Finland 1,313 km,
Georgia 723 km, Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19 km, Latvia 217 km,
Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,441 km, Norway 167
km, Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 1,576 km
Coastline:
37,653 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf:
200-m depth or to depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
inherited disputes from former USSR including: sections of the
boundary with China; islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan and
the Habomai group occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, administered
by Russia, claimed by Japan; maritime dispute with Norway over portion
of the Barents Sea; Russia may dispute current de facto maritime
border of midpoint of Caspian Sea from shore; potential dispute with
Ukraine over Crimea; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but
has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of
any other nation
Climate:
ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of
European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar
north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in
Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic
coast
Terrain:
broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and
tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions
Natural resources:
wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural
gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, timber
note:
formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder
exploitation of natural resources
Land use:
arable land:
8%
permanent crops:
NA%
meadows and pastures:
NA%
forest and woodland:
NA%
other:
NA%
note:
agricultural land accounts for 13% of the total land area
Irrigated land:
56,000 sq km (1992)
Environment:
current issues:
air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric
plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial and
agricultural pollution of inland waterways and sea coasts;
deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper
application of agricultural chemicals; scattered areas of sometimes
intense radioactive contamination
natural hazards:
permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development
international agreements:
party to - Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulphur, Antarctic Treaty, Environmental Modification,
Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber, Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Antarctic-Environmental
Protocol, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the
Sea
Note:
largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located
in relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite its size, much of
the country lacks proper soils and climates (either too cold or too
dry) for agriculture

@Russia, People

Population: 149,608,953 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 0.2% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 12.67 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 11.34 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: 0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 27 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 68.89 years male: 63.85 years female: 74.2 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.83 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Russian(s) adjective: Russian Ethnic divisions: Russian 81.5%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 3%, Chuvash 1.2%, Bashkir 0.9%, Byelorussian 0.8%, Moldavian 0.7%, other 8.1% Religions: Russian Orthodox, Muslim, other Languages: Russian, other Literacy: age 9-49 can read and write (1970) total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100% Labor force: 75 million (1993 est.) by occupation: production and economic services 83.9%, government 16.1%

@Russia, Government

Names: conventional long form: Russian Federation conventional short form: Russia local long form: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya local short form: Rossiya former: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Digraph: RS Type: federation Capital: Moscow Administrative divisions: 21 autonomous republics (avtomnykh respublik, singular - avtomnaya respublika); Adygea (Maykop), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatia (Ulan-Ude), Chechenia (Groznyy), Chuvashia (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Gorno-Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Ingushetia (Nazran'), Kabardino-Balkaria (Nal'chik), Kalmykia (Elista), Karachay-Cherkessia (Cherkessk), Karelia (Petrozavodsk), Khakassia (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mari El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordovia (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz), Tatarstan (Kazan'), Tuva (Kyzyl), Udmurtia (Izhevsk), Yakutia (Yakutsk); 49 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad (St. Petersburg), Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orel, Orenburg, Penza, Perm', Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver', Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl'; 6 krays (krayev, singular - kray); Altay (Barnaul), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Primorskiy (Vladivostok), Stavropol' note: the autonomous republics of Chechenia and Ingushetia were formerly the automous republic of Checheno-Ingushetia (the boundary between Chechenia and Ingushetia has yet to be determined); the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg are federal cities; an administrative division has the same name as its administrative center (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses) Independence: 24 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) National holiday: Independence Day, June 12 (1990) Constitution: adopted 12 December 1993 Legal system: based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Executive branch: chief of state: President Boris Nikolayevich YEL'TSIN (since 12 June 1991) election last held 12 June 1991 (next to be held 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA%; note - no vice president; if the president dies in office, cannot exercise his powers because of ill health, is impeached, or resigns, the premier succeeds him; the premier serves as acting president until a new presidential election, which must be held within three months head of government: Premier and Chairman of the Council of Ministers Viktor Stepanovich CHERNOMYRDIN (since 14 December 1992); First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers Oleg SOSKOVETS (since 30 April 1993) Security Council: (originally established as a presidential advisory body in June 1991, but restructured in March 1992 with responsibility for managing individual and state security) Presidential Administration: (drafts presidential edicts and provides staff and policy support to the entire executive branch) cabinet: Council of Ministers; appointed by the president Group of Assistants: (schedules president's appointments, processes presidential edicts and other official documents, and houses the president's press service and primary speechwriters) Council of Heads of Republics: (includes the leaders of the 21 ethnic-based Republics) Council of Heads of Administrations: (includes the leaders of the 68 autonomous territories and regions, and the mayors of Moscow and St. Petersburg) Presidential Council: (prepares policy papers for the president) Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly Federation Council: elections last held 12 December 1993 (next to be held NA); note - two members elected from each of Russia's 89 territorial units for a total of 176 deputies; 2 seats unfilled as of 15 May 1994 (Chechenia did not participate in the election); Speaker Vladimir SHUMEYKO (Russia's Choice) State Duma: elections last held 12 December 1993 (next to be held NA December 1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (450 total) Russia's Choice 78, New Regional Policy 66, Liberal Democrats 63, Agrarian Party 55, Communist Party of the Russian Federation 45, Unity and Accord 30, Yavlinskiy Bloc 27, Women of Russia 23, Democratic Party of Russia 15, Russia's Path 12, other parties 23, affiliation unknown 12, unfilled (as of 13 March 1994; Chechnya did not participate in the election) 1; Speaker Ivan RYBKIN (Agrarian Party) Judicial branch: Constitutional Court, Supreme Court (highest court for criminal, civil, and administrative cases), Superior Court of Arbitration (highest court that resolves economic disputes) Political parties and leaders: pro-market democrats: Party of Russian Unity and Accord, Sergey SHAKHRAY; Russia's Choice electoral association, Yegor GAYDAR; Russian Movement for Democratic Reforms electoral association, Anatoliy SOBCHAK; Yavlinskiy-Boldyrev-Lukin Bloc electoral association, Grigoriy YAVLINSKIY centrists/special interest parties: Civic Union for Stability, Justice, and Progress, Arkadiy VOL'SKIY; Constructive-Ecological Movement of Russia, Anatoliy PANFILOV; Democratic Party of Russia, Nikolay TRAVKIN; Dignity and Charity Federal Political Movement, Konstantin FROLOV; Russia's Future-New Names electoral association, Vyacheslav LASHCHEVSKIY; Women of Russia Party, Alevtina FEDULOVA anti-market and/or ultranationalist parties: Agrarian Party, Mikhail LAPSHIN; Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Gennadiy ZYUGANOV; Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKIY note: more than 20 political parties and associations tried to gather enough signatures to run slates of candidates in the 12 December 1993 legislative elections, but only 13 succeeded Other political or pressure groups: NA Member of: BSEC, CBSS, CCC, CE (guest), CERN (observer), CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ESCAP, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NACC, NSG, OAS (observer), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMOZ, UNPROFOR, UN Security Council, UNTAC, UN Trusteeship Council, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC Diplomatic representation in US: chief of mission: Ambassador Vladimir Petrovich LUKIN chancery: 1125 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: (202) 628-7551 and 8548 consulate(s) general: New York, San Francisco, and Seattle consulate(s): Washington US diplomatic representation: chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas R. PICKERING embassy: Novinskiy Bul'var 19/23, Moscow mailing address: APO AE 09721 telephone: (095) 252-2451 through 2459 FAX: (095)-4261/4270 consulate(s): St. Petersburg, Vladivostok Flag: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red

@Russia, Economy

Overview: Russia, a vast country with a wealth of natural resources, a well-educated population, and a diverse industrial base, continues to experience severe difficulties in moving from its old centrally planned economy to a modern market economy. President YEL'TSIN's government has made some progress toward a market economy by freeing most prices, slashing defense spending, unifying foreign exchange rates, and launching an ambitious privatization program. Yet much of the old order persists and YEL'TSIN faces formidable opposition to further measures such as the reduction of subsidies to old-line industries. Output continues to fall although the mix is gradually becoming more responsive to Russia's needs. According to Russian official data, GDP declined by 12% in 1993 compared with 19% in 1992. Industrial output in 1993 fell 16% with all major sectors taking a hit. Agricultural production, meanwhile, was down 6%. The grain harvest totalled 99 million tons - some 8 million tons less than in 1992. Unemployment climbed in 1993 but remained low by Western standards. The official number of unemployed rose from 578,000 at the beginning of 1993 to about 1 million - or roughly 1.4% of the work force - by yearend. According to the Russian labor minister, the actual number of unemployed probably was closer to 4 million. Government fears of large-scale unemployment continued to hamper industrial restructuring efforts. According to official statistics, average real wages remained flat. Nonetheless, a substantial portion of the population, particularly the elderly and people in remote areas, finds its well-being steadily shrinking. The disparity in incomes between the rich and poor continued to rise in 1993, primarily reflecting the high earnings of enterprise managers and persons employed in the emerging private sector. The government tried to narrow the income gap by raising the wages of budget-funded workers - mainly teachers and health care specialists. Official data may overstate hardships, because many Russians supplement their income by moonlighting or by bartering goods and services, activities that often go unreported. Russia made good progress on privatization in 1993 despite active opposition from key cabinet members, hard-line legislators, and antireform regional leaders. By yearend, for example, roughly 35% of Russia's medium and large state enterprises had been auctioned, while the number of private farms in Russia increased by 86,000, reaching a total of 170,000. As a result, about 6% of agricultural land now has been privatized. Financial stabilization continued to remain a challenge for the government. Moscow tightened financial policies in early 1993 - including postponing planned budget spending - and succeeded in reducing monthly inflation from 27% in January to 20% in May and June. In the summer, however, the government relaxed austerity measures in the face of mounting pressure from industry and agriculture, sparking a new round of inflation; the monthly inflation rate jumped to 25% in August. In response, Moscow announced a package of measures designed to curb government spending and inflation. It included eliminating bread subsidies, delaying payment obligations, raising interest rates, and phasing out concessionary Central Bank credits to enterprises and regions. The measures met with some success; the monthly inflation rate declined to 13% in December. According to official statistics, Russia's 1993 trade with nations outside the former Soviet Union produced a $16 billion surplus, up from $6 billion in 1992. Moscow arrested the steep drop in exports that it had been suffering as a result of ruptured ties with former trading partners, output declines, and erratic efforts to move to world prices. Foreign sales - comprised largely of oil, natural gas, and other raw materials - grew slightly. Imports were down by 15% or so as a result of new import taxes and Moscow's reluctance to increase its debt burden by purchasing grain and other goods with foreign credits. Russian trade with other former Soviet republics continued to decline and yielded a surplus of some $5 billion. At the same time, Russia paid only a fraction of the roughly $20 billion in debt coming due in 1993, and by mid-year, Russia's foreign debt had amounted to $81.5 billion. While Moscow reached agreement to restructure debts with Paris Club official creditors in April 1993, Moscow's refusal to waive its right to sovereign immunity kept Russia and its bank creditors from agreeing to restructure Moscow's commercial loans. Capital flight continued to be a serious problem in 1993, with billions of dollars in assets owned by Russians being parked abroad at yearend. Russia's capital stock continues to deteriorate because of insufficient maintenance and new construction. The capital stock on average is twice the age of capital stock in the West. Many years will pass before Russia can take full advantage of its natural resources and its human assets. National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $775.4 billion (1993 estimate from the UN International Comparison Program, as extended to 1991 and published in the World Bank's World Development Report 1993; and as extrapolated to 1993 using official Russian statistics, which are very uncertain because of major economic changes since 1990) National product real growth rate: -12% (1993 est.) National product per capita: $5,190 (1993 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): 21% per month (average 1993); 13% per month (December 1993) Unemployment rate: 1.4% (1 January 1994; official data) Budget: revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA Exports: $43 billion (f.o.b., 1993) commodities: petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood products, metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military manufactures partners: Europe, North America, Japan, Third World countries, Cuba Imports: $27 billion (f.o.b., 1993) commodities: machinery and equipment, chemicals, consumer goods, grain, meat, sugar, semifinished metal products partners: Europe, North America, Japan, Third World countries, Cuba External debt: $81.5 billion (mid-year 1993 est.) Industrial production: growth rate -16% (1993 est.) Electricity: capacity: 213,000,000 KW production: 956 billion kWh consumption per capita: 6,782 kWh (1 January 1992) Industries: complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; ship- building; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables Agriculture: grain, sugar beet, sunflower seeds, meat, milk, vegetables, fruits; because of its northern location does not grow citrus, cotton, tea, and other warm climate products Illicit drugs: illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy; mostly for domestic consumption; government has active eradication program; used as transshipment point for Asian and Latin American illicit drugs to Western Europe and Latin America Economic aid: recipient: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1990-93), $13 billion; other countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1988-93), $115 billion Currency: 1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks Exchange rates: rubles per US$1 - 1,247 (27 December 1993), 415 (24 December 1992); nominal exchange rate still deteriorating but real exchange rate strengthening Fiscal year: calendar year

@Russia, Communications

Railroads:
158,100 km all 1.520-meter broad gauge; 86,800 km in common carrier
service, of which 48,900 km are diesel traction and 37,900 km are
electric traction; 71,300 km serves specific industry and is not
available for common carrier use (30 June 1993)
Highways:
total:
893,000 km
paved and gravel:
677,000 km
unpaved:
216,000 km
Inland waterways:
total navigable routes in general use 100,000 km; routes with
navigation guides serving the Russian River Fleet 95,900 km; of which
routes with night navigational aids 60,400 km; man-made navigable
routes 16,900 km (30 June 1993)
Pipelines:
crude oil 48,000 km; petroleum products 15,000 km; natural gas 140,000
km (30 June 1993)
Ports:
coastal - St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Petropavlovsk,
Arkhangel'sk, Novorossiysk, Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Kholmsk, Korsakov,
Magadan, Tiksi, Tuapse, Vanino, Vostochnyy, Vyborg; inland -
Astrakhan', Nizhniy Novgorod, Kazan', Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Samara,
Moscow, Rostov, Volgograd
Merchant marine:
867 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,084,988 GRT/11,124,929 DWT,
barge carrier 2, bulk cargo 26, cargo 454, chemical tanker 9,
combination bulk 28, combination ore/oil 16, container 82,
multi-function large load carrier 3, oil tanker 125, passenger 6,
passenger cargo 5, refrigerated cargo 17, roll-on/roll-off cargo 74,
short-sea passenger 18, specialized tanker 2
Airports:
total:
2,550
usable:
964
with permanent-surface runways:
565
with runways over 3,659 m:
19
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
275
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
426
Telecommunications:
Russia is enlisting foreign help, by means of joint ventures, to speed
up the modernization of its telecommunications system; NMT-450 analog
cellular telephone networks are operational and growing in Moscow and
St. Petersburg; expanded access to international E-mail service
available via Sprint network; intercity fiberoptic cable installation
remains limited; the inadequacy of Russian telecommunications is a
severe handicap to the economy, especially with respect to
international connections; total installed telephones 24,400,000, of
which in urban areas 20,900,000 and in rural areas 3,500,000; of
these, total installed in homes 15,400,000; total pay phones for long
distant calls 34,100; telephone density is about 164 telephones per
1,000 persons (in 1992, only 661,000 new telephones were installed
compared with 855,000 in 1991 and in 1992 the number of unsatisfied
applications for telephones reached 11,000,000); international traffic
is handled by an inadequate system of satellites, land lines,
microwave radio relay and outdated submarine cables; this traffic
passes through the international gateway switch in Moscow which
carries most of the international traffic for the other countries of
the Commonwealth of Independent States; a new Russian Raduga satellite
will link Moscow and St. Petersburg with Rome from whence calls will
be relayed to destinations in Europe and overseas; satellite ground
stations - INTELSAT, Intersputnik, Eutelsat (Moscow), INMARSAT,
Orbita; broadcast stations - 1,050 AM/FM/SW (reach 98.6% of
population), 7,183 TV; receiving sets - 54,200,000 TVs, 48,800,000
radio receivers, 74,300,000 radio receivers with multiple speaker
systems for program diffusion

@Russia, Defense Forces

Branches:
Ground Forces, Navy, Air Forces, Air Defense Forces, Strategic Rocket
Forces, Command and General Support, Security Forces
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 37,706,825; fit for military service 29,623,429; reach
military age (18) annually 1,098,307 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
$NA, NA% of GDP

@Rwanda, Geography

Location:
Central Africa, between Tanzania and Zaire
Map references:
Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
26,340 sq km
land area:
24,950 sq km
comparative area:
slightly smaller than Maryland
Land boundaries:
total 893 km, Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km, Zaire
217 km
Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
none; landlocked
International disputes:
none
Climate:
temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January);
mild in mountains with frost and snow possible
Terrain:
mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in west
Natural resources:
gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), natural gas,
hydropower
Land use:
arable land:
29%
permanent crops:
11%
meadows and pastures:
18%
forest and woodland:
10%
other:
32%
Irrigated land:
40 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
deforestation; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion
natural hazards:
periodic droughts
international agreements:
party to - Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban; signed, but not
ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law of the Sea
Note:
landlocked; predominantly rural population

@Rwanda, People

Population:
8,373,963 (July 1994 est.)
note:
the demographic estimates were prepared before civil strife, starting
in April 1994, set in motion substantial and continuing population
changes
Population growth rate:
2.78% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
49.17 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
21.35 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
118.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
40.25 years
male:
39.33 years
female:
41.21 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
8.19 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Rwandan(s)
adjective:
Rwandan
Ethnic divisions:
Hutu 90%, Tutsi 9%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%
Religions:
Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%, indigenous beliefs and
other 25%
Languages:
Kinyarwanda (official), French (official), Kiswahili used in
commercial centers
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
50%
male:
64%
female:
37%
Labor force:
3.6 million
by occupation:
agriculture 93%, government and services 5%, industry and commerce 2%
note:
49% of population of working age (1985)

@Rwanda, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of Rwanda
conventional short form:
Rwanda
local long form:
Republika y'u Rwanda
local short form:
Rwanda
Digraph:
RW
Type:
republic; presidential system
note:
a new, interim government formed in August 1992 to last until peace
accord; political parties are working to form a multiethical
broad-based transitonal government to lead them to elections in 1995
Capital:
Kigali
Administrative divisions:
10 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture in French; plural -
NA, singular - prefegitura in Kinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu,
Gikongoro, Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Kigali, Ruhengeri
Independence:
1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
Constitution:
18 June 1991
Legal system:
based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law;
judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
universal adult at age NA
Executive branch:
chief of state:
Interim President Dr. Theodore SINDIKUBWABO (since 8 April 1994,
following the death of President Juvenal HABYARIMANA on 6 April 1994)
the last election was held 19 December 1988 (next planned for 1995);
results - the late President Juvenal HABYARIMANA was reelected
head of government:
Prime Minister Jean KAMBANDA, appointed by President SINDIKUBWABWO 8
April 1994 following the assassination of Agatha UWILINGIYIMANA on 7
April 1994
cabinet:
Council of Ministers; appointed by the president
Legislative branch:
unicameral
National Development Council:
(Conseil National de Developpement) elections last held 19 December
1988 (new elections to be held in 1995); results - MRND was the only
party; seats - (70 total) MRND 70
Judicial branch:
Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of Cassation and the
Council of State in joint session)
Political parties and leaders:
Republican National Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND);
significant independent parties include: Democratic Republican
Movement (MDR); Liberal Party (PL); Democratic and Socialist Party
(PSD); Coalition for the Defense of the Republic (CDR); Party for
Democracy in Rwanda (PADER); Christian Democratic Party (PDL)
note:
formerly a one-party state, Rwanda legalized independent parties in
mid-1991; since then, at least 10 new political parties have
registered
Other political or pressure groups:
Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF), Alexis KANYARENGWE, Chairman (since
1990); Rwanda Patriotic Army (RPA), the RPF military wing, Maj. Gen.
Paul KAGAME, commander
Member of:
ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO,
ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS,
NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Aloys UWIMANA
chancery:
1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone:
(202) 232-2882
FAX:
(202) 232-4544
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
(vacant)
embassy:
Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali
mailing address:
B. P. 28, Kigali
telephone:
75601 through 75603
FAX:
72128
note:
embassy closed on 10 April 1994 and personnel withdrawn because of
severe civil strife and consequent danger for foreign nationals
Flag:
three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green with
a large black letter R centered in the yellow band; uses the popular
pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Guinea, which
has a plain yellow band

@Rwanda, Economy

Overview:
Almost 50% of GDP comes from the agricultural sector; coffee and tea
make up 80-90% of total exports. The amount of fertile land is
limited, however, and deforestation and soil erosion have created
problems. The industrial sector in Rwanda is small, contributing only
17% to GDP. Manufacturing focuses mainly on the processing of
agricultural products. The Rwandan economy remains dependent on
coffee/tea exports and foreign aid. Weak international prices since
1986 have caused the economy to contract and per capita GDP to
decline. A structural adjustment program with the World Bank began in
October 1990. Ethnic-based insurgency in 1990-93 devastated wide areas
of the north and displaced hundreds of thousands of people. A peace
accord in mid-1993 temporarily ended most of the fighting, but massive
resumption of civil warfare in April 1994 in the capital city Kigali
has been taking thousands of lives and severely damaging short-term
economic prospects
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $6.8 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
1.3% (1992 est.)
National product per capita:
$800 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
9.5% (1992 est.)
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues:
$350 million
expenditures:
$NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)
Exports:
$66.6 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
coffee 63%, tea, cassiterite, wolframite, pyrethrum
partners:
Germany, Belgium, Italy, Uganda, UK, France, US
Imports:
$259.5 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
textiles, foodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital goods, steel,
petroleum products, cement and construction material
partners:
US, Belgium, Germany, Kenya, Japan
External debt:
$845 million (1991 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate -2.2% (1991); accounts for 17% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
30,000 kW
production:
130 million kWh
consumption per capita:
15 kWh (1991)
Industries:
mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite (tungsten ore), tin,
cement, agricultural processing, small-scale beverage production,
soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes
Agriculture:
accounts for almost 50% of GDP and about 90% of the labor force; cash
crops - coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums);
main food crops - bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; stock raising;
self-sufficiency declining; country imports foodstuffs as farm
production fails to keep up with a 2.8% annual growth in population
Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $128 million; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2
billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $45 million; Communist
countries (1970-89), $58 million
note:
in October 1990 Rwanda launched a Structural Adjustment Program with
the IMF; since September 1991, the EC has given $46 million and the US
$25 million in support of this program (1993)
Currency:
1 Rwandan franc (RF) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates:
Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1 - 145.45 (December 1993), 133.35 (1992),
125.14 (1991), 82.60 (1990), 79.98 (1989)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

@Rwanda, Communications

Highways:
total:
4,885 km
paved:
460 km
unpaved:
gravel, improved earth 1,725 km; unimproved earth 2,700 km
Inland waterways:
Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft
Airports:
total:
8
usable:
7
with permanent-surface runways:
3
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
1
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
2
Telecommunications:
telephone system does not provide service to the general public but is
intended for business and government use; the capital, Kigali, is
connected to the centers of the prefectures by microwave radio relay;
the remainder of the network depends on wire and high frequency radio;
international connections employ microwave radio relay to neighboring
countries and satellite communications to more distant countries;
satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE
station in Kigali (includes telex and telefax service); broadcast
stations - 1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV

@Rwanda, Defense Forces

Branches:
Army (including Air Wing), Gendarmerie
note:
Rwanda plans to demobilize and reorganize with RPF elements during
1994
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 1,733,246; fit for military service 883,291
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $37 million, 1.6% of GDP (1988 est.)

@Saint Helena

Header Affiliation: (dependent territory of the UK)

@Saint Helena, Geography

Location:
Southern Africa, in the South Atlantic Ocean, 1,920 km west of Angola,
about two-thirds of the way between South America and Africa
Map references:
Africa
Area:
total area:
410 sq km
land area:
410 sq km
comparative area:
slightly more than 2.3 times the size of Washington, DC
note:
includes Ascension, Gough Island, Inaccessible Island, Nightingale
Island, and Tristan da Cunha
Land boundaries:
0 km
Coastline:
60 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive fishing zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds
Terrain:
rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains
Natural resources:
fish; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty terns,
no minerals
Land use:
arable land:
7%
permanent crops:
0%
meadows and pastures:
7%
forest and woodland:
3%
other:
83%
Irrigated land:
NA sq km
Environment:
current issues:
NA
natural hazards:
active volcanism on Tristan da Cunha
international agreements:
NA
Note:
Napoleon Bonaparte's place of exile and burial (the remains were taken
to Paris in 1840); harbors at least 40 species of plants unknown
anywhere else in the world

@Saint Helena, People

Population:
6,741 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.31% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
9.64 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
6.55 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
37.24 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
74.75 years
male:
72.68 years
female:
76.58 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.14 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Saint Helenian(s)
adjective:
Saint Helenian
Ethnic divisions:
NA
Religions:
Anglican (majority), Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Roman Catholic
Languages:
English
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1987)
total population:
98%
male:
97%
female:
98%
Labor force:
2,516
by occupation:
professional, technical, and related workers 8.7%, managerial,
administrative, and clerical 12.8%, sales people 8.1%, farmer,
fishermen, etc. 5.4%, craftspersons, production process workers 14.7%,
others 50.3% (1987)

@Saint Helena, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
none
conventional short form:
Saint Helena
Digraph:
SH
Type:
dependent territory of the UK
Capital:
Jamestown
Administrative divisions:
1 administrative area and 2 dependencies*; Ascension*, Saint Helena,
Tristan da Cunha*
Independence:
none (dependent territory of the UK)
National holiday:
Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen, 10 June 1989 (second
Saturday in June)
Constitution:
1 January 1989
Legal system:
NA
Suffrage:
NA
Executive branch:
chief of state:
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)
head of government:
Governor A. N. HOOLE (since NA)
cabinet:
Executive Council
Legislative branch:
unicameral
Legislative Council:
elections last held October 1984 (next to be held NA); results -
percent of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total, 12 elected) number of
seats by party NA
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
Saint Helena Labor Party; Saint Helena Progressive Party
note:
both political parties inactive since 1976
Member of:
ICFTU
Diplomatic representation in US:
none (dependent territory of the UK)
US diplomatic representation:
none (dependent territory of the UK)
Flag:
blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the
Saint Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the
shield features a rocky coastline and three-masted sailing ship

@Saint Helena, Economy

Overview:
The economy depends primarily on financial assistance from the UK. The
local population earns some income from fishing, the raising of
livestock, and sales of handicrafts. Because there are few jobs, a
large proportion of the work force has left to seek employment
overseas.
National product:
GDP $NA
National product real growth rate:
NA%
National product per capita:
$NA
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
-1.1% (1986)
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues:
$3.2 million
expenditures:
$2.9 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1984 est.)
Exports:
$23,900 (f.o.b., 1984)
commodities:
fish (frozen and salt-dried skipjack, tuna), handicrafts
partners:
South Africa, UK
Imports:
$2.4 million (c.i.f., 1984)
commodities:
food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed, building materials,
motor vehicles and parts, machinery and parts
partners:
UK, South Africa
External debt:
$NA
Industrial production:
growth rate NA%
Electricity:
capacity:
9,800 kW
production:
10 million kWh
consumption per capita:
1,390 kWh (1989)
Industries:
crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy woodwork), fishing
Agriculture:
maize, potatoes, vegetables; timber production being developed;
crawfishing on Tristan da Cunha
Economic aid:
recipient:
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
(1992-93), $13.5 million
Currency:
1 Saint Helenian pound (#S) = 100 pence
Exchange rates:
Saint Helenian pounds (#S) per US$1 - 0.6699 (January 1994), 0.6033
(1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989);
note - the Saint Helenian pound is at par with the British pound
Fiscal year:
1 April - 31 March

@Saint Helena, Communications

Highways:
total:
NA (mainland 107 km, Ascension NA, Tristan da Cunha NA)
paved:
169.7 km (mainland 87 km, Ascension 80 km, Tristan da Cunha 2.70 km)
unpaved:
NA (mainland 20 km earth roads, Ascension NA, Tristan da Cunha NA)
Ports:
Jamestown (Saint Helena), Georgetown (Ascension)
Airports:
total:
1
usable:
1
with permanent-surface runways:
1
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
1
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
0
Telecommunications:
1,500 radio receivers; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 550
telephones in automatic network; HF radio links to Ascension, then
into worldwide submarine cable and satellite networks; major coaxial
submarine cable relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK at
Ascension; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations

@Saint Helena, Defense Forces Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK

@Saint Kitts and Nevis, Geography

Location: Caribbean, in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about one-third of the way between Puerto Rico and Trinidad and Tobago Map references: Central America and the Caribbean, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 269 sq km land area: 269 sq km comparative area: slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 135 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: subtropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November) Terrain: volcanic with mountainous interiors Natural resources: negligible Land use: arable land: 22% permanent crops: 17% meadows and pastures: 3% forest and woodland: 17% other: 41% Irrigated land: NA sq km Environment: current issues: NA natural hazards: subject to hurricanes (July to October) international agreements: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

@Saint Kitts and Nevis, People

Population: 40,671 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 0.72% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 23.7 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 9.98 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: -6.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 19.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 66.11 years male: 63.14 years female: 69.27 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.6 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s) adjective: Kittsian, Nevisian Ethnic divisions: black African Religions: Anglican, other Protestant sects, Roman Catholic Languages: English Literacy: age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) total population: 98% male: 98% female: 98% Labor force: 20,000 (1981)

@Saint Kitts and Nevis, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis
conventional short form:
Saint Kitts and Nevis
former:
Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis
Digraph:
SC
Type:
constitutional monarchy
Capital:
Basseterre
Administrative divisions:
14 parishs; Christ Church Nichola Town, Saint Anne Sandy Point, Saint
George Basseterre, Saint George Gingerland, Saint James Windward,
Saint John Capesterre, Saint John Figtree, Saint Mary Cayon, Saint
Paul Capesterre, Saint Paul Charlestown, Saint Peter Basseterre, Saint
Thomas Lowland, Saint Thomas Middle Island, Trinity Palmetto Point
Independence:
19 September 1983 (from UK)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 19 September (1983)
Constitution:
19 September 1983
Legal system:
based on English common law
Suffrage:
universal adult at age NA
Executive branch:
chief of state:
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor
General Sir Clement Athelston ARRINDELL (since 19 September 1983,
previously Governor General of the Associated State since NA November
1981)
head of government:
Prime Minister Dr. Kennedy Alphonse SIMMONDS (since 19 September 1983,
previously Premier of the Associated State since NA February 1980);
Deputy Prime Minister Sydney Earl MORRIS (since NA)
cabinet:
Cabinet; appointed by the governor general in consultation with the
prime minister
Legislative branch:
unicameral
House of Assembly:
elections last held 29 November 1993 (next to be held by 21 March
1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (14 total, 11
elected) PAM 4, SKNLP 4, NRP 1, CCM 2
Judicial branch:
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
People's Action Movement (PAM), Dr. Kennedy SIMMONDS; Saint Kitts and
Nevis Labor Party (SKNLP), Dr. Denzil DOUGLAS; Nevis Reformation Party
(NRP), Simeon DANIEL; Concerned Citizens Movement (CCM), Vance AMORY
Member of:
ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF,
INTERPOL, LORCS, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
(vacant); Minister-Counselor (Deputy Chief of Mission), Charge
d'Affaires ad interim Aubrey Eric HART
chancery:
Suite 608, 2100 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone:
(202) 833-3550
FAX:
(202) 833-3553
US diplomatic representation:
no official presence since the Charge d'Affaires resides in Saint
John's (Antigua and Barbuda)
Flag:
divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band
bearing two white five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in
yellow; the upper triangle is green, the lower triangle is red

@Saint Kitts and Nevis, Economy

Overview:
The economy has historically depended on the growing and processing of
sugarcane and on remittances from overseas workers. In recent years,
tourism and export-oriented manufacturing have assumed larger roles.
National product:
GDP - exchange rate conversion - $163 million (1992)
National product real growth rate:
4.1% (1992)
National product per capita:
$4,000 (1992)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.9% (1992)
Unemployment rate:
12.2% (1990)
Budget:
revenues:
$85.7 million
expenditures:
$85.8 million, including capital expenditures of $42.4 million (1993
est.)
Exports:
$32.4 million (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities:
sugar, clothing, electronics, postage stamps
partners:
US 53%, UK 22%, Trinidad and Tobago 5%, OECS 5% (1988)
Imports:
$100 million (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities:
foodstuffs, intermediate manufactures, machinery, fuels
partners:
US 36%, UK 17%, Trinidad and Tobago 6%, Canada 3%, Japan 3%, OECS 4%
(1988)
External debt:
$43.3 million (1992)
Industrial production:
growth rate 11.8% (1988 est.); accounts for 11% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
15,800 kW
production:
45 million kWh
consumption per capita:
1,120 kWh (1992)
Industries:
sugar processing, tourism, cotton, salt, copra, clothing, footwear,
beverages
Agriculture:
accounts for 7% of GDP; cash crop - sugarcane; subsistence crops -
rice, yams, vegetables, bananas; fishing potential not fully
exploited; most food imported
Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US
Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-88), $10.7 million; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $67
million
Currency:
1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

@Saint Kitts and Nevis, Communications

Railroads:
58 km 0.760-meter gauge on Saint Kitts for sugarcane
Highways:
total:
300 km
paved:
125 km
unpaved:
otherwise improved 125 km; unimproved earth 50 km
Ports:
Basseterre (Saint Kitts), Charlestown (Nevis)
Airports:
total:
2
usable:
2
with permanent-surface runways:
2
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
1
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
0
Telecommunications:
good interisland VHF/UHF/SHF radio connections and international link
via Antigua and Barbuda and Saint Martin; 2,400 telephones; broadcast
stations - 2 AM, no FM, 4 TV

@Saint Kitts and Nevis, Defense Forces

Branches:
Royal Saint Kitts and Nevis Police Force, Coast Guard
Defense expenditures:
$NA, NA% of GDP

@Saint Lucia, Geography

Location:
Caribbean, in the eastern Caribbean Sea, about two-thirds of the way
between Puerto Rico and Trinidad and Tobago
Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones
of the World
Area:
total area:
620 sq km
land area:
610 sq km
comparative area:
slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
0 km
Coastline:
158 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
24 nm
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January
to April, rainy season from May to August
Terrain:
volcanic and mountainous with some broad, fertile valleys
Natural resources:
forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs, geothermal
potential
Land use:
arable land:
8%
permanent crops:
20%
meadows and pastures:
5%
forest and woodland:
13%
other:
54%
Irrigated land:
10 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
deforestation; soil erosion
natural hazards:
subject to hurricanes and volcanic activity
international agreements:
party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer
Protection, Whaling

@Saint Lucia, People

Population: 145,090 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 0.52% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 23.12 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 5.84 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: -12.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 18.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 69.36 years male: 67.06 years female: 71.83 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.5 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Saint Lucian(s) adjective: Saint Lucian Ethnic divisions: African descent 90.3%, mixed 5.5%, East Indian 3.2%, Caucasian 0.8% Religions: Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 7%, Anglican 3% Languages: English (official), French patois Literacy: age 15 and over having ever attended school (1980) total population: 67% male: 65% female: 69% Labor force: 43,800 by occupation: agriculture 43.4%, services 38.9%, industry and commerce 17.7% (1983 est.)

@Saint Lucia, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
none
conventional short form:
Saint Lucia
Digraph:
ST
Type:
parliamentary democracy
Capital:
Castries
Administrative divisions:
11 quarters; Anse La Raye, Castries, Choiseul, Dauphin, Dennery, Gros
Islet, Laborie, Micoud, Praslin, Soufriere, Vieux Fort
Independence:
22 February 1979 (from UK)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 22 February (1979)
Constitution:
22 February 1979
Legal system:
based on English common law
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor
General Sir Stanislaus Anthony JAMES (since 10 October 1988)
head of government:
Prime Minister John George Melvin COMPTON (since 3 May 1982); Vice
President George MALLET (since NA)
cabinet:
Cabinet; appointed by the governor general on advice of the prime
minister
Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament
Senate:
consists of an 11-member body, 6 appointed on the advice of the prime
minister, 3 on the advice of the leader of the opposition, and 2 after
consultation with religious, economic, and social groups
House of Assembly:
elections last held 27 April 1992 (next to be held by April 1997);
results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (17 total) UWP 11, SLP
6
Judicial branch:
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
United Workers' Party (UWP), John COMPTON; Saint Lucia Labor Party
(SLP), Julian HUNTE; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), George ODLUM
Member of:
ACCT (associate), ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD,
ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory
user), INTERPOL, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Dr. Joseph Edsel EDMUNDS
chancery:
Suite 309, 2100 M Street NW, Washington, DC 30037
telephone:
(202) 463-7378 or 7379
FAX:
(202) 887-5746
consulate(s) general:
New York
US diplomatic representation:
no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown
(Barbados)
Flag:
blue with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the upper
edges of the arrowhead have a white border

@Saint Lucia, Economy

Overview:
Since 1983 the economy has shown an impressive average annual growth
rate of almost 5% because of strong agricultural and tourist sectors.
Saint Lucia also possesses an expanding industrial base supported by
foreign investment in manufacturing and other activities, such as data
processing. The economy, however, remains vulnerable because the
important agricultural sector is dominated by banana production, which
is subject to periodic droughts and tropical storms. The economy
exhibited relatively strong growth in 1992-93 based on a recovery of
the agricultural and manufacturing sectors and continued growth in
construction and tourism.
National product:
GDP - exchange rate conversion - $433 million (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
6.6% (1992 est.)
National product per capita:
$3,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
5.1% (1992)
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues:
$121 million
expenditures:
$127 million, including capital expenditures of $104 million (1992
est.)
Exports:
$122.8 million (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities:
bananas 60%, clothing, cocoa, vegetables, fruits, coconut oil
partners:
UK 56%, US 22%, CARICOM 19% (1991)
Imports:
$276 million (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities:
manufactured goods 21%, machinery and transportation equipment 21%,
food and live animals, chemicals, fuels
partners:
US 34%, CARICOM 17%, UK 14%, Japan 7%, Canada 4% (1991)
External debt:
$96.4 million (1992 est.)
Industrial production:
growth rate 3.5% (1990 est.); accounts for 12% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
32,500 kW
production:
112 million kWh
consumption per capita:
740 kWh (1992)
Industries:
clothing, assembly of electronic components, beverages, corrugated
cardboard boxes, tourism, lime processing, coconut processing
Agriculture:
accounts for 14% of GDP and 43% of labor force; crops - bananas,
coconuts, vegetables, citrus fruit, root crops, cocoa; imports food
for the tourist industry
Illicit drugs:
transit country for South American drugs destined for the US and
Europe
Economic aid:
recipient:
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
(1970-89), $120 million
Currency:
1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)

@Saint Lucia, Communications

Highways:
total:
760 km
paved:
500 km
unpaved:
otherwise improved 260 km
Ports:
Castries, Vieux Fort
Airports:
total:
3
usable:
3
with permanent-surface runways:
3
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
1
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
1
Telecommunications:
fully automatic telephone system; 9,500 telephones; direct microwave
link with Martinique and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; interisland
troposcatter link to Barbados; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV
(cable)

@Saint Lucia, Defense Forces

Branches:
Royal Saint Lucia Police Force, Coast Guard
Defense expenditures:
$NA, NA% of GDP

@Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Header Affiliation: (territorial collectivity of France)

@Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Geography

Location: Northern North America, in the North Atlantic Ocean, 25 km south of Newfoundland (Canada) Map references: North America Area: total area: 242 sq km land area: 242 sq km comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC note: includes eight small islands in the Saint Pierre and the Miquelon groups Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 120 km Maritime claims: exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: focus of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and France Climate: cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy Terrain: mostly barren rock Natural resources: fish, deepwater ports Land use: arable land: 13% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 4% other: 83% Irrigated land: NA sq km Environment: current issues: NA natural hazards: NA international agreements: NA Note: vegetation scanty

@Saint Pierre and Miquelon, People

Population: 6,704 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 0.78% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 13.23 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 5.98 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: 0.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 11.72 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.6 years male: 73.99 years female: 77.55 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.7 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women) adjective: French Ethnic divisions: Basques and Bretons (French fishermen) Religions: Roman Catholic 98% Languages: French Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1982) total population: 99% male: 99% female: 99% Labor force: 2,850 (1988) by occupation: NA

@Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
conventional short form:
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
local long form:
Departement de Saint-Pierre et Miquelon
local short form:
Saint-Pierre et Miquelon
Digraph:
SB
Type:
territorial collectivity of France
Capital:
Saint-Pierre
Administrative divisions:
none (territorial collectivity of France)
Independence:
none (territorial collectivity of France; has been under French
control since 1763)
National holiday:
National Day, Taking of the Bastille, 14 July
Constitution:
28 September 1958 (French Constitution)
Legal system:
French law
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981)
head of government:
Commissioner of the Republic Yves HENRY (since NA December 1993);
President of the General Council Marc PLANTE-GENEST (since NA)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers
Legislative branch:
unicameral
General Council:
elections last held September-October 1988 (next to be held NA
September 1994); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (19
total) Socialist and other left-wing parties 13, UDF and right-wing
parties 6
French Senate:
elections last held NA September 1986 (next to be held NA September
1995); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) PS 1
French National Assembly:
elections last held 21 and 28 March 1993 (next to be held NA June
1998); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (1 total) UDF 1;
note - Saint Pierre and Miquelon elects 1 member each to the French
Senate and the French National Assembly who are voting members
Judicial branch:
Superior Tribunal of Appeals (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel)
Political parties and leaders:
Socialist Party (PS), Albert PEN; Union for French Democracy
(UDF/CDS), Gerard GRIGNON
Member of:
FZ, WFTU
Diplomatic representation in US:
none (territorial collectivity of France)
US diplomatic representation:
none (territorial collectivity of France)
Flag:
the flag of France is used

@Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Economy

Overview:
The inhabitants have traditionally earned their livelihood by fishing
and by servicing fishing fleets operating off the coast of
Newfoundland. The economy has been declining, however, because the
number of ships stopping at Saint Pierre has dropped steadily over the
years. In March 1989, an agreement between France and Canada set fish
quotas for Saint Pierre's trawlers fishing in Canadian and
Canadian-claimed waters for three years. The agreement settles a
longstanding dispute that had virtually brought fish exports to a
halt. The islands are heavily subsidized by France. Imports come
primarily from Canada and France.
National product:
GDP - exchange rate conversion - $65 million (1992 est.)
National product real growth rate:
NA%
National product per capita:
$10,000 (1992 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
NA%
Unemployment rate:
9.6% (1990)
Budget:
revenues:
$18.3 million
expenditures:
$18.3 million, including capital expenditures of $5.5 million (1989
est.)
Exports:
$30 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)
commodities:
fish and fish products, fox and mink pelts
partners:
US 58%, France 17%, UK 11%, Canada, Portugal (1990)
Imports:
$82 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.)
commodities:
meat, clothing, fuel, electrical equipment, machinery, building
materials
partners:
Canada, France, US, Netherlands, UK
External debt:
$NA
Industrial production:
growth rate NA%
Electricity:
capacity:
10,000 kW
production:
25 million kWh
consumption per capita:
3,840 kWh (1992)
Industries:
fish processing and supply base for fishing fleets; tourism
Agriculture:
vegetables, cattle, sheep, pigs for local consumption; fish catch of
20,500 metric tons (1989)
Economic aid:
recipient:
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
(1970-89), $500 million
Currency:
1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates:
French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.9205 (January 1994), 5.6632 (1993),
5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

@Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Communications

Highways:
total:
120 km
paved:
60 km
unpaved:
earth 60 km (1985)
Ports:
Saint Pierre
Airports:
total:
2
usable:
2
with permanent-surface runways:
2
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
0
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
1
Telecommunications:
3,601 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 3 FM, no TV; radio
communication with most countries in the world; 1 earth station in
French domestic satellite system

@Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Defense Forces

Note: defense is the responsibility of France

@Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Geography

Location:
Caribbean, in the eastern Caribbean Sea about three-fourths of the way
between Puerto Rico and Trinidad and Tobago
Map references:
Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones
of the World
Area:
total area:
340 sq km
land area:
340 sq km
comparative area:
slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
0 km
Coastline:
84 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
24 nm
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
none
Climate:
tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to
November)
Terrain:
volcanic, mountainous; Soufriere volcano on the island of Saint
Vincent
Natural resources:
negligible
Land use:
arable land:
38%
permanent crops:
12%
meadows and pastures:
6%
forest and woodland:
41%
other:
3%
Irrigated land:
10 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
pollution of coastal waters and shorelines from discharges by pleasure
yachts and other effluents
natural hazards:
subject to hurricanes; Soufriere volcano is a constant threat
international agreements:
party to - Law of the Sea, Ship Pollution, Whaling
Note:
some islands of the Grenadines group are administered by Grenada

@Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, People

Population: 115,437 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 0.77% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 20.27 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 5.2 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: -7.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 17.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 72.28 years male: 70.77 years female: 73.84 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.08 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Saint Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s) adjective: Saint Vincentian or Vincentian Ethnic divisions: black African descent, white, East Indian, Carib Indian Religions: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Seventh-Day Adventist Languages: English, French patois Literacy: age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) total population: 96% male: 96% female: 96% Labor force: 67,000 (1984 est.) by occupation: NA

@Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
none
conventional short form:
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Digraph:
VC
Type:
constitutional monarchy
Capital:
Kingstown
Administrative divisions:
6 parishes; Charlotte, Grenadines, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint
George, Saint Patrick
Independence:
27 October 1979 (from UK)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 27 October (1979)
Constitution:
27 October 1979
Legal system:
based on English common law
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor
General David JACK (since 29 September 1989)
head of government:
Prime Minister James F. MITCHELL (since 30 July 1984); Deputy Prime
Minister Allan C. CRUICKSHANK (since NA); note - governor general
appoints leader of the majority party to position of prime minister
cabinet:
Cabinet; appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime
minister
Legislative branch:
unicameral
House of Assembly:
elections last held 21 February 1994 (next to be held NA July 1999);
results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (21 total; 15 elected
representatives and 6 appointed senators) NDP 10, MNU 2, SVLP 3
Judicial branch:
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
New Democratic Party (NDP), James (Son) MITCHELL; Saint Vincent Labor
Party (SVLP), Stanley JOHN; United People's Movement (UPM), Adrian
SAUNDERS; Movement for National Unity (MNU), Ralph GONSALVES; National
Reform Party (NRP), Joel MIGUEL
Member of:
ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA,
IFAD, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU,
LORCS, OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU,
WHO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador Kingsley C.A. LAYNE
chancery:
1717 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Suite 102, Washington, DC 20036
telephone:
(202) 462-7806 or 7846
FAX:
(202) 462-7807
US diplomatic representation:
no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown
(Barbados)
Flag:
three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), and
green; the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V
pattern

@Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Economy

Overview:
Agriculture, dominated by banana production, is the most important
sector of the economy. The services sector, based mostly on a growing
tourist industry, is also important. The government has been
relatively unsuccessful at introducing new industries, and high
unemployment rates of 35%-40% continue.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $215 million (1992 est.)
National product real growth rate:
6.5% (1992 est.)
National product per capita:
$2,000 (1992 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
3.3% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
35%-40% (1992 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
$62 million
expenditures:
$67 million, including capital expenditures of $21 million (1990 est.)
Exports:
$77.5 million (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities:
bananas, eddoes and dasheen (taro), arrowroot starch, tennis racquets
partners:
UK 54%, CARICOM 34%, US 10%
Imports:
$118.6 million (f.o.b., 1992)
commodities:
foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, chemicals and fertilizers,
minerals and fuels
partners:
US 36%, CARICOM 21%, UK 18%, Trinidad and Tobago 13%
External debt:
$62.6 million (1992)
Industrial production:
growth rate 0% (1989); accounts for 8% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
16,600 kW
production:
64 million kWh
consumption per capita:
555 kWh (1992)
Industries:
food processing, cement, furniture, clothing, starch
Agriculture:
accounts for 15% of GDP and 60% of labor force; provides bulk of
exports; products - bananas, coconuts, sweet potatoes, spices; small
numbers of cattle, sheep, hogs, goats; small fish catch used locally
Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US and
Europe
Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $11 million; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $81
million
Currency:
1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

@Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Communications

Highways:
total:
1,000 km
paved:
300 km
unpaved:
improved earth 400 km; unimproved earth 300 km
Ports:
Kingstown
Merchant marine:
555 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,575,652 GRT/9,262,250 DWT,
bulk 96, cargo 280, chemical tanker 13, combination bulk 12,
combination ore/oil 2, container 31, liquefied gas 7, livestock
carrier 1, multi-function large load carrier 1, oil tanker 56,
passenger 2, passenger-cargo 5, refrigerated cargo 19,
roll-on/roll-off cargo 26, short-sea passenger 2, specialized tanker
1, vehicle carrier 1
note:
China owns 5 ships, Croatia owns 58, Russia owns 16; a flag of
convenience registry
Airports:
total:
6
usable:
6
with permanent-surface runways:
5
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
0
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
1
Telecommunications:
islandwide fully automatic telephone system; 6,500 telephones; VHF/UHF
interisland links from Saint Vincent to the other islands of the
Grenadines and Barbados; new SHF links to Grenada and Saint Lucia;
broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV (cable)

@Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Defense Forces

Branches:
Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force, Coast Guard
Defense expenditures:
$NA, NA% of GDP

@San Marino, Geography

Location: Southern Europe, an enclave in central Italy Map references: Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 60 sq km land area: 60 sq km comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: total 39 km, Italy 39 km Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) Maritime claims: none; landlocked International disputes: none Climate: Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers Terrain: rugged mountains Natural resources: building stone Land use: arable land: 17% permanent crops: 0% meadows and pastures: 0% forest and woodland: 0% other: 83% Irrigated land: NA sq km Environment: international agreements: NA current issues: NA natural hazards: signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change Note: landlocked; smallest independent state in Europe after the Holy See and Monaco; dominated by the Apennines

@San Marino, People

Population: 24,091 (July 1994 est.) Population growth rate: 0.96% (1994 est.) Birth rate: 11.17 births/1,000 population (1994 est.) Death rate: 7.39 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.) Net migration rate: 5.77 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.) Infant mortality rate: 5.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 81.23 years male: 77.17 years female: 85.28 years (1994 est.) Total fertility rate: 1.53 children born/woman (1994 est.) Nationality: noun: Sammarinese (singular and plural) adjective: Sammarinese Ethnic divisions: Sammarinese, Italian Religions: Roman Catholic Languages: Italian Literacy: age 14 and over can read and write (1976) total population: 96% male: 96% female: 95% Labor force: 4,300 (est.) by occupation: NA

@San Marino, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
Republic of San Marino
conventional short form:
San Marino
local long form:
Repubblica di San Marino
local short form:
San Marino
Digraph:
SM
Type:
republic
Capital:
San Marino
Administrative divisions:
9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo
Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Monte Giardino,
San Marino, Serravalle
Independence:
301 AD (by tradition)
National holiday:
Anniversary of the Foundation of the Republic, 3 September
Constitution:
8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of
a constitution
Legal system:
based on civil law system with Italian law influences; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
co-chiefs of state:
Captain Regent Alberto CECCHETTI and Captain Regent Fausto MULARONI
(for the period 1 April 1994-30 September 1994) real executive power
is wielded by the secretary of state for foreign affairs and the
secretary of state for internal affairs
head of government:
Secretary of State Gabriele GATTI (since July 1986)
cabinet:
Congress of State; elected by the Council for the duration of its
term
Legislative branch:
unicameral
Great and General Council:
(Consiglio Grande e Generale) elections last held 30 May 1993 (next
to be held by NA May 1998); results - DCS 41.4%, PSS 23.7%, PDP 18.6%,
ADP 7.7%, MD 5.3%, RC 3.3%; seats - (60 total) DCS 26, PSS 14, PDP 11,
ADP 4, MD 3, RC 2
Judicial branch:
Council of Twelve (Consiglio dei XII)
Political parties and leaders:
Christian Democratic Party (DCS), Pier Marino MENICUCCI, Luigi
LONFERNINI; Democratic Progressive Party (PDP) formerly San Marino
Communist Party (PSS), Stefano MACINA; San Marino Socialist Party
(PSS), Dr. Emma ROSSI, Antonio Lazzaro VOLPINARI; Democratic Movement
(MD), Emilio Della BALDA; Popular Democratic Alliance (ADP); Communist
Refoundation (RC), Guiseppe AMICHI, Renato FABBRI
Member of:
CE, CSCE, ECE, ICAO, ICFTU, ILO, IMF, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS,
NAM (guest), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
honorary consulate(s) general:
Washington and New York
honorary consulate(s):
Detroit
US diplomatic representation:
no mission in San Marino, but the Consul General in Florence (Italy)
is accredited to San Marino
Flag:
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the
national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms has
a shield (featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked by a wreath,
below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty)

@San Marino, Economy

Overview:
The tourist sector contributes over 50% of GDP. In 1991 more than 3.1
million tourists visited San Marino, 2.7 million of whom were
Italians. The key industries are wearing apparel, electronics, and
ceramics. Main agricultural products are wine and cheeses. The per
capita level of output and standard of living are comparable to those
of Italy.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $370 million (1992 est.)
National product real growth rate:
NA%
National product per capita:
$16,000 (1992 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
6.2% (1992 est.)
Unemployment rate:
3% (1991)
Budget:
revenues:
$275 million
expenditures:
$275 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1992 est.)
Exports:
trade data are included with the statistics for Italy; commodity trade
consists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime, wood,
chestnuts, wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide
variety of consumer manufactures
Imports:
see exports
External debt:
$NA
Industrial production:
growth rate NA%; accounts for 42% of workforce
Electricity:
supplied by Italy
Industries:
wine, olive oil, cement, leather, textile, tourism
Agriculture:
employs 3% of labor force; products - wheat, grapes, maize, olives,
meat, cheese, hides; small numbers of cattle, pigs, horses; depends on
Italy for food imports
Economic aid:
$NA
Currency:
1 Italian lire (Lit) = 100 centesimi; note - also mints its own coins
Exchange rates:
Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,700.2 (January 1994), 1,573.7 (1993),
1,232.4 (1992), 1,240.6 (1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

@San Marino, Communications

Highways:
total:
104 km
paved:
NA
unpaved:
NA
Telecommunications:
automatic telephone system completely integrated into Italian system;
11,700 telephones; broadcast services from Italy; microwave and cable
links into Italian networks; no communication satellite facilities

@San Marino, Defense Forces

Branches:
public security or police force
Defense expenditures:
$3.7 million (1992 est.), 1% of GDP

@Sao Tome and Principe, Geography

Location: Western Africa, in the Atlantic Ocean, 340 km off the coast of Gabon straddling the equator Map references: Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World Area: total area: 960 sq km land area: 960 sq km comparative area: slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC Land boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 209 km Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselines exclusive economic zone: 200 nm territorial sea: 12 nm International disputes: none Climate: tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May) Terrain: volcanic, mountainous Natural resources: fish Land use: arable land: 1% permanent crops: 20% meadows and pastures: 1% forest and woodland: 75% other: 3% Irrigated land: NA sq km Environment: current issues: deforestation; soil erosion and exhaustion natural hazards: NA international agreements: party to - Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate Change

@Sao Tome and Principe, People

Population:
136,780 (July 1994 est.)
Population growth rate:
2.63% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
35.2 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
8.88 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
63.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
63.33 years
male:
61.48 years
female:
65.24 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
4.52 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Sao Tomean(s)
adjective:
Sao Tomean
Ethnic divisions:
mestico, angolares (descendents of Angolan slaves), forros
(descendents of freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from
Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais
born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)
Religions:
Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-Day Adventist
Languages:
Portuguese (official)
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1981)
total population:
57%
male:
73%
female:
42%
Labor force:
21,096 (1981); most of population engaged in subsistence agriculture
and fishing; labor shortages on plantations and of skilled workers;
56% of population of working age (1983)

@Sao Tome and Principe, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe
conventional short form:
Sao Tome and Principe
local long form:
Republica Democratica de Sao Tome e Principe
local short form:
Sao Tome e Principe
Digraph:
TP
Type:
republic
Capital:
Sao Tome
Administrative divisions:
2 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Principe, Sao Tome
Independence:
12 July 1975 (from Portugal)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 12 July (1975)
Constitution:
new constitution approved March 1990; effective 10 September 1990
Legal system:
based on Portuguese law system and customary law; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state:
President Miguel TROVOADA (since 4 April 1991); election last held 3
March 1991 (next to be held NA March 1996); results - Miguel TROVOADA
was elected without opposition in Sao Tome's first multiparty
presidential election
head of government:
Prime Minister Noberto Jose D'Alva COSTA ALEGRE (since 16 May 1992)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers; appointed by the president on the proposal of
the prime minister
Legislative branch:
unicameral
National People's Assembly:
(Assembleia Popular Nacional) elections last held 20 January 1991
(next to be held NA January 1996); results - PCD-GR 54.4%, MLSTP
30.5%, CODO 5.2%, FDC 1.5%, other 8.4%; seats - (55 total) PCD-GR 33,
MLSTP 21, CODO 1; note - this was the first multiparty election in Sao
Tome and Principe
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:
Party for Democratic Convergence-Reflection Group (PCD-GR), Daniel
Lima Dos Santos DAIO, secretary general; Movement for the Liberation
of Sao Tome and Principe (MLSTP), Carlos da GRACA; Christian
Democratic Front (FDC), Alphonse Dos SANTOS; Democratic Opposition
Coalition (CODO), leader NA; other small parties
Member of:
ACP, AfDB, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOM (observer), ITU,
LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in US:
Sao Tome and Principe has no embassy in the US, but does have a
Permanent Mission to the UN, headed by First Secretary Domingos
AUGUSTO Ferreira, located at 122 East 42nd Street, Suite 1604, New
York, NY 10168, telephone (212) 697-4211
US diplomatic representation:
ambassador to Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome and Principe on a
nonresident basis and makes periodic visits to the islands
Flag:
three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and
green with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the
center of the yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the
hoist side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

@Sao Tome and Principe, Economy

Overview:
The economy has remained dependent on cocoa since the country gained
independence nearly 15 years ago. Since then, however, cocoa
production has gradually deteriorated because of drought and
mismanagement, so that by 1987 output had fallen to less than 50% of
its former levels. As a result, a shortage of cocoa for export has
created a serious balance-of-payments problem. Production of less
important crops, such as coffee, copra, and palm kernels, has also
declined. The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports by a
ratio of 4:1. The emphasis on cocoa production at the expense of other
food crops has meant that Sao Tome has to import 90% of food needs. It
also has to import all fuels and most manufactured goods. Over the
years, Sao Tome has been unable to service its external debt, which
amounts to roughly 80% of export earnings. Considerable potential
exists for development of a tourist industry, and the government has
taken steps to expand facilities in recent years. The government also
implemented a Five-Year Plan covering 1986-90 to restructure the
economy and reschedule external debt service payments in cooperation
with the International Development Association and Western lenders.
National product:
GDP - exchange rate conversion - $50 million (1990)
National product real growth rate:
1.5% (1992 est.)
National product per capita:
$450 (1990)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
27% (1992 est.)
Unemployment rate:
NA%
Budget:
revenues:
$10.2 million
expenditures:
$36.8 million, including capital expenditures of $22.5 million (1989
est.)
Exports:
$5.4 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
cocoa 78%, copra, coffee, palm oil
partners:
Netherlands, Germany, China, Portugal
Imports:
$31.5 million (f.o.b., 1992 est.)
commodities:
machinery and electrical equipment 44%, food products 18%, petroleum
11%
partners:
Portugal, Japan, Spain, France, Angola
External debt:
$163.6 million (1992)
Industrial production:
growth rate 1% (1991); accounts for 7% of GDP
Electricity:
capacity:
5,000 kW
production:
10 million kWh
consumption per capita:
80 kWh (1991)
Industries:
light construction, shirts, soap, beer, fisheries, shrimp processing
Agriculture:
accounts for 25% of GDP; dominant sector of economy, primary source of
exports; cash crops - cocoa (85%), coconuts, palm kernels, coffee;
food products - bananas, papaya, beans, poultry, fish; not
self-sufficient in food grain and meat
Economic aid:
recipient:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $8 million; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $89
million
Currency:
1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimos
Exchange rates:
dobras (Db) per US$1 - 129.59 (1 July 1993), 230 (1992), 260.0
(November 1991), 122.48 (December 1988), 72.827 (1987), 36.993 (1986)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

@Sao Tome and Principe, Communications

Highways:
total:
300 km
paved:
200 km
unpaved:
100 km
note:
roads on Principe are mostly unpaved and in need of repair
Ports:
Sao Tome, Santo Antonio
Merchant marine:
1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,096 GRT/1,105 DWT
Airports:
total:
2
usable:
2
with permanent-surface runways:
2
with runways over 3,659 m:
0
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
0
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
2
Telecommunications:
minimal system; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 2 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic
Ocean INTELSAT earth station

@Sao Tome and Principe, Defense Forces

Branches:
Army, Navy, National Police
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 32,560; fit for military service 17,136
Defense expenditures:
$NA, NA% of GDP

@Saudi Arabia, Geography

Location:
Middle East, between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf
Map references:
Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
1,960,582 sq km
land area:
1,960,582 sq km
comparative area:
slightly less than one-fourth the size of the US
Land boundaries:
total 4,415 km, Iraq 814 km, Jordan 728 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676
km, Qatar 60 km, UAE 457 km, Yemen 1,458 km
Coastline:
2,640 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
18 nm
continental shelf:
not specified
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
large section of boundary with Yemen not defined; status of boundary
with UAE not final; Kuwaiti ownership of Qaruh and Umm al Maradim
islands is disputed by Saudi Arabia
Climate:
harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature
Terrain:
mostly uninhabited, sandy desert
Natural resources:
petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper
Land use:
arable land:
1%
permanent crops:
0%
meadows and pastures:
39%
forest and woodland:
1%
other:
59%
Irrigated land:
4,350 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
desertification; depletion of underground water resources; the lack of
perennial rivers or permanent water bodies has prompted the
development of extensive seawater desalination facilities; coastal
pollution from oil spills
natural hazards:
frequent sand and dust storms
international agreements:
party to - Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection; signed, but not
ratified - Law of the Sea
Note:
extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great
leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf and
Suez Canal

@Saudi Arabia, People

Population:
18,196,783 (July 1994 est.)
note:
the population figure is consistent with a 3.24% growth rate; a 1992
census gives the number of Saudi citizens as 12,304,835 and the number
of residents who are not citizens as 4,624,459
Population growth rate:
3.24% (1994 est.)
Birth rate:
38.25 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Death rate:
5.83 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
52.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population:
67.91 years
male:
66.25 years
female:
69.65 years (1994 est.)
Total fertility rate:
6.67 children born/woman (1994 est.)
Nationality:
noun:
Saudi(s)
adjective:
Saudi or Saudi Arabian
Ethnic divisions:
Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%
Religions:
Muslim 100%
Languages:
Arabic
Literacy:
age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)
total population:
62%
male:
73%
female:
48%
Labor force:
5 million-6 million
by occupation:
government 34%, industry and oil 28%, services 22%, agriculture 16%

@Saudi Arabia, Government

Names:
conventional long form:
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
conventional short form:
Saudi Arabia
local long form:
Al Mamlakah al Arabiyah as Suudiyah
local short form:
Al Arabiyah as Suudiyah
Digraph:
SA
Type:
monarchy
Capital:
Riyadh
Administrative divisions:
14 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash
Shamaliyah, Al Jawf, Al Madinah, Al Qasim, Al Qurayyat, Ar Riyad, Ash
Sharqiyah, Asir, Hail, Jizan, Makkah, Najran, Tabuk
Independence:
23 September 1932 (unification)
National holiday:
Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932)
Constitution:
none; governed according to Shari'a (Islamic law)
Legal system:
based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced;
commercial disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
none
Executive branch:
chief of state and head of government:
King and Prime Minister FAHD bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 13 June
1982); Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd
al-Aziz Al Saud (half-brother to the King, appointed heir to the
throne 13 June 1982)
cabinet:
Council of Ministers; mostly made up of the royal family appointed by
the king
Legislative branch:
a consultative council comprised of 60 members and a chairman who are
appointed by the King for a term of four years
Judicial branch:
Supreme Council of Justice
Political parties and leaders:
none allowed
Member of:
ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, GCC, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer),
OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO
Diplomatic representation in US:
chief of mission:
Ambassador BANDAR bin Sultan Abd al-Aziz Al Saud
chancery:
601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone:
(202) 342-3800
consulate(s) general:
Houston, Los Angeles, and New York
US diplomatic representation:
chief of mission:
(vacant); Charge d'Affaires C. David Welch
embassy:
Collector Road M, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh
mailing address:
American Embassy, Unit 61307, Riyadh; International Mail: P. O. Box
94309, Riyadh 11693; or APO AE 09803-1307
telephone:
(1) 488-3800
FAX:
(1) 482-4364
consulate(s) general:
Dhahran, Jiddah (Jeddah)
Flag:
green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated as There
is no God but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a white
horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is the
traditional color of Islam

@Saudi Arabia, Economy

Overview:
The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 75% of budget revenues, 35%
of GDP, and almost all export earnings. Saudi Arabia has the largest
reserves of petroleum in the world, ranks as the largest exporter of
petroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC. For the 1990s the
government intends to bring its budget, which has been in deficit
since 1983, back into balance, and to encourage private economic
activity. Roughly four million foreign workers play an important role
in the Saudi economy, for example, in the oil and banking sectors. For
about a decade, Saudi Arabia's domestic and international outlays have
outstripped its income, and the government has cut its foreign
assistance and is beginning to rein in domestic programs.
National product:
GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $194 billion (1993 est.)
National product real growth rate:
1% (1993 est.)
National product per capita:
$11,000 (1993 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
1% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate:
6.5% (1992 est.)
Budget:
revenues:
$39 billion
expenditures:
$50 billion, including capital expenditures of $7.5 billion (1993
est.)
Exports:
$42.3 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
petroleum and petroleum products 92%
partners:
US 21%, Japan 18%, Singapore 6%, France 6%, Korea 5%
Imports:
$26 billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.)
commodities:
machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, motor vehicles,
textiles
partners:
US 18%, UK 12%, Japan 10%, Germany 5%, France 5%
External debt:
$18.9 billion (December 1989 est., includes short-term trade credits)
Industrial production:
growth rate 20% (1991 est.); accounts for 46% of GDP, including
petroleum
Electricity:
capacity:
28,554,000 kW
production:
63 billion kWh
consumption per capita:
3,690 kWh (1992)
Industries:
crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals,
cement, two small steel-rolling mills, construction, fertilizer,
plastics
Agriculture:
accounts for about 10% of GDP, 16% of labor force; subsidized by
government; products - wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus
fruit, mutton, chickens, eggs, milk; approaching self-sufficiency in
food
Illicit drugs:
death penalty for traffickers; increasing consumption of heroin and
cocaine
Economic aid:
donor:
pledged bilateral aid (1979-89), $64.7 billion; pledged $100 million
in 1993 to fund reconstruction of Lebanon
Currency:
1 Saudi riyal (SR) = 100 halalah
Exchange rates:
Saudi riyals (SR) per US$1 - 3.7450 (fixed rate since late 1986),
3.7033 (1986)
Fiscal year:
calendar year

@Saudi Arabia, Communications

Railroads:
1390 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 448 km are double tracked
Highways:
total:
74,000 km
paved:
35,000 km
unpaved:
gravel, improved earth 39,000 km
Pipelines:
crude oil 6,400 km; petroleum products 150 km; natural gas 2,200 km
(includes natural gas liquids 1,600 km)
Ports:
Jiddah, Ad Dammam, Ras Tanura, Jizan, Al Jubayl, Yanbu' al Bahr,
Yanbu' al Sinaiyah
Merchant marine:
74 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 865,343 GRT/1,240,874 DWT, bulk
1, cargo 11, chemical tanker 4, container 3, liquefied gas 1,
livestock carrier 5, oil tanker 23, passenger 1, refrigerated cargo 6,
roll-on/roll-off cargo 11, short-sea passenger 7, specialized tanker 1
Airports:
total:
215
usable:
195
with permanent-surface runways:
71
with runways over 3,659 m:
14
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:
38
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
105
Telecommunications:
modern system with extensive microwave and coaxial and fiber optic
cable systems; 1,624,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 43 AM, 13
FM, 80 TV; microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar,
UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan; submarine
cable to Djibouti, Egypt and Bahrain; earth stations - 3 Atlantic
Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 INMARSAT

@Saudi Arabia, Defense Forces

Branches:
Land Force (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, National Guard,
Coast Guard, Frontier Forces, Special Security Force, Public Security
Force
Manpower availability:
males age 15-49 5,682,036; fit for military service 3,140,464; reach
military age (17) annually 147,420 (1994 est.)
Defense expenditures:
exchange rate conversion - $16.5 billion, 13% of GDP (1993 budget)

@Senegal, Geography

Location:
Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between
Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania
Map references:
Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World
Area:
total area:
196,190 sq km
land area:
192,000 sq km
comparative area:
slightly smaller than South Dakota
Land boundaries:
total 2,640 km, The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau 338
km, Mali 419 km, Mauritania 813 km
Coastline:
531 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone:
24 nm
continental shelf:
200 nm or the edge of continental margin
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
territorial sea:
12 nm
International disputes:
short section of the boundary with The Gambia is indefinite; Senegal
and Guinea-Bissau signed an agreement resolving their maritime
boundary in 1993; boundary with Mauritania
Climate:
tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to April) has strong
southeast winds; dry season (May to November) dominated by hot, dry
harmattan wind
Terrain:
generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast
Natural resources:
fish, phosphates, iron ore
Land use:
arable land:
27%
permanent crops:
0%
meadows and pastures:
30%
forest and woodland:
31%
other:
12%
Irrigated land:
1,800 sq km (1989 est.)
Environment:
current issues:
wildlife populations threatened by poaching; deforestation;
overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
natural hazards:
lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts
international agreements:
party to - Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Wetlands, Whaling; signed, but not ratified - Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Marine Dumping
Note:
The Gambia is almost an enclave

@Senegal, People