INDEXToC

Actions, Land.
i.:
Detroit, 346;
Queenston, 357;
Niagara, 358;
Frenchtown, 370.
ii.:
York [Toronto], 36, 55;
Fort George, 38;
Sackett's Harbor, 42;
Stony Creek, 46;
Beaver Dam, 47;
Fort Meigs, 68;
Fort Stephenson, 73;
The Thames, 103;
Chrystler's Farm, 115;
Chippewa, 295;
Lundy's Lane, 306;
Fort Erie, 314, 316;
Bladensburg, 346;
Plattsburg, 366;
New Orleans, 394.
Actions, Naval.
i.:
Elliott's capture of "Caledonia" and "Detroit," 354;
"Constitution" and "Guerrière," 330;
"Frolic" and "Wasp," 412;
"Macedonian" and "United States," 416.
ii.:
"Constitution" and "Java," 3;
"Hornet" and "Peacock," 7;
squadron engagements on Lake Ontario, 1813, August 10, 56;
September 11, 60;
September 28, 107;
battle of Lake Erie, 76;
"Chesapeake" and "Shannon," 135;
"Boxer" and "Enterprise," 188;
"Argus" and "Pelican," 217;
"Essex" with "Phœbe" and "Cherub," 249;
"Wasp" and "Reindeer," 254;
"Wasp" and "Avon," 256;
"Epervier" and "Peacock," 259;
battle of Lake Champlain, 377;
gunboat squadron on Lake Borgne, 389;
"President" with British squadron, 398;
"Constitution" with "Cyane" and "Levant," 405;
"Hornet" and "Penguin," 407.
Actions, Privateer.
ii.:
"Globe" with British packets, 226;
"Decatur" and "Dominica," 233;
"Comet" and "Hibernia," 234;
"Saucy Jack" and "Pelham," 235;
"Saucy Jack" with "Volcano" and "Golden Fleece," 235;
"Kemp" with seven British merchantmen, 237;
"Chasseur" and "St. Lawrence," 238.
Acts of Congress.
To protect American shipping, i. 76, 80;
Non-Importation Act, against Great Britain, April, 1806, 113, 131, 183;
Embargo Act, December 22, 1807, 182;
Act for the better Enforcement of the Embargo, January 9, 1809, 208;
partial repeal of Embargo Act—"Non-Intercourse" Act against Great Britain and France, March 1, 1809, 210, 211, 213, 214;
Act repealing Non-Intercourse Act, with a substitute, May 1, 1810, 234, 235;
supplementary Act, reviving Non-Intercourse against Great Britain alone, March 2, 1811, 248, 249;
Embargo Act for ninety days, war measure, April 4, 1812, 263;
Declaration of War, June 18, 1812, 279.
Adams, John. Minister to Great Britain.
French colonial principles, i. 28;
British interest in navigation, 11, 30 (and note);
public opinion in England, as observed by him, 47, 63, 64, 69, 79;
remonstrates against impressment of American seamen, 119;
President of United States, instructs against impressment, 121;
care for the navy, ii. 213.
Adams, John Quincy. Senator from Massachusetts.
Opinions as to Orders in Council, i. 178-181;
opinions on a navy, 186;
Minister to Russia, ii. 411;
commissioner to treat for peace, 412.
"Adams." American frigate.
Blockaded in Potomac, ii. 162, 169-170, 174;
escapes, 178;
cruise of, 226, 261;
runs ashore on Isle au Haut, 353;
takes refuge in Penobscot, and destroyed to escape capture, 354.
Allen, William H. Commander, U.S.N.
Commands "Argus," ii. 216;
killed in action, 218.
"America."
Private armed ship, i. 398; ii. 229.
"Argus."
American brig of war, i. 314-415;
captured by "Pelican," ii. 217.
Armstrong, John.
U.S. Minister to France at the time of the Berlin Decree, i. 172-174, 181, 182, 236-238, 240, 244.
Advice to Eustis, Secretary of War, before the outbreak of hostilities, 309, 339.
Secretary of War, 31, 33, 39, 45, 104-106, 110-112, 117, 120, 122, 266 (note), 278, 291-293, 319, 343, 344.
"Avon." British brig of war.
Sunk by U.S.S. "Reindeer," ii. 256.
Bainbridge, William. Captain, U.S.N.
Applies for furlough, because of the condition of the navy, i. 257;
opinion as to employment of navy in war, 318;
mentions public opinion in Boston, 393;
commands squadron, 407;
his plans for the cruise, ii. 2;
captures Java, 4;
instructions to Lawrence for cruise of "Hornet," 7;
returns to the United States, 7;
commands Boston navy yard, 135, 153, 186.
Barclay, Robert H. Commander, R.N.
Sent to lakes by Warren, ii. 28;
ordered by Yeo to command on Lake Erie, 29;
difficulty in reaching his command, 39;
operations prior to battle of Lake Erie, 41, 69-74;
battle of Lake Erie, 76;
merits of his conduct, 94.
Barclay, Thomas. British Consul-General at New York.
On impressment question, i. 118, 122;
on effects of embargo on seamen, 192.
Barlow, Joel.
U.S. Minister to France, in succession to Armstrong, i. 176, 193, 264, 271-273.
Barney, Joshua. Commodore by courtesy.
Commands privateer "Rossie," i. 395-398;
commands Chesapeake flotilla, ii. 336-344;
gallant conduct of himself and men at Bladensburg, 347, 348.
Bassano, Duke of. French Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Presents to the American minister the spurious Decree of April 28, 1811, i. 272.
Bathurst, Earl. British Secretary for War and Colonies.
Quoted, ii. 100, 331 (note), 383, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 431.
Berkeley, George C. Vice-Admiral, R.N., commanding North American station.
Issues the order to search the U.S.S. "Chesapeake," i. 156;
recalled from his command in consequence, 167,
but given within a year the important command at Lisbon, 168;
British Government refuses further punishment for his action, 168.
Biddle, James. Commander, U.S.N.
Commands "Hornet" when she captures "Penguin," ii. 407.
Black Rock.
Selected by Elliott as American naval station on Lake Erie, i. 355, 374;
changed by Chauncey, 375;
mentioned in operations, 355, 358, 374, 377; ii. 34, 40, 41, 62, 71, 121.
Blakely, Johnstone. Commander, U.S.N.
Commands "Enterprise," ii. 187;
commands "Wasp," 253;
captures "Reindeer," 254;
sinks "Avon," 256;
lost at sea, 257.
Blockades.
General principle determining legality of, i. 99, 110, 145;
position of United States concerning, defined, 110;
that of May 16, 1806, illustrates difference between United States and Great Britain, 111;
Napoleon's definition of the right of blockade, 142-144;
Marshall, in 1800, and Pinkney, 1811, incidentally support Napoleon's view, 146, 147;
effect of this view upon sea power, and upon Great Britain, 147;
effect upon the Civil War of the United States, had it been conceded, 148;
the Orders in Council of 1807 are admitted by Great Britain to usurp the privileges of, without complying with the obligations, 177;
though modelled on the general plan of, 179;
distinction between military and commercial, 286;
in essence and effect, a form of commerce destruction, 287;
as such, the weapon of the stronger, 288;
of Chesapeake and Delaware,—commercial,—by British, notified, December 26, 1812, ii. 9;
extended to coast south of Narragansett Bay, March 30 and November 16, 1813, 10;
to whole United States coast, April and May, 1814, 11;
the last a defiance in form of the United States claim concerning, 11;
effects of the British commercial, upon United States, 177-187, 193-208;
American definition of, rejected as inadmissible at the treaty of peace, 432.
"Boxer." British brig of war.
Captured by "Enterprise," ii. 188.
See also note to chap. xiii.
Brock, Isaac. British general.
Lieutenant Governor, and military commander in Upper Canada, i. 337;
his professional opinions, 304, 308;
his successful action against Hull for the preservation of the northwest, 341-348;
returns to the Niagara frontier, 351;
killed in action at Queenston, 357.
Broke, Philip B.V. Captain, R.N.
Commands frigate "Shannon";
senior officer of vessels of New York, i. 325;
accompanies West India convoy, 326;
chase of "Constitution," 327;
blockading Boston, ii. 133;
singular merit of, 133;
sends challenge to Lawrence, 134;
action with, and capture of, U.S.S. "Chesapeake," 135.
Brown, Jacob. American general.
First in the militia, successfully defends Sackett's Harbor, ii. 42;
appointed brigadier general in the army, 45;
stationed at Sackett's Harbor, 1814, 278;
campaign on Niagara peninsula, 280-318;
wounded at Lundy's Lane, 311;
defence of Fort Erie, 314-318;
returns to Sackett's at end of the campaign, 323.
Burrows, William. Lieutenant, U.S.N.
Commands "Enterprise" when she captures "Boxer," ii. 188;
killed in the action, 189.
"Caledonia." British armed brig on lakes.
Aids at capture of Mackinac, i. 341;
captured by Lieutenant Elliott, 355;
takes part as American in battle of Lake Erie, ii. 81;
lost, 327.
Calhoun, John C. Member of American Congress.
Confidence concerning the conquest of Canada, i. 303.
Campbell, Hugh G. Captain, U.S.N., commanding Georgia coast district.
Reports on coast conditions, ii. 185, 186, 195, 196, 197, 198.
Canada.
Expected by British writers to take the place of the United States in supplying West Indies, i. 45, 48;
unable to do so, 64, 86;
benefited, however, by enforcement of navigation laws against the United States, 78, 79;
propriety of invasion of by the United States, in 1812, considered, 292-294;
object of invasion of, defined by Monroe, 293;
how regarded in England, ii. 356.
Canning, George. British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.
Takes office, i. 134;
statement as to the British right of impressment from foreign merchant vessels, 115;
refusal to re-open treaty negotiations with Monroe and Pinkney, 135;
characteristics of his letters, 154;
negotiations with Monroe, concerning the "Chesapeake" affair, 156-168;
instructions to Erskine, for proposals to United States, 215-219;
Erskine's action disavowed by, and Jackson sent in place, 221;
misquotation of, by Robert Smith, American Secretary of State, 226, 227;
duel with Castlereagh, 229;
succeeded in office by Lord Wellesley, 229.
Carden, John S. Captain, R.N.
Commands "Macedonian" captured by "United States," i. 416.
Castlereagh, Lord. British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.
Duel with Canning, i. 229;
remains in office after Perceval's assassination, 273;
opinion on political movements in United States immediately before war, 274;
concerning Napoleon's alleged decree of April 28, 1811, 276;
instructions to the peace commission at Ghent, 415-418;
quoted in connection with the peace negotiations, 410, 417, 418, 420, 428, 429.
Chalmers, George. British writer on political and economical subjects.
Quoted, i. 21, 26, 32, 36, 50, 68, 77 (note).
Champagny, Duc de Cadore. French Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Quoted in connection with Napoleon's Decrees, i. 174. 175, 181;
celebrated letter of, August 5, 1810, 237;
accepted by American Government as a valid revocation of the Decrees, 238;
discussion of, 239-242;
rejected as a revocation by Great Britain, 242.
Champlain, Lake.
Natural highway to Canada, i. 309;
neglected by American Government in 1812, i. 351, 359; ii. 30, 357;
not under Chauncey's command, i. 361;
events on, 1812 and 1813, ii. 357-360;
Sir George Prevost's expedition, 362-381;
battle of Lake Champlain, 377-381;
effects of battle on conditions of peace, 382 (see also 99-101).
Chauncey, Isaac. Captain, U.S.N.
Ordered to command on Lakes Erie and Ontario, i. 354, 361;
early measures of preparation, 362-364;
cruises in 1812, 364, 365;
lays up for the winter, 366;
preparations on Lake Erie, 374-376;
Commander Perry ordered as second to, 376;
effects of energy of, ii. 28;
first plan of campaign, 1813, 30;
second plan, 33;
comment upon, 34;
expedition against York, 36;
operations about Niagara peninsula, 37-41;
impression produced on, by attack on Sackett's Harbor, 45;
naval campaign of, 1813, July 21-September 28, 51-60, 106-109;
engagements with British squadron, August 10, 56-59;
September 11, 60;
September 28, 106;
professional characteristics shown, 28, 35, 40, 45, 52, 56, 60, 61, 63, 65, 95, 108, 109, 110, 117, 294, 298-302, 305-306, 316, 323;
recommendations for campaign of 1814, 122;
singular inaction of, in June and July, 1814, 298-300;
controversy with General Brown, 300-302;
correspondence of Department with, 300;
Decatur ordered to relieve, 300;
subsequent movements of, 314-316, 323.
"Cherub." British sloop of war.
Takes part in attack on "Essex," ii. 247-252.
Chesapeake Bay. Blockade of, ii. 9;
operations in, 1813, 16, 156-158, 160-169;
singular contraband trade in, 1813, 170-175;
military exposure of, 159, 178, 202;
operations in, 1814, 336-351.
"Chesapeake." American frigate.
Attack upon by British ship of war "Leopard," i. 3, 134, 155;
negotiations concerning the affair, 156-170, 222, 228, 251;
settlement of, 255;
cruise of, in 1813, ii. 13;
action with, and capture by, the "Shannon," 132-147.
Cheves, Langdon. Member of American Congress.
Report recommending increase of navy, i. 260-263.
Clay, Henry. Member of American Congress.
Favors increase of navy, i. 260;
expects rapid conquest of Canada, 304;
calculations on Bonaparte's success in Russia, 390;
appointed peace commissioner at Ghent, ii. 413.
Cochrane, Sir Alexander. Vice-Admiral, R.N.
Appointed commander-in-chief on the American station, in succession to Warren, ii. 330, 382 (note);
his retaliatory order for the burning of Newark, 334-335;
operations in the Chesapeake, 1814, 340-351;
plans for action against New Orleans, 383-388;
operations against New Orleans and Mobile, 388-396;
capture of Fort Bowyer, Mobile, 397.
Cockburn, George. Rear Admiral, R.N.
Second in command to Warren, ii. 155;
expedition to the upper Chesapeake, 1813, 157, 158;
in the Potomac, 168;
American vessel licensed by, 175;
attack at Ocracoke inlet, N.C., 204;
at capture of Washington, 348, 349;
expedition against Cumberland Island, Georgia, 388.
Colonies.
Relations of colonies to mother countries in respect to trade, during the period of American dependence, i. 24-28;
Montesquieu's phrase, 27;
Bryan Edwards' statement, 28;
John Adams' observation, 28;
supposed effect of, upon the carrying trade, 25, 26, 49, 50, 65;
and naval power, 51, 52;
the entrepôt monopoly, derived from colonial system, 12, 16, 24;
renewed by the Orders in Council of 1807, 27;
characteristics of the West India group of colonies, 32, 33,
and of those now the United States, 34, 35;
their mutual relations, as colonies, 31, 35, 36;
the imperial inter-action of the mother country, and the two groups of colonies, 52, 55, 63;
British hopes of reinstating this condition, after the Revolution, by substituting Canada and Nova Scotia for the lost continental colonies, 48, 64;
effect of colonial traditions upon events subsequent to American independence, 65-70, 75-79;
tendency to reimpose colonial restriction upon the new states, a cause of War of 1812, 40, 87, 88, 90-92, 177, 178.
Committee, of the Privy Council of Great Britain, 1791.
Report on the conditions of British commerce since the independence of the United States, and the probable effect of American legislation for the protection of American carrying trade, i. 77-85.
"Constellation." American frigate.
Hopelessly blockaded in Norfolk throughout the war, ii. 11, 162, 178.
"Constitution." American frigate.
Chased by British squadron, i. 328;
captures the "Guerrière," i. 330-335;
the "Java," ii. 3-7;
the "Cyane" and "Levant," 404-406.
Continental.
Distinctive significance of the term, applied to the colonial system of Great Britain in North America, i. 32;
Bermuda and the Bahamas reckoned officially among the continental colonies, 31 (note).
Continental System of Napoleon.
Extraordinary political character of, defined, i. 152, 153, 174;
co-operation of the United States desired in, 173;
and practically given by the United States, 176.
Cooper, James Fenimore. American naval historian.
Quoted, ii. 83-87, 101 (note), 108, 110, 135, 138, 188 (note).
Craney Island, near Norfolk.
Attack on by the British, in 1813, ii. 164-166.
Croghan, George. Major, U.S. Army.
Gallant defence of Fort Stephenson, 1813, ii. 73;
commands troops in the abortive military and naval expedition against Michilimackinac, 1814, 324.
"Cyane." British ship of war.
Captured by the "Constitution," ii. 404-406.
Dacres, James R. Captain, R.N., commanding "Guerrière."
His defence before the Court Martial, i. 334.
Dearborn, Henry. American general.
Appointed, i. 337;
age, 337;
characterized by a British officer, 351;
negotiates a suspension of hostilities, which is disapproved, 352;
inactivity, 359; ii. 39, 47, 48;
apprehensions, ii. 32, 47;
relieved from command, 48.
Decatur, Stephen. Captain, U.S.N.
Commands a squadron, i. 314;
plan for employment of the navy in war, 317, 415;
accompanies John Rodgers on the first cruise of the war, 322-324;
sails on an independent cruise, 407, 408, 415;
action between the "United States" and "Macedonian," 416;
in 1813 unable to get to sea with a squadron, ii. 25, 148,
which is blocked in New London for the rest of the war, 149;
ordered to relieve Chauncey on the lakes, 300;
appointed to command frigate "President," 397;
action with "Endymion," 399;
surrenders to British squadron, 400-403.
Decrees, Napoleon's.
Berlin, November 21, 1806, i. 141-148;
its design, and counter design of Great Britain, 149;
rigid enforcement of, 172;
Milan, December 17, 1807, 180, 189, (note), 205;
Bayonne, April 17, 1808, 189, 203;
Rambouillet, March 23, 1810, 235, 236;
alleged revocation of, by Champagny's letter of August 5, 1810, 237-242;
spurious Decree of April 28, 1811, 272.
Delaware Bay.
Blockade of, and operations in, ii. 9, 16, 158-160.
Dent, John H. Captain, U.S.N., commanding South Carolina coast district.
Reports on coast conditions, ii. 15, 196, 203 (and note), 204.
"Detroit." British armed brig (late American "Adams").
Captured by Elliott on Lake Erie, i. 354-356.
"Detroit."
British flagship at battle of Lake Erie, ii. 73, 77;
condition when surrendered, 94.
Direct Trade.
To foreign countries, forbidden to colonies, i. 24-26;
common practice of all maritime states, 27, 28;
stress laid upon this idea in Great Britain, 75, 76, 83, 84, 96;
question of what constitutes, 100;
decision adverse to American navigation, by Sir William Scott, 101;
practical effect of the decision, 102.
Downie, George. Commander, R.N.
Commands the British squadron on Lake Champlain, ii. 372-375;
his plan of action, 377;
killed in the battle, 378.
Drummond, Sir Gordon.
Civil and military Governor of Upper Canada, ii. 120;
his plans for the winter of 1813-1814, 276-278;
his appreciations of the strength of Kingston and of Sackett's Harbor, 280;
dependence upon the control of the water, i. 301, 302; ii. 290, 302-306, 308-309, 314-317;
comments on American troops, 295;
campaign of 1814—arrival at York, 307;
plan of action, 308-309;
battle of Lundy's Lane, 310-312;
assault on Fort Erie, 314;
American sortie against, 316;
line of the "Chippewa," 317, 321-322.
Elliott, Jesse D. Commander U.S.N.
Serves under Chauncey on the lake, i. 354, 363;
captures British brigs "Caledonia" and "Detroit," 355;
selects Black Rock for naval station on Lake Erie, 374;
ordered as second to Perry, on Lake Erie, ii. 74;
conduct in the battle, 78-80, 83-88, 96;
in command on Lake Erie, after Perry's detachment, 104.
Embargo, of 1808.
Approved by President Jefferson, December 22, 1807, i. 182;
its aims, 183-186;
its effects in the United States, 186-207;
upon West Indies, 196-198;
upon Canada and Nova Scotia, 198;
upon Great Britain, 200, 201;
Act for better Enforcement, January 9, 1809, 208;
repeal of, 214;
Embargo of 1812, for ninety days, 263.
"Endymion." British frigate.
Her action with the "President," ii. 398-407.
"Enterprise."
American brig of war, ii. 186, 187, 231-233;
capture of British brig "Boxer," 188.
Entrepôt.
Significance of the term, and advantage to commerce, i. 12;
conspicuous part in colonial regulation, 16, 24-26;
underlying relation to Orders in Council of 1807, 27.
"Enumerated" articles.
Definition of, i. 24.
"Epervier." British sloop of war.
Captured by the "Peacock," ii. 258-261.
Erie, Town of.
Selected by Chauncey for naval station on Lake Erie, i. 375;
advantages and drawbacks, 375;
British designs against, ii. 69.
Erskine, David M. British Minister to Washington.
Exceeds his instructions in negotiating, i. 216-218;
disavowed and recalled, 219;
succeeded by Francis J. Jackson, 221.
"Essex." American frigate.
Captain Porter's dissatisfaction with, ii. 1, 2;
sails, but fails to join Bainbridge's squadron, 3;
goes to the Pacific, 244;
cruise in the Pacific, 246;
action with, and capture by, British ships "Phoebe" and "Cherub," 249-252.
Europe.
Conditions in, as affecting war in America, i. 378-385, 389-390, 401, 410; ii. 9-11, 126, 210-212, 266 (and note), 330, 340, 355-356, 362-363, 385-387;
effect upon the peace negotiations, ii. 411, 414, 415, 420, 423-424, 427-431, 434.
Fox, Charles James. British Secretary for Foreign Affairs.
Takes office, i. 104;
negotiations with Monroe concerning "direct" trade, 105;
connection with blockade of May 16, 1806, 108;
illness and death, 128-131.
"Frolic." British brig of war.
Captured by "Wasp," 412-415;
recaptured, 415.
"Frolic." American sloop of war, named after above.
Captured by "Orpheus," ii. 269 (note), 244 (note).
Gallattin, Albert. American Secretary of the Treasury.
Concerning the Embargo of 1808, i. 194, 196, 202, 208;
concerning Non-Intercourse Act, 217;
conversation with Turreau, concerning Erskine's proposition, 230;
report on the finances, immediately before the war, 281;
opinion as to privateering, 396;
observations as to feeling in England, 1814, ii. 332, 415;
appointed peace commissioner, 412;
opinion as to the effect of the war upon the nation, 435-436.
Gambier, Lord. British admiral.
Peace commissioner at Ghent, 413.
Gaston, William. Representative from North Carolina.
Speech on allegiance and impressment, i. 6-8, 123, 137.
Ghent.
Negotiations at, and Treaty of, ii. 413-435;
names of commissioners, 412, 413;
terms of, 431-433;
signature and ratification of, 434-435.
Goulburn, Henry.
British peace commissioner at Ghent, ii. 413.
Grenville, Lord. British Secretary for Foreign Affairs.
Correspondence with Rufus King concerning impressment, i. 117-118, 120-121.
"Guerrière." British frigate.
Captured by the "Constitution," i. 330-335.
"Guerrière." American, named after above.
Command declined by Decatur for reasons, i. 422; ii. 398.
Gunboats.
Jefferson's sole naval dependence on, i. 187; ii. 213-214;
nautical disqualifications of, 196, 291, 296;
extravagant expense of, 260, 262; ii. 154;
proclaim a merely defensive policy, 296;
demoralizing effect upon officers and crews, ii. 154, 155;
committed in war to officers not of regular navy, 154, 336-337;
general uselessness in war, 154, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 179, 195, 198;
gallant defence of the "Asp," 168, and of the Lake Borgne flotilla, 389-390.
Halifax.
Benefited by American embargo and War of 1812, i. 198; ii. 21, 23;
importance relative to trade routes, and cruising, i. 392, 394.
Hampton. Town in Virginia.
Local military importance of, ii. 160, 162;
attack on, 167.
Hampton, Wade. American general.
Commands Lake Champlain district, 1813, ii. 111;
to co-operate with Wilkinson, 111;
fails to join, and retires on Plattsburg, 115, 116.
Harrison, William H. American general.
Succeeds to Hull's command, i. 367;
plans of campaign, 368, 369,
overthrown by Winchester's disaster at Frenchtown, 370;
remains on defensive awaiting naval control of lakes, 371;
resumes operations after Perry's victory, ii. 102;
wins battle of the Thames, 103;
transferred to Niagara, 104,
and thence to Sackett's Harbor, 117.
Harvey, J. Lieutenant-colonel, British army.
Suggests and conducts decisive attack at Stony Creek, ii. 46-48.
Quoted, 102, 308.
Hillyar, James. Captain, R.N.
Commands frigate "Phœbe," ii. 246;
in company with "Cherub" captures U.S.S. "Essex," 247-252.
"Hornet." American sloop of war.
Captures the "Peacock," ii. 8;
sails with Decatur's squadron, 1813, and driven into New London, 148, 149;
escapes thence to New York, sails again, 397,
and captures, "Penguin," 406-408.
Hull, Isaac. Captain, U.S.N.
Commands "Constitution," i. 328;
chased by British squadron, 329;
sails from Boston on a cruise, 329;
captures "Guerrière," 330-335;
commanding Portsmouth yard, reports on coastwise conditions, ii. 186, 187, 192, 198.
Hull, William. American general.
Appointed brigadier general, i. 337;
his letter setting forth military conditions prior to war, 339;
his campaign, 340-346, and surrender, 347.
Impressment.
A principal cause of War of 1812, i. 2;
statement of the British claim, 3;
counter-claim of American Government, 4, 120;
American people not unanimous in support, 5, 116;
opinions of Morris, Gaston, and Strong, 6-8;
not mentioned in Jay's instructions, 1794, 88;
made pre-eminent in those to Monroe and Pinkney, 1806, 114;
historical summary of the controversy, to 1806, 114-133;
treaty of December 31, 1806, does not provide for, satisfactorily, 133;
rejected therefore by Jefferson, 133;
a real cause of the war, though so denied by some, 136-138;
American demand revived in connection with the "Chesapeake" affair, 161;
Great Britain refuses to mingle the two questions, 165;
numbers of American seamen alleged to have been impressed, 128, 300 (and note);
demand renewed, coincident with a proposal looking to peace after the declaration of war, ii. 409;
Great Britain again refuses, 410;
stated as a sine quâ non in reply to British propositions made through Admiral Warren, i. 391;
embodied in instructions to peace commissioners, ii. 413-414;
again refused by Great Britain, 416;
abandoned by the American Government, in consequence of the pressure of the war, ii. 266 (and note), 414, 432.
Indians, American.
Estimated importance of, in consideration of war, i. 305-307, 338, 339; ii. 67, 293, 421;
effect upon Hull, in surrendering, 349;
instability of, 345, 346; ii. 73, 75, 99, 103, 280, 421;
desire of British officials to secure them in their possessions at the peace, ii. 99, 100 (note), 421;
the consequent effect upon the peace negotiations, 416-423;
not included, as parties to the treaty, 432.
Izard, George. American general.
Relieves Wilkinson in command of Champlain district, ii. 283;
action first intended for, 292;
his reports of conditions, 318-319, 364;
his preparations about Plattsburg, 319, 370;
ordered to proceed to Brown's assistance on Niagara frontier, 319-320;
his march thither, 320-321, 365;
proceedings about Niagara, 321-323;
blows up Fort Erie and retreats to New York side, 323.
Jackson, Andrew. American general.
Takes Pensacola, ii. 388;
goes to New Orleans, 388;
operations about New Orleans, 391-396.
Jackson, Francis J. British Minister to the United States.
Appointed, with special powers, i. 221;
negotiations at Washington, 221-225;
American Government declines further intercourse with, 225;
discussion of the correspondence, 226-228;
British Government declines to censure, 228, 231.
James, William. British naval historian.
Quoted, i. 325, 327, 414, 415; ii. 6, 8, 54, 58, 80 (note), 132, 141 (and note), 142, 143, 160 (note), 162, 165 (note), 257, 258 (note), 260, 381, 395 (note), 396 (note).
"Java." British frigate.
Captured by "Constitution," ii. 3-7.
Jay, John. Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
Epochal significance of treaty with Great Britain negotiated by, i. 43;
appointed special envoy, 88;
occasion for the mission, 89, 90;
character of the negotiation, 93-95;
the treaty a temporary arrangement, 95;
ratified, with an omission, 96.
Jefferson, Thomas.
American Secretary of State.
Opinion as to the importance of navigation to national defence, i. 52;
unflattering opinion of British policy, 70;
favors coercive retaliation in matters of commerce and navigation, 71;
principle as to impressment enunciated by, 120.
President of the United States.
Broad principle as to impressment asserted by, i. 4;
expectations of commercial concessions from Great Britain, 1804, 100;
aversion to military and naval preparations, 106, 138, 187, 280, 291, 297, 300, 336; ii. 213-214;
reliance upon commercial coercion, 107;
refuses approval of treaty of December 31, 1806, because without stipulation against impressment, 133;
consistency of position in regard to impressment, 136-138;
action in the "Chesapeake" affair, 160-162;
endeavors to utilize it to obtain relinquishment of impressment, 164;
recommends a general embargo, 181;
expectations of, from the embargo, 183 (and note);
dislike to the carrying trade, 187,
and to Great Britain, 188-190;
gunboat policy of, 187, 260, 262; ii. 213-214;
embarrassment in executing embargo, i. 194;
tenacious adherence to the embargo policy, 202;
views as to American neutral waters, 291.
After leaving office.
Opinion as to cause of Erskine's arrangement, 1809, i. 231;
on Bonaparte's policy, 239;
favors keeping navy under cover during war, 280;
expectations as to easy conquest of Canada, 291.
Jones, Jacob. Commander, U.S.N., commanding "Wasp."
Captures "Frolic," i. 411-415;
taken by British seventy-four, 415;
commands frigate "Macedonian" (as captain), ii. 25;
expectations of escape, deceived, 25;
sails with Decatur, 148, and blockaded in New London, 150.
Jones, Thomas ap Catesby. Lieutenant, U.S.N.
Commands gunboat flotilla in Lake Borgne and Mississippi Sound, ii. 389;
overpowered, wounded, and captured by superior enemy's force, 390.
Jones, William. Secretary of the Navy.
Commercial estimate of privateering by, i. 396;
judicious reply to Perry's request for detachment, ii. 67;
comments on the effects of gunboat service on naval officers, 154, 155;
stigmatizes American intercourse with enemy, and issues order to prevent, 174;
recommends to Congress procurement of naval schooners for commerce destroying, 270;
recommendation of Chauncey to Congress, 1813, 299;
anxious correspondence with Chauncey, 1814, 300;
naval force available for defence of Washington, stated by, 343.
Keane, John. British general.
In temporary command of the expedition against New Orleans, 391.
King, Rufus. American Minister to Great Britain.
Appointed, i. 120;
negotiations concerning impressment, 120-122, 124-127.
Kingston, Canada.
Strategic importance of, i. 305-308; ii. 30, 42, 59;
operations contemplated against, ii. 30-33, 104-106, 278-280, 319.
Lakes, the Great.
Strategic importance of, in War of 1812, i. 300-303, 353, 356; ii. 29, 46-48, 99-101, 102-104, 276-278, 285, 290-291, 298-300;
decisive positions upon, i. 304-308;
Hull's exposition of effect of naval predominance on, 339;
Madison's admission concerning, 350;
improved conditions on, through Chauncey's energy, 361-366;
control of, dependent on naval force, 371, 373; ii. 68-70, 73-75, 99-101, 300-308, 314-315;
minor naval events on, i. 354-356; ii. 324-328;
British demands concerning, in the negotiations for peace, ii. 355-356, 419, 421, 422.
Lambert, Henry. Captain, R.N.
Commands "Java" when taken by the "Constitution," ii. 3;
mortally wounded in the action, 5.
Lambert, Sir John. British general.
Joins New Orleans expedition two days before the assault, ii. 385;
succeeds to command upon Pakenham's death, 394-397;
proceeds against and captures Fort Bowyer, in Mobile Bay, 397.
Lawrence, James. Captain, U.S.N.
Commands "Hornet" in Bainbridge's squadron, i. 407;
sails in company with "Constitution," ii. 2;
challenges "Bonne Citoyenne," 3;
sinks the "Peacock," 8;
returns to United States, 9;
ordered to command "Chesapeake," 131;
nature of his orders, 131-132;
action with, and captured by, "Shannon," 135-140;
mortally wounded, 137;
examination of his conduct, 140-145.
"Levant." British sloop of war.
Captured by "Constitution," ii. 404-406;
recaptured by British squadron, 406 (note).
Lewis, Morgan.
American general, ii. 47;
temporarily succeeds Dearborn in command at Niagara, 50.
Licenses.
British to American merchant vessels, i. 203-206;
for the supply of armies in Spanish Peninsula, i. 265, 409-412; ii. 9, 15, 21, 170-175.
Liverpool, Earl of. Prime Minister of Great Britain.
Quotations from correspondence of, relative to the peace negotiations, chap. xviii., ii. 409-434.
Macdonough, Thomas. Captain, U.S.N.
Commands flotilla on Lake Champlain, ii. 356;
operations prior to Prevost's invasion, 356-363;
preparations for battle, 367-371, 376-377, 380;
wins battle of Lake Champlain, 377-381;
effects of the victory, 381-382, 427, 430-431;
news of the victory received in London, 426.
"Macedonian." British frigate.
Captured by the United States, i. 416-422.
"Macedonian." American frigate (captured as above).
Unable to get to sea, ii. 25,
and blockaded in New London during the war, 148-150.
Macomb, Alexander. American general.
Left by Izard in command at Plattsburg, ii. 365;
operations before, and at, Plattsburg, 366-367;
opinions of, as to distance of Macdonough's squadron from the shore batteries, 369.
M'Clure, George. American, general of N.Y. militia.
Left in command of Niagara frontier, ii. 118;
difficulties of situation of, 119;
retreats to American side of river, 120;
burns Canadian village of Newark, 120;
this action of, disavowed by the Government, 120.
Madison, James. Secretary of State, and President of the United States.
Close association of, with events leading to War of 1812, and summary of its cause, i. 41;
characterization of, 106;
discussion of questions of blockade, 110, 111;
pronouncement on impressment, 114, 131, 132;
instructions to Monroe and Pinkney to reopen negotiations, 1807, 133;
narrow outlook of, 139;
opinion of the Berlin Decree, 142, 182;
upon the Rule of 1756, 152;
instructions to Monroe by, in the "Chesapeake" affair, 161, 241;
object of Jefferson's course in that affair, stated by, 164;
use of the affair, made by, 170;
explanation of the motive of the Embargo of 1808 by, 183;
relation of, to Non-Intercourse Act, 215;
misled (as President) in negotiations with Erskine, 216-218;
proclamation, renewing intercourse with Great Britain, 219;
annulled, 219;
negotiations with Jackson, Erskine's successor, 221-225;
declines further communication with Jackson, 225;
special supervision of this correspondence by, 226;
interpretation of British motive for Erskine's supposed concession, 230;
accepts Champagny's letter as an actual revocation of Napoleon's Decrees, and so proclaims, 238, 254;
afterwards recognizes delicacy of situation thus created, 266;
non-intercourse with Great Britain revives, 248;
message of, to Congress in special session, November 4, 1811, 259;
recommends embargo, preparatory to war, 263;
identified with policy of peaceful coercion, 278, 378; ii. 26, 175-176;
sends war message to Congress, and approves declaration of war, i. 279;
assumes only his share of responsibility for the war, 393;
indignation of, at British sectional blockade of coast, 296; ii. 173;
selects Dearborn and Hull for general officers, i. 337;
failure of expectations as to Hull's expedition, admitted by, 339;
ingenuous surprise at capitulation of Michilimackinac, 341;
admits mistake of not securing naval command of lakes, 350;
military inefficiency of Government under, 360; ii. 26-27, 265;
insists on relinquishment of impressment as a preliminary to treating for peace, i. 391,
but obtains also from Congress law excluding British-born seamen from American ships, 392;
to prevent clandestine supply of enemy, recommends prohibition of all export, ii. 173;
issues executive order to same end, 174;
denials of effectiveness of British blockade, 204;
decides to abandon demand for cessation of impressment as a condition for peace, 266 (note);
comment on Armstrong's management of military operations, 282.
Manners, William.
Commander, R.N., commanding "Reindeer," ii. 254;
skill and gallantry of, in action with "Wasp," 254-255;
killed in the action, 255.
Maples, J.F. Commander, R.N., commanding "Pelican."
Captures "Argus," ii. 217-219.
Marshall, John. American Secretary of State under President John Adams.
Summary of commercial injuries received from Great Britain, i. 97;
propositions to Great Britain concerning impressment, 121;
opinion concerning blockades, 146;
tendency of this opinion, if accepted, 148.
(Afterwards Chief Justice of Supreme Court.)
Militia.
Jefferson's dependence upon, i. 52; ii. 213;
conduct of, American and Canadian, i. 344, 345, 346, 351, 357, 360; ii. 26, 27, 42, 44, 70, 119-121, 157-158, 295, 312, 316, 337, 339, 343, 347-351, 354, 365, 366, (and note), 367, 391-396.
Monroe, James.
American Minister to Great Britain, i. 104, 126;
reports conditions of American commerce in 1804 prosperous, 99, 100, 104,
but changed in 1805, 104;
consequent negotiations with Fox, 104-113;
Pinkney appointed as colleague to, for special negotiation, 113;
negotiations with British ministry on impressment, 128-132;
with Pinkney signs treaty of December 31, 1806, 133;
treaty rejected by Jefferson, and new negotiations ordered, 133;
"Chesapeake" affair intervenes, but British Government eventually refuses to reopen, 135;
unlucky comment of, upon Rule of 1756, 151;
negotiations of, with Canning, concerning "Chesapeake" affair, 156-165;
returns to the United States, leaving Pinkney as minister, 135;
after return vindicates the rejected treaty, 169, 213;
proposes to Jefferson, in 1809, a special mission to France and Great Britain, for which he offers himself, 212;
becomes Secretary of State, under President Madison, 254;
correspondence, while Secretary, quoted, 255, 293, 391; ii. 265, 266, 411, 413, 414;
advanced views, for one of his party, concerning utility of a navy, i. 280;
on project of keeping navy in port, in war, 106, 281;
statement regarding readiness for war, 393.
Secretary of War, ii. 323.
Montreal.
Strategic importance of, i. 303-309.
Mooers, Benjamin. General, New York militia.
Vindicates the conduct of most part of the militia under his command, ii. 366 (note).
Morris, Charles. Captain, U.S.N. (first lieutenant of the "Constitution" in action with "Guerrière").
Commands frigate "Adams," in Potomac, ii. 162, 167;
services in Potomac, and at Annapolis, 169, 174-177;
difficulty in escaping British blockade, 170, 178;
first cruise of "Adams," 226, 261;
second cruise, strikes on Isle au Haut, takes refuge in Penobscot, and burned to escape capture, 353-354.
Morris, Gouverneur. American statesman.
Opinion favorable to British right of impressment of British-born seamen on high seas, i. 5-7;
opinion of the United States' ability to maintain a strong navy, 71;
in London, contends against impressment of Americans, 119.
Napoleon, The Emperor.
Issues Berlin Decree, i. 112;
purpose, as defined by himself, 144;
objects of, as towards the United States, 149, 169, 173, 182, 235, 249, 268, 278;
scope of Berlin Decree, 152, 173, 176, 182, 253-254;
sole control of Continent by, 153, 174, 220, 221, 269;
vigorous application of Decree to American shipping, 172;
effects of his reverses in Spain, 191, 209;
Bayonne Decree of, 203;
tenor of Milan Decree of, 205;
Decree of Rambouillet, 235-236;
alleged revocation of decrees by, 237, 271, 272;
instances of arguments of, 240, 267;
effect of reverses in Russia upon the War of 1812, 389;
of downfall of, ii. 10, 123, 330.
Navigation.
Connection between naval power and, 11, 49-52, 81;
distinction between commerce and, 11, 81.
Navigation, Acts of.
The formulated expression of a national need, i. 9;
opinion of Adam Smith concerning, 9-10;
historical summary of, 13-19;
apparent effects of, 19;
British national conviction concerning, 21-24, 60-61;
relation of colonies to system of, 24-27;
endeavor to maintain system of, towards United States after independence, 27, 29, 40, 41, 45-48, 103;
copied by French Convention, 28;
attitude of foreigners towards, 30;
progress of British colonies under, 31-39;
attitude of American colonists towards, 39;
Lord Sheffield's pamphlet upon, 46, 47, 49, 50, 57, 64, 65, 73 (and note), 75;
inter-relations of British Empire protected by, 53-55, 63-64, 67;
working of, threatened by American independence, 56-58, 65;
modifications of, proposed by Pitt, but rejected by country, 58;
dependence of, upon West Indies, 65;
system of, continued by proclamation towards United States, 1783-1794, 67-70;
British commerce and shipping grow under this enforcement of, 76-84;
purpose of, offensive, in military sense, 79;
effect of French Revolution on, 87-88;
dependence of Rule of 1756 upon the system of, 90;
principle of Rule of 1756 leads up to molestation of American navigation, and Orders in Council of 1807, 93, 98-104,
and so to war with United States, 136.
Navy, American.
Gouverneur Morris' opinion of power of United States to maintain, i. 71;
opinion of John Quincy Adams, 186;
recommendation of Presidents Washington and John Adams, ii. 212, 213;
policy of President Jefferson, 213; i. 187, 280;
neglect of, during administrations of Jefferson and Madison, shown by condition of, at outbreak of war, 257, 297, 300,
and stated by a committee of Congress, 1812, 260-262;
Madison's lukewarm mention, 259, 260;
Congress on approach of war refuses to increase, 263;
high professional merit of officers of, 279-280;
numbers of, as estimated by British admiralty, ii. 211;
total numbers of vessels in active employment, all told, from beginning of war to its conclusion, twenty-two, 242.
New Orleans.
For battle of, see Actions, Land.
"New Orleans."
Ship of the line, on the lakes, ii. 318 (note).
Niagara, Peninsula of.
Strategic importance of, i. 338, 345-346, 352, 353; ii. 39-40, 51, 291, 293;
effect of climatic conditions of, i. 359.
Orders in Council.
General definition of, i. 2 (note);
of 1807, cause of war with United States, 2;
entrepôt motive for, 16, 27;
of June and November, 1793, 89, 92;
of January, 1794, 93;
relations of, to Rule of 1756, 93;
of January, 1798, motive of, 98,
and renewal in 1803, 99;
effect of these last upon "direct trade," 101;
of May, 1806, 108,
effect and purpose of, 109;
legitimacy of, denied by the United States, 110-112,
and by Napoleon, who upon it bases Berlin Decree, 112;
of January, 1807, and its effects, 150-152;
Of November, 1807, purport of, 177, 187;
resented by United States, 178;
delay in communicating to American Government, 179;
general plan of, that of blockades, 180;
illustrative instances of execution of, 180 (note), 204, 205 (notes);
known in United States before the passage of Embargo Act, 181;
conditional offer of British Government to withdraw, 215-218;
revocation of, by substitution of Order of April, 1809, 220;
American expectation of revocation, in consequence of Champagny's letter, 238;
British Government declines to revoke, 243-245;
Pinkney's analysis, and condemnation, of, to Wellesley, 245-246;
Wellesley's reply, 246;
Wellesley's exposition of policy of, 253-254;
discontent in Great Britain with, 269;
order of April 12, 1812, promises revocation, conditional, 270;
British determination to maintain, otherwise, 273-276;
revocation of, June, 1812, 276,
to date from August 1, 1812, 277;
too late to secure peace with America, 278,
or to restore it, 391-392; ii. 9;
compensation for seizures under, refused in peace negotiations, ii. 416, 432.
Pakenham, Sir Edward. British general.
Named to command New Orleans expedition after death of Ross, ii. 385;
instructions to, concerning conduct in Louisiana, 427;
arrival and operations, 392-396.
Patterson, Daniel T. Captain, U.S.N.
Commands in chief in waters of New Orleans, ii. 392-395.
"Peacock." British sloop of war.
Captured by "Hornet," ii. 7-9.
"Peacock." American sloop of war.
Captures "Epervier," ii. 258-261;
subsequent cruise of, 261-262;
sails again, January 20, 1815, 406.
Pearson, Joseph. Representative in Congress from North Carolina.
Speech on conditions of country, owing to the war, ii. 199.
"Pelican." British brig of war.
Captures American brig "Argus," ii. 217.
"Penguin." British sloop of war.
Captured by "Hornet," ii. 407.
Perceval, Spencer. Prime Minister of Great Britain.
Murder of, and consequent confusion in the Government, i. 273;
firm determination of, to maintain Orders in Council, and opinion of American resistance, 274.
Perry, Oliver H. Captain, U.S.N.
Applies for, and ordered to, the lakes service, i. 376;
assigned by Chauncey to Lake Erie, and practical independence of action there, 377;
conditions of force found, 377,
and merits of general action of, 378;
engaged at capture of Fort George, and transfers Black Rock flotilla to Erie, ii. 41;
thenceforth remains on Lake Erie, 62,
but always under Chauncey, 63;
collision of interests between the two officers, 64;
altercation with Chauncey, 65;
applies to be detached, 66;
Navy Department refuses, 67;
exposed situation of Erie, and preparations for defence, during equipment of squadron, 68-70;
blockaded by British squadron, 70;
seizes opportunity of its absence, to cross bar, 71;
proceedings prior to battle of Lake Erie, 74-75;
battle of Lake Erie, 76-94;
discussion of claim to credit of, 95-99;
consequences of success of, 99-101;
prompt subsequent action of, 102;
detached from lakes service, 104;
engaged in harassing retreat of British squadron down the Potomac, 350;
opinion as to qualities of smaller and larger vessels, 271;
detailed to command a squadron of schooners, against enemy's commerce, 270-273.
"Phœbe." British frigate.
Sent to Pacific with two sloops of war to capture "Essex," 246;
with "Cherub" captures "Essex," 248-252.
Pinkney, William.
Appointed colleague to Monroe, in London, for special negotiations, i. 113;
course of negotiations, 127-133;
signs treaty of December 31, 1806, 133;
remains as minister, after Monroe's return, 135;
quoted in connection with mission, 146, 177, 215, 216, 218, 219, 230, 238, 241, 251;
party relations, 169;
early forwards a copy of Orders in Council of November 11, 1807, 179 (note);
letter of Secretary of State to, communicating dismissal of Jackson by U.S. Government, 226-228;
communicates the same to the British Government, 230;
construes Champagny's letter to revoke French Decrees, and demands recall of British Orders in Council, 238;
letter to British Secretary for Foreign Affairs, analyzing and condemning system of Orders in Council, 245;
conditional instructions to, to present recall, 250;
dilatory course of Wellesley towards, 251;
presents recall, 252;
returns to the United States, 252;
no successor to, till after the war, 252.
Pitt, William. Prime Minister of Great Britain.
Popularity of, i. 1;
as Chancellor of Exchequer, 1783, introduces bill favorable to United States, for regulating commerce, 58;
controversy over bill, 60;
measure then dropped, 67, 68;
concession becomes possible to, 87, 97;
return to power, in 1804, 100;
new measures of, due to popular discontents, 101-104;
remark to Gouverneur Morris, concerning impressment difficulties, 120;
death of, 104.
Porter, David. Captain, U.S.N.
Commands frigate "Essex," i. 407; ii. 1-3, 13;
cruise of "Essex," in Pacific, ii. 244-247;
action with, and capture by, "Phœbe" and "Cherub," 249-252;
approves of commerce destroying by naval armed schooners, appointed to command a squadron of them, and draws up plan of operations, 270;
engaged in harassing retreat of British frigates in Potomac, 350.
Porter, Peter B. Representative in Congress from New York, and general of New York militia.
Testimony at trial of General Hull, i. 340;
duel with General Smyth, 358;
tribute to gallantry of naval detachment at Niagara, 315;
engaged at Chippewa, ii. 295,
on Niagara peninsula, 306,
and Lundy's Lane, 310.
"President." American frigate.
Rencounter with British sloop of war "Little Belt," i. 256-259;
cruises under command of Commodore Rodgers, i. 322-324, 407-409; ii. 128-129;
sails under Decatur, 397;
capture of, by British squadron, 398-401.
Prevost, Sir George. British general.
Governor of Nova Scotia, reports failure of American embargo, i. 199.
Governor-General of Canada, and commander-in-chief, reports British naval superiority on lakes, 1812, i. 295;
statements of effect of naval control on operations, 302; ii. 40, 306, 316, 362-363, 374-375;
negotiates suspension of hostilities with Dearborn, i. 351-352;
instructs Brock to forbear offensive, 356, 367;
visit of, to Kingston, February, 1813, effect of, on American plans, ii. 32;
attack on Sackett's Harbor by, in conjunction with Yeo, 42-45;
instructions to Procter, at Malden, 67,
and to De Rottenburg, at Niagara, 69;
submits plan for securing territories in United States to Indian allies of Great Britain, 99 (note);
calls upon Admiral Cochrane to inflict retaliation for unauthorized burning by Americans in Canada, 329, 334;
receives large re-enforcements from Wellington's Peninsular army, 362-363,
with instructions for operations, 362;
reasons for advancing by New York side of Lake Champlain, instead of through Vermont, 363;
advance upon Plattsburg, 365-367;
awaits the arrival of British squadron before attacking, 372-375;
reason for desiring a joint attack by army and navy, 372 (note);
correspondence with Captain Downie, commanding the squadron, 373-375;
charges against, by naval officers of the squadron, 375, 381;
retreats after squadron's defeat, 381;
summoned home under charges, but dies before trial, 381.
Retreat of, after the naval defeat, endorsed by Wellington, 430.
Pring, Daniel. Commander, R.N.
Attached to lake service, Lake Champlain, 360;
operations on, 360-361, 366;
second in command at battle of Lake Champlain, 372-381.
Privateering.
Employment of a sea-militia force, requiring little antecedent training, i. 286;
recourse of the weaker belligerent, 288;
aptitude of Americans for, 384;
extemporized character of early, in War of 1812, 394;
opinions concerning nature of, of Secretaries Gallatin and Jones, 396;
susceptible of business regulation and direction, 397, 399; ii. 220, 225, 229;
energy of American, noted by Warren, i. 401-402;
effect of, upon regular navy, ii. 12;
a secondary operation of war, not in itself decisive, 126;
primary object of, 215-216, 241;
details of methods pursued, in 1812, 222, 225, 226, 240;
comparison of, with a regular naval service, in motive, and inefficiency for the particular object of commerce destroying, 241-244;
a popular effort in War of 1812, independent of Government initiative, 265;
development and systematization of, towards end of war, 267-268, 269.
Privateers mentioned by name:
"America," i. 398; ii. 229;
"Chasseur," ii. 237-240;
"Comet," ii. 234;
"Decatur," ii. 233;
"Globe," ii. 226-228;
"Governor Tompkins," ii. 228;
"Kemp," ii. 236;
"Leo," ii. 224;
"Lion," ii. 224;
"Mammoth," ii. 269;
"Rapid," i. 398;
"Rattlesnake," ii. 223;
"Rossie," i. 295-297;
"Saucy Jack," ii. 235-236;
"Scourge," ii. 223;
"True-blooded Yankee," ii. 225;
"Yankee," ii. 226.
Number and classes of, ii. 243-244.
Combats, of. See Actions, Privateer.
Prizes taken by Americans in first three months of war, and in what localities taken, i. 394-395;
taken by British in same period, 399-400;
at later period of war, 406;
transition period of prize-taking, January-June, 1813, ii. 20;
estimate of relative losses by the two belligerents, 21-22;
compilation of lists, by Niles' Register, 22;
overlooked significance of the greater British losses, 23, 221;
limited success of American frigates in taking, to what attributable, 216;
taken by American cruisers, in latter part of war, 220-221;
in West Indies, 230;
total number taken throughout the war, by American naval vessels, and by privateers, 241-243.
Proclamation.
Commerce between Great Britain and America, regulated by, 1783-1794, i. 67-70;
issued by Jefferson excluding British armed vessels from American waters, after "Chesapeake" affair, 160-161;
Royal, directing commanders of British naval vessels to impress British-born seamen found in foreign merchant ships, and denying efficacy of naturalization papers to discharge from allegiance, 166;
by Jefferson, against combinations to defy Embargo laws, 207;
by Madison, permitting renewal of trade with Great Britain, 219,
and withdrawn, 219;
by Madison, announcing revocation of Napoleon's Decrees, 238.
Procter, Henry. British general.
As colonel, in command of Fort Malden, i. 345;
acts against Hull's communications, 345;
instructions from Brock, after fall of Detroit, 367;
compels surrender of Winchester's detachment at Frenchtown, 370;
subsequent action, 373; ii. 67, 68;
attack on Fort Meigs, 68;
project against Erie, 69;
baffled at Fort Stephenson, 73;
upon Harrison's approach, after battle of Lake Erie, evacuates Detroit and Malden, retreating up valley of the Thames, and defeated at Moravian Town, 103;
reaches British lines at Burlington, with remnant of his force, 103.
Quincy, Josiah. Representative in Congress from Massachusetts.
Defines position of New England concerning Orders in Council and impressment questions, i. 211-212;
disproves the accuracy of the charge brought by the Administration against the British minister, Jackson, 232;
supports the report for increase of navy, 260;
predicts that a suitable naval establishment would be a unifying force in national politics, 261;
sends word to seaports of intended embargo of April, 1812, 263.
"Rattlesnake." American brig of war.
Particulars of cruise of, ii. 231-233.
Reeves.
British writer on the Navigation Laws, quoted, i. 14, 15, 17, 19, 23, 25, 39 (note).
"Reindeer." British sloop of war.
Captured by "Wasp," ii. 254.
Riall, Phineas. British general, commanding on Niagara frontier, December, 1813.
Captures Fort Niagara, and raids successfully western New York, burning towns in retaliation for the burning of Newark, ii. 120-122;
in 1814, suggests destruction of Fort Niagara, 275;
at Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, with intervening operations, 295-298, 306-310;
wounded and captured at Lundy's Lane, 310.
Rodgers, John. Captain, U.S.N.
Encounter with British sloop "Little Belt," i. 256-259;
commands a squadron at declaration of war, 314;
opinion as to proper mode of using navy against enemy's commerce, 317-320; ii. 130-131, 216;
orders of Navy Department to, 320;
sails with squadron on the first cruise of the war, 322;
incidents, 323-324,
and effects, direct and indirect, of first cruise of, 324-327;
effects of second cruise, 402-404;
incidents of second cruise, with "President" and "Congress," 407-409;
incidents of third cruise, in "President" alone, ii. 128-129;
after fourth cruise, enters New York, and turns over command of "President" to Decatur, i. 405.
Employed in Potomac River, harassing retreat of British squadron from Alexandria, 350.
Rose, George H.
British special envoy to Washington for settlement of "Chesapeake" affair, i. 165-167;
failure of mission, 167.
Ross, Robert. British general employed in Chesapeake expedition.
Instructions issued to, ii. 331;
capture of Washington, 340-351;
killed in advance against Baltimore, 357;
instructions to, for New Orleans expedition, 385-386;
sanguine expectations of, after capture of Washington, 424-425;
succeeded by Sir Edward Pakenham for New Orleans expedition, 392, 427.
Rottenburg, De.
British general in command on Niagara frontier June, 1813, ii. 69;
declines to detach to aid of Procter and Barclay on Lake Erie, 69;
proceeds to Kingston, with re-enforcements, in anticipation of American attack, 110-111;
despatches detachment in pursuit of Wilkinson's movement down the St. Lawrence, 114.
Russell, Jonathan.
American chargé d'affaires in France, after Armstrong's departure, i. 247;
correspondence with American and French Governments relative to the alleged repeal of the French Decrees, quoted, 247, 267, 268;
transferred as chargé to London, 264;
correspondence as such with American and British Governments, quoted, 264, 266, 272-278;
opinion of the alleged French Decree of April 28, 1811, 272, 276;
negotiation with Castlereagh, after declaration of war, looking to suspension of hostilities, ii. 409-411;
appointed additional peace commissioner at Ghent, 413.
Russia.
Offers in 1812 mediation between Great Britain and United States, ii. 411;
accepted by United States, but rejected by Great Britain, 412;
attitude of Czar towards America, 423-124, 428.
Sackett's Harbor. American naval station on Lake Ontario.
Conditions at, i. 302, 309, 363, 374, 376; ii. 37, 38, 50, 104-106, 110-113, 119, 276, 278, 280, 281, 291, 304;
ships constructed at, 364, 366, 377; ii. 49, 276, 283, 291, 318 (note);
attack upon, by Prevost and Yeo, ii. 42-45;
Brown's march from, to Niagara frontier, 281;
Yeo's blockade of, 285,
abandoned, 290;
Izard's march to, on way to support Brown at Niagara, 319-320;
Chauncey retires finally to, after launch of the British "St. Lawrence," 323;
destruction of, prescribed to Prevost by instructions, in 1814, 329, 362;
Yeo's observations at, 318 (note).
Seaboard, United States.
Conditions on, i. 296-298, 300, 310-313, 360, 393, 404-406; ii. 15-19, 24-27, 127-128, 148-150, 152-155, 202;
Chesapeake and Delaware Bays, 1813, ii. 155-178;
three divisions of the seaboard, Northern, Middle, and Southern, 178;
distinctive topographical features of each, 178, 179, 183, 184, 193, 195;
proportionate effect of the war upon each, with reasons therefor, 179-183;
commercial and military characteristics of Middle section, 183-184;
necessity of coasting trade to Middle, 184,
less than to Northern and Southern, 185-187;
effect of hostile pressure upon coasting in Northern section, 192-194;
in Southern section, 195-198, 203;
effectual separation between the sections by the British blockades, 198-201;
statistics of export, 201;
momentary importance of North Carolina coast, 203;
effects of pressure upon seaboard shown by rebound upon peace, in prices, and in shipping statistics, 204-207;
statement by a naval officer of the time, 207-208;
operations in Chesapeake Bay, 1814, 336-341, 350-351;
capture of Washington, 341-350;
occurrences on New England coast, 352;
invasion of Maine, and occupation of Castine, 353-354;
Gulf coast and New Orleans, 382-397.
Scott, Winfield. American general.
Quoted, i. 336; ii. 48, 104 (note), 118, 240 (note), 297;
joins Wilkinson's expedition down the St. Lawrence, ii. 113;
on Niagara frontier, in 1814, 279, 281, 282;
battle of Chippewa, 294-298;
Lundy's Lane, 306-311;
severely wounded, 311,
and unable to serve again during the campaign, 314;
president of the Court of Inquiry concerning the capture of Washington, 341-342.
"Shannon." British frigate, blockading off New York.
Pursuit of "Constitution," and protection of convoy, i. 325-329;
admirable efficiency of, under Captain Broke, 133-134;
capture of "Chesapeake" by, 135-145;
reported injuries to, 146-147.
Sheffield, Lord. British writer on economical questions.
Conspicuous opponent of Pitt's policy in opening West India trade to American navigation, i. 50;
leading constructive ideas of, in scheme of policy towards the United States, 63-64, 65-66;
success of, in preventing Pitt's measure, 67, 68;
Gibbon's estimate of, 73 (note);
apparent temporary success of policy of, 75-79;
Canada and the other North-American colonies fail to fulfil the part expected from them, 86;
pamphlet of, "Observations on the Commerce of the American States," 65;
quotations from, i. 28 (note), 31 (note), 37 (and note), 46, 47, 49, 50, 57, 65, 72.
Sherbrooke, Sir John. British general, Governor of Nova Scotia.
Ordered to occupy so much of Maine as shall insure direct communication between Halifax and Quebec, ii. 353;
expedition to the Penobscot, and seizure of Castine and Machias, 354;
Wellington's opinion of the result, 354, 431.
Sinclair, Arthur. Commander, U.S.N., commanding on Upper Lakes, in 1814, ii. 324;
operations of, 324-328;
mentioned, 333.
Smith, Adam.
Quoted in connection with the Navigation Act, i. 9-10, 49.
Smith, Robert.
American Secretary of State during early part of Madison's first term, i. 222;
correspondence with, and in the case of, Jackson, the British minister to Washington, 222-228;
attributes to Madison's intervention an offensive expression in letter to Erskine, 228-229.
Smith, Samuel. Senator from Maryland.
Quoted in connection with Embargo legislation, i. 184.
Stewart, Charles. Captain, U.S.N.
Commands "Constellation," ii. 11,
when driven into Norfolk, and there blockaded for the rest of the war, 12;
his reports while in Norfolk waters, 10, 17, 160-162;
transferred to the "Constitution," at Boston, 161, 162;
difficulty in escaping from Boston, 147 (see also i. 405 and ii. 12);
first cruise in "Constitution," 230-231;
second escape, 404;
captures "Cyane" and "Levant," 405-406;
quoted, ii. 12, 20.
Strong, Caleb. Governor of Massachusetts.
Quoted, in support of British claim to impress, i. 7;
in condemnation of the war, and of the invasion of Canada, ii. 352.
St. Vincent, Earl of. British admiral and First Lord of the Admiralty.
Statements and opinions concerning impressment, during Rufus King's negotiations, i. 124-126.
Turreau, General. French Minister to the United States.
Opinion that Erskine's concessions showed the break-down of Great Britain, i. 230.
Vincent, John.
British general, commanding on Niagara line, at the time of Dearborn's attack, ii. 38;
retreat to Burlington, 39;
attack by, at Stony Creek, 46;
on American retreat reoccupies peninsula, except Fort George, 47-48;
superseded by De Rottenburg, Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, 69;
left again in command by De Rottenburg's departure to Kingston, 110;
retreats again to Burlington on the news of battle of the Thames, 103, 118;
ordered to retire further, to York, and reasons for not doing so, 118.
Warren, Sir John.
British admiral, and commander-in-chief on North American station, i. 387;
Halifax and West Indian stations consolidated under, 387;
charged with diplomatic overture to American Government, 390;
reply received by, 391;
first impressions on arrival, 392;
representations to, 401,
and correspondence with, Admiralty, 402-404;
proclamations of blockades, ii. 9, 10;
the lakes service under supervision of, 28;
expectations of British Government and people from, 151;
operations in the Chesapeake, 155-169;
quits Chesapeake for the season, 177;
urgency of the Admiralty upon, 209-211;
relieved by Cochrane, 330.
Remark quoted, 332.
Warrington, Lewis. Commander, U.S.N., commanding "Peacock."
Captures "Epervier," ii. 258-261;
subsequent cruise, 261-262;
later cruise, 406-408.
Washington, City of.
Capture by the British, ii. 337-350.
Washington, George.
Statements concerning conditions in the United States before the adoption of the Constitution, i. 47;
as President of the United States, recommendations concerning the navy, ii. 212-213.
"Wasp." American sloop of war.
Action with, and capture of, "Frolic," i. 411-415;
is captured with her prize by the "Poictiers," seventy-four, 415.
"Wasp." American sloop of war, built and named for the last, which was captured only by overwhelming force.
Cruise of, ii. 253-258;
action with, and capture of, "Reindeer," 254;
action with, and sinking of, "Avon," 256;
disappears at sea, 257.
Wellesley, Marquis of. British Secretary for Foreign Affairs.
Succeeds Canning, i. 229;
treatment of the Jackson case, 230-231, 250-252;
action in view of Champagny's letter, 238, 241-247;
construction placed by him upon the American demands consequent on that letter, 246;
dilatory actions of, 252;
suggests to Pinkney to reconsider his intended departure, in view of the nomination of Foster, 252;
summary statement of the British policy in the Orders in Council, 253-254.
Wellington, Duke of.
Represents to British Government conditions in France, 1814, ii. 428,
and imminence of trouble in Paris, 429;
anxiety of British Government, to remove him from Paris, 429;
pressed to accept the command in America, 429;
reluctance of, 430;
influence of, upon the negotiations at Ghent, 430-431;
approves Prevost's retreat in default of naval command of the lakes, 430-431;
opinion of Sherbrooke's occupation of Maine, 431 (see also 354).
West Indies.
Relations of, to the mother country and to the colonies of the American continent, i. 32-40, 53-55, 56-58, 65-67;
British expectation that in these relations the lost colonies might be replaced by Canada, Nova Scotia, etc., 44-48, 50-51, 64;
sufferings of, after 1776 and 1783, 54, 62-63, 67;
Pitt's measure, 1783, for benefit of, 58-60;
measure fails, and Navigation Acts applied to intercourse between United States and, 68-70;
effect upon, 75, 78, 79;
recommendations of Committee of Privy Council, 1791, 82-84;
increased importance of, after outbreak of French Revolution, 86-88;
result, in fettering American intercourse with, 89, 95;
concession to United States of trade to, obtained in Jay's treaty, 96;
continued by British executive order, although article not confirmed by Senate, 97;
course of British policy relating to, until 1805, 97-100;
question of American trade from, "direct" or "indirect," raised in 1805, 100;
decision adverse to American interests, 101-103;
object of new departure of British Government, 103;
principle asserted identical with colonial practice, and with Orders in Council of 1807, which led to War of 1812, 104.
As a field for operations against commerce, ii. 229-240.
Wilkinson, James. American general.
Replaces Dearborn in command of New York frontier, ii. 104;
Armstrong's instructions to, 105;
movements of, 106;
concentrates at Sackett's Harbor, 109-111;
expedition down St. Lawrence against Montreal, 112-115;
failure of, and winter quarters at French Mills, 116;
removes thence to Plattsburg, 278;
abortive attempt against La Colle, 282-283;
superseded by Izard, 283.
Winder, William H. American general.
Captured in the British attack at Stony Creek, ii. 47, 341;
appointed to command the tenth military district, including Baltimore and Washington, 341;
conditions found by, as shown by Court of Inquiry, 342;
operations of, 343-350.
Woolsey, Melancthon T. Lieutenant (afterwards captain), U.S.N.
Commands brig "Oneida" on Lake Ontario when war begins, i. 354;
employed organizing lake force, 364;
affairs at Oswego, 1813, ii. 50-51;
successful expedition by, in 1814, 285-289.
Yeo, Sir James Lucas. British commodore.
Appointed to charge of lakes service, under Sir J. Warren, ii. 29;
attack on Sackett's Harbor, in combination with army, 42-45;
in temporary control of Lake Ontario, 46-51;
contest with Chauncey in 1813, 51-61;
action of August 10, 56-59,
and September 11, 60;
action of September 28, 106-109;
subsequent movements in 1813, 111, 114;
proposed renewed attack on Sackett's Harbor, 280, 283;
made on Oswego instead, 284;
blockades Sackett's Harbor for a time, 285-289;
abandons blockade, returns to Kingston, and there remains, 290;
opinion of the importance of the St. Lawrence River, 292;
inactive policy during summer of 1814, 303, 307;
launches, and takes the lake with, a ship of 102 guns, giving him entire control, 323;
observations at Sackett's Harbor, on his return to England after peace, 318 (note);
given independent command on lakes after Warren's detachment, 330.

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