Glossary & Index

The Pronunciation of Chinese Words

During the course of Chinese history the restriction of intercourse due to mountain-chains or other natural obstacles between various tribes or divisions of the Chinese people led to the birth of a number of families of languages, which again became the parents of numerous local dialects. These dialects have in most cases restricted ranges, so that that of one district may be partially or wholly unintelligible to the natives of another situated at a distance of only a hundred miles or less.

The Court or Government language is that spoken in Peking and the metropolitan district, and is the language of official communication throughout the country. Though neither the oldest nor the purest Chinese dialect, it seems destined more than any other to come into universal use in China. The natives of each province or district will of course continue to speak to each other in their own particular dialect, and foreign missionaries or merchants, for example, whose special duties or transactions are connected with special districts will naturally learn and use the dialects of those districts; but as a means of intercommunication generally between natives of different provinces, or between natives and foreigners, the Court language seems likely to continue in use and to spread more and more over the whole country. It is to this that the following remarks apply.

The essentials of correct pronunciation of Chinese are accuracy of sound, tone, and rhythm.

Sound

Vowels and Diphthongs

a as in father.

ai as in Italian amái.

ao. Italian ao in Aosta: sometimes á-oo, the au in cauto.

e in eh, en, as in yet, lens.

ei. Nearly ey in grey, but more as in Italian lei, contei.

ê. The vowel-sound in lurk.

êi. The foregoing ê followed enclitically by y. Money without the n = mêi.

êrh. The urr in purr.

i. As a single or final syllable the vowel-sound in ease, tree; in ih, in, ing, as in chick, thing.

ia generally as in the Italian Maria.

iai. The iai in the Italian vecchiaia.

iao as in ia and ao, with the terminal peculiarity of the latter.

ie as in the Italian siesta.

io. The French io in pioche.

iu as a final, longer than the English ew. In liu, niu, almost leyew, neyew. In chiung, hsiung, iung, is eeyong (ō in roll).

o. Between vowel-sound in awe and that in roll.

ou. Really êō; ou in round.

ü. The vowel-sound in the French tu, eût.

üa. Only in üan, which in some tones is üen. The ū as above; the an as in antic.

üe. The vowel-sounds in the French tu es.

üo. A disputed sound, used, if at all, interchangeably with io in certain syllables.

u. The oo in too; in un and ung as in the Italian punto.

ua. Nearly ooa, in many instances contracting to wa.

uai as in the Italian guai.

uei. The vowel-sounds in the French jouer.

uê. Only in final uên = ú-ŭn; frequently wên or wun.

ui. The vowel-sounds in screwy; in some tones uei.

uo. The Italian uo in fuori; often wo, and at times nearly ŏō.

ŭ. Between the i in bit and the u in shut.

Consonants

ch as in chair; but before ih softened to dj.

ch’. A strong breathing. Much-harm without the italicized letters = ch’a.

f as in farm.

h as ch in Scotch loch.

hs. A slight aspirate preceding and modifying the sibilant, which is, however, the stronger of the two consonants; e.g. hsing = hissing without the first i,

j. Nearly the French j in jaune; the English s in fusion.

k. c in car, k in king; but when following other sounds often softened to g in go, gate.

k’. The aspirate as in ch’. Kick-hard without the italicized letters = k’a; and kick-her == k’ê.

l as in English.

m as in English.

n as in English.

ng. The italicized letters in the French mon galant = nga; mon gaillard = ngai; son gosier = ngo.

p as in English.

p’ The Irish pronunciation of party, parliament. Slap-hard without the italicized letters = p’a.

s as in English.

sh as in English.

ss. Only in ssŭ. The object of employing ss is to fix attention on the peculiar vowel-sound ŭ (see above).

t as in English.

t’ The Irish t in torment. Hit-hard without the italicized letters = t’a.

ts as in jetsam; after another word softened to ds in gladsome.

ts’. The aspirate intervening, as in ch’, etc. Bets-hard without the italicized letters = ts’a.

tz. Employed to mark the peculiarity of the final ŭ; hardly of greater power than ts.

tz’ like ts’. This, tz, and ss used only before ŭ.

w as in English; but very faint, or even non-existent, before ü.

y as in English; but very faint before i or ü.

Tone

The correct pronunciation of the sound (yin) is not sufficient to make a Chinese spoken word intelligible. Unless the tone (shêng), or musical note, is simultaneously correctly given, either the wrong meaning or no meaning at all will be conveyed. The tone is the key in which the voice is pitched. Accent is a ‘song added to,’ and tone is emphasized accent. The number of these tones differs in the different dialects. In Pekingese there are now four. They are best indicated in transliteration by numbers added to the sound, thus:

pa (1) pa (2) pa (3) pa (4)

To say, for example, pa (3) instead of pa (1) would be as great a mistake as to say ‘grasp’ instead of ‘trumpet.’ Correctness of tone cannot be learnt except by oral instruction.

Rhythm

What tone is to the individual sound rhythm is to the sentence. This also, together with proper appreciation of the mutual modifications of tone and rhythm, can be correctly acquired only by oral instruction.

A

A Zie. In Miao legend of the creation, –

Absolute. Of Lieh Tzŭ, –

Accessory Institutions, –; education, –

Address, Forms of,

Administration. General, sq.; in Feudal Period, –; in Monarchical Period, ; in Republican Period,

Æsthetic Products,

Age for Marriage,

Agents. The Three, ; the Three Great Emperor Agents, ; the Three Supreme Agents,

Agnosticism. Confucius and, –

Agriculture, sq.; Ministry of,

Agriculturists. Nung; the second class of the people,

Air. Sovereign of the Eastern, –; sovereign of the Western,

Akkadia. Supposed origin of the Chinese in, , ,

All Souls’ Day. Festival of (Mid-autumn Festival), , –

Alligator, The Spiritual, –

Amita, Amida. O-mi-t’o Fo; Buddha, ,

Amitabha. See Amita

An-kung. God of Sailors,

Ancestor-worship. The origin of Chinese religion, ; by rulers, ; ordinary, ; and Buddhism,

Ao. A sea-monster; raises the scholar K’uei on its back,

Ao Ch’in. A Dragon-king; and the Eight Immortals, sq.

Ao Ping. Third son of Lung Wang, –

Aquila. Star; legend regarding Vega and, sq.

Archer, The Divine, sq.

Armless People. Legend of the,

Artisans. Kung; the third class of the people,

Arts,

Astrological Superstitions,

Asuras. Buddhist demons; enemies of Dêvas,

August. The Pure August One; Yü Huang,

B

Barge of Mercy, Taoist,

Beards. Little worn,

Beginning. Of Form, ; of Pneuma, ; the Great, ; of Substance,

Bell, Casting of the Great. Legend of, sq.

Bezoar. See Niu Huang

Bible. Parallelisms of, with Chinese religious and mythological beliefs, n.

“Biographies of the Gods.” Shên hsien chuan, by Ko Hung,

Bird. Of Dawn, –; the one-legged,

Birth of the Soul,

Blackwater River, Demons of. In the Hsi yu chi,

Blank, The Great,

Blower. See Ch’ên Ch’i

Blue Dragon. Ch’ing Lung; spirit of the Blue Dragon Star; guardian of Taoist temple gates, sq.

Blue River. Hsüan Chuang exposed in, as an infant,

“Book of Ceremonial.” Li chi,

“Book of History,”

Brothers, The Three Musical,

Buddha. Ju Lai, ; and the Law and the Priesthood, ; Tathagata, ; Fo Pao, one of the San Pao, ; Shâkyamuni, ; Yüeh-shih Fo, the Master-Physician, ; Miao Shan (Kuan Yin) becomes a, ; his jumping competition with Sun Hou-tzŭ, –

Buddhism. As a Chinese religion, ; effect on mythology, –; one of the three religions, ; brought to China, ; Mahayanistic form of, ; origin in ancestor-worship, ; and Taoism, ; and Confucianism, ; Buddha, the Law, and the Priesthood,

Buddhist-s. Account of P’an Ku, ; guardians of temple gates, ; evil dragons, ; number of dragons, ; saviour of the Buddhists in Slow-carts Country, sq.

Buffalo. Of T’ung-t’ien Chiao-chu, –

Burial, Methods of, sq.

Bushel Mother. See Tou Mu

Butterfly. Chuang Tzŭ and the, and n., –

C

“Canon of Changes.” See I Ching

Capture, Marriage By,

Carp. Ch’ên Kuang-jui and the released, , –

Cart, Land of the Flying,

Cask of Pearls. Wang Tan and the, –

Cause-s. First, Yüan-shih T’ien-tsun, ; Superior, Medium, and Inferior, ; the Three, sq.

Celestial Ministries, –,

Cemeteries, Chinese,

Ceremonial Institutions. Changes in marriage ceremonial, –; exacting nature of funeral rites, ; codes of ceremonial,

Ch’an-yü. Daughter of Têng Chiu-kung; helps her father, ; marries T’u Hsing-sun,

Chang Fei. Chang I Tê, the meat-seller; and Kuan Yü, sq.

Chang Hsien. The patron of child-bearing women, sq.; shoots the Heavenly Dog, –; spirit of the star Chang, –; origin of worship of,

Chang I Tê. See Chang Fei

Chang Kuei-fang. Defeated by No-cha, –

Chang Kuo. One of the Eight Immortals, , ; legend of, –

Chang Lao. The old priest who rescued the infant son of Ch’ên Kuang-jui, –

Ch’ang Ô, or Hêng Ô. Called T’ai-yin Huang-chün and Yüeh-fu Ch’ang Ô; the younger sister of the Spirit of the Waters, sq.; Shên I marries, ; eats pill of immortality, –; flies to the moon, ; and the white rabbit, ; changed to a toad, ,

Chang Shao. His fight with Nan-chi Hsien-wêng, –; defeated by White Crane Youth,

Chang Tao-ling. The first Taiost pope, sq.; finds ancient writings, –; founder of modern Taoism, ; and pills of immortality, , ; and talismans, ; a ‘rice-thief,’ ; his disciple, Wang Ch’ang, , , ; Chao Shêng plucks the peaches for, –; the Heavenly Teacher, ; Vicegerent of Pearly Emperor, ; Commander-in-Chief of the hosts of Taoism, ; his descendants, ; and the dragon, –; and the Spirits of the Well, –; and the hunter,

Chang T’ien-shih. Master of the Taoists; Emperor Li Shih-min and, sq.; causes death of the five graduates, ; gives magic objects to graduates,

Chang Ya. The God of Tzŭ T’ung sq.

Change, The Great,

“Changes, The Canon of.” See I Ching

Chao Chên. Minister to Miao Chuang, , , , –, ; becomes Emperor,

Chao K’uei. Marries Miao Ch’ing, ; conspires against Miao Chuang, sq.

Chao Kung-ming. See Ts’ai Shên

Chao Shêng. Plucks the peaches, –

Ch’ao Tu. A watchman; Li T’ieh-kuai and,

Chao Yen. His connexion with Shou Hsing,

Chaos. Evolution of, and i tu, –

Characteristics. Emotional, intellectual, and physical, of the Chinese, –

Charms. Use of, prevalent,

Ch’ê. And the fox, sq.

Ch’ên. The Officials; the first class of the people,

Ch’ên. A Buddhist nun; collects subscriptions for casting an image of Buddha; and the maniac’s mite, –

Chên, Mr. A fox; and Chia Tzŭ-lung, sq.

Ch’ên Kuang-jui. A graduate of Hai Chou, ; appointed Governor of Chiang Chou, ; and the released carp, , –; murder of, by Liu Hung, ; his infant son exposed on the Blue River, ; his murderer executed, ; saved by Lung Wang, –; is reunited with his family, . See also Hsüan Chuang

Ch’ên Ch’i, or Ha. The Blower, ; his battle with the Snorter, –; speared by Huang Fei-hu, ; canonized, ; appointed guardian of Buddhist temple gates, ; overthrows Têng Chiu-kung,

Chên-jên. The Perfect Man, or Hero, , –

Chên-shui T’a. See Yü Ch’üan Shan T’a

Chêng Chêng-ch’ang. Choir-mistress in Nunnery of the White Bird, , –

Chêng Lung, or Hêng. The Snorter, ; instructed by Tu Ô, ; his battle with the Blower, –; killed by Chin Ta-shêng, ; canonized, ; appointed guardian of the Buddhist temple gates,

Ch’êng Tsung. Emperor; and the San Yüan, ; and Yü Huang, –; and the casket of pearls, –

Ch’êng-huang, God of the City, –, sq.

Ch’i. Pneuma, ; Primary Matter, ; Chu Tzŭ and, ; tao and,

Chi Chou. The early seat of Chinese sovereignty,

Chia Tzŭ-lung. And Mr Chên, a fox, sq.

Chiang Chou. Ch’ên Kuang-jui appointed Governor of,

Chiang Shang. See Chiang Tzŭ-ya

Chiang Tzŭ-ya. His name Chiang Shang, but known as Lü Shang, famous generalissimo, , sq.; canonizes Hêng and Ha, ; and Têng Chiu-kung, –; and Chü Liu-sun, ; and Yin Ch’êng-hsiu, ; and battle of Mu Yeh, –; transfers services to Chou, ; and Wu Wang, , ; and No-cha, –; goes to K’un-lun, ; receives List of Promotions to Immortals from Yüan-shih, ; disobeys Yüan-shih’s commands, ; tempted by Shên Kung-pao, ; compact with Shên Kung-pao, ; assisted by Ancient Immortal of the South Pole against Shên Kung-pao, –; intercedes for Shên Kung-pao, ; builds the Fêng Shên T’ai, ; in battle with Wên Chung, sq.; wounds Wên Chung, ; his encounter with Ch’ien-li Yen and Shun-fêng Êrh, sq.; causes death of Chao Kung-ming, –; confers appanage of the twenty-eight constellations on T’ung-t’ien Chiao-chu and his followers, –; and T’ai Sui, ; and Lei Tsu, ; and Lü Yüeh,

Chieh-yin Tao-jên. Fights with T’ung-t’ien Chiao-chu,

Ch’ien-li Yen, or Kao Ming. Thousand-li Eye, sq.; general of tyrant Chou, –; encounters with No-cha, Yang Chien, Chiang Tzŭ-ya, Li Ching, and Lei Chên-tzŭ, sq.; defeated, –; searches for heir to Miao Chuang, –

Ch’ien-t’ang. Chief God of Rivers, –

Chih. See Substance

Ch’ih Ching-tzŭ. Seeks Yüan-shih T’ien-wang, ; defeats Wên Chung, ; an alleged discoverer of fire, ; fights Wên Chung, ; personification of fire,

Ch’ih Sung-tzŭ. See Yü Shih

Ch’ih Ti. See Chu Jung

Ch’ih-chiang Tzŭ-yü. Visits Ô-mei Shan, ; on the steep summit, ; instructed in the doctrine of immortality, ; a skilful archer, sq.; named Shên I; his adventures as Shên I—see Shên I

Children. Position of, in China, –

Ch’in. The feudal state which subjugated the other states and established the monarchy,

Chin Chia. ‘Mr Golden Cuirass’; protector of scholars, –

Chin Hung. God of T’ai Shan; and Yüan-shih T’ien-wang, –

Chin Mu. Shên I builds a palace for, –; gives Shên I pill of immortality,

Ch’in Shih Huang-ti. The First Emperor; and the dragon, sq.

Ch’in Shu-pao. A Door-god, –. See Mên Shên

Chin Ta-shêng. ‘Golden Big Pint,’ an ox-spirit; kills the Snorter, ; and niu huang, or bezoar,

Chin-cha. See Li Chin-cha

Chin-kang. The Four Diamond Kings of Heaven; governors of the four continents surrounding Mount Sumêru, sq.; reflected in Taoist Kings of Heaven,

China. Extent in early times, , ; physical features of, –; Manchu conquest of, , ; vegetable products of, –; animals of, ; Mongol rule over, ; intercourse with other countries, ; origin of name, ; conquered by the Tartars, –; government of, sq.; Republican, , –, ; laws of, sq.; local government of, ; military and naval system of, sq.; ecclesiastical institutions, sq.; professional institutions, ; accessory institutions, ; industrial institutions, sq.; agriculture in, sq.; gods of, sq.; Buddhism brought to, ; prevalence of smallpox in, –

Chinese. Theories of origin of, sq.; problem of sources of civilization of, ; district occupied by early, , ; cause of difference between, of North and South, ; physical, emotional, and intellectual characteristics, –; domestic institutions, sq., –; expansion of Empire, –; mutilations practised by, –; funeral rites of, sq.; laws of intercourse, ; habits and customs, ; sports and games, ; arts, ; sentiments and moral ideas, –; religious ideas, –; superstitions, –; knowledge, sq.; language, –; achievements, sq.; intellect and mythology, ; rigidity of their mythology, , –; character of mythology of, ; sources of mythology of, sq.; religion, ; myths of—see Mythology

Ching Tê. In legend of Yü Huang, –

Chisel-tooth. A strange man of the South; a criminal, ; killed by Shên I,

Ch’iung Hsiao. A goddess; assists the house of Chou with magic weapons,

Chou. Colonies of early Chinese established among the aborigines,

Chou Dynasty. No-cha and, ; helped by Chiang Tzŭ-ya, sq.

Chou Hsin. The Ch’êng-huang of Hangchou,

Chou Tun-i. See Chou Tzŭ

Chou Tzŭ, or Chou Tun-i. Philosopher; author of T’ai chi t’u shu, ,

Chou Wang. Tyrant king of Yin; his battles with Wu Wang, –

Chou-pien. In legend of Ch’un-yü Fên, –, –,

Ch’u Chieh. General of Miao Chuang,

Chu Fu Tzŭ. See Chu Tzŭ

Chu Hsi. See Chu Tzŭ

Chu I. ‘Mr Redcoat’; purveyor of official posts, sq.

Chu Jung. The Red (Fire) Emperor, Ch’ih Ti; a minister of Huang Ti, ; victorious over Kung Kung, ; legend of, sq.; becomes emperor, ; defeats Hui Lu,

Chü Liu-sun. A magic-master; and Chiang Tzŭ-ya,

Chu Pa-chieh. The Pig Fairy in the Hsi yu chi, ; half man, half pig, ; Mao Êrh-chieh and, ; Kuan Yin and, ; is made a priest and receives religious name of Chu Wu-nêng, ; journeys with the Master, sq.; and the widow and her daughters, sq.; carried away to the Lotus Cave, sq.; his reward,

Chu Tzŭ, Chu Hsi, or Chu Fu Tzŭ. Historian and Confucian commentator, , –; monistic philosophy of, –

Ch’u Wang-sun. Chuang Chou as, –

Chu Wu-nêng. See Chu Pa-chieh

Ch’ü Yüan. Statesman-poet; drowns himself in Mi-lo River,

Chu-ti, Prince. Founder of Peking, sq.; son of Emperor Hung Wu, ; and the sealed packet, , sq.; begins to build city, ; and the dragons, sq.

Chuang Chou. See Chuang Tzŭ

Chuang Tzŭ, Chuang Chou, or Chuang Shêng. His cosmogony, ; his super-tao, ; his dream, and n., –; philosophical critic, –; apotheosized, ; reincarnation of, ; and the young widow fanning the grave, ; and his wife, –; as Ch’u Wang-sun, –; and Fêng Hou, ; and Hsüan Nü, ; receives from Shang Ti the planet Jupiter,

Chun T’i. A gifted warrior; his battles with T’ung-t’ien Chiao-chu, –, sq.; and K’ung Hsüan, the one-eyed peacock, –; and Wu Yün, –; and the golden-bearded turtle, ; and P’i-lu Hsien,

Ch’un-yü Fên. And the dream of the south branch, sq.; in the kingdom of Huai-an, sq.; marries the King’s daughter, sq.; takes office under the King, sq.; his greatness, ; meets with disasters, –; the prophecies, ; returns home, ; the prophecies come true,

Ch’ung Chêng. Emperor; and the cursed temple, sq.

Chung K’uei, or K’uei. As God of literature, sq.; as God of Exorcism, ; and Hsü Hao, –; canonized,

Chung Yang Festival,

Chung-li Ch’üan, or Han Chung-li. One of the Eight Immortals, , , –, , ; legends of, –

Circle, The Magic, –

City. God of the, ; shaving a whole city, –

City-god of Yen Ch’êng. Legend of the, sq.

Classes. The four classes of the people,

Classics. See Book of Ceremonial, Book of History, I Ching

Climate. Nature of Chinese,

Clothing. Nature of,

Clubs. See Accessory Institutions

Codes. Ceremonial, ; legal—see Laws

Coins. Kinds in use,

Concubinage, –,

Confucius. Social and ethical philosopher; his cosmogony, ; and agnosticism, –; not a god, sq.; titles conferred on,

Confucianism. The State religion, , –; effect on mythology, –; Ju Chiao, religion of the learned, ; scope of, ; and Buddhism,

Constellations. Worship of the, ; the twenty-eight, –; propitious and unpropitious, ; abodes of gods, –; Tzŭ-wei and Po I-k’ao, sq.

Corea. Dependency of China, ; annexed by Japan,

Corpse. Feeding of,

Cosmetics. Use of,

Cosmogony. Myth of P’an Ku, sq., –; of the I ching, ; of Lao Tzŭ, ; of Confucius, ; of Kuan Tzŭ, ; of Mencius, ; of Chuang Tzŭ, ; Chinese and Babylonian, ; Nü Kua and, –; Wen Ch’ang’s attendants and, ; dualistic nature of early, ; how the Chinese obtained a, sq.; tao and, ; popular, –; and the T’ai chi t’u, ; non-mythological, ; and constructive imagination, . See also Creation

Creation. Mo Tzŭ and, –; Miao legends of the, sq.

Crops. Kinds raised, ; Gods of the,

Cursed Temple. Legend of the, sq.

Cycle-gods,

D

Dawn, The Bird of, –

Death. Idea of, –; of the gods,

Deification. Origin of,

Demon-s. Kuei general name for, ; of pestilence, subdued by the three musical brothers, ; Maruta, ; Asuras, ; exorcism of, –; Hsü Hao a, –; of the Lotus Cave, sq.; Red Child Demon, sq.; of Blackwater River, ; defeat of the Ox-demon, sq.

Dependencies of China,

Dêva. General designation of the gods of Brahmanism, ,

Dharma. Fa Pao, the Law, in Buddhism, . See Vairotchana

Diamond Kings of Heaven, The Four. See Chin-kang

Dipper. See Great Bear

Distribution. Internal, ; external, –

Divine Archer. Shên I, or Ch’ih-chiang Tzŭ-yü, sq.

Divine Husbandman. See Shên Nung

Divorce. Reasons for,

Dog-s. Jung tribe with heads of, ; shooting the Heavenly, –; legend of Jung tribe, sq.

Domestic Institutions. Marital, sq.; filial, –; domestic customs and habits, –

Door-gods. See Mên Shên

Dragon-s. Symbol of, on Manchu flag, ; P’an Ku with head of, ; Blue—see Blue Dragon; Fêng Po, God of the Wind, , ; are spirits of the waters, ; generally beneficent, ; essence of yang principle; evil dragons are Buddhist, ; nagas, mountain dragons, ; chief of the scaly reptiles, ; description and properties of, sq.; Buddhist, –; fêng-shui and, ; legend of the foolish, –; spirits in charge of Salt Waters, ; spirits in charge of Sweet Waters, ; spirits in charge of Secondary Waters, ; legend of Ch’in Shih Huang-ti and the, sq.; Chang Tao-ling and the, –; Hsü Chên-chün and the, sq.; a spiritual alligator, –; and drought in Peking, sq.

Dragon-boat Festival. Origin and nature of, ,

Dragon-king-s. The Sea-dragon Kings, the Chinese Neptunes; three daughters of, mothers of the San Kuan, ; description of, –, ; Ao Ch’in and the Eight Immortals, sq.; legend of Dragon-king’s daughter, sq.; and Li No-cha, sq.

Dragon-tiger Mountain. Abode of family of Chang Tao-ling,

“Dream of the South Branch.” Nan k’o mêng, ; story of, sq.

Dualism. In early cosmogony, ; I ching and, ; yin-yang system of, ; illustrated by pantheon,

Du Bose. Cited, –

Duke of Thunder. See Lei Kung

E

Earlier Spirit Festival,

Earth. Gods of the, ; the Earth-mother, , –, . See also Soil and Ti

Earth-dumb. Ti-ya, or Ti-mu, the Earth-mother; one of the attendants of Wên Ch’ang, , –

Earth-mother. Ti-ya, Ti-mu, or Hou-t’u, , –, . See also Earth-dumb

Eastern Air, Sovereign of The, –

Eastern Palace. Residence of T’ai I, star-spirit,

Ecclesiastical Institutions, sq.

Education. Stereotyped at an early age, ; restricted to study of the classics, ; competitive examination system of, , ; modern,

Eight Immortals. See Pa Hsien

Eight Trigrams. See Pa Kua and Trigrams

Eighteen Provinces. China Proper,

Elam. Probable origin of Chinese in, ,

Elephant, White, , , –

Emperor-s. Yü Huang, the Jade Emperor, , and see Yü Huang; ‘Throne of the Five,’

Emptiness and Devastation. Hsü Hao, a demon; exorcism of, –

Environments of the Chinese. Inorganic, –; organic, –; sociological, –

Epidemics. Gods of, sq.; myths of, sq.; Ministry of Seasonal, –; God of Epidemics afflicts Miao Chuang,

Equinoxes. Festivals of the,

Êrh-lang. Helps to capture Sun Hou-tzŭ,

Examinations. Literary, as means of appointment to office,

Exchange. By barter, ; coins, ; weights and measures,

Exorcism-ists. The wu, ; Ministry of, ; gods of, –; of ‘Emptiness and Devastation,’

Expectant Wife. Legend of the, –

Extinguisher. Sun Hou-tzŭ and the, –

F

Fa Pao. Dharma, the Law, one of the San Pao of Buddhism,

Fan-s. Use of, ; the Fire-quenching, sq.

Fanning the Grave. Story of Chuang Chou and the widow,

Favourable-wind Ear. See Shun-fêng Êrh

Feast. Of Lanterns, –; of Peaches, P’an-t’ao Hui, –. See also Festival-s

Feathered People. Legend of,

Fei, Lady. Concubine of Mêng Ch’ang, . See Hua-jui Fu-jên

Fei Lien. See Fêng Po

Fêng Hou. And Chuang Chou,

Fêng Lin. Vanquished by No-cha,

Fêng Po. God of the Wind; and Shên I, , –; legend of, –; a stellar divinity, ; a dragon, Fei Lien, , –

Fêng Shên T’ai. Chiang Tzŭ-ya builds, for List of Promotions to Immortals, ,

“Fêng Shên Yen I.” Legends in, sq., , sq.

Fêng-shan. Sacrifices offered on T’ai Shan by Ch’êng Tsung,

Fêng-shui, Doctrine of, ; dragons connected with,

Festival-s, sq.; Mid-autumn (All Souls’ Day), , –; New Year, ; of Lanterns, –; of the four seasons and their equinoxes and solstices, ; Earlier Spirit, ; of the Tombs, ; Middle Spirit, ; Later Spirit, ; Dragon-boat, , ; Chung Yang (kite-flying), ; New Year’s Eve,

Feudal Period. Duration of, ; administrative system in, –; ecclesiastical institutions in, sq.; professional institutions in, ; accessory institutions in,

Feudal States. Subjugated by Ch’in,

Finger-nails. Worn long by literary and leisured classes,

Fire. Ch’ih Ching-tzŭ an alleged discoverer of, ; myths of, sq.; Ministry of, ; God of, burns Hsi Ch’i, –; Ch’ih Ching-tzŭ a personification of, ; Ch’ih Ti, the Red Emperor, –; Hui Lu, –; Shên Nung, ; the Fire-quenching Fan, sq.

Fire-quenching Fan, The Magic, sq.

First Cause. Sung philosophers and, –; Mencius and,

Five Elements (wu hsing),

Five Graduates. Legend of the, sq.; gain favour of the Emperor, ; and Chang T’ien-shih, –; killed, ; their spirits appear at the palace, –; canonized,

Flag. Republican, ; dragon-symbol on Manchu,

Flood, Legend of the Great, –

Flowers. Chinese love for,

Flying Cart, Land of the,

Fo Pao. Buddha, one of the San Pao of Buddhism,

Food. Kinds of,

Foot-binding. Origin of, ; abolition of,

Form. See Hsing

Formosa. A Chinese possession, ; annexed by Japan,

Foxes. Legends of, sq.; generally of ill omen, ; powers of, ; transformations of,

Fu Hsi, or T’ien Huang Shih. Mythical sovereign; brother of Nü Kua, , ; creator of human beings, , –; a God of Medicine, –

Fu Shên, Yang Ch’êng, or Yang Hsi-chi. The God of Happiness, , –; origin of, ; other Gods of Happiness,

Fu-sang Tree. One which grows at the place where the sun rises, –

Funeral Rites, sq.; the idea of death, ; recalling the soul, –; feeding the corpse, ; the soul-tablet, ; signs of mourning, ; exacting nature of ceremonial, ; cemeteries,

G

Games, –

Gardens, ,

Garuda. See Lei Kung

Gems, Lake Of. Yao Ch’ih,

Generalissimo-s. Canonized, sq.; the three musical brothers, T’ien Chih-piao, T’ien Yüan-shuai, and T’ien Hung-i, ; Chiang Tzŭ-ya, sq.

Genii. Hsi Wang Mu head of the, on K’un-lun Mountains,

Gentry. Shên Shih; a social division,

Geological Features,

Giants. Legends of,

God-s. Of China, sq.; amuse themselves, ; marry, ; sin, ; punishment of the, ; die, ; super-triad of, –; Confucius not a, sq.; shên general name for, ; stellar deities, sq., ; constellations, planets, and stars abodes of, ; dragons, sq.; battle of the, sq.; of Agriculture, ; of the City, ; of the Cycles, ; of the Door, , sq.; of Epidemics, sq., ; of Exorcism, sq.; of Fire, sq.; the ‘Five Mountains,’ ; of Grasshoppers, ; of Hades, ; of Happiness, , –, ; of the Immortals, ; of the Kitchen, , , , sq.; of Literature, sq., , ; local, t’u-ti, ; of Longevity, , –, ; of Longevity and the Eight Immortals, sq.; of Medicine, –; chief God of Rivers, –; River-god, marriage of the, sq.; of Sailors, ; of Serpents, ; of Smallpox, ; of the Soil and Crops, ; of Thunder, , sq.; of Time, sq.; of War, sq.; of the Waters, sq.; of Wealth, , –; of the Wind, –; of the Year, ; names of numerous, –

Goddess-es. Earth-mother, , –, ; of Lightning, ; of Mercy, sq., and see also Kuan Yin; of Mulberry-trees and Silkworms, –; of the North Star, –; of Sailors, ; Old Mother of the Waters, sq.; names of various, –

Golden Big Pint. See Chin Ta-shêng

Golden Cuirass, Mr. See Chin Chia

Golden Mother of the Tortoise,

Golden-bearded Turtle. And Chun T’i,

Gourd, The Magic,

Government. General, sq.; local, small scope of,

Graduates. Legend of the five, sq.

Grand Terminus, or Great Ultimate,

Grasshoppers, God of,

Grave, Fanning the. Story of Chuang Chou and the widow,

Great Bear. Constellation; Wên Ch’ang and the, sq.; the residence of the Fates,

Great Bell, Casting of the. Legend of the, sq.

Great Ultimate, or Grand Terminus,

Green Lion. In Kuan Yin legend, –, –

Guardian-s. Of Buddhist temple gates, –; of Taoist temple gates, sq.; of Gate of Heaven, sq.

Guardianship. Of the young,

H

Ha. The Blower. See Ch’ên Ch’i

Habitations. In early times, ; development of, –

Habits and Customs. Festivals and holidays, –; domestic, –

Hades. The God of,

Han. Early monarchical dynasty,

Han Chih-hsien. Fights for Wên Chung, –

Han Hsiang Tzŭ. One of the Eight Immortals, , ; legend of, –

Han Yü, Statesman, philosopher, and poet; and Han Hsiang Tzŭ, –

Happiness. The term ‘Eight Immortals’ figuratively used for, ; Gods of—see Fu Shên, Kuo Tzŭ-i, and Li Kuei-tsu

Hare in Moon, ,

Head-splitting Helmet, –, –

Headless People. Legend of, –

Heaven-s. Repair of the, , –, –; Temple of, ; Taoist Kings of, ; Mother of, ; Guardian of the Gate of, sq.

Heaven-deaf. T’ien-lung, or Hsüan T’ung-tzŭ, one of the attendants of Wên Ch’ang, , –

Heavenly Dog. Tien Kou; legend of Chang Hsien and the, –; and Sun Hou-tzŭ,

Heavenly Peach-garden, –

Heavenly Stables,

Heavenly Teacher. See Chang Tao-ling

Hell-s. Kings of, , –

Hêng. The Snorter. See Chêng Lung

Hêng Ô. See Ch’ang Ô

Herdsman. Legend of the Weaver-girl and the, sq.

Heroes. See Chên-jên

“Hill and River Classic.” See Shan Hai Ching

Hindu Kush Mountains. K’un-lun Mountains identified with,

History. Summary of political, of China, –; mythology and,

Ho Fêng. Marries Miao Yin, ; conspires against Miao Chuang, sq.

Ho Hsien-ku. One of the Eight Immortals; and T’ai Sui ; legend of, –; mentioned, ,

Ho Li. Conspires against Miao Chuang, –

Ho Po. The Spirit of the Waters; Hêng Ô his younger sister,

Holidays. Observed at certain seasons,

Horse, The White, –

Hou-t’u, Ti-ya, or Ti-mu. Earth-mother, , –,

Hsi Ch’i. Town and mountain; Têng Chiu-kung and battle at, ; burned by Fire-god, –; Lü Yüeh in battle at,

Hsi Wang Mu. Golden Mother of the Tortoise; her story first mentioned, ; her names, ; sovereign of the Western Air, ; head of the genii dwelling on the K’un-lun Mountains, ; and Feast of Peaches (P’an-t’ao Hui), –; her palace, ; her birthdays, ; and Li T’ieh-kuai,

Hsi Yü. Miao Chuang kinglet of,

“Hsi Yu Chi.” Record of a journey to the Western Paradise; a dramatization of the introduction of Buddhism into China, –,

Hsi-mên Pao. Magistrate of Yeh Hsien; and marriage of the River-god, –

Hsiang Shan. Monastery inhabited by Immortals; Miao Shan goes to, sq.

Hsien, or Hsien-jên. Immortals, , ; yin and yang and,

Hsien Tung. ‘The Immortal Youth’; servant to Mu Kung,

Hsien Wêng. See Shou Hsing

Hsien-yüan Huang-ti. Mythical emperor; Chu Jung his minister, , , ; T’ai I his medical preceptor, ; and the Door-gods, ; instructed in doctrine of immortality, –; God of Medicine, ; mentioned,

Hsing. Form; beginning of,

Hsing Lin. Kingdom of Miao Chuang, , ,

“Hsiu Hsiang Pa Hsien Tung Yu Chi,”

Hsü Chên-chün, or Hsü Sun. The dragon-slayer, sq.

Hsü Hao. A demon; exorcism of, –

Hsü Sun. See Hsü Chên-chün

Hsü-mi Shan. See Sumêru

Hsüan Chuang. Also called Yüan Chuang and T’ang Sêng; the pilgrim of the Hsi yu chi, ; Sha Ho-shang his baggage-coolie, –; history of, sq.; his father murdered by Liu Hung, –; exposed on Blue River, ; Chang Lao rescues him, –; named Chiang Liu, ‘Waif of the River,’ ; finds his grandmother, –; murderer of his father executed, ; becomes the Emperor’s favourite priest, ; journeys to the Western Paradise, , sq.; and the White Horse, –; is rescued by Ju Lai, –; his return home, sq.; canonized, . See also Ch’ên Kuang-jui

Hsüan Nü, or T’ien Mu. The Mother of Heaven; and Chuang Chou,

Hsüan Tsung. Emperor; and Chang Kuo, –

Hsüan T’ung-tzŭ. ‘Sombre Youth.’ See Heaven-deaf

Hsüan-hsüan Shang-jên. Relates history of Yüan-shih T’ien-wang, –

Hu Ching-tê. A Door-god, –. See Mên Shên

Hu Pi-li. Chief of the guard of Miao Chuang; sent to burn Nunnery of the White Bird, –; at the execution of Miao Shan, –

Hua Shan. A sacred mountain in the west,

Hua-hu Tiao. The white rat of Mo-li Shou, ; devours Yang Chien, –

Hua-jui Fu-jên, or Lady Fei. And Chang Hsien,

Hua-kuo Shan. A mountain in the kingdom of Ao-lai; Sun Hou-tzŭ born on, –

Huai-an. Kingdom; Ch’un-yü Fên in, sq.

Huai-nan Tzŭ. A philosopher; apotheosized, ; and the Eight Immortals,

Huang Fei-hu. Yellow Flying Tiger, , ; spears the Blower, ; and Spirit of the Blue Dragon Star, ; father of Huang T’ien-hua,

Huang Lao. A genie; seeks Yüan-shih T’ien-wang,

Huang Ti. See Hsien-yüan Huang-ti

Huang T’ien-hua. Son of Huang Fei-hu; in battle with the Chin-kang, ; attacks Wên Chung, ; in battle with Lü Yüeh,

Hui Lu, or Huo-shih Chih T’u. God of Fire, –

Hui Tsung. Emperor,

Hun Tun. See Chaos

Hung Wu. Emperor; greatness of, ; father of Chu-ti, . See also Chu-ti, Prince

Hung-chün Lao-tsu. Master of T’ung-t’ien Chiao-chu, –

Huo Ti. See Shên Nung

Huo-tê Hsing-chün. See Lo Hsüan

I

“I Ching.” The Book or Canon of Changes or Permutations; first, but not the oldest, of the classics, , , ; reputed origin of, ; Fu Hsi and, ; contains no cosmogony proper, ,

I Tu. The Solitary Indeterminate; makes evolution of Chaos possible, –; tao and, –

I Yu. Superior of Nunnery of the White Bird, –,

Ideograms, Ancient Chinese,

Immaterial Principle. See LI

Immortal-s. Hsien, or Hsien-jên, , ; God of the, ; the Eight—see Pa Hsien; the Eight, and the God of Longevity, . See also Hsien

Immortality, Pills of. See Pills

Imperfect Mountain. Kung Kung strikes his head against the,

Implements. Great variety of Chinese,

Indo-China. Supposed origin of Chinese in, ; language of, ; early tribes in,

Indra. The God of Heaven; and Yü Huang,

Industrial Institutions,

J

Jade. Symbol of purity; the Jade Emperor,

Jade Palace of Abstraction, ,

Jan-têng Fo, or Jan Têng. Light-lamp Buddha, ; and Chiang Tzŭ-ya, ; revives Wu Wang, ; and T’ai Sui, ; mentioned,

Jan-têng Tao-jên. Fights with T’ung-t’ien Chiao-chu,

Jên Huang. The nine Human Sovereigns, ,

Jên Tsung. Emperor; and worship of Chang Hsien,

“Jih Chi So Chih,” n.

Jointed Snake. Legend of the,

Ju Chiao. See Confucianism

Ju-i. ‘As you wish’; precious stone,

Ju-lai Fo. Chinese translation of Tathagata, the highest epithet of a Buddha, literally ‘thus come’: “bringing human nature as it really is, with perfect knowledge and high intelligence, he comes and manifests himself”; in the myth of P’an Ku, ; and Miao Shan (Kuan Yin), –; rescues Hsüan Chuang, –

Jung. Tribe with heads of dogs, ; legend of, sq.

Jupiter. Yü Huang the Chinese, ; given as a kingdom to Chuang Chou by Shang Ti, ; and T’ai Sui,

K

Kalpa. A period during which a physical universe is formed and destroyed,

K’ang Hsi. Emperor; and Wang Tan, –

Kao Chio. See Shun-fêng Êrh

Kao Ming. See Ch’ien-li Yen

Khotan. Supposed origin of the Chinese in, , ,

King-s. Multiple character of kingship, ; the king the source of legislation and the administrator of justice, ; king as high priest, –; King of Hell, ; the Four, of Heaven, ; Four, of the Salt Waters, ; Four, of the Sweet Waters, ; as Gods of Medicine, –; the Dragon-kings, see Dragon-king-s

Kingdom, The Women’s, –

Kitchen-god. See Tsao Chün

Kite-flying. Season of,

Knowledge, sq.

Ko Hung. Author of Shên hsien chuan; inventor of P’an Ku legend, ,

Ko-ai. Daughter of Kuan Yu; and the casting of the great bell of Peking, sq.

Ku, Mr. And the fox-girl, sq.

Kua. Brother of Nü; at foot of K’un-lun Mountains,

Kuan Chung. And Pao Shu, the Chinese types of friendship, and n.

Kuan Lo. His connexion with Shou Hsing,

Kuan Ti, or Wu Ti. Title of the God of War,

Kuan Tzŭ. A renowned statesman and sage of the Feudal Period; his cosmogony,

Kuan Yin, or Kuan Shih Yin. The Buddhist Goddess of Mercy; Tou Mu the equivalent of, in Taoism, ; and Shui-mu Niang-niang, –; attributes, etc., sq.; throne of, on Pootoo (P’u T’o) Isle, ; the Buddhist Saviour, –; and Sun Hou-tzŭ, ; and Sha Ho-shang, ; and Chu Pa-chieh, ; and the White Horse, –; and the Red Child Demon, sq. See also Miao Shan

Kuan Yü. God of War, sq.; and Chang Fei, sq.; and Liu Pei, sq.; deified,

Kuan Yu. A mandarin; and the casting of the great bell at Peking, sq.

Kuang Ch’êng-tzŭ. Mythical being who taught the attainment of immortality, also said to be an incarnation of Lao Tzŭ; battle with To-pao Tao-jên, ; fights against Wên Chung,

Kuei. Name for demons,

K’uei. A star; palace of the God of Literature, sq.

K’uei, or Chung K’uei. As God of Literature, sq.; as God of Exorcism, , –

K’uei Hsing. Distributor of literary degrees, , ,

K’uei Niu. A monster resembling a buffalo,

K’un-lun Mountains. Supposed origin of the Chinese in, , ; Nü and Kua at foot of, ; Hsi Wang Mu and, ; Yü Shih resides in,

Kung. The Artisans; the third class of the people,

K’ung Hsüan. The one-eyed peacock; and Chun T’i, –

Kung Kung. A feudatory prince; defeated by Chu Jung, ; strikes his head against the Imperfect Mountain, –

Kuo P’o. Magician,

Kuo Tzŭ-i. A God of Happiness,

L

La Mei. A flower; the three musical brothers and,

Labour. Division of, –

Lake. Of Gems, ; legend of the origin of a, –

Lan Ts’ai-ho. One of the Eight Immortals, , ; legend of,

Land. System of tenure of, ; greater portion under cultivation, –

Lang Ling. Disciple of Li T’ieh-kuai, ,

Language, Chinese, ; nature of, –; written,

Lanterns, Feast of, –

Lao Chün. See Lao Tzŭ

Lao Tzŭ. Called also Lao Chün, T’ai-shang Lao-chün, and Shên Pao; teacher, founder of Taoist system of philosophy; and monism, ; his Tao-tê ching, ; and tao, the ‘Way,’ –; third person of Taoist triad, ; and Yü Huang, ; battles with T’ung-t’ien Chiao-chu, , –; and Chuang Tzŭ, –; fights with Ch’iung Hsiao, ; and Li T’ieh-kuai, , ; Sun Hou-tzŭ steals pills of immortality from, ; helps to capture Sun Hou-tzŭ, –; distils Sun Hou-tzŭ in his furnace, –

Later Spirit Festival,

Law, The. In Buddhism,

Laws. Character of early, ; lex talionis, ; legal codes, –

Legend-s. Mythology and, –; of the One-legged Bird, –; of the Great Flood, –; of the building of Peking, sq.; fox, sq.; of the Unnatural People, sq.; of the Pygmies, –; of the Giants, ; of the Headless People, –; of the Armless People, ; of the Long-armed People, –; of the Long-legged People, ; of the One-eyed People, ; of the One-armed People, , ; of the One-legged People, ; of the One-sided People, ; of the Long-eared People, ; of the Six-toed People, ; of the Feathered People, ; of the People of the Punctured Bodies, ; of the Women’s Kingdom, –; of the Flying Cart, 391; of the Expectant Wife, –; of the Wild Men, –; of the Jointed Snake, ; of the great bell of Peking, sq.; of the Cursed Temple, sq.; of the Maniac’s Mite, –; of the City-god of Yen Ch’êng, sq.; of the origin of a lake, –; of creation, among Miao tribes, sq.; of the South Branch, sq.; of Jung tribe with heads of dogs, sq.

Lei Chên-tzŭ. One of Wu Wang’s marshals; attacks Ch’ien-li Yen and Shun-fêng Êrh, ; kills unicorn of Wên Chung, ; legend of, –; a Son of Thunder, ; called Wên Yü, ; and Yün Chung-tzŭ, –

Lei Kung. Duke of Thunder, , –; and Garuda, ; and Vajrâpani, ; caught in the cleft of a tree, –; and the mysterious bottle,

Lei Tsu, or Wên Chung. God of Thunder; agent to Yüan-shih T’ien-tsun, ; President of the Ministry of Thunder, –; description of, ; origin of, –; and Ch’ih Ching-tzŭ, ; and Yün Chung-tzŭ, ; and Chiang Tzŭ-ya, ; confused with the Spirit of Thunder,

Li. The Immaterial Principle; Chu Hsi and, –; Chou Tzŭ and,

“Li Chi.” The classical Book of Ceremonial,

Li Chin-cha. Eldest son of Li Ching,

Li Ching, or Li T’ien-wang. The Pagoda-bearer; his encounter with Ch’ien-li Yen and Shun-fêng Êrh, sq.; kills Lo Hsüan, ; legend of, sq.; receives golden pagoda, ; is made Guardian of the Gate of Heaven, . See also Li T’ien-wang

Li Kuei-tsu. Known as Tsêng-fu Hsiang-kung; a God of Happiness,

Li Lao-chün. And Shui-mu Niang-niang,

Li Mu-cha. Second son of Li Ching, , ; duel with Lü Yüen,

Li No-cha. Third son of Li Ching; defends the Chou, ; and Têng Chiu-kung, ; vanquishes Fêng Lin, ; defeats Chang Kuei-fang, –; and Chiang Tsŭ-ya, ; fights and slays Ts’ai-yün Hsien-tzŭ, –; fights with Ch’ien-li Yen and Shun-fêng Êrh, ; and Peking, ; legend of, sq.; frequently mentioned in Chinese romance, ; an avatar of the Intelligent Pearl, ; and Lung Wang, sq.; and Ao Ping, –; discharges a magic arrow, ; and Shih-chi Niang-niang, –; commits hara-kiri, –; temple built to, ; his statue destroyed by his father, ; consults his master, ; is transformed, –; battles with his father, sq.; is reconciled to his father, –

Li P’ing. Sixth officer of the Ministry of Epidemics,

Li Shao-chün. And Tsao Chün, –

Li Shih-min, Emperor; and legend of the five graduates, sq.; and Chang T’ien-shih, sq.; visited by spirits of the graduates, –; canonizes the graduates,

Li T’ieh-kuai. One of the Eight Immortals, , ; legends of, sq.

Li T’ien-wang. And Sun Hou-tzŭ, . See also Li Ching

“Liao Chai Chih I.” Seventeenth-century work; and fox-legends, –

Libraries. See Accessory Institutions

Lieh Tzŭ, or Lieh Yü-k’ou. A philosopher, by some regarded as fictitious; Chinese mythology and, ; his Absolute, –; apotheosized,

Lieh Yü-k’ou. See Lieh Tzŭ

Lightning. Mother of, ; and the yin and the yang, –; myths of, –; Spirit of, –

Ling Chên-tzŭ. Gives the Bird of Dawn to Shên I,

Ling Hsü. Dragon-king, –

Ling-pao T’ien-tsun, or Tao Chûn. Second person of Taoist triad,

Lion, The Green, , , –

List of Promotions to Immortals. Given to Chiang Tzŭ-ya, ; Tzŭ-ya builds Fêng Shên T’ai for, ,

Literary Degrees. K’uei Hsing distributor of,

Literary Examinations. Means of appointment to office,

Literature. Gods of, sq., ; Wên Ch’ang and the Great Bear, sq.; palace of God of, ; God of War as God of, sq.; Chinese, sq.

Liu Ch’in. Minister of Miao Chuang, , –,

Liu Hsüan Te. See Liu Pei

Liu Hung. Murderer of Ch’en Kuang-jui, –

Liu I. And the Dragon-king’s daughter, sq.

Liu Pei, Liu Hsüan Tê, or Hsien Chu. Hawker of straw shoes, and founder of the Shu Han dynasty; and Kuan Yü, sq.

Liu Po-wên. Taoist priest; and Chu-ti, sq.

Living, Worship of the,

Lo Ching Hsin. See Yüan-shih T’ien-tsun

Lo Hsüan, or Huo-tê Hsing-chün. Originally Yen-chung Hsien; President of the Ministry of Fire, –; description of, ; burns Hsi Ch’i, –

Lo Yü. First name of P’o Chia (Miao Chuang),

Long-armed People. Legend of, –

Long-eared People. Legend of,

Long-legged People. Legend of,

Longevity, God of. See Shou Hsing

Lotus Cave, The, sq.

Lu Ch’i. Legend of, and Princess T’ai Yin, –; appointed Minister of the Empire,

Lü Shang. See Chiang Tzü-ya

Lü Tung-pin, or Lü Yen. One of the Eight Immortals, , ,296, , , ; legends of, sq.

Lu Tung-shih. Follower of Ch’in Shih Huang-ti; draws portrait of the God of the Sea, ; results of his offence,

Lü Yüeh. President of the Ministry of Epidemics, ; legend of, –; in battle at Hsi Ch’i ; his duel with Mu-cha, ; in battle with Huang T’ien-hua ; Chiang Tzŭ-ya and, ; and the magic umbrellas, –; Yang Chien and, ; Yang Jên and,

Lü Yen. See Lü Tung-pin

Lung Chi. Princess; saves city of Hsi Ch’i from fire,

Lung Nü. Becomes pupil of Miao Shan, ; canonized,

Lung Wang. Dragon-king of the Eastern Sea; his son saved by Miao Shan, –; and No-cha, sq.; and Sun Hou-tzŭ, –; saves Ch’Sn Kuang-jui, –

M

Ma T’ien-jung. His fox-friend and his marriage, sq.

Ma Yüan-shuai. Generalissimo Ma, a three-eyed monster,

Ma-t’ou Niang. ‘Lady with the Horse’s Head,’ See Ts’an Nü

Magic. Gourd, ; rope, ; circle, –; Fire-quenching Fan, sq.

Magicians. T’u Hsing-sun, ; Chü Liu-sun, ; Kuo P’o, ; Yang Jên, ; Yeh Fa-shan, –

Mahayanistic Buddhism,

Maitrêya. Mi-lo Fo; the successor of Shâkyamuni,

Manchu-s. Extent of China at time of conquest by, ; conquer China, ; symbol of dragon on flag,

Manchuria. As part of China,

Maniac’s Mite. Legend of the, –

Mao Êrh-chieh. Chu Pa-chieh and,

Maritchi. See Tou Mu

Marriage, sq.; concubinage, –; age for, ; matchmaker or go-between, ; divorce, ; remarriage, –; changes in ceremonial of, –; object of, ; of the gods, ; of the River-god, sq.

Maruta. Vedic storm-demons,

Measures, Weights and,

Medicine. Primitive knowledge of, –; Ministry of, –; Gods of, –

Mên Shên. Gods of the Door, , sq.; legend of, sq.; Shên Shu and Yû Lû as, ; Ch’in Shu-pao and Hu Ching-tê as, –; Wei Chêng and,

Mencius, Mêng K’o, or Mêng Tzŭ. Teacher and philosopher; his cosmogony, ; and the First Cause,

Mêng K’o. See Mencius

Mêng Tzŭ. See Mencius

Merchants. Shang; the fourth class of the people,

Mercy, Goddess of. See Kuan Yin and Miao Shan

Mi-lo. A river; Ch’ü Yüan drowns himself in,

Mi-lo Fo. Maitrêya; the successor of Shâkyamuni,

Miao. Creation legends of the, sq.; legend of the tailed tribes, n.

Miao Chi. A Taoist priest; and T’ai I, –

Miao Ch’ing. Daughter of Miao Chuang, ; marries Chao K’uei, ; canonized,

Miao Chuang, or P’o Chia. First name Lo Yü; kinglet of Hsi Yü, ; Hsing Lin kingdom of, ; Chao Chên minister to, ; Ch’u Chieh general to, ; Pao Tê (Po Ya) Queen of, ; prays for a son, –; birth of daughters to, –; exiles Miao Shan, ; orders destruction of the Nunnery of the White Bird, ; orders death of Miao Shan, sq.; is punished for burning the nunnery, sq.; is healed by Miao Shan, sq.; conspiracy against, sq.; goes to Hsiang Shan, ; his repentance, sq.; canonized,

Miao Shan, Daughter of Miao Chuang, ; her ambition, –; her renunciation, sq.; at the Nunnery of the White Bird, sq.; worships Buddha, ; receives spiritual aid, –; saves the nunnery, ; her execution ordered, sq.; visits the infernal regions, –; makes Hell a paradise, ; her virtue is tested, ; and Ju Lai, –; attains to perfection, ; becomes a Buddha, , ; and Shan Ts’ai, sq.; tests Shan Ts’ai’s fidelity, –; sends help to son of Lung Wang, –; disguises herself as a priest-doctor, sq.; suffers in order that her father may be cured, , sq.; defeats conspiracy of the King’s sons-in-law, –. See also Kuan Yin

Miao Yin. Daughter of Miao Chuang, ; marries Ho Fêng, ; canonized,

Mid-autumn Festival (All Souls’-Day), , –

Middle Kingdom. A term for the Chinese Empire,

Middle Spirit Festival,

Military System. In primitive times, –; in relation to the ruler, ; weapons, ; standing armies, ; changes in, –

Ministry-ies. Of Agriculture, –; celestial, , –; of Epidemics, –; of Exorcism, ; of Fire, ; of Medicine, –; of Smallpox, –; of Thunder and Storms, ; of Time, ; of Waters,

Ming Huang. Emperor; and Hsü Hao, –

Mo Ti. See Mo Tzŭ

Mo Tzŭ, Mu Tzŭ, or Mo Ti A philosopher; and creation, –; apotheosized,

Mo-li. The Four Diamond Kings of Heaven, sq.

Mohammedans. Represented in Chinese Republican flag,

Monarchical Period. Duration of, ; marriage in, ; establishment of, ; administrative system in, ; appointment to office in, ; funeral rites in, –

Mongolia. A dependency of China,

Mongols. Their rule over China,

Monism. Transition to, from dualism, –; Chu Hsi and, –; Lao Tzŭ and, –

Monkey. Becomes a god, sq.

Monogamy. In China, –

Moon. P’an Ku and the, –; influences terrestrial events, ; symbol of the, ; hare in the, , ; worship of the, ; Shên I visits the, –

Moon-queen. See Ch’ang Ô

Mother. The Earth-mother, , –, ; Golden, of the Tortoise, ; Bushel—see Tou Mu; of Heaven, ; Old, of the Waters, sq.

Mountain-s. Sacrifices offered on T’ai Shan, ; ‘the Five,’ Wu Yüeh, ; Hua Shan, sacred, ; monkey under the, –

Mourning. Methods of,

Mu Kung, Tung Wang Kung, or Tung-hua Ti-chün. God of the Immortals, ; how formed, ; and yang principle, ; sovereign of the Eastern Air, –; his servants, Hsien T’ung and Yü Nü, ; and Shên I, –. See also Tung Wang Kung

Mu Tzŭ. See Mo Tzŭ

Mu Yeh. Battle of, –

Mu-cha. See Li Mu-cha

Mulberry-trees. Goddess of,

Mutilations. Practised by the Chinese, –

Mythology, sq.; definition of, ; Chinese rigidity and, , –; intellect and, ; effect of Confucianism on, –; influence of religion on, –; effect of Buddhism on, –; history and, ; character of Chinese, –, ; sources of Chinese, sq.; doubt and, –; legend and, –; parallelisms between Chinese and Hebrew, n.; cosmogony and,

Myth-s. Prerequisites to, sq.; periods fertile in, –; phases of, sq.; Sung philosophers and, ; a nature myth, ; myths of the stars, sq.; of time, sq.; of thunder, sq.; of lightning, –; of wind, –; of rain, sq.; of the waters, ; of fire, sq.; of epidemics, medicine, exorcism, etc., sq.; effect of philosophy on,

N

Nagas. Mountain dragons,

Nails. See Finger-nails

Nameless. Universe originated from,

“Nan K’o Mêng.” Dream of the South Branch; story of, sq.

Nan-chi Hsien-wêng. Ancient Immortal of the South Pole, ; helps Chiang Tzŭ-ya against Shên Kung-pao, –; orders White Crane Youth to seize Shên Kung-pao’s head, ; has it restored, ; reproves Shên Kung-pao, ; fights with Chang Shao, –

Nature Myth. Yü Huang and a,

Navy. Modern Chinese,

Neptune, The Chinese. See Dragon-king-s

New Territory. See Sinkiang

New Year. Festival of,

New Year’s Eve. Festival of,

Niang-tzŭ. And the origin of the Liang-ti Lake, –

Niu Huang. Ox-yellow, or bezoar,

No-cha. See Li No-cha

North Star. Goddess of the—see Tou Mu

Nü. First woman,

Nü Hsi. See Nü Kua

Nü Kua Shih, Nü Hsi, or Nü Wa. A mythical sovereign, one of the alleged progenitors of the Chinese race; sister and successor of Fu Hsi, , –; repairer of the heavens, , –, –; description of, ; Nü and Kua legend,

Nü Wa. See Nü Kua

Nung. The Agriculturists; the second class of the people,

O

Ô-Mei Shan. Mountain in Saŭ-ch’uan, , ,

O-mi-t’o Fo. Amida, Amita, Buddha; the guide who conducts to the Western Paradise,

Oath in the Peach-orchard, The, sq.

Officers. Shih; the first class of the people in early times,

Officials. Ch’ên; a social division,

One, The Great. First of the celestial spirits, –

One-armed People, ,

One-eyed People,

One-legged Bird,

One-legged People,

One-sided People,

Organic Environment, –

Origin-s. Of the Chinese race, sq.; of name China, ; of worship, ; of deification, ; of T’ien, ; the Three Origins, , and see also San Yüan, Shun, Yao, and Yü; legend of origin of a lake, –; origin of dog-worship of Jung tribe,

Other Self. Idea of the, , sq. See also Second Self

Otherworld. Parallel to this world, –; populous,

Ox-yellow. See Niu Huang

Ox-head, King. Father of the Red Child Demon; Sun Hou-tzŭ and, , sq.

P

Pa Hsien. The Eight Immortals venerated by the Taoist sect; and the Dragon-king Ao Ch’in, sq.; and Ao Ch’in’s son, ; favourite subjects of romance and frequently represented, ; term used figuratively for happiness, ; legend of, probably belongs to Yüan dynasty, ; Li T’ieh-kuai, sq.; Chung-li Ch’üan, –, –; Lan Ts’ai-ho, ; Chang Kuo, –; Ho Hsien-ku, –; Lü Tung-pin, sq.; Han Hsiang Tzŭ, –; Ts’ao Kuo-chiu, sq.; legend of the Eight Immortals crossing the sea, –

Pa Kua. The Eight Trigrams; Wên Wang uses, to divine the flesh of his son, ; discovered by Fu Hsi, –

Pa-ch’a. God of Grasshoppers,

Pagoda-bearer, The. Li Ching, , sq.

Pai Ma. The White Horse of the Hsi yu chi; Sun Hou-tzŭ and, ; son of Dragon-king of the Western Sea, –; Kuan Yin and, –; changed into a horse, ; journeys with the Master to the Western Paradise, sq.; bearer of the sacred books, ; Temple of the White Horse, ; his reward,

Palace. Of God of Literature, ; of Hsi Wang Mu, ; Shên I builds, for Chin Mu, –; of the sun, conferred on Shên I, –

P’an Ku. Mythical being, alleged first development out of Chaos and fashioner of the universe, the Chinese Adam; myths of, sq.; creator of the universe, sq.; origin of, ; meaning of name, ; representations of, ; death of, ; and the sun, –; and the moon, –; with head of a dragon, ; with body of a serpent, ; Ymer and, ; a late creation, –; date of legend of, ; Yüan-shih T’ien-wang an avatar of, sq.; and T’ai Yüan, –; a God of Medicine,

P’an Kuan. God of Exorcism, ; administrator of the infernal regions, , ,

P’an-t’ao Hui. Feast of Peaches, –

Pao Lao-yeh. Imperial Censor; and Ts’ao Ching-chih and Ts’ao Ching-hsiu, –

Pao Shu. Kuan Chung and, the Chinese types of friendship, and n.

Pao Tê. Maiden name Po Ya; Queen of Miao Chuang, sq.; canonized,

Pao Yüeh. In legend of Yü Huang, –

Parents and Children, –

Pastors. Also called Lord-Lieutenants; the chief of the nobles in a province,

Patriarch-s. Of Buddhism, ; T’ung-t’ien Chiao-chu, ,

Peaches. Feast of, –; Chang Tao-ling and the plucking of the, –

Peach-orchard, The Oath in the, sq.

Pearl, The Intelligent. See Li No-cha

Pearly Emperor. Yü Huang; Chang Tao-ling Vicegerent of,

Peking. Capital of China; Shun-t’ien Fu, originally Yu Chou; Pei-p’ing Fu in T’ang dynasty; legend of the building of, sq.; Prince Chu-ti and, sq.; Liu Po-wên and the founding of, sq.; to be called No-cha Ch’êng, ; description of, –; prosperity of, –; the dragons and the drought in, sq.

People, Four Classes of the,

Perfect Man. See Chên-jên

Period of the Warring States. Mythology in,

“Permutations, Book of.” See I Ching

Pestilence. Demons of, subdued by the three musical brothers,

Pets. Kinds kept,

Philosophers. Of the Sung Period, and mythology, ; apotheosized,

Philosophy. Effect of Chinese, on mythology,

Pi Fang. Mysterious bird belonging to Hui Lu,

Pi Hsiang-yang. Attacks Han Chih-hsien,

Pi Hsiao. Sister of Ch’iung Hsiao; killed by Yüan-shih,

P’i-lu Fo. See P’i-lu Hsien and Vairotchana

P’i-lu Hsien, or P’i-lu Fo. An Immortal; and Chun T’i, ; becomes a Buddha,

Piao. See Shao

Pig Fairy of the “Hsi Yu Chi,” sq.

Pills of Immortality. And vital force, ; Chang Tao-ling and, , ; Shên I and, –; Hêng Ô and, –

Pitch-pot. A game,

Planet-s. Influence terrestrial events, ; abodes of stellar divinities, ; Jupiter and T’ai Sui,

Pneuma. Ch’i; one of the elements of creation,

P’o Chia. Name of King Miao Chuang,

Po I-k’ao. Stellar deity of Tzŭ-wei constellation, ; eldest son of Wên Wang, ; and Ta Chi, –; canonized,

Po Shih. And legend of Ch’in Shin Huang-ti’s visit to the Spirit of the Sea, sq.

Po Ya. Maiden name of Pao Tê,

Pole, Pivot of the. Tou Shu; a palace,

Political History. Summary of, –

Polyandry,

Polydemonism. Great extent of,

Polytheism. Great extent of, –, –

Pootoo Island. See P’u T’o Island

Population. In early times, ; in Manchu Period,

Presents. Ceremonial governing giving of,

Priest-s. Wu, or exorcists, –; first, ; king as high, ; held in low esteem,

Priesthood. In Buddhism,

Primary Matter. See Ch’i

Princes of States,

Princess of the Golden Stem. Ch’un-yü Fên marries, sq.

Products. Processes of production, ; habitations, –; food, ; clothing, ; land-works, –; implements and weapons, ; æsthetic products,

Professional Institutions,

Prostitution,

Provinces. Administrative divisions of the country, –

P’u-t’i Tsu-shih. Immortal; becomes master of Sun Hou-tzŭ,

P’u T’o Island, or Pootoo. Throne of Kuan Yin on, ; Miao Shan goes to,

Punctured Bodies. Legend of People of the,

Punishments. Nature of legal, ; lex talionis, ; codes of, sq.; changes made by Provisional Criminal Code, –; of the gods,

Pygmies. Legend of, –

Q

Queue, ,

R

Rain. Myths of, sq.; the Master of, – Red Child Demon. In Hsi yu chi, sq.,

Red Country. See Ssŭ Ha Li Kuo

Red Sand Battle, sq.

Redcoat, Mr. Purveyor of official posts; companion of Wên Ch’ang, sq.

Reincarnation. Of Chuang Chou,

Religious Ideas. Nature of Chinese,52; Confucianism, , ; State religion, ; Taoism, –; Buddhism, ; influence of, on mythology, —; Chinese religion not a monotheism, ; the Three Religions, sq.; of the learned,

Republic. Races represented in flag of,

Republican Period. Marriage in, –; administrative system in,

Revenue. Whence derived,

River-s. Ch’ien-t’ang, chief God of, –; marriage of River-god, sq.

Rope, The Magic,

S

Sacrifice-s. To Shang Ti, ; to T’ai Sui, . See also Fêng-shan

Saint-s. See Shêng-jên

S’âkyamuni, See Shâkyamuni

Samgha. Sêng Pao; the Priesthood in Buddhism,

San Ch’ing. The three Heavens of Taoism, –

San Kuan. The Three Agents,125; San Kuan Ta Ti, ; T’ai Shang San Kuan, ; sons of Dragon-king’s daughters,

“San Kuo Chih,” The Story of the Three Kingdoms; an historical romance, sq.

San Pao. The Three Precious Things, or Treasures—Buddha, the Law, and the Priesthood,

San Yüan. The Three Origins,125; and the divisions of the year, ; ‘the Three True Sovereigns, Guests of the Kingdom of Wu,’

Scholars. Shih; the first class of the people,

Schools. See Accessory Institutions

Sciences, Little cultivated until modern times, sq.

Sea. Dragon-kings of the, –, ; Yang Hou, Spirit of the, sq.; legend of the Eight Immortals crossing the, –

Seasons. Festivals of the,

Second Self. And worship of the living, , See also Other Self

Sêng Pao. Samgha; the Priesthood or Church, one of the San Pao of Buddhism,

Sentiments, Æsthetic and Moral, –

Sha Ho-shang, or Sha Wu-ching. A priest in the Hsi yu chi, ; and Kuan Yin, 1 baggage coolie to Hsian Chuang, –; journeys with the Master, sq.; his reward,

Sha Wu-ching. See Sha Ho-shang

Shakya, or S’âkya. Same as S’âkyamuni Buddha, Shih-chia Fo, Gautama, . See Shâkyamuni

Shâkyamuni, S’âkyamuni, or Shih-chia Fo. The name used in Chinese literature for Gautama Buddha, ; and Kuan Yin,

“Shan Hai Ching.” The Hill and River Classic,

Shan Ts’ai. And Miao Shan, sq.; his fidelity tested, sq.; transformation of, ; canonized,

Shang. The Merchants; the fourth class of the people,

Shang Ti. The Supreme Ruler, ; and Ti, ; worship of, –; sacrifices to, ; confused with T’ien, –; confers on Chuang Chou the kingdom of Jupiter,

Shang Yang. Legend of the, –

Shao, or Piao. Part of the constellation of the Great Bear,

Shê-chi. Gods of the Soil and Crops,

Shê-mo Wang. Gods of Serpents,

Shên. Name for gods,

Shên Chên-jên. And T’ai Sui,

“Shên Hsien Chuan.” Biographies of the Gods, by Ko Hung,

Shên I. The Divine Archer Ch’ih-chiang Tzŭ-yü, – and the Emperor Yao, sq. and Fei Lien, , –; shoots the nine false suns, –; marries the sister of the Water-spirit, ; canonized, ; builds a palace for Chin Mu, –; and the pill of immortality, –; kills Chisel-tooth, ; receives the sun-palace, –; and the Bird of Dawn, –; visits the moon, –

Shên Kung-pao. Meets Chiang Tzŭ-ya, ; tempts Chiang Tzŭ-ya to desert Chou, ; his power to separate his head from his body, ; discards his head, ; his head taken by Ancient Immortal of the South Pole, –; obtains his head again,

Shên Lang. Hsü Chên-chün and, –

Shên Nung, or Ti Huang Shih. A legendary emperor, , ; and T’ai I, ; as God of Agriculture, , , ; as God of Fire (Huo Ti, Yen Ti), ; as God of Medicine,

Shên Pao, or Lao Tzŭ. Third person of Taoist triad,

Shên Shih. The Gentry; a social division,

Shên Shu. A Door-god, . See Mên Shên

Shêng-jên. Superhuman beings, saints, ,

Shih. Officers, later Scholars; the first class of the people,

Shih Chin. Second son of Shih Ch’in-ch’ang,

Shih Ch’in-ch’ang. Father of the sons reborn as daughters of Queen Po Ya,

Shih Shan. Third son of Shih Ch’in-ch’ang,

Shih Wên. Eldest son of Shih Ch’in-ch’ang,

Shih-chi Niang-niang. And No-cha, –

Shih-chia Fo. See Shâkyamuni

Shou Hsing, or Hsien Wêng. The God of Longevity, , –; at first a stellar deity, –; as an old man, ; legend of, ; and the Eight Immortals, ; and Chu Jung,

Shu Yü. See Mên Shên

Shui. Water; and deliverance from evil, –

Shui Kuan. Ruler of the Watery Elements,

Shui-mu Niang-niang. Old Mother of the Waters; legend of, sq.; and Sun Hou-tzŭ, –; and Kuan Yin, –

Shun. Successor of the great Emperor Yao; with Yao and Yü as the Three Origins, –

Shun-fêng Êrh, or Kao Chio. Favourable-wind Ear, sq.; general of tyrant Chou, –; encounters with No-cha, Yang Chien, Chiang Tzŭ-ya, Li Ching, and Lei Chên-tzŭ, sq.; defeat of, –; searches for heir to Miao Chuang, –

Silkworms, Goddess of,

Sin. By the gods,

Sinkiang. The New Territory, or Eastern Turkestan; a dependency of China,

Six-toed People,

Slavery. Unknown in early times, recognized in Monarchical Period,

Slow-carts Country. In Hsi yu chi, sq.

Smallpox. God of, ; Ministry of, –; prevalence of, in China, –

Snake, The Jointed. Legend of,

Snuff. Use of,

Snorter. See Chêng Lung

Social Intercourse, Laws of. Ceremonial observances, –; ranks, how distinguished, ; visits, ; forms of address, ; presents, ; a source of misunderstanding between East and West, –

Sociological Environment, –

Soil, Gods of the,

Solitary Indeterminate. See I Tu

Solstices. Festivals of the,

Sombre Youth. See Heaven-deaf

Soul. Recalling the, –; birth of the,

Soul-tablet,

“South Branch, Dream of the.” Nan k’o mêng; story of, sq.

Sovereign-s. The Three True— see San Yüan; of the Eastern Air, –; of the Western Air, ; the nine Human—see Jên Huang

Spiders. Sun Hou-tzŭ and the,

Spine, Deformed in infancy to produce a scholarly stoop,

Spirit-s. Festivals, ; T’ien the abode of the, –; the Great One, the Great Unity, –; an ox-spirit, ; Spirit of the Blue Dragon Star, ; of the White Tiger Star, ; Spirit-boat, ; of Ô-mei Shan—see T’ai-i Huang-jên; Spirit of the Waters, , and see Ho Po; Spirit of Lightning, –; dragons regarded as spirits of the waters, ; Spirit of the Sea, sq.; of the Well, ; of the North Star, –, ; of the South Pole Star, ,

Sports and Games, –

Ssŭ Ha Li Kuo. The Red Country,

Ssŭ Ta T’ian-wang. The Four Kings of Heaven; Taoist reflection of Chin-kang,

Ssŭ Tu. The Four Kings of the Sweet Water Department,

Ssŭ-ma Chêng. Author of Historical Records; his account of Nü Kua, –

Star-s. Myths of the, sq.; star-worship, –; star-ruler, ; effects of worship of,

Star-god-s. The Great Bear, sq.; the God of Literature a star-god, sq.; T’ai I, ; Bushel Mother, –; Blue Dragon, ; White Tiger, ; Ts’an Nü, ; the God of Happiness, –; the God of Longevity, –; Leo, ‘Throne of the Five Emperors’ in, ; the Cycle-gods, ; Chang Hsien, sq.; the Heavenly Dog, –; Po I-k’ao, sq.; God of the Wind, ; ‘the Five Mountains,’ –

Starting, The Great. T’ai ch’u,

States. Parts of provinces in early times, ; power of princes of,

Storms, Ministry of,

“Story of the Three Kingdoms,” See San Kuo Chih

Substance. Chih; one of the elements of creation,

Sumêru. The central mountain or axis of the universe in Hindu mythology, ; called Hsü-mi Shan in Chinese,

Su Ta. Assassin, ,

Sun-s. P’an Ku and the, –; influences terrestrial events, ; symbol of the, ; worship of, –, ; the nine false, –; palace of the, conferred on Shên I,

Sun Hou-tzŭ. See Sun Wu-k’ung

Sun Wu-k’ung, or Sun Hou-tzŭ. The Monkey Fairy in the Hsi yu chi; and Shui-mu Niang-niang,221–; represents human nature, ; various names of, ; born on Hua-kuo Shan, –; Yü Huang and, sq.; his rod of iron, ; Grand Master of the Heavenly Stables, ; Grand Superintendent of the Heavenly Peach-garden, –; acquires double immortality, ; and T’ien Kou, ; distilled in Lao Chün’s furnace, –; in jumping competition with Buddha, –; and Kuan Yin, ; journeys to the Western Paradise with the Master, sq.; and the Demons of the Lotus Gave, sq.; saves the Master, sq., , sq., –, –; and the Red Child Demon, sq.; and the Demons of Blackwater River, ; in Slow-carts Country, sq.; in the Buddhist temple, –; returns home, sq.; canonized,

Sun-king. T’ai-yang Ti-chün, or Jih-kung Ch’ih-chiang; ; and legend of Ch’ih-chiang Tzŭ-yü, sq.; legend of the—see Ch’ih-chiang Tzŭ-yü and Shên I

Sung Dynasty. Philosophers of, and mythology,

Super-tao. Chuang Tzŭ’s,

Super-triad of Gods, –

Superstition-s, –; fêng-shui, , ; astrological,

Supreme Ruler. See Shang Ti

T

Ta Chi. The barbarous concubine of Chou Hsin, the last ruler of the Shang dynasty; and Po I-k’ao, –; and Wên Wang, ; and T’ai Sui, –

Ta Yü. See Yü

Tai. A rich family murdered by Wang Chê,

T’ai Chi. The Grand Terminus; the producer of the two elementary forms,

T’ai Chi T’u. The Plan of the Grand Terminus; explanation of, ; and Chinese cosmogony, . See also Chou Tzŭ

T’ai Ch’u. The Great Starting,

T’ai I. The Great Change, ; the Great One, Great Unity, the first of the celestial spirits, sq.; and Shên Nung, ; Hsien Yüan’s medical preceptor, ; Spirit of the Pole Star, . See also T’ai-i Chên-jên

T’ai Shan. Sacred mountain; Fêng-shan sacrifices offered on,

T’ai Shih. The Great Beginning,

T’ai Su. The Great Blank; one of the stages in creation,

T’ai Sui. Called Yin Chiao; the celestial year-spirit, sq.; sacrifices to, ; corresponds to the planet Jupiter, ; legend of, –; son of tyrant Chou, ; and Ho Hsien-ku, ; and Ta Chi, –; canonized by Yü Ti, ; and Jan Têng, ; canonized by Chiang Tzŭ-ya, ; worship of, –; divination of locality of,

T’ai Tsung. Emperor; and the Door-gods, –

T’ai Yin. Princess; and Lu Ch’i, –

T’ai-i Chên-jên. Taoist priest, , sq.; appears in a dream to Yin Shih, ; visits Li No-cha, ; Li No-cha visits, –,

T’ai-i Huang-jên. The spirit of Ô-mei Shan, –

T’ai-po Chin-hsing. Spirit of the South Pole Star, ,

T’ai-shang Lao-chün, or Lao Tzü. Third person of the Taoist triad,

T’ai-wu Fu-jên. Daughter of Hsi Wang Mu,

T’ai-yüan Shêng-mu. An hermaphrodite, mother of Yüan-shih T’ien-wang; and P’an Ku, –

Talismans. Chang Tao-ling and,

Tao. The ‘Way,’ –; the Solitary Indeterminate, ; the super-tao,

“Tao-tê Ching.” The Canon of Reason and Virtue, first called Lao Tzŭ,

Taoism. The doctrine of the Way; as a religion, –; one of the three religions, sq.; the three Heavens of, –; the Three Pure Ones of, –; Yü Huang and, ; the first pope of, ; Chang Tao-ling, founder of modern, ; the Kings of Heaven of, ; the Kuan Yin of—see Tou Mu; guardians of Taoist temple gates,

Tarim Valley. Supposed origin of the Chinese in, ,

Tartars. Conquer Northern China, –; conquer the whole of China, ,

Tathagata. Ju-lai Fo, Shâkyamuni, or Buddha,

Temple-s, Of Heaven, ; to God of Literature, ; guardians of gates of Buddhist, ; guardians of gates of Taoist, ; legend of the cursed, sq.

Têng Chiu-kung. Spirit of the Blue Dragon Star, ; and No-cha, ; and Huang Fei-hu, ; and Yang Chien, ; overthrown by Ch’ên Ch’i, ; kingdom of the Blue Dragon Star conferred on,

Thousand-li Eye. See Ch’ien-li Yen

Three Causes. Worship of the, sq.

Three Faces, People with the,

Three Heavens. See San Ch’ing

Three Musical Brothers. And the la mei flower, ; cure the Emperor Hsüan Tsung, ; and the Spirit-boat, ; subdue the demons of pestilence, . See also T’ien Chih-piao, T’ien Hung-i, and T’ien Yüan-shuai

Three Pure Ones. See Taoism

Three Religions, The, sq.

Three-body People, ,

Three-heads,

Throne of the Five Emperors. Wu Ti Tso, a celestial palace,

Thunder. Myths of, sq.; Ministry of, ; Duke of—see Lei Kung; Son of, , –, and see Lei Chên-tzŭ

Ti. The earth; and forgiveness of sins, –

Ti Chih. The twelve terrestrial branches,

Ti-mu, Ti-ya, or Hou-t’u. ‘Earth-dumb,’ the Earth-mother; one of the attendants of Wên Ch’ang, , –,

Ti-tsang Wang. The God of Hades,

Ti-ya. See Ti-mu

Tibet. A dependency of China,

Tien Mu. Mother of Lightning,

T’ien. Heaven; worship of, , –; abode of the spirits, –; confused with Shang Ti, –; one of the sources of happiness, –

T’ien Chih-piao. Third of the three musical brothers,

T’ien Fei. Heavenly Concubine; helps Yin Chiao,

T’ien Huang Shih, or Fu Hsi. As God of Medicine, –

T’ien Hung-i. Second of the three musical brothers,

T’ien Kan. The ten celestial tree-trunks,

T’ien Kou. The Heavenly Dog; and Chang Hsien, ; and Sun Hou-tzŭ,

T’ien Mu, or Hsüan Nŭ. Mother of Heaven; and Chuang Chou,

T’ien Yüan-shuai. Eldest of the three musical brothers,

T’ien-hou. Goddess of Sailors,

T’ien-lung. ‘Heaven-deaf’; one of the attendants of Wên Ch’ang, , –

Tiger. Yellow Flying, ; White—see White Tiger

Time. Myths of, sq.; Ministry of,

To-pao Tao-jên. Disciple of T’ung-t’ien Chiao-chu, ; fights with Kuang Ch’êng-tzŭ,

Tobacco. Use of,

Tombs, Festival of the,

Tones. In Chinese speech,

Tortoise, Golden Mother of the,

Tou. A measure; name of a constellation,

Tou Mu. Bushel Mother, Goddess of the North Star; the Indian Maritchi, ; mother of the nine Jên Huang, , ; the Kuan Yin of Taoism, ; her palace, Tou Shu, the Pivot of the Pole, ; description of, –

Tou Shu. The Pivot of the Pole, palace of Tou Mu,

Trade. Foreign, , –; home, –

Triad. The super-triad, –; of gods, ; Taoist, –

Transformations. Of the fox,

Treasures, The Three. See San Pao

Trigrams. A combination of lines used in divination; the Eight (pa kua), ,

Triratna. The Three Embodiments,

Ts’ai Shên. God of Wealth, , –; Chao Kung-ming prototype of, –; legend of, –; canonized,

Ts’ai-yün Hsien-tzŭ. Fights for Wên Chung, –

Ts’an Nü. Also called Ma-t’ou Niang; Goddess of Mulberry-trees and Silkworms, , –; legend of, –; also represented as a stellar divinity,

Ts’ao Ching-chih. In legend of Ts’ao Kuo-chiu, –

Ts’ao Ching-hsiu. Becomes the Immortal Ts’ao Kuo-chiu, sq.

Tsao Chün. The Kitchen-god, , , , sq.; reports to Supreme Being, , –; chief of Yüan-shih T’ien-tsun’s secret police, ; origin of worship of, –; Li Shao-chün and, –

Ts’ao Kuo-chiu. One of the Eight Immortals, , ; legend of, sq.

Ts’ao Ts’ao. Usurping general in period of the Three Kingdoms; and Kuan Yü,

Tso Ch’ih. See Chisel-tooth

Tso-ch’iu Ming. Author of the Tso chuan, commentary on the Annals of Confucius; and Chinese mythology,

T’u Hsing-sun. Magician; and Têng Chiu-kung, ; marries Ch’an-yü,

Tu Ô. Taoist magician; teaches the Snorter,

T’u-ti. Local gods, ; report murder of the Tais to Yü Huang, –; sent to help Miao Shan in the Nunnery of the White Bird, ; report the approaching execution of Miao Shan to Yü Huang, ; carry Miao Shan to P’u T’o Island, ; find companions for Miao Shan, ; help Miao Shan,

Tung Wang Kung, Mu Kung, or Tung-hua Ti-chün. God of the Immortals; and Shên I, sq.; and the Spirit of Lightning, . See Mu Kung

Tung-hua Ti-chün. See Tung Wang Kung

T’ung-t’ien Chiao-chu. First of the Patriarchs of the Taoists, ; and Hung-chün Lao-tsu, ; battle with Chun T’i, –; the buffalo of, –; given pill of immortality and taken to Heaven, ; and the twenty-eight constellations, –; and Chun T’i, sq.

Turkestan, Eastern. Supposed origin of the Chinese in, . See also Sinkiang

Tzŭ T’ung. Chang Ya at, ; the God of, ; Wên Ch’ang and the Spirit of, –

Tz’ŭ-hang Ta-shih. Immortal,

Tzŭ-hua. In legend of Ch’un-yü Fên, , –,

Tzŭ-wei Hsing. Constellation. See Po I-k’ao

U

Umbrellas, The Magic, –

Unicorn. K’uei niu

Unicorn Precipice, The, ,

Unity, The Great. First of the celestial spirits, –

Unnatural People, sq.

V

Vairotchana. Dharma, the highest of the Three Embodiments (Triratna), representing Purity; Chinese P’i-lu Fo,

Vajrâpani. God of Thunder. See Lei Kung

Vega. Star; legend of Aquila and, sq.

Vihârapâla. See Wei-t’o

W

Wang Ch’ang. Disciple of Chang Tao-ling, , ,

Wang Chê. Brigand chief; begs of Shih family, ; murders Tai family,

Wang Tan. A minister of State; and the cask of pearls, –; K’ang Hsi on, –

War, God of, sq.

Waters. Shên I marries sister of the Water-spirit, ; myths of the, sq.; dragons are spirits of the, ; Ministry of the, ; Yang Hou, Spirit of the Sea, sq.; Shui Kuan, Ruler of the Watery Elements, ; Shui-mu Niang-niang, Old Mother of the, sq. See also Ho Po and Shui

Watters, Thomas. Consul-General; on fox-lore,

Way. See Tao

Wealth, God of. See Ts’ai Shên

Weapons,

Weaver-girl, The Herdsman and the. Legend of, sq.

Wei Chêng. Associated with Door-gods. See Mên Shên

Wei-t’o. Vihârapâla; the Dêva protector of Buddhist temples and of the Law of Buddha,

Weights and Measures,

Well, Spirits of the,

Wên Ch’ang. God of Literature; attendants on, , –; legends of, sq.; and the Great Bear, sq.; palace of,

Wên Chiao. Wife of Ch’ên Kuang-jui, and mother of Hsüan Chuang, , sq.

Wên Chung. Famous generalissimo, canonized as God of Thunder; his battle with Chiang Tzŭ-ya, sq.; attacked by Huang T’ien-hua, ; wounded by Chiang Tzŭ-ya, ; forced to retreat, ; fights more battles, ; drawn up to Heaven, ; another account of his battles and death, –. See also Lei Tsu

Wên Wang. Father of Po I-k’ao; prisoner of Chou Hsin, ; Ta Chi and, –; Lei Chên-tzŭ and, –

Wên Yü. See Lei Chên-tzŭ

Wên-chu T’ien-tsun. Fights with No-cha, –

Western Air, Sovereign of the,

White Bird Nunnery. Miao Shan goes to, sq.; set on fire, ; saved by Miao Shan,

White Crane Youth. Captures Shên Kung-pao’s head, ; restores the head, ; kills Ch’iung Hsiao, ; fights and defeats Chang Shao,

White Elephant. In Kuan Yin legend, , , –

White Horse. Of Hsŭan Chuang, –

White Tiger. Po Hu; spirit of the White Tiger Star; guardian of Taoist temple gates, ,

Wife. Status of, –; legend of the Expectant, –

Wild Men. Legend of, –

Wind, Spirit of the. Fei Lien; vanquished by Shên I, , –; myths of the, –. See also Fêng Po

Women, The Lovely. In the Hsi yu chi, sq.

Women’s Kingdom. Legend of the, –

Worship. Origin of, ; of Shang Ti, –; of T’ien, , –; of the living, ; the second self and, ; of the Kitchen-god, –; of the harvest moon, ; of the sun, –, ; of Chang Hsien, ; of constellations, ; of T’ai Sui, –; of Wu Yüeh, ; origin of dog-worship of Jung tribe,

Wu. Exorcists,

Wu Hsing. The Five Elements,

Wu San-kuei. General of Emperor Ch’ung Chêng, –

Wu Ti. See Kuan Ti

Wu Ti Tso. ‘Throne of the Five Emperors’; in the constellation Leo,

Wu Wang. First king of the Chou dynasty; his battles with Chou Wang, –; and Chiang Tzŭ-ya, , ; killed and revived,

Wu Yüeh. ‘Five Mountains’; gods worshipped in cases of fever, etc., –; legend of, sq.

Wu Yün. Immortal; and Chun Ti, –

Y

Yang. The male principle in nature, , , ; its hold on the Chinese mind, ; Mu Kung and, –; united with yin in marriage, ; conjunction of yin and, ; and lightning, . See also Yin

Yang Ch’êng. See Fu Shên

Yang Chien. Nephew of Yü Huang; and Hua-hu Tiao, –; and Ch’an-yü, ; battles with Ch’ien-li Yen and Shun-fêng Êrh, sq.; and Lü Yüeh,

Yang Hou. Spirit of the Sea, sq.

Yang Hsi-chi. See Fu Shên

Yang Jên. Magician; and Lü Yüeh,

Yao. 1. Early emperor; with Shun and Yü as the Three Origins, –; and Shên I, sq., . 2. Tailed Miao Tzŭ tribe; legend of, n.

Yao Ch’ih. Lake of Gems,

Yao Wang. God or King of Medicine, ,

Year. Spirit of the, T’ai Sui, sq. See also San Yüan, T’ai Sui, and Time

Yeh Ch’ien-chao. And Lei Kung, –

Yeh Fa-shan. Magician; and Chang Kuo, –

Yellow Flying Tiger. Huang Fei-hu; spears the Blower,

Yellow Turbans. Tribe; Liu Pei, Kuan Yü, and Chang Fei make war on,

Yen, District of, ,

Yen Ch’êng. Legend of the City-god of, sq.

Yen Ti. See Shên Nung

Yen Wang. The King of the Hells; and Miao Shan, , ; and Sun Hou-tzŭ, –

Yen-chung Hsien. See Lo Hsüan

Yin. The female principle in nature, , , , ; its hold on the Chinese mind, ; Hsi Wang Mu and, ; ancestor of the spirituality of the, ; united in marriage with yang, ; conjunction of yang and, ; yin-yang mirror, ; and lightning, , ; yin-yang baskets,

Yin Ch’êng-hsiu. Spirit of the White Tiger Star, ; canonized by Chiang Tzŭ-ya,

Yin Chiao. See T’ai Sui

Yin K’ai-shan, Father of Wên Chiao, , –

Yin P’o-pai. Courtier of Chou Wang; father of Yin Ch’êng-hsiu,

Yin Shih. Wife of Li Ching, sq.

Ymer. The Scandinavian giant out of whose body the world was made; compared with P’an Ku,

Yü, or Ta Yü. The Great Yü, one of the early kings; with Yao and Shun as the Three Origins, –

Yu Chou. See Peking

Yü Ch’üan Shan T’a, or Chên-shui T’a. Pagoda near Peking; origin of, – and n.

Yü Huang. Also called Yü-huang Shang-ti; the Pearly Emperor, ; popular head of Taoist hierarchy, ; the Jade Emperor, the Pure August One, ; history of, sq.; the Chinese Jupiter, ; legend of, –; identified with Indra, ; subject of a nature myth, ; and Shui-mu Niang-niang, –; allows reincarnation of sons of Shih Ch’in-ch’ang, –; sends spiritual aid to Miao Shan, –; prevents execution of Miao Shan, ; orders punishment of Miao Chuang, ; canonizes Miao Shan and her family, ; and Sun Hou-tzŭ, sq.

Yu I. A spirit, –

Yü Lü. A Door-god, . See Mên Shên

Yü Lung San T’ai-tzŭ. Son of Dragon-king of the Western Sea; and the White Horse, –

Yü Nü. The Jade Maiden; servant to Mu Kung, ; and the Spirit of Lightning,

Yü Shih, or Ch’ih Sung-tzŭ. The Master of Rain, –; resides in the K’un-lun Mountains, ; and the shang yang,

Yü-huang Shang-ti. See Yü Huang

Yü-ting Chên-jên. Makes plan for defeat of Ch’ien-li Yen and Shun-fêng Êrh, –

Yüan Chuang. See Hsüan Chuang

Yüan Hung. Generalissimo; serves Chou Wang, ,

Yüan-shih T’ien-tsun, Lo Ching Hsin, or T’ien Pao. Son of P’an Ku and T’ai-yüan Shêng-mu; first member of Taoist triad, ; First Cause, Highest in Heaven, sq.; God of Lightning, ; avatar of P’an Ku, sq.; first named Yüan-shih T’ien-wang, ; legend of birth of, sq.; fights T’ung-t’ien Chiao-chu, , , –; and Tou Mu, ; presents List of Promotions to Immortals to Chiang Tzŭ-ya, –; kills Pi Hsiao,

Yüan-shih T’ien-wang. See Yüan-shih T’ien-tsun

Yüeh-shih Fo. The Master-Physician Buddha,

Yün Chung-tzŭ. A hermit; causes the death of Wên Chung, ; teacher of Lei Chên-tzŭ, –

Yün-t’ai Mountain. The peach-plucking on, –