VI

ARCHÆOLOGICAL MUSEUMS AND PERIODICALS.

By the Editor.

The oldest of existing American societies dealing with the scientific aspects of knowledge is the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, whose Transactions began in 1769, and made six volumes to 1809. A second series was begun in 1818. What are called the Transactions of the Historical and Literary Committee make two volumes (1819, 1838), the first of which contains contributions by Heckewelder and P. S. Duponceau on the history and linguistics of the Lenni Lenape. Its Proceedings began in 1838. The American Academy of Arts and Sciences was instituted at Boston in 1780, a part of its object being “to promote and encourage the knowledge of the antiquities of America,” and its series of Memoirs began in 1783, and its Proceedings in 1846. These societies have only, as a rule, incidentally, and not often till of late years, illustrated in their publications the antiquities of the new world; but the American Antiquarian Society was founded in 1812 at Worcester, Mass., by Isaiah Thomas, with the express purpose of elucidating this department of American history. It began the Archæologia Americana in 1820, and some of the volumes are still valuable, though they chiefly stand for the early development by Atwater, Gallatin, and others of study in this direction. In the first volume is an account of the origin and design of the society, and this is also set forth in the memoir of Thomas prefixed to its reprint of his History of Printing in America, which is a part of the series. The Proceedings of the society were begun in 1849, and they have contained some valuable papers on Central American subjects. The Boston Society of Natural History published the Boston Journal of Natural History from 1834 to 1863, and in 1866 began its Memoirs. Col. Whittlesey gave in its first volume a paper on the weapons and military character of the race of the mounds, and subsequent volumes have had other papers of an archæological nature; but they have formed a small part of its contributions. Its Proceedings have of late years contained some of the best studies of palæolithic man. The American Ethnological Society, founded by Gallatin (New York), began its exclusive work in a series of Transactions (1845-53, vols. i., ii., and one number of vol. iii.), but it was not of long continuance, though it embraced among its contributors the conspicuous names of Gallatin, Schoolcraft, Catherwood, Squier, Rafn, S. G. Morton, J. R. Bartlett, and others. Its Bulletin was not continued beyond a single volume (1860-61). The society was suspended in 1871.

The American Association for the Advancement of Science began its publications with the Proceedings of its Philadelphia meeting in 1848. Questions of archæology formed, however, but a small portion of its inquiries till the formation of a section on Anthropology a few years ago.

The American Geographical Society has published a Bulletin (1852-56); Journal (or Transactions) (1859), etc., and Proceedings (1862-64). Some of the papers have been of archæological interest.

The Anthropological Institute of New York printed its transactions in a Journal (one vol. only, 1872-73).

The Archæological Institute of America was founded in Boston in 1879, and has given the larger part of its interest to classical archæology. The first report of its executive committee said respecting the field in the new world: “The study of American archæology relates, indeed, to the monuments of a race that never attained to a high degree of civilization, and that has left no trustworthy records of continuous history.... From what it was and what it did, nothing is to be learned that has any direct bearing on the progress of civilization. Such interest as attaches to it is that which it possesses in common with other early and undeveloped races of mankind.” Appended to this report was Lewis H. Morgan’s “Houses of the American Aborigines, with suggestions for the exploration of the ruins in New Mexico,” etc.,—advancing his well-known views of the communal origin of the southern ruins. Under the auspices of the Institute, Mr. A. F. Bandelier, a disciple of Morgan, was sent to New Mexico for the study of the Pueblos, and his experiences are described in the second Report of the Institute. In their third Report (1882) the committee of the Institute say: “The vast work of American archæology and anthropology is only begun.... Other nations, with more or less of success, are trying to do our work on our soil. It is time that Americans bestir themselves in earnest upon a field which it would be a shame to abandon to the foreigner.” Still under the pay of the Institute, Mr. Bandelier, in 1881, devoted his studies to the remains at Mexico, Cholula, Mitla, and the ancient life of those regions. At the same time, Aymé, then American consul at Merida, was commissioned to explore certain regions of Yucatan, but the results were not fortunate.

The Institute began in 1881 the publication of an American Series of its Papers, the first number of which embodied Bandelier’s studies of the Pueblos, and the second covered his Mexican researches. In 1885 the American Journal of Archæology was started at Baltimore as the official organ of the Institute, and occasional papers on American subjects have been given in its pages. The editors were called upon to define more particularly their relations to archæology in America in the number for Sept., 1888. In this they say: “The archæology of America is busied with the life and work of a race or races of men in an inchoate, rudimentary, and unformed condition, who never raised themselves, even at their highest point, as in Mexico and Peru, above a low stage of civilization, and never showed the capacity of steadily progressive development.... These facts limit and lower the interest which attaches ... to crude and imperfect human life.... A comparison of their modes of life and thought with those of other races in a similar stage of development in other parts of the world, in ancient and modern times, is full of interest as exhibiting the close similarity of primitive man in all regions, resulting from the sameness of his first needs, in his early struggle for existence.” The editors rest their reasons for giving prominence to classical archæology upon the necessity of affording by such complemental studies the means of comparison in archæological results, which can but advance to a higher plane the methods and inductions of the prehistoric archæology of America.

The American Folk-Lore Society was founded in Jan., 1888, and The Journal of American Folk-Lore was immediately begun. A large share of its papers is likely to cover the popular tales of the American aborigines.

The Anthropological Society of Washington is favorably situated to avail itself of the museums and apparatus of the American government, and members of the Geological Survey and Ethnological Bureau have been among the chief contributors to its Transactions, which in January, 1888, were merged in a more general publication, The American Anthropologist. A National Geographic Society was organized in Washington in 1888.

There are numerous local societies throughout the United States whose purpose, more or less, is to cover questions of archæological import. Those that existed prior to 1876 are enumerated in Scudder’s Catalogue of Scientific Serials; but it was not easy always to draw the line between historical associations and those verging upon archæological methods.

The oldest of the scientific periodicals in the United States to devote space to questions of anthropology is Silliman’s American Journal of Science and Arts (1818, etc.). The American Naturalist, founded in 1867, also entered the field of archæology and anthropology. The same may be said in some degree of the Popular Science Monthly (1877, etc.), Science (1883), and the Kansas City Review. The chief repository of such contributions, however, since 1878, has been The American Antiquarian (Chicago), edited by Stephen D. Peet. Its papers are, unluckily, of very uneven value.

The best organized work has been done in the United States by the Peabody Museum of American Archæology and Ethnology, in Cambridge, Mass., and by certain departments of the Federal government at Washington.

The Peabody Museum resulted from a gift of George Peabody, an American banker living in London, who instituted it in 1866 as a part of Harvard University. It was fortunate in its first curator, Dr. Jeffries Wyman, who brought unusual powers of comprehensive scrutiny to its work. He died in 1874, and was succeeded by one of his and of Agassiz’s pupils, Frederick W. Putnam, who was also placed in the chair of archæology in the university in 1886. The Reports, now twenty-two in number, and the new series of Special Papers are among the best records of progress in archæological science.

The creation of the Smithsonian Institution in 1846, under the bequest of an Englishman, James Smithson, and the devotion of a sum of about $31,000 a year at that time arising from that gift, first put the government of the United States in a position “to increase and diffuse knowledge among men.”

The second Report of the Regents in 1848 contains approvals of a manuscript by E. G. Squier and E. H. Davis, which had been offered to the Institution for publication, and which had been commended by Albert Gallatin, Edward Robinson, John Russell Bartlett, W. W. Turner, S. G. Morton, and George P. Marsh. Thus an important archæological treatise, The Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, comprising the results of extensive original surveys and explorations (Washington, 1848), became the first of the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. The subsequent volumes of the series have contained other important treatises in similar fields. Foremost among them may be named those of Squier on the Aboriginal Monuments of New York (vol. ii., 1851); Col. Whittlesey on The Ancient Works in Ohio (vol. iii., 1852); S. R. Riggs’ Dakota Grammar and Dictionary (vol. iv., 1852); I. A. Lapham’s Antiquities of Wisconsin (vol. vii., 1855); S. F. Haven’s Archæology of the United States (vol. viii., 1856); Brantz Mayer’s Mexican History and Archæology (vol. ix., 1857); Whittlesey on Ancient Mining on Lake Superior (vol. xiii., 1863); Morgan’s Systems of Consanguinity of the human family (vol. xvii., 1871);—not to name lesser papers. To supplement this quarto series, another in octavo was begun in 1862, called Miscellaneous Collections; and in this form there have appeared J. M. Stanley’s Catalogue of portraits of No. Amer. Indians (vol. ii., 1862); a Catalogue of photographic portraits of the No. Amer. Indians (vol. xiv., 1878).

Of much more interest to the anthropologist has been the series of Annual Reports with their appended papers,—such as Squier on The Antiquities of Nicaragua (1851); W. W. Turner on Indian Philology (1852); S. S. Lyon on Antiquities from Kentucky (1858), and many others.

The sections of correspondence and minor papers in these reports soon began to include communications about the development of archæological research in various localities. They began to be more orderly arranged under the sub-heading of Ethnology in the Report for 1867, and this heading was changed to Anthropology in the Report for 1879. Charles Rau (d. 1887) had been a leading contributor in this department, and no. 440 of the Smithsonian publications was made up of his Articles on Anthropological Subjects, contributed from 1863 to 1877 (Washington, 1882). No. 421 is Geo. H. Boehmer’s Index to Anthropological Articles in the publications of the Smithsonian Institution (Washington, 1881). Among the later papers those of O. T. Mason of the Anthropological Department of the National Museum are conspicuous.

The last series is the Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology, placed by Congress in the charge of the Smithsonian. The Reports of the American Historical Association will soon be begun under the same auspices.

Major J. W. Powell, the director of the Bureau of Ethnology, said that its purpose was “to organize anthropologic research in America.” It published its first report in 1881, and this and the later reports have had for contents, beside the summary of work constituting the formal report, the following papers:—

Vol. i.: J. W. Powell. The evolution of language.—Sketch of the mythology of the North American Indians.—Wyandot government.—On limitations to the use of some anthropologic data.—H. C. Yarrow. A further contribution to the study of mortuary customs among the North American Indians.—E. S. Holden. Studies in Central American picture-writing.—C. C. Royce. Cessions of land by Indian tribes to the United States: illustrated by those in Indiana.—G. Mallery. Sign language among North American Indians compared with that among other peoples and deaf-mutes.—J. C. Pilling. Catalogue of linguistic manuscripts in the library.—Illustration of the method of recording Indian languages. From the manuscripts of J. O. Dorsey, A. S. Gatschet, and S. R. Riggs.

Vol. ii.: F. H. Cushing. Zuñi fetiches.—Mrs. E. A. Smith. Myths of the Iroquois.—H. W. Henshaw. Animal carvings from mounds of the Mississippi Valley.—W. Matthews. Navajo silversmiths.—W. H. Holmes. Art in shell of the ancient Americans.—J. Stevenson. Illustrated catalogue of the collections obtained from the Indians of New Mexico and Arizona in 1879;—Illustrated catalogue of the collections obtained from the Indians of New Mexico in 1880.

Vol. iii.: Cyrus Thomas. Notes on certain Maya and Mexican manuscripts.—W. (C.) H. Dall On masks, labrets, and certain aboriginal customs, with an inquiry into the bearing of their geographical distribution.—J. O. Dorsey. Omaha sociology.—Washington Matthews. Navajo weavers.—W. H. Holmes. Prehistoric textile fabrics of the United States, derived from impressions on pottery;—Illustrated catalogue of a portion of the collections made by the Bureau of Ethnology during the field season of 1881.—James Stevenson. Illustrated catalogue of the collections obtained from the Pueblos of Zuñi, New Mexico, and Wolpi, Arizona, in 1881.

Vol. iv.: Garrick Mallery. Pictographs of the North American Indians.—W. H. Holmes. Pottery of the ancient Pueblos;—Ancient pottery of the Mississippi Valley;—Origin and development of form and ornament in ceramic art.—F. H. Cushing.. A study of Pueblo pottery as illustrative of Zuñi culture growth.

Vol. v.: Cyrus Thomas. Burial mounds of the northern sections of the United States.—C. C. Royce. The Cherokee nation of Indians.—Washington Matthews. The Mountain Chant: a Navajo ceremony.—Clay MacCauley. The Seminole Indians of Florida.—Mrs. Tilly E. Stevenson. The religious life of the Zuñi child.

What is known as the United States National Museum is also in charge of the Smithsonian Institution, and here are deposited the objects of archæological and historical interest secured by the government explorations and by other means. The linguistic material is kept in the Bureau of Ethnology. The skulls and physiological material, illustrative of prehistoric times, are deposited in the Army Medical Museum, under the Surgeon-General’s charge.

Major Powell, while in charge of the Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region, had earlier prepared five volumes of Contributions to Ethnology, all but the second of which have been published. The first volume (1877) contained W. H. Dall’s “Tribes of the Extreme Northwest” and George Gibbs’ “Tribes of Western Washington and Northwestern Oregon.” The third (1877): Stephen Powers’ “Tribes of California.” The fourth (1881): Lewis H. Morgan’s “Houses and house life of the American Aborigines.” The fifth (1882): Charles Rau’s “Lapidarian sculpture of the Old World and in America,” Robert Fletcher’s “Prehistoric trephining and cranial Amulets,” and Cyrus Thomas on the Troano Manuscript, with an introduction by D. G. Brinton.

Among the Reports of the geographical and geological explorations and surveys west of the 100th meridian conducted by Capt. Geo. M. Wheeler, the seventh volume, Report on Archæological and Ethnological Collections from the vicinity of Santa Barbara, California, and from ruined pueblos of Arizona and New Mexico and certain Interior Tribes (Washington, 1879), was edited by F. W. Putnam, and contains papers on the ethnology of Southern California, wood and stone implements, sculptures, musical instruments, beads, etc.; the Pueblos of New Mexico, their inhabitants, architecture, customs, cliff houses and other ruins, skeletons, etc.; with an Appendix on Linguistics, containing forty Vocabularies of Pueblo and other Western Indian Languages and their classification into seven families.

The Reports of the Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, under the charge of F. V. Hayden, brought to us in those of 1874-76 the knowledge of the cliff-dwellers, and they contain among the miscellaneous publications such papers as W. Matthews’ Ethnography and Philology of the Hidatsa Indians and W. H. Jackson’s Descriptive Catalogue of photographs of No. Amer. Indians.

There are other governmental documents to be noted: The Exploration of the Red River of Louisiana in 1852, by R. B. Marcy and G. B. McClellan (Washington, 1854), contains a vocabulary of the Comanches and Witchitas, with some general remarks by W. W. Turner. There is help to be derived from the geographical details, and from something on ethnology, in the Reports of Explorations and Surveys for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean (Washington, 1856-60, in 12 vols.); in W. H. Emory’s Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey (Washington, 1857-58, in 2 vols.); J. H. Simpson’s Report of Explorations across the great basin of the territory of Utah in 1859 (Washington, 1876); J. N. Macomb’s Report of the Exploring Expedition from Santa Fé to the Junction of the Grand and Green Rivers of the Great Colorado of the West in 1859 (Washington, 1876).

There were also published, under the auspices of the government, the conglomerate and very unequal work of Henry R. Schoolcraft, Historical and Statistical Information respecting the history, conditions, and prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States, collected and prepared under the direction of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (Philad., 1851-57, in 6 vols., with a trade edition of the same date). An act of Congress (March 3, 1847) authorized its publication. As reissued it is called Archives of aboriginal knowledge, containing original papers laid before Congress, respecting the Indian tribes of the United States (Philadelphia, 1860, ’68, 6 vols.). It has the following divisions: General history.—Manners and customs.—Antiquities.—Geography.—Tribal organization, etc.—Intellectual capacity.—Topical history.—Physical type.—Language.—Art.—Religion and mythology.—Demonology, magic, etc.—Medical knowledge.—Condition and prospects.—Statistics and population.—Biography.—Literature.—Post-Columbian history.—Economy and statistics. An edition of vols. 1-5 (1856) is called Ethnological researches respecting the Red Men of America, Information respecting the history, etc. The sixth volume is in effect a summary of the preceding five.

At a recent meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a committee was charged with preparing a memorial to Congress, urging action to insure the preservation of certain national monuments. There is a summary of their report in Science, xii. p. 101.

Of all European countries, the most has been done in France, by way of periodical system and corporate organizations, to advance the study of American anthropology, ethnology, and archæology. The Annales des voyages, de la géographie et de l’histoire, traduits de toutes les langues Européennes; des relations originales, inédites, the publication of which was begun by Malte-Brun in 1808 and continued to 1814, and the Nouvelles Annales des Voyages, begun in 1819 and continued with a slightly varying title till 1870, are sources occasionally of much importance. At a later day, Edouard Lartet and others have used the Annales des Sciences Naturelles as a medium for their publications. We hardly trace here, however, any corporate movement before the institution of the Société de Géographie de Paris in 1820. In 1824 it issued the first volume of its Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires, which reached seven volumes in 1864, and had included (vol. ii.) an account of Palenqué and the researches of Warden on the antiquities of the United States. Since this society began the issue of its Bulletin in 1827, it has occasionally given assistance in the study of American archæology.

The earliest distinctive periodical on the subject was the Revue Américaine, of which, in 1826-27, three volumes, in monthly parts, were published in Paris. In 1857 a movement was inaugurated which engaged first and last the coöperation of some eminent scholars in these studies, like Aubin, Buschmann, V. A. Malte-Brun, Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg, Jomard, Alphonse Pinart, Cortambert, Léon de Rosny, Waldeck, Abbé Domenech, Charencey, etc. The active movers were first known as the Comité d’Archéologie Américaine, and they issued an Annuaire (1863-67) and one volume, at least, of Actes (1865), as well as a collection of Mémoires sur l’archéologie Américaine (1865). This organization soon became known as the Société Américaine de France, and under the auspices of this name there has been a series of publications of varying designation. Its Annuaire began in 1868, and has been continued. The general name of Archives de la Société Américaine de France covers its other publications, which more or less coincide with the Revue Orientale et Américaine par Léon de Rosny, the first series of which appeared in Paris in 10 vols., in 1859-65, followed by a second, the first volume of which (vol. xi. of the whole) is called Revue Américaine, publié sous les auspices de la Société d’Ethnographie et du Comité d’Archéologie Américaine, and is at the same time the fourth volume of the Actes de la Société d’Ethnographie Américaine et Orientale. The whole series is sometimes cited as the Mémoires de la Société d’Ethnographie. The series, already referred to, of the Archives de la Soc. Amér. de France is made up thus: Première série: vol. i., Revue Orientale et Américaine; ii., Revue Américaine; iii. and iv., Revue Orientale et Américaine. The nouvelle série has no sub-titles, and the three volumes bear date 1875, 1876, 1884.

The student of comparative anthropology will resort to the Materiaux pour l’histoire positive et philosophique (later primitive et naturelle) de l’homme, the publication of which was begun at Paris in 1864 by Gabriel de Mortillet, and has been continued by Trutot, Cartailhac, Chautre, and others. This publication has contained abstracts of the proceedings of an annual gathering in Paris, whose Comptes rendu have been printed at length as of the Congrès international d’anthropologie et d’archéologie préhistoriques (1865, etc.).

Léon de Rosny published but a single volume of a projected series, Archives paléographiques de l’Orient et de l’Amérique (Paris, 1870-71), which contains some papers on Mexican picture-writing. Rosny and others, who had been active in the movement begun by the Comité d’Archéologie Américaine, were now instrumental in organizing the periodical gathering in different cities of Europe, which is known as the Congrès international des Américanistes. The first session was held at Nancy in 1875, and its Compte Rendu was published in two volumes (Nancy and Paris, 1876). The second meeting was at Luxembourg in 1877 (Compte Rendu, Paris, 1878, in 2 vols.); the third at Brussels in 1879 (Compte Rendu); the fourth at Madrid in 1881 (Congreso internacional de Américanistas. Cuarta reunion, Madrid, 1881); the fifth at Copenhagen (Compte Rendu, Copenhagen, 1884); and others at Chalons-sur-Marne, Turin, and Berlin. The papers are printed in the language in which they were read.

The Mémoires de la Société d’Ethnographie (founded in 1859) began to appear in 1881, and its third volume (1882) is entitled Les Documents écrits de l’Antiquité Américaine, compte rendu d’une mission scientifique en Espagne et en Portugal, par Léon de Rosny, avec une carte et 10 planches. The fourth volume is P. de Lucy-Fossarieu’s Ethnographie de l’Amérique Antarctique (Paris, 1884). In the second volume of a new series there is an account by V. Devaux of the work in American ethnology done by Lucien de Rosny as a preface to a posthumous work of Lucien de Rosny, Les Antilles, étude d’Ethnographie et d’Archéologique Américaines (Paris, 1886).

Latterly there has been a consolidation of interests among kindred societies under the name of Institution Ethnographique, whose initial Rapport annuel sur les récompenses et encouragements décernés en 1883 was published at Paris in 1883. This society now comprises the Société d’Ethnographie, Société Américaine de France, Athénée Oriental, and Société des Etudes Japonaises.

In England, organized efforts for the record of knowledge began with the creation of the Royal Society, though certain sporadic attempts had earlier been known. America was represented among its founders in the younger John Winthrop, and Cotton Mather was a contributor to its transactions, and there has occasionally been a paper in its publications of interest to American archæologists. The Society of Antiquaries began to print its Archæologia in 1779 and its Proceedings in 1848, and the American student finds some valuable papers in them. The British Association for the Advancement of Science began its Reports with the meeting of 1831, and it has had among its divisions a section of anthropology. In 1830 the Royal Geographical Society began its Journal with a preliminary issue (1830-31, in 2 vols.), though its regular series first came out in 1832. Its Proceedings appeared in 1855, and both publications are a conspicuous source in many ways relating to early American history. Closely connected with its interest has been the publication begun under the editing of C. R. Markham, and called successively Ocean Highways (1869-73, vol. i.-v.), with an added title of Geographical Review (1873-74), and lastly as The Geographical Magazine (vol. i.-iii., 1874-76).

The Ethnological Society published four volumes of a Journal between 1844 and 1856, and resuming published two more volumes in 1869-70. Its contents are mainly of interest in comparative study, though there are a few American papers, like D. Forbes’s on the Aymara Indians of Peru. This society’s Transactions was issued in two volumes, 1859-60; and again in seven volumes, 1861-69.

Meanwhile, some gentlemen, not content with the restricted field of the Ethnological Society, founded in London an Anthropological Society, which began the publication of Memoirs (1863-69, in 3 vols.); and in this publication Bollaert issued his papers on the population of the new world, on the astronomy of the red man, on American paleography, on Maya hieroglyphics, on the anthropology of the new world, on Peruvian graphic records,—not to name other papers by different writers. The Transactions and Journal of the society, as well as the Popular Magazine of Anthropology (1866), made part in one form or another of the Anthropological Review, begun in 1863, and discontinued in 1870, when the Journal of Anthropology succeeded, but ceased the next year. The Proceedings of the society make one volume, 1873-75, under the title of Anthropologia, and the society also maintained a series of translations of foreign treatises, the first of which was Theodor Waitz’s Introduction to Anthropology, ed. from the German by J. F. Collingwood (1863); and this was followed by a version by James Hunt, the president of the society, of Professor Carl Vogt’s Lectures on Man, his place in Creation and in the history of the Earth (1864), and by other works of Broca, Pouchet, Blumenbach, etc.

What is known as the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland united some of these separate endeavors and began its Journal in 1871. The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society has also at times been the channel by which some of the leading anthropologists have published their views, and a few papers of archæological import have been given in the Transactions (1884, etc.) of the Royal Historical Society. Professedly broader relations belong to the Transactions (Comptes rendus) of the International Congress of prehistoric (anthropology and) archæology, which began its sessions in 1866. The latest summary is the Archæological Review, a journal of historic and prehistoric antiquities, edited by G. L. Gomme, of which the first number appeared in March, 1888, which has for a main feature a bibliographical record of past and current archæological literature.

It is, however, in the volumes of the Hakluyt Society’s publications, beginning in 1847, in the annotated reprint of the early writers on American nations and on the European contact with them, that the most signal service has been done in England to the study of the early history of the new world. They are often referred to in the present History.

In Germany a Magazin für die Naturgeschichte des Menschen was published at Zittau as early as 1788-1791.

Wagner published at Vienna, in 1794-96, two volumes of Beiträge zur philosophischen Anthropologie; and Heynig’s Psychologisches (zugleich Anthropologisches) Magazin was published at Altenburg in 1796-97.

The Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaft began its Abhandlungen in 1804, but it was not till long after that date that Buschmann and others used it as a channel of their views.

Vertuch’s Archiv für Ethnographie und Linguistik (Weimar, 1807) only reached a single number.

The Zeitschrift für physische Aerzte, which was published by Nasse, at Leipzig, 1818-22, was succeeded by the Zeitschrift für die Anthropologie (Leipzig, 1823-24), and this was followed by a single volume, Jahrbücher für Anthropologie (Leipzig, 1830).

Bran’s Ethnographisches Archiv was published at Jena from 1818 to 1829.

It was not till after 1860 that the new interest began to manifest itself, though Fechner’s Centralblatt für Naturwissenschaften und Anthropologie was published at Leipzig in 1853-54.

Ecker’s Archiv für Anthropologie was published at Braunschweig in 1866-68, which came in 1870 under the direction of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte, which also began a Correspondenzblatt in 1870, and a series, Allgemeine Versammlung, in 1873. This is the most important of the German societies.

Bastian’s Zeitschrift für Ethnologie was begun at Berlin in 1869, and later added a Supplement.

The Anthropologische Gesellschaft of Vienna began its Mittheilungen in 1870; and in 1887 the Prähistorische Commission of the Kais. Akad. der Wissenschaften at Vienna printed the first number of its Mittheilungen.

The Verein für Anthropologie in Leipzig published but a single number of a Bericht in 1871.

The Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte continued its Verhandlungen for 1871-72 only; and the Göttinger Anthropologischer Verein made but a bare beginning (1874) of its Mittheilungen.

The Bericht of the Museum für Völkerkunde was begun in Leipzig in 1874.

The Münchener Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte began the publication of Beiträge in 1876.

In all these publications there have been papers interesting to American archæologists, if only in a comparative way, and at times American subjects have been frequent, especially in later years. The publications of zoölogical and geographical societies have in some respects been at times of equal interest, but it has not been thought worth while to enumerate them.

The Königliche Museum at Berlin has a considerable collection of American antiquities, which has been fostered by Humboldt and others, and the ethnological department has made some important publications like those relating to Amerika’s Nordwestküste.

Waitz in his Anthropologie der Naturvölker (vol. iii.; Die Amerikaner, Th. i., Leipzig, 1862) has enumerated the literature of American anthropology upon which he depended.

The interest in most of the other European countries is more remotely American. The Museum of Ethnography at St. Petersburg is not without some objects of interest.

In Sweden the Antropologiska Sällskapet of Stockholm began a Tidsskrift in 1875; but it affords little assistance to the Americanist except in comparative study.

The student will find some suggestions in a little tract by J. J. A. Worsaae, De l’organisation des musées historico-archéologiques dans le Nord et ailleurs. Traduit par E. Beauvois (Copenhagen, 1885), which is extracted from the Mémoires de la société royale des antiquaires de Nord, 1885.

There has begun recently in Leyden an Internationales Archiv für Ethnographie. Herausg. von Krist. Bahnson, Guido Cora [etc.] (Leiden, 1888).

In Italy the Archivio per l’Antropologia et la Etnologia was begun at Florence in 1871, and was later made the organ of the Società Italiana di Antropologia di Etnologia. There is an occasional paper in the Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana, published at Rome.

In Spain the Sociedad Antropológica Española began at Madrid the publication of its Revista de Antropologia in 1875.

The session of the Congrès des Américanistes at Madrid in 1881 gave a new life in Spain to the study of American archæology and history, and out of this impulse there was begun a Biblioteca de los Americanistas, publícala D. Justo Zaragoza; Editor D. Luis Navarro; and the series has been begun with the Recordacion florida, discurso del reino de Guatemala, an hitherto unpublished work (1690) of Francisco Antonio de Fuentes y Guzmán, edited by Justo Zaragoza; and with the Historia de Venezuela, being a third edition of the work of José de Oviedo y Baños, edited by C. F. Duro.

The Museo Nacional in Mexico has grown to have a proper importance, since the Mexican government has prevented the further exportation of archæological relics. It was founded in 1824 by Fathers Icaza and Gondra, but it owes its creation largely to the skill of Professor Gumesindo Mendoza, its curator, by whose death it lost much. There is a tendency to draw to it other collections. There was a beginning made to publish illustrations of the relics in the museum sixty years ago, but it came to little, and it was not until recently the publication of Anales del Museo Nacional de Méjico was begun that there seemed to be a proper effort made. The periodicals Revista Mexicana (1835), and Museo Mexicano (1843-45) have done something to illustrate the subject,—not to name others of less importance. The principal periodical source farther south, the Registro Yucatéco, only ran to four volumes, published at Merida in 1845-46.

The most conspicuous archæological repository in South America is that of the National Museum at Rio de Janeiro, whose published Mémoires contain important contributions to Brazilian Archæology.

⁂ The editor must be understood as approaching the purely archæological side of the study of Aboriginal America, as a student of the literature pertaining to it, rather than as a critic of phenomena. He has not proceeded even in this course without consultation with Professors Putnam, Haynes, and Brinton, with Mr. Lucien Carr and with Señor Icazbalceta.