Chapter 18

INDEXToC

Abolitionists, societies started 163;
theories and aims, 164;
petitions in House, 165;
preparing for Republican party, 166;
more in politics, 170;
and Wilmot Proviso, 170;
in 1850, 176.
Adams, Charles Francis, fears English intervention, 314, 315, 316.
Adams, John, 19.
Adams, John Quincy, coalition with Clay, 1, 2, 3, 4;
support in 1828, 14, 15, 17;
popular and electoral votes, 18;
unpopular in Southwest, 21;
and Georgia, 21, 39, 55, 56;
in House, 66;
for Bank, 68, 70, 72, 74, 84;
attacking Van Buren, 96-105, 107, 108, 109;
and petitions on slavery, 119, 126;
for secession, 127, 164, 165;
denounces Mexican War, 157;
anti-slavery leader, 164;
address on taxes, 167, 242, 252.
Agassiz, Alexander, 225.
Agassiz, Louis, naturalist, 225.
Agriculture, methods of, 211.
Alabama, and Indians, 8;
immigration to, 13;
population (1830, 1840), 13, 90;
for Jackson, 72;
being filled up, 89, 90;
for Van Buren, 111;
“Slavery a blessing,” 119;
and Wilmot Proviso, 171, 264;
secession of, 271.
Albany Journal, friendly to Confederacy, 272.
Alcott, Amos Bronson, 225.
Alien and Sedition Laws, 161.
Allen, William, friendly to Calhoun, 120;
expansionist, 149.
Allston, sculptor, 54.
Amendments, on presidential term, appointment of members of Congress, limiting Supreme Court, 16.
American Fur Company, 35.
American National Academy of Science, 225.
American party. See Know-Nothing party.
American Revolution, 47, 84;
debt paid, 99.
American System, Clay's, 67, 74, 109;
to be carried out, 114;
laid aside, 145.
Anderson, Major Robert, commanding at Fort Sumter, 273.
Andrew, Governor, of Massachusetts, supports Lincoln, 322.
Antietam, battle of, 302.
Appomattox, Lee surrenders at, 327.
Arkansas, in cotton belt, 12;
for Van Buren, 111;
for Pacific Railroad, 233;
secession of, 275.
Art, American, in 1860, 225.
Ashburton, Lord, Minister to United States, 123;
Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 123, 124, 125.
Astor, John Jacob, fur trade, 35.
Atchison, David, expansionist, 150;
pro-slavery leader, 238.
Atlantic Monthly, founded, 227.
Austin, Stephen, in Texas, 120.

Bache, Alexander Dallas, scientist, 224.
Baldwin, Joseph G., 227.
Baltimore, Maryland, for Adams, 15, 41, 46, 48;
newspapers for Bank, 79;
Democratic Convention of 1844, 128;
wheat market, 133;
sub-treasury at, 151;
Democratic Convention of 1848, 172, 187.
Baltimore and Ohio Canal, 46.
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 192.
Bancroft, George, in Polk's Cabinet, 149.
Bank, Second National, 45;
and Jackson, 60, 65, 66, 67;
and Clay, 67;
bill for re-charter, 67;
Biddle, president, 67;
sentiment for re-charter, 68;
Jackson's veto, 69;
in campaign of 1832, 70;
and Jackson, 77;
creditor of members of Congress, 78;
newspaper support of, 79;
government deposits withheld, 79;
fighting Jackson and the people, 80;
defeated, 82;
decline in power, 83;
and French claims, 85;
out of politics, 91;
under Pennsylvania charter, 98;
European stockholders, 99, 103, 107.
Banks, in United States, capital, 45;
men in control, 47;
banking area, 47;
state banks and Jackson, 78, 79;
expansion of credit, 98;
increase of members, 98;
panic of 1837, 102;
suspend specie payment, 102;
New York laws, 105;
state, 151;
of New York, 189;
of Confederacy, 286.
Banks, N. P., 253, 299.
Baptists, in West, 33;
in South, 143;
and slavery, 143, 163;
increase in membership, 145;
in South, 218;
clergy of high character, 220;
members (1860), 220;
and slavery, 221;
educational institutions, 222.
Barbecues, 209, 212.
Barbour, James, 17.
Baring Brothers of London, and American stocks, 99.
Barry, W. T., Postmaster-General, 58.
Bates, Edward, presidential timber, 257, 262, 263.
Beauregard, General P. G. T., and Fort Sumter, 274, 276, 281;
in battle of Bull Run, 285;
in battle of Shiloh, 294.
Beecher, Henry Ward, 219.
Bell, John, for President, 261.
Belmont, August, 258.
Benton, Thomas H., against Adams, 16;
for preëmption law, 16, 60, 65;
against Florida Treaty, 16;
imperialist, 25;
for free homesteads, 27, 30, 32;
Foot Resolution, 60;
land program defeated, 65, 75, 82, 90, 102, 105, 108, 109;
supporting Tyler, 115, 126;
Oregon, 127, 129;
Texas and Oregon, 132, 147, 149, 150;
for commander-in-chief in Mexico, 155;
and California, 175;
and crisis of 1850, 175, 242.
Berrien, John M., Attorney-General, 58.
Biddle, Nicholas, president of Second National Bank, 67, 70;
and Jackson, 77;
policy for Bank, 78;
control of politicians and newspapers, 78;
fighting Jackson and people, 79;
defeated, 82;
policy changed, 83, 112.
Birney, James G., anti-slavery worker, 119, 161.
Black Hawk, 87.
Black Warrior, trouble with Spain, 234.
Blair, Frank P., 58.
Blair, Montgomery, 324.
Bonds, United States, 291, 293;
Confederate in Europe, 293.
Border States, Republican party, 302.
Boston, financial center, 45, 46, 48;
shipping and Hayne, 48;
Transcendental Club, 52;
philosophy and religious reform, 52, 84, 129;
alliance with South, 162, 193, 202, 205;
clergy and slavery, 222.
Bragg, General Braxton, in battle of Shiloh, 294;
in Kentucky, 295, 300;
battle of Murfreesboro, 295;
withdraws to Chattanooga, 295, 303;
reinforced, 307;
beats Rosecrans, 307;
character, 307.
Branch, John, Secretary of the Navy, 58.
Breckinridge, John C., for Vice-President, 245;
for President, 261.
Breese, Sidney, friend of Calhoun, 120.
Brinkerhoff, Jacob, and Wilmot Proviso, 169.
Brooks, Preston, assault on Sumner, 245.
Brown, John, in Kansas, 249;
raid into Virginia, 258;
capture and execution, 259.
Brown, Governor, Joseph E., of Georgia, distrusted by Confederates, 309;
opposed to Davis, 312, 324.
Bryant, William Cullen, and New York Evening Post, 53;
against Lincoln, 320.
Buchanan, James, Secretary of State, 148;
and Oregon, 149;
for all Mexico, 157;
Minister to England, 234;
Ostend Manifesto, 235;
Democratic nominee for President, 245;
elected, 246;
slights Douglas, 247;
Mexico and Cuba, 247;
Kansas question, 249;
Lecompton Constitution, 253;
Douglas opposes, 253;
opposes Douglas, 256, 265, 268;
and secession, 270.
Buell, Don C., at Louisville, 284;
in battle of Shiloh, 294;
across Tennessee, 294;
opening the Mississippi, 294.
Buena Vista, battle of, 155.
Bull Run, first battle of, 285;
second battle of, 300.
Burnside, Ambrose E., given command of the Army of the Potomac, 303;
loses at Fredericksburg, 303;
resignation, 303.
Business, prosperous in North during Civil War, 292.
Butler, General B. F., 318, 326.
Butler, Pierce, abused by Sumner, 245.

Calhoun, John C., 4, 5;
Nationalist, 5;
Pennsylvania and, 5;
against tariff, 6, 66, 68;
alliance with Jackson, 6;
strong in Virginia, 11, 16;
and Jackson's first Cabinet, 21;
true to West, 30;
powerless against Jackson, 37, 39, 52, 54, 58, 60, 61, 62;
break with Jackson, 63, 64, 67;
and Van Buren, 64, 68;
defied by Clay, 67;
and Bank, 68, 82;
Nullification, 71, 72, 75;
isolated in 1832, 73;
and compromise of 1833, 74;
and Force Bill, 74;
defeated and isolated, 82, 84, 91;
hostile to Jackson, 92;
supporting Van Buren, 94, 108, 112;
for Independent Treasury, 104;
for Texas, 105, 107, 121, 126, 147;
supporting Tyler, 115, 116;
retirement, 117;
and Clay reconciled, 117;
candidacy for President, 117;
on slavery, 119;
character, 119;
Secretary of State, 127;
and Walker, 129;
for Polk, 130;
Texas Treaty, 130;
Presidency promised to, 131, 132;
Unitarian, 143;
and sectionalism, 145;
and Polk, 148;
and Oregon, 149, 150, 152;
and all Mexico, 158;
and abolition agitation, 165;
and compromise of 1850, 176, 178;
demands for slavery, 178;
death, 180, 242, 243;
doctrine of, and Dred Scott case, 248, 263.
California, Tyler for, 125, 131, 132, 152, 154;
occupied by United States, 154;
gold discovered, 174;
Taylor for admitting, 176, 199, 232;
for Pacific Railroad, 233;
for Buchanan, 246.
Cameron, Simon, 257, 262, 263.
Campbell, Judge, of Alabama, Confederate Commissioner, 324.
Campbellites, Calvinistic, 218, 222.
Canada, revolt and American aid, 105, 120, 122, 153.
Canals, constructed in West, 90;
speculation, 91, 92.
Carey and Lea, Philadelphia, publishing activities, 53.
Caroline, the, affair of, with England, 105, 120, 123.
Cartwright, Peter, salary, 31.
Cass, Lewis, 15, 25;
Secretary of War, 65;
Oregon and Texas, 132;
expansionist, 150, 157, 158;
for President, 172;
Nicholson letter, 172;
defeat, 173;
and crisis of 1850, 176.
Catholics, 216;
and slavery, 221.
Cerro Gordo, battle of, 155.
Chancellorsville, battle of, 305.
Chandler, Zachary, 241;
uncompromising, 273.
Channing, William Ellery, 52.
Charleston, S.C., 53, 54;
and abolition mail, 165;
spring resort, 214;
blockade-running from, 313.
Chase, Salmon P., for Wilmot Proviso, 171, 184, 202;
against Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 240, 241, 242;
and Kansas, 245;
and Ohio, 251, 257, 262, 265;
uncompromising, 273;
Secretary of Treasury, 291;
difficulties, 292;
for immediate emancipation, 301, 315;
working against Lincoln, 316;
supports Lincoln, 322.
Cherokees. See Indians.
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 46.
Chestnut, Mrs. James, 215, 281.
Chicago, 187, 192, 193, 202;
and Douglas, 204;
growth, 204;
Pacific Railroad idea, 204, 210.
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, 192.
Chickasaws. See Indians.
Children, in factories, 210.
China, Tyler and, 126.
Choate, Rufus, became Democrat, 246.
Choctaws. See Indians.
Christian Church. See Campbellites.
Churches, support, 50;
strictness moderated, 50, 143;
and slavery, 143, 146, 163;
members and capacity, in 1860, 220;
of South, for slavery and war, 278.
Churubusco, battle of, 156.
Cincinnati, pork-packing and manufacturing, 35, 202, 210.
Cities, wretched industrial life, 210.
Civil service, Van Buren and spoils system, 96.
Clay, Henry, coalition with Adams, 2;
Secretary of State, 3, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21;
barely reëlected to the Senate in 1831, 22;
fast life, 22;
duelist, 32, 33;
Mechanic's Library, 35;
powerless against Jackson, 37, 55, 56, 62, 63, 64, 76;
defies South, 66;
and Bank, 67, 70, 79;
for Presidency, 67, 69;
and Jackson's Bank Veto, 70;
and Kentucky, 70, 71;
and Compromise of 1833, 73, 74, 75;
alliance with Calhoun, 74;
debtor of Bank, 79, 80;
fight to restore deposits, 81, 82, 84, 91;
for distribution of surplus, 92, 93;
attacking Van Buren, 96, 107;
and Texas, 105, 127;
Eastern tour, 108, 109;
not nominated, 101, 112;
program, 114;
and Tyler, 115;
retirement in 1841, 117;
reconciled to Calhoun, 117;
candidacy for Presidency, 117;
Raleigh letter, 128;
and Polk, 130, 145, 147, 152;
on Mexican Treaty, 157, 167;
snubbed, 171, 172;
in Senate, 176;
Compromise of 1850, 176;
death, 181, 242.
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 173.
Cobb, Howell, adviser of Buchanan, 247.
Colleges, in West, 34.
Colorado, 199.
Columbia Valley, immigration to, 127.
Confederacy, Southern organized, 271;
agents to Europe, 276;
enthusiasm, 276;
preparations for war, 276;
aristocracy united, 279;
Richmond capital, 280;
expects foreign intervention, 282;
currency and finances, 286;
need of European market, 286;
regular government, 286;
dissension, 287;
bonds in Europe, 294;
European recognition, imminent, 301;
not ready for reunion, 309;
debt and currency in 1864, 310;
taxation, 310;
internal dissension, 310;
resistance to conscript laws, 311;
area controlled in 1854, 313;
credit ruined in Europe, 315;
collapse, 324-28.
Congregational Church, in Massachusetts, 15;
members in 1860, 220;
and abolition, 222;
Yale, a center, 222.
Connecticut, suffrage extended, Church and State separated, 14;
population, 39;
cotton and wool manufacturing, 42, 54.
Conscription, Federal and Confederate, 305;
resistance to Confederate, 311;
opposition to Federal, 317.
Constitution of the United States, amendments to limit term of Presidents, appointment of members of Congress, and powers of Supreme Court, 16;
States and bills of credit, 99.
Cooper, General A. S., 281.
Cooper, James Fenimore, 53.
Cooper, Thomas, resignation, 142.
Cotton, and politics in South Carolina, 4;
planters against tariff, 5, 66, 75;
expansion and politics, 11;
decline in price, 12;
great wealth of planters, 13;
in Southwest, 13;
exports, 29, 36, 42, 313;
New Orleans market, 36;
manufacture in New England, 42, 46, 132, 133, 134, 137, 138;
prices, 186, 194.
Courts, for vested interests, 51;
national, power of, 51;
county in old South, 38;
planters in federal, 138.
Crawford, Thomas, sculptor, 225.
Crawford, William H., Jackson and Seminole affair, 2, 4, 8, 64.
Creeks. See Indians.
Crittenden, John J., 171, 255, 273.
Crockett, David, 79.
Cuba, 198;
purchase proposed, 232, 233;
Ostend Manifesto, 234, 247.
Currency. See Money, Paper money.
Cushing, Caleb, 50, 150;
Attorney-General, 231.

Dallas, George M., for Vice-President, 130;
elected, 131.
Dana, R. H., secession, 253.
Daniel, John M., opposed to Davis, 312.
Davis, Jefferson, Oregon, Texas, 132;
expansionist, 150, 157, 176;
retired after 1850, 181, 214;
Secretary of War, 231;
and Pacific Railroad, 233, 234, 236;
for Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 239;
Senate leader, 247;
and Douglas, 254, 258;
against secession, 269;
President of Confederacy, 271;
and Fort Sumter, 274;
advice to plant food crops, 282;
“second Washington,” 282, 285;
reëlected, 286;
and J. E. Johnston, 287;
trust in Lee, 298;
unyielding, 309;
opposition to, 312, 315, 322;
recommends negro enlistment, 323;
opposed by Congress, 323;
impeachment threatened, 323;
offers Europe emancipation, 323;
last appeal to South, 324;
escape to Danville, 327;
captured and imprisoned, 328.
Declaration of Independence, and Jacksonians, 24;
and New England, 24;
in Democratic platform of 1840, 110;
abolitionists and, 162, 262.
Delaware, for Adams, 14, 18.
Democracy, decline, 3;
doomed in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, 11;
retarded by cotton expansion, 11;
Whigs and Democrats, 109;
flooded in South, 214;
in New England, 215.
Democratic party, 67;
defied by Clay, 66;
first national convention, 68;
and Van Buren, 104, 107, 109, 110;
Baltimore Convention of 1844, 129;
for Texas, 147, 161;
convention of 1848, 172, 182;
Franklin Pierce, 182;
compromise a finality, 182;
lose Northwest, 242;
Southern, and pro-slavery, 243;
Convention of 1856, 245;
Buchanan and Breckinridge, 205;
and Douglas, 257, 258;
Charleston Convention of 1860, 260;
split, 261;
wins seven Republican States, 302;
strong in North, 317;
Convention of 1864, 321.
Derby Bank, of Connecticut, robs depositors, 44.
De Veaux, James, painter, 54.
Dew, Thomas R., on slavery, 118, 145.
Dickinson, Daniel S., Lincoln leader, 290.
District of Columbia, petitions on slavery in, 165;
to abolish slave-trading, 178.
Dix, John A., 150, 157.
Doak, Samuel, 33.
Dobbin, James C., Secretary of Navy, 232.
Donaldson, Fort, Grant captures, 293.
Douglas, Stephen A., Oregon and Texas, 132;
expansionists, 150, 172;
and crisis of 1850, 176, 206;
understood West, 202;
land for railroads, 203;
and Chicago, 203;
ambitious, 205;
wife, 214;
slighted by
Pierce, 232;
Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 236;
attacked, 240;
Southern Whigs defend, 240;
abused by Sumner, 245;
for Buchanan, 246;
Greeley suggests for President, 251;
revolt on Kansas, 253;
read out of Democratic party, 254;
campaigning in Illinois, 254;
popularity, 255;
and Republicans, 255;
debate with Lincoln, 256;
Freeport doctrine, 256;
reëlected, 257;
and Democrats, 258;
and Charleston Convention, 260;
nominated by faction, 261;
strength in Northwest, 264;
against secession, 264;
popular and electoral vote, 265;
for peace, 273;
supports Lincoln, 282, 289;
death, 289.
Douglass, Frederick, ex-slave and abolitionist, 166.
Draper and Moss, photographers, 224.
Dred Scott decision, 247, 257.
Duane, William J., Secretary of the Treasury, 78;
dismissed, 79.

East, 4;
and democracy, 37, 39;
emigration to West, 40;
population, 40, 47, 185;
lands, 41;
product and return on capital, 42;
factory life, 43;
capitalists, 44, 46, 47, 48, 54;
banks and circulation, 45, 46;
factories in, 47;
clergy and lawyers, 50;
judges for property interests, 51;
life in, being reconstructed, 54, 55;
for protection, 59, 60;
and public land questions, 61;
antagonistic to South, 61;
and West, 61;
defeats Benton's land program, 65;
and Clay, 67;
Jackson and Bank, 69;
and Union, 75;
distrusts Van Buren, 96;
and panic of 1837, 102, 108, 130, 161;
and Texas, 167;
cities of, for Compromise of 1850, 181;
foreign element in, 185;
population in 1830, in 1850, in 1860, 185;
industrial area, 187;
shipping tonnage, 187;
capital concentrated in, 188;
capital and income, 194;
trade with West and South, 205;
religious life, 218;
school children, 223;
college students, 224;
and Northwest, 247, 263;
motives of, in the Civil War, 289;
for emancipation, 304;
radicals of, hostile to Lincoln, 317;
in control after war, 328.
Eaton, John H., Secretary of War, 58;
wife and Washington Society, 59, 64.
Education, in United States, 1850-60, 213.
Eleventh Amendment, and repudiation of state debts, 106.
Emancipation Proclamation, promised, 302;
opinion on, divided, 304;
East for, West against, 304.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 52, 226;
on John Brown, 259.
England, Oregon, 25, 27, 122, 152;
United States and West Indian trade, 84;
mediates between France and United States, 87;
capital for United States, 99, 100;
call for payment, 101;
Mexico and Lower California, 122;
strained relations with United States, 122;
the Webster-Ashburton treaty, 123;
slave trade and right of search, 123;
Northwestern boundary, 124;
Oregon, 124, 132, 147, 149;
free-trade movement, 151;
Oregon trade, 153;
compensated owners for emancipation of slaves, 164;
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 173, 205;
possibility of intervention by, in Civil War, 314.
English, in United States, 185;
attitude toward Confederacy, 314.
Episcopalians, and slavery, 145, 216, 240.
Erie Canal, exports of grain, 29, 32, 35, 46, 90, 97;
and European capital, 99.
Erie Railroad, 192.
Everett, Edward, 50;
Minister to England, 126;
Massachusetts spokesman, 184;
becomes Democrat, 246;
for Vice-President, 261.
Exports, cotton and other, 12;
cotton from Confederacy, 313.

Factory system, introduced, 43;
long hours and poor pay, 219.
Fair Oaks, battle of, 296.
Farm laborers, 210.
Farm life, 211;
methods, 211.
Federalists, in South Carolina, 5;
of New York and Pennsylvania, 14;
shipping interests, 41.
Fillmore, Millard, President, 180;
Know-Nothing candidate, 243;
popular vote, 243.
Florida, 120;
secession of, 271, 313.
Floyd, John, 70.
Floyd, John B., dismissed from army, 312.
Food, of Americans in 1860, 208.
Foot, Samuel A., 30;
resolution on public lands, 60.
Foote, Commodore, on Mississippi River, 293.
Foote, Henry S., for “all of Mexico,” 158;
Compromise of 1850, 178.
Forbes, John M., railroad builder, 192.
Force Bill, 73, 77.
Forsyth, John, Jackson leader in the Senate, 82.
France, claims against, 85;
threatens war, 86;
and tariff, 151, 201;
and South, 315;
and Mexico, 315.
Fredericksburg, battle of, 303;
and English intervention, 314.
Free negroes, in South, 138.
Freeport doctrine, 256.
Free-Soil party, 173;
supports Pierce, 182, 184, 241.
Frémont, John C., in Mexican War, 154;
Senator, 175;
for President, 246;
commander at St. Louis, 284;
removed from command, 290, 299;
for President, 320.
Friends. See Quakers.
Fugitive Slave Law, strengthened in 1850, 178;
opposition to, 184;
nullified by Northern States, 252.
Fuller, Margaret, 226.
Fur trade, St. Louis a center, 35;
American Fur Company, 35.

Gadsden, James, United States agent to Mexico, 232.
Gallatin, Albert, turned against Bank, 83.
Garrison, William Lloyd, abolitionist, 161;
Liberator, 161;
abolition societies, 162;
for unconditional abolition, 164.
Georgia, 3;
university of, 7;
trouble over Indians, 7, 8, 21, 72, 87;
immigration to, 13, 21, 28;
Cherokee Nation against, 88, 121;
illiterates, 213;
convicts, 213;
Know-Nothings defeated in, 243;
secession of, 271;
Union areas, 279;
distrusted by Confederacy, 309;
conscript laws annulled, 312, 323.
Germans, immigration to Mississippi Valley, 91;
elect Lincoln, 264.
Germany, and tariff, 151.
Giddings, J. R., anti-slavery leader, 163, 262.
Gilmore, Thomas W., 121, 132.
Gladstone, W. E., favors South, 314.
Graft, in Van Buren's administration, 96.
Grain, exported by West, 29, 35;
machinery invented, 199;
railroads and, 199.
Grant, U. S., campaign in Tennessee, 293;
wins battle of Shiloh, 294;
made Halleck famous, 300;
blocked in Mississippi, 303;
commander in East, 316;
Wilderness campaign, 317;
failure and criticism of, 318;
crosses the James, 318;
invests Petersburg, 318, 326;
liberal terms to Lee, 327.
Great Britain, and American shipping, 187.
Greeley, Horace, 171;
proposes Douglas for President, 251;
and Chicago Convention, 262, 263;
against Lincoln, 320;
supports Lincoln, 322.
Green, Duff, editor of the Telegraph, 17;
attacks Adams, 17.
Greenbacks, issued, 292, 293;
unpopular, 304;
more issued, 305.
Grimes, J. W., 241.
Grimké, the Misses, abolitionists, 166.
Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Treaty of, 174.
Gulf States, immigration to, 13;
value of exports, 29, 141;
Union areas, 278.
Guthrie, James, Secretary of the Treasury, 232.

Habeas corpus, writ of, suspended, 304.
Halleck, General H. W., Grant makes famous, 300;
command in East, 300.
Hamilton, Alexander, 44.
Hamilton, James, 71.
Hammond, James H., on slavery, 146.
Hampton, Wade, 214.
Hannegan, and Calhoun, 120;
for taking Canada, 158.
Harper's Ferry, John Brown, 259, 301.
Harper's Magazine, 228.
Harris, Townsend, consul to Japan, 235.
Harrison, William Henry, Whig candidate, 93, 110;
elected, 111;
and Clay, 114;
death, 115.
Hart, Joel T., sculptor, 54.
Harvard, Unitarian center, 52;
confers degree of LL.D. on Jackson, 58;
Southern students at, 224.
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 182;
struggling, 226.
Hayne, Paul Hamilton, 227.
Hayne, Robert Y., 5, 6, 30, 48, 52;
debate with Webster, 61, 63, 64;
nullification, 71.
Henry, Fort, Grant captures, 293.
Hill, General A. P., 299.
Hill, General D. H., 299;
loses orders, 301.
Hodge, Dr. Charles, president of Princeton, 222.
Hoe, Richard M., inventor, 224.
Holden, W. W., leads peace movement, 312.
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 226.
Homesteads, free, in Republican platform, 262.
Hood, General John B., defeated by Sherman, 319;
to Nashville, 319.
Hooker, General Joseph, given command of the Army of the Potomac, 303;
loses at Chancellorsville, 305.
Horseshoe Bend, battle of, 21.
Houston, Samuel, in Texas, 120;
Governor of Texas, 126.
Howe, Elias, inventor of sewing machine, 224.
Hunter, R. M. T., 324.
Hunt, William Morris, 225.

Illinois, 3;
for Jackson, 22;
population, 28, 87, 89, 90;
internal improvements, 90;
Germans in, 91;
capital from New York and London, 91;
debt and income, 98;
for Van Buren, 111, 113;
Oregon and Texas, 122, 131;
Indians removed, 199, 201, 205;
convicts in 1860, 213;
educational reform, 223;
for opening Nebraska, 238;
North for Republicans, 241;
for Buchanan, 246, 262, 263;
Democratic, 302.
Illinois Central Railroad, built, 204.
Immigration, 40, 212.
Independent Treasury, proposed, 103;
contested, 104;
established, 104, 107, 108, 109;
law repealed, 115;
reënacted, 149.
Indian Territory, 89.
Indiana, for Jackson, 22;
population, 90;
internal improvements, 90;
capital from New York and London, 91, 113;
Indians removed, 199, 201;
illiterates, 213;
educational reform, 223;
for opening Nebraska, 238;
North for Republicans, 241;
for Buchanan, 246, 262;
Democratic, 302.
Indians, Creeks, 1, 2, 26;
removal desired, 29;
and Georgia, 72;
removal by Jackson, 87, 88;
Cherokee Nation against Georgia, 88;
Seminole War, 104.
Ingham, Samuel D., 14, 17;
Secretary of the Treasury, 58.
Internal improvements, West for, 28, 59;
Carey and Lea pamphlets, 53, 55;
Maysville veto, 63, 65;
and Whigs, 110, 130;
extending slavery, 141, 150, 152;
and Wilmot Proviso, 170.
Inventions, 199, 212, 224.
Iowa, 87, 89, 90, 106;
made State, 198;
Indians removed, 199, 201, 205;
for opening Nebraska, 238, 264.
Irish, in United States, 185.
Irving, Washington, 52.

Jackson, Andrew, early life, 1;
candidate for President, 2, 4;
tariff views, 6;
and Calhoun, 6;
and Indians, 8, 18;
and North Carolina, 9;
and Virginia, 11, 14;
campaign managers, 16, 17, 18;
skillful politician, 18;
inauguration, 20, 21;
supplants Clay in West, 21, 22;
planters distrust, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28;
duelist, 32;
“Old Hickory,” 36, 37;
Western opposition, 37;
“King Andrew I,” 37;
Eastern distrust, 39;
first Cabinet, 56, 58;
degree of LL.D. from Harvard, 58;
party divided, 58, 59;
Cabinets, 58;
“Kitchen Cabinet,” 58;
removals by, 58;
appointments by, 58, 59;
Eaton affair, 59;
and tariff, 59;
and Foot Resolution, 60;
and Bank, 60, 65, 66, 67, 68, 77, 80;
for second term, 62;
Van Buren and Calhoun, 62;
Union toast, 62;
Maysville veto, 63;
break with Calhoun, 64;
Cabinet changed, 64;
platform unfulfilled, 65;
and South Carolina, 69, 71, 72, 73;
Bank veto, 69;
campaign of 1832, 70, 71, 72;
Georgia and the Indians, 72;
Nullification Proclamation and Force Bill, 73;
Verplanck Tariff Bill, 73;
messages, 76;
defeated on tariff, 79;
Bank war on, 80;
Bank defeated, 82, 84;
diplomatic relations, West Indian trade, 84;
French spoliation claims, 85;
Senate opposition, 86;
House support, 86;
war threatened, 86;
peaceful settlement, 87;
removal of Indians, 87, 89, 90;
successes, 91, 92;
Distribution Bill vetoed, 92;
deposit with States, 92;
railroads, 92;
Specie Circular, 92;
revolts against, 92, 93;
triumphant retirement, 94;
and Van Buren, 96, 97, 98, 100, 103;
and Texas, 105, 107, 108, 109, 111;
repudiated in 1840, 112, 117, 120, 127, 144;
and abolition mail, 165, 187, 242, 265;
denounces secession, 268.
Jackson, Thomas J. (“Stonewall”), at Bull Run, 285;
Valley campaign, 296;
reinforces Lee, 297;
failures in Peninsula campaign, 297, 299;
sent against Pope, 299;
Cedar Mountain, 299, 301;
death, 305.
Japan, trade relations with, 235.
Jay Treaty, 84.
Jefferson, Thomas, Jackson-like, 3, 36;
sale of Monticello, 13, 19, 23, 50, 54, 62, 142, 167;
and public education, 223;
Lincoln-like, 265.
Jeffersonian party, getting aristocratic, 3, 5, 17, 30, 109, 167.
Johnson, Andrew, for Vice-President, 320.
Johnson, Richard M., rival of Clay, 22.
Johnston, Albert Sidney, made general, 276;
battle of Shiloh, 293;
killed, 294.
Johnston, Joseph E., made general, 276, 281;
at Bull Run, 285;
quarrel with Davis, 287;
Peninsula campaign, 297;
wounded, 296;
in Georgia, 318, 319;
removed from command, 319;
restored to command, 325;
surrenders to Sherman, 327.
Jones, Commodore, 125.
Judd, Norman B., Republican leader, 255.

Kansas, 89, 199;
organized as Territory, 241;
popular sovereignty, 243;
Topeka Convention, 244;
two governments, 244;
deadlock in Congress over, 244;
war in, 248;
Walker, Governor, 249;
Lecompton Constitution, 249.
Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 172, 198, 235, 236;
and Pacific Railway 238;
provisions, 239;
angry debate on, 240;
passed, 240;
resulting campaign, 241.
Kearny, Colonel S. W., campaign in New Mexico, 154.
Kendall, Amos, 58, 62.
Kennedy, John P., 53.
Kenner, Duncan F., Confederate agent to Europe, 323.
Kent, Chancellor, against universal suffrage, 14, 51.
Kentucky, 13;
and Clay, 15, 21, 22;
and R. M. Johnson, 22;
population, 28, 32;
and Jackson, 37, 40, 63, 70;
Germans in, 91;
“slavery a blessing,” 119, 121;
live stock to South, 141;
Presbyterians in, 143;
and slavery, 161;
for Scott, 182;
and Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 238, 246;
secession of, prevented, 275;
occupied by Federals, 293;
against emancipation, 301;
Republican party in 1862, 302;
held by Federals, 313.
Know-Nothing party, 242;
defeated in Virginia and Georgia, 243;
in 1856, 243, 261, 264.

Labor unions, beginning, 209.
Laborers, conditions poor, 209.
Larkin, Thomas O., seizure of California, 154.
Lawyers, support capitalists, 50, 51;
in South, allied with planters, 139.
Lecompton Constitution, of Kansas, 249.
Lee, Robert E., 214, 259;
made general, 276;
drills Virginia troops, 281;
expected success, 282;
home seized, 283;
sent to West Virginia, 286;
loses West Virginia, 296;
in chief command, 296;
Peninsula command, 297;
loses at Mechanicsville, 297;
wins at Gaines's Mills, 297;
pursues McClellan, 297;
loses at Malvern Hill, 297, 298;
second Bull Run, 300;
into Maryland, 300, 301;
Antietam, 302;
retires into Virginia, 302;
wins at Fredericksburg, 303;
wins at Chancellorsville, 305;
second invasion of North, 305;
Gettysburg, 306;
retreat to Virginia, 307;
uncompromising, 309;
urges conscription, 311, 312;
checks Grant, 318;
Grant outwits, 318;
facing Grant at Petersburg, 323;
refuses dictatorship, 324;
army in want, 325;
odds against, 326;
retreat to west, 326;
surrender, 327.
Legaré, Hugh S., Secretary of State, 126.
Lewis, William B., 58, 62, 64.
Lexington, Kentucky, 34;
Mechanics' Library, 35, 63.
Liberator, abolition weekly, 162.
Liberty party, nominates Van Buren, 173.
Lincoln, Abraham, 32, 36;
in Republican party, 241, 242;
against Douglas, 255;
debate with Douglas, 256;
“house-divided-against-itself,” 256;
Presidential timber, 257;
Chicago Convention of 1860, 261;
nominated for President, 263;
character, 263, 265;
election of, and South, 268;
conciliatory, 269;
inaugural, 272;
yields to radicals, 273;
saves Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, 275;
calls for volunteers, 282;
war to preserve Union, 289;
Douglas supports, 289;
calls for more men, 290, 320;
and finance, 292;
dark hours, 300;
promises emancipation, 302;
arbitrary arrests, 304;
opposition to, 304, 316;
hope in Grant, 317;
nominated for President by National Unionists, 320;
asked to withdraw, 321;
appoints day of thanksgiving, 321;
strongly supported, 322, 324.
Literature, flower of American culture, 226.
Live stock, exported by West, 29;
to cotton belt, 141.
Liverpool, capital of, invested in United States, 100, 205.
Livingston, Edward, Secretary of State, 65;
Minister to France, 78;
for Bank, 78;
and French claims, 85.
Loco-focos, 108.
London, capital loaned to West, 91;
in United States, 100, 205.
Longfellow, Henry W., 226.
Longstreet, A. B., 227.
Longstreet, General James, 299, 301;
sent to Bragg, 307.
Lopez, Narcisco, 198.
Louisiana, 8;
in cotton belt, 12, 86;
“slavery a blessing,” 119;
secession of, 271.
Lovejoy, Elijah P., anti-slavery leader, 164;
murdered, 166.
Lowell, James Russell, 227.
Lowndes, William, 5.

Macon, Nathaniel, in Senate, 16.
McClellan, George B., at Cincinnati, 283;
drilling army, 293;
Peninsula campaign, 296;
failure, 298;
army withdrawn, 299;
removed from command, 299;
popular with army, 300;
restored to command, 301;
Antietam, 302;
again removed, 303;
mentioned for President, 317;
nominated by Democrats, 321.
McClelland, Robert, Secretary of the Interior, 232.
McCormick, Cyrus, 199, 202.
McCreary, James, 34.
McDowell, General Irvin, commanding in Virginia, 283;
Bull Run, 285, 299.
McDuffie, George, 6;
for Bank, 68;
debtor of Bank, 79, 82.
McLane, Louis, Secretary of the Treasury, 65;
Secretary of State, 78;
for Bank, 78.
McLeod, Alexander, trial in New York, 123.
Madison, James, in Virginia Convention of 1829, 10.
Maine, 14;
population, 39, 41, 48;
Democratic, 55, 105;
northeastern boundary settled, 124;
“Aroostook War,” 124, 187, 264.
Malvern Hill, battle of, 298.
Manassas, battles of. See Bull Run.
Mann, Horace, and public schools, 223.
Manufacturing, Cincinnati a center, 35;
growth in East, 1820 30, 41;
cotton and woolen, 42;
product and return on capital, 42;
factory life, 43;
men in control, 47;
industrial area, 47, 49;
transition from agriculture, 50;
political power, 54, 55;
eastern area, 187, 205.
Marcy, William L., in Polk's Cabinet, 147;
Secretary of State, 231, 234.
Marshall, John, 10, 22, 32, 51, 99.
Marshall, Thomas, 33.
Maryland, 14, 18, 23, 40, 50;
banking laws, 106, 133;
internal improvements, 133;
and slavery, 161;
and Know-Nothings, 243, 265;
secession prevented, 275;
Lee in, 300;
against emancipation, 301.
Mason, James M., 150, 215;
commissioner to Europe, 286, 314.
Mason, John Y., in Polk's Cabinet, 149, 215;
Minister to France, 234;
Ostend Manifesto, 235.
Massachusetts, 3;
conservative, 15;
population, 39;
cotton and wool manufacture, 42;
bank capital and circulation, 45;
tax valuation, 46;
particularism and free trade to nationalism and protection, 54;
banking laws, 106;
for Scott, 182, 184;
manufacturing, 187;
shipping, 187;
illiterates, 213;
convicts, 213;
and Sumner, 245;
nullifies Fugitive Slave Law, 252.
Matamoras, battle of, 154.
Maysville Bill, 63, 64, 67.
Meade, George Gordon, given command of the Army of the Potomac, 306;
wins at Gettysburg, 306.
Mechanics' Library of Lexington, Ky., fostered by Clay, 35.
Mechanicsville, battle of, 297.
Medill, Joseph, Republican leader, 255.
Methodists, in West, 33;
in South, 143;
and slavery, 143, 144, 161, 165, 221;
increase of membership, 145;
in South, 218;
strength of clergy, 220;
members, 222;
educational institutions, 222, 223.
Mexican War, 135, 154.
Mexico, West and, 25, 27;
and England, 122, 126, 132, 135;
Texas boundary, 148;
Slidell's mission to, 153;
war with, 154;
desire for all, 157, 161, 247.
Michigan, 22, 87;
population, 90;
Dutch repudiated, 106;
Oregon and Texas, 132;
made State, 198;
Indians removed, 199;
Republican party organized, 241.
Michigan Central Railroad, 192.
Middle States, 6, 13, 14;
and Jackson, 17, 18, 22;
labor scarce in, 30, 40;
banks, 45;
literature, 52, 53, 54, 55, 68, 74, 83, 84, 93;
poor wheat crop, 101;
Texas and Oregon, 127;
abolition societies in, 162.
Minnesota, 87, 89;
made State, 198;
Indians removed, 199.
Mississippi, and Indians, 8, 87;
and Jackson, 72;
population, 89, 90;
debt and income, 98;
internal improvements, 98;
debts of, repudiated, 106;
“slavery a blessing,” 119;
Van Buren and Texas, 128;
California and slavery, 175;
secession of, 271, 313.
Mississippi River, 87;
canal feeders, 90;
Commodore Foote on, 293;
held by Federals, 307.
Mississippi Valley, 2, 11, 21;
for Texas and Oregon, 25;
value of exports, 29, 36;
immigration to, 90;
Germans in, 91;
cotton belt, 135, 198;
growth and power, 199.
Missouri, and Clay, 21, 22;
the bank, tariff, and internal improvements, 22;
horse-racing, 32, 37, 40;
Germans in, 91;
for Van Buren, 111;
emigration from, to Oregon, 127, 131;
Pacific Railroad, 238;
and Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 238;
and Kansas, 245, 265;
secession of, prevented, 275;
held by Federals, 313.
Missouri Compromise, repealed, 239;
Dred Scott decision, 247.
Missouri Valley, in plantation belt, 138.
Mobile, Ala., blockade-running from, 313;
taken by Farragut, 321.
Mobile and Ohio Railroad, 204.
Monroe, James, in Virginia Convention of 1829, 10, 28, 89, 105.
Monroe Doctrine, France and Mexico and, 315.
Monterey, battle of, 154.
Monticello, sale of, 13.
Mormons, 176.
Morse, S. F. B., 224.
Motley, John L., 215, 228.
Murfreesboro, battle of, 295.

Napoleon III, favors South, 314, 316.
Nashville, Tenn., Federals capture, 293.
Nat Turner, slave insurrection, 118.
National Bank, 114;
Tyler's views, 115;
bills vetoed, 116, 130.
National debt, paid, 92.
National road, 90.
Nebraska, 199;
organized as Territory, 241.
New England, for Adams, 14, 18;
suffrage and Democracy in, 15, 23, 24, 28;
hostile to West, 29, 39;
population, 39, 40;
growth of manufactures, 41;
banks, 45;
trade with South, 46;
literature, 52, 53, 54;
painting and sculpture, 54;
industrial control, 55, 56;
and tariff, 66, 67;
and South Carolina, 72, 84;
against Jackson, 93;
for Harrison and Tyler, 111, 112, 125, 126;
Oregon and Texas, 131, 140, 149;
abolition societies, 163;
against Fugitive Slave Law, 184;
aristocratic life, 215;
decline of Puritanism in, 216, 222;
and Buchanan, 246;
for nullification and secession, 252, 253;
for Seward, 257;
threats of secession, 268, 269;
Confederate raids into, 323.
New Hampshire, 14;
population, 39.
New Jersey, 14, 18, 302.
New Mexico, 152, 154;
Territory of, organized, 176, 179.
New Orleans, battle of, 2, 21, 32;
commerce, 35, 36;
and Jackson, 37;
failures, 101;
sub-treasury at, 151, 193;
winter resort, 214;
held by Federals, 213.
New York, constitutional reform, 14;
for Jackson, 14, 15, 18, 71;
Western element, 28, 32, 39;
population, 40;
manufacturing, 42;
banking capital and circulation, 42, 83;
banking laws, 105, 149;
manufacturing, 187;
shipping, 187, 195, 200;
Democratic, 302;
panic at Lee's invasion, 305.
New York Central Railroad, 192.
New York City, manufacturing, 41;
financial center, 45;
land value, 46, 48;
literary seat, 52;
newspaper for Bank, 79;
high interest, 83, 84;
capital to West, 91, 96;
failures, 101;
for Walker program, 129;
sub-treasury at, 151, 187;
financial center, 189, 193, 194, 195, 202, 205, 209, 222;
and Buchanan, 246, 305;
Confederates try to burn, 323.
New York Evening Post, 53;
for “all of Mexico,” 156.
New York Times, friendly to Confederacy, 272.
New York Tribune, friendly to Confederacy, 272.
Nicholson letters, of Cass, 172.
Norfolk, Va., held by Federals, 313.
North, 165, 251, 259;
devotion to Union, 269;
opposed to war, 272;
united for Union, 283;
hatred of South, 284;
danger of break-up, 289;
prosperous, 292;
divided counsels, 301;
ready for reunion, 309;
wins political control, 328;
cost of war, 328.
North American Review, 52, 53.
North Carolina, declares tariff unconstitutional, 7, 8;
East and West compromise, 8;
unit for Jackson, 9, 12, 14, 23, 28;
dread of West, 30, and nullification, 72;
“slavery a blessing,” 119, 121;
tobacco belt, 132;
cotton belt, 135, 140, 141;
Presbyterians in, 143;
anti-slavery, 161;
and Compromise of 1850, 178, 264;
Union areas, 278;
resistance to conscription, 311;
peace movement in, 312;
conscript laws annulled by, 312, 313;
opposition to Davis, 323;
fears Sherman, 325.
Northwest, for Jackson, 22;
radical, 23, 40;
outstripping Southwest, 121;
demand for Oregon, 122, 126, 140;
internal improvements, 152;
abolition societies, 163;
and Polk, 169;
Southern alliance broken, 173;
expansion, 174, 181;
foreign element, 185;
population, 185;
feared by South, 198;
grain and meat, 199;
capital, income, debts, 202;
and South, 203;
and Douglas, 203;
land for railroads, 203;
expansion and ambition, 204;
and slavery, 221;
school children, 223;
college students, 224;
and Pierce, 231;
Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 236;
clash with South, 236;
Pacific Railroad, 238;
and East, 242, 263;
Lincoln and Douglas, 264;
threatened secession, 269;
supporting Lincoln, 282;
against abolitionists, 301;
hostile to Lincoln, 317.
Nova Scotia, main boundary, 124.
Nueces River, south bank seized, 148.
Nullification, formulated by Calhoun, 6;
Hayne-Webster debate, 61;
imminent in South Carolina, 66, 71;
ended in South Carolina, 75.

Ogden, William B., 202.
Ohio, 15;
canals, 35;
and Jackson 37;
migration to, 39;
trade to New York, 46, 55, 71;
internal improvements, 90;
Germans in, 91, 119;
Oregon and Texas, 122, 162;
and Republicans, 241;
Democratic, 302.
Ohio Valley, 46, 56;
in plantation belt, 138.
Oklahoma, 89, 199.
Omnibus Bill, 180.
Oregon, and West, 25, 36;
and Van Buren, 89;
demand for, 122;
boundary, 124, 125;
Walker letter, 129;
Democrats and, 129, 131, 152;
Treaty, 153;
and Wilmot Proviso, 170;
free States, 174, 199.
Ostend Manifesto, 235.

Pacific Railroad, 204, 232, 263.
Palmer, B.M., secession sermon, 221, 278.
Panama Railroad, 192.
Panic of 1837, causes, 97, 102.
Parker, Theodore, heretical, 218.
Parson, Theophilus, great lawyer, 51.
Peace congress, 272.
Peck, John M., library, 35.
Pendleton, G.H., Democratic leader, 321.
Peninsula campaign, 296.
Pennsylvania, 3;
and Calhoun, 5;
protectionism, 5, 14, 17, 18;
Western element, 28, 39, 40;
manufacturing in, 42;
western, 55, 71, 83, 98;
banks, 98, 151;
manufacturing, 187;
shipping, 187, 201;
illiterates, 213, 246;
Democratic, 302;
panic in, at Lee's invasion, 305.
Pennsylvania Railroad, 192.
Perry, Commodore, opening Japan, 235.
Philadelphia, manufacturing at, 41;
financial center, 45, 46, 48;
and Bank, 79;
failures, 101;
mint at, 151, 188, 193, 209, 222, 306.
Phillips, Wendell, abolition leader, 166.
Pierce, Franklin, for President, 182;
inauguration, 184, 206;
and Northwest, 231;
program, 232;
Pacific Railroad, 233;
Cuba, 233;
commercial expansion, 235;
Eastern opposition, 235, 239.
Plantation, life in Old South, 137, 138;
spread of system, 193.
Planters, rulers of South, 138;
number, 139;
and professional men, 139.
Poe, Edgar Allan, 226.
Poindexter, George, in Senate, 16;
duelist, 32.
Polk, James K., 53;
Speaker of House, 130;
for President, 130;
election and intentions, 131, 135, 140, 145;
and Oregon, 149, 153;
and Tariff of 1846, 151;
vetoes Internal Improvements Bill, 152;
sends Slidell to Mexico, 153, 155;
and Mexican Treaty, 157;
death, 160, 161;
denounced by Sumner, 168;
and Wilmot Proviso, 170;
and Panama Canal, 174;
and California, 175;
recommendations, 232.
Pope, General John, given army, 299;
battle of Cedar Mountain, 299;
second battle of Bull Run, 300.
Popular sovereignty, 236, 255.
Population, of cotton belt, 12;
of United States, 28, 40, 184;
of West, 28, 40;
of New England, 39;
of New York, 40;
of East, 40;
of South, 40;
foreign elements, 185.
Powers, Hiram, sculptor, 225.
Prentiss, Sargent, 90.
Presbyterians, in West, 33;
in South, 142, 218;
and slavery, 143, 145, 160;
strong clergy, 220;
members in 1860, 220;
Princeton a center, 222.
Prescott, William H., 228.
President, one term demanded, 16;
and Supreme Court, 51, 55.
Presidential campaign, of 1828, 3, 18, 19;
of 1832, 69, 70;
of 1836, 92;
of 1840, 110;
of 1844, 127;
of 1848, 170;
of 1852, 182;
of 1856, 245;
of 1860, 261.
Preston, Ballard, 171.
Preston, William C., 93.
Princeton College, Presbyterian center, 232;
Southerners at, 224.
Pryor, General Roger A., and Fort Sumter, 275.
Public debt of United States, paid, 99.
Public education, in West, 34;
in South, 142.
Public lands, 25, 26;
squatters, 27;
Benton and, 27;
for schools, 34;
Foot Resolution, 60;
Preëmption Bill, 60, 89, 108;
sales, 91, 97;
Specie Circular, 92;
distribution of proceeds, 114, 116;
for railroads, 203.

Quakers, 22.
Quitman, John A., 91;
filibustering, 198.

Railroads, speculation in West, 92;
and Jackson, 92;
building, 192;
opening grain region, 199;
of South breaking down, 310, 323.
Randolph, John, 10, 11, 15, 16, 30, 132.
Rankin, John, anti-slavery worker, 119, 161.
Reeder, Andrew, Governor of Kansas, 243.
Religion, in ante-bellum South, 143;
American, of 1860, 216.
Republican party, in Wisconsin and Michigan, 241, 242;
Northern and anti-slavery, 243;
platform, 246;
and Frémont, 246, 247, 251;
and Douglas, 255;
and Seward, 257;
Chicago Convention, 261, 262;
conciliatory, 270;
loses seven States, 302.
Repudiation of state debts, 106;
effect on Confederacy, 316.
Revenue, of United States, exceeding expenses, 92;
surplus distribution vetoed, 92;
surplus deposited with States, 92;
defaulters, 96, 97, 98, 103.
Rhett, Robert Barnwell, 6, 15;
threatening secession, 117, 132, 150, 152;
retired after 1850, 181;
for secession, 264, 270;
opposed to Davis, 312, 324.
Rhode Island, 15.
Rice, 5, 12, 132.
Rice, Nathan L., slavery divine, 221.
Richmond, Va., 10;
and Bank, 79;
wheat market, 133;
Confederate capital, 280;
social life, 280;
evacuated, 326.
Rio Grande, boundary proposed, 130, 148, 194.
Ritchie, Thomas, and Walker, 129;
for Compromise of 1850, 178.
Rives, William C., supporting Tyler, 116, 324.
Robinson, Charles, anti-slavery leader, 244.
Rosecrans, General W. S., 295;
battle of Murfreesboro, 295, 303.
Ross, John, chief of Cherokees, 88.
Rush, Richard, candidate for Vice-President, 17.

St. Louis, Mo., Mercantile Library, 35;
fur trade, 35;
in cotton belt, 135, 193;
Pacific Railroad, 235.
Santa Anna, 154.
Sargent, John, candidate for Vice-President, 67.
Savannah, Ga., blockade-running from, 313;
captured by Sherman, 324.
Scammon, John Y., 202.
Schurz, Carl, and Lincoln's election, 264.
Scott, General Winfield, sent to Mexico, 155;
captures Vera Cruz, 155;
Cerro Gordo, 156;
Churubusco, 156;
Molino del Rey, 156;
Chapultepec, 156;
Mexico City, captured, 156;
Whig candidate for President, 181;
blunders, 181;
defeat, 182, 283.
Secession, final remedy, 6;
Calhoun and, 145;
over Texas question, 167;
over California, 176;
of South, contemplated, 198;
threatened in 1856, 246;
of Wisconsin threatened, 252;
much talked of, 253;
historical background, 268, 270.
Sectionalism, in South Carolina, 5;
in North Carolina, 8;
in Virginia, 10, 145;
checked, 171, 205, 231;
renewed, 235;
strong, 265.
Seminole War, 2;
and Jackson, 64.
Seward, William H., anti-slavery Whig, 164;
for Wilmot Proviso, 171;
adviser to Taylor, 175, 179, 180, 184, 214;
attacks Douglas, 240, 242, 243;
and Kansas, 245;
for popular sovereignty, 251, 255, 257;
Chicago Convention, 261, 262;
defeated, 263;
conciliatory, 269, 271;
for peace, 273;
and arbitrary arrests, 304;
opposes emancipation, 304, 315;
meets Confederate commissioners, 324.
Seymour, Horatio, Democratic leader, 321.
Sheridan, General Philip, wins at Winchester, 322;
lays waste Shenandoah Valley, 322, 326.
Sherman, General W. T., 303;
in Georgia, 318;
forces Johnston back, 319;
defeats Hood and captures Atlanta, 319;
march to sea, 322, 323;
captures Savannah, 324, 325;
Johnston surrenders to, 327.
Shiloh, battle of, 293.
Ship subsidies, 205, 232, 235.
Shipping, manufacturing gaining in East, 41, 47;
merchants appeal to Hayne, 48;
increase, 1850-60, 205.
Simms, William Gilmore, 225.
Slave-owners, 138;
number, 139.
Slave trade, negotiations with England, 123;
Creole affair, 124;
agitation for reopening, 198;
active, 252;
forbidden by Confederacy, 271.
Slavery, in South Carolina, 4;
in North Carolina, 9;
in Virginia, 10, 13, 30, 118;
value of slaves, 42;
product, 42;
in Democratic platform, 110;
Dew on, 118;
“a blessing,” 118, 119;
and Northern business, 119, 134;
plantation life, 136, 210;
profitable unit, 137;
in Southwest, 140;
and the churches, 144;
early Southern opposition, 161;
abolition and, 163;
in Territories, 174;
and California, 175;
Dred Scott decision, 248;
Lincoln-Douglas debates, 256;
Freeport doctrine, 256;
popular sovereignty, 236, 255, 256;
and Republicans, 262;
guaranteed by Confederacy, 271.
Slaves, conditions of life, 210;
faithful during war, 277;
emancipation to be proclaimed, 302;
Davis offers emancipation of, in effort to secure European recognition of Confederacy, 323;
offered freedom to fight, 325.
Slidell, John, 91;
mission to Mexico, 153, 215, 258;
commissioner to Europe, 285;
in France, 315.
Sloat, Commodore John D., seizes California, 154.
Smith, Gerrit, 166.
Sons of Liberty, 321, 323.
Soule, Bishop, 34.
Soulé, Pierre, commissioner to Spain, 233;
recalled, 234;
Ostend Manifesto, 234.
South, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13;
against Adams, 13;
for Jackson, 17, 18, 23;
planters not democratic, 24;
alliance with West, 30, 40, 109, 129, 131;
uneasy about slavery, 37;
population, 40, 41, 42;
exports, 42;
banks and circulation, 45;
trade with New England, and New York, 46;
cotton, slaves, land, 47, 48;
judges for property interests, 51, 55, 58;
for free trade, 59;
and the Bank, 60, 61, 69, 80;
control or secession, 62;
and protection, 68, 69, 70;
and nullification, 72;
market for East, 75;
and Union, 75;
removal of Indians, 87;
for Van Buren, 93;
land office defaulters, 96, 101, 115, 117, 118, 119;
for Texas, 120;
North outstripping, 121, 124;
and Texas, 126;
Oregon and Texas, 129;
Walker letter, 129;
California, Oregon, and Texas, 132;
ante-bellum, and civilization, 132, 133, 135;
plantation life in, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141;
rural life, 142;
court days, 142;
few paupers and insane, 142, 143, 145, 160, 161;
abolitionists mistrust, 163, 164;
and abolition agitation, 165;
Texas or secession, 167;
for Cass, 172;
break with Northwest, 173;
desperate situation, 174;
proposed conventions, 176, 178;
accepts compromise, 181;
population, 185;
railroad building, 189;
plantation system, 193, 194, 195;
commercial conventions, 195;
Cuba, Nicaragua, slave trade, 198;
contemplating secession, 198, 203;
trade with North, 205, 213;
aristocratic life, 213;
Calvinistic religion, 218;
public education, 223;
college students, 224, 234;
clash with Northwest, 236, 240;
becoming solid, 243, 246;
against Douglas, 257;
John Brown raid, 259;
preparing for secession, 264;
and Lincoln's election, 268, 269;
war enthusiasm, 276, 277;
Union areas, 278, 279, 280;
confidence, 282;
currency and finances, 286;
not ready for reunion, 309;
debt currency and taxation, 310;
dissensions, 310, 311;
cost of war to, 328.
South Carolina, 4;
cotton and politics, 5;
Calhoun and Jackson, 8, 11, 14, 19, 23, 28, 30;
nationalism and protection to particularism and free trade, 54, 55, 60, 63, 65, 66, 68;
ready to nullify, 70;
nullification, 71, 72;
Jackson's Proclamation and Force Bill, 73;
repeal of nullification, 75, 77, 82;
internal improvements and debt, 98;
bank laws, 106;
for Van Buren, 111;
“slavery a blessing,” 119;
Calhoun and, 119;
loses representatives, 121, 128, 131, 140, 141;
Presbyterians, 143;
and Wilmot Proviso, 171;
California and slavery, 175;
secession of, 269, 270;
Union area, 278, 313;
Sherman and, 325.
Southwest, radical, 23;
newly rich, 31;
and nullification, 72;
river commerce, 90;
cotton expansion, 90;
growth, 121;
and old South, 140.
Sparks, Rev. Jared, 73.
Specie Circular, 92;
effect on business, 102;
demand for repeal, 102, 103.
Squatter sovereignty, started by Cass, 171.
Stanton, Edwin M., Secretary of War, 299;
arbitrary arrests, 304.
Steamers, on Great Lakes, 35;
on the Mississippi, 35.
Stephens, Alexander H., for Taylor, 171;
out of favor, 175;
blaming anti-slavery, 176;
defends Douglas, 240;
Democrat, 243;
Vice-President of Confederacy, 271;
reëlected, 286;
for reunion, 309;
would impeach Davis, 323, 324, 325.
Stevens, Thaddeus, supports Lincoln, 322.
Story, Joseph, 15, 252.
Suffrage, 3;
in North Carolina, 9;
in Virginia, 10;
in New York, 14;
in Connecticut, 14;
in Massachusetts, 15;
in Rhode Island, 15.
Sugar, 12, 132, 194.
Sully, portrait painter, 54.
Sumner, Charles, for constitutional abolition, 168;
hostile to Webster, 179, 184, 215;
against Nebraska Bill, 240, 241, 242;
“Crime-of-Kansas” speech, 245;
assaulted by Brooks, 245, 253, 263;
uncompromising, 273;
for immediate emancipation, 301;
denounces Lincoln, 316, 320;
supports Lincoln, 322.
Sumter, Fort, 270, 272, 273;
bombardment of, united North, 283.
Supreme Court, of United States, proposal to limit powers, 16, 50, 51, 55;
of Georgia, Jackson and, 72;
Cherokee Nation against Georgia, 88;
changed, 99;
Dred Scott decision, 247.
Surplus. See Revenue.

Taney, Roger B., Attorney-General, 65;
Secretary of the Treasury, 79.
Tariff, 5, 6, 7, 44, 51, 53, 55, 65, 66, 68, 69;
Jackson and, 59;
and South Carolina, 60, 62;
nullification, 71;
Verplanck Bill, 73;
compromise of 1833, 74, 77;
and Whigs, 110, 112, 173;
and Clay, 114;
law of 1842, 117, 130;
of 1846, 150, 151;
low, 1850, 60, 205, 268;
and Confederacy, 271.
Taylor, Zachary sent across Nueces River, 148;
ordered to the Rio Grande, 154;
into Mexico, 154;
Monterey, 154;
suggested for Presidency, 155;
Buena Vista, 155;
nominated for President, 171;
slave-owner, 171;
in Presidential campaign, 172;
courted by North and South, 174, 175;
and California, 176;
defies South, 176;
and Clay, 176;
beaten, 180;
death, 180.
Tennessee, and Clay, 21, 22, 32, 40;
and nullification, 72, 93;
“slavery a blessing,” 119, 121, 141;
Presbyterians in, 143, 182;
and Nebraska Bill, 238, 245;
secession of, 275;
Union areas, 279, 293, 311, 313.
Tennessee River, immigration to, 13, 161;
Grant on, 293.
Texas, 16;
American occupation, 25;
desired by West, 24;
and Van Buren, 89, 105, 106;
applies for annexation, 104, 120;
independent, 121, 125, 126;
and England, 126, 127;
Walker letter, 129, 130, 131, 132, 135;
treaty of annexation rejected by Senate, 147;
and election of 1845, 147;
annexed, 147;
disputed boundary, 148, 152;
Slidell's mission, 153;
secession over, 167;
New Mexican boundary, 176;
and Pacific Railroad, 233;
secession of, 275.
Thompson, Jacob, Confederate agent Canada, 323.
Thompson, William Tappen, 227.
Timrod, Henry, 227.
Tobacco, 12, 35, 66, 75, 132, 186;
staple, 194.
Toombs, Robert, 175;
and Kansas question, 244.
Topeka Constitution, of Kansas, 250.
Transcendental Club, 52.
Transcendentalists, 226.
Treasury of United States, full, 186, 292.
Treasury notes, issued in 1877, 103.
Trist, Nicholas, envoy to Mexico 156, 157.
Trumbull, Lyman, 255.
Tyler, John, against Jackson, 93;
for Vice-President, 110;
elected, 111;
succeeds Harrison, 115;
and Clay, 115;
vetoes Bank bills, 116;
Cabinet resigns, 116, 121;
Texas and Oregon, 125;
Texas treaty, 130, 131, 147, 168.
Tucker, George, historian, 228.
Twain, Mark, 227.

Uncle Tom's Cabin, 184.
Union party, Bell and Everett, 261;
for conciliation, 270.
Unitarians, 218;
and abolition, 221.
University, of Indiana, Presbyterian, 223;
of Michigan, Methodist Chaplain, 223;
of North Carolina, Presbyterian, 223;
of South Carolina, 143;
of Virginia, 143;
chaplain at, 223.
Upshur, Abel P., Secretary of State, 126;
and Texas, 127;
death, 127, 147.
Utah, in Compromise of 1850, 176.

Van Buren, Martin, “boss” of New York, 14;
in Senate, 16, 17, 18, 58;
in Jackson's favor, 62, 63;
Calhoun rival, 64, 65;
Minister to England, 68;
for Vice-President, 68;
and Jackson, 73, 83, 89;
for President, 92;
conservative, 94;
spoils system, 96;
difficulties, 97, 100;
and panic of 1837, 102;
and Independent Treasury, 103;
and Texas, 104, 105, 107, 121, 127, 167;
and opposition, 108;
and Democrats, 109;
blamed for panic, 110;
and campaign of 1840, 111, 114, 120;
and Walker, 129;
not renominated, 130, 147;
against Cass, 172;
Free-Soil candidate, 173.
Vance, Zebulon B., opposed to Davis, 312.
Vanderbilt, Commodore, steamboat and railroad lines, 192.
Vermont, for Scott, 182.
Verplanck Tariff Bill, Jackson's measure, 73.
Vicksburg, 293.
Virginia, 3, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14;
for Jackson, 18, 23, 28, 30;
depression, 39;
and nullification, 46, 50, 55, 67, 72;
embassy from, to South Carolina, 75;
internal improvements and debt, 98;
for Van Buren, 111;
banks, 115, 117;
loses representative, 121;
Van Buren and Texas, 128, 132, 133, 140, 143, 149;
and slavery, 161, 162;
and Compromise of 1850, 178, 195;
convicts, in 1860, 213;
springs, 214;
Know-Nothing fight, 242;
John Brown raid, 258, 264;
calls peace conference, 272;
secession of, 275;
Union areas, 279;
western revolt and statehood, 279;
resistance to conscript laws, 311;
opposition party, 312, 323.

Wade, Benjamin F., 242, 253, 299.
Walker, Robert J., Senator, 128;
Texas and Oregon letter, 129;
Baltimore Convention, 129, 140, 147;
Secretary of the Treasury, 147;
Independent Treasury, 150;
Tariff of 1846, 150, 151;
for annexing Mexico, 157, 235;
Governor of Kansas, 249;
clash with Van Buren, 249;
financial agent of United States in Europe, 315.
Walker, William, 198, 235.
War of 1812, 84;
debt paid, 99;
and New England, 268.
Washington, D.C., and Bank, 79, 209.
Washington Territory, 199.
Webster, Daniel, 15, 17, 30, 37, 54, 55;
debate with Hayne, 61, 63, 66, 69, 70, 73, 74, 79, 80, 82, 84, 91, 93, 96, 107, 108, 110;
and Clay, 117;
Ashburton Treaty, 123, 125;
mission to England, 126;
resigns as Secretary of State, 126;
and campaign of 1844, 131;
and Oregon, 149, 150, 152;
and “all of Mexico,” 158;
snubbed, 171, 172, 173;
and Compromise of 1850, 176, 179;
“Seventh-of-March” speech, 179;
attacked, 180;
Secretary of State, 180, 181;
death, 181, 268.
Weed, Thurlow, for Taylor, and Southern alliance, 171, 179, 243, 255;
conciliatory, 269, 271.
Wentworth, John, Republican leader, 255.
West, 2, 3;
radical, 4;
against Adams, 17;
and Jackson, 18, 21, 23;
alliance with South, 19, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, 109, 131, 159;
religious life, 33;
schools and colleges, 34, 35;
and East, 39, 40, 43, 46;
banks and circulation, 45;
and courts, 51, 55, 58, 59;
and public lands, 59, 62;
and Bank, 60, 61, 63, 66, 67;
Bank and Jackson, 69, 70, 74;
market for East, 75, 80;
removal of Indians, 87;
population, 89, 90;
speculation in, 91, 92;
canals and railroads, 92, 93, 97;
against Van Buren, 93, 96, 110;
state debts, 98, 106;
Specie Circular, 101, 108;
for Harrison, 111, 112;
and Calhoun, 120;
Texas and Oregon, 122;
Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 124;
Walker letter, 129;
and Mexican War, 160;
for Cass, 172;
railroad building, 189, 201, 205, 213;
school lands, 223;
threats of secession, 268;
love of Union, 289;
against emancipation, 304.
West Indies, trade with British, 84.
West Virginia, organized and admitted, 279;
lost to South, 313.
Whigs, campaign of 1836, 93;
panic of 1837, 102, 108, 109;
in 1840, 110;
divided, 114;
and Tyler, 115;
and Texas, 128, 147;
Independent Treasury, 151;
Taylor for President, 155, 157;
and Wilmot Proviso, 170;
Convention of 1848, 171, 173;
Southern and Taylor, 174;
Southern, for Union, 178;
secure Compromise of 1850, 181;
Northwestern, join Republicans, 241;
Eastern, and Know-Nothings, 242, 243, 264.
White, Hugh Lawson, revolt against Jackson, 93;
candidate for President, 93.
Whitney, Asa, and Pacific Railroad, 204, 233.
Whitney, Eli, cotton gin, 199.
Whittier, John G., lines on Webster, 180, 220.
Wilmot, David, and Wilmot Proviso, 170.
Wilmot Proviso, and Northwest, 153;
in Congress, 170.
Wirt, William, 17, 53;
and anti-Masonic party, 67, 70.
Wisconsin, 87;
settlement, 89, 90, 105, 106;
made State, 198;
Indians removed, 199, 205;
Republican party in, 241;
nullifies Fugitive Slave Law, 252;
Democratic, 302.
Wise, Henry A., 67;
supports Tyler, 116, 121;
defeats Know Nothings, 243, 253;
and John Brown raid, 258.
Women, position of, on frontier, 32;
in factories, 210;
life on farm, 212.
Woolens Bill of 1827, 6.
Worcester Convention of 1857, 253.
Wright, Silas, 82, 105, 108.

Yale College, influence, 222.
Yancey, William L., Oregon and Texas, 132;
expansionist, 150;
and crisis of 1850, 176;
retirement in 1850, 181;
and public education, 223, 261;
for secession, 264;
opposed to Davis, 312;
death, 312.
Yucatan, United States and, 157.