Chapter 11
Appendix
Plant and Machinery
Illustrations of machinery and layouts of the plant of a modern soap-making establishment.
Tables marked * are taken from the German Year Book for Soap Industry.
(U. S. Bureau of Standards)
The Metric System.
The fundamental unit of the metric system is the meter (the unit of length). From this the units of mass (gram) and capacity (liter) are derived. All other units are the decimal sub-divisions or multiples of these. These three units are simply related, so that for all practical purposes the volume of one kilogram of water (one liter) is equal to one cubic decimeter.
Prefixes. Meaning. Units.
Milli- = one thousandth 1-1000 .001 Meter for length.
Centi- = one hundredth 1-100 .01
Deci- = one tenth 1-10 .1
Unit = one 1. Gram for mass.
Deka- = ten 10-1 10.
Hecto- = one hundred 100-1 100. Liter for capacity.
Kilo- = one thousand 1000-1 1000.
The metric terms are formed by combining the words "Meter," "Gram" and "Liter" with the six numerical prefixes.
Length
10 milli-meters mm = 1 centi-meter c m
10 centi-meters = 1 deci-meter d m
10 deci-meters = 1 meter (about 40 inches) m
10 meters = 1 deka-meter d k m
10 deka-meters = 1 hecto-meter h m
10 hecto-meters = 1 kilo-meter (about 5/8 mile) k m
Mass.
10 milli-grams. m g = 1 centi-gram c g
10 centi-grams = 1 deci-gram d g
10 deci-grams = 1 gram (about 15 grains) g
10 grams = 1 deka-gram d k g
10 Deka-grams = 1 hecto-gram h g
10 hecto-grams = 1 kilo-gram (about 2 pounds) k g
Capacity.
10 milli-liters. m l = 1 centi-liter c l
10 centi-liters = 1 deci-liter d l
10 deci-liters = 1 liter (about 1 quart) l
10 liters = 1 deka-liter d k l
10 deka-liters = 1 hecto-liter (about a barrel) h l
10 hecto-liters = 1 kilo-liter k l
The square and cubic units are the squares and cubes of the linear units.
The ordinary unit of land area is the Hectare (about 2-1/2 acres).
U.S. Bureau of Standards Table of Metric Equivalents
Meter = 39.37 inches.
Legal Equivalent Adopted by Act of Congress July 28, 1866.
Length.
Centimeter = 0.3937 inch
Meter = 3.28 feet
Meter = 1.094 yards
Kilometer = 0.621 statute mile
Kilometer = 0.5396 nautical mile
Inch = 2.540 centimeters
Foot = 0.305 meter
Yard = 0.914 meter
Statute mile = 1.61 kilometers
Nautical mile = 1.853 kilometers
Area.
Sq. centimeter = 0.155 sq. inch
Sq. meter = 10.76 sq. feet
Sq. meter = 1.196 sq. yards
Hectare = 2.47 acres
Sq. kilometer = 0.386 sq. mile
Sq. inch = 6.45 sq. centimeters
Sq. foot = 0.0929 sq. meter
Sq. yard = 0.836 sq. meter
Acre = 0.405 hectare
Sq. mile = 2.59 sq. kilometers
Weight.
Gram = 15.43 grains
Gram = 0.772 U. S. apoth. scruple
Gram = 0.2572 U. S. apoth. dram
Gram = 0.0353 avoir. ounce
Gram = 0.03215 troy ounce
Kilogram = 2.205 avoir. pounds
Kilogram = 2.679 troy pounds
Metric ton = 0.984 gross or long ton
Metric ton = 1.102 short or net tons
Grain = 0.064 gram
U. S. apoth. scruple = 1.296 grams
U. S. apoth. dram = 3.89 grams
Avoir. ounce = 28.35 grams
Troy ounce = 31.10 grams
Avoir. pound = 0.4536 kilogram
Troy pound = 0.373 kilogram
Gross or long ton = 1.016 metric tons
Short or net ton = 0.907 metric ton
Volume.
Cu. centimeter = 0.0610 cu. inch
Cu. meter = 35.3 cu. feet
Cu. meter = 1.308 cu. yards
Cu. inch = 16.39 cu. centimeters
Cu. foot = 0.283 cu. meter
Cu. yard = 0.765 cu. meter
Capacity.
Millimeter = 0.0338 U. S. liq. ounce
Millimeter = 0.2705 U. S. apoth. dram
Liter = 1.057 U. S. liq. quarts
Liter = 0.2642 U. S. liq. gallon
Liter = 0.908 U. S. dry quart
Dekaliter = 1.135 U. S. pecks
Hectoliter = 2.838 U. S. bushels
U. S. liq. ounce = 29.57 millimeters
U. S. apoth. dram = 3.70 millimeters
U. S. liq. quarts = 0.946 liter
U. S. dry quarts = 1.101 liters
U. S. liq. gallon = 3.785 liters
U. S. peck = 0.881 dekaliter
U. S. bushel = 0.3524 hectoliter
Avoirdupois Weight.
1 pound = 16 ounces = 256 drams
1 ounce = 16 "
Troy (Apothecaries') Weight (U. S.)
1 pound = 12 ounces = 96 drams = 288 scruples = 5,760 grains
1 ounce = 8 drams = 24 scruples = 480 grains
1 dram = 3 scruples = 60 grains
1 scruple = 20 grains
Wine (Apothecaries) Liquid Measure (U. S.)
1 gallon = 8 pints = 128 fl. ozs. = 1,024 fl. drams = 61,440 minims
1 pint = 16 fl. ozs. = 128 fl. drams = 7,689 minims
1 fl. oz. = 8 fl. drams = 480 minims
1 fl. dram = 60 minims
To find diameter of a circle multiply circumference by .31831.
To find circumference of a circle, multiply diameter by 3.1416.
To find area of a circle, multiply square of diameter by .7854.
To find surface of a ball, multiply square of diameter by 3.1416.
To find side of an equal square, multiply diameter by .8862.
To find cubic inches in a ball, multiply cube of diameter by .5236.
Doubling the diameter of a pipe, increases its capacity four times.
One cubic foot of anthracite coal weighs about 53 lbs.
One cubic foot of bituminous coal weighs from 47 to 50 pounds.
A gallon of water (U. S. standard) weighs 8-1/3 pounds and contains 231 cubic inches.
A cubic foot of water contains 7-1/2 gallons, 1728 cubic inches and weighs 62-1/2 pounds.
To find the number of pounds of water a cylindrical tank contains, square the diameter, multiply by .785 and then by the height in feet. This gives the number of cubic feet which multiplied by 62-1/2 gives the capacity in pounds of water. Divide by 7-1/2 and this gives the capacity in gallons.
A horse-power is equivalent to raising 33,000 pounds 1 foot per minute, or 550 pounds 1 foot per second.
The friction of water in pipes is as the square of velocity. The capacity of pipes is as the square of their diameters; thus, doubling the diameter of a pipe increases its capacity four times.
To find the diameter of a pump cylinder to move a given quantity of water per minute (100 feet of piston being the standard of speed), divide the number of gallons by 4, then extract the square root, and the product will be the diameter in inches of the pump cylinder.
To find the horse-power necessary to elevate water to a given height, multiply the weight of the water elevated per minute in pounds by the height in feet, and divide the product by 33,000 (an allowance should be added for water friction, and a further allowance for loss in steam cylinder, say from 20 to 30 per cent).
To compute the capacity of pumping engines, multiply the area of water piston, in inches, by the distance it travels, in inches, in a given time. Deduct 3 per cent for slip and rod displacement. The product divided by 231 gives the number of gallons in time named.
To find the velocity in feet per minute necessary to discharge a given volume of water in a given time, multiply the number of cubic feet of water by 144 and divide the product by the area of the pipe in inches.
To find the area of a required pipe, the volume and velocity of water being given, multiply the number of cubic feet of water by 144 and divide the product by the velocity in feet per minute. The area being found, the diameter can be learned by using any table giving the "area of circles" and finding the nearest area, opposite to which will be found the diameter to correspond.
Physical and Chemical Constants of Fixed Oils and Fats.
(From Lewkowitsch and other authorities.)
Specific gravity at 15°C. Specific gravity at 100°C. Melting-point. C. Solidifying-point. C.
Linseed oil 0.931-0.938 0.880 -16° to -26° -16°
Hemp-seed oil 0.925-0.931 -27°
Walnut oil 0.925-0.926 0.871 -27°
Poppy-seed oil 0.924-0.927 0.873 -18°
Sunflower oil 0.924-0.926 0.919 -17°
Fir-seed oil 0.925-0.928 -27° to -30°
Maize oil 0.921-0.926 -10° to -15°
Cotton-seed oil 0.922-0.930 0.867 12°
Sesame oil 0.923-0.924 0.871 -5°
Rape-seed oil 0.914-0.917 0.863 -2° to -10°
Black mustard oil 0.916-0.920 -17.5°
Croton oil 0.942-0.955 -16°
Castor oil 0.960-0.966 0.910 -12° to -18°
Apricot-kernel oil 0.915-0.919 -14°
Almond oil 0.915-0.920 -10° to -20°
Peanut (arachis) oil 0.916-0.920 0.867 -3° to -7°
Olive oil 0.914-0.917 0.862 2°
Menhaden oil 0.927-0.933 -4°
Cod-liver oil 0.922-0.927 0.874 0° to -10°
Seal oil 0.924-0.929 0.873 3°
Whale oil 0.920-0.930 0.872 -2°
Dolphin oil 0.917-0.918 5° to -3°
Porpoise oil 0.926 0.871 -16°
Neat's-foot oil 0.914-0.916 0.861 0° to 1.5°
Cotton-seed stearine 0.919-0.923 0.867 40° 31° to 32.5°
Palm oil 0.921-0.925 0.856 27° to 42°
Cacao butter 0.950-0.952 0.858 30° to 33° 25° to 26°
Cocoa-nut oil 0.925-0.926 0.873 20° to 26° 16° to 20°
Myrtle wax 0.995 0.875 40° to 44° 39° to 43°
Japan wax 0.970-0.980 0.875 51° to 54.5° 46°
Lard 0.931-0.938 0.861 41° to 46° 29°
Bone fat 0.914-0.916 21° to 22° 15° to 17°
Tallow 0.943-0.952 0.860 42° to 46° 35° to 37°
Butter fat 0.927-0.936 0.866 29.5° to 33° 19° to 20°
Oleomargarine 0.924-0.930 0.859
Sperm oil 0.875-0.884 0.833 -25°
Bottle-nose oil 0.879-0.880 0.827
Carnauba wax 0.990-0.999 0.842 84° to 85° 80° to 81°
Wool-fat 0.973 0.901 39° to 42° 30° to 30.2°
Beeswax 0.958-0.969 0.822 62° to 64° 60.5° to 62°
Spermaceti 0.960 0.812 43.5° to 49° 43.4° to 44.2°
Chinese wax 0.970 0.810 80.5° to 81° 80.5° to 81°
Tung (Chinese wood oil) 0.936-0.942 below -17°
Soya-bean oil 0.924-0.927 8° to 15°
Physical and Chemical Constants of Fixed Oils and Fats.
(From Lewkowitsch and other Authorities.)
Saponification value. Maumené test. Iodine value. Hehner value. Reichert value.
Linseed oil 190-195 104°-111° 175-190
Hemp-seed oil 190-193 95°-96° 148
Walnut oil 195 96°-101° 144-147
Poppy-seed oil 195 86°-88° 134-141 95.38
Sunflower oil 193-194 72°-75° 120-129 95
Fir-seed oil 191.3 98°-99° 118.9-120
Maize oil 188-193 56°-60.5° 117-125 89-95.7 2.5
Cotton-seed oil 191-195 68°-77° 104-110 96-17
Sesame oil 189-193 64°-68° 105-109 95.8 0.35
Rape-seed oil 170-178 51°-60° 95-105 95
Black mustard oil 174-174.6 43°-44° 96-110 95.05
Croton oil 210.3-215 101.7-104 89 13.5
Castor oil 178-186 46°-47° 83.4-85.9 1.4
Apricot-kernel oil 192.2-193.1 42.5°-46° 100-107
Almond oil 190.5-195.4 51°-54° 93-97 96.2
Peanut (arachis) oil 190-197 45°-49° 85-98 95.86
Olive oil 191-196 41.5°-45.5° 80.6-84.5 95.43 0.3
Menhaden oil 189.3-192 123°-128° 140-170 1.2
Cod-liver oil 182-187 102°-103° 154-180 95.3
Seal oil 190-196 92° 127-140 94.2 0.22
Whale-oil 188-193 91°-92° 110-136 93.5 2.04
Dolphin {Body oil 197.3 99.5 93.07 5.6
oil {Jaw oil 200 32.8 66.28 65.92
Porpoise {Body oil 216-218.8 50° 119.4 23.45
oil {Jaw oil 253.7 49.6 68.41 65.8
Neat's-foot oil 194.3 47°-48.5° 69.3-70.4
Cotton-seed stearine. 194.6-195.1 48° 88.7-92.8 96.3
Palm oil 196.3-202 53-57 95.6 0.5
Cacao butter 192.2-193.5 32-41 94.59 1.6
Cocoa-nut oil 250-253 8.5-9.3 88.6 3.7
Myrtle wax 205.7-211.7 2.9
Japan wax 220-222.4 4.2-8.5 90.6
Lard 195.3-196.6 27°-32° 57-70 96
Bone fat 190.9 46.3-49.6
Tallow 195-198 36-47 95.6 0.25
Butter fat 221.5-227 26-35 87.5 28.78
Oleomargarine 194-203.7 55.3-60 95-96 2.6
Sperm oil 132.5-147 47°-51° 84 1.3
Bottle-nose oil 126-134 41°-47° 77.4-82 1.4
Carnauba wax 80-84 13.5
Wool-fat 98.2-102.4 25-28
Beeswax 91-96 8.3-11
Spermaceti 128
Chinese wax 63
Tung (Chinese wood oil) 193 150-165
Soya-bean oil 190.6-192.9 59°-61° 121.3-124 95.5
*Temperature Correction Table for Hehner's Concentrated Bichromate Solution for Glycerine Analysis
A Temperature f Corrected Volume 1 c.c. Logarithm
11° C 0.9980 ccm 99913
12° " 0.9985 " 99935
13° " 0.9990 " 99956
14° " 0.9995 " 99978
15° " 1.0000 " 00000
16° " 1.0005 " 00022
17° " 1.0010 " 00043
18° " 1.0015 " 00065
19° " 1.0020 " 00087
20° " 1.0025 " 00108
21° " 1.0030 " 00130
22° " 1.0035 " 00152
23° " 1.0040 " 00173
*Table of Important Fatty Acids
Boiling Point
Name Formula Mol. Wt. Ordinary Pressure 100 mm Pressure Melting Pt. Neutralization value Mg. KOH
Butyric C4H8O2 88 162.3 637.5
Caproic C6H12O2 116 199.7 483.6
Caprylic C8H16O2 144 236-237 16.5 389.6
Capric C10H20O2 172 268-270 199.5-200 31.3 326.2
Lauric C12H24O2 200 225 43.6 280.5
Myristic C14H28O2 228 250.5 53.8 246.1
Palmitic C16H32O2 256 268.5 62 219.1
Stearic C18H36O2 284 291 69.2 197.5
Arachidic C20H40O2 302 75 185.8
Behenic C22H44O2 330 77-78 170.0
Cerotic C27H54O2 400 78 140.25
Melissic C30H60O2 442 90 126.5
Oleic C18H34O2 282 185.5-286 14 198.9
Erucic C22H42O2 338 33-34 165.9
Linolic C18H32O2 280 200.4
Linolenic C18H30O2 278 201.5
Ricinoleic C18H34O3 298 181.6
*Comparison of Thermometer Scales
n Degree Celsius = 4/5n Degree Reaumur = 32 + 9/5n Degree Fahrenheit
n Degree Reaumur = 5/4n Degree Celsius = 32 + 9/4n Degree Fahrenheit
n Degree Fahrenheit = 5/9 (n - 32) Degree Celsius = 4/9 (n - 32) Deg. R
C. R. F. C. R. F. C. R. F. C. R. F.
-20 -16 -4 20 16 68 60 48 140 100 80 212
-19 -15.2 -2.2 21 16.8 69.8 61 48.8 141.8 101 80.8 213.8
-18 -14.4 -0.4 22 17.6 71.6 62 49.6 143.6 102 81.6 215.6
-17 -13.6 1.4 23 18.4 73.4 63 50.4 145.4 103 82.4 217.4
-16 -12.8 3.2 24 19.2 75.2 64 51.2 147.2 104 83.2 219.2
-15 -12 5 25 20 77 65 52 149 105 84 221
-14 -11.2 6.8 26 20.8 78.8 66 52.8 150.8 106 84.8 222.8
-13 -10.4 8.6 27 21.6 80.6 67 53.6 152.6 107 85.6 224.6
-12 -9.6 10.4 28 22.4 82.4 68 54.4 154.4 108 86.4 226.4
-11 -8.8 12.2 29 23.2 84.2 69 55.2 156.2 109 87.2 228.2
-10 -8 14 30 24 86 70 56 158 110 88 230
-9 -7.2 15.8 31 24.8 87.8 71 56.8 159.8 111 88.8 231.8
-8 -6.4 17.6 32 25.6 89.6 72 57.6 161.6 112 89.6 233.6
-7 -5.6 19.4 33 26.4 91.4 73 58.4 163.4 113 90.4 235.4
-6 -4.8 21.2 34 27.2 93.2 74 59.2 165.2 114 91.2 237.2
-5 -4 23 35 28 95 75 60 167 115 92 239
-4 -3.2 24.8 36 28.8 96.8 76 60.8 168.8 116 92.8 240.8
-3 -2.4 26.6 37 29.6 98.6 77 61.6 170.6 117 93.6 242.6
-2 -1.6 28.4 38 30.4 100.4 78 62.4 172.4 118 94.4 244.4
-1 -0.8 30.2 39 31.2 102.2 79 63.2 174.2 119 95.2 246.2
0 0 32 40 32 104 80 64 176 120 96 248
1 0.8 33.8 41 32.8 105.8 81 64.8 177.8 121 96.8 249.8
2 1.6 35.6 42 33.6 107.6 82 65.6 179.6 122 97.6 252.6
3 2.4 37.4 43 34.4 109.4 83 66.4 181.4 123 98.4 253.4
4 3.2 39.2 44 35.2 111.2 84 67.2 183.2 124 99.2 255.2
5 4 41 45 36 113 85 68 185 125 100 257
6 4.8 42.8 46 36.8 114.8 86 68.8 186.8 126 100.8 258.8
7 5.6 44.6 47 37.6 116.6 87 69.6 188.6 127 101.6 260.6
8 6.4 46.4 48 38.4 118.4 88 70.4 190.4 128 102.4 262.4
9 7.2 48.2 49 39.2 120.2 89 71.2 192.2 129 103.2 264.2
10 8 50 50 40 122 90 72 194 130 104 266
11 8.8 51.8 51 40.8 123.8 91 72.8 195.8 131 104.8 267.8
12 9.6 53.6 52 41.6 125.6 92 73.6 197.6 132 105.6 269.6
13 10.4 55.4 53 42.4 127.4 93 74.4 199.4 133 106.4 271.4
14 11.2 57.2 54 43.2 129.2 94 75.2 201.2 134 107.2 273.2
15 12 59 55 44 131 95 76 203 135 108 275
16 12.8 60.8 56 44.8 132.8 96 76.8 204.8 136 108.8 276.8
17 13.6 62.6 57 45.6 134.6 97 77.6 206.6 137 109.6 278.6
18 14.4 64.4 58 46.4 136.4 98 78.4 208.4 138 110.4 280.4
19 15.2 66.2 59 47.2 138.2 99 79.2 210.2 139 111.2 282.2
*Quantities of Alkali Required for Saponification of Fats of Average Molecular Weight 670
(Cocoanut Oil, Palmkernel Oil)
Kilos Liters Alkali Solution Sp. Gr. 1.1 Liters Alkali Solution Sp. Gr. 1.2 Liters Alkali Solution Sp. Gr. 1.3 Liters Alkali Solution Sp. Gr. 1.355
NaOH KOH NaOH KOH NaOH KOH NaOH KOH
1000 1875.83 1902.99 844.67 930.35 510.27 622.71 409.61 517.97
2000 3751.66 3805.97 1689.35 1860.70 1020.64 1245.41 819.21 1035.95
3000 5627.50 5708.96 2534.02 2791.04 1530.81 1868.12 1228.82 1553.92
4000 7508.33 7611.94 3378.69 3721.39 2041.01 2490.83 1638.43 2071.90
5000 9379.16 9514.93 4223.37 4651.74 2551.35 3113.54 2048.04 2589.87
6000 11254.99 11417.91 5068.04 5582.09 3061.61 3736.24 2457.65 3107.84
7000 13130.82 13320.90 5912.71 6512.44 3571.88 4358.95 2867.26 3625.82
8000 15006.66 15223.88 6757.38 7442.78 4082.15 4981.66 3276.86 4143.79
9000 16882.49 17126.87 7602.06 8373.13 4592.42 5604.36 3886.47 4661.77
10000 18758.32 19029.85 8446.73 9303.48 5102.69 6227.02 4096.08 5179.74
*Quantities of Alkali Required for Saponification of Fats of Average Molecular Weight 860
(Tallow, Cottonseed Oil, Olive Oil, Etc.)
Kilos Liters Alkali Solution Sp. Gr. 1.1 Liters Alkali Solution Sp. Gr. 1.2 Liters Alkali Solution Sp. Gr. 1.3 Liters Alkali Solution Sp. Gr. 1.355
NaOH KOH NaOH KOH NaOH KOH NaOH KOH
1000 1461.40 1482.56 658.05 724.81 397.54 485.13 319.11 403.54
2000 2922.81 2965.12 1316.12 1449.61 795.07 970.27 638.23 807.08
3000 4384.21 4447.67 1974.18 2174.42 1192.61 1455.40 957.34 1210.61
4000 5845.62 5930.23 2632.24 2899.22 1590.14 1940.53 1276.45 1614.15
5000 7307.02 7412.79 3290.80 3624.03 1987.68 2425.67 1595.57 2017.69
6000 8768.42 8895.85 3948.35 4348.84 2385.21 2910.80 1914.68 2421.23
7000 10229.83 10377.91 4606.41 5073.64 2782.75 3395.93 2233.79 2824.77
8000 11691.23 11860.45 5264.47 5798.45 3180.28 3881.06 2552.90 3228.30
9000 13152.64 13343.02 5922.53 6523.25 3577.82 4366.20 2872.02 3631.84
10000 14614.04 14825.58 6580.59 7248.06 3975.35 4851.33 3191.13 4035.38
Density and Strength of Sulphuric Acid (Sidersky).
Degrees Twaddell. Sp. Gr. at 15° C. % of pure acid (H2SO4). Equivalent (in cc.) of a kilo of pure acid. Equivalent (in cc.) of a liter of pure acid.
1 1.007 1.9 52.620 96.930
3 1.014 2.8 35.710 66.450
4 1.022 3.8 25.650 47.230
6 1.029 4.8 20.410 37.582
8 1.037 5.8 16.670 30.690
9 1.045 6.8 14.085 25.938
10 1.052 7.8 12.198 22.460
12 1.062 8.8 10.755 19.803
13 1.067 9.8 9.524 17.540
15 1.075 10.9 8.547 15.740
17 1.083 11.9 7.752 14.278
18 1.091 13.0 7.042 12.969
20 1.100 14.1 6.452 11.882
22 1.108 15.2 5.953 10.962
23 1.116 16.2 5.526 10.177
25 1.125 17.3 5.405 9.954
27 1.134 18.5 4.76 8.770
29 1.142 19.6 4.465 8.223
30 1.152 20.8 4.184 7.723
32 1.162 22.2 3.876 7.138
34 1.171 23.3 3.663 6.745
36 1.180 24.5 3.541 6.521
38 1.190 25.8 3.258 5.999
40 1.200 27.1 3.077 5.666
42 1.210 28.4 2.907 5.353
44 1.220 29.6 2.770 5.102
46 1.231 31.0 2.618 4.865
48 1.241 32.2 2.500 4.604
50 1.252 33.4 2.392 4.406
53 1.263 34.7 2.283 4.205
55 1.274 36.0 2.179 4.012
57 1.285 37.4 2.079 3.829
60 1.297 38.8 1.988 3.661
62 1.308 40.2 1.905 3.508
64 1.320 41.6 1.821 3.354
66 1.332 43.0 1.745 3.214
69 1.345 44.4 1.665 3.085
71 1.357 45.5 1.621 2.985
74 1.370 46.9 1.558 2.869
77 1.383 48.3 1.497 2.757
80 1.397 49.8 1.436 2.646
82 1.410 51.2 1.386 2.551
85 1.424 52.6 1.335 2.459
88 1.438 54.0 1.287 2.370
91 1.453 55.4 1.237 2.270
94 1.468 56.9 1.195 2.200
97 1.483 58.3 1.156 2.130
100 1.498 59.6 1.116 2.050
103 1.514 61.0 1.080 1.980
106 1.530 62.5 1.045 1.930
108 1.540 64.0 1.010 1.860
113 1.563 65.5 0.975 1.800
116 1.580 67.0 0.950 1.740
120 1.597 68.6 0.917 1.690
123 1.615 70.0 0.888 1.630
127 1.634 71.6 0.855 1.570
130 1.652 73.2 0.845 1.520
134 1.671 74.7 0.800 1.470
138 1.691 76.4 0.774 1.430
142 1.711 78.1 0.749 1.390
146 1.732 79.9 0.722 1.320
151 1.753 81.7 0.705 1.280
155 1.774 84.1 0.672 1.235
160 1.798 86.5 0.639 1.190
164 1.819 89.7 0.609 1.120
168 1.842 100.0 0.544 1.000
*Densities of Potassium Carbonate Solutions at 15 C (Gerlach)
Sp. Gr. Per cent of
pure K2CO3
1.00914 1
1.01829 2
1.02743 3
1.03658 4
1.04572 5
1.05513 6
1.06454 7
1.07396 8
1.08337 9
1.09278 10
1.10258 11
1.11238 12
1.12219 13
1.13199 14
1.14179 15
1.15200 16
1.16222 17
1.17243 18
1.18265 19
1.19286 20
1.20344 21
1.21402 22
1.22459 23
1.23517 24
1.24575 25
1.25681 26
1.26787 27
1.27893 28
1.28999 29
1.30105 30
1.31261 31
1.32417 32
1.33573 33
1.34729 34
1.35885 35
1.37082 36
1.38279 37
1.39476 38
1.40673 39
1.41870 40
1.43104 41
1.44338 42
1.45573 43
1.46807 44
1.48041 45
1.49314 46
1.50588 47
1.51861 48
1.53135 49
1.54408 50
1.55728 51
1.57048 52
1.57079 53.024
*Constants of Certain Fatty Acids and Triglycerides
Triglycerides of Per cent Yield
Mol. Wt.
of Fatty Acid Mol. Wt.
of Triglycerides Fatty Acid Glycerine
Stearic Acid 284 890 95.73 10.34
Oleic Acid 282 884 95.70 10.41
Margaric Acid 270 848 95.52 10.85
Palmitic Acid 256 806 95.28 11.42
Myristic Acid 228 722 94.47 12.74
Lauric Acid 200 638 94.04 14.42
Capric Acid 172 594 93.14 15.48
Caproic Acid 116 386 90.16 23.83
Butyric Acid 88 302 87.41 30.46
Percentages of Solid Caustic Soda and Caustic Potash in Caustic Lyes According to Baume Scale.
Degrees Baumé. % NaOH % KOH
1 0.61 0.90
2 0.93 1.70
3 2.00 2.60
4 2.71 3.50
5 3.35 4.50
6 4.00 5.60
7 4.556 6.286
8 5.29 7.40
9 5.87 8.20
10 6.55 9.20
11 7.31 10.10
12 8.00 10.90
13 8.68 12.00
14 9.42 12.90
15 10.06 13.80
16 10.97 14.80
17 11.84 15.70
18 12.64 16.50
19 13.55 17.60
20 14.37 18.60
21 15.13 19.50
22 15.91 20.50
23 16.77 21.40
24 17.67 22.50
25 18.58 23.30
26 19.58 24.20
27 20.59 25.10
28 21.42 26.10
29 22.64 27.00
30 23.67 28.00
31 24.81 28.90
32 25.80 29.80
33 26.83 30.70
34 27.80 31.80
35 28.83 32.70
36 29.93 33.70
37 31.22 34.90
38 32.47 35.90
39 33.69 36.90
40 34.96 37.80
41 36.25 38.90
42 37.53 39.90
43 38.80 40.90
44 39.99 42.10
45 41.41 43.40
46 42.83 44.60
47 44.38 45.80
48 46.15 47.10
49 47.58 48.25
50 49.02 49.40
Glycerine Content of More Common Oils and Fats Used in Soap Making.
Kind. Theoretical Yield
of Pure Glycerine
of Neutral Oil or Fat. Average
Free Fatty Acid
in Commercial Oil. % Pure Glycerine
in Commercial Oil. Yield Soap Lye
80% Crude Glycerine.
Beef Tallow 10.7 5 10.2 12.75
Bone Grease 10.5 20-50 5.2- 8.4 6.5 -10.5
Castor Oil 9.8 0.5-10 8.8- 9.8 11.0 -12.45
Cocoanut Oil 13.9 3-5 13.2-13.5 16.5 -16.9
Cocoanut Oil Off 15-40 8.3-11.8 10.37-14.75
Corn Oil 10.4 1-10 9.3-10.3 11.62-12.9
Cottonseed Oil 10.6 Trace 10.6 13.25
Hog Grease 10.6 0.5-1 10.5-10.6 13.12-13.25
Horse Grease 10.6 1-3 10.5-10.6 13.12-13.25
Olive Oil 10.3 2-25 7.7-10.2 9.62-12.75
Olive Foots 30-60 4-7 5- 8.75
Palm Oil 11.0 10-50 5.5-10 6.87-12.5
Palmkernel Oil 13.3 4-8 12.2-12.8 15.25-16
Peanut Oil 10.4 5-20 8.3- 9.9 10.37-12.37
Soya Bean Oil 10.4 2 10.2 12.75
Train Oil 10.0 2-20 8- 9.8 10.0 -12.25
Vegetable Tallow 10.9 1-3 10.5-10.8 13.12-13.5
*Table of Specific Gravities of Pure Commercial Glycerine with Corresponding Percentage of Water. Temperature 15 C.
Sp. Gr. % Water Sp. Gr. % Water
1.262 0 1.160 38
1.261 1 1.157 39
1.258 2 1.155 40
1.255 3 1.152 41
1.2515 4 1.149 42
1.250 5 1.1464 43
1.2467 6 1.1437 44
1.2450 7 1.141 45
1.243 8 1.1377 46
1.241 9 1.1353 47
1.237 10 1.1326 48
1.235 11 1.1304 49
1.2324 12 1.127 50
1.229 13 1.125 51
1.2265 14 1.1224 52
1.2245 15 1.1204 53
1.2225 16 1.117 54
1.2185 17 1.114 55
1.2174 18 1.112 56
1.2142 19 1.109 57
1.211 20 1.106 58
1.207 21 1.103 59
1.203 22 1.1006 60
1.2004 23 1.088 65
1.198 24 1.075 70
1.195 25 1.0623 75
1.1923 26 1.049 80
1.189 27 1.0365 85
1.188 28 1.0243 90
1.1846 29 1.0218 91
1.182 30 1.0192 92
1.179 31 1.0168 93
1.176 32 1.0147 94
1.1734 33 1.0125 95
1.171 34 1.01 96
1.168 35 1.0074 97
1.165 36 1.0053 98
1.163 37 1.0026 99
Table of Percentage, Specific Gravity and Beaume Degree of Pure Glycerine Solutions
Per cent Water Sp. Gr. Champion and Pellet Degree Beaumé (Berthelot) Per cent Water Sp. Gr. Champion and Pellet Degree Beaumé (Berthelot)
0 1.2640 31.2 11.0 1.2350 28.6
0.5 1.2625 31.0 11.5 1.2335 28.4
1.0 1.2612 30.9 12.0 1.2322 28.3
1.5 1.2600 30.8 12.5 1.2307 28.2
2.0 1.2585 30.7 13.0 1.2295 28.0
2.5 1.2575 30.6 13.5 1.2280 27.8
3.0 1.2560 30.4 14.0 1.2270 27.7
3.5 1.2545 30.3 14.5 1.2255 27.6
4.0 1.2532 30.2 15.0 1.2242 27.4
4.5 1.2520 30.1 15.5 1.2230 27.3
5.0 1.2505 30.0 16.0 1.2217 27.2
5.5 1.2490 29.9 16.5 1.2202 27.0
6.0 1.2480 29.8 17.0 1.2190 26.9
6.5 1.2465 29.7 17.5 1.2177 26.8
7.0 1.2455 29.6 18.0 1.2165 26.7
7.5 1.2440 29.5 18.5 1.2150 26.5
8.0 1.2427 29.3 19.0 1.2137 26.4
8.5 1.2412 29.2 19.5 1.2125 26.3
9.0 1.2400 29.0 20.0 1.2112 26.2
9.5 1.2390 28.9 20.5 1.2100 26.0
10.0 1.2375 28.8 21.0 1.2085 25.0
10.5 1.2362 28.7
*Table of Specific Gravities of Pure Glycerine Solutions with Corresponding Beaume Degree and Percent Water
Per cent Water Sp. Gr. Degree Beaume Per cent Water Sp. Gr. Degree Beaume
0.0 1.2640 31.2 1.0 1.2612 30.9
0.5 1.2625 31.0 1.5 1.2600 30.8
2.0 1.2585 30.7 12.0 1.2322 28.3
2.5 1.2575 30.6 12.5 1.2307 28.2
3.0 1.2560 30.4 13.0 1.2295 28.0
3.5 1.2545 30.3 13.5 1.2280 27.8
4.0 1.2532 30.2 14.0 1.2270 27.7
4.5 1.2520 30.1 14.5 1.2255 27.6
5.0 1.2505 30.0 15.0 1.2242 27.4
5.5 1.2490 29.9 15.5 1.2230 27.3
6.0 1.2480 29.8 16.0 1.2217 27.2
6.5 1.2465 29.7 16.5 1.2202 27.0
7.0 1.2455 29.6 17.0 1.2190 26.9
7.5 1.2440 29.5 17.5 1.2177 26.8
8.0 1.2427 29.3 18.0 1.2165 26.7
8.5 1.2412 29.2 18.5 1.2150 26.5
9.0 1.2400 29.0 19.0 1.2137 26.4
9.5 1.2390 28.9 19.5 1.2125 26.3
10.0 1.2375 28.8 20.0 1.2112 26.2
10.5 1.2362 28.7 20.5 1.2100 26.0
11.0 1.2350 28.6 21.0 1.2085 25.9
11.5 1.2335 28.4