Chapter XII. —Christmas Feasting and Sacrificial Survivals

1 . Chambers, “M. S.,” i. 257.

2 . Rickert, 259.

3 . W. Sandys, “Christmastide: its History, Festivities, and Carols” (London, n.d.), 112.

4 . Chambers, “M. S.,” i. 133.

5 . J. A. H. Murray, “A New English Dictionary” (Oxford, 1888, &c.) iv. (1) 577.

6 . Addy, 103.

7 . Dawson, 254.

8 . Addy, 104.

9 . Burne and Jackson, 407.

10. Brand, 283.

11. Cf. Folk-Lore, vol. xi., 1900, 260.

12. Addy, 103.

13. Cf. carols in Brand, 3, and Rickert, 243 f.

14. Brand, 3.

15. Dyer, 464.

16. Feilberg, i. 119, 184; Lloyd, 173.

17. Jahn, 265.

18. Stratilesco, 190.

19. Ralston, 193, 203.

20. Mijatovich, 98.

21. Jahn, 261.

22. Rietschel, 106. Cf. Weinhold, 25, and Reinsberg-Düringsfeld, 463.

23. Sébillot, 217.

24. Laisnel, i. 7 f.

25. Ibid. i. 12 f.

26. Ibid. i. 11.

27. E. Cortet, “Essai sur les Fêtes religieuses” (Paris, 1867), 265.

28. Frazer, “Golden Bough,” ii. 286 f.

29. M. Höfler, “Weihnachtsgebäcke. Eine vergleichende Studie der germanischen Gebildbrote zur Weihnachtszeit” in “Zeitschrift für österreichische Volkskunde,” Jahrg. 11, Supplement-Heft 3 (Vienna, 1905).

30. Jahn, 280 f.

31. Burne and Jackson, 406 f.

32. “The Mirror of Perfection,” trans. by Sebastian Evans (London, 1898), 206.

33. Mannhardt, “Baumkultus,” 233 f.

34. Lloyd, 170 f.

35. Jahn, 276.

36. Ibid. 276.

37. Lloyd, 168.

38. Evans, 231 f.; for the ox-custom, see Evans, 233.

39. Abbott, 76.

40. Hörmann, “Tiroler Volksleben,” 244 f., 238, 245.

41. Dawson, 339.

42. S. Graham, “A Vagabond in the Caucasus. With some Notes of his Experiences among the Russians” (London, 1910), 25 f.

43. Stratilesco, 190.

44. Van Norman, 299 f.

45. Jahn, 267.

46. Frazer, “Golden Bough,” ii. 442 f., where other examples, British and Continental, of the wren-hunt are given. Cf. Dyer, 494 f.

47. Folk-Lore, vol. xviii., 1907, 439 f.

48. MacCulloch, “Religion of the Ancient Celts,” 221.

49. See Frazer, “Golden Bough,” ii. 380, 441, for examples of similar practices with sacred animals.

50. Folk-Lore, vol. xi., 1900, 259.

51. Brand, 272.

52. Folk-Lore, vol. xi., 1900, 262.

53. Lloyd, 181 f.

54. Ibid. 181.

55. Thorpe, ii. 49 f.

56. Ralston, 200.