Chapter 16

Appendix VII

Note

The following Chronological Outlines of Roman History and Literature are intended to illustrate the passages selected for translation. Important events and writers in contemporary History and Literature are added, in order to emphasise the comparative method of treating History.

The names of those Latin authors from whose works passages have been selected are printed in capitals in the Literature Column.

A fuller outline of the Imperial Period will be given in a later volume.

Periods of Latin Literature.

Period I. The Growth of Latin Literature 250-80 B.C.

Period II. The Golden Age of Latin Literature 80 B.C.-14 A.D.

Period III. The Silver Age of Latin Literature 14-117 A.D.

Period IV. The Later Empire from 117 A.D.

Chronological Outlines of Roman History and Literature

B.C. Rome. Other Nations. B.C. Literature. B.C.

Part I.—Regal Period, 753-509 B.C.

Foundation of Carthage

878 Amos c. 760

753

Foundation of Rome

Rise of Corinth 745 Isaiah c. 720

753-716 Romulus
Roman Senate of 200
Spolia opima (1) Captivity of Israel 721 Hesiod c. 700

716-673 Numa Pompilius

Religious Institutions

Carentum founded 708

673-640 Tullus Hostilius

Destruction of Alba

Legend of Horatii and Curiatii

Destruction of Sennacherib’s host

701 Tyrtaeus (Sparta) c. 680

Cyrene founded 641 Archilochus. 650

640-616 Ancus Martius.

Conquest of Latin Towns

Josiah’s reformation 625 Jeremiah c. 625

Ostia, first maritime colony

Periander, tyrant of Corinth

625-585

616-578 Tarquinius Priscus.

Public Works: the Circus Maximus, Cloaca Maxima, and Temple of Jupiter

Draco, the law-giver at Athens

621 Alcaeus
Sappho
Solon 600

Massilia founded 600

578-534 Servius Tullius.

The Census, basis of Comitia Centuriata

The Servian Wall includes the Quirinal, Viminal and Esquiline hills, i.e. Rome of Republican times

Captivity of Judah 606-536

Solon at Athens 594 Thales 590

Peisistratus at Athens

560-527 Ezekiel 585

Croesus in Lydia 560-546 Aesop c. 570

534-509 Tarquinius Superbus
Conquest of Gabii

Tyranny leading to expulsion of the Tarquins and abolition of the monarchy

Cyrus enters Babylon 538 Theognis 540

Return of Jews under Zerubbabel

536 Pythagoras 530

Expulsion of Peisistratidae

510 Anacreon 530

Part II.—Early Republic, 509-366 B.C.

509

Two Consuls (Praetors) first appointed

Lex Valeria establishes right of appeal

Darius Hystaspes 521-486 Aeschylus 525-456

Pindar 518-c. 443

507

Rome taken by Etruscans under Porsena

Ionian Revolt 501-493 Heracleitus 500

498 Latin War

Dictator first appointed

Battle of Lake Regillus

Miltiades at Athens 493-489 Simonides (Ceos) 490

Ionians defeated at Lade

494

First Session of the Plebs

Tribuni Plebis Battle of Marathon 490

489

Volscian War (Coriolanus)

Aristides and Themistocles

490-470 Parmenides 490

486-5 Agrarian Law

Spurius Cassius put to death

Xerxes 485-465 Bacchylides 470

477

Destruction of the Fabii at Cremera

Thermopylae. Salamis. Himera

480 Anaxagoras 460

458

War with Aequians—Battle of Mt. Algidus

Cincinnatus Dictator

Plataea (Pausanians). Mycale

479 Sophocles 496-406

Hiero I at Syracuse 478-467 Euripides 480-406

451 First Decemvirate
Ten Tables Pericles at Athens 469-429 Herodotus c. 484-425

450 Second Decemvirate

Two new Tables

(Appius Claudius)

Cimon at Athens 466-449

Phidias (Parthenon)

448

Second Secession of the Plebs, resulting in the Valerio-Horatian Laws

Athenian defeat at Coronea

447 Empedocles 445

Ezra and Nehemiah c. 444

445

Military tribunes with consular power appointed

Athenian colony to Thurii

444

Era of the Sophists (Gorgias, Protagoras)

440

443

Censors first appointed

439

Spurius Maelius killed

437 War with Etruscans

Cossus wins Spolia opima (2)

War of Corinth and Corcyra

435 Antiphon c. 480-411

424

Capua taken by the Samnites

Peloponnesian War 431-405 Thucydides c. 471-402

Sphacteria (Demosthenes, Cleon)

425 Zeuxis
Parrhasius painters c. 420

Alcibiades at Athens 424-404

Syracusan Expedition 415-413 Lysias c. 445-378

406-396 War with Veii
Camillus Dictator

Battle of Aegospotami

405 Aristophanes c. 450-385

406

Roman soldiers first receive pay

Lysander enters Athens

404 Cratinus 449

Critias and Thirty Tyrants

404 Eupolis 429

Democracy restored (Thrasybulus)

403

390

Invasion of the Gauls

Battle of the Allia

Burning of Rome (Brennus)

Manlius Capitolinus

Camillus Parens Patriae

History based on documents begins

Artaxerxes II 405-359

Expedition of Cyrus the Younger (The Anabasis of Xenophon)

401

Xenophon c. 430-355

Socrates condemned 399 Socrates 468-399

389 Rome rebuilt

Dionysius I of Syracuse, Wars of Syracuse and Carthage

405-368 Plato 420-348

Isocrates 436-338

376-366 The Licinian Laws

First Plebeian Consul

First Praetor (Judge) appointed

Pelopidas and Epaminondas (Thebes)

378-362 Isaeus 420-348

Supremacy of Thebes (Leuctra)

371

Death of Epaminondas (Mantinea)

362

Part III.—The Conquest of Italy, 366-266 B.C.

361

Second Invasion of the Gauls

Legend of Manlius Torquatus

Dionysius II of Syracuse

368-343 Diogenes (Cynic) c. 419-324

Battle of Mantinea 362

Ludi Scenici at Rome

365

356

C. Marcius Rutilus, First Plebeian Dictator

Philip of Macedon 359-336

349 War with Gauls

Legend of M. Valerius Corvus

Dion at Syracuse 357-353

Praxiteles (sculptor)

fl. 360

348

Treaty of Rome with Carthage

Olynthus taken by Philip

348 Aeschines 389-314

343-341 First Samnite War

Battle of Mt. Gaurus (M. Valerius Corvus)

Demosthenes 384-322

Aristotle 384-322

340-338 The Latin War

Devotion of Decius Mus I

Battle of Chaeronea 338

Apelles (painter)

336

Battle of Mt. Vesuvius

339 Leges Publiliae

Supremacy of Comitia Tributa

Alexander the Great

336-323

326-304

Second Samnite War (C. Pontius)

Battle of Issus 333 Menander 344-292

321

Caudine Forks. The Yoke

Foundation of Alexandria

332

311

Appius Claudius, Censor

The Via Appia Battle of Arbela 331

311-309 Etruscan War

First Battle at Lake Vadimo

Alexander’s Successors
Battle of Ipsus (301) 323-301

305

Battle of Bovianum

298-290 Third Samnite War Ptolemy I (Soter) 323-285 Euclid fl. 300

Agathocles at Syracuse

317-289 Theophrastus c. 384-277

295

Battle of Sentinum

Devotion of Decius Mus II

Demetrius Poliorcetes

308-283 Zeno, the Stoic c. 366-264

287

Last Secession of the Plebs

Rhodes powerful 300-200 Epicurus 341-270

287

Lex Hortensia. Legislative power of Comitia Tributa finally established

Political distinction between the Patricians and Plebeians now at an end

Aetolian League 284-167 Theocritus fl. 280

283

Renewed Etruscan and Gallic War

Second Battle at Lake Vadimo

Achaean League 280-146

Bion and Moschus

fl. 270

281-275

War with Tarentines and Pyrrhus

280

Battle of Heraclea. Victory of the phalanx

Gauls in Greece 280-278

279

Battle of Asculum

Fabricius the Just

Ptolemy II (Philadelphus)

285-247 Septuagint c. 277

278

Rome and Carthage allied

277

Pyrrhus masters nearly all Sicily

275

Battle near Beneventum (M’. Curius Dentatus)

Pyrrhus returns to Epirus

273

Treaty of Rome with Egypt

Recognition of Rome as one of the great powers

Aratus (astronomer)

fl. 270

272

Pyrrhus killed at Argos

Surrender of Tarentum

266

All Italy (south of the Apennines) Roman

B.C. Rome. Other Nations. B.C. Literature. B.C.

Part IV.—The Contest with Carthage, 264-202 B.C.

264-241 First Punic War

263

Hiero of Syracuse joins Rome

Hiero of Syracuse 269-219

261 Romans build a fleet

260

Naval victory of Duilius near Mylae

Columna Rostrata

Aratus, General of Achaean League

245 Callimachus fl. 260

256

Naval victory of Regulus at Ecnomus

255

Regulus defeated by Xanthippus of Sparta

Latin Literature. B.C.

Prose. Verse.

Period I.—The Growth of Latin Literature, 250-80 B.C.

250

Roman victory at Panormus (Metellus)

249

Carthaginian victory at Drepana (Claudius)

248-241

Hamilcar Barca in Sicily

Ptolemy III (Euergetes)

247-222

241

Victory of Lutatius off the Aegates Insulae

Peace with Carthage

Sicily made a Roman Province (1)

241-238

War of Carthage with her Mercenaries

Corsica and Sardinia made a Roman Province (2)

Livius Andronicus (fl. 240)

236-228

Hamilcar in Spain. Hannibal’s oath

Naevius (fl. 235)

230-229

Illyrian War. (Queen Teuta)

Athens joins Achaean League

229

228

Corinth admits the Romans to the Isthmian Games

Hasdrubal succeeds Hamilcar in Spain

Founds New Carthage. The Iberus (Ebro) fixed as the Carthaginian boundary

Roman Embassy to Greece

228

225-223

Gallic rising (Boii and Insubres)

Great victory near Telamon

Reforms of Cleomenes at Sparta

226-5

222

Victory over the Insubres at Clastidium

M. Marcellus wins the spolia opima (3)

Subjugation of Gaul south of the Alps

Aratus and Antigonus take Sparta

221

Antiochus the Great (Syria)

224-187

221

Hannibal succeeds Hasdrubal in Spain

219

Hannibal takes Saguntum (ally of Rome)

Ptolemy IV (Philopator)

222-205

218-202 Second Punic War Philip V (Macedon) 221-179

Plautus (254-184)

218

Hannibal crosses the Alps

Battles of the Ticinus and Trebia

217

Battle of Lake Trasimene

Death of Flaminius

Q. Fabius Maximus, Dictator

216

Battle of Cannae. Death of Paulus

Philip allied with Hannibal

216

Fabius Pictor (fl. 216)

Ennius (239-169)

216-211 Revolt of Capua

215 Marcellus saves Nola First Macedonian War 214-205

214-212

Siege and Capture of Syracuse by Marcellus

Death of Archimedes

212

P. & Cn. Scipio defeated by Hasdrubal

Loss of Spain south of the Ebro

Hannibal seizes Tarentum

211-206

P. Cornelius Scipio (Africanus Maior) in Spain

Rome allied with Aetolians

211

210

Scipio surprises New Carthage

208

Hasdrubal (son of Hamilcar) eludes Scipio and crosses the Pyrenees to join Hannibal

Philopoemen, General of Achaean League

208-183

207

Defeat and Death of Hasdrubal at the Metaurus (Nero)

204

Scipio goes to Africa: blockades Utica

Peace of Rome with Philip

205

203

Hannibal recalled: leaves Italy

202

Battle of Zama. Peace made

Part V.—Formation of Empire beyond Italy, 200-183 B.C.

200-196

Second Macedonian War

197

Battle of Cynoscephalae (Flaminius)

196

Proclamation of the Freedom of Greece

195

Hannibal takes refuge with Antiochus

Cato (234-149)

200-191

War with Insubrian and Boian Gauls

Gallia Cisalpina a Roman Province (3)

Antiochus in Greece 192

191-190

War with Antiochus of Syria

191

Battle of Thermopylae (Cato)

190

Battle of Magnesia. (L. Scipio and Domitius)

Hannibal with Prusias, King of Bithynia

190-183

Pacuvius (220-132)

184

Censorship of Cato

183

Deaths of Hannibal, Scipio and Philopoemen

179

T. Sempronius Gracchus in Spain

War of Antiochus and Egypt

172-168

171-168

Third Macedonian War (Perseus)

168

Battle of Pydna (Aemilius Paulus)

Egypt accepts the protectorate of Rome

Judas Maccabaeus (a treaty with Rome, 161)

166-161

Terence (185-159)

149-146

Third Punic War (Scipio Africanus Minor)

Destruction of CarthageB

148-146

War with Andriscus (the pseudo-Philip) and the Achaeans. Destruction of Corinth (Mummius)

Lucilius (180-103)

148

Macedonia made a Roman Province (4)B

Illyricum made a Roman Province (5)

149-140

War with Viriathus, the Lusitanian Hero

Judaea free from Syrian control (Simon Maccabaeus)

142

143-133 Numantine War

133

Destruction of Numantia (Scipio Africanus Minor)

Roman Province in Spain (7)B

Achaia made a Roman Province (8)

Accius (c. 170-90)

133

Attalus III bequeaths the Kingdom of Pergamum to Rome. This becomes the Roman Province of Asia (9)

Part VI.—Period of Civil Strife in Italy, etc. 133-44 B.C.

133-121

Attempted reforms (Leges Semproniae) of the Gracchi

133

Agrarian Law of Tiberius Gracchus

Murder of Tib. Gracchus (P. Scipio Nasica)

First civil bloodshed in Rome

John Hyrcanus subdues Idumea and Samaria

129

131

Two plebeian Consuls (the first time)

129

Death of Scipio Africanus Minor (Carbo suspected)

123-2

Tribunate of C. Gracchus

Roman Colony sent to Carthage

123

121 Death of C. Gracchus

Conquest of S. Gaul

Province of Narbonensis (10)

Mithridates (Pontus)

120-63

Afranius (fl. 100)

118

Death of Micipsa, King of Numidia

111-106

The Jugurthine War (Metellus, Marius, Sulla)

Conquests of Mithridates on the Black Sea

112-110

106

Jugurtha betrayed to Sulla

105

The Cimbrians defeat the Romans at Arausio

102

Marius defeats Teutones at Aquae Sextiae

101

Marius (with Catulus) defeats Cimbri at Vercellae

100

Marius Consul a sixth time

Sulla on the Euphrates

Tribunate of M. Livius Drusus

91-81

The Social or Marsic War

Tigranes (Armenia)

95-60

Lex Iulia, granting the civitas to the Italian States not in rebellion

89 Battle of Asculum

88-86

First Civil War (between Marius and Sulla)

Period II.—The Golden Age of Latin Literature, 80 B.C.-14 A.D.

Sulla occupies Rome. First invasion of Rome by a Roman army

87-84

Cinnan revolution. Marius’ reign of terror

88-84

First Mithridatic War. (Sulla)

Massacre of Romans in Asia

Victory at Chaeronea. Sulla takes Athens

Death of Marius

Victory at Orchomenus

Tigranes at war with Rome

86-85

Lucretius (97-53)

Peace of Dardanus with Mithridates

83-82

Second Civil War (between Marius and Sulla)

Death of the younger Marius

Sulla Felix

83-81

The Sullan Proscriptions

Second Mithridatic War (Murena)

Pompeius in Africa: triumphs as an Eques

81-79

Sulla Dictator

Leges Corneliae

Cilicia made a Roman Province (11)

78 Death of Sulla

78-72

War with Sertorius in Spain (Pompeius)

Pharisees supreme in Judaea

Sisenna (fl. 78)

Mithridates in alliance with Sertorius

Bithynia made a Roman Province (12)

Nicomedes leaves Bithynia to Rome

Varro (116-27)

Betrayal and murder of Sertorius

73-71

War with Spartacus and his gladiators

Death of Spartacus (Crassus and Pompeius)

74-63

Third Mithridatic War (Lucullus, Pompeius)

Victory of Cabira (Pontus)

Lucullus reforms the province of Asia (hence unpopular with Equites)

Catullus (84-54)

First Consulship of Pompeius and Crassus

Overthrow of the Sullan Constitution

Victory at Tigranocerta (capital of Armenia)

Nepos (100-24)

Mutiny of Lucullus’ soldiers

Mithridates recovers Pontus

Lex Gabinia

Pompeius destroys the Pirates

Rome interferes in Palestine

Sallust (86-34)

66 Lex Manilia

Lucullus superseded by Pompeius

Victory of Nicopolis (Armenia)

Peace with Tigranes

Cicero (106-43)

Syria made a Roman Province (13)

Pompeius takes Jerusalem

Death of Mithridates

63 Cicero Consul

Catiline’s conspiracy crushed

Cicero saluted as Pater Patriae

Pompeius’ great Triumph

First Triumvirate (Pompeius, Caesar, Crassus)

Caesar’s first Consulship. The Leges Iuliae

58-50

Caesar in Gaul (in Britain 55 and 54 B.C.)

Gaul divided into three Provinces (14, 15, 16)

Caesar (102-44)

58-57

Cicero’s banishment and return

A. Hirtius (ob. 43)

Conference of the Triumvirs at Luca

Second Consulship of Pompeius and Crassus

Disaster at Carrhae. Death of Crassus

Pompeius sole Consul till August 1st

51-50

Cicero Governor of Cilicia

49-45

Third Civil War (between Caesar and Pompeius)

Caesar crosses the Rubicon

Caesar’s successful campaign round Lerida (Spain)

Massilia surrenders to Caesar

Defeat and death of Curio in Africa

Caesar’s unsuccessful investment of Dyrrachium

Cleopatra 69-30

Battle of Pharsalus. Murder of Pompeius

Alexandrine War. Settlement of Asia

Battle of Thapsus. Death of Cato

Caesar sole Consul. Battle of Munda (Spain)

Pub. Syrus (fl. 45)

44 Murder of Caesar

Imperial Period.

Second Triumvirate (Lepidus, Antonius, Octavianus)

Herod the Great in Judaea

37-4

Pollio (fl. 40)

Vergil (70-19)

Battle of Philippi (Brutus and Cassius)

Battle of Actium (Antonius and Cleopatra)

Egypt a Roman Province (17)

Horace (65-8)

27 B.C.-
14 A.D.

Octavianus Augustus

Tibullus (54-19)

Death of Marcellus

Livy (59 B.C.-18 A.D.)

Propertius (49-15)

Parthians restore standards

Birth of Christ

B.C. 4

Ovid (43 B.C.-18 A.D.

A.D. 9

Destruction of army under Varus (Arminius)

A.D.

Period III.—The Silver Age, 14-117 A.D.

14-37

Tiberius

V. Paterculus (fl. 20)

Manilius (fl. 12)

37-41

Caligula

41-54

Claudius

Pontius Pilate in Judaea

26-36

Val. Maximus (fl. 26)

Phaedrus (fl. 30-40)

43-51 Conquest of Britain

Crucifixion

Boadicea in Britain 61

Seneca (4 B.C.-65 A.D.)

Petronius (ob. 66)

Persius (34-62)

Lucan (39-65)

54-68 Nero
Rome burnt 64

68-69

Galba, Otho, Vitellius

70-78

Vespasian. (Colosseum built)

Titus destroys Jerusalem

Pliny I. (23-79)

79-81

Titus

Eruption of Vesuvius (Herculaneum and Pompeii)

Quintilian (c. 35-95)

Frontinus (c. 41-103)

Tacitus (c. 55-120)

Pliny II. (61-113)

Suetonius (c. 75-160)

Florus (fl. 137)

Justinus (c. 150)

A. Gellius (fl. 169)

Val. Flaccus (ob. 90)

Statius (ob. 95)

Silius (25-101)

Martial (c. 40-102)

Juvenal (c. 55-138)

81-96

Domitian

Agricola subdues Britain

78-85

Death of Agricola (father-in-law of Tacitus)

96-98

Nerva

98-116

Trajan

Greatest extent of Roman Empire

117-138

Hadrian

Hadrian’s wall 121

138-160

Antoninus Pius

Wall of Antonine 140

161-180

Marcus Aurelius

Period IV.—The Later Empire, from 117 A.D.

Nemesianus (fl. 284)

274-337

Constantine the Great

Council of Nicaea 325

Ter. Maurus (c. 300)

395-1453 Byzantine Empire Romans leave Britain 409-420

Ausonius (fl. 379)

408-410

Alaric the Goth at Rome (Stilicho)

Hengist and Horsa (Kent)

449

Eutropius (fl. 375)

Augustine (354-430)

Claudian (fl. 400)

Prudentius (fl. 404)

Rutilius (fl. 416)

451

Attila the Hun defeated at Chalons

455

Genseric the Vandal at Rome

476

Odoacer at Rome. Western Empire ends

Constantinople taken by Turks

1453