Chapter XVIToC

Handy Tables

Table of Weights for Round and Square Steel.

The Estimate is on the basis of Lineal Feet. 1 cu. ft. of Steel—490 lbs.

Sizes in
Inches Weight in Pounds Sizes in
Inches Weight in Pounds

Round Square Round Square

1/16 .110 .013 1 1/16 3.014 3.400

1/8 .042 .053 1 1/8 3.379 3.838

3/16 .094 .119 1 3/16 3.766 4.303

1/4 .167 .212 1 1/4 4.173 4.795

5/16 .261 .333 1 5/16 4.600 5.312

3/8 .375 .478 1 3/8 5.049 5.857

7/16 .511 .651 1 7/16 5.518 6.428

1/2 .667 .850 1 1/2 6.008 7.650

9/16 .845 1.026 1 9/16 6.520 7.650

5/8 1.043 1.328 1 5/8 7.051 8.301

11/16 1.262 1.608 1 11/16 7.604 8.978

3/4 1.502 1.913 1 3/4 8.178 10.410

13/16 1.773 2.245 1 13/16 8.773 11.170

7/8 2.044 2.603 1 7/8 9.388 11.950

15/16 2.347 2.989 1 15/16 10.020 12.760

1 2.670 3.400 2 10.680 13.600

Weight of Flat Steel Bars.

Thickness
in
Inches Width

1/16 .212 .265 .32 .372 .425 .477 .53 .588 .63

1/8 .425 .53 .64 .745 .85 .955 1.06 1.17 1.27

3/16 .638 .797 .957 1.11 1.28 1.44 1.59 1.75 1.91

1/4 .85 1.06 1.28 1.49 1.70 1.91 2.12 2.34 2.55

5/16 1.06 1.33 1.59 1.86 2.12 2.39 2.65 2.92 3.19

3/8 1.28 1.59 1.92 2.23 2.55 2.87 3.19 3.51 3.83

7/16 1.49 1.85 2.23 2.60 2.98 3.35 3.72 4.09 4.46

1/2 1.70 2.12 2.55 2.98 3.40 3.83 4.25 4.67 5.10

9/16 1.92 2.39 2.87 3.35 3.83 4.30 4.78 5.26 5.74

5/8 2.12 2.65 3.19 3.72 4.25 4.78 5.31 5.84 6.38

11/16 2.34 2.92 3.51 4.09 4.67 5.26 5.84 6.43 7.02

3/4 2.55 3.19 3.83 4.47 5.10 5.75 6.38 7.02 7.65

13/16 2.76 3.45 4.14 4.48 5.53 6.21 6.90 7.60 8.29

7/8 2.98 3.72 4.47 5.20 5.95 6.69 7.44 8.18 8.93

15/16 3.19 3.99 4.78 5.58 6.38 7.18 7.97 8.77 9.57

1 3.40 4.25 5.10 5.95 6.80 7.65 8.50 9.35 10.20

Avoirdupois Weight.

For Merchandise of all kinds.

16 Drams (dr.) make 1 Ounce (oz.)

16 Ounces make 1 Pound (pd.)

25 Pounds make 1 Quarter (qr.)

4 Quarters, or 100 lbs., make 1 Hundredweight (cwt.)

20 Hundredweights make 1 Ton (T.)

2,240 Pounds make 1 Long ton (L. T.)

Troy Weight.

For Gold, Silver, and Precious Metals.

24 Grains (gr.) make 1 Pennyweight (pwt.)

20 Pennyweights make 1 Ounce (oz.)

12 Ounces make 1 Pound (pd.)

Apothecaries Weight.

For Drugs, Medicals and Chemicals.

20 Grains (gr.) make 1 Scruple (sc.)

3 Scruples make 1 Dram (dr.)

8 Drams make 1 Pound (pd.)

12 Ounces make 1 Pound (pd.)

Linear Measure.

For Surveyors' Use.

12 Inches make 1 Foot

3 Feet make 1 Yard

5 1/2 Yards make 1 Rod

40 Rods make 1 Furlong

8 Furlongs make 1 Mile

Long Measure.

12 Inches make 1 Foot

3 Feet make 1 Yard

6 Feet make 1 Fathom

5 1/2 Yards make 1 Rod or pole

40 Poles make 1 Furlong

8 Furlongs make 1 Mile

3 Miles make 1 League

69 1/2 Leagues make 1 Degree

Square Measure.

144 square inches make 1 square foot

9 square feet make 1 square yard

30 1/2 square yards make 1 square pole

40 square poles make 1 square rod

4 square rods make 1 acre

640 square acres make 1 acre mile

9 square feet make 1 square yard

Solid or Cubic Measure.

1,728 Cubic inches make 1 Cubic foot

27 Cubic feet make 1 Cubic yard

128 Cubic feet make 1 Cord of wood

24 3/4 Cubic feet make 1 Perch of stone

Dry Measure.

2 Pints make 1 Quart (qt.)

8 Quarts make 1 peck (pk.)

4 Pecks make 1 Bushel (bu.)

36 Bushels make 1 Chaldron (ch.)

Liquid Measure.

4 Gills (g.) make 1 Pint (pt.)

4 Quarts make 1 Gallon (gal.)

31 1/2 Gallons make 1 Barrel (bbl.)

2 Bbls., or 63 gals., make 1 Hogshead (hhd.)

Paper Measure.

24 Sheets (sh.) make 1 Quire (qu.)

20 Quires make 1 Ream (r.)

10 Reams make 1 Bale (ba.) or bundle.

Table of Temperatures.

Greatest artificial cold 220 degrees below Fahr.

“ natural “ 39 “ “ “

Mercury freezes 73.7 “ “ “

Mixture of snow and salt 4 “ “ “

Greatest density of water at 39.2 “ above “

Blood Heat 97.9 “ “ “

Alcohol boils 172.4 “ “ “

Water boils 212 “ “ “

Mercury boils 662 “ “ “

Sulphur boils 824 “ “ “

Silver melts 1,749 “ “ “

Cast iron melts 2,786 “ “ “

Strength of Various Metals.

The tests are made by using a cubic inch of the metal and compressing it, and by trying to draw apart a square inch of metal. Indicated in pounds

Tension Compression

Aluminum 15,000 12,000

Brass, cast 24,000 30,000

Bronze, gun metal 32,000 20,000

“ manganese 60,000 120,000

“ phosphor 50,000 . . . . . .

Copper, cast 24,000 40,000

“ wire annealed 36,000 . . . . . .

“ unannealed 60,000 . . . . . .

Iron, cast 15,000 . . . . . .

“ “ annealed 60,000 80,000

“ “ unannealed 80,000 . . . . . .

“ wrought 48,000 46,000

Lead, cast 2,000 . . . . . .

Steel castings 70,000 70,000

“ plow 270,000 . . . . . .

“ structural 60,000 60,000

“ wire annealed 80,000 . . . . . .

“ crucible 180,000 . . . . . .

Tin 3,800 6,000

Freezing Mixtures

Mixtures Temperature Changes in
Degrees Fahrenheit

From To

Common salt, 1 part; snow, 3 parts 32 zero .0

Common salt, 1 part; snow 1 part 32 - .4

Calcium chloride, 3 parts; snow 1 part 32 -27

Calcium chloride, 2 parts; snow 1 part 32 -44

Sal ammoniac, 5 parts; salt-peter 5 parts; water 16 parts 50 -10

Sal ammoniac, 1 parts; salt-peter 1 part; water 1 part 46 -11

Ammonium nitrate, 1 part; water 1 part 50 - 3

Potassium hydrate, 4 parts; snow 3 parts 32 -35

Ignition Temperatures.

Phosphorus 120 degrees Fahrenheit

Bi-sulphide of carbon 300 “ “

Gun-cotton 430 “ “

Nitro-glycerine 490 “ “

Phosphorus, amorphous 500 “ “

Rifle powder 550 “ “

Charcoal 660 “ “

Dry pine wood 800 “ “

Oak 900 “ “

Power and Heat Equivalents.

In studying matters pertaining to power and heat, certain terms are used, such as horsepower, horsepower-hours, watts, watt-hours, kilowatt, kilowatt-hours, foot-pounds, joule, and B. T. U. (British Thermal Unit).

The following tables give a comprehensive idea of the values of the different terms:

1 Horsepower-hour = 0.746 kilowatt-hour = 1,980,000 foot-pounds of water evaporated at 212 degrees Fahrenheit, raised from 62 degrees to 212 degrees.

1 Kilowatt-hour = 1,000 watt-hours = 1.34 horse-power-hours = 2,653,200 foot-pounds = 3,600,000 joules = 3,420 B. T. U. = 3.54 pounds of water evaporated at 212 degrees = 22.8 pounds of water raised from 62 to 212 degrees.

1 Horsepower = 746 watts = 0.746 kilowatts.= 33,000 foot-pounds per second = 2,550 B. T. U. per min. = 0.71 B. T. U. per second = 2.64 pounds of water evaporated per hour at 212 degrees.

1 Kilowatt = 1,000 watts = 1.34 horsepower = 2,653,200 foot-pounds per hour = 44,220 foot-pounds per min. = 737 foot-pounds per second = 3,420 B. T. U. per hour = 57 B. T. U. per min. = 0.95 B. T. U. per second = 3.54 pounds of water evaporated per hour at 212.

1 Watt = 1 joule per second = 0.00134 horse-power = 0.001 kilowatt = 342 B. T. U. per hour = 44.22 foot-pounds per min. = 0.74 foot-pounds per second = 0.0035 pounds of water evaporated per hour at 212 degrees.

1 B. T. U. (British Thermal Unit) = 1,052 watt-seconds = 778 foot-pounds = 0.252 calorie = 0.000292 kilowatt-hours = 0.000391 horsepower-hour = 0.00104 pounds of water evaporated at 212 degrees.

1 Foot-pound = 1.36 joule = 0.000000377 kilowatt-hour = 0.00129 B. T. U. = 0.0000005 horsepower-hour.

1 Joule = 1 watt-second = 0.000000278 kilowatt-hour = 0.00095 B. T. U. = 0.74 foot-pounds.