Volume I

CHAPTER I.

THE TEETH OF GEAR-WHEELS.

PAGE

Gear-Wheels. Spur-wheels, bevel-wheels, mitre-wheels, crown-wheels, annular or internal wheels

Trundle-wheels, rack and pinion-wheel and tangent screw, or worm and worm-wheel

The diameter of the pitch circle of

Gear-Wheel Teeth. The face, the flank, the depth or height

The space, the pitch line, the point, the arc pitch, the chord pitch, the line of centres

Rules for finding the chord pitch from the arc pitch; table of natural sines; diametral pitch; finding the arc from the diametral pitch; table of arc and diametral pitches

Gear-Wheels. The driver and follower, a train of gears

Intermediate gears

The velocity of compounded wheels

Finding the diameters of the pitch circles of

Considered as revolving levers

Calculating the revolutions of, and power transmitted by

The angular velocity of

Gear-Wheels. Hunting tooth in, stop motion of

Gear-Wheel Teeth. The requirements and nature of the teeth curves

Cycloidal curves for the faces of; epicycloidal and involute curves; the hypocycloidal curve; method of forming or generating the epicycloidal and hypocycloidal curves for the faces and flanks of gear teeth

Applications of the epicycloidal and hypocycloidal curves in the formation of gear teeth

The diameter of the circle for generating the epicycloidal and hypocycloidal curves; graphical demonstration that the flank curves are correctly formed to work with the face curves of the other wheel

Graphical demonstration that the curves are correct independent of either the respective sizes of the wheels, or of the curve generating circles

Gear-Wheels. Hand applications of the rolling or generating circle to mark the tooth curves for a pair of wheels

Gear-Wheel Teeth. The variation of curve due to different diameters of wheels or of rolling circles

Tracing the path of contact of tooth upon tooth in a pair of gear-wheels; definition of the “arc of approach;” definition of the “arc of recess;” demonstration that the flanks of the teeth on the driver or driving-wheel have contact with the faces of the driven wheel during the arc of approach, and with the flanks of the driven wheel during the arc of recess

Confining the action of the teeth to one side only of the line of centres, when motion rather than power is to be conveyed

Demonstration that the appearance or symmetry of a tooth has no significance with regard to its action

Finding how many teeth will be in constant action, the diameter of the wheels, the pitch of the teeth, and the diameter of the rolling circle being given

Example of the variation of tooth form due to variation of wheel diameter

Gear Teeth. Variation of shape from using different diameters of rolling circles

Thrust on the wheel shafts caused by different shapes of teeth

Gear-Wheels. Willis’ system of one size of rolling circle for trains of interchangeable gearing

Conditions necessary to obtain a uniform velocity of

Gear Teeth. The amount of rolling and of sliding motion of

The path of the point of contact of

The arcs of approaching and of receding contact

Lengths of the arcs of approach and of recess

The influence of the sizes of the wheels upon the arcs of contact

Influence of the size of the rolling circle upon the amount of flank contact

Demonstration that incorrectly formed teeth cannot correct themselves by wear

The smaller the diameter of the rolling circle, the less the sliding motion

Influence of the size of the rolling upon the number of teeth in contact in a given pair of wheels

Demonstration that the degrees of angle the teeth move through exceed those of the path of contact, unless the tooth faces meet in a point

Influence of the height of the teeth upon the number of teeth in contact

Increasing the arc of recess without increasing the arc of approach

Wheels for transmitting motion rather than power

Clock wheels

Forms of teeth having generating or rolling circles, as large or nearly as large as the diameters of the wheels

Gear-Wheels. Bevel

The principles governing the formation of the teeth of bevel- wheels

Demonstration that the faces of the wheels must be in line with the point of intersection of the axis of the two shafts

Gear Teeth. Method of finding the curves of, for bevel gear

Gear-Wheels. Internal or annular to

Demonstration that the teeth of annular wheels correspond to the spaces of spur-wheels

Gear-Wheels Internal. Increase in the length of the path of contact on spur-wheels of the same diameter, and having the same diameter of generating or rolling circle

Demonstration that the teeth of internal wheels may interfere when spur-wheels would not do so

Methods of avoiding the above interference

Comparison of, with spur-wheels

The teeth of: demonstration that it is practicable to so form the teeth faces that they will have contact together as well as with the flanks of the other wheel

Intermediate rolling circle for accomplishing the above result

The application of two rolling circles for accomplishing the above result

Demonstration that the result reached by the employment of two rolling circles of proper diameter is theoretically and practically perfect

Limits of the diameters of the two rolling circles

Increase in the arc of contact obtained by using two rolling circles

Demonstration that the above increase is on the arc of recess or receding contact, and therefore gives a smooth action

Demonstration that by using two rolling circles each tooth has for a certain period two points of contact

The laws governing the diameters of the two rolling circles

Practical application of two rolling circles

Demonstration that by using two rolling circles the pinion may contain but one tooth less than the wheel

The sliding and rolling motion of the teeth of

CHAPTER II.

THE TEETH OF GEAR-WHEELS (Continued).

Worm and Worm-Wheel, or wheel and tangent screw to

General description of

Qualifications of

The wear of

Worm-Wheel Teeth, the sliding motion of

When straight have contact on the centres only of the tooth sides

That envelop a part of the worm circumference

The location of the pitch line of the worm

The proper number of teeth in the worm-wheel

Locating the pitch line of the worm so as to insure durability

Rule for finding the best location for the pitch line of the worm

Increasing the face of the worm to obtain a smoother action

Worms, to work with a square thread

Worm-Wheels, applications of

Gear-Wheels with involute teeth to

Gear Teeth. Generating the involute curve

Templates for marking the involute curve

Involute Teeth, the advantages of

Gear Teeth, Pratt and Whitney’s machine for cutting templates for

CHAPTER III.

THE TEETH OF GEAR-WHEELS (Continued).

Gear Teeth, revolving cutters for

Pantagraph engine for dressing the cutters for

Numbers of cutters used for a train of wheels

Gear-Wheel Teeth. Table of equidistant value of cutters

Depth of, in the Brown and Sharpe system

Cutting the teeth of worm-wheels

Finding the angle of the cutter for cutting worm-wheels

The construction of templates for rolling the tooth curves

Rolling the curves for gear teeth

Forms of templates for gear teeth

Pivoted arms for tooth templates

Marking the curves by hand

Former or Template of the Corliss bevel gear-wheel engine or cutting machine

The use of extra circles in marking the curves with compasses

Finding the face curves by geometrical constructions

The Willis odontograph for finding the radius for striking the curves by hand

The method of using the Willis odontograph

Professor Robinson’s odontograph

Method of using Professor Robinson’s odontograph

Application of Professor Robinson’s odontograph for trains of gearing

Tabular values and setting numbers for Professor Robinson’s odontograph

Walker’s patent wheel scale for marking the curves of cast teeth

The amount of side clearance in cast teeth

Filleting the roots of epicycloidal teeth with radial flanks

Scale of tooth proportions given by Professor Willis

The construction of a pattern for a spur-wheel that is to be cast with the teeth on

Template for planing the tooth to shape

Method of marking the curves on teeth that are to be glued on

Method of getting out the teeth of

Spacing the teeth on the wheel rim

Methods of accurately spacing the pattern when it has an even number of teeth

Method of spacing the wheel rim when it has an odd number of teeth

Gear-Wheels, Bevel Pinion, drawings for

Getting out the body for a bevel-wheel

Template for marking the division lines on the face of the wheel

Marking the lines of the division on the wheel

Gear-Wheels, Pinion, with dovetail teeth

Testing the angle of bevel-wheels while in the lathe

Gear-Wheels, Skew Bevel. Finding the line of contact

Marking the inclination of the teeth

Gear-Wheels, Bevel, drawing for built up

Gear-Wheels, Worm, or endless screw

Constructing a pattern from which the worm is to be cast

Tools for cutting the worm in a lathe

Cutting the teeth by hand

Gear-Wheels, Mortise or cogged

Methods of fastening cogs

Methods of getting out cogs for

Gear-Wheel Teeth, calculating the strength of epicycloidal

Factors of safety for

Tredgold’s rule for calculating the strength of

Cut, calculating the strength of

Gear-Wheel Teeth. The strength of cogs

The thickness of cogs

The durability of cogs

Table for calculating the strength of different kinds of

The contact of cast teeth

Table for determining the relation between pitch diameter, pitch, and number of teeth in gear-wheels

Examples of the use of the above table

With stepped teeth

Angular or helical teeth

End thrust of angular teeth

Herring-bone angular teeth

For transmitting motion at a right angle by means of angular or helical teeth

Cutting helical teeth in the lathe

For wheels whose shaft axes are neither parallel nor meeting

Elliptical

Elliptical, marking the pitch lines of

Elliptical, drawing the teeth curves of

For variable motion

Form of worm to give a period of rest

Various applications of

Gear-Wheels, arrangement of, for periodically reversing the direction of motion

Watt’s sun and planet motion

Arrangements for the rapid multiplication of motion

Arrangement of, for the steering gear of steam fire-engines

Various forms of mangle gearing

Gear-Wheel and Rack, for reciprocating motion

Friction Wheels.

The material for

Paper

For the feed motion of machines

The unequal wear upon grooved

Form of, for relieving the journals of strain

Cams, for irregular motion

Finding the pitch line of

Finding the working face of

The effect the diameter roller has upon the motion produced by a cam

Demonstration of the different motion produced by different diameters of rollers upon the same cam

Diagram of motion produced from the same cam with different diameters of rollers

Return or backing

Methods of finding the shape of return or backing

Cam Motion, for an engine slide valve without steam lap

For a slide valve with steam lap

Groove Cams, proper construction of

The wear of

Brady’s improved groove cam with rolling motion and adjustment for wear

CHAPTER IV.

SCREW-THREADS.

Screw Threads, the various forms of

The pitch of

Self-locking

The Whitworth

The United States standard

The Common V

The requirements of

Tools for cutting

Variation of pitch from hardening

The wear of thread-cutting tools

Methods of producing

Alteration of shape of, from the wear of the tools they are cut by

Screw Thread Cutting Tools. The wear of the tap and the die

Improved form of chaser to equalize the wear

Form of, to eliminate the effects of the wear in altering the fit

Originating standard angles for

Standard micrometer gauge for the United States standard screw thread

Standard plug and collar gauges for

Producing gauges for

Table of United States standard for bolts and nuts

Table of standard for the V-thread

United States standard for gas and steam pipes

Taper for standard pipe threads

Tables of the pitches and diameters at root of thread, of the Whitworth thread

Table of Whitworth’s screw threads for gas, water, and hydraulic piping

Whitworth’s standard gauges for watch and instrument makers

Screw-cutting hand tools

Thread-Cutting Tools. American and English forms of stocks and dies

Adjustable or jamb dies

The friction of jamb dies

The sizes of hobs that should be used on jamb dies

Cutting right or left-hand thread with either single, double, or treble threads with the same dies

Hobs for hobbing or threading dies

Various forms of stocks with dies adjustable to take up the wear

Dies for gas and steam pipes

Thread-Cutting Tool Taps. The general forms of taps

Reducing the friction of

Giving clearance to

The friction of taper

Improved forms of

Professor J. E. Sweet’s form of tap

Adjustable standard

The various shapes of flutes employed on taps

The number of flutes a tap should have

Demonstration that a tap should have four cutting edges rather than three

The position of the square or driving end, with relation to the cutting edges

Taper taps for blacksmiths

Collapsing taps for use in tapping machines

Collapsing tap for use in a screw machine

The alteration of pitch that occurs in hardening

Gauging the pitch after the hardening

Correcting the errors of pitch caused by the hardening

For lead

Elliptical in cross section

For very straight holes

Tap wrenches solid and adjustable

Thread-Cutting. Tapping

Appliances for tapping standard work

CHAPTER V.

FASTENING DEVICES.

Bolts, classification of, from the shapes of their heads

Classification of, from the shapes of their bodies

Countersunk

Holes for, classification of

For foundations, various forms of

Hook bolts

The United States standard for finished bolts and nuts

The United States standard for rough bolts and nuts, or black bolts

The Whitworth standard for bolts and nuts

Screws

Studs

Set Screws

Bolts for quick removal

That do not pass through the work

That self-lock in grooves and are readily removable

Heads and their bedding

Nuts, the forms of, when they are to be steam tight

Various forms of

Jamb nuts and lock nuts

Differential Threads for locking purposes

For fine adjustments

Nuts, taking up the wear of

Securing devices

Securing by taper pins

Securing by cotters

Securing by notched plates

Pins. Securing for exact adjustments

And double eyes fitting

Fixed

Working

Bolts, removing corroded

Nuts, removing corroded

Washers, standard sizes of

Wrench, the proper angles of

Box

Monkey

Adjustable, various forms of

Sockets

Novel for carriage bolts

Pin

Improved form of

Keys, the various kinds of

The bearing surfaces of

Set Screws, application of, to hubs or bosses

Keys, with set-screws

The draught of

Feathers, and their applications

Keys, for parallel rods

Taper Pins, proper position of, for locking purposes

Improved method of fitting

CHAPTER VI.

THE LATHE.

Lathe, the importance and advantages of

Classification of lathes

Foot

Methods of designating the sizes of

Bench

Power

Hand

Slide Rest for

American form of, their advantages and disadvantages

English forms of

For spherical work

Methods of taking up lost motion of

Engine Lathe, general construction of

The construction of the shears of

Construction of the headstock

Construction of the bearings

Construction of the back gear

Means of giving motion to the feed spindle

Construction of the tailstock

Method of rapidly securing and releasing the tailstock

Lathe Tailstock, setting over for turning tapers

Engine Lathe, construction of carriage

Feed motion for carriage or saddle

Lathe Apron, Construction of the feed traverse

Construction of the cross-feed motion

Engine Lathe, lead screw and change wheels of

Feed spindle and lead screw bearings

Swing frame for lead screw

Lead screw nuts

With compound slide rest

Construction of compound slide rest

Advantages of compound slide rest

For taper turning

Taper-turning attachments

With compound duplex slide rest

Detachable slide rest

Three-tool slide rest for turning shafting

With flat saddle for chucking work on

The Sellers Lathe

Construction of the headstock and treble gear

Construction of the tailstock and method of keeping it in line

Construction of the carriage and slide rest

Methods of engaging and disengaging the feed motions

Car Axle Lathe, with central driving motion and two slide rests

The feed motions of

Self-Acting Lathe, English form of

Pattern Maker’s Lathe

Brake for cone pulley

With wooden bed

Slide rest for

Chucking Lathe, English

Feed motions of

Pulley Lathe

Gap or Break Lathe

Extension Lathe

Wheel Lathe

Chucking Lathe for boring purposes

Lathe for turning crank axles

Construction of the headstock

Construction of the feed motions

For turning crank, Arrangements of the slide rests

Application of the slide rest to a crank

CHAPTER VII.

DETAILS IN LATHE CONSTRUCTION.

Live Spindle of a lathe, the fit of

With coned journals

Methods of taking up the end motion of

Arranging the swing frame for the change gears

Taking up the wear of the back bearing

The wear of the front bearing of

The Taper for the live centre

Methods of removing the lathe centres

Tapers for the live centres

Methods of removing the dead centre

Driving Cone, arranging the steps of

Requirements of proportioning the steps of

Rules for proportioning the diameters of the steps of, when the two pulleys are exactly alike and are connected by an open belt to

When the two pulleys are unlike to

Back Gear, methods of throwing in and out

Conveying motion to the lead screw

Attaching the swing frame

Feed Gear. Arrangement for cutting worm threads or tangent screws

Feed Motion for reversing the direction of tool traverse in screw cutting

For lathe aprons

Slide Rest, weighted elevated

Double tool holder for

Gibbed elevating

Examples of feed motions

Feed Regulators for screw cutting

The star feed

Ratchet Feeds

Tool Holding devices, the various kinds of

Tool Rest swiveling

Tool Holder for compound slide rests

For octagon boring tools

Lathe Lead and Feed Screws

Lead screws, supporting, long

Position of the feed nut

Form of threads of lead screws

The effect the form of thread has in causing the nut to lock properly or improperly

Example of a lead screw with a pitch of three threads per inch

Example of a lead screw with five threads per inch

Example with a lead screw of five threads per inch

Device for correcting the errors of pitch of

Table for finding the change wheels for screw cutting when the teeth in the change wheels advance by four

For finding the change wheels when the teeth in the wheels advance by six

Constructing a table to cut fractional threads on any lathe

Finding the change wheels necessary to enable the lathe to cut threads of any given pitches

Finding the change wheels necessary to cut fractional pitches

Determining the pitches of the teeth for change wheels

Lathe Shears or beds

Advantages and disadvantages of, with raised V-guide-ways

Examples of various forms of

Lathe Shears with one V and one flat side

Methods of ribbing

The arrangement of the legs of

Lathe Tailblock

With rapid spindle motion

With rapid fastenings and releasing devices

The wear of the spindles of

Spindles, the various methods of locking

Testing, various methods of

CHAPTER VIII.

SPECIAL FORMS OF THE LATHE.

Watchmaker’s Lathes

Construction of the headstock

Construction of chucks for

Expanding chucks for

Contracting chucks for

Construction of the tailblock

Open spindle tailstocks for

Filing fixture for

Fixture for wheel and pinion cutting

Jewelers’ rest for

Watch Manufacturers’ Lathe

Special chucks for

Pump centre rest

Lathe, hand

Screw slotting

With variable speed for facing purposes

Cutting-off machine

Grinding Lathes

With elevating rest

Universal

Special chucks for

The Morton Poole calender roll grinding lathe

The construction of the bed and carriages

Principles of action of the carriages ,

Construction of the emery-wheel arbors and the driving motion ,

The advantages of

The method of driving the roll

Construction of the headstock

The transverse motion

The Brown and Sharpe Screw Machine, or screw-making lathe

Threading tools for

Examples of the use of

The Secor Screw Machine, construction of the headstock

The chuck

The feed gear

The turret

The cross slide

The stop motions

Pratt and Whitney’s Screw Machine

Parkhurst’s wire feed, construction of the headstock, chuck and feed motion

Box tools for

Applications of box tools

Threading tool for

Cutting-off tool for

Special Lathe for wood working

The construction of the carriage and reducing knife

Construction of the various feed motions

Construction of the tailstock

Lathes for irregular forms

Axe-handle

Back knife gauge

Special, for pulley turning

Boring and Turning mill or lathe

Construction of the feed motions

Construction of the framing and means of grinding the lathe

Construction of the vertical feed motions

The Morton Poole roll turning lathe

Construction of the slide rest

The tools for

Special Lathes for brass work ,

Boring Lathe with traversing spindle

For engine cylinders

Cylinder, with facing slide rests

With double heads and facing rests

Lathe for turning Wheel hubs

CHAPTER IX.

DRIVING WORK IN THE LATHE.

Drivers, carriers, dogs, or clamps, and their defects

Lathe clamps

Equalizing drivers

The Clements driver

Driver and face plate for screw cutting

Forms of, for bolt heads

Adjustable, for bolt heads

For threaded work

For steady rest work

For cored work

For wood

Centres for hollow work

For taper work

Lathe Mandrels, or arbors

Drivers for

For tubular work

Expanding mandrels

With expanding cones

With expanding pieces

Expanding, for large work

For threaded work

For nuts, various forms of

For eccentric work

Centring devices for crank axles

The Steady Rest or back rest

Steady rest, improved form of

Cone chuck

Steady rest for square and taper work

The cat head

Clamps for

Follower rests

Chucks and Chucking

Simple forms of chucks

Adjustable chucks for true work

Two-jawed chucks

Box body chucks

Reversible jawed chucks

Three and four-jawed chucks

Combination chucks

The wear of scroll chuck threads

Universal chucks

The wear of chucks

Special forms of chucks

Expanding chucks for ring-work

Cement chuck

Chucks for wood-working lathes

Lathe Face Plates

Face plates, errors in, and their effects

Work-holding straps

Face plate, clamping work on

Forms of clamps for

Examples of chucking work on ,

For wood work

Special Lathe Chuck for cranks

Face Plate Work, examples of

Errors in chucking

Movable dogs for

The angle plate

Applications of

Angle plate chucking, examples of

Cross-head chucking -

CHAPTER X.

CUTTING TOOLS FOR LATHES.

Principles governing the shapes of lathe tools

Diamond-pointed, or front tool

Principles governing use of tools

Front rake and clearance of front tools

Influence of the height of a tool upon its clearance and keenness

Tools with side rake in various directions

The effect of side rake

The angle of clearance in lathe tools

Variation of clearance from different rates of feed and diameters of work

Round-nosed tools

Utmost Duty of cutting tools

Judging the quantity of the tool from the shape of its cutting

Square-nosed tools

The height of lathe tools

Side tools for lathe work

Cutting-off or grooving tools

Facing tools or knife tools

Spring tools

Brass Work, front tools for

Side tools for

Threading tools

Internal threading tools

The length of threading tools

The level of threading tools

Gauges for threading tools

Setting threading tools

Circular threading tools

Threading tool holders

Chasers

Chaser holders

Setting chasers

Square Threads, clearance of tools for

Diameter at the roots of threads

Cutting coarse pitch square threads

Dies for finishing square threads

Tool Holders for outside work

For circular cutters

Swiveled

Combined tool holders and cutting-off tools

Power Required to drive cutting tools

CHAPTER XI.

DRILLING AND BORING IN THE LATHE.

The Twist Drill

Twist drill holders

The diametral clearance of twist drills

The front rake of twist drills

The variable clearance on twist drills as usually ground

Demonstration of the common error in grinding twist drills

The effects of improper grinding upon twist drills

Table of speeds and feeds for twist drills

Grinding twist drills by hand

Twist drills for wood work

Tailstock Chucks for drilled work

Flat Drills for lathe work

Holders for lathe work

Half-round bit or pod auger

With front rake for wrought iron or steel

With adjustable cutter

For very true work

Chucking Reamer

The number of teeth for reamers

Spacing the teeth of reamers

Spiral teeth for reamers

Grinding the teeth of reamers

Various positions of emery-wheel in grinding reamers

Chucking reamers for true work

Shell reamers

Arbor for shell reamers

Rose-bit or rose reamers

Shell rose reamers

Adjustable reamers

Stepped reamers for taper work

Half-round reamers

Reamers for rifle barrels

Boring Tools for lathe work

Countersinks

Shapes of lathe boring tools

Boring tools for brass work

The spring of boring tools

Boring tools for small work

Boring tool holders

Boring Devices for Lathes

Boring Heads

Boring Bars

Boring bar cutters

Three versus four cutters for boring bars

Boring bars with fixed heads

With sliding heads

Bar cutters, the shapes of

Boring head with nut feed

Boring bars for taper work, various forms of

Boring double-coned work

Boring bar, centres for

Cutting Speeds and feeds for wrought iron

Examples of speeds taken from practice

CHAPTER XII.

EXAMPLES IN LATHE WORK.

Technical Terms used in the work

Lathe Centres

Devices for truing

Tools for testing the truth of, for fine work

Shapes of, for light and heavy work

Centre Drilling, attachment for lathes

The error induced by straightening work after

Machine

Combined centre-drill and countersink

Countersink with adjustable drill

Centring square

Centre-punch

Centre-punch guide

Centring work with the scribing block

Finding the centre of very rough work

Centre-drill chuck

The proper form of countersink for lathe work

Countersinks for lathe work

Various forms of square centres

The advantage of the square centre for countersinking

Novel form of countersink for hardened work

Chucks for centre-drilling and countersinking

Recentring turned work

Straightening Work. Straightening machine for bar iron

Hand device for straightening lathe work

Chuck for straightening wire

Cutting Rods into small pieces of exact length, tools for

Roughing cuts, the change of shape of work that occurs from removing the surface by

Feeds for

Rates of feed for

Finishing Work, the position of the tool for

Finishing cast-iron with water

Specks in finished cast-iron work

Scrapers for finishing cast-iron work

Method of polishing lathe work

Filing lathe work

The use of emery paper on lathe work

The direction of tool feed in finishing long work

Forms of laps for finishing gauges or other cylindrical lathe work

Forms of laps for finishing internal work

Grinding and polishing clamps for lathe work

Burnishing lathe work

Taper Work, turning

The wear of the centres of

Setting over the tailstock to turn

Gauge for setting over

Fitting

Grinding

The order of procedure in turning

The influence of the height of the tool in producing true

Special Forms. Curved work ,

Standard gauges for taper work

Methods of turning an eccentric

Turning a cylinder cover

Turning pulleys

Chucking device for pulleys

Cutting Screws in the lathe

The arrangement of the change gears

The intermediate wheels

The compounded gears

Finding the change wheels to cut a given thread

Finding the change wheels for a lathe whose gears are compounded

Finding the change gears for cutting fractional pitches

To find what pitch of thread the wheels already on the lathe will cut

Cutting left-hand threads

Cutting double threads

Cutting screws whose pitches are given in the terms of the metric system

Cutting threads on taper work

Errors in cutting threads on taper work

CHAPTER XIII.

EXAMPLES IN LATHE WORK (Continued).

Ball Turning with tubular saw

With a single tooth on the end of a revolving tube

With a removable tool on an arbor

Tool holder with worm feed

By hand

Cams, cutting in the lathe

Improved method of originating cams in the lathe

Motions for turning cams in the lathe ,

Application of cam motions to special work

Cam chuck for irregular work

Milling or knurling tool

Improved forms of

Winding Spiral Springs in the lathe

Hand Turning

The heel tool

The graver and its applications ,

Hand side tools

Hand round-nosed tools for iron

Hand finishing tool

Hand Tools, for roughing out brass work

Various forms and applications of scrapers ,

Clockmakers’ hand tool for special or standard work

Screw cutting with hand tools

Outside and inside chasers

Hobs and their uses

The application of chasers, and errors that may arise from the position in which they are presented to the work

Errors commonly made in cutting up inside chasers

V-tool for starting outside threads

Starting outside threads

Cutting taper threads

Wood turning hand tools

The gauge and how to use it

The chisel and its use

The skew chisel and how to use it

Wood turners’ boring tools for lathe work

CHAPTER XIV.

MEASURING MACHINES, TOOLS AND DEVICES.

Standards of Measurements, in various countries

Use of, by sight and by the sense of feeling

Variations in standard gauges

The necessity for accurate standards

The Rogers Bond standard measuring machine

Details of construction of ,

The principle of construction of

The methods of using

The Whitworth measuring machine

The Betts Machine Company’s measuring machine

Professor Sweet’s measuring machine

Measuring machine for sheet metal

Circle, division of the

Troughton’s method of dividing the circle ,

Ramsden’s dividing engine

The construction of ,

Pratt and Whitney’s dividing device

Practical application of

Index wheel, method of originating, by R. Hoe & Co.

Application of the index wheel (Hoe & Co.’s system)

Classification of the measuring tools used by workmen

Micrometer Caliper and its principle of construction ,

Gauges. Standard plug and collar gauges

Methods of comparing standard plug and collar gauges

The effects of variations of temperature upon standard gauges

Plug and collar gauges for taper work

The Baldwin standards for taper bolts

Workmen’s gauges for lathe work

Calipers, outside, the various forms of

Inside calipers

Calipers with locking devices

Spring calipers

The methods of holding and using ,

Keyway calipers

The advantages of calipers

Fitting. The four kinds of fit in machine work

The influence of the diameter of the work in limiting the application of standard gauges

The wear of tools and its influence upon the application of the standard gauge system

The influence of the smoothness of the surface upon the allowance to be made for drilling or hydraulic fits

Examples of allowance for hydraulic fits

Parallel holes and taper plugs for hydraulic fits

Fitting. Practicable methods of testing the fit of axle brasses forced in by hydraulic pressure

Shrinkage or contraction fits

Allowances for

Gauge for

The shrinkage system at the Royal Gun Factory at Woolwich

Experiments by Thomas Wrightson upon the shrinkage of iron under repeated heatings and coolings to

Shrinking work, to refit it ,

CHAPTER XV.

MEASURING TOOLS.

End Measurements of large lathe work

Template gauges for

Trammels or Trains

Adjustable gauges for

Compasses—Dividers

Compass calipers

Key Seating rule

Surface Gauge

Pattern makers’ pipe gauge

Squares. The try square

The T square

Various methods of testing squares ,

Bevel squares

Bevel Protractors

Hexagon Gauge

Straight Edge and its applications ,

Winding strips and their application

Surface Plate or planimeter

Templates for curves

Wire Gauges, notch

Standard gauges for wire, &c. ,

Gauge for music wire

Brown and Sharpe wire gauge

Birmingham wire gauge for rolled shell silver and gold

Sheet iron gauge, Russian

Galvanized iron

Belgian sheet zinc

American sheet zinc

Rifle Bore gauge

Strength of Wire, Kirkaldy’s experiments ,

CHAPTER XVI.

SHAPING AND PLANING MACHINES.

General description of a shaping machine

Construction of swivel head

Slide

Vice chuck

Feed motion

Hand shaping machine

Quick Return Motion, Whitworth’s

Vice Chucks, the principles of construction of plain, for planing machine

The proper methods of chucking work in

Holding taper work in

Various forms of

Swiveling

Rapid motion

For vice work

Centres for shaping machines

Traveling Head in shaping machine

Planer Shapers or shaping machines, having a tappet motion for reversing the direction of motion ,

Quick Return Motion shaping machines, link

The Whitworth

Comparisons of the link motion and Whitworth

Simple Crank, investigating the motion of

Planing Machines, or planer

The various motions of ,

The table driving gear

Planing machine with double heads

Rotary planing machine

CHAPTER XVII.

PLANING MACHINERY.

The Sellers planing machine

The belt shifting mechanism ,

The automatic feed motions

Sliding Head

Cross Bar

Slides of Planers, the various forms of construction of

Wear of the Slides of planer heads, various methods of taking up the

Swivel Heads

Tool Aprons

Swivel Tool-holding devices for planers

Planer Heads, graduations of

Safety devices for

Feed motions for

V-guideways for

Flat guideways for

Oiling devices for

Planing Machine Tables

Slots and holes in planing machine tables

Forms of bolts for planer tables

Supplementary tables for planer tables

Angle plates for planer tables

Chucking devices for planer tables

Planer Centres

Planer Chucks

For spiral grooved work

For curved work

Chucking machine beds on planer tables

For large planing machines

Chucking the halves of large pulleys on a planer

Gauges for planing V-guideways in machine beds

Planing guideways in machine beds

Gauge for planer tools

Planer Tools, the shapes of

For coarse finishing feeds

The clearance of

For slotted work

Planer Tool Holder, with tool post

Various applications of

Simple and advantageous form of

Examples of application of

CHAPTER XVIII.

DRILLING MACHINES.

Drilling Machines. General description of a power drilling machine

Lever feed

With automatic and quick return feed motions

Improved, with simple belt and uniform motion, two series of rates of automatic feed, and guide for boring bar ,

Radial ,

For boiler shells

Cotter or keyway

Drilling Machine, three-spindle

Four-spindle

Drilling and Boring machine

Feed motion of

Combined Drilling Machine and lathe

Boring Machine, horizontal

For car wheels

For pulleys

Quartering Machine

Drilling and Turning Machine for boiler makers

Feed motions of

CHAPTER XIX.

DRILLS AND CUTTERS FOR DRILLING MACHINES.

Jigs or Fixtures for drilling machines

Limits of error in

Examples of, for simple work, as for links, &c.

Considerations in designing

For drilling engine cylinders to

For cutting out steam ports

Drills and Cutters for drilling machines

Table of sizes of twist drills, and their shanks

Flat drills for drilling machines

Errors in grinding flat drills

The tit-drill

The lip drill

Cotter or keyway drills

Drilling holes true to location with flat drills

Drilling hard metal

Table of sizes of tapping holes

Drill Shanks and sockets

Improved form of drill shank

Square shanked drills and their disadvantages

Drill Chucks

Stocks and Cutters for drilling machines

Tube plate cutters

Stocks and Cutters. Adjustable stock and cutter

Facing tool with reamer pin

Counterbores for drilling machines

Drill and counterbore for wood work

Facing and countersink cutters

Device for drilling square holes

Device for drilling taper holes in a drilling machine

CHAPTER XX.

HAND-DRILLING AND BORING TOOLS, AND DEVICES.

The Brad-awl

Bits. The gimlet bit

The German bit

The nail bit

The spoon bit

The nose bit

The auger bit

Cook’s auger bit

Principles governing the shapes of the cutting edges of auger bits

Auger bit for boring end grain wood

The centre bit

The expanding bit

Drills. Drill for stone

The fiddle drill

The fiddle drill with feeding device

Drill with cord and spring motion

Drill stock with spiral grooves

Drill brace

Drill brace with ratchet motion

Universal joint for drill brace

Drill brace with multiplying gear and ratchet motion

Breast drill with double gear

Drilling levers for blacksmiths

Drill cranks

Ratchet brace

Flexible shaft for driving drills

Drilling device for lock work

Hand drilling machine

Slotting Machine

Sectional view of

Tool holders ,

Tools ,

CHAPTER XXI.

THREAD-CUTTING MACHINERY AND BROACHING PRESS.

Pipe Threading, die stock for, by hand

Die stock for, by power

Pipe threading machines, general construction of

Bolt Threading hand machine

With revolving head

Power threading machine

With automatic stop motion

Construction of the head

Construction of the chasers

Bolt threading machine with back gear

Single rapid bolt threading machine

Double rapid bolt threading machine

Construction of the heads of the rapid machines

Bolt threading machinery, the Acme

Construction of the head of to

Capacity of

Cutting Edges for taps, the number of

Examples when three and when four cutting edges are used, and the results upon bolts that are not round ,

Demonstration that four cutting edges are correct for bar iron

Positions of Dies, or chasers in the heads of bolt cutting machine

Dies, methods of hobbing, to avoid undue friction

The construction of, for bolt threading machines

Method of avoiding friction in thread cutting

Hob for threading

Cutting speeds for threading

Nut Tapping machine

Automatic socket for

Rotary

Three-spindle

Pipe Threading Machine to

Tapping Machine for steam pipe fittings

Broaching Press

Principles of broaching

Examples in the construction of broaches

List of
plates
Vol. II.