Questions and Examples (part 2)

Necessity is the —— of tyrants; it is the creed of slaves.

Alas! how light a —— may move
Dissension between hearts that love!

Reasoning (page 303).

Questions.

1. What do argumentation and debate ordinarily imply? 2. How does reasoning differ from both the above words in this respect? 3. To what kind of reasoning were argument and argumentation formerly restricted? How widely are the words now applied? 4. How do argument and argumentation compare with reasoning as regards logical form?

Examples.

All ——, Inductive or Deductive, is a reaching of the unknown through the known; and where nothing unknown is reached there is no ——.

Early at Bus'ness, and at Hazard late,
Mad at a fox-chase, wise at a ——.

If thou continuest to take delight in idle ——, thou mayest be qualified to combat with the sophists, but never know how to live with men.

Refinement (page 305).

Questions.

1. To what does civilization apply, and what does it denote? 2. What is refinement? 3. What is the primary meaning of cultivation? the derived meaning? 4. By what word is cultivation now largely superseded? 5. What does culture denote?

Examples.

What is ——? It is the humanization of man in society, the satisfaction for him in society of the true law of human nature.

Giving up wrong pleasure is not self-sacrifice, but self-——.

This refined taste is the consequence of education and habit; we are born only with a capacity of entertaining this ——.

Reliable (page 306).

Questions.

1. What is to be said of the controversy regarding the formation and use of the word reliable? 2. What do trusty and trustworthy denote? 3. How does reliable compare with these words? 4. What meaning may reliable convey that trusty and trustworthy would not?

Examples.

Good lack! quoth he, yet bring it me
My leathern belt likewise,
In which I bear my —— sword,
When I do exercise.

The first voyage to America, of which we have any perfectly —— account, was performed by the Norsemen.

Religion (page 307).

Questions.

1. What is the original sense of piety? the derived sense? 2. What is religion? What does it include? 3. What is worship? devotion? 4. What is morality? godliness? holiness? 5. How is theology related to religion?

Examples.

—— is man's belief in a being or beings, mightier than himself and inaccessible to his senses, but not indifferent to his sentiments and actions, with the feelings and practises which flow from such belief.

——, whose soul sincere
Fears God, and knows no other fear.

To deny the freedom of the will is to make —— impossible.

Systematic —— may be defined as the substance of the Christian faith in a scientific form.

Rend (page 309).

Questions.

1. To what are rend and tear usually applied? Which is the stronger word? 2. In what connection is rive used, and in what sense? 3. What does lacerate signify? 4. How does mangle compare with lacerate? 5. What do burst and rupture signify? Which is the stronger word? When is a steam-boiler said to be ruptured? 6. What does rip signify?

Examples.

Storms do not —— the sail that is furled.

Oh, it offends me to the soul to hear a robustious, periwig-pated fellow —— a passion to tatters, to very rags, to split the ears of the groundlings.

And now a bubble ——s, and now a world.

The first blood shed in the revolutionary struggle; a mere drop in amount, but a deluge in its effects, ——ing the colonies forever from the mother country.

Renounce (page 309).

Questions.

1. From what is renounce derived, and in what sense used? recant? retract? 2. What is it to discard? 3. How does revoke compare with recall in original meaning and in present use? 4. What is the derivation and the distinctive meaning of abjure? 5. In what sense is repudiate used?

Examples.

On his knees, with his hand on the Bible, Galileo was compelled to —— and curse the doctrine of the movement of the earth.

He adds his soul to every other loss, and by the act of suicide, —— earth to forfeit heaven.

He had no spiritual adviser, no human comforter, and was entirely in the hands of those who were determined that he should —— or die.

Repentance (page 310).

Questions.

1. What is regret? 2. What does penitence add to regret? 3. How does repentance surpass the meaning of penitence, regret, sorrow, etc.? 4. What is compunction? contrition? 5. What is remorse, and how does it compare with repentance?

Examples.

What then? what rests?
Try what —— can: what can it not?

Forgive me, Valentine, if hearty ——
Be a sufficient ransom for offense,
I tender't here.

So writhes the mind —— has riven,
Unmeet for earth, undoomed to heaven,
Darkness above, despair beneath,
Around it flame, within it death.

Reproof (page 311).

Questions.

1. Are blame, censure, and disapproval spoken or silent? 2. Are comment, criticism, rebuke, reflection, reprehension, and reproof expressed or not? 3. How of admonition and animadversion? 4. Are comment and criticism favorable or unfavorable? Do they imply superiority on the part of commentator or critic? 5. Do reflection and reprehension imply such superiority? How are these two words discriminated? 6. What does rebuke literally signify? To what kind of person is a rebuke administered? 7. To what kind of person is reproof administered? 8. What do rebuke and reproof imply on the part of him who administers them? 9. What is animadversion? admonition?

Examples.

A —— is intolerable when it is administered out of pride or hatred.

The best preservative to keep the mind in health is the faithful —— of a friend.

Open —— is better than secret love.

Reprove (page 312).

Questions.

1. What is it to censure? to reprove? to reprimand 2. How does admonish compare with the other words in the group? Is its reference to the past or to the future? 3. What is it to reproach? Does this word imply authority or superiority? 4. What is the force of expostulate and remonstrate?

Examples.

He that oppresseth the poor ——eth his Maker.

Her answer ——ed me; for she said, "I never ask their crimes, for we have all come short."

Moses was ——ed of God when he was about to make the tabernacle: for, see, saith he, that thou make all things according to the pattern shewed to thee in the mount.

This witness is true. Therefore —— them sharply, that they may be sound in the faith.

Rest (page 313).

Questions.

1. What is ease? quiet? rest? 2. What is recreation, and how is it related to rest? 3. What is repose in the primary, and what in the derived, sense? 4. How does repose compare with rest? 5. What is a pause? 6. How does sleep compare with repose and rest?

Examples.

Seek out, less often sought than found,
A soldier's grave—for thee the best;
Then look around, and choose thy ground,
And take thy ——.

Her manners had not that ——
That stamps the cast of Vere de Vere.

Shall I not take mine —— in mine inn?

Restrain (page 315).

Questions.

1. What is it to restrain? 2. How does constrain differ from restrain? 3. How does restrain differ from restrict? 4. How does repress compare with restrain? suppress?

Examples.

The English Puritans, ——ed at home, fled for freedom to America.

In no political system is it so necessary to —— the powers of the government as in a democratic state.

Revenge (page 316).

Questions.

1. What is revenge? 2. How does retaliation compare with revenge? 3. What did vengeance formerly mean, and what does it now imply? 4. What is a requital? 5. How do avenging and retribution differ from retaliation, revenge, and vengeance? 6. What difference may be noted between avenging and retribution?

Examples.

According to the wish of Sulla himself, ... his monument was erected in the Campus Martius, bearing an inscription composed by himself: "No friend ever did me a kindness, no enemy a wrong, without receiving full ——."

By the spirit of ——, as we sometimes express it, we generally understand a disposition, not merely to return suffering for suffering, but to inflict a degree of pain on the person who is supposed to have injured us, beyond what strict justice requires.

In all great religions we find one God, and in all, personal immortality with ——.

Revolution (page 317).

Questions.

1. What is the essential idea of revolution? 2. Does a revolution necessarily involve war? 3. What is anarchy? insubordination? sedition? revolt? rebellion? 4. How does rebellion differ from revolution? 5. By what class of persons is insurrection made? mutiny?

Examples.

——s are not made; they come.

—— to tyrants is obedience to God.

Since government is of God, —— must be contrary to his will.

Revolve (page 318).

Questions.

1. When is a body said to roll? to rotate? to revolve? 2. In what sense may the earth be said to revolve? and in what sense to rotate? 3. What are some of the extended uses of roll? 4. What kind of a word is turn, and what is its meaning?

Examples.

Any bright star close by the pole is seen to —— in a very small circle whose center is the pole itself.

The sun ——s on an axis in the same direction in which the planets —— in their orbits.

Human nature can never rest; once in motion it ——s like the stone of Sisyphus every instant when the resisting force is suspended.

Right (page 319).

Questions.

1. What is a right? Is it general or special? 2. What is a privilege? an exemption? an immunity? 3. What is a franchise? a prerogative?

Examples.

Friendship gives no —— to make ourselves disagreeable.

All men are created equal, and endowed with certain inalienable ——s.

Rustic (page 321).

Questions.

1. From what are rural and rustic alike derived? How do the two words agree in general signification? How are they discriminated in use? 2. What is the meaning of pastoral? of bucolic?

Examples.

How still the morning of the hallowed day!
Mute is the voice of —— labor, hush'd
The plowboy's whistle and the milkmaid's song.

The —— arbor which the summit crowned
Was woven of shining smilax, trumpet-vine,
Clematis, and the wild white eglantine.

When hunting tribes begin to domesticate animals, they enter usually upon the —— stage.

Sacrament (page 321).

Questions.

1. What is a religious service in the extended sense? 2. What is a sacrament? 3. What is an observance? an ordinance? 4. How do sacrament and ordinance differ? 5. What is a rite?

Examples.

Religion will glide by degrees out of the mind unless it be invigorated and reimpressed by external ——s.

Nothing tends more to unite men's hearts than joining together in the same prayers and ——s.

Sale (page 323).

Questions.

1. What is change or exchange? 2. What is barter? sale? 3. What is a bargain in the strict sense? 4. What is trade in the broad and in the limited sense?

Examples.

Honor sits smiling at the —— of truth.

I'll give thrice as much land to any well-deserving friend,
But in the way of ——, mark ye me,
I'll cavil on the ninth part of a hair.

Stamps God's own name upon a lie just made
To coin a penny in the way of ——.

Sample (page 323).

Questions.

1. What is a sample? a specimen? 2. How do sample and specimen compare as indications of the quality of that which they respectively represent?

Examples.

There is, therefore, in this country, an implied warranty that the goods correspond to the ——.

Curzola is a perfect —— of a Venetian town.

Scholar (page 324).

Questions.

1. What is the primary sense of scholar? the derived sense? 2. What does pupil signify? How is it technically used in educational work? 3. In what sense is student employed?

Examples.

The accent or turn of expression of a single sentence will at once mark a ——.

The State of New York supplies all needed text-books free of charge to the ——s in the public schools.

The ——s in American colleges have taken up athletics with intense enthusiasm.

Science (page 325).

Questions.

1. How does science compare with knowledge? 2. How does art compare with science? 3. What two senses of art must be discriminated from each other? 4. In which sense is art a system of rules? 5. In which sense does art transcend rule?

Examples.

Beethoven took his —— as seriously as a saint and martyr takes his religion.

Modern —— may be regarded as one vast miracle, whether we view it in relation to the Almighty Being, by whom its objects and its laws were formed, or to the feeble intellect of man, by which its depths have been sounded, and its mysteries explored.

Printing has been aptly termed the —— preservative of all other ——s.

Security (page 326).

Questions.

1. Of what kind of value or property must an earnest consist? 2. How do pledge and security differ from earnest? 3. How does security differ from pledge? 4. What is bail? gage?

Examples.

The —— for a national or state debt is the honesty of its people.

The surest —— of a deathless name
Is the silent homage of thoughts unspoken.

And for an —— of a greater honor,
He bade me, from him, call thee Thane of Cawdor.

Sensation (page 328).

Questions.

1. What is a sensation? a perception? 2. How does an emotion differ from a sensation? 3. How does the popular term feeling compare with sensation and emotion? 4. What is a sense?

Examples.

But ——, in the technical and limited sense of the term, is appropriated to the knowledge of material objects, and of the external world. This knowledge is gained or acquired by means of the ——s, and hence, to be more exact, we call it sensible ——, or, more briefly, sense ——.

——s sweet,
Felt in the blood, and felt along the heart.

Sensibility (page 328).

Questions.

1. What is sensibility in the philosophical sense? in popular use? 2. What does sensitiveness denote? 3. What is susceptibility? How does it compare with sensitiveness? 4. How are susceptibility and sensitiveness discriminated in physics?

Examples.

The —— of the external surface of the body is a special endowment adapted to the elements around and calculated to protect the interior parts from injury.

—— to pleasure is of necessity also —— to pain.

Every mind is in a peculiar state of —— to certain impressions.

Severe (page 329).

Questions.

1. What is severe? rigid? strict? 2. How does rigorous compare with rigid? 3. What does austere signify? What element is always found in an austere character?

Examples.

In mathematics we arrive at certitude by —— demonstration.

He who the sword of heaven will bear
Should be as holy as ——.

—— law is often —— injustice.

By —— adherence to truth in official dealing with the natives, the English have come to be always believed in India.

SHELTER, v. (page 331).

Questions.

1. When is anything said to be covered? 2. How does shelter compare with cover? 3. What does defend signify? 4. What does guard imply? 5. How does protect surpass guard and defend? 6. What does shield signify? How does it compare with guard or defend? 7. In what sense is the verb harbor commonly used?

Examples.

He that ——eth his sins shall not prosper, but he that forsaketh them shall find mercy.

Thou who trod'st the billowy sea,
—— us in our jeopardy!

In youth it ——ed me,
And I'll protect it now.

SIN (page 332).

Questions.

1. What is sin? 2. How is transgression discriminated from sin in the general sense? 3. What is crime? guilt? depravity?

Examples.

Commit
The oldest ——s the newest kind of ways.

—— is not punished as an offense against God, but as prejudicial to society.

How —— once harbored in the conscious breast,
Intimidates the brave, degrades the great.

Sketch (page 334).

Questions.

1. What is a sketch? How does it compare with outline? 2. In what special connection are draft and plan used? 3. How does a mechanical drawing differ from a draft? 4. What is a design? How does it exceed the meaning of drawing? 5. What is an outline in written composition? How does a sketch in this sense compare with an outline? 6. What is an outline of a sermon technically called? 7. What is a lawyer's brief? How does it compare with an outline or sketch?

Examples.

A —— that is without vigor, and in which the anatomy has not been defined, is a bad foundation for a good picture.

A little model the master wrought,
Which should be to the larger ——
What the child is to the man.

Skilful (page 335).

Questions.

1. What does skilful signify? 2. How does dexterous compare with skilful? 3. How does a skilled compare with a skilful workman?

Examples.

So —— seamen ken the land from far,
Which shows like mists to the dull passenger.

Thousands of —— workmen are thrown into enforced idleness by the strikes and lockouts of every year.

Much that has been received as the work of disembodied spirits has been but the —— sleight of hand of spirits embodied.

Slander (page 336).

Questions.

1. What is it to slander? to defame? to libel? 2. When is defame equivalent to slander? When is it equivalent to libel? 3. What is it to asperse? to malign? to traduce? to disparage? 4. How do slander and libel differ in legal signification from the other words? 5. Which words of the group apply to open attack in one's presence, and which to attack in his absence?

Examples.

——ed to death by villains
That dare as well answer a man, indeed,
As I dare take a serpent by the tongue.

If the Scriptures seem to —— knowledge, it is the knowledge that despises virtue.

Challenging each recreant doubter
Who ——ed her spotless name.

Slang (page 336).

Questions.

1. What is a colloquialism? 2. What is slang in the primary and ordinary sense? in special senses? 3. What is a vulgarism? 4. What is cant in the sense here considered?

Examples.

There is a —— bred of vileness that is never redeemed; there is also a —— that is the vigorous utterance of uncultured wit, that fills a gap in the language and mounts ultimately to the highest places.

A —— is worse than ——, because it bears the ineffaceable stamp of ignorance.

Socialism (page 338).

Questions.

1. What is socialism? What term do many of its advocates prefer? 2. What is communism? anarchism?

Examples.

—— in its full sense means the abolition of inheritance, the abolition of the family, the abolition of nationalities, the abolition of religion, the abolition of property.

——, in some modified form, is steadily making its way among thinking men under the guise of cooperation.

—— is the offspring of sore hearts and shallow brains. It is the wisdom of the man who burned down his house because his chimney smoked.

Spontaneous (page 340).

Questions.

1. When is anything properly said to be spontaneous? voluntary? involuntary? 2. How do voluntary and involuntary compare with each other? both with spontaneous?

Examples.

—— is opposed to reflective. Those operations of mind which are continually going on without any effort or intention on our part are spontaneous.

No action that is not —— has any merit.

SPY (page 340).

Questions.

1. In what are the spy and the scout alike? 2. In what do they differ? 3. What are their respective rights in case of capture? 4. What is an emissary?

Examples.

A daring —— of General Stuart made his way to my quarters, and informed me that General Imboden had planned an attack upon the town.

I had grown uneasy in regard to the disjointed situation of our army and, to inform myself of what was going on, determined to send a —— into the enemy's lines.

STATE, v. (page 341).

Questions.

1. From what is state derived? What does it mean? 2. What is the significance of assert? What element is prominent in this word? 3. What is the relative force of affirm and assert? asseverate? aver? assure? 4. What does affirm signify in legal use, and how does it differ from swear? 5. What is it to certify? 6. What does vindicate signify?

Examples.

The first condition of intelligent debate is that the question be clearly ——ed.

We —— that the sciences dispose themselves round two great axes of thought, parallel and not unrelated, yet distinct—the natural sciences held together by the one, the moral by the other.

It is impossible for the mind to —— anything of that of which it knows nothing.

Storm (page 343).

Questions.

1. What is the essential meaning of storm? 2. What is a tempest?

Examples.

The —— is hard at hand will sweep away
Thrones, churches, ranks, traditions, customs, marriage.

Were any considerable mass of air to be suddenly transferred from beyond the tropics to the equator, the difference of the rotatory velocity proper to the two situations would be so great as to produce not merely a wind, but a —— of the most destructive violence.

Story (page 343).

Questions.

1. What is a story? Is it true or false? 2. What is an anecdote? a narrative or narration?

Examples.

There are ——, common to the different branches of the Aryan stock.... They are ancient Aryan ——, ... older than the Odyssey, older than the dispersion of the Aryan race.

——s are relations of detached, interesting particulars.

Fairy ——s have for children an inexhaustible charm.

Subjective (page 345).

Questions.

1. What is the meaning of subjective? of objective? 2. How are these words illustrated in the case of a mountain? 3. What matters are purely subjective? 4. What matters are purely objective? 5. What is meant by saying that an author has a subjective or an objective style?

Examples.

Subject therefore, denotes the mind itself; and ——, that which belongs to, or proceeds from, the thinking subject. Object is a term for that about which the knowing subject is conversant, ... while —— means that which belongs to, or proceeds from, the object known, and not from the subject knowing; and thus denotes what is real, in opposition to what is ideal,—what exists in nature, in contrast to what exists merely in the thought of the individual.

Suggestion (page 347).

Questions.

1. In what way does a suggestion bring a matter before the mind? 2. What is an intimation? a hint? 3. What are the special characteristics of insinuation and innuendo?

Examples.

Behold in the bloom of apples,
And the violets in the sward,
A —— of the old, lost beauty
Of the garden of the Lord!

Time is truly the comforter, at once lessening the tendency to —— of images of sorrow, and softening that very sorrow when the images arise.

An —— is cowardly because it can seldom be directly answered, and the one who makes it can always retreat behind an assumed misconstruction of his words; but the —— is the stab in the back, sneaking as it is malicious.

Supernatural (page 347).

Questions.

1. What is the original meaning of supernatural? of preternatural? 2. What is commonly implied in the use of preternatural? 3. In what sense do some hold a miracle to be supernatural? What descriptive term would others prefer? 4. What is the meaning of superhuman? In what secondary sense is it often used?

Examples.

It was something altogether ——, as when God said, 'Let there be light,' and there was light.

With an imagination of intense vividness and —— activity, Choate was as practical as the most sordid capitalist that ever became an "incarnation of fat dividends."

Support (page 348).

Questions.

1. What do support and sustain alike signify? 2. How does sustain surpass support in meaning and force? 3. What is the force and use of bear in this connection? 4. What is it to maintain? 5. How does maintain compare with support as to fulness and as to dignity? 6. What is it to prop? What is the limit upon the meaning of this word?

Examples.

And Cain said, My punishment is great than I can ——.

You take my house when you do take the prop
That doth —— my house.

Can a soul like mine,
Unus'd to power, and form'd for humbler scenes,
—— the splendid miseries of greatness?

While less expert, tho stronger far,
The Gael ——ed unequal war.

Suppose (page 348).

Questions.

1. What is it to suppose? 2. How does conjecture differ from suppose? 3. What does think signify in the sense here considered? How does it compare with conjecture or suppose?

Examples.

Newton ——ed that if the earth were to be so compressed as to be absolutely without pores, its dimensions might not exceed a cubic inch.

Let it not be ——ed that principles and opinions always go together.

Synonymous (page 349).

Questions.

1. Are there any synonymous words in the strict sense of the term? 2. What is meant by synonymous words? 3. What are the two common faults with reference to synonymous words or synonyms?

Examples.

The great source of a loose style is the injudicious use of those words termed ——.

To raise, with fitting observances, over the ruins of the historic fortress [Sumter] the —— flag which had waved over it during its first bombardment.

System (page 350).

Questions.

1. What is order, in the sense here considered? 2. What does method denote? 3. What is a system? 4. To what does manner refer? 5. To what does regularity apply? 6. Can there be order without regularity or regularity without order, and how?

Examples.

If this be madness, there is —— in it.

A —— is ... an organized body of truth, or truths arranged under one and the same idea, which idea is as the life or soul which assimilates all those truths.

Teach (page 353).

Questions.

1. What is it to teach? 2. How does instruct surpass teach in signification? 3. What secondary sense has instruct? 4. What is the full meaning of educate? 5. What is it to train? 6. To what is train commonly applied where educate could not well be used? 7. What is it to discipline? 8. What does nurture signify, and how does it compare with educate?

Examples.

Plato returned to Athens and began to ——; like his master, he —— without money and without price.

For the most effective mechanical work both mind and hand must be ——ed in childhood.

The Highlanders flocking to him from all quarters, though ill-armed, and worse ——ed, made him undervalue any enemy who, he thought, was yet to encounter him.

Term (page 354).

Questions.

1. What is the literal meaning of term? 2. Is this meaning retained in the figurative uses of the word? 3. What are the articles of a contract? the terms of a contract? 4. What is a condition? 5. What is a term in the logical sense? 6. How does term in ordinary use compare with word, expression, or phrase?

Examples.

For beauty's acme hath a —— as brief
As the wave's poise before it break in pearl.

But what are these moral sermons [of Seneca]? ——s, nothing but ——s.

The very —— miser is a confession of the misery which attends avarice.

Terse (page 354).

Questions.

1. What is the meaning of short or brief? 2. What is the derivation and meaning of concise? of condensed? of compendious? 3. What is the derivation and meaning of succinct? of terse? 4. What is the force of summary? 5. What is a sententious style? a pithy utterance?

Examples.

With all his lucidity of statement, Hamilton was not always ——.

In most cases it will be found that the Victorian idiom is clearer, but less —— than the corresponding Elizabethan idiom which it has supplanted.

Testimony (page 355).

Questions.

1. What is testimony? 2. How does it compare with evidence? 3. How does a deposition differ from an affidavit?

Examples.

The word ——, in legal acceptation, includes all the means by which any alleged matter of fact, the truth of which is submitted to us for investigation, is established or disproved.

As to the fruits of Sodom, fair without, full of ashes within, I saw nothing of them, tho from the —— we have, something of this kind has been produced.

Time (page 356).

Questions.

1. To what do sequence and succession apply? 2. What does time denote? How is it conceived of with reference to events? 3. How do duration and succession compare with time?

Examples.

Every event remembered is remembered as having happened in —— past. This gives us the idea in the concrete.... We can now, by a process of abstraction, separate the —— from the event, and we have the abstract idea of time.

The —— of each earthquake is measured generally only by seconds, or even parts of a second.

It has been conjectured that our idea of —— is founded upon the conscious —— of sensations and ideas in our own minds.

Tool (page 358).

Questions.

1. What is a tool? 2. How does instrument compare in meaning with tool? 3. What special tools are ordinarily called instruments? 4. What is an implement? 5. What is a utensil? In what special relations is the word used? 6. What is an appliance? How does appliance compare with tool? 7. What is a mechanism? 8. What is a machine in the most general sense? in the technical and common use? 9. What is an apparatus? 10. Which of these words have figurative use? 11. How are instrument and tool contrasted in figurative use?

Examples.

The time is coming when the ——s of husbandry shall supplant the weapons of war.

Mix salt and sand, and it shall puzzle the wisest of men, with his mere natural ——s, to separate all the grains of sand from all the grains of salt.

The pick, stone-saw, wedge, chisel, and other ——s were already in use when the pyramids were built.

Topic (page 359).

Questions.

1. From what is topic derived, and with what meaning? 2. How is question used in a similar sense, and why? 3. Is the general subject or theme properly known as the topic? To what is that name more appropriately given?

Examples.

My father ... always took care to start some ingenious or useful —— of discourse, which might tend to improve the minds of his children.

One of the most important rules in a deliberative assembly is, that every speaker shall speak to the ——.

The —— of the Iliad is not the war of Troy, but the wrath of Achilles exhibited during and in connection with the war of Troy.

Transact, Transaction (page 360).

Questions.

1. How does transact differ from do? 2. How does transact differ from treat and negotiate? 3. How does negotiate compare with treat? 4. How do transactions differ from proceedings?

Examples.

In the first Parliament of James the House of Commons refused for the first time to —— business on a Sunday.

The treaty of peace that closed the war of 1812 had been already —— before the battle of New Orleans was fought.

Any direction of Christ or any direction or act of his apostles respecting the —— of business in the church, is binding upon us, unless such direction or act was grounded upon peculiar circumstances then existing.

Transient (page 361).

Questions.

1. What is the derivation of transient and transitory? 2. How does transient differ in signification from transitory? 3. What is the distinctive meaning of temporary? 4. From what is ephemeral derived, and with what sense? 5. How does ephemeral differ from transient or transitory? 6. What does ephemeral suggest besides brevity of time? 7. What is the derivation and meaning of fugitive? 8. What is the distinctive meaning of evanescent?

Examples.

Mirth is short and ——, cheerfulness fixed and permanent.

Neither gratitude nor revenge had any share in determining his [Charles II.'s] course; for never was there a mind on which both services and injuries left such faint and —— impressions.

A —— chairman is commonly appointed at the opening of a meeting to conduct proceedings till a permanent presiding officer shall be elected.

Union (page 362).

Questions.

1. What is unity? 2. What is union? 3. How are unity and union contrasted? 4. When may unity be predicated of that which is made up of parts?

Examples.

Behold how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in ——.

Out of the —— of Roman and Teutonic elements arose the modern world of Europe.

Utility (page 363).

Questions.

1. From what is utility derived, and what is its primary meaning? 2. How is utility discriminated from use and usefulness? 3. What is the derivation and primary meaning of expediency? 4. How are expediency and utility used as regards moral action? Which is the inferior word in such use? 5. How does policy in such use compare with expediency and utility?

Examples.

Principle is ever my motto, not ——.

Two words form the key of the Baconian doctrine, —— and progress. The ancient philosophy disdained to be useful, and was content to be stationary.

Justice itself is the great standing —— of civil society, and any departure from it, under any circumstances, rests under the suspicion of being no —— at all.

The fundamental objection to the doctrine of ——, in all its modifications is that taken by Dr. Reid, viz., "that agreeableness and —— are not moral conceptions, nor have they any connection with morality. What a man does merely because it is agreeable is not virtue."

Vacant (page 363).

Questions.

1. What is the meaning of empty? of vacant? 2. To what does vacant especially refer? 3. What is the difference between an empty house and a vacant house? 4. What is the difference in dignity between the two words? 5. What is the significance of void and devoid? 6. What does waste imply? 7. In what sense is vacuous used?

Examples.

—— heads console with —— sound.

The watch-dog's voice that bay'd the whispering wind
And the loud laugh that spoke the —— mind.

Venal (page 365).

Questions.

1. From what is venal derived, and with what meaning? mercenary? hireling? 2. How are mercenary and venal discriminated from hireling?

Examples.

The closing quarter of the nineteenth century may be termed the —— era of American politics. Never before has legislation been so universally, so unscrupulously, and unblushingly for sale.

The body of Greeks, immortalized under the name of the Ten Thousand, ... though embarking on a foreign —— service, were by no means outcasts, or even men of extreme poverty.

It is not the hire, but the working only for the hire that makes the ——.

Veneration (page 366).

Questions.

1. By what qualities is awe inspired? 2. What elements are present and what lacking in awe? 3. What is dread and by what aroused? 4. How do reverence and veneration differ from awe or dread? 5. How does adoration compare with veneration?

Examples.

Man craves an object of ——; and if not supplied with that which God has appointed, will take what offers.

The Italian climate robs age of its ——, and makes it look newer than it is.

Venial (page 367).

Questions.

1. From what is venial derived, and what does it signify? 2. How does venial compare with pardonable? 3. How does excusable differ from the above words? 4. What very different word is sometimes confounded with venial?

Examples.

Theft on the part of a starving man is one of the most —— of offenses.

Under all the circumstances, the error was ——.

Veracity (page 367).

Questions.

1. Do truth and verity apply to thought and speech or to persons? 2. To what does veracity apply? truthfulness? 3. Into what two classes may the words in this group of synonyms be divided, and what words will be found in each class?

Examples.

On a certain confidence in the —— of mankind is founded so much of the knowledge on which we constantly depend, that, without it, the whole system of human things would go into confusion.

If all the world and love were young,
And —— in every shepherd's tongue,
These pretty pleasures might me move
To live with thee and be thy love.

Virtue (page 370).

Questions.

1. What is the prominent idea in virtue? 2. How does goodness differ from virtue? 3. Of what relations are honesty and probity used? 4. How is honesty used in a sense higher than the commercial? 5. What, in the full sense, is integrity? 6. What is honor? 7. What is purity? duty? 8. What do rectitude and righteousness denote? 9. To what does uprightness especially refer? 10. What is virtuousness?

Examples.

—— is the fruit of exertion; it supposes conquest of temptation.

In seeing that a thing is right, we see at the same time that it is our —— to do it.

It is true that —— is the best policy; but if this be the motive of honest dealing, there is no real ——.

Where is that chastity of —— that felt a stain like a wound?