Works Consulted

Alvarez, Manuel (Emmanuel Alvarus), De Institutione Grammatica, Libri III, Lisbon, 1572. (Also Amakusa, 1594. Cf. Laures #14.)

Collado, Diego, O.P., Ars Grammaticae Iaponicae Linguae, Rome, 1632. (Trans. by Ōtsuka Takanobu as Koiyaado-chō Nippon bunten, 1934 and revised as Koryaado Nihon bunten, 1957. Cf. Laures #54.)

Collado, Diego, O.P., Dictionarium sive Thesauri Linguae Iaponicae Compendium, Rome, 1632. (Edited by Ōtsuka Mitsunobu as Koryaado Ra-Su-Nichi jiten, 1966. Cf. Laures #56.)

Collado, Diego, O.P., Niffon no cotõba ni yô confesion, Rome, 1632. (Transcribed by Ōtsuka Mitsunobu as Koryaado zangeroku, 1957. Cf. Laures #56.)

Doi Tadao [Japanese], Kirishitan gogaku no kenkyū [Japanese], Tokyo, 1971.

Doi Tadao [Japanese], "Koryaado Nihon bunten no seiritsu [Japanese]," Nihon gogaku shinkō iinkai kenyū hōkoku, #3, 1941.

Doi Tadao [Japanese], ed., Nippo jisho [Japanese], Tokyo, 1960. (Japanese edition of the Vocabulario.)

Doi Tadao [Japanese], trs., Rodorigesu Nihon daibunten [Japanese] Tokyo, 1955. (Trans. of Rodriguez' Arte.)

Fukushima Kunimichi [Japanese], Kirishitan Shiryō to kokugo kenkyū [Japanese], Tokyo, 1973.

Hashimoto Shinkichi [Japanese], Kirishitan kyōgi no kenkyū [Japanese], Tokyo, 1928.

Iwai Yoshio [Japanese], Nihongohō-shi: Muromachi-jidai hen [Japanese] Tokyo, 1973.

Laures, Johannes, S.J., Kirishitan Bunko, Tokyo, 1957.

Lebrija, Antonio (Antonius Nebrissensis), Introductiones Latinae, Salamanca, 1481.

Moran, Joseph F., A Commentary on the Arte Breve da Lingoa Iapoa of João Rodriguez, S.J.: With Particular Reference to Pronunciation, Unpublished doctoral thesis, Oxford, 1971.

Ōtomo Shin'ichi [Japanese], Muromachi-jidai no kokugo-onsei no kenkyū [Japanese], Tokyo, 1963.

Ōtsuka Mitsunobu [Japanese], ed., Koryaado Ra-Su-Nichi jiten [Japanese], Tokyo, 1966. (Japanese edition of Collado's Dictionarium.)

Ōtsuka Mitsunobu [Japanese], ed., Koryaado zangeroku [Japanese], Tokyo, 1957. (Japanese edition of Collado's Confesion.)

Ōtsuka Takanobu [Japanese], tr., Koiyaado-chō Nihongo bunten [Japanese], Tokyo, 1934. (Revised as Koryaado Nihon bunten [Japanese], Tokyo, 1957. Translation of Collado's Ars Grammaticae.)

Rodriguez, João, S.J., Arte Breve da Lingoa Iapoa, Macao, 1620. (Cf. Laures #35.)

Rodriguez, João, S.J., Arte da Lingoa de Iapam, Nagasaki, 1604-1608. (Translated by Doi Tadao as Rodorigesu Nihon daibunten, 1955. Cf. Laures #28.)

Rodriguez, João, S.J., ed., Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam, Nagasaki, 1603-1604. (Edited by Doi Tadao as Nippo Jisho, 1960. Cf. Laures #27.)

Thurot, Charles, Extraits de divers manuscrits Latins pour servir a l'historie des doctrines grammaticales au moyen-age, Paris, 1869.

Yuzawa Kōkichirō [Japanese], Muromachi-jidai gengo no Kenkyū [Japanese], Tokyo, 1958.

Index To Grammatical Categories

The list which follows refers to the location of the general categories defined by Collado's description of Japanese. A broader classification of the grammar will be found in the table of contents while the specific grammatical elements are listed in the index which follows.

ablative (see cases)

accusative (see cases)

adjectival roots , , ,

adjectives -, ,

adjectives, conditional

gerund
negative ,
permissive

adverbial roots , ,

adverbs -

adverbs, accumulative

affirmative
comparative
conclusive
exaggerative
exclamatory
intensifying
interrogative
locational
negative
superlative
temporal

adversitive (see particles)

alternative (see particles)

arithmetic -

auxiliaries -,

auxiliaries, emphatic

humble
honorific , ,

cases -

cases, ablative

accusative
dative
genitive ,
nominative
vocative

causative (see verbs)

conditional (see moods)

confirmation (see particles)

conjugations ,

comparatives

copulas

copulas, negative

dative (see cases)

deciderative (see particles)

disjunctive (see particles)

disjunctive constructions

distributive (see particles)

dubitive (see particles)

emphatic (see particles)

exclamatory (see adverbs, particles)

future tense (see verbs)

genitive (see cases)

gerund (see verbs)

honorific (see auxiliaries, particles, verbs)

imperative (see moods)

imperfect aspect (see verbs)

infinitive (see verbs)

intensifier (see particles)

interjections , , ,

interrogative (see particles)

irregular verbs (see verbs)

moods -

moods, conditional ,

imperative , , , -
optative ,
permissive -, , , ,
potential ,
subjunctive , , -, ,

negative (see verbs)

neutral (see verbs)

nominalizers (see particles)

nominative (see cases)

nouns -

optative (see moods, particles)

participle (see verbs)

particles -, -, -,

particles, adversative , ,

alternative
deciderative ,
disjunctive
distributive ,
dubitive ,
emphatic , , , ,
exclamatory
honorific , , , ,
intensive , , , , ,
interrogative , , ,
nominalizing
optative ,
pejorative ,
permissive ,
pluralizing , , ,
presumptive
quotative , ,
temporal , ,

particles of manner ,

particles of possibility

particles of similarity , ,

passive (see verbs)

perfect aspect (see verbs)

pejorative (see particles)

permissive (see moods, particles)

pluralizers (see particles)

pluperfect tense (see verbs)

possibility (see particles)

potential (see moods, verbs)

prepositions , ,

present tense (see verbs)

presumptive (see particles)

preterit tense (see verbs)

pronouns -

pronouns, first person ,

second person
third person ,

quotative (see particles)

relative constructions

subjunctive (see moods, particles)

substantive verbs (see copulas)

superlatives

supine (see verbs)

syntax -

temporal (see particles, adverbs)

verbal roots , , -

verbs -

verbs, causative

future , -
gerund , , , , , , ,
honorific -
imperfect
infinitive -,
irregular ,
negative, future , ,
pluperfect ,
present ,
preterit
neutral
participle ,
passive ,
perfect ,
pluperfect
potential
present , ,
preterit , -
supine , ,

vocative (see cases)

written style ,

Index to Grammatical Elements

There follows a list of those elements which Collado describes in his grammar. To a certain degree I have regularized his morphophonological analysis. For example, the preterit permissive form, described by Collado as redomo after a preterit verb, is cross-listed as -ta redomo in order to bring together morphologically similar forms. All forms occurring in the text with the honorific gozaru, etc. are indexed as aru, etc. For example, the element found in aguenande gozaru 'I have not offered' will be indexed under -nande aru. As a general rule in this index items beginning with a hyphen are classified as endings, while the remaining items are particles.

The spelling used in this index is that of the original. Those readers more familiar with the modified Hepburn system of romanization, as reflected in Kenkyūsha's Dictionary, will find the following simplified chart of help. Syllables presented in Kenkyūsha as beginning with the following initial letters will have the corresponding spellings in Collado's grammar:

e = ie

o = vo

k = ca, qi, cu, qe, co

s = sa, xi, su, xe, so

z = za, ji, zu, je, zo

t = ta, chi, tçu, te, to

d = da, gi, zzu, de, do

h = f

y = i

w = v

The citations are numbered according to their location in the translation and are limited to those places where the element is explained or used to demonstrate a grammatical point.

The following abbreviations are used:

abl.

adj.

adv.

advers.

acc.

aff.

alt.

aux.

concl.

cond.

conj.

const.

cop.

dat.

disj.

dist.

dub.

emph.

ablative

adjective

adverb

adversitive

accusative

affirmative

alternative

auxiliary verb

conclusive

conditional

conjunction

construction

copula

dative

disjunctive

distributive

dubitive

emphatic

excl.

fut.

gen.

ger.

hon.

imp.

ind.

inf.

interj.

interr.

intens.

irr.

loc.

n.

neg.

nom.

opt.

p.

exclamatory

future

genitive

gerund

honorific

imperative

indicative

infinitive

interjection

interrogative

intensive

irregular

locative

noun

negative

nominative

optative

particle

part.

perf.

perm.

pot.

plup.

prep.

pres.

pret.

pron.

quot.

subj.

temp.

v.

voc.

writ.

1st

2nd

3rd

participle

perfect

permissive

potential

pluperfect

preposition

present

preterit

pronoun

quotative

subjunctive

temporal

verb

vocative

written style

1st conjugation

2nd conjugation

3rd conjugation

-aba (cond., 2nd)

-ai (adj.) ,

-ai (imp.) , n.

-ai (v. root, 3rd)

ai (emph.)

ai (hort.)

aidani (temp.)

-ananda (neg. pret., 2nd)

-anu (neg. pres., 2nd)

arisama (p. of manner)

ari,u (hon. aux.) ,

arui va (conj.)

avare (interj.) ;

(w. opt.) ,

-azu (neg. root, 2nd)

-ba (cond.)

-ba atte mo (advers.)

bacari (intens.)

-baia (w. fut.)

-ba tote (perm.)

baxi (dub.)

becarazu (neg. fut., writ.)

beqi (fut., writ.)

beqi coto (fut. inf., writ.)

bexi (fut., writ.)

ca (interr.) , ;

(temp.) ;
(conj.)

cai- (intens.)

caia (interr.)

cana (interj.)

canavanu (w. const. showing necessity)

cara (nom.) ;

(abl.) ;
(w. subj.) ;
(w. neutral v.) ;
(w. passive v.)

-carananda (neg. pret. adj.)

-caranu (neg. pres. adj.)

-carazu (neg. adj. root)

-catte (neg. adj. ger.)

caxi (w. opt.) , ;

(w. subj.)

coso (advers.) ;

(w. ind. ending in -e) ;
(neg. meaning w. aff. ger.)

coto (w. inf.) , ;

(w. pot.)

coto gia (p. w. no special meaning)

coto mo arózu (w. pot.)

-da (see -ta)

-dari (see -tari)

-de (see -te)

de (prep.) , ;

(w. subj.) ,

-demo (see -temo)

dógu (nominalizer)

-domo (perm.) , ,

domo (p. of necessity)

domo (n. pluralizer) , ,

-e (ind. w. coso)

-e (see -te)

-e (v. root, 1st)

-e (imp.) , ,

-eba (pres. cond., 1st)

-edomo (see redomo)

-ei (adj.) ,

-enu (neg. pres., 1st)

-eô (adv.) ,

-eô (fut., 1st)

-eôda (pret., 1st)

-ezu (neg. v. root, 1st)

faia (emph.) ,

faxi- (intens.)

fito (w. part.) ,

fodo (w. gen.)

furi- (p. of similarity)

ga (nom.) ;

(gen.) ;
(acc.) ;
(w. inf.) ;
(in relative const.)

ga (intens. w. pron.)

ga (conj.)

ga gotoqu (p. of similarity)

gana (w. opt.) ,

go (hon.)

goto (dist.)

goto (nominalizer)

gotoqu (p. of similarity) ,

guena (presumptive)

ha (interj.)

hat (interj.)

-i (adj.)

-i (imp.) ,

-i (v. root, 2nd)

-i (irr. v. root, 1st)

ia (excl.)

ia (interj.)

iai (excl.)

iara (interj.) ;

(w. disj. const.)

iare (excl.)

-iasui (w. supine)

icani (voc.) ;

(w. plurals)

-i caxi (perm.)

-ide (neg. ger.)

-ide arózu (neg. plup. showing completed action)

-ide aru (neg. plup.)

-ide atta (neg. plup.)

-ide canavanu (ending showing necessity)

-idemo (neg. fut. perm.) ,

-ide naranu (ending showing necessity)

-ide nochi (neg. ger.)

-ide va (ending showing necessity)

ie (acc.) ;

(dat.) ;
(prep.) ;
(w. subj.)

ie (w. neg. possibility)

ie,uru (aux. of neg. possibility)

iei (interr.)

igo (w. subj.)

-ij (adj.) ,

io (intens.)

io (imp.)

ió (p. of manner)

io caxi (w. opt.)

ióni (w. inf.) ;

(w. quot.)

iori (nom.) ;

(abl.) ;
(w. inf.) ;
(w. ger.) ;
(w. comparative const.) ;
(w. relative const.)

iori mo (w. comparative const.)

iori mo nao (w. comparative const.)

-i tomo (perm. adj.)

-iú (adv.) ,

jibun (w. ger.)

ma- (v. intensifier)

macari- (p. showing modesty)

made (prep.)

made gia (p. w. no special meaning)

madeio (w. perm.) , ;

(p. of confirmation)

mai (dist.)

mai (neg. fut.)

mai coto (neg. fut. inf.)

mai coto mo arózu (neg. fut. pot.)

maieni (w. neg. v.)

mai mono (neg. ger.)

mai mono vo (neg. opt.)

mai qereba (neg. subj.)

mai qeredomo (neg. perm.) ,

mairaxi,u (hon. aux.)

mai tomo (neg. fut. perm.)

mai tote (neg. ger.)

maji (neg. fut., cf. mai)

maji qere (neg. cond.)

majiqu va (neg. cond.)

mamaio (w. perm.) ,

maraxi,u (hon. aux.)

mata (conj.)

mata va (conj.)

me (pejorative, w. pron.) ,

me (p. showing terminus of action)

me- (feminine)

mega (pejorative, w. pron.) ,

mexi- (hon.)

mi- (hon.) ,

mo (conj.) ;

(dist.) ;
(advers. w. ger.) ;
(w. subj.)

mono (p. showing performer of action)

mono (w. part.) , ;

(w. pot.)

mono de arózu (w. cond.)

mono vo (w. opt.) ,

motte (emph.)

moxi (excl.)

moxi va (conj.)

-n (pres., writ.)

na (concl.)

na (neg. imp.) ,

na (adj.) , ,

na caxi (neg. opt.)

-nagara (ger.)

nal coto mo arózu (neg. pot. w. adj.)

-naide (neg. ger.)

-naide cara (neg. ger.)

-naidemo (neg. perf. perm.)

nama (p. showing incomplete action)

-nanda (neg. pret.)

-nanda coto (neg. pret. inf.)

-nanda mono (neg. ger.)

-nanda mono de arózu (neg. perf. pot.)

-nandaraba (neg. perf. cond.)

-nanda reba (neg. perf. subj.)

-nanda reba tote (neg. perf. perm.)

-nanda redomo (neg. perf. subj.)

-nanda ritomo (neg. perf. perm.)

-nanda to (neg. perf. inf.)

-nande aru (neg. plup.)

-nande atta (neg. plup.)

-nanzzu ró (neg. perf. pot.)

-naraba (cond.)

naranu (w. const. showing necessity)

nari,u (pot. aux. w. adj.)

nasare,uru (hon. aux.)

na ... so (neg. imp.) ,

-neba (neg. subj.)

-neba tote (neg. perm.)

-nedomo (neg. perm.)

negavacu va (w. opt.) ,

ni (dat.) ;

(abl.) ;
(prep.) , ;
(w. ger.) , ;
(w. cond.) ;
(w. subj.) ;
(w. supine) , ;
(w. passive v.) ;
(adv. form of na)

ni iotte (prep.) ;

(w. indefinite pron.)

ni itatte (prep.)

ni tai xite (prep.)

ni tçuite (prep.) ;

(w. inf.)

ni totte (prep.)

ni va (w. cond.)

ni voite va (prep.) ;

(w. cond.) ,

ni xitagatte (prep.)

ni xitagóte (see ni xitagatte)

ni xite (w. ger.) ,

no (nom.) ;

(gen.) ;
(w. quote.) ;
(to form adj.) ;
(in relative const.)

nó (p. of confirmation)

nochi (w. subj.)

no gotoqu (prep., dialect)

no iori (prep.)

-nu (neg. pres., 1st)

-nu madeio (neg. pres. perm., 1st)

-nu maie ni (w. aff. meaning)

-nu mamaio (neg. pres. perm., 1st)

o (form of vo after n)

-ó (pres., 3rd)

-ó (fut., 2nd) ;

(fut. imp., 2nd)

-ó (adv.) ,

-ô (pres., 3rd)

-ô (fut., 1st) ;

(fut. imp., 1st)

-ô (adv.) ,

-ô coto (fut. inf., 1st)

-ô coto mo arózu (fut. pot., 1st)

-óda (pret., 2nd)

-ôda (pret., 2nd)

-ô fito (fut. part., 1st)

-oi (adj.) ,

-oi (v. root, 3rd)

-ô mono (fut. part., 1st)

-ô ni (ger., 1st)

-ô tame (ger., 1st)

-óte (adj. ger.)

-ôte (adj. ger.)

-ô to (fut. inf., 1st)

-ô toqi (fut. subj., 1st)

-ô tote (ger., 1st)

-ó xite (adj. ger.)

-ôzu (fut., 2nd)

-ôzu (imp., 1st)

-ôzu mono vo (perf. opt., 1st)

-ôzure (fut., 1st, w. coso)

-ôzuru (fut., 2nd)

-ôzuru (fut., 1st)

-ôzuru coto no saqi ni (plup. subj., 1st)

-ôzuru ni (plup. subj., 1st)

-ôzuru tocoro ni (plup. subj., 1st)

-ôzu tomo (fut. perm., 1st)

qere (p. of confirmation)

qereba (w. subj.) ,

qeredomo (w. perm.) ,

-qi (adj.)

qiri,u (emph. aux.)

-qu (adj. root)

-qu tomo (adj. perm.)

-qu va (adj. cond.)

-qu xite (adj. ger.)

ra (pluralizer) , , ,

-raba (cond.)

-rare,uru (pot., 1st) ;

(hon., 1st) ;
(passive, 1st)

-re,uru (pot., w. 2nd & 3rd) ;

(hon., w. 2nd & 3rd) , ;
(passive, w. 2nd & 3rd)

-re (pret. ending after coso, see -tare)

-reba (subj., 1st)

reba (w. perf. subj.) ;

(w. cop.)

-redomo (perm., 1st)

redomo (w. perf. perm.) ;

(w. inf.) ;
(w. cop.)

-ri (alt.)

ritomo (w. perf. perm.) ,

ró (pot.)

-ru (see -uru)

sa (nominalizer for adj.)

sai (imp.)

saie (emph.) ;

(w. cond.) ;
(w. neg. const.)

sama (prep., dialect)

sama (temp.)

sama (hon.)

saqini (w. neg. v.)

saraba (conj.)

sareba sareba (conj.)

sari nagara (conj.)

satemo (interj.)

satemo satemo (interj.)

sate sate (interj.)

-saxe,uru (causative)

saxemaxi,u (hon. aux.)

-saxerare,uru (hon.)

só aru tocoro de (conj.)

sóna (p. of presumption)

-ta (pret., 1st) , , ;

(w. adj. function)

-tacatta (pret. of -tai)

tachi (pluralizer) ,

-ta coto (pret. inf., 1st)

-ta fito (pret. part., 1st)

-tagari,u (2nd & 3rd person deciderative)

-tai (deciderative) ;

(w. imp. meaning)

-ta madeio (per. perm., 1st)

tamai,ó (hon. aux.)

-ta mamaio (perf. perm., 1st)

tame (prep.) ;

(w. ger.) ,

tameni (w. supine)

-ta mono (pret. part., 1st)

-ta mono de arózu (perf. pot., 1st)

-taraba (perf. cond., 1st)

-taraba iocaró mono va (perf. opt., 1st)

-tare (pret. ending w. coso)

-ta reba (perf. subj., 1st)

-ta reba tote (perf. perm., 1st)

-ta redomo (perf. perm., 1st)

-tari (pret. writ.)

-tari (alt.)

-ta ritomo (perf. perm., 1st)

-taró ni va (perf. cond., 1st)

-taró va (perf. opt.)

-tarózu (plup., 1st)

tate matçuri,u (humble aux.)

-ta to (pret. inf., 1st)

tatoi (w. perm.)

-tçu (alt.)

tçui- (intens.)

-tçu ró (perf. pot., 1st) ,

-te (ger.) , , , ;

(inf.)

-te (part.)

-te aranu (neg. pret., completed action)

-te aró (fut., completed action)

-te aró ni va iocaró mono vo (perf. opt.)

-te arózu (perf.) ,

-te atta (perf.) , ;

(w. perf. subj.)

-te atta reba (plup. subj.)

-te cara (plup. subj.)

-te coso (w. neg. meaning)

tei (p. of manner)

-te igo (plup. subj.)

-te mo (subj.) ;

(w. advers.)

-te nochi (plup. subj.)

to (gen.)

to (conj.)

to (w. inf.) ,

to (quot.) ;

(w. adv. of sound)

tocacu (disj.)

tocoro (w. subj.) ;

(p. of completed action)

tocoro gia (p. w. no special meaning)

tocoro no (w. relative const.)

-tomo (w. perm.) , , ,

to mo (quot.)

-tó mo nai (neg. of -tai)

toqi (w. subj.) ;

(w. pret. imperfect)

tori- (intens.)

tote (w. perm.) , ;

(w. ger.)

to tomo ni (prep.)

to xite (w. ger.)

-tta (pret., 2nd)

-u (pres., 2nd)

-ú (adv.) ,

-ú (pres., 3rd)

uchi- (intens.)

-ui (adj.) ,

-ui (v. root, 3rd)

uie (prep.)

uie iori (prep.)

-unda (pret., 2nd)

-ureba (pres. cond.)

-uru (pres., 1st)

-uru fito (pres. part., 1st)

-uru iori (pres. inf., 1st)

-uru jibun (ger., 1st)

-uru madeio (pres. perm., 1st)

-uru mamaio (pres. perm., 1st)

-uru mo (fut. perm., 1st)

-uru mono (pres. part., 1st)

-uru ni (ger., 1st)

-uru ni tçuite (pres. inf., 1st)

-uru tame (ger., 1st)

-uru tameni (supine, 1st)

-uru tomo (fut. perm., 1st)

-uru tote (ger., 1st)

-uru vo motte (pres. inf., 1st)

va (nom.) ;

(acc.) ;
(w. subj.) ;
(w. inf.) ;
(w. cond.) ;
(w. other p.) ;
(replacing other p.) ;
(w. const. showing necessity)

va (p. of confirmation)

-vaba (cond., 3rd)

-vananda (neg. pret., 3rd)

-vanande aru (neg. pret., 3rd)

-vanande atta (neg. pret., 3rd)

-vanu (neg. pres., 3rd)

-vazu (neg. root, 3rd)

vo (acc.) ;

(w. subj.) ;
(w. neutral v.) ;
(becomes o after n)

vo- (hon.) ,

vo- (masculine)

-vó (fut., 3rd)

voba (acc.)

voi- (intens.)

vo motte (prep.) ;

(w. inf.)

von- (hon.) ,

vôxe- (hon.)

-vózu (fut., 3rd)

-vózuru (fut., 3rd)

-xe,uru (causative)

xemaxi,u (hon. aux.)

-xerare,uru (hon.)

-xi (adj.)

xicareba (conj.)

xidai (prep.)

xite (w. neg. ger.) ,

xu (n. pluralizer)

-zaru (neg. pres., dialect)

-zatta (neg. pret., dialect)

-zatta reba (neg. perf. subj. dialect)

zo (interr.) , , ;

(temp.) ;
(dub.) ;
(intens.)

-zu (neg. v. root, 1st)

-zũba (neg. cond.)

-zumba (see zũba)

-zu tomo (neg. perf. perm., 1st)

-zu va (neg. cond.)

-zu xite (neg. ger., 1st) ,

-zzu (alt.)

-zzu ró (perf. pot.) ,