Family XV. Cyphinida, Haeckel (Pl. , figs. 11-19)
Cyphinida, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 462.
Definition.—Prunoidea with ellipsoidal twin-shell, divided by an equatorial stricture into two communicating hemiellipsoidal or hemispherical chambers; this external twin-shell (cortical shell) is either simple or double, and encloses one or more internal concentric shells (medullary shells). Central capsule ellipsoidal, commonly with an equatorial constriction.
The family Cyphinida have the same characteristic twin-form of the cortical shell as the Artiscida, but differ from them in the presence of a simple or double internal medullary shell, connected with the cortical shell by radial beams. The fenestrated shell is therefore composed of two or more concentric shells as in the Druppulida, but differs from these in the ring-like equatorial constriction.
The Medullary Shell, in the middle of the central capsule, is either single or double, composed of two concentric shells. As in the Druppulida, the form of the medullary shells is either spherical (Pl. , fig. 12a) or lenticular, compressed from both poles of the main axis (Pl. , fig. 18a); sometimes the inner medullary shell is spherical, the outer lenticular.
The Radial Beams, which connect the medullary shell with the equatorial constriction of the cortical shell, lie either all in the equatorial plane (Pl. , fig. 11) or near it on both sides (Pl. , figs. 12a, 18a).
The Cortical Shell is commonly simple (Pl. , figs. 12, 18), sometimes composed of two concentric shells (Pl. , fig. 13), rarely of three. As in the Artiscida, also in the Cyphinida, from both poles of the main axis solid spines or hollow fenestrated tubes are often developed (Pl. , figs. 14, 16-18).
The Central Capsule of the Cyphinida (Pl. , fig. 13) is of the same form as in the Artiscida, generally ellipsoidal, but with an equatorial ring-like stricture, which divides it into two equal halves. It encloses the simple or double medullary shell, and is perforated by the radial beams starting from this. From the inner surface of the surrounding cortical shell it is separated by a thicker or thinner jelly-layer, the calymma. (Compare also Taf. xxii. fig. 14 of my Monograph, 1862.)
Synopsis of the Genera of Cyphinida.
Cortical shell without peculiar spines or hollow fenestrated tubes on both poles of the main axis. Cortical twin-shell simple Medullary shell simple, 155. Cyphanta.
Medullary shell double, 156. Cyphonium.
Cortical twin-shell double or triple; medullary shell double. Cortical shell double, 157. Cypassis.
Cortical shell triple, 158. Cyphocolpus.
Cortical shell simple, with peculiar spines or hollow fenestrated tubes on both poles of the main axis. Two opposite polar spines (or bunches of spines). Medullary shell simple, 159. Cyphinus.
Medullary shell double, 160. Cyphinidium.
Two opposite hollow fenestrated polar tubes. Medullary shell simple, 161. Cannartiscus.
Medullary shell double, 162. Cannartidium.
Cortical shell without peculiar spines or hollow fenestrated tubes on both poles of the main axis.
Cortical twin-shell simple
Medullary shell simple,
155. Cyphanta.
Medullary shell double,
156. Cyphonium.
Cortical twin-shell double or triple; medullary shell double.
Cortical shell double,
157. Cypassis.
Cortical shell triple,
158. Cyphocolpus.
Cortical shell simple, with peculiar spines or hollow fenestrated tubes on both poles of the main axis.
Two opposite polar spines (or bunches of spines).
Medullary shell simple,
159. Cyphinus.
Medullary shell double,
160. Cyphinidium.
Two opposite hollow fenestrated polar tubes.
Medullary shell simple,
161. Cannartiscus.
Medullary shell double,
162. Cannartidium.
Genus 155. Cyphanta, n. gen.
Definition.—Cyphinida with simple cortical shell and simple medullary shell, without polar spines or tubes.
The genus Cyphanta is the most simple of all Cyphinida, and can be regarded as the common ancestral form of this family. It may be derived phylogenetically from Druppula by a ring-like constriction in the equatorial plane of the ellipsoidal cortical shell, or from Artiscus by secondary formation of a central (spherical or ellipsoidal) medullary shell.
Subgenus 1. Cyphantella, Haeckel.
Definition.—Surface of the cortical shell smooth, without spines or thorns.
1. Cyphanta colpodes, n. sp.
Cortical shell thin walled, with smooth surface; its pores regular, hexagonal, three to four times as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the half meridian, seven to eight on the half equator. Medullary shell spherical, its diameter one-third of the equatorial axis of the cortical shell. (The cortical shell of this species is nearly identical with the central half of the cortical shell of Panartus diploconus, Pl. , fig. 1.)
Dimensions.—Main axis of the cortical shell 0.12, equatorial axis 0.07; meshes 0.013; bars 0.003; diameter of the medullary shell 0.025.
Habitat.—South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.
2. Cyphanta circopora, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, with smooth surface; pores subregular, circular, twice as broad as the bars; eighteen to twenty on the half meridian, twelve to fourteen on the half equator. Medullary shell spherical, its diameter one-half of the equatorial axis of the cortical shell. (The shell of this species is very similar to that of Cannartiscus amphiconiscus, Pl. , fig. 19, but without the polar tubes of that species.)
Dimensions.—Main axis of the cortical shell 0.13, equatorial axis 0.08; meshes 0.007, bars 0.003; diameter of the medullary shell 0.04.
Habitat.—Pacific, central area. Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.
3. Cyphanta lævis, Haeckel.
Ommatospyris lævis, Ehrenberg, 1872, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 318.
Cortical shell thin walled, with smooth surface; pores of it irregular, roundish, of very different size (some very large in the tropical circles of both hemispheres). Pores twice to six times as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the half meridian, six to eight on the half equator. Medullary shell spheroidal, compressed, its main axis somewhat shorter than its equatorial axis, which attains half the length of that of the cortical shell. (This species may be perhaps identical with Ommatospyris lævis of Ehrenberg, the diagnosis of which is insufficient and figure not given.)
Dimensions.—Main axis of the cortical shell 0.1, equatorial axis 0.06; meshes 0.005 to 0.02, bars 0.002 to 0.04; diameter of the medullary shell 0.03.
Habitat.—Philippine Sea (Ehrenberg), Station 213, depths 2650 and 3300 fathoms.
4. Cyphanta arachnoides, n. sp.
Cortical shell very delicate and thin walled, cobweb-like, with smooth surface; pores irregular, polygonal (mostly pentagonal or hexagonal), eight to ten times as broad as the thread-like bars; ten to twelve on the half meridian, six to eight on the half equator. Medullary shell spheroidal, compressed, its main axis shorter than its equatorial axis, which is about one-third that of the cortical shell. (This species is very similar to the middle part of the shell of Ommatocampe profundissima, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, Taf. viii. fig. 6.)
Dimensions.—Main axis of the cortical shell 0.11, equatorial axis 0.06; meshes 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.002; diameter of the medullary shell 0.02.
Habitat.—Atlantic, Canary Islands (Lanzerote), surface.
Subgenus 2. Cyphantissa, Haeckel.
Definition.—Surface of the cortical shell spiny, everywhere scattered with numerous thorns or spines.
5. Cyphanta hispida, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, with spiny surface; pores regular, circular, with hexagonal frame, twice as broad as the bars; twelve to fourteen on the half meridian, eight to ten on the half equator. From the corners of the hexagonal frames (between every three pores) arise short, straight, conical radial spines, somewhat longer than the breadth of the pores. Medullary shell subspherical, its diameter about one-third of the equatorial axis of the cortical shell. (The appearance of the cortical shell is the same as that of the middle part of Peripanartus amphiconus, Pl. , fig. 5.)
Dimensions.—Main axis of the cortical shell 0.12, equatorial axis 0.07; meshes 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the spines 0.012; diameter of the medullary shell 0.02.
Habitat.—Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.
6. Cyphanta hystrix, n. sp.
Cortical shell thin walled, with thorny surface; pores irregular, roundish, of very unequal size, twice to six times as broad as the bars; twelve to eighteen on the half meridian, eight to thirteen on the half equator. Between the pores irregularly scattered, bristle-like, thin spines about the same size, partly straight, partly oblique, rising from the surface. Medullary shell lenticular, compressed, its equatorial axis one and a half times the length of the main axis, and about half that of the cortical shell.
Dimensions.—Main axis of the cortical shell 0.15, equatorial axis 0.09; meshes 0.004 to 0.02, bars 0.003 to 0.006; length of the spines 0.02; diameter of the medullary shell 0.04.
Habitat.—South Atlantic, Station 318, surface.
Genus 156. Cyphonium, n. gen.
Definition.—Cyphinida with simple cortical shell and double medullary shell, without polar spines or tubes.
The genus Cyphonium contains a number of very common species, among which are the earliest known forms of this family, partly described by Ehrenberg as Ommatospyris (which genus contains also a number of other Prunoidea), partly by me (1862) as Didymocyrtis. Both names are inadequate, as allusions to quite different families of Nassellaria, but may be retained as significations of subgeneric divisions. Cyphonium differs from Cyphanta by the double medullary shell, which is either spherical or lenticular.
Subgenus 1. Ommatospyris, Ehrenberg (partim).
Definition.—Surface of the cortical shell smooth, without thorns or spines.
1. Cyphonium coscinoides, n. sp.
Ommatospyris coscinoides, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 462.
Cortical shell thin walled, with smooth surface; pores regular, hexagonal, three to four times as broad as the bars; five to six on the half meridian, eight to nine on the half equator of each chamber. Medullary shells both spherical. (The cortical shell of this species is nearly the same as that of Cyphanta colpodes, and as the middle part of the cortical shell of Panartus diploconus, Pl. , fig. 1.)
Dimensions.—Main axis of the cortical shell 0.11, equatorial axis 0.06; greatest breadth of the chambers 0.08; pores 0.013, bars 0.003.
Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 244, surface.
2. Cyphonium virgineum, n. sp. (Pl. , figs. 12, 12a).
Ommatospyris virginea, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xxxix. fig. 12a).
Cortical shell thick walled, with smooth surface (sometimes a little rough with very small thorns); pores subregular, circular, with hexagonal elevated frames, about as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the half meridian, sixteen to eighteen on the half equator of each chamber. Medullary shells (fig. 12a) both spherical. (Sometimes, as in the figured specimen, the shell is somewhat irregular, an individual abnormality.)
Dimensions.—Main axis of the cortical shell 0.13 to 0.15; equatorial axis of the structure 0.08 to 0.09, of each chamber 0.1 to 0.12, pores and bars 0.005 to 0.007.
Habitat.—Pacific, western tropical part, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.
3. Cyphonium ethmarium, n. sp.
Ommatospyris ethmaria, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 462.
Cortical shell thin walled, with quite smooth surface; pores subregular, circular (without hexagonal frame), twice as broad as the bars; nine to ten on the half meridian of each chamber, sixteen to eighteen on its half equator. Medullary shells both spherical. (This species resembles the proximal internal chambers of Peripanartus atractus, Pl. , fig. 7.)
Dimensions.—Main axis 0.13, equatorial axis 0.07; greatest breadth 0.09; pores 0.006, bars 0.003.
Habitat.—Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.
4. Cyphonium trinacrium, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, with rough surface; pores subregular, circular (without hexagonal frame), not broader than the bars; five to six on the half meridian of each chamber, nine to ten on its half equator. Medullary shells both compressed, lenticular. This species resembles Cypassis entomocora vel Ommatocampe trinacria, Stöhr, 1880, loc. cit., p. 90, Taf. ii. fig. 1, but has not its external mantle. It may be the ancestral form of it (both in an ontogenetic and phylogenetic sense).
Dimensions.—Main axis 0.11, equatorial axis 0.07; greatest breadth 0.08; pores 0.005, bars 0.005.
Habitat.—Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Caltanisetta, Haeckel (Grotte, Stöhr?).
5. Cyphonium diattus, n. sp.
Cortical shell thin walled, with quite smooth surface; pores irregular, polygonal, mostly pentagonal or hexagonal, three to six times as broad as the bars; six to seven on the half meridian of the chamber, ten to twelve on its half equator. Medullary shells both spherical. (Resembles Cyphonium profundum, Ehrenberg, 1872, loc. cit., Taf. x. fig. 5, but does not possess the spines of the surface.)
Dimensions.—Main axis 0.13, equatorial axis 0.06; greatest breadth 0.08; pores 0.005 to 0.012, bars 0.002 to 0.004.
Habitat.—Indian Ocean, western part (Zanzibar), Pullen, depth 2200 fathoms.
6. Cyphonium mammarium, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, with smooth surface (sometimes a little rough); pores irregular, roundish, twice to three times as broad as the bars; eleven to twelve on the half meridian of each chamber, sixteen to nineteen on its half equator. Internal medullary shell spherical, external lenticular compressed, sometimes both spherical or both compressed. (Resembles the internal cortical twin-shell of Cyphocolpus virginis, Pl. , fig. 11.)
Dimensions.—Main axis 0.14, equatorial axis 0.08, greatest breadth 0.09; pores 0.004 to 0.006, bars 0.002.
Habitat.—South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.
Subgenus 2. Ommatocyrtis, Haeckel.
Definition.—Surface of the cortical shell thorny or spiny.
7. Cyphonium hexagonium, n. sp.
Didymocyrtis hexagonia, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus.
Cortical shell thin walled, with spiny surface; pores regular or subregular, hexagonal, twice to three times as broad as the bars; five to six on the half meridian, nine to ten on the half equator of each chamber. Radial spines between them conical, about as long as the pores. Medullary shells both spherical.
Dimensions.—Main axis 0.14, equatorial axis 0.08; greatest breadth of each chamber 0.1; pores 0.012, bars 0.004.
Habitat.—Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.
8. Cyphonium facettarium, n. sp.
Didymocyrtis facettaria Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus.
Cortical shell thick walled, with spiny surface; pores subregular, circular, with elevated hexagonal frames, twice as broad as the bars; eight to nine on the half meridian, fourteen to sixteen on the half equator of each chamber. In the corners of the hexagons (between every three meshes) arise radial spines, about twice as long as the pores. Both medullary shells spheroidal compressed. (This species is nearly identical with the internal cortical twin-shell of Peripanartus amphiconiscus, Pl. , fig. 5.)
Dimensions.—Main axis 0.12, equatorial axis 0.07; greatest breadth of both chambers 0.09; pores 0.01, bars 0.005, spines 0.02.
Habitat.—Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.
9. Cyphonium cribellum, n. sp. (Pl. , fig. 11).
Cortical shell thick walled, with spiny surface; pores regular, circular, about as broad as the bars; seven to eight on the half meridian of each chamber, thirteen to fifteen on its half equator. Radial spines between them conical, twice as long as the pores. Medullary shells both lenticular.
Dimensions.—Main axis 0.11, equatorial axis 0.06; greatest breadth 0.08; pores and bars 0.004.
Habitat.—North Atlantic, Station 353, surface.
10. Cyphonium profundum, Haeckel.
Ommatospyris profunda, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 297, Taf. viii. fig. 5, Taf. x. fig. 5.
Cortical shell thin walled, with thorny surface; pores irregular, polygonal, three to six times as broad as the thin bars; five to six on the half meridian of each chamber, ten to twelve on its half equator. Thorns of the surface short. Medullary shells both spherical.
Dimensions.—Main axis 0.1, equatorial axis 0.06; greatest breadth 0.07; pores 0.005 to 0.012, bars 0.002, spines 0.005.
Habitat.—Pacific, tropical zone; Philippine Sea, depth 3300 fathoms, Ehrenberg; Stations 266 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 fathoms.
11. Cyphonium ceratospyris, Haeckel.
Didymocyrtis ceratospyris, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 445, pl. xxii. figs. 14-16.
Haliomma didymocyrtis, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 816.
Cortical shell thin walled, with spiny surface; pores irregular, roundish, three to nine times as broad as the bars; five to six on the half meridian of each chamber, eight to nine on its half equator. Spines of the surface partly very short, partly as long as the largest pores, either radially or obliquely inserted. Medullary shells both spherical. (Compare the detailed description and figures also of the soft body in my Monograph, loc. cit.)
Dimensions.—Main axis of the cortical shell 0.12, equatorial axis (in the stricture) 0.06; greatest breadth 0.08; pores 0.03 to 0.2, bars 0.002 to 0.006, spines 0.05 to 0.015.
Habitat.—Mediterranean (Messina), Canary Islands (Lanzerote), Haeckel.
Genus 157. Cypassis, n. gen.
Definition.—Cyphinida with double cortical shell and double medullary shell, without polar spines or tubes.
The genus Cypassis differs from Cyphonium by duplication of the cortical twin-shell; from the outer surface of the simple twin-shell arise numerous radial spines, which become connected by anastomosing transverse branches, and in this manner form an outer envelope or mantle. Cypassis may also be regarded as a Cromyodruppa, the double cortical shell of which is constricted in the equatorial plane.
Subgenus 1. Didymospyris, Haeckel (1881).
Definition.—Surface of the shell smooth, without thorns or spines.
1. Cypassis palliata, n. sp.
Inner cortical shell thin walled, with regular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores, twice as broad as the bars; seven to eight on the half meridian of each chamber, ten to twelve on its half equator. Outer cortical shell very thin, with smooth surface, and very small, irregular, roundish pores, twice to five times smaller than those of the inner shell. Distance between the two cortical shells equals the diameter of the outer medullary shell, which, like the inner, is spherical. (The network of this species resembles that of Peripanartus amphiconiscus, Pl. , fig. 5.)
Dimensions.—Main axis of the external cortical shell 0.18, of the internal 0.12; greatest breadth (in the equator of each chamber) of the former 0.13, of the latter 0.09; pores of the outer 0.002 to 0.005, of the inner shell 0.01, bars 0.002 to 0.005.
Habitat.—South Pacific, Station 288, surface.
2. Cypassis eucolpos, n. sp.
Inner cortical shell thick walled, with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars (without hexagonal frames); nine to ten on the half meridian of each chamber, fifteen to seventeen on its half equator. Outer cortical shell very thin, with smooth surface, and very small, irregular, roundish pores, twice to three times smaller than those of the inner shell. Distance between the two cortical shells about one and a half times the diameter of the inner medullary shell, which, like the outer, is spherical. (The inner cortical shell resembles that of Cannartiscus amphiconiscus, Pl. , fig. 19, but without polar tubes.)
Dimensions.—Main axis of the external cortical shell 0.2, of the internal 0.15; greatest breadth of the former 0.16, of the latter 0.12; pores of the outer 0.002, of the inner 0.006, bars 0.003.
Habitat.—South Atlantic, Station 319, surface.
Subgenus 2. Didymocyrtis, Haeckel (1862).
Definition.—Surface of the cortical shell thorny or spiny.
3. Cypassis entomocora, Haeckel.
Astromma entomocora, Ehrenberg, 1847, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 32.
Haliomma didymum, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 83.
? Haliomma amphisiphon, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 267.
Ommatospyris entomocora, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, pp. 66, 74.
? Ommatocampe trinacria, Stöhr, 1880, Palæontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 90, Taf. ii. fig. 1.
Didymospyris entomocora, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus.
Didymocyrtis entomocora, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 445.
Inner cortical shell thick walled, with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars (without hexagonal frames); eight to nine on the half meridian of each chamber, ten to eleven on its half equator. Outer cortical shell thin walled, with regular, circular pores like those of the inner. Distance between the two cortical shells equals about twice the diameter of one pore (or the short axis of the lenticular double medullary shell). Surface covered with short conical spines (in the figure of Ehrenberg broken off).
Dimensions.—Main axis of the external cortical shell 0.2, of the internal 0.15; greatest breadth of the former 0.13, of the latter 0.1; pores of the outer 0.005 to 0.01, of the inner 0.01, bars 0.004; length of the surface spines 0.005 to 0.01.
Habitat.—Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados, Bermuda, and Sicily (Caltanisetta); also living in the greatest depth of the Pacific, Stations 268, 225, depth 2900 to 4475.
4. Cypassis puella, n. sp. (Pl. , fig. 13).
Didymospyris colpodes, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xxxix., fig. 13).
Internal cortical shell thin walled, with irregular, circular pores of very different size, once to four times as broad as the bars; fourteen to fifteen on the half meridian of each chamber, eighteen to twenty on its half equator. Outer cortical shell thin walled, with irregular, circular pores, only one-third to one-half as large as those of the inner. Distance between the two shells equals the largest diameter of the double lenticular medullary shell. Surface of both cortical shells covered with short conical spines (not longer than the largest pores).
Dimensions.—Main axis of the external cortical shell 0.2, of the internal 0.15, of the central capsule 0.1; greatest breadth of the first 0.14, of the second 0.1, of the third 0.07; pores of the outer shell 0.001 to 0.005, of the inner 0.002 to 0.01, bars 0.002 to 0.003; length of the surface spines 0.005 to 0.01.
Habitat.—Pacific, central area; Stations 266 to 274, surface; Atlantic, Canary Islands (Haeckel), Station 354, surface.
5. Cypassis halicora, n. sp.
Internal cortical shell thin walled, with irregular, roundish pores, once to three times as broad as the bars; ten to eleven on half meridian of each chamber, fourteen to sixteen on its half equator. Outer cortical shell thin walled, with very delicate network, spindle-like, with conical prolongations at both poles. Distance between the two shells larger than the greatest diameter of the double lenticular medullary shell. Surface of both cortical shells covered with innumerable small thorns. (Resembles closely Cyphocolpus virginis, Pl. , fig. 11, but without the third shell.)
Dimensions.—Main axis of the external cortical shell 0.21, of the internal 0.14, greatest breadth of the former 0.13, of the later 0.09; pores 0.003 to 0.009; bars of the outer shell 0.001, of the inner 0.004.
Habitat.—Indian Ocean, Ceylon (Haeckel), surface.
Genus 158. Cyphocolpus, n. gen.
Definition.—Cyphinida with triple cortical shell and double medullary shell, without polar spines or tubes.
The genus Cyphocolpus differs from both foregoing genera by the increased number of the cortical twin-shells. Whilst these are simple in Cyphonium, double in Cypassis, they are triple in Cyphocolpus, composed of three concentric envelopes. The three genera named represent a phylogenetic series, which is repeated in the ontogenetic development of Cyphocolpus.
1. Cyphocolpus didymus, n. sp.
Inner cortical shell with circular, subregular pores, twice as broad as the bars; five to six on the half meridian of each chamber, eight to ten on its half equator. Middle cortical shell also with subregular, circular pores of the same size. Outer cortical shell with smooth surface, with more irregular, roundish pores of very different size. The distance between every two shells equals the diameter of the inner medullary shell, which, like the outer, is spheroidal.
Dimensions.—Main axis of the outer cortical shell 0.3, of the middle 0.22, of the inner 0.15; greatest breadth of the inner cortical shell 0.1, its pores 0.01, bars 0.005.
Habitat.—Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe, surface.
2. Cyphocolpus virginis, n. sp. (Pl. , fig. 11).
Zygartus virginis, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xl. fig. 11).
Inner cortical shell with irregular, roundish pores, twice to three times as broad as the bars; eleven to twelve on the half meridian of each chamber, sixteen to eighteen on its half equator. Middle cortical shell with very delicate network, its irregular, polygonal pores of the same size as those of the inner, but separated by extremely thin bars. Outer cortical shell with spiny surface, and with more irregular, roundish pores of different size. The distance between each two shells is variable, and attains more than the diameter of the outer medullary shell, which, like the inner, is spheroidal, slightly compressed.
Dimensions.—Main axis of the outer cortical shell 0.26, of the middle 0.22, of the inner 0.14; greatest breadth of the inner cortical shell 0.09, its pores 0.004 to 0.006, bars 0.002.
Habitat.—Pacific, central area, Station 271, surface.
Genus 159. Cyphinus, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 463.
Definition.—Cyphinida with simple cortical shell and simple medullary shell, with two opposite polar spines (or bunches of polar spines) on the poles of the main axis.
The genus Cyphinus differs from Cyphanta by the development of two opposite spines (or bunches of spines) on both poles of the main axis. It simulates therefore the bipolar formation of Stylartus, and differs from this in the possession of a medullary shell.
Subgenus 1. Cyphinoma, Haeckel.
Definition.—On both poles of the main axis only one single large spine.
1. Cyphinus amphacanthus, n. sp.
Cortical shell with smooth surface, and circular, regular pores, twice as broad as the bars; five to six pores on the half meridian of each chamber, ten to twelve on its half equator. On both poles of the main axis, one single, very strong, conical spine, about half as long as this axis, and half as broad at the base as the spherical medullary shell.
Dimensions.—Main axis of the cortical shell (without spines) 0.2, greatest breadth (in the equator of each chamber) 0.1; pores 0.006, bars 0.003; length of the polar spines 0.1, basal thickness of them 0.02.
Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.
2. Cyphinus dixiphus, n. sp.
Cortical shell with rough surface, and irregular, roundish pores, twice to four times as broad as the bars; eight to nine pores on the half meridian of each chamber, twelve to fourteen on its half equator. On both poles of the main axis, one single, strong, conical spine, with prominent edges at the base, and nearly as broad as the spherical medullary shell, nearly as long as the main axis.
Dimensions.—Main axis (without spines) 0.18, greatest breadth 0.13; pores 0.003 to 0.008, bars 0.002; length of the polar spines 0.16, basal thickness 0.03.
Habitat.—South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.
Subgenus 2. Cyphinura, Haeckel.
Definition.—On both poles of the main axis a bunch or circle of several spines.
3. Cyphinus amphilophus, n. sp. (Pl. , fig. 14).
Cyphinidium amphilophus, Haeckel, 1882, Atlas (pl. xxxix. fig. 14).
Cortical shell thick walled, with rough surface, and subregular, circular pores of different size, twice to five times as broad as the bars; nine to ten pores on the half meridian of each chamber, twelve to fourteen on its half equator. On both poles of the main axis a bunch of six to eight strong conical spines, the largest of which are about as long as the greatest breadth of the shell; their basal part is furrowed, and nearly half as thick as the spherical medullary shell.
Dimensions.—Main axis of the cortical shell (without spines) 0.18 to 0.2, greatest breadth 0.1 to 0.12; pores 0.004 to 0.01, bars 0.002; length of the polar spines 0.04 to 0.12, basal thickness 0.02 to 0.04.
Habitat.—Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.
4. Cyphinus penicillatus, Haeckel.
Ommatospyris penicillata, Ehrenberg, 1872, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 318; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, Taf. viii. fig. 4.
Cortical shell thin walled, with rough surface, and irregular, polygonal pores, six to eight times as broad as the bars; five to six pores on the half meridian of each chamber, nine to ten on its half equator. Around both poles of the main axis a polar circle of eight to ten divergent radial spines, scarcely thicker than the bars, and about as long as the diameter of the spherical medullary shell. (In the figure of Ehrenberg the network is too thin and the spines too short.)
Dimensions.—Main axis (without spines) 0.1, greatest breadth 0.09; pores 0.008 to 0.014, bars 0.001 to 0.002; length of the spines 0.02 to 0.04.
Habitat.—Pacific, Philippine Sea, 3300 fathoms, Ehrenberg; Station 206, depth 2100 fathoms.
Genus 160. Cyphinidium, n. gen.
Definition.—Cyphinida with simple cortical shell and double medullary shell, with two opposite polar spines (or bunches of polar spines) on the poles of the main axis.
The genus Cyphinidium differs from Cyphinus only in the duplication of the medullary shell, which is composed of two concentric spheres or somewhat compressed lenticular spheroids. It exhibits therefore the same relation to Cyphinus that Stylatractus in the Druppulida bears to Lithatractus. Possibly the two former genera are derived from the two latter by an annular constriction in the equatorial plane.
Subgenus 1. Cyphinidoma, Haeckel.
Definition.—On both poles of the cortical shell one single polar spine or a bunch of polar spines.
1. Cyphinidium amphistylium, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, with smooth surface, and subregular, circular pores, twice to three times as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the half meridian, sixteen to eighteen on the half equator of each chamber. Both medullary shells spherical. The cortical shell resembles very much that of Cannartiscus amphiconiscus (Pl. , fig. 19), but exhibits instead of the hollow polar tubes two strong solid polar spines of conical form, half as long as the main axis, and as broad at the base as the inner medullary shell.
Dimensions.—Main axis of the cortical shell (without polar spines) 0.14, greatest breadth 0.1; pores 0.008, bars 0.004; length of the polar spines 0.08, basal thickness 0.02.
Habitat.—North Pacific, off Japan, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.
2. Cyphinidium apicatum, Haeckel.
Ommatospyris apicata, Ehrenberg, 1872, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 317.
Cortical shell thin walled, with thorny surface, and irregular, polygonal pores, three to five times as broad as the thin bars; eight to nine on the half meridian, thirteen to fifteen on the half equator of each chamber. On both poles a bunch of four to eight strong conical spines, the central of which (in the main axis) is much larger than the others, and twice as long as the diameter of the outer spheroidal medullary shell; size and number of the polar spines is very variable (commonly five to six).
Dimensions.—Main axis (without spines) 0.12, greatest breadth 0.08; pores 0.005 to 0.01, bars 0.002; length of the polar spines 0.02 to 0.06, basal thickness 0.01.
Habitat.—Northern Pacific, Californian Sea, depth 2500 fathoms, Ehrenberg; Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.
Subgenus 2. Cyphinidura, Haeckel.
Definition.—On both poles of the cortical shell, a circle of divergent polar spines.
3. Cyphinidium coronatum, n. sp.
Cortical shell with thorny surface, and irregular, roundish pores, twice to four times as broad as the bars; seven to eight on the half meridian, eleven to thirteen on the half equator of each chamber. Around both poles of the main axis occurs a circle of ten to twelve strong, radially divergent spines, about as long as the diameter of the outer medullary shell, which, like the inner, is spheroidal. (This species is identical with the younger developmental stage of Panicium coronatum, Pl. , fig. 4, before the formation of two distal chambers.)
Dimensions.—Main axis 0.12, greatest breadth 0.1; pores 0.008 to 0.016, bars 0.004; length of the polar spines 0.02, thickness 0.005.
Habitat.—Pacific, central area, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 fathoms.
Genus 161. Cannartiscus, n. gen.
Definition.—Cyphinida with simple cortical shell and simple medullary shell, with two hollow fenestrated polar tubes, opposite on both poles of the main axis.
The genus Cannartiscus differs from Cyphanta in the development of two hollow fenestrated tubes, opposite on both poles of the main axis. It simulates therefore the characteristic formation of Cannartus, and differs from this Artiscid in the possession of a medullary shell.
1. Cannartiscus amphiconiscus, n. sp. (Pl. , fig. 19).
Cannartidium amphiconiscus, Haeckel, 1882, Atlas (pl. xxxix. fig. 19).
Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars; nine to ten on the half meridian, sixteen to eighteen on the half equator of each chamber. Polar tubes conical, about as long as one single chamber, on the base somewhat broader than the simple spherical medullary shell. Pores of the tubes only one-third as great as those of the chambers.
Dimensions.—Main axis of the cortical shell (without tubes) 0.14, greatest breadth 0.1; pores 0.008, bars 0.004. Length of the polar tubes 0.07, basal breadth 0.04; pores 0.003, bars 0.002.
Habitat.—North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.
2. Cannartiscus amphicylindrus, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, rough, with subregular, circular pores, twice to four times as broad as the bars; six to seven on the half meridian, ten to twelve on the half equator of each chamber. Polar tubes cylindrical, on the distal end open (broken off?) nearly as long as the main axis, somewhat narrower than the spherical medullary shell. Pores of the tubes much smaller than those of the chambers.
Dimensions.—Main axis (without tubes) 0.17, greatest breadth 0.12; pores 0.006 to 0.012, bars 0.003. Length of the polar tubes 0.15, breadth of them 0.03; pores 0.003, bars 0.002.
Habitat.—Pacific, central area, Station 268, 2900 fathoms; the same form occurs fossil in the rocks of Barbados.
Genus 162. Cannartidium, n. gen.
Definition.—Cyphinida with simple cortical shell and double medullary shell, with two hollow fenestrated polar tubes, opposite on both poles of the main axis.
The genus Cannartidium differs from Cannartiscus and Cannartus in the duplication of the medullary shell, which is composed of two concentric spheres or compressed lenticular spheroids. The three genera named form therefore one morphological series, with identical cortical shell, and only differing in the absence or presence of a simple or double medullary shell.
Subgenus 1. Cannartidella, Haeckel.
Definition.—Surface of the cortical shell smooth or a little rough, but without spines or fenestrated protuberances.
1. Cannartidium amphiconicum, n. sp.
Cortical shell thick walled, smooth with regular circular pores twice as broad as the bars; eight to nine on the half meridian, fifteen to sixteen on the half equator of each chamber. Polar tubes conical, with smaller pores, tapering towards the closed apex, about as long as one single chamber, at the base one-third as broad as the equatorial constriction. Both concentric medullary shells spherical. (Nearly identical with Cannartiscus amphiconiscus, Pl. , fig. 19, but differs in the possession of the double medullary shell.)
Dimensions.—Main axis of the cortical shell (without tubes) 0.15, greatest breadth 0.11; pores 0.009, bars 0.004; length of the polar tubes 0.08, basal breadth 0.04.
Habitat.—Pacific, western tropical part, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.
2. Cannartidium amphicanna, Haeckel.
"Curious twin Polycystin," Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xx. fig. 4.
Cortical shell thick walled, rough, with regular, circular pores, not broader than the bars; six to seven on the half meridian, ten to twelve on the half equator of each chamber. Polar tubes cylindrical, at the distal end open (broken off?), nearly as long as the main axis, about one-third as broad as the equatorial constriction. Both concentric medullary shells spherical.
Dimensions.—Main axis 0.14, greatest breadth 0.11; pores and bars 0.005; length of the polar tubes 0.13, breadth of them 0.03.
Habitat.—Fossil in the Barbados deposits.
3. Cannartidium amphisiphon, Haeckel.
? Haliomma amphisiphon, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 267.
Cortical shell thick walled, rough, with irregular, roundish pores, twice to five times as broad as the bars; five to six on the half meridian, nine to ten on the half equator of each chamber. Polar tubes conical, with smaller pores, about as long as one single chamber, half as broad at the base as the equatorial constriction. (This deep-sea form is probably identical with that fossil species which Ehrenberg, in 1844, described as Haliomma amphisiphon, and which he afterwards, in 1875, erroneously identified with his Astromma entomocora (= Cypassis entomocora). But the figure given of the latter is quite different from the given diagnosis of the former.)
Dimensions.—Main axis of the cortical shell (without tubes) 0.13, greatest breadth 0.1; pores 0.006 to 0.12, bars 0.003; length of the polar tubes 0.07, basal breadth of them 0.04.
Habitat.—Tropical Atlantic, Antilles, Station 24, depth 390 fathoms; fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Bermuda.
4. Cannartidium bicinctum, n. sp. (Pl. , fig. 18).
Cortical shell thick walled, with a thickened ring-shaped protuberance in the greatest breadth of both chambers. Pores subregular, circular, twice to three times as broad as the bars; seven to eight on the half meridian, thirteen to fifteen on the half equator of each chamber. Polar tubes conical, with smaller pores, somewhat shorter than the greatest breath, nearly as thick at the base as the outer spheroidal medullary shell (fig. 18a).
Dimensions.—Main axis (without tubes) 0.12, greatest breadth 0.08; pores 0.003 to 0.006, bars 0.002; length of the polar tubes 0.08, basal thickness 0.03.
Habitat.—South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.
Subgenus 2. Cannartidissa, Haeckel.
Definition.—Surface of the cortical shell with conical fenestrated protuberances in the greatest breadth of both chambers.
5. Cannartidium mammiferum, n. sp. (Pl. , fig. 16).
Cortical shell-thin walled, having a circle of six to eight conical protuberances in the greatest breadth of both chambers, each of which exhibits a central apical pore, surrounded by a circle of six to eight oblique larger pores. Between the protuberances occur nine to ten pores on the half meridian of each chamber, circular, subregular, twice to three times as broad as the bars. Polar tubes cylindrical, conical at the closed end, with smaller pores, about as long as the greatest breadth of the chambers, as broad as the spherical outer medullary shell.
Dimensions.—Main axis (without tubes) 0.13, greatest breadth (including the protuberances) 0.1; pores 0.005 to 0.008, bars 0.003; length of the polar tubes 0.09, basal thickness 0.02.
Habitat.—Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.
6. Cannartidium mastophorum, n. sp. (Pl. , fig. 17).
Cortical shell thin walled, of the same form and structure as in the foregoing species, differs from this mainly in the form of the polar tubes, which are not cylindrical but conical, tapering gradually from the base towards the closed apex. Besides this, the conical protuberances (six in the greatest periphery of each chamber) are more regular and acute, with smaller and more numerous pores. Both medullary shells are here also spherical.
Dimensions.—Main axis (without tubes) 0.14, greatest breadth (including the protuberances) 0.13; pores 0.006 to 0.009, bars 0.004; length of the polar tubes 0.07, basal thickness 0.03.
Habitat.—Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.