C . Pronouns

82. A Pronoun is a word that indicates something without naming it.

83. There are the following classes of pronouns:—

I. Personal. V. Intensive.

II. Reflexive. VI. Relative.

III. Possessive. VII. Interrogative.

IV. Demonstrative. VIII. Indefinite.

I. PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

84. These correspond to the English I, you, he, she, it, etc., and are declined as follows:—

First Person. Second Person. Third Person.

SINGULAR.

Nom. ego, I tū, thou is, he; ea, she; id, it

Gen. meī tuī (For declension see § 87.)

Dat. mihi tibi

Acc. mē tē

Voc. —— tū

Abl. mē tē

PLURAL.

Nom. nōs, we vōs, you

Gen. nostrum, nostrī vestrum, vestrī

Dat. nōbīs vōbīs

Acc. nōs vōs

Voc. —— vōs

Abl. nōbīs vōbīs

1. A Dative Singular mī occurs in poetry.

2. Emphatic forms in -met are occasionally found; as, egomet, I myself; tibimet, to you yourself; tū has tūte and tūtemet (written also tūtimet).

3. In early Latin, mēd and tēd occur as Accusative and Ablative forms.

II. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.

85. These refer to the subject of the sentence or clause in which they stand; like myself, yourself, in 'I see myself,' etc. They are declined as follows:—

First Person. Second Person. Third Person.

Supplied by oblique cases of ego. Supplied by oblique cases of tū.

Gen. meī, of myself tuī, of thyself suī

Dat. mihi, to myself tibi, to thyself sibi

Acc. mē, myself tē, thyself sē or sēsē

Voc. —— —— ——

Abl. mē, with myself, etc. tē, with thyself, etc. sē or sēsē

1. The Reflexive of the Third Person serves for all genders and for both numbers. Thus sui may mean, of himself, herself, itself, or of themselves; and so with the other forms.

2. All of the Reflexive Pronouns have at times a reciprocal force; as,—

inter sē pugnant, they fight with each other.

3. In early Latin, sēd occurs as Accusative and Ablative.

III. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

86. These are strictly adjectives of the First and Second Declensions, and are inflected as such. They are—

First Person.
meus, -a, -um, my;
noster, nostra, nostrum, our; Second Person.
tuus, -a, -um, thy;
vester, vestra, vestrum, your;

Third Person.
suus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their.

1. Suus is exclusively Reflexive; as,—

pater līberōs suōs amat, the father loves his children.

Otherwise, his, her, its are regularly expressed by the Genitive Singular of is, viz. ejus; and their by the Genitive Plural, eōrum, eārum.

2. The Vocative Singular Masculine of meus is mī.

3. The enclitic -pte may be joined to the Ablative Singular of the Possessive Pronouns for the purpose of emphasis. This is particularly common in case of suō, suā; as, suōpte, suāpte.

IV. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

87. These point out an object as here or there, or as previously mentioned. They are—

hīc, this (where I am);

iste, that (where you are);

ille, that (something distinct from the speaker);

is, that (weaker than ille);

īdem, the same.

Hīc, iste, and ille are accordingly the Demonstratives of the First, Second, and Third Persons respectively.

Hīc, this.

SINGULAR PLURAL.

MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER.

Nom. hīc haec hōc hī hae haec

Gen. hūjus hūjus hūjus hōrum hārum hōrum

Dat. huic huic huic hīs hīs hīs

Acc. hunc hanc hōc hōs hās haec

Abl. hōc hāc hōc hīs hīs hīs

Iste, that, that of yours.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER.

Nom. iste ista istud istī istae ista

Gen. istīus istīus istīus istōrum istārum istōrum

Dat. istī istī istī istīs istīs istīs

Acc. istum istam istud istōs istās ista

Abl. istō istā istō istīs istīs istīs

Ille (archaic olle), that, that one, he, is declined like iste.

Is, he, this, that.

SINGULAR PLURAL.

MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER.

Nom. is ea id eī, iī, (ī) eae ea

Gen. ejus ejus ejus eōrum eārum eōrum

Dat. eī eī eī eīs, iīs eīs, iīs eīs, iīs

Acc. eum eam id eōs eās ea

Abl. eō eā eō eīs, iīs eīs, iīs eīs, iīs

Īdem, the same.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER.

Nom. īdem eadem idem eīdem, iīdem eaedem eadem

Gen. ejusdem ejusdem ejusdem eōrundem eārundem eōrundem

Dat. eīdem eīdem eīdem eīsdem eīsdem eīsdem

Acc. eundem eandem idem eōsdem eāsdem eadem

Abl. eōdem eādem eōdem eīsdem eīsdem eīsdem

The Nom. Plu. Masc. also has īdem, and the Dat. Abl. Plu. īsdem or iīsdem

V. THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN.

88. The Intensive Pronoun in Latin is ipse. It corresponds to the English myself, etc., in 'I myself, he himself.'

SINGULAR PLURAL.

MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER.

Nom. ipse ipsa ipsum ipsī ipsae ipsa

Gen. ipsīus ipsīus ipsīus ipsōrum ipsārum ipsōrum

Dat. ipsī ipsī ipsī ipsīs ipsīs ipsīs

Acc. ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsōs ipsās ipsa

Abl. ipsō ipsā ipsō ipsīs ipsīs ipsīs

VI. THE RELATIVE PRONOUN.

89. The Relative Pronoun is quī, who. It is declined:—

SINGULAR PLURAL.

MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER. MASCULINE. FEMININE. NEUTER.

Nom. quī quae quod quī quae quae

Gen. cūjus cūjus cūjus quōrum quārum quōrum

Dat. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus

Acc. quem quam quod quōs quās quae

Abl. quō quā quō quibus quibus quibus

VII. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

90. The Interrogative Pronouns are quis, who? (substantive) and quī, what? what kind of? (adjective).

1. Quis, who?

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

MASC. AND FEM. NEUTER

Nom. quis quid The rare Plural

Gen. cūjus cūjus follows the declension

Dat. cui cui of the Relative Pronoun.

Acc. quem quid

Abl. quō quō

2. Quī, what? what kind of? is declined precisely like the Relative Pronoun; viz. quī, quae, quod, etc.

a. An old Ablative quī occurs, in the sense of how? why?

b. Quī is sometimes used for quis in Indirect Questions.

c. Quis, when limiting words denoting persons, is sometimes an adjective. But in such cases quis homō = what man? whereas quī homō = what sort of man?

d. Quis and quī may be strengthened by adding -nam. Thus:—

Substantive: quisnam, who, pray? quidnam, what, pray?

Adjective: quīnam, quaenam, quodnam, of what kind, pray?

VIII. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

91. These have the general force of some one, any one.

SUBSTANTIVES. ADJECTIVES.

M. AND F. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.

quis, quid, quī, quae, qua, quod,

any one, anything. any.

aliquis, aliquid, aliquī, aliqua, aliquod,

some one, something. any.

quisquam, quidquam, quisquam, quidquam,

any one, anything. any (rare)

quispiam, quidpiam, quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam,

any one, anything. any.

quisque, quidque, quisque, quaeque, quodque,

each. each.

quīvīs, quaevīs, quidvīs, quīvis, quaevīs, quodvis,

quīlibet, quaelibet, quidlibet quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet,

any one (anything) you wish any you wish

quīdam, quaedam, quiddam, quīdam, quaedam, quoddam,

a certain person, or thing. a certain

1. In the Indefinite Pronouns, only the pronominal part is declined. Thus: Genitive Singular alicūjus, cūjuslibet, etc.

2. Note that aliquī has aliqua in the Nominative Singular Feminine, also in the Nominative and Accusative Plural Neuter. Quī has both qua and quae in these same cases.

3. Quīdam forms Accusative Singular quendam, quandam; Genitive Plural quōrundam, quārundam; the m being assimilated to n before d.

4. Aliquis may be used adjectively, and (occasionally) aliquī substantively.

5. In combination with nē, sī, nisi, num, either quis or quī may stand as a Substantive. Thus: sī quis or sī quī.

6. Ecquis, any one, though strictly an Indefinite, generally has interrogative force. It has both substantive and adjective forms,—substantive, ecquis, ecquid; adjective, ecquī, ecquae and ecqua, ecquod.

7. Quisquam is not used in the Plural.

8. There are two Indefinite Relatives,—quīcumque and quisquis, whoever. Quīcumque declines only the first part; quisquis declines both but has only quisquis, quidquid, quōquō, in common use.

PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES.

92. The following adjectives, also, frequently have pronominal force:—

1.

alius, another; alter, the other;

uter, which of two? (interr.);
whichever of two (rel.); neuter, neither;

ūnus, one; nūllus, no one (in oblique cases)

2. The compounds,—

uterque, utraque, utrumque, each of two;

utercumque, utracumque, utrumcumque, whoever of two;

uterlibet, utralibet, utrumlibet, either one you please;

utervīs, utravīs, utrumvīs, either one you please;

alteruter, alterutra, alterutrum, the one or the other.

In these, uter alone is declined. The rest of the word remains unchanged, except in case of alteruter, which may decline both parts; as,—

Nom. alteruter altera utra alterum utrum

Gen. alterius utrīus, etc.